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Stevenson
Stevenson - wikipedia Stevenson Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the surname Stevenson . For other uses , see Stevenson ( disambiguation ) . For the related surname Stephenson , see Stephenson . Stevenson Language ( s ) English Origin Region of origin England Meaning `` son of Steven '' ( from Greek stephanos , meaning `` crown '' ) Other names Variant ( s ) DeStefano , DiStefano , Estébanez , Esteves , Estévez , Estevez , Istvánffy , Istvánfi , Stefanenko , Ştefănescu , Stefanovski , Stefánsson , Stefánsson , Stefanou , Stefanović , Stefanowicz , Steffensen , Stepanenko , Stepanov , Stepanović , Stepanosyan , Stepanyan , Stephanopoulos , Stephenson , Steponavičius , Stevanović , Stjepanović , Szczepanowicz Footnotes : Frequency comparisons Stevenson is an English language patronymic surname meaning `` son of Steven '' . Its first historical record is from pre-10th - century England . Another origin of the name is as a toponymic surname related to the place Stevenstone in Devon , England . There are variant spellings of the name , including Stephenson . Notable people sharing this surname include : Adonis Stevenson ( born 1977 ) , Canadian boxer Alexander Campbell Stevenson ( 1802 -- 1889 ) , American politician and physician Alexandra Stevenson ( born 1980 ) , American tennis player Ben Stevenson ( born 1936 ) , British ballet dancer and director Carter L. Stevenson ( 1817 -- 1888 ) , American soldier Charles Stevenson ( 1908 -- 1979 ) , American philosopher Coke Stevenson ( 1888 -- 1975 ) , American politician , Governor of Texas 1941 -- 47 Dani Stevenson ( born 1980 ) , American R&B singer DeShawn Stevenson ( born 1981 ) , American basketball player Eric Stevenson ( disambiguation ) Fox Stevenson ( born Stanley Stevenson Byrne , 1993 ) , English music producer Frank A. Stevenson ( born 1970 ) , Norwegian computer game developer and cryptographer Ian Stevenson ( 1918 -- 2007 ) , Canadian psychiatrist and reincarnation researcher James Stevenson ( died 1805 ) , East India Company officer Jessica Hynes ( née Stevenson ) ( born 1972 ) , English writer and actress John Stevenson ( disambiguation ) J.J. Stevenson ( 1831 -- 1908 ) , British architect of the late - Victorian era Juliet Stevenson ( born 1956 ) , English actress Laura Stevenson ( born 1984 ) , American singer - songwriter Leigh Stevenson ( 1895 -- 1989 ) , Canadian air marshal Lewis Stevenson ( disambiguation ) Llanchie Stevenson , African - American ballet dancer Monica Lisa Stevenson ( born 1967 ) , American gospel musician Morris Stevenson ( 1943 -- 2014 ) , Scottish footballer R. Parker Stevenson ( born 1952 ) , U.S. television actor Robert Stevenson ( disambiguation ) Ronald Stevenson ( 1928 -- 2015 ) , Scottish composer Ryan Stevenson ( disambiguation ) Savannah Stevenson ( born 1983 ) , English musical theatre actress Stewart Stevenson ( born 1946 ) , Scottish politician Teófilo Stevenson ( born 1952 ) , Cuban boxer Toby Stevenson ( born 1976 ) , American pole vaulter Tom Stevenson ( born 1951 ) British wine writer Tommy Stevenson ( 1914 -- 1944 ) , jazz trumpet player Trudy Stevenson ( born 1944 ) , Zimbabwean politician William Bennet Stevenson ( c. 1787 -- c. 1830 ) , British explorer Middle name : Willie Stevenson Glanton ( 1922 - 2017 ) , American politician Extended families : Stevenson family from Illinois Adlai Stevenson I ( 1835 -- 1914 ) , U.S. Vice President Adlai Stevenson II ( 1900 -- 1965 ) , American politician , governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson III ( born 1930 ) , U.S. Senator from Illinois Lewis Stevenson ( politician ) ( 1868 -- 1929 ) , American politician from Illinois McLean Stevenson ( 1929 -- 1996 ) , actor Scottish family of ( mostly ) lighthouse engineers Alan Stevenson ( 1807 -- 1865 ) , lighthouse engineer Charles Alexander Stevenson ( 1855 -- 1950 ) , lighthouse engineer D.E. Stevenson ( 1892 -- 1973 ) , author David Stevenson ( engineer ) ( 1815 -- 1886 ) , lighthouse engineer David Alan Stevenson ( 1854 -- 1938 ) , lighthouse engineer Robert Stevenson ( civil engineer ) ( 1772 -- 1850 ) , lighthouse engineer Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson ( 1847 -- 1900 ) , art critic Robert Louis Stevenson ( 1850 -- 1894 ) , author of Treasure Island and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Thomas Stevenson ( 1818 -- 1887 ) , lighthouse designer Scottish family with links to Tyneside Flora Stevenson ( 1839 -- 1905 ) education reformer J.J. Stevenson ( 1831 -- 1908 ) , architect James Cochran Stevenson ( 1825 -- 1905 ) chemical manufacturer and Member of Parliament Louisa Stevenson ( 1835 -- 1908 ) , campaigner for women 's causes Nathaniel Stevenson ( 1840 -- 1811 ) , General and Governor of Guernsey James Stevenson - Hamilton ( 1867 -- 1957 ) , 16th of Fairolm and Kruger National Park ranger Hilda Runciman ( 1869 -- 1956 ) , MP for St. Ives , 1928 -- 1929 See also ( edit ) Stephenson Steffensen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevenson Surname Meaning and Maps . forebears.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Surname : Stevenson '' . surnamedb.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Seary E , Kirwin W , Lynch SMP ( 1998 ) . Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland ( revision ) . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 495 . ISBN 9780773517820 -- via Google Books . This page lists people with the surname Stevenson . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stevenson&oldid=830926548 '' Categories : Surnames English - language surnames Patronymic surnames Surnames of English origin Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Slovenščina Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the last name stevenson come from
[ "Stevenson is an English language patronymic surname meaning \"son of Steven\". Its first historical record is from pre-10th-century England.[2] Another origin of the name is as a toponymic surname related to the place Stevenstone in Devon, England.[3] There are variant spellings of the name, including Stephenson." ]
[ "pre-10th-century England" ]
1344749507757646366
No worries
No worries - wikipedia No worries Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see No worries ( disambiguation ) . An Australian car displays `` No worries '' No worries is an expression seen in English meaning `` do not worry about that '' , `` that 's all right '' , or `` sure thing '' . It is similar to the American English no problem . The phrase is widely used in Australian speech and represents a feeling of friendliness , good humour , optimism and `` mateship '' in Australian culture . The phrase has been referred to as the national motto of Australia . The phrase has influenced a similar phrase used in the Tok Pisin language in Papua New Guinea . No worries utilization migrated to New Zealand after origination in Australia . Its usage became more common in British English after increased usage in Australian soap operas that aired on television in the United Kingdom . Linguistics experts are uncertain how the phrase became utilized in American English ; theories include use by Steve Irwin on the television program The Crocodile Hunter and usage by the United States media during the 2000 Sydney Olympics . It has also gained usage in Canadian English . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Cultural origins 3 Usage 4 Influence 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Definition ( edit ) `` No worries '' is an Australian English expression , meaning `` do not worry about that '' , or `` that 's all right '' . It can also mean `` sure thing '' and `` you 're welcome '' . Other colloquial Australian terms which mean the same thing include `` she 'll be right '' . The expression has been compared to the American English equivalent `` no problem '' . In their book Australian Language & Culture : No Worries ! , authors Vanessa Battersby , Paul Smitz and Barry Blake note : `` No worries is a popular Australian response akin to ' no problems ' , ' that 's OK ' or ' sure thing ' . '' Cultural origins ( edit ) Early documentation dates the phrase back to 1966 . According to author of When Cultures Collide : Leading Across Cultures , Richard D. Lewis , the phrase is a form of expression of the relaxed attitude in Australian culture . Anna Wierzbicka comments that the expression illustrates important parts of Australian culture , including : `` amiability , friendliness , an expectation of shared attitudes ( a proneness to easy ' mateship ' ) , jocular toughness , good humour , and , above all , casual optimism '' . She concludes that along with `` good on you '' , the expressions reflect the `` national character '' and `` prevailing ethos '' of Australia . Though initially utilized in Australia , the phrase migrated to New Zealand as well . Usage ( edit ) Wierzbicka writes in her book Cross-cultural Pragmatics that the expression `` permeates Australian speech '' , `` serves a wide range of illocutionary forces '' and displays a `` casual optimism '' . In her 1992 book Semantics , Culture , and Cognition , Wierzbicka classifies the phrase as `` among the most characteristic Australian expressions '' , along with `` good on you '' . The term can also be used in the context of an apology . The phrase has been used widely in British English since the late 1980s , a development partly attributed to the success of Australian soap operas such as Neighbours in the United Kingdom . The phrase `` no wucking forries '' has the same meaning in Australia ; as a spoonerism of `` no fucking worries '' , and is contracted to the phrases `` no wuckers '' and `` no wucks '' . Influence ( edit ) `` No worries '' was referred to as `` the national motto '' of Australia in 1978 , and in their 2006 work , Diving the World , Beth and Shaun Tierney call `` no worries , mate '' the national motto of the country . Writing in The New York Times Book Review , Annette Kobak calls the expression a `` ritual incantation '' which has `` particular charm '' . The phrase `` no waris '' in the Papua New Guinea language Tok Pisin is derived from the Australian English term . According to The Sunday Mail a 2004 newspaper report notes that `` no worries '' has begun to be used in American English . Writing in a 2004 article for The Advertiser , Samela Harris comments : `` The Americans have no idea of the etymology of ' no worries ' . So , while they may cheerily adopt our ' no worries ' mantra , ' no worries ' will never catch on as an attitude . '' According to Tom Dalzell , author of two books on slang usage in the United States , linguistics experts are not certain how the expression became popular in that country . Usage of the term by Steve Irwin on The Crocodile Hunter , as well as attempts by members of the American press to imitate the expression during the 2000 Sydney Olympics , have been put forth as theories explaining the pervasiveness of the expression in the United States . Linguistics professor Kate Burridge writes in her 2004 book Weeds In the Garden Of Words that expressions including `` no worries '' , `` absolutely '' , and `` bottom line '' have become less prevalent in favor of newer sayings . The phrase has had some usage in Canadian English . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Culture portal Language portal Linguistics portal Media portal Australian comedy Australian English phonology Australian English vocabulary Hakuna matata Macquarie Dictionary No problemo Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Partridge , Dalzell & Victor 2006 , p. 1390 Jump up ^ Stuart - Hamilton 2007 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Angelo & Butler 1998 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Tierney & Tierney 2006 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Nolan & Hinkelman 1996 , p. 274 Jump up ^ Morrison , Conaway & Borden 1994 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Battersby , Smitz & Blake 2007 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Hoffmann & Siebers 2009 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Lewis 2005 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Wierzbicka 1992 , p. 388 Jump up ^ Moon 1998 , p. 271 Jump up ^ Cryer 2006 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Hoffmann & Siebers 2009 , pp. 119 -- 121 Jump up ^ Wierzbicka 1991 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Bowe & Martin 2007 , p. 56 Jump up ^ `` No worries infiltrates British English '' . National Nine News . news.ninemsn.com.au . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Goddard 2006 , p. 72 Jump up ^ New York Times staff 2001 , p. 1499 Jump up ^ Romaine 1991 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Biber & Finegan 1994 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Whiting , Frances ( 25 July 2004 ) . `` It 's , like , out of control '' . The Sunday Mail . p. 018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Samela ( 20 May 2004 ) . `` No worries , mate , she 'll be right , and have a nice day '' . The Advertiser . p. 020 . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , Michael ( 22 January 2003 ) . `` Crikey , strine takes over '' . The Courier - Mail . Queensland Newspapers . p. 3 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Helen ( 12 September 2004 ) . `` Language -- Books Extra '' . The Sun - Herald . p. 72 . References ( edit ) Angelo , Denise ; Butler , Sue ( 1998 ) , Australian Phrasebook : Language Survival Kit , Lonely Planet , p. 22 , ISBN 0 - 86442 - 576 - 7 Battersby , Vanessa ; Smitz , Paul ; Blake , Barry ( 2007 ) , Australian Language & Culture : No Worries ! , Lonely Planet , p. 33 , ISBN 1 - 74059 - 099 - 6 Biber , Douglas ; Finegan , Edward ( 1994 ) , Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register , Oxford University Press US , p. 63 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508364 - 4 Bowe , Heather Joan ; Martin , Kylie ( 2007 ) , Communication Across Cultures : Mutual Understanding in a Global World , Cambridge University Press , p. 56 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 69557 - 0 Cryer , Max ( 2006 ) , The Godzone Dictionary : Of Favourite New Zealand Words and Phrases , Titirangi , Auckland , New Zealand : Exisle Publishing Limited , ISBN 0908988745 Goddard , Cliff ( 2006 ) , Ethnopragmatics : Understanding Discourse in Cultural Context , Mouton de Gruyter , ISBN 3 - 11 - 018874 - 0 Hoffmann , Thomas ; Siebers , Lucia ( 2009 ) , World Englishes -- Problems , Properties and Prospects , Amsterdam , Netherlands : John Benjamins Publishing Company , pp. 119 -- 121 , ISBN 9027249008 Lewis , Richard D. ( 2005 ) , When Cultures Collide : Leading Across Cultures , Nicholas Brealey Publishing , p. 209 , ISBN 1 - 904838 - 02 - 2 New York Times staff ( 2001 ) , The New York Times Book Reviews 2000 , Taylor & Francis , p. 1499 , ISBN 1 - 57958 - 058 - 0 Moon , Rosamund ( 1998 ) , Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English : A Corpus - Based Approach , Oxford University Press , p. 271 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 823614 - 6 Morrison , Terri ; Conaway , Wayne A. ; Borden , George A. ( 1994 ) , Kiss , Bow , Or Shake Hands : How to Do Business in Sixty Countries , Adams Media , p. 9 , ISBN 1 - 55850 - 444 - 3 Nolan , James L. ; Hinkelman , Edward ( 1996 ) , Australia Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with Australia , World Trade Press , p. 274 , ISBN 1 - 885073 - 03 - 8 Partridge , Eric ; Dalzell , Tom ; Victor , Terry ( 2006 ) , The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English , Taylor & Francis , p. 1390 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 25938 - X Romaine , Suzanne ( 1991 ) , Language , Education , and Development : Urban and Rural Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea , Oxford University Press , p. 148 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 823966 - 1 Stuart - Hamilton , Ian ( 2007 ) , An Asperger Dictionary of Everyday Expressions , Jessica Kingsley Publishers , p. 161 , ISBN 1 - 84310 - 518 - 7 Tierney , Beth ; Tierney , Shaun ( 2006 ) , Diving the World : A Guide to the World 's Coral Seas , Footprint Travel Guides , p. 32 , ISBN 1 - 904777 - 59 - 7 Wierzbicka , Anna ( 1991 ) , Cross-cultural Pragmatics : The Semantics of Human Interaction , Walter de Gruyter , p. 56 , ISBN 3 - 11 - 012538 - 2 Wierzbicka , Anna ( 1992 ) , Semantics , Culture , and Cognition : Universal Human Concepts in Culture - specific Configurations , Oxford University Press US , p. 388 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 507326 - 6 Further reading ( edit ) Leonard , Rosemary ; University of Western Sydney Social Justice and Social Change Research Centre ( 2004 ) , A Fair Go : Some Issues of Social Justice in Australia , Common Ground , pp. 152 -- 153 , ISBN 1 - 86335 - 561 - 8 , `` Iconic Theme : No Worries , She 'll be Right , Not my Problem , Mate ... '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to No worries . Look up no worries in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Australian slang dictionary , Koala Net No worries -- definition on Australian Dictionary Australian Slang , Australia Travel Wiki Short dictionary of Australian slang , Monash University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_worries&oldid=839425883 '' Categories : Australian slang English phrases New Zealand slang Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the phrase no worries come from
[ "Early documentation dates the phrase back to 1966.[8] According to author of When Cultures Collide: Leading Across Cultures, Richard D. Lewis, the phrase is a form of expression of the relaxed attitude in Australian culture.[9] Anna Wierzbicka comments that the expression illustrates important parts of Australian culture, including: \"amiability, friendliness, an expectation of shared attitudes (a proneness to easy 'mateship'), jocular toughness, good humour, and, above all, casual optimism\".[10] She concludes that along with \"good on you\", the expressions reflect the \"national character\" and \"prevailing ethos\" of Australia.[11] Though initially utilized in Australia, the phrase migrated to New Zealand as well.[12][13]" ]
[ "Australian culture" ]
-1164696021222924978
Forged from the Love of Liberty
Forged from the love of liberty - wikipedia Forged from the love of liberty Jump to : navigation , search Forged from the Love of Liberty National anthem of Trinidad and Tobago Lyrics Patrick Castagne , 1962 Music Patrick Castagne , 1962 Adopted 1962 by Trinidad and Tobago Audio sample Forged from the Love of Liberty file help `` Forged from the Love of Liberty '' is the national anthem of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago . Originally composed as the national anthem for the short - lived West Indies Federation ( 1958 -- 1962 ) , this song was edited and adopted by Trinidad and Tobago when it became independent in 1962 . Patrick S. Castagne composed the words and music of the National Anthem in 1962 . Mr Castagne , a renowned West Indian songwriter , was employed at the Trinidad and Tobago Commission in London . One of his compositions , called `` A Song for the Islands '' or A Song for Federation , was submitted to the West Indies Federation as a possible anthem . When the Federation collapsed , he changed some of the lines and resubmitted the song to Trinidad and Tobago for the competition to choose the National Anthem . In total , the competition received 834 word only entries , 33 music only entries and 306 word and music entries . Mr. Castagne 's submission came out on top and he won the price of $5,000.00 in Government Bonds and a gold medal inscribed with the Coat of Arms of Trinidad and Tobago . Castagne 's alteration of A Song for Federation was deemed to be most suitable for a twin - island state that consisted of `` islands of the blue Caribbean Sea '' standing `` side by side '' in promoting the values of `` every creed and race '' finding `` an equal place '' in the multi-racial , multi-religious and multi-cultural society of Trinidad and Tobago as it existed in 1962 . It was considered to have reflected the nature and the strength of the people of Trinidad and Tobago and their courage as one nation working towards living in unity despite the existing diversity . According to an excerpt from the editorial in the Sunday Guardian of 19 August 1962 : `` In its solemn declaration of brotherhood and unity , it very neatly includes Tobago with Trinidad without mentioning the name of either ( '' Side by side we stand , islands of the blue Caribbean Sea `` ) ; and as an added impulse to unity it goes on to describe them together as `` our native land , '' ending with the petition , `` And may God bless our nation . '' Lyrics ( edit ) Words and music by Patrick Castagne ( 1916 -- 2000 ) . Forged from the love of liberty In the fires of hope and prayer With boundless faith in our destiny We solemnly declare : Side by side we stand Islands of the blue Caribbean sea , This our native land We pledge our lives to thee . Here every creed and race find an equal place , And may God bless our nation Here every creed and race find an equal place , And may God bless our nation . Lyrics for a Song for Federation ( edit ) Castagne 's A Song For Federation provided the musical inspiration that could have matched the foundation of a strong federation had it survived . The close resemblance between the National Anthem of Trinidad and Tobago and A Song For Federation can seen from the lyrics of the latter as follows : Forged from the love of unity In the fires of hope and prayer With boundless faith in our liberty West Indians all declare : Side by side we stand With our hearts joined across the sea , This our native land We pledge ourselves for thee . Here every creed and race find an equal place , And may God bless our nation Here every creed and race find an equal place , And may God bless our nation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Understanding our national anthem , FIRST Magazine , 2012 , archived from the original on 28 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : NALIS : National Symbols of Trinidad and Tobago -- The National Anthem , National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago , 2016 , archived from the original on 29 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` National Songs '' . Embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty&oldid=817769031 '' Categories : North American anthems National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago songs 1962 songs West Indies Federation National anthems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Year of song missing Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 13 : 12 . About Wikipedia
what is the national anthem of trinidad and tobago
[ "\"Forged from the Love of Liberty\" is the national anthem of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Originally composed as the national anthem for the short-lived West Indies Federation (1958–1962), this song was edited and adopted by Trinidad and Tobago when it became independent in 1962.[1]" ]
[ "Forged from the Love of Liberty" ]
-6639754714405911049
Conscription in the United States
Conscription in the United States - wikipedia Conscription in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` The Draft '' redirects here . For other uses , see Draft ( disambiguation ) . Young men registering for conscription during World War I in New York City , New York , on June 5 , 1917 . Conscription Military service National service Conscription crisis Conscientious objector Alternative civilian service Conscription by country Conscription in the United States , commonly known as the draft , has been employed by the federal government of the United States in four conflicts : the American Civil War , World War I , World War II , and the Cold War ( including both the Korean and Vietnam Wars ) . The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act . It was the country 's first peacetime draft . From 1940 until 1973 , during both peacetime and periods of conflict , men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means . The draft came to an end when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all - volunteer military force . However , the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan ; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed . United States Federal Law also provides for the compulsory conscription of men between the ages of 17 and 45 and certain women for militia service pursuant to Article I , Section 8 of the United States Constitution and 10 U.S. Code § 246 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial to 1862 1.2 Civil War 1.3 World War I 1.3. 1 Opposition 1.3. 2 Conscientious objectors 1.4 Interwar 1.5 World War II 1.5. 1 Opposition 1.5. 2 Conscientious objectors 1.6 Cold War 1.7 Vietnam War 1.8 End of conscription 1.9 Post-1980 draft registration 2 Health care personnel 3 Legality 4 Conscientious objection 5 Poverty Draft 6 Selective Service reforms 7 Conscription controversies since 2003 8 Non-citizens 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References and further reading 11.1 American Revolution 11.2 Civil War 11.3 World War I 11.4 World War II 11.5 Cold War and Vietnam 11.6 Recent 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Conscientious objection in the United States § History Colonial to 1862 ( edit ) In colonial times , the Thirteen Colonies used a militia system for defense . Colonial militia laws -- and after independence those of the United States and the various states -- required able - bodied males to enroll in the militia , to undergo a minimum of military training , and to serve for limited periods of time in war or emergency . This earliest form of conscription involved selective drafts of militiamen for service in particular campaigns . Following this system in its essentials , the Continental Congress in 1778 recommended that the states draft men from their militias for one year 's service in the Continental army ; this first national conscription was irregularly applied and failed to fill the Continental ranks . For long - term operations , conscription was occasionally used when volunteers or paid substitutes were insufficient to raise the needed manpower . During the American Revolutionary War , the states sometimes drafted men for militia duty or to fill state Continental Army units , but the central government did not have the authority to conscript except for purposes of naval impressment . President James Madison and his Secretary of War James Monroe unsuccessfully attempted to create a national draft of 40,000 men during the War of 1812 . This proposal was fiercely criticized on the House floor by antiwar Congressman Daniel Webster of New Hampshire . `` The administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion ... Is this , sir , consistent with the character of a free government ? Is this civil liberty ? Is this the real character of our Constitution ? No , sir , indeed it is not ... Where is it written in the Constitution , in what article or section is it contained , that you may take children from their parents , and parents from their children , and compel them to fight the battles of any war , in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it ? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden , which now for the first time comes forth , with a tremendous and baleful aspect , to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty ? Daniel Webster ( December 9 , 1814 House of Representatives Address ) Civil War ( edit ) Main articles : Union ( American Civil War ) and Confederate States of America The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War . The vast majority of troops were volunteers ; of the 2,100,000 Union soldiers , about 2 % were draftees , and another 6 % were substitutes paid by draftees . The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union , and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28 , 1862 ; it was passed into law the next month . Resistance was both widespread and violent , with comparisons made between conscription and slavery . Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes to serve in their place . In the Union , many states and cities offered bounties and bonuses for enlistment . They also arranged to take credit against their draft quota by claiming freed slaves who enlisted in the Union Army . Although both sides resorted to conscription , the system did not work effectively in either . The Confederate Congress on April 16 , 1862 , passed an act requiring military service for three years from all males aged eighteen to thirty - five not legally exempt ; it later extended the obligation . The U.S. Congress followed with the Militia Act of 1862 authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . This state - administered system failed in practice and in 1863 Congress passed the Enrollment Act , the first genuine national conscription law , setting up under the Union Army an elaborate machinery for enrolling and drafting men between twenty and forty - five years of age . Quotas were assigned in each state , the deficiencies in volunteers required to be met by conscription . Still , men drafted could provide substitutes , and until mid-1864 could even avoid service by paying commutation money . Many eligible men pooled their money to cover the cost of any one of them drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which member should go into the army and which would stay home . The other popular means of procuring a substitute was to pay a soldier whose period of enlistment was about to expire - the advantage of this method was that the Army could retain a trained veteran in place of a raw recruit . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union Army through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , and the New York City draft riots were in direct response to the draft and were the first large - scale resistance against the draft in the United States . The problem of Confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges . The three conscription acts of the Confederacy exempted certain categories , most notably the planter class , and enrolling officers and local judges often practiced favoritism , sometimes accepting bribes . Attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the national government of the Confederacy . World War I ( edit ) A World War I era draft card . In 1917 the administration of President Woodrow Wilson decided to rely primarily on conscription , rather than voluntary enlistment , to raise military manpower for World War I when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war . One claimed motivation was to head off the former President , Theodore Roosevelt , who proposed to raise a volunteer division , which would upstage Wilson . However , there is no evidence that even Roosevelt had the popularity to overcome the unpopular war , also , since Wilson had just started his second term in office the former President 's prospects for substantial political gain would seem dubious . The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and -- by allowing exemptions for dependency , essential occupations , and religious scruples -- to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort . The act established a `` liability for military service of all male citizens '' ; authorized a selective draft of all those between 21 and 31 years of age ( later from 18 to 45 ) ; and prohibited all forms of bounties , substitutions , or purchase of exemptions . Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community . These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions . In 1917 10 million men were registered . This was deemed to be inadequate , so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced , and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services , with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War , thanks to a huge campaign by the government to build support for the war , and shut down newspapers and magazines that published articles against the war . Secretary of War Newton Baker draws the first draft number on July 20 , 1917 . The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites , although they served in different units . In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted ( 13.0 % of the total ) , compared to 2,442,586 white ( 86.9 % ) . Along with a general opposition to American involvement in a foreign conflict , Southern farmers objected to unfair conscription practices that exempted members of the upper class and industrial workers . Draft boards were localized and based their decisions on social class : the poorest were the most often conscripted because they were considered the most expendable at home . African - Americans in particular were often disproportionately drafted , though they generally were conscripted as laborers and not sent into combat to avoid the tensions that would arise from mixing races in military units . Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter - writing campaigns asking for mercy to radical newspapers demanding reform . The most common tactics were dodging and desertion , and many communities sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes . Nearly half a million immigrants were drafted , which forced the military to develop training procedures that took ethnic differences into account . Military leaders invited Progressive reformers and ethnic group leaders to assist in formulating new military policies . The military attempted to socialize and Americanize young immigrant recruits , not by forcing `` angloconformity '' , but by showing remarkable sensitivity and respect for ethnic values and traditions and a concern for the morale of immigrant troops . Sports activities , keeping immigrant groups together , newspapers in various languages , the assistance of bilingual officers , and ethnic entertainment programs were all employed . Opposition ( edit ) Blessed are the Peacemakers by George Bellows , The Masses , 1917 The Conscription Act of 1917 was passed in June . Conscripts were court - martialed by the Army if they refused to wear uniforms , bear arms , perform basic duties , or submit to military authority . Convicted objectors were often given long sentences of 20 years in Fort Leavenworth . In 1918 Secretary Baker created the Board of Inquiry to question the conscientious objectors ' sincerity . Military tribunals tried men found by the Board to be insincere for a variety of offenses , sentencing 17 to death , 142 to life imprisonment , and 345 to penal labor camps . In 1917 , a number of radicals and anarchists , including Emma Goldman , challenged the new draft law in federal court , arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment 's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude . The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7 , 1918 . The decision said the Constitution gave Congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies . The Court , relying partly on Vattel 's The Law of Nations , emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens : It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government and its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need , and the right to compel it . To do more than state the proposition is absolutely unnecessary in view of the practical illustration afforded by the almost universal legislation to that effect now in force . Conscription was unpopular from left - wing sectors at the start , with many Socialists jailed for `` obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service '' . The most famous was Eugene Debs , head of the Socialist Party of America , who ran for president in 1920 from his Atlanta prison cell . He had his sentence commuted to time served and was released on December 25 , 1921 , by President Warren G. Harding . The Industrial Workers of the World mobilized to obstruct the war effort through strikes in war - related industries and not registering . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Conscientious objector ( CO ) exemptions were allowed for the Amish , Mennonites , Quakers , and Church of the Brethren only . All other religious and political objectors were forced to participate . Some 64,700 men claimed conscientious objector status ; local draft boards certified 57,000 , of whom 30,000 passed the physical and 21,000 were inducted into the U.S. Army . About 80 % of the 21,000 decided to abandon their objection and take up arms , but 3,989 drafted objectors refused to serve . Most belonged to historically pacifist denominations , especially Quakers , Mennonites , and Moravian Brethren , as well as a few Seventh - day Adventists and Jehovah 's Witnesses . About 15 % were religious objectors from non-pacifist churches . Ben Salmon was a nationally known political activist who encouraged men not to register and personally refused to comply with the draft procedures . He rejected the Army Review Board proposal that he do noncombatant farm work . Sentenced to 25 years in prison , he again refused a proposed desk job . He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a `` dishonorable discharge '' . Interwar ( edit ) The draft ended in 1918 but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs despite an era of pacifism . Working where Congress would not , it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army - Navy Selective Service Committee , most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience . This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934 when Major General Lewis B. Hershey was assigned to the organization . The passage of a conscription act was opposed by some , including Dorothy Day and George Barry O'Toole , who were concerned that such conscription would not provide adequate protection for the rights of conscientious objectors . However , much of Hershey 's work was codified into law with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 ( STSA ) . World War II ( edit ) By the summer of 1940 , as Germany conquered France , Americans supported the return of conscription . One national survey found that 67 % of respondents believed that a German - Italian victory would endanger the United States , and that 71 % supported `` the immediate adoption of compulsory military training for all young men '' . Similarly , a November 1942 survey of American high - school students found that 69 % favored compulsory postwar military training . The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II . The 1940 STSA instituted national conscription in peacetime , requiring registration of all men between 21 and 35 , with selection for one year 's service by a national lottery . The term of service was extended by one year in August 1941 . After Pearl Harbor the STSA was further amended ( December 19 , 1941 ) , extending the term of service to the duration of the war and six months and requiring the registration of all men 18 to 64 years of age . In the massive draft of World War II , 49 million men were registered , 36 million classified , and 10 million inducted . President Roosevelt 's signing of the STSA on September 16 , 1940 , began the first peacetime draft in the United States . It also established the Selective Service System as an independent agency responsible for identifying and inducting young men into military service . Roosevelt named Hershey to head the Selective Service on July 31 , 1941 , where he remained until 1969 . This preparatory act came when other preparations , such as increased training and equipment production , had not yet been approved . Nevertheless , it served as the basis for the conscription programs that would continue to the present . The act set a cap of 900,000 men to be in training at any given time and limited military service to 12 months . An amendment increased this 18 more months in August 1941 . Later legislation on December 20 , 1942 amended the act to require all men from 18 to 64 to register , with those aged 20 to 44 being able for induction. 18 and 19 year olds were made liable for induction and the upper age limit for the draft was reduced to 37 beginning on November 13 , 1942 . Service commitments for inductees were set at the length of the war plus six months . As manpower need increased during World War II , draftees were inducted into the Army , Navy , and Marine Corps . The Navy and Marine Corps enlisted inductees and volunteers under the same service agreements , but with different service obligations , while the Army ( and Army Air Forces ) placed inductees into a special service component known as the Army of the United States , commonly known as the `` AUS '' . By 1942 , the Selective Service System moved away from administrative selection by its more than 6,000 local boards to a system of lottery selection . Rather than filling quotas by local selection , the boards now ensured proper processing of men selected by the national lottery . On December 5 , 1942 , presidential Executive Order 9279 made it so that men from the ages of 18 to 37 could not voluntarily enlist even if they had not been drafted , providing protection for the nation 's home front manpower pool . Paul V. McNutt , head of the War Manpower Commission , estimated that the changes would increase the ratio of men drafted from one out of nine to one out of five . The commission 's goal was to have nine million men in the armed forces by the end of 1943 . This facilitated the massive requirement of up to 200,000 men per month and would remain the standard for the length of the war . The World War II draft operated from 1940 until 1947 when its legislative authorization expired without further extension by Congress . During this time , more than 10 million men had been inducted into military service . With the expiration , no inductions occurred in 1947 . However , the SSS remained intact . Opposition ( edit ) Scattered opposition was encountered especially in the northern cities where African - Americans protested the system . The young Nation of Islam was at the forefront , with many Black Muslims jailed for refusing the draft , and their leader Elijah Muhammed was sentenced to federal prison for 5 years for inciting draft resistance . Organized draft resistance also developed in the Japanese American internment camps , where groups like the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee refused to serve unless they and their families were released . 300 Nisei men from eight of the ten War Relocation Authority camps were arrested and stood trial for felony draft evasion ; most were sentenced to federal prison . American Communists also opposed the war until Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 , whereupon they became supporters . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Of the more than 72,000 men registering as conscientious objectors ( CO ) , nearly 52,000 received CO status . Of these , over 25,000 entered the military in noncombatant roles , another 12,000 went to civilian work camps , and nearly 6,000 went to prison . Draft evasion only accounted for about 4 % of the total inducted . About 373,000 alleged evaders were investigated with just over 16,000 being imprisoned . Cold War ( edit ) The second peacetime draft began with passage of the Selective Service Act of 1948 after the STSA expired . The new law required all men , ages 18 to 26 , to register . It also created the system for the `` Doctor Draft '' aimed at inducting health professionals into military service . Unless otherwise exempted or deferred , these men could be called for up to 21 months of active duty and five years of reserve duty service . Congress further tweaked this act in 1950 although the post -- World War II surplus of military manpower left little need for draft calls until Truman 's declaration of national emergency in December 1950 . Only 20,348 men were inducted in 1948 and only 9,781 in 1949 . Between the Korean War 's outbreak in June 1950 and the armistice agreement in 1953 , Selective Service inducted over 1.5 million men . Another 1.3 million volunteered , usually choosing the Navy or Air Force . Congress passed the Universal Military Training and Service Act in 1951 to meet the demands of the war . It lowered the induction age to 181⁄2 and extended active - duty service commitments to 24 months . Despite the early combat failures and later stalemate in Korea , the draft has been credited by some as playing a vital role in turning the tide of war . A February 1953 Gallup Poll showed 70 percent of Americans surveyed felt the SSS handled the draft fairly . Notably , Gallup reported that 64 percent of the demographic group including all draft age men ( males 21 to 29 ) believed the draft to be fair . To increase equity in the system , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11 , 1953 , that ended the paternity deferment for married men . In large part , the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War . From a program that had just barely passed congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II , a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat . Nevertheless , some dissenting voices in Congress continued to appeal to the history of voluntary American military service as preferable for a democracy . The Korean War was the first time any form of student deferment was used . During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester . The United States breathed easier with the Korean War Armistice on July 27 , 1953 ; however , technology brought new promises and threats . U.S. air and nuclear power fueled the Eisenhower doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' . This strategy demanded more machines and fewer foot soldiers , so the draft slipped to the back burner . However , the head of the SSS , Maj. Gen. Hershey , urged caution fearing the conflict looming in Vietnam . In May 1953 , he told his state directors to do everything possible to keep SSS alive in order to meet upcoming needs . Following the 1953 Korean War Armistice , Congress passed the Reserve Forces Act of 1955 with the aim of improving National Guard and federal Reserve Component readiness while also constraining its use by the president . Towards this end , it mandated a six - year service commitment , in a combination of reserve and active duty time , for every line military member regardless of their means of entry . Meanwhile , the SSS kept itself alive by devising and managing a complex system of deferments for a swelling pool of candidates during a period of shrinking requirements . The greatest challenge to the draft came not from protesters but rather lobbyists seeking additional deferments for their constituency groups such as scientists and farmers . Government leaders felt the potential for a draft was a critical element in maintaining a constant flow of volunteers . On numerous occasions Gen. Hershey told Congress for every man drafted , three or four more were scared into volunteering . Assuming his assessment was accurate , this would mean over 11 million men volunteered for service because of the draft between January 1954 and April 1975 . The policy of using the draft as a club to force `` voluntary '' enlistment was unique in U.S. history . Previous drafts had not aimed at encouraging individuals to sign up in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings . However , the incremental buildup of Vietnam without a clear threat to the country bolstered this . Some estimates suggest conscription encompassed almost one - third of all eligible men during the period of 1965 -- 69 . This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service . During the active combat phase , the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist . The military relied upon this draft - induced volunteerism to make its quotas , especially the Army , which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during Vietnam . For example , defense recruiting reports show 34 % of the recruits in 1964 up to 50 % in 1970 indicated they joined to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft . These rates dwindled to 24 % in 1972 and 15 % in 1973 after the change to a lottery system . Accounting for other factors , it can be argued up to 60 percent of those who served throughout the Vietnam War did so directly or indirectly because of the draft . In addition , deferments provided an incentive for men to follow pursuits considered useful to the state . This process , known as channeling , helped push men into educational , occupational , and family choices they might not otherwise have pursued . Undergraduate degrees were valued . Graduate work had varying value over time , though technical and religious training received near constant support . War industry support in the form of teaching , research , or skilled labor also received deferred or exempt status . Finally , marriage and family were exempted because of its positive social consequences . This included using presidential orders to extend exemptions again to fathers and others . Channeling was also seen as a means of preempting the early loss of the country 's `` best and brightest '' who had historically joined and died early in war . In the only extended period of military conscription of U.S. males during a major peacetime period , the draft continued on a more limited basis during the late 1950s and early 1960s . While a far smaller percentage of eligible males were conscripted compared to war periods , draftees by law served in the Army for two years . Elvis Presley and Willie Mays were two of the most famous people drafted during this period . Public protests in the United States were few during the Korean War . However , the percentage of CO exemptions for inductees grew to 1.5 % compared to a rate of just 0.5 % in the past two wars . The Justice Department also investigated more than 80,000 draft evasion cases . Vietnam War ( edit ) President Kennedy 's decision to send military troops to Vietnam as `` advisors '' was a signal that Selective Service Director Lewis B. Hershey needed to visit the Oval Office . From that visit emerged two wishes of JFK with regard to conscription . The first was that the names of married men with children should occupy the very bottom of the callup list . Just above them should be the names of men who are married . This Presidential policy , however , was not to be formally encoded into Selective Service Status . Men who fit into these categories became known as Kennedy Husbands . When President Lyndon Johnson decided to rescind this Kennedy policy , there was a last - minute rush to the altar by thousands of American couples . Many early rank - and - file anti-conscription protesters had been allied with the National Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy . The completion in 1963 of a Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty left a mass of undirected youth in search of a cause . Syndicated cartoonist Al Capp portrayed them as S.W.I.N.E , ( Students Wildly Indignant About Nearly Everything ) . The catalyst for protest reconnection was the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . Consequently , there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began . The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments , especially for college students . Besides being able to avoid the draft , college graduates who volunteered for military service ( primarily as commissioned officers ) had a much better chance of securing a preferential posting compared to less - educated inductees . President Gerald Ford announces amnesty for draft evaders at the White House , Washington , D.C. , in 1974 . As U.S. troop strength in South Vietnam increased , more young men were drafted for service there , and many of those still at home sought means of avoiding the draft . Since only 15,000 National Guard and Reserve soldiers were sent to South Vietnam , enlistment in the Guard or the Reserves became a popular means of avoiding serving in a war zone . For those who could meet the more stringent enlistment standards , service in the Air Force , Navy , or Coast Guard was a means of reducing the chances of being killed . Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared , because divinity students were exempt from the draft . Doctors and draft board members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees . The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26 , 1965 . Around 3 : 10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day , then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time . Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of Just War . One of these , Stephen Spiro , was convicted of avoiding the draft , but given a suspended sentence of five years . He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford . There were 8,744,000 servicemembers between 1964 and 1975 , of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia . From a pool of approximately 27 million , the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service ( in the United States , South Vietnam , and elsewhere ) during the Vietnam War era . The majority of servicemembers deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers , even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army , Air Force , Navy , and Coast Guard ( for three or four year terms of enlistment ) rather than risk being drafted , serve for two years , and have no choice over their military occupational specialty ( MOS ) . Of the nearly 16 million men not engaged in active military service , 57 % were exempted ( typically because of jobs including other military service ) , deferred ( usually for educational reasons ) , or disqualified ( usually for physical and mental deficiencies but also for criminal records including draft violations ) . The requirements for obtaining and maintaining an educational deferment changed several times in the late 1960s . For several years , students were required to take an annual qualification test . In 1967 educational deferments were changed for graduate students . Those starting graduate studies in the fall of 1967 were given two semester deferments becoming eligible in June 1968 . Those further along in their graduate study who entered prior to the summer of 1967 could continue to receive a deferment until they completed their studies . Peace Corps Volunteers were no longer given deferments and their induction was left to the discretion of their local boards . However most boards allowed Peace Corps Volunteers to complete their two years assignment before inducting them into the service . On December 1 , 1969 , a lottery was held to establish a draft priority for all those born between 1944 and 1950 . Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft . Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records , but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations . Finally , as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country . End of conscription ( edit ) Jeffrey Mellinger in 1972 ; Mellinger was the last drafted U.S. NCO to remain in the army before retiring in 2011 . Jeffrey Mellinger in 2005 During the 1968 presidential election , Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft . He had first become interested in the idea of an all - volunteer army during his time out of office , based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University . Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement , since he believed affluent youths would stop protesting the war once their own probability of having to fight in it was gone . There was opposition to the all - volunteer notion from both the Department of Defense and Congress , so Nixon took no immediate action towards ending the draft early in his presidency . Instead , the Gates Commission was formed , headed by Thomas S. Gates , Jr. , a former Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration . Gates initially opposed the all - volunteer army idea , but changed his mind during the course of the 15 - member commission 's work . The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970 , describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription . The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971 , but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time . In February 1971 , the administration requested of Congress a two - year extension of the draft , to June 1973 . Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one - year extension , or eliminate the draft altogether , or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam ; Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach , trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation , shut down conscription , and directly force an end to the war . Senators supporting Nixon 's war efforts supported the bill , even though some had qualms about ending the draft . After a prolonged battle in the Senate , in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved . Meanwhile , military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers , and television advertising for the U.S. Army began . With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam , December 1972 saw the last men conscripted , who were born in 1952 and who reported for duty in June 1973 . On February 2 , 1972 , a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953 , but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued . In March 1973 , 1974 , and 1975 , the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954 , 1955 , and 1956 , in case the draft was extended , but it never was . Command Sergeant Major Jeff Mellinger , believed to be the last drafted enlisted ranked soldier still on active duty , retired in 2011 . Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby , the last Vietnam War - era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank , retired from the army in November 10 , 2014 after a 42 - year career . Post-1980 draft registration ( edit ) On July 2 , 1980 , President Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System . At that time it was required that all males , born on or after January 1 , 1960 , register with the Selective Service System . Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 , who are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday even if they are not eligible to join the military . The Selective Service System describes its mission as `` to serve the emergency manpower needs of the Military by conscripting untrained manpower , or personnel with professional health care skills , if directed by Congress and the President in a national crisis '' . Registration forms are available either online or at any U.S. Post Office . The Selective Service registration form states that failure to register is a felony punishable by up to five years imprisonment or a $250,000 fine . In practice , no one has been prosecuted for failure to comply with draft registration since 1986 , in part because prosecutions of draft resisters proved counter-productive for the government , and in part because of the difficulty of proving that noncompliance with the law was `` knowing and wilful '' . In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016 , current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988 , the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of nonregistrants . Many men do not register at all , register late , or change addresses without notifying the Selective Service System . Registration is a requirement for employment by the federal government and some states , as well as for receiving some state benefits such as driver 's licenses . Refusing to register can also cause a loss of eligibility for federal financial aid for college . Health care personnel ( edit ) On December 1 , 1989 , Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting `` persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care and professional occupation '' , if such a special - skills draft should be ordered by Congress . In response , Selective Service published plans for the `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System '' ( HCPDS ) in 1989 and has had them ready ever since . The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998 , followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999 . The HCPDS plans include women and men ages 20 -- 54 in 57 different job categories . As of May 2003 , the Defense Department has said the most likely form of draft is a special skills draft , probably of health care workers . Legality ( edit ) In 1918 , the Supreme Court ruled that the World War I draft did not violate the United States Constitution in the Selective Draft Law Cases . The Court summarized the history of conscription in England and in colonial America , a history that it read as establishing that the Framers envisioned compulsory military service as a governmental power . It held that the Constitution 's grant to Congress of the powers to declare war and to create standing armies included the power to mandate conscription . It rejected arguments based on states ' rights , the 13th Amendment , and other provisions of the Constitution . Later , during the Vietnam War , a lower appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional . United States v. Holmes , 387 F. 2d 781 ( 7th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) . Justice William O. Douglas , in voting to hear the appeal in Holmes , agreed that the government had the authority to employ conscription in wartime , but argued that the constitutionality of a draft in the absence of a declaration of war was an open question , which the Supreme Court should address . During the World War I era , the Supreme Court allowed the government great latitude in suppressing criticism of the draft . Examples include Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) and Gilbert v. Minnesota , 254 U.S. 325 ( 1920 ) . In subsequent decades , however , the Court has taken a much broader view of the extent to which advocacy speech is protected by the First Amendment . Thus , in 1971 the Court held it unconstitutional for a state to punish a man who entered a county courthouse wearing a jacket with the words `` F * ck the Draft '' visible on it . Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) . Nevertheless , protesting the draft by the specific means of burning a draft registration card can be constitutionally prohibited , because of the government 's interest in prohibiting the `` nonspeech '' element involved in destroying the card . United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) . Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980 , the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act : Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft ; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group ( MPIRG ) , 468 U.S. 841 ( 1984 ) , upholding the Constitutionality of the first of the federal `` Solomon Amendment '' laws , which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration , either by having registered or by not being required to register ; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 ( 1985 ) , upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the `` most vocal '' nonregistrants for prosecution , after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of nonregistrants for prosecution ; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury , 567 U.S. ____ ( 2012 ) , regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for nonregistrants . In 1981 , several men filed lawsuit in the case Rostker v. Goldberg , alleging that the Military Selective Service Act violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring that men only and not also women register with the Selective Service System . The Supreme Court upheld the act , stating that Congress 's `` decision to exempt women was not the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about women '' , that `` since women are excluded from combat service by statute or military policy , men and women are simply not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft , and Congress ' decision to authorize the registration of only men therefore does not violate the Due Process Clause '' , and that `` the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity , but Congress was entitled , in the exercise of its constitutional powers , to focus on the question of military need , rather than ' equity . ' '' The Rostker v. Goldberg opinion 's dependence upon deference on decision of the executive to exclude women from combat has garnered renewed scrutiny since the Department of Defense announced its decision in January 2013 to do away with most of the federal policies that have kept women from serving in combat roles in ground war situations . Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force had by then already opened up virtually all positions in sea and air combat to women . At least two lawsuits have been filed challenging the continued Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register with the Selective service System : National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System ( filed April 4 , 2013 , U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ; dismissed by the District Court July 29 , 2013 as not `` ripe '' for decision ; appeal argued December 8 , 2015 before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ; reversed and remanded February 19 , 2016 ) , and Kyle v. Selective Service System ( filed July 3 , 2015 , U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey ) , brought on behalf of Elizabeth Kyle - LaBell , who tried to register but was turned away because she is female . Conscientious objection ( edit ) Main article : Conscientious objection in the United States According to the Selective Service System , A conscientious objector is one who is opposed to serving in the armed forces and / or bearing arms on the grounds of moral or religious principles . ( ... ) Beliefs which qualify a registrant for CO status may be religious in nature , but do n't have to be . Beliefs may be moral or ethical ; however , a man 's reasons for not wanting to participate in a war must not be based on politics , expediency , or self - interest . In general , the man 's lifestyle prior to making his claim must reflect his current claims . The Supreme Court has ruled in cases United States v. Seeger ( 1965 ) and Welsh v. United States ( 1970 ) that conscientious objection can be by non-religious beliefs as well as religious beliefs ; but it has also ruled in Gillette v. United States ( 1971 ) against objections to specific wars as grounds for conscientious objection . There is currently no mechanism to indicate that one is a conscientious objector in the Selective Service system . According to the SSS , after a person is drafted , he can claim Conscientious Objector status and then justify it before the Local Board . This is criticized because during the times of a draft , when the country is in emergency conditions , there could be increased pressure for Local Boards to be more harsh on conscientious objector claims . There are two types of status for conscientious objectors . If a person objects only to combat but not to service in the military , then the person could be given noncombatant service in the military without training of weapons . If the person objects to all military service , then the person could be ordered to `` alternative service '' with a job `` deemed to make a meaningful contribution to the maintenance of the national health , safety , and interest '' . Poverty draft ( edit ) The poverty draft is a controversial belief in some circles that low - income demographics are either intentionally targeted by the military for recruitment , or that their low socioeconomic status makes enlistment especially attractive , such that they are overrepresented in the armed forces . The `` poverty draft '' is a term describing U.S. military recruiters ' purposeful tendency to focus their recruiting efforts on inner - city and poor rural schools . The low - income youth and young people of color who attend these schools generally have fewer good educational and job opportunities than middle - class and wealthy youth and are therefore more likely to enlist . Proponents of the poverty draft view often claim that because of this the U.S. armed forces are disproportionally men and women of color and from poor and working - class backgrounds . Selective Service reforms ( edit ) The Selective Service System has maintained that they have implemented several reforms that would make the draft more fair and equitable . Some of the measures they have implemented include : Before and during the Vietnam War , a young man could get a deferment by showing that he was a full - time student making satisfactory progress towards a degree ; now deferment only lasts to the end of the semester . If the man is a senior he can defer until the end of the academic year . The government has said that draft boards are now more representative of the local communities in areas such as race and national origin . A lottery system would be used to determine the order of people being called up . Previously the oldest men who were found eligible for the draft would be taken first . In the new system , the men called first would be those who are or will turn 20 years old in the calendar year or those whose deferments will end in the calendar year . Each year after , the man will be placed on a lower priority status until his liability ends . Conscription controversies since 2003 ( edit ) The effort to enforce Selective Service registration law was abandoned in 1986 . Since then , no attempt to reinstate conscription has been able to attract much support in the legislature or among the public . Since early 2003 , when the Iraq War appeared imminent , there had been attempts through legislation and campaign rhetoric to begin a new public conversation on the topic . Public opinion since 1973 has been largely negative . In 2003 , several Democratic congressmen ( Charles Rangel of New York , Jim McDermott of Washington , John Conyers of Michigan , John Lewis of Georgia , Pete Stark of California , Neil Abercrombie of Hawaii ) introduced legislation that would draft both men and women into either military or civilian government service , should there be a draft in the future . The Republican majority leadership suddenly considered the bill , nine months after its introduction , without a report from the Armed Services Committee ( to which it had been referred ) , and just one month prior to the 2004 presidential and congressional elections . The Republican leadership used an expedited parliamentary procedure that would have required a two - thirds vote for passage of the bill . The bill was defeated on October 5 , 2004 , with two members voting for it and 402 members voting against . In 2004 , the platforms of both the Democratic and Republican parties opposed military conscription , but neither party moved to end draft registration . John Kerry in one debate criticized Bush 's policies , `` You 've got stop - loss policies so people ca n't get out when they were supposed to . You 've got a backdoor draft right now . '' This statement was in reference to the U.S. Department of Defense use of `` stop - loss '' orders , which have extended the Active Duty periods of some military personnel . All enlistees , upon entering the service , volunteer for a minimum eight - year Military Service Obligation ( MSO ) . This MSO is split between a minimum active duty period , followed by a reserve period where enlistees may be called back to active duty for the remainder of the eight years . Some of these active duty extensions have been for as long as two years . The Pentagon stated that as of August 24 , 2004 , 20,000 soldiers , sailors , airmen , and Marines had been affected . As of January 31 , 2006 it has been reported that more than 50,000 soldiers and reservists had been affected . Despite arguments by defense leaders that they had no interest in re-instituting the draft , Representative Neil Abercrombie 's ( D - HI ) inclusion of a DOD memo in the Congressional Record which detailed a meeting by senior leaders signaled renewed interest . Though the conclusion of the meeting memo did not call for a reinstatement of the draft , it did suggest Selective Service Act modifications to include registration by women and self - reporting of critical skills that could serve to meet military , homeland - defense , and humanitarian needs . This hinted at more targeted draft options being considered , perhaps like that of the `` Doctor Draft '' that began in the 1950s to provide nearly 66 % of the medical professionals who served in the Army in Korea . Once created , this manpower tool continued to be used through 1972 . The meeting memo gave DOD 's primary reason for opposing a draft as a matter of cost effectiveness and efficiency . Draftees with less than two years ' retention were said to be a net drain on military resources providing insufficient benefit to offset overhead costs of using them . Mentions of the draft during the presidential campaign led to a resurgence of anti-draft and draft resistance organizing . One poll of young voters in October 2004 found that 29 % would resist if drafted . In November 2006 , Representative Charles B. Rangel ( D - NY ) again called for the draft to be reinstated ; Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi rejected the proposal . On December 19 , 2006 , President George W. Bush announced that he was considering sending more troops to Iraq . The next day , the Selective Service System 's director for operations and chief information officer , Scott Campbell , announced plans for a `` readiness exercise '' to test the system 's operations in 2006 , for the first time since 1998 . On December 21 , 2006 , Veterans Affairs Secretary Jim Nicholson , when asked by a reporter whether the draft should be reinstated to make the military more equal , said , `` I think that our society would benefit from that , yes sir . '' Nicholson proceeded to relate his experience as a company commander in an infantry unit which brought together soldiers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels , noting that the draft `` does bring people from all quarters of our society together in the common purpose of serving '' . Nicholson later issued a statement saying he does not support reinstating the draft . On August 10 , 2007 , with National Public Radio on `` All Things Considered '' , Lieutenant General Douglas Lute , National Security Adviser to the President and Congress for all matters pertaining to the United States Military efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan , expressed support for a draft to alleviate the stress on the Army 's all - volunteer force . He cited the fact that repeated deployments place much strain upon one soldier 's family and himself which , in turn , can affect retention . A similar bill to Rangel 's 2003 one was introduced in 2007 , called the Universal National Service Act of 2007 ( H.R. 393 ) , but it has not received a hearing or been scheduled for consideration . At the end of June 2014 in Pennsylvania 14,250 letters of conscription were erroneously posted to men born in the 19th century calling upon them to register for the US military draft . This was attributed to a clerk at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation who failed to select a century during a transfer of 400,000 records to the Selective Service . The Selective Service identified 27,218 records of men born in the 19th century made errantly applicable by the change of century and began sending out notices to them on June 30 . On June 14 , 2016 , the Senate voted to require women to register for the draft , though language requiring this was dropped from later versions of the bill . Non-citizens ( edit ) The Selective Service ( and the draft ) in the United States is not limited to citizens . Howard Stringer , for example , was drafted six weeks after arriving from his native Britain in 1965 . Today , non-citizen males of appropriate age in the United States , who are permanent residents ( holders of green cards ) , seasonal agricultural workers not holding an H - 2A Visa , refugees , parolees , asylees , and illegal immigrants , are required to register with the Selective Service System . Refusal to do so is grounds for denial of a future citizenship application . In addition , immigrants who seek to naturalize as citizens must , as part of the Oath of Citizenship , swear to the following : ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law ; The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) website also states however : However , since 1975 , USCIS has allowed the oath to be taken without the clauses : `` ... that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by law ... '' Non-citizens who serve in the United States military enjoy several naturalization benefits which are unavailable to non-citizens who do not , such as a waiver of application fees . Permanent resident aliens who die while serving in the U.S. Armed Forces may be naturalized posthumously , which may be beneficial to surviving family members . See also ( edit ) Conscription crisis Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II Draft lottery ( 1969 ) National service Peace Churches Service Nation Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holbrook , Heber A . The Crisis Years : 1940 and 1941 Archived October 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review , July 4 , 2001 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Who Must Register '' . sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/246 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=sNYc6alAb4IC&pg=PA18&dq=unorganized+militia+conscription&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzqvzO563YAhWylOAKHVcmAf4Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=unorganized%20militia%20conscription&f=false at page 18 Jump up ^ https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2659&context=ilj at page 345 Jump up ^ John W. Chambers , II , ed. in chief , The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 ) , 180 . Jump up ^ Webster , Daniel ( December 9 , 1814 ) On Conscription , reprinted in Left and Right : A Journal of Libertarian Thought ( Autumn 1965 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History , 181 . Jump up ^ James W. Geary , We Need Men : The Union Draft in the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Escott , Paul . Military Necessity : Civil - Military Relations in the Confederacy . Westport , CT : Praeger Security International , 2006 . Jump up ^ Arnold Shankman , `` Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1977 ) : 190 - 204 . online Jump up ^ Moore 1924 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States . ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Zinn ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Nancy Ford , Americans all ! : foreign - born soldiers in World War I ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) p 218 ^ Jump up to : Shenk 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Chambers , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 219 -- 20 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 216 -- 17 Jump up ^ Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship ( 2007 ) . `` The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon '' . Sign of Peace . 6.1 ( Spring 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Brett. ( 2006 ) . The Effects of the Draft on US Presidential Approval Ratings during the Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1975 , Doctoral dissertation , University of Alabama ( Tuscaloosa ) . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , G. ( 1985 ) . Lewis B. Hershey , Mr. Selective Service . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ `` What the U.S.A. Thinks '' . Life . July 29 , 1940 . p. 20 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Survey Shows What Youth is Thinking '' . Life . November 30 , 1942 . p. 110 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ George Q. Flynn , The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Clifford , J. , & Spencer , S. ( 1986 ) . First Peacetime Draft . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . Jump up ^ `` Conscription Order # 1 '' , Office of the War Department , Records of the Personnel Division ( G - 1 ) , U.S. National Archives Record Group 165 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Manpower : Sweeping Changes Halt Enlistments , Cut Top Draft Age to 38 , Give McNutt Selective Service Control '' . Life . December 21 , 1942 . p. 27 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Selective Service System . ( May 27 , 2003 ) . Induction Statistics . In Inductions ( by year ) from World War I Through the End of the Draft ( 1973 ) Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Muller , Eric L. `` Draft resistance '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buhle , Paul . `` Communist Party , USA '' . Encyclopedia of the American Left . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , J. ( 1987 ) . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ Hershey , L. ( 1960 ) . Outline of Historical Background of Selective Service and Chronology . ( Available from Selective Service System , 1724 F Street NW , Washington , D.C. 20435 ) Jump up ^ Selective Service System . ( 1953 ) . Selective Service under the 1948 Act extended ( 212278 - 53 - 7 ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Gallup , G. ( 1972 ) . The Gallup Poll : Public opinion , 1935 -- 1971 ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Random House . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs , Selective Service System . ( February 19 , 2004 ) . Fast facts . In Effects of Marriage and Fatherhood on Draft Eligibility Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , R. ( 1982 ) . The Peacetime Draft : Voluntarism to Coercion . In M. Anderson ( Ed . ) , The Military Draft : Selected Readings on Conscription ( pp. 97 -- 116 ) . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . ( Original work published 1968 ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , J. & A. Meckler . ( Eds . ) . ( 1974 ) . The Draft and Its Enemies : A Documentary History . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Myra MacPherson ( 2001 ) . Long Time Passing , New Edition : Vietnam and the Haunted Generation . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Hershey , 1953 Jump up ^ House Committee on Appropriations Hearings , 1958 . Jump up ^ Chambers , J. ( ed ) , 1987 ^ Jump up to : Flynn , G. ( 2000 ) . The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence , KS : University of Kansas Press . ^ Jump up to : Useem , M. ( 1973 ) . Conscription , Protest and Social Conflict : The Life and Death of a Draft Resistance Movement . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Oi , W. ( 1982 ) . `` The Economic Cost of the Draft '' . In M. Anderson ( Ed . ) , The Military Draft : Selected Readings on Conscription ( pp. 317 -- 346 ) . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . Jump up ^ Angrist , J. ( 1991 ) . `` The Draft Lottery and Voluntary Enlistment in the Vietnam Era '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 86 ( 415 ) , 584 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Binkin , M. , & Johnston , J. ( 1973 ) , All - volunteer Armed Forces : Progress , Problems , and Prospects , report by the Brookings Institution prepared for the Senate Armed Services Committee , 93rd Congress , First Session . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Siu , Henry E. ( 2008 ) . The fiscal role of conscription in the U.S. World War II effort . Journal of Monetary Economics , 55 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Marmion , H. ( 1968 ) . Selective Service : Conflict and Compromise . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs , 2004 Jump up ^ Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare , The nation 's manpower revolution , 88th Cong. , 2817 ( 1963 ) ( testimony of Lewis B. Hershey ) . Jump up ^ Chambers , 1987 Jump up ^ Kohn , S. ( 1986 ) . Jailed for Peace : The History of American Draft Law Violations , 1658 -- 1985 . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press Jump up ^ Orvedahl , Reid . `` PrimeTime : Marrying to Avoid Draft '' . ABC News . ABC News . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Tom ( 2008 ) . `` Stephen Spiro , 1940 -- 2007 '' . The Catholic Worker . LXXV ( May -- June ) : 6 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ( Nov 2011 ) . `` America 's Wars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunnigan , James F ( 1999 ) . Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War ( First ed . ) . St martin 's Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19857 - 4 . Jump up ^ Chambers , J. ( Ed . ) . ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Jump up ^ Reeves , T. & Hess , K. ( 1970 ) . The End of the Draft . New York : Random House . ^ Jump up to : Thomas W. Evans ( Summer 1993 ) . `` The All - Volunteer Army After Twenty Years : Recruiting in the Modern Era '' . Sam Houston State University . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , Jonathan ( 1996 ) . Nixon : A Life . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 720 - 9 . pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen ( 1989 ) . Nixon , Volume Two : The Triumph of a Politician 1962 -- 1972 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 264 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Griffith , Robert K. ; Robert K. Griffith , Jr. , John Wyndham Mountcastle ( 1997 ) . U.S. Army 's Transition to the All - volunteer Force , 1868 -- 1974 . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 7864 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( February 3 , 1971 ) . `` Stennis Favors 4 - Year Draft Extension , but Laird Asks 2 Years '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Conrad ( 2007 ) . `` Waging Peace '' . Richard M. Nixon : A Life in Full . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 519 - 9 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( June 5 , 1971 ) . `` Senators Reject Limits on Draft ; 2 - Year Plan Gains '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John W. Finney ( May 9 , 1971 ) . `` Congress vs. President '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum ( September 22 , 1971 ) . `` Senate Approves Draft Bill , 55 - 30 ; President to Sign '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft system stopped '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . UPI . January 27 , 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft ended by Laird '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Associated Press . January 27 , 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set to retire , the last Army draftee ' loves being a soldier ' '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1877943,00.html Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael M. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` A Reluctant Soldier Completes His Duty '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Proclamation 4771 , Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act , July 2 , 1980 , 45 FR 45247 , 94 Stat. 3775 . Amended by Proclamation 7275 , Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act , February 22 , 2000 , 65 FR 9199 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Selective Service System : Fast Facts Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` What If I Choose Not To Register ? '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Gender - Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons : It 's unlikely any would face prison , but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Hasbrouck . `` Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State / Commonwealth and Territory Legislation '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Am I eligible to receive financial aid ? '' . United States Department of Education . Jump up ^ Edward Hasbrouck . `` FAQ about Health Care Workers and the Draft '' . Medicaldraft.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Proposed Health care personnel delivery System ( HCPDS ) , 54 Federal Register , 33644 - 33654 , August 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Roger A. Lalich , Health care personnel delivery System : Another Doctor Draft ? ( Wisconsin Medical Journal , 2004 ) . Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Holmes v. United States ' ' , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Schenck v. United States ' ' , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Gilbert v. Minnesota ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Cohen v. California ' ' , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' United States v. O'Brien ' ' , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rostker v. Goldberg , Cornell Law School , retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Extend draft registration to women -- or end it ? '' . The Practical Nomad . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress '' . WorldBeyondWar.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Fast Facts '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' United States v. Seeger ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . March 8 , 1965 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Welsh v. United States ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Gillette v. United States ' ' '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Youth and Militarism Program : `` The Poverty Draft '' ( PDF ) ( Accessed 3 / 14 / 06 ) '' ( PDF ) . American Friends Service Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mariscal , Jorge . `` Fighting the Poverty Draft '' . Counterpunch . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Differences Between The Selective Service Today And During Vietnam '' . sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 1304.25 Fulfilling the Military Service Obligation ( MSO ) '' . U.S. Department of Defense . August 25 , 1997 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ AlterNet / By Richard Muhammad ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` War on Iraq : Firing Back '' . AlterNet . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stop - loss used to retain 50,000 troops csmonitor.com Archived September 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Congressional Record . 108th Cong. , 2d sess. , 2004 . Vol. 150 , No. 130 : E1938 . Jump up ^ Salyer , J. ( April 26 , 1954 ) . `` Training of medical officers '' . In Medical Science Publication 4 , Recent Advances in Medicine and Surgery ( 19 - 30 April 1954 ) : Based on Professional Medical Experiences in Japan and Korea 1950 -- 1953 ( chap. 2 ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Archived August 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edward Hasbrouck . `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and the Medical Draft in the USA '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek Poll : Youth Vote Shows Bush , Kerry Neck - and - Neck ( 47 % for Kerry , 45 % for Bush ) ; But Kerry 's Lead Grows Among Likely Voters ( 52 % to 42 % ) '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi says no to draft legislation '' . CNN . November 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` abc7.com : U.S. Testing National Draft Readiness 12 / 22 / 06 '' . Abclocal.go.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` VA Head : Draft Beneficial to Society , Veterans Affairs Secretary Says Military Draft Beneficial , but He Does n't Support It -- CBS News '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bush War Adviser Supports Considering a Military Draft FOXNews.com Jump up ^ Y2K bug triggers army conscription notices sent to 14,000 dead men Technology The Guardian Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Votes to Require Women to Register for the Draft '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grifiths , Katherine . `` Sir Howard Stringer , U.S. Head Of Sony : Sony 's knight buys Tinseltown dream . '' The Independent , September 18 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Interview : Howard Stringer . '' The Independent , March 21 , 2005 . Archived August 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Selective Service System -- Who Must Register Archived November 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USCIS Home Page Jump up ^ Naturalization Information for Military Personnel USCIS Archived November 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The ABC 's of Immigration : Military Service -- March 29 , 2005 Archived September 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . References and further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conscription . Martin Anderson ; Valerie Bloom ( 1976 ) . Conscription : a select and annotated bibliography . Hoover Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 2571 - 0 ... ( Full text ) . Leach , Jack F. Conscription in the United States : Historical Background . ( Rutland , Vt. , 1952 ) American revolution ( edit ) Dougherty , Keith L. Collective Action under the Articles of Confederation . Cambridge U. Press , 2001 . 211 pp . Civil War ( edit ) Bernstein , Iver . The New York City Draft Riots : Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War ( 1990 ) . online edition Cruz , Barbara C. and Jennifer Marques Patterson . `` ' In the Midst of Strange and Terrible Times ' : The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 . Social Education . v. 69 # 1 2005 . pp 10 + , with teacher 's guide and URL 's . online version Geary , James W . We Need Men : The Union Draft in the Civil War ( 1991 ) pp. 264 Geary , James W. `` Civil War Conscription in the North : A Historiographical Review , '' Civil War History 32 ( 1986 ) : 208 -- 28 , online Hilderman , Walter C. , III . They Went into the Fight Cheering ! Confederate Conscription in North Carolina . Boone , N.C. : Parkway , 2005 . pp. 272 Hyman , Harold M. A More Perfect Union : The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution . ( 1973 ) , ch 13 . online edition Kenny , Kevin . `` Abraham Lincoln and the American Irish . '' American Journal of Irish Studies ( 2013 ) : 39 - 64 . Levine , Peter . `` Draft Evasion in the North during the Civil War , 1863 -- 1865 , '' Journal of American History 67 ( 1981 ) : 816 -- 34 online edition Moore , Albert Burton . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 1924 online edition Murdoch , Eugene C. One Million Men : The Civil War Draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Shankman , Arnold . `` Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1977 ) : 190 - 204 . online Wheeler , Kenneth H. `` Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance : Holmes County , Ohio . '' Civil War History . v. 45 # 2 1999 . pp 147 + online edition World War I ( edit ) Chambers II , John Whiteclay . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) , comprehensive look at the national level . Ford , Nancy Gentile ( 2001 ) . Americans All ! : Foreign - born Soldiers in World War I. Texas A&M University Military History Series : 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 132 - 2 . Ford , Nancy Gentile . `` ' Mindful of the Traditions of His Race ' : Dual Identity and Foreign - born Soldiers in the First World War American Army . '' Journal of American Ethnic History 1997 16 ( 2 ) : 35 -- 57 . ISSN 0278 - 5927 Fulltext : in Ebsco Hickle , K. Walter . `` ' Justice and the Highest Kind of Equality Require Discrimination ' : Citizenship , Dependency , and Conscription in the South , 1917 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History . v. 66 # 4 2000 . pp 749 + online version Keith , Jeanette . `` The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance , 1917 -- 1918 : Class , Race , and Conscription in the Rural South . '' Journal of American History 2000 87 ( 4 ) : 1335 -- 1361 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 Fulltext : in Jstor and Ebsco Keith , Jeanette . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . 2004 . 260pp . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First Worm War and American Society ( 1980 ) , ch 3 online edition Shenk , Gerald E. `` Race , Manhood , and Manpower : Mobilizing Rural Georgia for World War I , '' Georgia Historical Quarterly , 81 ( Fall 1997 ) , 622 -- 62 Woodward , C. Vann . Tom Watson , Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) , pp 451 -- 63 . Sieger , Susan . `` She Did n't Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker : Motherhood , Conscription , and the Culture of the First World War . '' Feminist Studies . v. 22 # 1 1996 . pp 7 + online edition Shenk , Gerald E. ( 2005 ) . `` Work or fight ! '' : Race , Gender , and the Draft in World War One . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6175 - 4 . World War II ( edit ) Flynn , George Q. The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1993 ; the standard history Garry , Clifford J. and Samuel R. Spencer Jr . The First Peacetime Draft. 1986 . Goossen , Rachel Waltner ; Women against the Good War : Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home Front , 1941 -- 1947 1997 online edition Westbrook , Robert . `` ' I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl That Married Harry James ' : American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in WWII , '' American Quarterly 42 ( December 1990 ) : 587 -- 614 ; online in JSTOR Cold War and Vietnam ( edit ) Lawrence M. Baskir ; William A. Strauss ( 1978 ) . Chance and Circumstance : The Draft , the War , and the Vietnam Generation . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72749 - 5 . Flynn , George Q. The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1993 ; the standard history Marc Leepson , `` What It Was Like to Be Drafted , '' The New York Times , `` Vietnam ' 67 , '' July 21 , 2017 . Recent ( edit ) Halstead , Fred . GIs Speak out against the War : The Case of the Ft. Jackson 8 . 128 pages . New York : Pathfinder Press . 1970 . Warner , John T. and Beth J. Asch . `` The Record and Prospects of the All - volunteer Military in the United States . '' Journal of Economic Perspectives 2001 15 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 192 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 Fulltext : in Jstor and Ebsco Wooten ; Evan M. `` Banging on the Backdoor Draft : The Constitutional Validity of Stop - Loss in the Military '' , William and Mary Law Review , Vol. 47 , 2005 Chambers II , John Whiteclay , ed . Draftees or Volunteers : A Documentary History of the Debate over Military Conscription in the United States , 1787 -- 1973 , ( 1975 ) ( 1976 ) ( 2011 ) External links ( edit ) Look up conscription in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` What It Was Like to be Drafted , '' The New York Times , `` Vietnam ' 67 , '' July 21 , 2017 . Selective Service System official website Resisters.info Rolling Stone magazine : `` The Return of the Draft '' 2005 How To Beat The Draft Board Reinstating the military draft by Walter E. Williams Are You Going to be Drafted ? by Rod Powers . Discusses the improbability of the draft returning . World War I : Conscription Laws from the Library of Congress Blog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_United_States&oldid=818157699 '' Categories : Conscription in the United States Conscription by country United States military policies American nationalism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Use mdy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 23 : 06 . 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when did military draft end in the us
[ "Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one-year extension, or eliminate the draft altogether, or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam;[67] Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach, trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation, shut down conscription, and directly force an end to the war.[68] Senators supporting Nixon's war efforts supported the bill, even though some had qualms about ending the draft.[66] After a prolonged battle in the Senate, in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved.[69] Meanwhile, military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began.[61] With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the last men conscripted, who were born in 1952[70] and who reported for duty in June 1973. On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued.[71][72] In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in case the draft was extended, but it never was.[73]" ]
[ "1973" ]
-667030836762107808
Highest-paid NBA players by season
Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,000,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ . Sports Reference LLC http://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1999.html . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=803417623 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 17 . 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who is the most payed player in the nba
[ "\n\nPlayer [7]\nSalary\nTeam\n\n\nStephen Curry\n$34,682,550\nGolden State Warriors\n\n\nLeBron James\n$33,285,709\nCleveland Cavaliers\n\n\nPaul Millsap\n$31,269,231\nDenver Nuggets\n\n\nGordon Hayward\n$29,727,900\nBoston Celtics\n\n\nBlake Griffin\n$29,512,900\nLos Angeles Clippers\n\n\nKyle Lowry\n$28,703,704\nToronto Raptors\n\n\nRussell Westbrook\n$28,530,608\nOklahoma City Thunder\n\n\nMike Conley, Jr.\n$28,530,608\nMemphis Grizzlies\n\n\nJames Harden\n$28,299,399\nHouston Rockets\n\n\nDeMar DeRozan\n$27,739,975\nToronto Raptors\n\n" ]
[ "Stephen Curry" ]
-285446764090021121
Forbes list of Indian billionaires
Forbes list of Indian billionaires - Wikipedia Forbes list of Indian billionaires This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2018 ) The Forbes list of Indian billionaires is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes magazine in March 2016 . 2016 list of billionaires The following is a list of all Indian billionaires and their world rankings . India World Name Age City of residence Net Worth in US $ Industry Comments 01 36 Mukesh Ambani 61 Mumbai 22.7 $ billion Petrochemicals , oil & gas 02 44 Dilip Shanghvi 62 Mumbai 16.7 billion Pharmaceutical 03 55 Azim Premji 73 Bangalore 15.0 billion Software services 04 88 Shiv Nadar 73 New Delhi 11.1 billion Software services 05 135 Lakshmi Mittal 68 London 8.4 billion Steel 06 184 Uday Kotak 59 Mumbai 6.3 billion Banking 07 196 Kumar Birla 51 6.1 billion Commodity 08 219 Sunil Mittal 60 New Delhi 5.7 billion Telecom 09 233 Desh Bandhu Gupta 80 Mumbai 5.5 billion Pharmaceutical 10 270 Shashi & Ravi Ruia 87 5.0 billion Diversified Combined net - worth 69 12 338 Micky Jagtiani 66 Dubai 4.4 billion Retail 13 358 M.A. Yousuf Ali 62 Abu dhabi 4.2 billion Retail 14 380 Vikram Lal 76 New Delhi 4.0 billion Motorcycle 15 435 Subhash Chandra 67 Mumbai 3.6 billion Broadcast 16 453 Gautam Adani 56 Ahmedabad 3.5 billion Commodity , Infrastructure 17 Benu Gopal Bangur 87 Kolkata 3.5 billion Cement 18 Savitri Jindal 68 Hisar 3.5 billion Steel 19 Pankaj Patel 67 Ahmedabad 3.5 billion Pharmaceutical 20 549 Rahul & Kapil Bhatia - New Delhi 3.1 billion Airline Combined net - worth - 21 Indu Jain 81 3.1 billion Broadcast 22 569 Sudhir & Samir Mehta - Ahmedabad 3.0 billion Diversified Combined net - worth - 23 595 B. Ravi Pillai 64 Dubai 2.9 billion Construction 24 612 Kushal Pal Singh 86 New Delhi 2.8 billion Real estate 25 688 Anil Ambani 59 Mumbai 2.5 billion Diversified 26 Gurbachan & Kuldip Singh Dhingra - New Delhi 2.5 billion Paint Combined net - worth - 27 P.V. Ramprasad Reddy 60 Hyderabad 2.5 billion Pharmaceutical 28 722 Rahul Bajaj 80 Pune 2.4 billion Motorcycle 29 771 Mangal Prabhat Lodha 62 Mumbai 2.3 billion Real estate 30 810 Smita Crishna - Godrej 67 2.2 billion Diversified 31 Ashwin Dani 75 2.2 billion Paint 32 Adi Godrej 76 2.2 billion Consumer goods 33 Jamshyd Godrej 69 2.2 billion Consumer goods 34 Nadir Godrej 67 2.2 billion Diversified 35 Kalanithi Maran 53 Chennai 2.2 billion Broadcast 36 Rishad Naoroji 67 Mumbai 2.2 billion Consumer goods 37 906 Murali Divi 67 Hyderabad 2.0 billion Pharmaceutical 38 Ravi Khatri 39 Delhi 2.0 billion In form Of Property 39 959 Baba Kalyani 69 Pune 1.9 billion Engineering 40 N.R. Narayana Murthy 72 Bangalore 1.9 billion Software services 41 Sunny Varkey 61 Dubai 1.9 billion Education 42 1,011 Hasmukh Chudgar 84 Ahmedabad 1.8 billion Pharmaceutical 43 Rakesh Jhunjhunwala 58 Mumbai 1.8 billion Investment 44 Ajay Piramal 63 1.8 billion Pharmaceutical 45 B.R. Shetty 76 Abu Dhabi 1.8 billion Health care 46 1,067 Lachhman Das Mittal 87 New Delhi 1.7 billion Tractor 47 Nirav Modi 47 Mumbai 1.7 billion Diamond jewellery 48 Ranjan Pai 45 Bangalore 1.7 billion Education 49 Leena Tewari 61 Mumbai 1.7 billion Pharmaceutical 50 1,121 Senapathy Gopalakrishnan 63 Bangalore 1.6 billion Software services 51 Ravi Jaipuria 63 New Delhi 1.6 billion Soft drink 52 Satish Mehta 67 Pune 1.6 billion Pharmaceutical 53 Nandan Nilekani 63 Bangalore 1.6 billion Software services 54 Karsanbhai Patel 74 Ahmedabad 1.6 billion Consumer goods 55 1,198 Harsh Mariwala 67 Mumbai 1.5 billion Consumer goods 56 Azad Moopen 65 Dubai 1.5 billion Health care 57 Jitendra Virwani 52 Bangalore 1.5 billion Real estate 58 1,275 Vivek Chand Burman 81 New Delhi 1.4 billion Consumer goods 59 Balkrishan K Goenka 52 Mumbai 1.4 billion Textile 60 1,367 Radhe Shyam Agarwal 73 Kolkata 1.3 billion Consumer goods 61 Anand Burman 66 New Delhi 1.3 billion Consumer goods 62 Harsh Goenka 60 Mumbai 1.3 billion Diversified 63 Radhe Shyam Goenka 72 Kolkata 1.3 billion Consumer goods 64 Yusuf Hamied 82 Mumbai 1.3 billion Pharmaceutical 65 1,476 Anil Agarwal 64 London 1.2 billion Mining , Metal 66 Binny Bansal 35 Bangalore 1.2 billion E-commerce 67 Sachin Bansal 37 1.2 billion E-commerce 68 K. Dinesh 64 1.2 billion Software services 69 Abhay Firodia 73 Pune 1.2 billion Automotive 70 Sameer Gehlaut 44 Mumbai 1.2 billion Finance 71 Devendra Jain 89 New Delhi 1.2 billion Chemical 72 T.S. Kalyanaraman 71 Thrissur 1.2 billion Jewellery 73 Kishore Mariwala 83 Mumbai 1.2 billion Consumer goods 74 1,577 Joy Alukkas 61 Thrissur 1.1 billion Jewellery 75 Chirayu Amin 71 Vadodara 1.1 billion Pharmaceutical 76 Achal Bakeri 58 Ahmedabad 1.1 billion Air cooler 77 Sanjiv Goenka 63 Kolkata 1.1 billion Diversified 78 Vinod Gupta 72 New Delhi 1.1 billion Electrical equipment 79 Anand Mahindra 63 Mumbai 1.1 billion Automotive 80 Mofatraj Munot 73 1.1 billion Real estate 81 S.D. Shibulal 63 Bangalore 1.1 billion Software services 82 1684 Niranjan Hiranandani 68 Jalalabad 1.0 billion Real estate References ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's Billionaires - India '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 rankings '' . forbes.com . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 Forbes 500 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer 's most valuable teams Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes_list_of_Indian_billionaires&oldid=853513248 '' Categories : Indian billionaires Lists of Indian people Wealth in India Forbes lists Lists of people by wealth Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source About Wikipedia Deutsch தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 08 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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who is the richest person in the india
[ "\n\n\nIndia\nWorld\nName\nAge\nCity of residence\nNet Worth in US$\nIndustry\nComments\n\n\n01\n36\nMukesh Ambani\n61\nMumbai\n22.7 $billion \nPetrochemicals, oil & gas\n\n\n\n02\n44\nDilip Shanghvi\n62\nMumbai\n16.7 billion \nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n03\n55\nAzim Premji\n73\nBangalore\n15.0 billion \nSoftware services\n\n\n\n04\n88\nShiv Nadar\n73\nNew Delhi\n11.1 billion \nSoftware services\n\n\n\n05\n135\nLakshmi Mittal\n68\nLondon\n8.4 billion \nSteel\n\n\n\n06\n184\nUday Kotak\n59\nMumbai\n6.3 billion \nBanking\n\n\n\n07\n196\nKumar Birla\n51\n6.1 billion \nCommodity \n\n\n\n08\n219\nSunil Mittal\n60\nNew Delhi\n5.7 billion \nTelecom\n\n\n\n09\n233\nDesh Bandhu Gupta\n80\nMumbai\n5.5 billion \nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n10\n270\nShashi & Ravi Ruia\n87\n5.0 billion \nDiversified\nCombined net-worth\n\n\n69\n\n\n12\n338\nMicky Jagtiani\n66\nDubai\n4.4 billion \nRetail\n\n\n\n13\n358\nM. A. Yousuf Ali\n62\nAbu dhabi\n4.2 billion \nRetail\n\n\n\n14\n380\nVikram Lal\n76\nNew Delhi\n4.0 billion \nMotorcycle\n\n\n\n15\n435\nSubhash Chandra\n67\nMumbai\n3.6 billion \nBroadcast\n\n\n\n16\n453\nGautam Adani\n56\nAhmedabad\n3.5 billion \nCommodity, Infrastructure\n\n\n\n17\nBenu Gopal Bangur\n87\nKolkata\n3.5 billion \nCement\n\n\n\n18\nSavitri Jindal\n68\nHisar\n3.5 billion \nSteel\n\n\n\n19\nPankaj Patel\n67\nAhmedabad\n3.5 billion \nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n20\n549\nRahul & Kapil Bhatia\n-\nNew Delhi\n3.1 billion \nAirline\nCombined net-worth\n\n\n-\n\n\n21\nIndu Jain\n81\n3.1 billion\nBroadcast\n\n\n\n22\n569\nSudhir & Samir Mehta\n-\nAhmedabad\n3.0 billion\nDiversified\nCombined net-worth\n\n\n-\n\n\n23\n595\nB. Ravi Pillai\n64\nDubai\n2.9 billion\nConstruction\n\n\n\n24\n612\nKushal Pal Singh\n86\nNew Delhi\n2.8 billion\nReal estate\n\n\n\n25\n688\nAnil Ambani\n59\nMumbai\n2.5 billion\nDiversified\n\n\n\n26\nGurbachan & Kuldip Singh Dhingra\n-\nNew Delhi\n2.5 billion\nPaint\nCombined net-worth\n\n\n-\n\n\n27\nP.V. Ramprasad Reddy\n60\nHyderabad\n2.5 billion\nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n28\n722\nRahul Bajaj\n80\nPune\n2.4 billion\nMotorcycle\n\n\n\n29\n771\nMangal Prabhat Lodha\n62\nMumbai\n2.3 billion\nReal estate\n\n\n\n30\n810\nSmita Crishna-Godrej\n67\n2.2 billion\nDiversified\n\n\n\n31\nAshwin Dani\n75\n2.2 billion\nPaint\n\n\n\n32\nAdi Godrej\n76\n2.2 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n33\nJamshyd Godrej\n69\n2.2 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n34\nNadir Godrej\n67\n2.2 billion\nDiversified\n\n\n\n35\nKalanithi Maran\n53\nChennai\n2.2 billion\nBroadcast\n\n\n\n36\nRishad Naoroji\n67\nMumbai\n2.2 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n37\n906\nMurali Divi\n67\nHyderabad\n2.0 billion\nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n38\nRavi Khatri\n39\nDelhi\n2.0 billion\n\nIn form Of Property\n\n\n39\n959\nBaba Kalyani\n69\nPune\n1.9 billion\nEngineering\n\n\n\n40\nN. R. Narayana Murthy\n72\nBangalore\n1.9 billion\nSoftware services\n\n\n\n41\nSunny Varkey\n61\nDubai\n1.9 billion\nEducation\n\n\n\n42\n1,011\nHasmukh Chudgar\n84\nAhmedabad\n1.8 billion\nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n43\nRakesh Jhunjhunwala\n58\nMumbai\n1.8 billion\nInvestment\n\n\n\n44\nAjay Piramal\n63\n1.8 billion\nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n45\nB. R. Shetty\n76\nAbu Dhabi\n1.8 billion\nHealth care\n\n\n\n46\n1,067\nLachhman Das Mittal\n87\nNew Delhi\n1.7 billion\nTractor\n\n\n\n47\nNirav Modi\n47\nMumbai\n1.7 billion\nDiamond jewellery\n\n\n\n48\nRanjan Pai\n45\nBangalore\n1.7 billion\nEducation\n\n\n\n49\nLeena Tewari\n61\nMumbai\n1.7 billion\nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n50\n1,121\nSenapathy Gopalakrishnan\n63\nBangalore\n1.6 billion\nSoftware services\n\n\n\n51\nRavi Jaipuria\n63\nNew Delhi\n1.6 billion\nSoft drink\n\n\n\n52\nSatish Mehta\n67\nPune\n1.6 billion\nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n53\nNandan Nilekani\n63\nBangalore\n1.6 billion\nSoftware services\n\n\n\n54\nKarsanbhai Patel\n74\nAhmedabad\n1.6 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n55\n1,198\nHarsh Mariwala\n67\nMumbai\n1.5 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n56\nAzad Moopen\n65\nDubai\n1.5 billion\nHealth care\n\n\n\n57\nJitendra Virwani\n52\nBangalore\n1.5 billion\nReal estate\n\n\n\n58\n1,275\nVivek Chand Burman\n81\nNew Delhi\n1.4 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n59\nBalkrishan K Goenka\n52\nMumbai\n1.4 billion\nTextile\n\n\n\n60\n1,367\nRadhe Shyam Agarwal\n73\nKolkata\n1.3 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n61\nAnand Burman\n66\nNew Delhi\n1.3 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n62\nHarsh Goenka\n60\nMumbai\n1.3 billion\nDiversified\n\n\n\n63\nRadhe Shyam Goenka\n72\nKolkata\n1.3 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n64\nYusuf Hamied\n82\nMumbai\n1.3 billion\nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n65\n1,476\nAnil Agarwal\n64\nLondon\n1.2 billion\nMining, Metal\n\n\n\n66\nBinny Bansal\n35\nBangalore\n1.2 billion\nE-commerce\n\n\n\n67\nSachin Bansal\n37\n1.2 billion\nE-commerce\n\n\n\n68\nK. Dinesh\n64\n1.2 billion\nSoftware services\n\n\n\n69\nAbhay Firodia\n73\nPune\n1.2 billion\nAutomotive\n\n\n\n70\nSameer Gehlaut\n44\nMumbai\n1.2 billion\nFinance\n\n\n\n71\nDevendra Jain\n89\nNew Delhi\n1.2 billion\nChemical\n\n\n\n72\nT. S. Kalyanaraman\n71\nThrissur\n1.2 billion\nJewellery\n\n\n\n73\nKishore Mariwala\n83\nMumbai\n1.2 billion\nConsumer goods\n\n\n\n74\n1,577\nJoy Alukkas\n61\nThrissur\n1.1 billion\nJewellery\n\n\n\n75\nChirayu Amin\n71\nVadodara\n1.1 billion\nPharmaceutical\n\n\n\n76\nAchal Bakeri\n58\nAhmedabad\n1.1 billion\nAir cooler\n\n\n\n77\nSanjiv Goenka\n63\nKolkata\n1.1 billion\nDiversified\n\n\n\n78\nVinod Gupta\n72\nNew Delhi\n1.1 billion\nElectrical equipment\n\n\n\n79\nAnand Mahindra\n63\nMumbai\n1.1 billion\nAutomotive\n\n\n\n80\nMofatraj Munot\n73\n1.1 billion\nReal estate\n\n\n\n81\nS. D. Shibulal\n63\nBangalore\n1.1 billion\nSoftware services\n\n\n\n82\n1684\nNiranjan Hiranandani\n68\nJalalabad\n1.0 billion\nReal estate\n\n" ]
[ "Mukesh Ambani" ]
3521360805270573454
Automobile air conditioning
Automobile air conditioning - wikipedia Automobile air conditioning Jump to : navigation , search 1953 Chrysler Imperial with factory trunk mounted `` Airtemp '' system Automobile air conditioning ( also called A / C ) systems use air conditioning to cool the air in a vehicle . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Chrysler Airtemp 1.2 Nash integrated system 1.3 Growth in demand 1.4 Evaporative cooling 2 Operating principles 3 Power consumption 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933 . Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars . In 1939 , Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars . These were manufactured by Bishop and Babcock Co , of Cleveland , Ohio . The `` Bishop and Babcock Weather Conditioner '' also incorporated a heater . Cars ordered with the new `` Weather Conditioner '' were shipped from Packard 's East Grand Boulevard facility to the B&B factory where the conversion was performed . Once complete , the car was shipped to a local dealer where the customer would take delivery . Packard fully warranted and supported this conversion , and marketed it well . However , it was not commercially successful for a number of reasons : The main evaporator and blower system took up half of the trunk space ( though this became less of a problem as trunks became larger in the post-war period ) . It was superseded by more efficient systems in the post-war years . It had no temperature thermostat or shut - off mechanism other than switching the blower off . ( Cold air would still sometimes enter the car with any movement as the drive belt was continuously connected to the compressor -- later systems would use electrically operated clutches to remedy this problem . ) The several feet of plumbing going back and forth between the engine compartment and trunk proved unreliable in service . The price , at US $274 ( $4,692.12 in 2014 US dollars ) , was unaffordable to most people in post-depression / pre-war America . The option was discontinued after 1941 . Chrysler Airtemp ( edit ) The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option , following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941 . Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building , and had offered it on cars in 1941 - 42 , and again in 1951 - 52 . The Airtemp was more advanced than rival automobile air conditioners by 1953 . It was operated by a single switch on the dashboard marked with low , medium , and high positions . As the highest capacity unit available at that time , the system was capable of quickly cooling the passenger compartment and also reducing humidity , dust , pollen , and tobacco smoke . The system drew in more outside air than contemporary systems ; thus , reducing the staleness associated with automotive air conditioning at the time . Instead of plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars , small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of blowing directly on them , a feature that modern cars have lost . Cadillac , Buick , and Oldsmobile added air conditioning as an option on some of their models in the 1953 model year . All of these Frigidaire systems used separate engine and trunk mounted components . Nash integrated system ( edit ) Logo on a 1957 car with AMC factory installed air - conditioning system In 1954 , the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile to have a front - end , fully integrated heating , ventilating , and air - conditioning system . The Nash - Kelvinator corporation used its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry 's first compact and affordable , single - unit heating and air conditioning system optional for its Nash models . This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electric clutch . This system was also compact and serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area . Combining heating , cooling , and ventilating , the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the `` All - Weather Eye '' . This followed the marketing name of `` Weather Eye '' for Nash 's fresh - air automotive heating and ventilating system that was first used in 1938 . With a single thermostatic control , the Nash passenger compartment air cooling option was `` a good and remarkably inexpensive '' system . The system had cold air for passengers enter through dash - mounted vents . Nash 's exclusive `` remarkable advance '' was not only the `` sophisticated '' unified system , but also its $345 price that beat all other systems . Most competing systems used a separate heating system and an engine - mounted compressor , driven by the engine crankshaft via a belt , with an evaporator in the car 's trunk to deliver cold air through the rear parcel shelf and overhead vents . General Motors made a front - mounted air conditioning system optional in 1954 on Pontiacs with a straight - eight engine that added separate controls and air distribution . The alternative layout pioneered by Nash `` became established practice and continues to form the basis of the modern and more sophisticated automatic climate control systems . '' Growth in demand ( edit ) Air - conditioning for automobiles came into wide use from the late twentieth century . Although air conditioners use significant power ; the drag of a car with closed windows is less than if the windows are open to cool the occupants . There has been much debate on the effect of air conditioning on the fuel efficiency of a vehicle . Factors such as wind resistance , aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered , to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it , when estimating the actual fuel mileage . Other factors can affect the engine , and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle . The innovation was adopted quickly and new features to air conditioning like the Cadillac Comfort Control which was a completely automatic heating and cooling system set by dial thermostat was introduced as an industry first in the 1964 model year . By 1960 about 20 % of all cars in the U.S. had air - conditioning , with the percentage increasing to 80 % in the warm areas of the Southwest . American Motors made air conditioning standard equipment on all AMC Ambassadors starting with the 1968 model year , a first in the mass market , with a base price starting at $2,671 . By 1969 , 54 % of domestic automobiles were equipped with air conditioning , with the feature needed not only for passenger comfort , but also to increase the car 's resale value . Evaporative cooling ( edit ) Main article : Car cooler A car cooler A car cooler is an automobile evaporative cooler , sometimes referred to as a swamp cooler . Most are aftermarket relatively inexpensive accessories consisting of an external window - mounted metal cylinder without moving parts , but internal under dashboard or center floor units with an electric fan are available . It was an early type of automobile air conditioner and is not used in modern cars relying on refrigerative systems to cool the interior . To cool the air it used latent heat ( in other words , cooling by water evaporation ) . Water inside the device evaporates and in the process transfers heat from the surrounding air . The cool moisture - laden air is then directed to the inside of the car . The evaporate `` cooling '' effect decreases with humidity because the air already saturated with water . Therefore , the lower humidity , such as in dry desert regions , the better the system works . Car coolers were popular , especially among summer tourists visiting or crossing the southwestern United States states of California , Arizona , Texas , New Mexico , and Nevada . Operating principles ( edit ) See also : Refrigeration cycle A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle : 1 ) condensing coil , 2 ) expansion valve , 3 ) evaporator coil , 4 ) compressor Regassing the air conditioning of a Ford Focus . In the refrigeration cycle , heat is transported from the passenger compartment to the environment . A refrigerator is an example of such a system , as it transports the heat out of the interior and into the ambient environment . Circulating refrigerant gas vapor ( which also carries the compressor lubricant oil across the system along with it ) from the evaporator enters the gas compressor in the engine bay , usually an axial piston pump compressor , and is compressed to a higher pressure , resulting in a higher temperature as well . The hot , compressed refrigerant vapor is now at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed and is routed through a condenser , usually in front of the car 's radiator . Here the refrigerant is cooled by air flowing across the condenser coils ( originating from the vehicle 's movement or from a fan , often the same fan of the cooling radiator if the condenser is mounted on it , automatically turned on when the vehicle is stationary or moving at low speeds ) and condensed into a liquid . Thus , the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the heat is carried away by the air . The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant is next routed through the receiver - drier , that is , a one way desiccant and filter cartridge that both dehydrates the refrigerant and compressor lubricant oil mixture in order to remove any residual water content ( which would become ice inside the expansion valve and therefore clog it ) that the vacuum done prior to the charging process did n't manage to remove from the system , and filters it in order to remove any solid particles carried by the mixture , and then through a thermal expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure . That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant , lowering its temperature . The cold refrigerant is then routed through the evaporator coil in the passenger compartment . The air , often after being filtered by a cabin air filter , is blowed by an adjustable speed electric powered centrifugal fan across the evaporator , causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well , further lowering the temperature . The warm air is therefore cooled , and also deprived of any humidity ( which condenses on the evaporator coils and is drained outside of the vehicle ) in the process . It is then passed through an heater matrix , inside of which the engine 's coolant circulates , where it can be reheated to a certain degree or even a certain temperature selected by the user and then delivered inside the vehicle 's cabin through a set of adjustable vents . Another way of adjusting the desired air temperature , this time by working on the system 's cooling capacity , is precisely regulating the centrifugal fan speed so that only the strictly required volumetric flow rate of air is cooled by the evaporator . The user is also given the option to close the vehicle 's external air flaps , in order to achieve even faster and stronger cooling by recirculating the already cooled air inside the cabin to the evaporator . To complete the refrigeration cycle , the refrigerant vapor is routed back into the compressor . The warmer is the air that reaches the evaporator , the higher is the pressure of the vapor mixture discharged from it and therefore the higher is the load placed on the compressor and therefore on the engine to keep the refrigerant flowing through the system . The compressor can be driven by the car 's engine ( e.g. via a belt , often the serpentine belt , and an electromagnetically actuated clutch ; an electronically actuated variable displacement compressor can also be always directly driven by a belt without the need of any clutch and magnet at all ) or by an electric motor . Power consumption ( edit ) In a modern automobile , the A / C system will use around 4 horsepower ( 3 kW ) of the engine 's power , thus increasing fuel consumption of the vehicle . See also ( edit ) Sustainable automotive air conditioning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` First Air Conditioned Auto '' . Popular Science . 123 ( 5 ) : 30 . November 1933 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Fast Facts and Trivia '' . 50states.com . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Alder , Dennis ( 2004 ) . Packard . MBI Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1928 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Langworth , Richard M. ( 1994 ) . Chrysler and Imperial : The Postwar Years . Motorbooks International . ISBN 0 - 87938 - 034 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Cadillac Brochure '' . oldcarbrochures.org . p. 5 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 - Buick Heating and AC Folder '' . oldcarbrochures.org . pp. 10 -- 11 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Oldsmobile Brochure '' . oldcarbrochures.org . p. 23 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nash Low Cost Air Conditioner Cools or Heats by Turning Knob '' . Popular Mechanics. 101 ( 5 ) : 86 . May 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Control Heating Cooling '' . Motor . 101 : 54 . 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gunnell , John , ed. ( 1987 ) . The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946 -- 1975 . Krause Publications . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87341 - 096 - 0 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steven ( 2006 ) . Automotive Air - Conditioning and Climate Control Systems . Elsevier Science & Technology Books . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 6955 - 9 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Steven J. ( 2000 ) . `` HVAC Time Line '' . Refrigeration Service Engineers Society Twin Cities Chapter . Archived from the original on 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News of the Automotive World - Nash Air Conditioner Combines Heating , Cooling , and Ventilating '' . Automotive Industries . 110 : 86 . 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Heon J. ( 2008 ) . American Automobile Advertising , 1930 -- 1980 : An Illustrated History . McFarland . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3685 - 9 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Binder , Al ; the Ward 's staff ( 2 February 2001 ) . `` Rearview Mirror '' . Ward 's AutoWorld . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` 1953 -- 1955 Nash and Hudson Ramblers '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nunney , Malcolm J. ( 2006 ) . Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology . Elsevier Science & Technology Books . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8037 - 0 . Jump up ^ https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/vehicle-information-kits/Cadillac/1964_Cadillac_VVI.pdf Jump up ^ Nash , Gerald D. ( 1999 ) . Federal Landscape : An Economic History of the Twentieth - Century West . University of Arizona Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 1863 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lintern , Mike ( 1977 ) . Complete guide to American cars , 1966 - 76 . AutoMedia . p. 32 . ISBN 9780905395012 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Business : Shuffle & Cut '' . Time . 6 October 1967 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Timeline '' . National Academy of Engineering . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , p. 54 `` ... it was actually an evaporative cooler - something Californians and Southwesterners have on the roofs of their houses and often call ' swamp coolers ' or ' swampies '' . '' Jump up ^ Heitmann , John Alfred ( 2009 ) . The Automobile and American Life . McFarland . p. 151 . ISBN 9781476601991 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Watt , John R. ( 1963 ) . Evaporative Air Conditioning . Industrial Press . p. 93 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , John R. ( 1986 ) . Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook ( Second ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 9781461293873 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Sibley , p. 221 Jump up ^ `` The Easy Way '' . Popular Mechanics. 75 ( 5 ) : 676 -- 677 . May 1941 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Vehicle Air - Conditioning on Fuel Economy '' ( PDF ) . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Air Conditioners for Your Car '' . Popular Science . 194 ( 4 ) : 117 -- 132 , includes detailed drawings . April 1969 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ( hide ) Heating , ventilation and air conditioning Fundamental concepts Air changes per hour Bake - out Building envelope Convection Dilution Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Fluid dynamics Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer Humidity Infiltration Latent heat Noise control Outgassing Particulates Psychrometrics Sensible heat Stack effect Thermal comfort Thermal destratification Thermal mass Thermodynamics Vapour pressure of water Technology Absorption refrigerator Air barrier Air conditioning Antifreeze Automobile air conditioning Autonomous building Building insulation materials Central heating Central solar heating Chilled beam Chilled water Constant air volume ( CAV ) Coolant Dedicated outdoor air system ( DOAS ) Deep water source cooling Demand - controlled ventilation ( DCV ) Displacement ventilation District cooling District heating Electric heating Energy recovery ventilation ( ERV ) Firestop Forced - air Forced - air gas Free cooling Heat recovery ventilation ( HRV ) Hybrid heat Hydronics HVAC Ice storage air conditioning Kitchen ventilation Mixed - mode ventilation Microgeneration Natural ventilation Passive cooling Passive house Radiant heating and cooling system Radiant cooling Radiant heating Radon mitigation Refrigeration Renewable heat Room air distribution Solar air heat Solar combisystem Solar cooling Solar heating Thermal insulation Underfloor air distribution Underfloor heating Vapor barrier Vapor - compression refrigeration ( VCRS ) Variable air volume ( VAV ) Variable refrigerant flow ( VRF ) Ventilation Components Air conditioner inverter Air door Air filter Air handler Air ionizer Air - mixing plenum Air purifier Air source heat pumps Automatic balancing valve Back boiler Barrier pipe Blast damper Boiler Centrifugal fan Chiller Condensate pump Condenser Condensing boiler Convection heater Cooling tower Damper Dehumidifier Duct Economizer Electrostatic precipitator Evaporative cooler Evaporator Exhaust hood Expansion tank Fan coil unit Fan heater Fire damper Fireplace Fireplace insert Freeze stat Flue Freon Fume hood Furnace Furnace room Gas compressor Gas heater Gasoline heater Geothermal heat pump Grease duct Grille Ground - coupled heat exchanger Heat exchanger Heat pipe Heat pump Heating film Heating system High efficiency glandless circulating pump High - efficiency particulate air ( HEPA ) High pressure cut off switch Humidifier Infrared heater Inverter compressor Kerosene heater Louver Mechanical fan Mechanical room Oil heater Packaged terminal air conditioner Plenum space Pressurisation ductwork Process duct work Radiator Radiator reflector Recuperator Refrigerant Register Reversing valve Run - around coil Scroll compressor Solar chimney Solar - assisted heat pump Space heater Smoke exhaust ductwork Thermal expansion valve Thermal wheel Thermosiphon Thermostatic radiator valve Trickle vent Trombe wall Turning vanes Ultra-low particulate air ( ULPA ) Whole - house fan Windcatcher Wood - burning stove Measurement and control Air flow meter Aquastat BACnet Blower door Building automation Carbon dioxide sensor Clean Air Delivery Rate ( CADR ) Gas sensor Home energy monitor Humidistat HVAC control system Intelligent buildings LonWorks Minimum efficiency reporting value ( MERV ) OpenTherm Programmable communicating thermostat Programmable thermostat Psychrometrics Room temperature Smart thermostat Thermostat Thermostatic radiator valve Professions , trades , and services Architectural acoustics Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Building information modeling ( BIM ) Deep energy retrofit Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical , electrical , and plumbing Mold growth , assessment , and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing , adjusting , balancing Industry organizations ACCA AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BRE BSRIA CIBSE LEED SMACNA Health and safety Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) Passive smoking Sick building syndrome ( SBS ) Volatile organic compound ( VOC ) See also ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms Template : Home automation Template : Solar energy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile_air_conditioning&oldid=804386771 '' Categories : Heating , ventilating , and air conditioning Automotive cooling systems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 17 : 36 . About Wikipedia
when did air conditioning become available in cars
[ "A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars.[1]" ]
[ "1933" ]
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Red Roses for a Blue Lady
Red Roses for a blue Lady - wikipedia Red Roses for a blue Lady `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' Single by Bert Kaempfert Released 1965 ( 1965 ) Songwriter ( s ) Sid Tepper Roy C. Bennett `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' is a 1948 popular song by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett ( alias Roy Brodsky ) . It has been recorded by a number of performers . The best - selling recording was made by Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra Vocalists : Vaughn Monroe and The Moon Men on December 15 , 1948 . It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 3319 ( in United States ) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalogue numbers BD 1247 , HN 3014 , HQ 3071 , IM 13425 and GY 478 . It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on January 14 , 1949 and lasted 19 weeks on the chart , peaking at # 4 . Another recording was made by Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians on December 22 , 1948 . It was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24549 . The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on February 4 , 1949 and lasted 13 weeks on the chart , peaking at # 10 . The song was revived in 1965 by vocalists Vic Dana and Wayne Newton and instrumentalist Bert Kaempfert ; Dana 's version was the most successful , peaking at # 10 on the pop chart and # 2 on the Easy Listening chart . Kaempfert 's peaked at # 11 on the same chart . Wayne Newton 's version reached # 23 . All were listed on Billboard 's Easy listening ( later Adult Contemporary ) survey . Andy Williams released a version in 1965 as the B - side to his hit song `` ... and Roses and Roses '' . Harry James recorded a version in 1965 on his album Harry James Plays Green Onions & Other Great Hits ( Dot DLP 3634 and DLP 25634 ) . Bruno Balz has written German lyrics . The German title is `` Ich sende dir Rosen '' . The Cornel Trio recorded it in Berlin on October 15 , 1952 . The song was released by Electrola as catalog number EG 7848 . Lyrical content ( edit ) The song is about a man who wishes to give flowers as a gift to a woman he loves after the two have had what he describes as a `` silly quarrel the other day , '' and that he made her blue ( i.e. , sad ) . He hopes that if she accepts his plea for forgiveness , the two will marry and that he will soon return to pick out `` your best white orchid for her wedding gown . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 70 . Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Portal Wayne Newton Singles `` Danke Schoen '' `` Shirl Girl '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` ( I 'll Be With You ) In Apple Blossom Time '' `` Summer Wind '' `` Remember When ( We Made These Memories ) '' `` Summer Colors '' `` Love of the Common People '' `` Dreams of the Everyday Housewife '' `` Daddy Do n't You Walk So Fast '' `` Ca n't You Hear the Song ? '' `` Years '' `` The Letter '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Roses_for_a_Blue_Lady&oldid=865226172 '' Categories : 1948 songs Songs written by Sid Tepper Songs written by Roy C. Bennett Andy Williams songs Wayne Newton songs Talk About Wikipedia Eesti Italiano Nederlands Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 15 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote red roses for a blue lady
[ "\"Red Roses for a Blue Lady\" is a 1948 popular song by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett (alias Roy Brodsky). It has been recorded by a number of performers. The best-selling recording was made by Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra Vocalists: Vaughn Monroe and The Moon Men on December 15, 1948. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-3319 (in United States) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue numbers BD 1247, HN 3014, HQ 3071, IM 13425 and GY 478. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on January 14, 1949 and lasted 19 weeks on the chart, peaking at #4.[1]\n", "\"Red Roses for a Blue Lady\" is a 1948 popular song by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett (alias Roy Brodsky). It has been recorded by a number of performers. The best-selling recording was made by Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra Vocalists: Vaughn Monroe and The Moon Men on December 15, 1948. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-3319 (in United States) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue numbers BD 1247, HN 3014, HQ 3071, IM 13425 and GY 478. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on January 14, 1949 and lasted 19 weeks on the chart, peaking at #4.[1]\n" ]
[ "Sid Tepper", "Roy C. Bennett (alias Roy Brodsky)" ]
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Audioslave (album)
Audioslave ( album ) - wikipedia Audioslave ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search Audioslave Studio album by Audioslave Released November 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 19 ) Recorded May 2001 ( 2001 - 05 ) -- June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 ) Studio Cello Studios , Hollywood , California Royaltone Studios , Burbank , California Studio Litho , Seattle , Washington Studio K , Seattle , Washington Akadamie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research , Los Angeles , California Genre Hard rock alternative rock Length 65 : 26 Label Epic Interscope Producer Audioslave Rick Rubin Audioslave chronology Audioslave ( 2002 ) Out of Exile ( 2005 ) Out of Exile 2005 Singles from Audioslave `` Cochise '' Released : October 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 14 ) `` Like a Stone '' Released : January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 ) `` Show Me How to Live '' Released : June 2003 ( 2003 - 06 ) `` I Am the Highway '' Released : October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 ) `` What You Are '' Released : March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 ) `` Gasoline '' Released : 2004 ( 2004 ) ( Promo & Radio ) Audioslave is the eponymous debut studio album by American rock supergroup Audioslave . It was released on November 19 , 2002 , by Epic Records and Interscope Records . The album features the hit singles `` Cochise '' , `` Show Me How to Live '' , `` What You Are '' , `` Like a Stone '' , and `` I Am the Highway '' . The album was later certified 3x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in the United States . `` Like a Stone '' was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Artwork 3 Reception 4 Track listing 4.1 DualDisc version 4.2 Connected bonus track 5 Personnel 6 Chart positions 6.1 Album 6.2 Weekly 6.3 Year - end 6.4 Singles 7 Certifications 8 References Background ( edit ) Audioslave was formed after Zack de la Rocha left Rage Against the Machine and the remaining members were searching for another vocalist . Producer and friend Rick Rubin suggested that they contact Chris Cornell . Rubin played the remaining Rage Against the Machine band members the Soundgarden song `` Slaves & Bulldozers '' to showcase his ability . Cornell was in the writing process of a second solo album , but decided to shelve that and pursue the opportunity to work with Tom Morello , Tim Commerford and Brad Wilk when they approached him . Morello described Cornell : `` He stepped to the microphone and sang the song and I could n't believe it . It did n't just sound good . It sounded transcendent . And ... when there is an irreplaceable chemistry from the first moment , you ca n't deny it . '' The quartet wrote 21 songs during 19 days of rehearsal and began working in the studio in late May 2001 . Songs from the album were first heard when thirteen rough rehearsal demo tracks were leaked onto various peer - to - peer filesharing networks on May 16 , 2002 , six months before the official release of the album , under the name `` Civilian '' ( or `` The Civilian Project '' ) . According to guitarist Tom Morello `` it was very frustrating , especially with a band like this , there is a certain amount of expectation . '' He also said that the songs were not in their finished form and that in some cases `` they were n't even the same lyrics , guitar solos , performances of any kind . '' In an earlier , July 2002 interview with Metal Sludge he spoke more explicitly about the incident , blaming `` some jackass intern at Bad Animal Studios in Seattle '' for stealing the demos and putting them on the Internet without the band 's permission . The band was nearly derailed before the album 's release . Cornell was going through alcohol problems and a slot on the Ozzfest tour was canceled . During this time , there was a rumor that Cornell had checked himself into drug rehabilitation . He later confirmed it in an interview with Metal Hammer that was conducted from a clinic payphone . In a San Diego CityBeat article , Cornell explained that he went through `` a horrible personal crisis '' during the making of the first record , staying in rehab for two months and separating from his wife . The problems were ironed out and he remained sober till his passing in 2017 . The band toured through 2003 , before resting in 2004 to record their second album . This album was released ten years after Rage Against the Machine 's ( Morello , Commerford , and Wilk 's former band ) debut album was released on November 3 , 1992 . Artwork ( edit ) The album cover was designed by Storm Thorgerson ( with Peter Curzon and Rupert Truman ) -- who , as leader of the group of artists known as Hipgnosis , was best known for his cover work for Pink Floyd . `` We knew we were going to set this idea of the eternal flame , the graphic flame , in Lanzarote , a volcanic island , since volcanoes suited the brooding menace of Audioslave , '' Thorgerson recalled . An unreleased version of the cover , shot elsewhere at the same location , features a naked man looking at the flame . `` We so nearly used it , '' said Thorgerson , `` but we were not entirely sure of the nude figure . '' Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 62 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club favorable Entertainment Weekly A − NME 4 / 10 Pitchfork Media 1.7 / 10 PopMatters favorable Robert Christgau Rolling Stone Stylus The Village Voice unfavorable `` Cochise '' ( 2002 ) `` Cochise '' , typical of Tom Morello , was compared to the sound of a helicopter . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The album was released on November 19 , 2002 and entered the Billboard 200 chart at position number seven after selling 162,000 copies in its first week . It was certified gold by the RIAA less than a month after its release , and by 2006 it had achieved triple platinum selling status . It is the most successful Audioslave album to date , having sold more than three million copies in the United States alone . The album spawned hits such as `` Cochise '' , `` Like a Stone '' and `` Show Me How to Live '' . Despite its commercial success , Audioslave received mixed reviews . Some critics lambasted the group 's effort as uninspired , and predictable . Pitchfork Media 's reviewers Chris Dahlen and Ryan Schreiber praised Cornell 's voice , but criticized virtually every other part of the album , calling it `` the worst kind of studio rock album , rigorously controlled -- even undercut -- by studio gimmickry . '' They described Cornell 's lyrics as `` complete gibberish '' and called producer Rick Rubin 's work `` a synthesized rock - like product that emits no heat . '' Jon Monks from Stylus Magazine had the same opinion . He considered Rubin 's production over-polished and wrote that `` lacking individuality , distinction and imagination this album is over-produced , overlong and over-indulgent . '' On the other hand , other critics praised the supergroup 's style reminiscent of 1970s heavy metal and compared it to Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath , saying they add much - needed sound and style to contemporary mainstream rock music , and have the potential to become one of the best rock bands of the 21st century . In 2005 , Audioslave was ranked number 281 in Rock Hard magazine 's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time . The track `` Shadow on the Sun '' was also featured in Michael Mann 's 2004 film Collateral . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Chris Cornell ; all music composed by Audioslave . No . Title Length 1 . `` Cochise '' 3 : 42 2 . `` Show Me How to Live '' 4 : 38 3 . `` Gasoline '' 4 : 39 4 . `` What You Are '' 4 : 09 5 . `` Like a Stone '' 4 : 54 6 . `` Set It Off '' 4 : 23 7 . `` Shadow on the Sun '' 5 : 43 8 . `` I Am the Highway '' 5 : 35 9 . `` Exploder '' 3 : 26 10 . `` Hypnotize '' 3 : 27 11 . `` Bring Em Back Alive '' 5 : 29 12 . `` Light My Way '' 5 : 03 13 . `` Getaway Car '' 4 : 59 14 . `` The Last Remaining Light '' 5 : 17 Total length : 65 : 26 DualDisc version ( edit ) The album was included among a group of 15 DualDisc releases that were test marketed in two cities : Boston and Seattle . The DualDisc has the standard album on one side , and bonus material on the second side . The DVD side of the Audioslave DualDisc featured the entire album in higher resolution 20bit 48 kHz sound , as well as some videos . The higher resolution DVD side of this disc has been termed a demonstration quality audiophile release . ConnecteD bonus track ( edit ) For a limited time the CD could be inserted into a CD - ROM and be used to access the ConnecteD website . Here , the user would be able to download bonus videos , interviews , photos , and a bonus track `` Give '' . Personnel ( edit ) Audioslave Chris Cornell -- vocals Tim Commerford -- bass Brad Wilk -- drums Tom Morello -- guitars Production Produced by Rick Rubin , co-produced by Audioslave Mixed by Rich Costey Recorded by David Schiffman and Andrew Scheps Additional engineering by John Burton , Floyd Reitsma , Thom Russo , and Andrew Scheps , assisted by Chris Holmes and Darron Mora Digital editing by Greg Fidelman , Thom Russo , and Andrew Scheps Album production coordinator / wrangler -- Lindsay Chase Mastered by Vlado Meller , assisted by Steve Kadison Album cover by Storm Thorgerson and Peter Curzon Art direction by Storm Thorgerson , assisted by Dan Abbott and Finlay Cowan `` Flame '' logo by Peter Curzon Photography by Rupert Truman Band photos by Danny Clinch Sculpture made by Hothouse Chart positions ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Weekly ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 8 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 53 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 6 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 37 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 30 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 14 French Albums ( SNEP ) 51 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 39 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 5 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 30 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Albums ( OCC ) 19 UK Rock & Metal Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 7 Year - end ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 100 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) 9 US Hard Rock Albums ( Billboard ) US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) 17 US Tastemaker Albums ( Billboard ) 21 US Vinyl Albums ( Billboard ) 23 Singles ( edit ) Year Song Chart positions US Hot 100 US Modern Rock US Mainstream Rock US Adult Top 40 US Top 40 Mainstream US Hot Rock Songs US Rock Digital Song Sales US Rock Streaming Songs 2002 `` Cochise '' 69 9 - - - - - 2003 `` Like a Stone '' 31 23 27 - - - `` Show Me How to Live '' 67 - - - - - `` I Am the Highway '' 66 - - - - - `` What You Are '' - 17 8 - - - - - 2017 `` Like a Stone '' - - - - - 7 5 14 `` Show Me How to Live '' - - - - - 20 22 - `` I Am the Highway '' - - - - - 19 15 - Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 50,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( June 10 , 2005 ) . `` Audioslave - Out of Exile '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Audioslave : Audioslave '' . Pitchfork Media . 2002 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Monks , Jon ( 2003 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Audioslave - Audioslave '' . Stylus . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( January 31 , 2003 ) . `` Audioslave - Audioslave '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ; Parry , Heather . `` Audioslave : Unshackled , Ready To Rage '' . MTV . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Clare . `` Pushing Forward Back . '' Zero Magazine . September 7 , 2005 , Iss. 1 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Neal ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Rage And Cornell To Enter Studio Next Week '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( 2002 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Rage / Cornell - Credited Tracks Get Leaked Online '' . MTV . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Cashmere , Tim . `` Audioslave to the Rhythm '' . Undercover . Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Donna ( 2002 - 07 - 16 ) . `` 20 Questions with ... Rage Against The Machine Guitarist Tom Morello '' . Metal Sludge . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gene Stout ( 2006 - 04 - 20 ) . `` As a Paris restaurateur and family man , life is now good for Audioslave rocker '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Jerry ( December 2002 ) . `` Straight Outta Rehab '' . Metal Hammer ( 108 ) . Jump up ^ Sculley , Alan . `` A Career in Slavery '' . San Diego CityBeat . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Classic Rock 2010 calendar Jump up ^ `` Audioslave - Audioslave '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen . `` Audioslave - Audioslave '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Stephen ( 2002 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Audioslave : Audioslave '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Audioslave Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave : Audioslave '' . NME. 2002 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Levenfeld , Ari ( 2003 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Audioslave : self - titled '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CG : audioslave '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Blashill , Pat ( 2002 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Audioslave : Review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Greg ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Village Voice Review '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lee , Matt ( December 2002 ) . `` Stoke & Staffordshire Music -- Singles review '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave , Mudvayne Debut In Billboard 's Top 20 '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2002 - 11 - 27 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave Land Gold Album '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2002 - 12 - 17 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - Search Results - Audioslave '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ McAuliffe , Amy ( 2007 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Rock / Indie Review -- Audioslave , Audioslave '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jeres ( 2002 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Audioslave : Audioslave ( 2002 ) review '' . PlayLouder . Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Music : Review - Audioslave Audioslave '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Heath , Chris ( 2003 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Album Reviews : Audioslave - Audioslave '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( ... ) , Rock Hard ( Hrsg . ) . ( Red. : Michael Rensen . Mitarb. : Götz Kühnemund ) ( 2005 ) . Best of Rock & Metal die 500 stärksten Scheiben aller Zeiten . Königswinter : Heel . p. 102 . ISBN 3 - 89880 - 517 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jerry Del Colliano ( 1 ) , Audio Video Revolution , June 07 , 2004 Jump up ^ Jerry Del Colliano ( 2 ) , Home Theater Review , March 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave : Audioslave '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard 200 Albums ( 2004 Year - end ) . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Top Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Hard Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Digital Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Tastemaker Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audioslave -- Chart history -- Billboard Vinyl Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- Audioslave -- Audioslave '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ( hide ) Audioslave Chris Cornell Tom Morello Tim Commerford Brad Wilk Studio albums Audioslave Out of Exile Revelations DVDs Audioslave Live in Cuba Singles `` Cochise '' `` Like a Stone '' `` Show Me How to Live '' `` I Am the Highway '' `` What You Are '' `` Be Yourself '' `` Your Time Has Come '' `` Does n't Remind Me '' `` Original Fire '' `` Revelations '' Related articles Discography Songs Rage Against the Machine Soundgarden Axis of Justice Temple of the Dog WAKRAT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audioslave_(album)&oldid=825015872 '' Categories : 2002 debut albums Albums produced by Rick Rubin Albums with cover art by Storm Thorgerson Audioslave albums Epic Records albums Interscope Records albums Albums produced by Chris Cornell Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what album is like a stone on for audioslave
[ "Audioslave is the eponymous debut studio album by American rock supergroup Audioslave. It was released on November 19, 2002, by Epic Records and Interscope Records. The album features the hit singles \"Cochise\", \"Show Me How to Live\", \"What You Are\", \"Like a Stone\", and \"I Am the Highway\". The album was later certified 3x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in the United States. \"Like a Stone\" was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance." ]
[ "Audioslave" ]
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Y. V. Chandrachud
Y.V. Chandrachud - Wikipedia Y.V. Chandrachud This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud 16th Chief Justice of India In office 22 February 1978 -- 11 July 1985 Appointed by Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Preceded by Mirza Hameedullah Beg Succeeded by P.N. Bhagwati Personal details ( 1920 - 07 - 12 ) 12 July 1920 Pune , Bombay Presidency , British India 14 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 14 ) ( aged 88 ) Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Nationality Indian Spouse ( s ) Prabha Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud ( 12 July 1920 -- 14 July 2008 ) was the 16th Chief Justice of India , serving from 22 February 1978 to the day he retired on 11 July 1985 . Born in Pune in the state of Maharashtra , he was first appointed Judge to the Supreme Court of India on 28 August 1972 and is the longest - serving Chief Justice in India 's history at 7 years and 4 months . His nickname was Iron hands after his well regarded unwillingness to let anything slip past him . Contents 1 Tenure as Chief Justice of India 2 The Habeas Corpus case 3 Minerva Mills Case 4 The Shah Bano case 5 Other judgments 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Tenure as Chief Justice of India ( edit ) Justice Chandrachud was appointed Chief Justice of India during the term of the Janata government , under Prime Minister Morarji Desai . During his tenure as Chief Justice , he sent Sanjay Gandhi to jail in the `` Kissa Kursi Ka '' case . When Indira Gandhi 's Congress government came back to power a few years later , Chandrachud became a strong opponent of the government , and was known for staunchly defending the independence of the judiciary . As a Canadian scholar , Bhagwan D. Dua wrote later on : `` Though the entire judicial system was pressured to conform , the ruling party zeroed its attack on the pater familias . Unlike Justice Bhagwati , who was labeled as a Congress ( I ) man for his laudatory letter to Mrs. Gandhi , Chief Justice Chandrachud had a very low rating with the ruling household . Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India by the Janata government -- a disqualification in itself under the new regime -- Chandrachud had not exactly endeared himself to the Gandhis for sending Sanjay to jail in 1978 or for turning volte face during the Janata period . By mid-1981 , the estrangement between Chandrachud and the ruling party was so great that Ashoke Sen , a Congress ( I ) MP and the President of the Supreme Court Bar Association , even hinted at his impeachment by Parliament . Undaunted , the Chief Justice continued to defend the judiciary against executive interference and called upon the Bench and Bar to be united as this was ' the only way we could fight the provocation and attack on the judges ' .... Throughout 1980 , the Chief Justice had refused to submit to pressures and made the government appoint eight chief justices to High Courts ( and five judges to the Supreme Court ) according to well - established constitutional practices . '' For this reason , he was not given any government post or office after retirement , as the Congress government wanted to `` punish '' him for standing up to them during his tenure as Chief Justice of India . The Habeas Corpus case ( edit ) In one of the most notable cases in Indian constitutional history , during the Indian Emergency ( 1975 - 1977 ) of Indira Gandhi , a bench constituted of the five most senior judges of the Supreme court of India heard the famous Habeas Corpus case ( A.D.M. Jabalpur vs. Shukla ) , where detenues under the restrictive Maintenance of Internal Security Act had argued that the Right to Life and Liberty ( article 21 in the Indian constitution ) could not be suspended even during periods of national emergency . The Indian constitution during that time itself provided that all fundamental rights , including the right to life under article 21 of the constitution , could be suspended during an Emergency . The Habeas Corpus majority decision therefore deferred to the original intent of the framers of India 's constitution . However , the Indira Gandhi government flagrantly misused their powers during the Emergency , and as a result , the doctrine of `` original intent '' has never taken a firm hold in India . Despite widespread high court support for Habeas Corpus , Justice Chandrachud went along with Justices A.N. Ray , P.N. Bhagwati , and M.H. Beg , to reject this position , stating : in view of the Presidential Order dated 27 June 1975 no person has any locus to move any writ petition under Article 226 before a High Court for habeas corpus or any other writ or order or direction to challenge the legality of an order of detention . The only dissenting opinion was from Justice H.R. Khanna , who has been widely acclaimed for his dissent . Khanna 's dissenting opinion was `` activist '' - and because of the legitimacy his opinion attained , `` judicial activism '' in India is considered more legitimate than elsewhere . Both Justices Chandrachud and Bhagwati did much to subsequently atone for their majority opinions in the habeas corpus case . Minerva Mills case ( edit ) Main article : Minerva Mills v. Union of India In the Minerva Mills case , the Supreme Court provided key clarifications on the interpretation of the basic structure doctrine . The court unanimously ruled that the power of the Parliament of India to amend the constitution is limited by the constitution . Hence the parliament can not exercise this limited power to grant itself an unlimited power . In addition , a majority of the court also held that the parliament 's power to amend is not a power to destroy . Hence the parliament can not emasculate the fundamental rights of individuals , including the right to liberty and equality . The Shah Bano case ( edit ) In the Shah Bano case , the bench headed by Chief Justice Chandrachud took a secular stand . It invoked a provision in The Criminal Procedure Code , 1973 which is a secular legislation to order maintenance compensation to the divorced Muslim woman . This case caused the Rajiv Gandhi government , with its absolute majority , to pass the Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act , 1986 which diluted the secular judgment of the Supreme Court . Other judgments ( edit ) Other important judgments by Chief Justice Chandrachud include : Chandrachud Commission Olga Tellis and ors Vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation and ors Personal life ( edit ) Chandrachud was educated at Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya high school , Elphinstone College and the ILS Law College , Pune . Justice Y.V. Chandrachud died on 14 July 2008 shortly after he was admitted to the Bombay Hospital . He is survived by his wife Prabha , his son Dhananjaya Y . Chandrachud , current judge of Supreme Court of India and in line to become Chief Justice of India himself in 2022 and his daughter Nirmala . His grandson Chintan Chandrachud is a legal scholar and writer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bhagwan D. Dua , A Study in Executive - Judicial Conflict : The Indian Case , 4 ASIAN SURVEY 463 , 464 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Jos . Peter D'Souza ( June 2001 ) . `` A.D.M. Jabalpur vs Shukla : When the Supreme Court struck down the Habeas Corpus '' . PUCL Bulletin . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Former CJI Chandrachud dead '' , Sify News , 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Chandrachud keeps running into father 's rulings '' . Jump up ^ `` To tread in dad 's steps is hugely satisfying : Justice DY Chandrachud '' , Times Of India , 13 May 2016 Jump up ^ http://www.livelaw.in/interview-scholar-author-chintan-chandrachud-says-considerable-political-traction-necessary-overturn-judgment/ External links ( edit ) Official Supreme Court of India Website Y.V. Chandrachud 's Official Supreme Court of India Biography Legal offices Preceded by Mirza Hameedullah Beg Chief Justice of India 22 February 1978 -- 11 July 1985 Succeeded by Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati Chief Justices of India H.J. Kania M. Patanjali Sastri Mehr Chand Mahajan Bijan Kumar Mukherjea Sudhi Ranjan Das Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha P.B. Gajendragadkar Amal Kumar Sarkar Koka Subba Rao Kailas Nath Wanchoo Mohammad Hidayatullah Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah Sarv Mittra Sikri Ajit Nath Ray Mirza Hameedullah Beg Y.V. Chandrachud P.N. Bhagwati Raghunandan Swarup Pathak Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah Sabyasachi Mukharji Ranganath Misra Kamal Narain Singh Madhukar Hiralal Kania Lalit Mohan Sharma Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi J.S. Verma Madan Mohan Punchhi Adarsh Sein Anand Sam Piroj Bharucha Bhupinder Nath Kirpal Gopal Ballav Pattanaik V.N. Khare S. Rajendra Babu Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal K.G. Balakrishnan S.H. Kapadia Altamas Kabir P. Sathasivam Rajendra Mal Lodha H.L. Dattu T.S. Thakur Jagdish Singh Khehar Dipak Misra ISNI : 0000 0003 7439 5802 LCCN : n85103578 VIAF : 70359650 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y._V._Chandrachud&oldid=854047401 '' Categories : 1920 births 2008 deaths Chief Justices of India People from Pune Marathi people 20th - century Indian lawyers 20th - century Indian judges State funerals in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 16 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who had the longest tenure as chief justice of india
[ "Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud (12 July 1920 – 14 July 2008) was the 16th Chief Justice of India, serving from 22 February 1978 to the day he retired on 11 July 1985. Born in Pune in the state of Maharashtra, he was first appointed Judge to the Supreme Court of India on 28 August 1972 and is the longest-serving Chief Justice in India's history at 7 years and 4 months. His nickname was Iron hands after his well regarded unwillingness to let anything slip past him.[citation needed]\n" ]
[ "Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud" ]
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Henry Danger
Henry Danger - wikipedia Henry Danger Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Nickelodeon television series . For the writer , see Henry Darger . For the explorer , see Henry Dangar . Henry Danger Genre Sitcom Created by Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen Starring Jace Norman Cooper Barnes Riele Downs Sean Ryan Fox Ella Anderson Theme music composer Zack Hexum Composer ( s ) Michael Corcoran Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 63 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Schneider Producer ( s ) Christopher J. Nowak ( season 1 ) Jeffrey Goldstein Kim Sherwood Running time 21 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Schneider 's Bakery Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.nick.com/henry-danger/ Henry Danger is an American sitcom created by Dan Schneider and Dana Olsen that premiered on Nickelodeon on July 26 , 2014 . The series stars Jace Norman , Cooper Barnes , Riele Downs , Sean Ryan Fox , and Ella Anderson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Animated spin - off 4.3 Film 5 Ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Crossover 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Henry Hart is a 13 - year - old boy who lives in the town of Swellview . He lands a part - time job as Kid Danger , a sidekick of Captain Man who 's a well - known superhero in Swellview . Captain Man tells Henry not to tell anybody about his job , so he attempts to keep it a secret from his best friends , Charlotte and Jasper , his younger sister , Piper , and his parents . Henry goes to a shop called `` Junk ' n ' Stuff '' which has a secret lair called the Man Cave hidden underneath where Captain Man does his work . Captain Man says he will not be around for long and needs help ; soon enough , he will need someone to take his place when he is gone . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Henry Danger episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 18 September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 19 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) TBA October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) TBA Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Henry Danger characters Jace Norman as Henry Hart / Kid Danger Cooper Barnes as Ray Manchester / Captain Man Riele Downs as Charlotte Sean Ryan Fox as Jasper Dunlop Ella Anderson as Piper Hart Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was picked up with an initial production order of 20 episodes on March 13 , 2014 , later expanding to 26 episodes . On July 26 , 2014 , the series started airing with a one - hour special as the first episode . Series creator Dan Schneider stated on Twitter that a character from one of his previous series will make a guest appearance on the series . On November 18 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on September 12 , 2015 . On March 2 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season . The third season premiered on September 17 , 2016 . The series was renewed for a fourth season on November 16 , 2016 . The fourth season will premiere on October 21 , 2017 . Animated spin - off ( edit ) On March 2 , 2017 , Nickelodeon announced that a new animated series , under the working title of The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man , is in development with 10 episodes announced . Film ( edit ) On May 5 , 2017 , the president of Viacom 's Nickelodeon group announced a movie based on the series in development . Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 25 July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) 1.94 May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 1.55 1.75 18 September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 2.13 July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 2.60 1.80 19 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) 1.82 October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.65 1.91 October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 1.41 TBA TBD 1.41 Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , the series premiered on October 8 , 2014 , on YTV . In Australia and New Zealand , the series began airing on January 17 , 2015 on Nickelodeon . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the series premiered on Nickelodeon on February 13 , 2015 . Crossover ( edit ) Ellen DeGeneres announced that a 90 minute crossover special between Henry Danger and Game Shakers would air . It was also announced that Demarjay Smith would guest star . Nickelodeon also released a teaser trailer and announced that the upcoming crossover special would be airing in November during the Thanksgiving season . The special is titled `` Danger Games Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Refs 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids ' Show Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Henry Hart - Kid Danger '' . DanWarp . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Ray Manchester - Captain Man '' . DanWarp . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Jasper Dunlop '' . DanWarp . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Piper Hart '' . DanWarp . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider ( @ DanWarp ) ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dan Warp Twitter '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Danger and Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils Four Live - Action Series , Animated Movie at Upfront '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Henry Danger & Game Shakers Renewed by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Danger : Sick & Wired '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Rouses SpongeBob , Green Slime , Lip Sync Battle and Gwen Stefani to Lure Upfront Dollars '' . Variety . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2017 Upfront Lineup '' . Kidscreen . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://movieweb.com/spongebob-3-henry-danger-loud-house-movies-paramount/ Jump up ^ `` Henry Danger Is Getting a Theatrical Movie '' . Twist . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outrageous Fun This Fall on YTV ! Weeknights at 7 PM ET / PT Beginning October 6 '' . Corus Entertainment . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D Higgins ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` January : 200 + New and Returning Foxtel Shows '' . Foxtel . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Day the Superhero Way with Nickelodeon This February '' . Viacom . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.j-14.com/posts/game-shakers-henry-danger-crossover-129473 ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://nickalive.blogspot.com.ng/2017/09/nickelodeon-usa-to-premiere-henry.html?m=1 ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stephanie Webber ( March 28 , 2015 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 : Complete List of Winners ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Hautman ( March 12 , 2016 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete List of Winners '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joi - Marie McKenzie ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : The Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Nickelodeon portal Television portal Comedy portal Official website Henry Danger on IMDb Henry Danger on Twitter Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr. Wizard 's World ( 1983 - 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 - 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ! ( 1990 -- 91 ) Fifteen ( 1991 -- 93 ) Get the Picture ( 1991 ) Clarissa Explains It All ( 1991 -- 94 ) Welcome Freshmen ( 1991 -- 96 ) Salute Your Shorts ( 1991 -- 92 ) Doug ( 1991 -- 94 ) Nickelodeon Launch Box ( 1991 -- 94 ) Rugrats ( 1991 -- 2004 ) The Ren & Stimpy Show ( 1991 -- 96 ) What Would You Do ? ( 1991 -- 93 ) Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Nick Arcade ( 1992 ) Nick News with Linda Ellerbee ( 1992 -- 2015 ) Roundhouse ( 1992 -- 96 ) Nickelodeon Guts ( 1992 -- 96 ) Weinerville ( 1993 -- 97 ) Legends of the Hidden Temple ( 1993 -- 95 ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 96 ) The Adventures of Pete & Pete ( 1993 -- 96 ) All That ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Nickelodeon All - Star Challenge ( 1994 ) The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 -- 98 ) My Brother and Me ( 1994 -- 95 ) Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters ( 1994 -- 97 ) Space Cases ( 1996 -- 97 ) The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo ( 1996 -- 98 ) The Off - Beats ( 1996 -- 99 ) Kenan & Kel ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 1996 -- 2004 ) KaBlam ! ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The Angry Beavers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Figure It Out ( 1997 -- 2000 ; 2012 -- 13 ) The Journey of Allen Strange ( 1997 -- 2000 ) CatDog ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) You 're On ! ( 1998 -- 99 ) Cousin Skeeter ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Rocket Power ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Amanda Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Caitlin 's Way ( 2000 -- 02 ) The Brothers García ( 2000 -- 04 ) Pelswick ( 2000 -- 02 ) Noah Knows Best ( 2000 -- 01 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2000 -- 04 ) Taina ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Fairly OddParents ( 2001 -- 16 ; moved to Nicktoons ) Invader Zim ( 2001 -- 02 ) Action League Now ! ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Nick Cannon Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Yakkity Yak ( 2002 -- 03 ) ChalkZone ( 2002 -- 08 ) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2002 -- 06 ) Nickelodeon Robot Wars ( 2002 ) Scaredy Camp ( 2002 -- 03 ) All Grown Up ! ( 2003 -- 08 ) My Life as a Teenage Robot ( 2003 -- 09 ) Romeo ! ( 2003 -- 06 ) Drake & Josh ( 2004 -- 07 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide ( 2004 -- 07 ) Unfabulous ( 2004 -- 07 ) Nicktoons Film Festival ( 2004 -- 09 ) Zoey 101 ( 2005 -- 08 ) Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 -- 08 ) Catscratch ( 2005 -- 07 ) The X 's ( 2005 -- 06 ) Mr. Meaty ( 2005 -- 07 ) Kappa Mikey ( 2006 -- 07 ) Just for Kicks ( 2006 ) Just Jordan ( 2007 -- 08 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Naked Brothers Band ( 2007 -- 09 ) Wayside ( 2007 -- 08 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) Making Fiends ( 2008 ) Domo TV ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 14 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 11 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 13 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Power Rangers Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2012 ) The Thundermans ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Harvey Beaks ( since 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( since 2016 ) School of Rock ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( since 2016 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( since 2017 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) International Renford Rejects Genie in the House Summer in Transylvania Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) Upcoming Pinky Malinky ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2018 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) Related SNICK TEENick Nicktoons Nick at Nite Gotta See Saturdays Works by Dan Schneider TV series created Guys Like Us The Amanda Show What I Like About You Drake & Josh Zoey 101 iCarly Victorious Sam & Cat Henry Danger Game Shakers TV series produced All That Kenan & Kel Film screenplays Good Burger Big Fat Liar Related articles Schneider 's Bakery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Danger&oldid=807343210 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows 2014 American television series debuts American teen sitcoms English - language television programs Superhero comedy television series Television series by Schneider 's Bakery Television series created by Dan Schneider Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 10 : 55 . 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who plays henry's sister in henry danger
[ "Ella Anderson as Piper Hart[4]" ]
[ "Ella Anderson" ]
-8480565164032921020
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia - wikipedia Onomatopoeia This article is about the category of words . For the comic character , see Onomatopoeia ( comics ) . A sign in a shop window in Italy proclaims `` No Tic Tac '' , in imitation of the sound of a clock . Onomatopoeia ( / ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə , - ˌmɑː - / ( listen ) ; from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία ; ὄνομα for `` name '' and ποιέω for `` I make '' , adjectival form : `` onomatopoeic '' or `` onomatopoetic '' ) is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates , resembles , or suggests the sound that it describes . As such words are uncountable nouns , onomatopoeia refers to the property of such words . Common occurrences of words our of the onomatopoeia process include animal noises such as `` oink '' , `` miaow '' ( or `` meow '' ) , `` roar '' `` microwave '' and `` chirp '' . Onomatopoeia can differ between languages : it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system ; hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick tock in English , tictac in Spanish , dī dā in Mandarin , katchin katchin in Japanese , or `` tik - tik '' in Hindi . Although in the English language the term onomatopoeia means `` the imitation of a sound '' , the compound word onomatopoeia ( ὀνοματοποιία ) in the Greek language means `` making or creating names '' . For words that imitate sounds , the term ὴχομιμητικό ( echomimetico ) or echomimetic ) is used . The word ὴχομιμητικό ( echomimetico ) derives from `` ὴχώ '' , meaning echo or sound , and `` μιμητικό '' , meaning mimetic or imitating . Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Cross-cultural differences 1.2 Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeic words 2 Comics and advertising 2.1 Manner imitation 3 Examples in media 4 Cross-linguistic examples 5 In linguistics 6 The evolution of language 7 Role in early language acquisition 8 In other languages 8.1 Japanese 8.2 Malay 8.3 Arabic 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 General references 11 External links Uses A bang flag gun , a humouristic novelty item Further information : List of animal sounds In the case of a frog croaking , the spelling may vary because different frog species around the world make different sounds : Ancient Greek brekekekex koax koax ( only in Aristophanes ' comic play The Frogs ) probably for marsh frogs ; English ribbit for species of frog found in North America ; English verb croak for the common frog . Some other very common English - language examples are hiccup , zoom , bang , beep , moo , and splash . Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia : honk or beep - beep for the horn of an automobile , and vroom or brum for the engine . In speaking of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity , the word `` zap '' is often used ( and its use has been extended to describe non-auditory effects generally connoting the same sort of localized but thorough interference or destruction similar to that produced in short - circuit sparking ) . Human sounds sometimes provide instances of onomatopoeia , as when mwah is used to represent a kiss . For animal sounds , words like quack ( duck ) , moo ( cow ) , bark or woof ( dog ) , roar ( lion ) , meow / miaow or purr ( cat ) , cluck ( chicken ) and baa ( sheep ) are typically used in English ( both as nouns and as verbs ) . Some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure . This may evolve into a new word , up to the point that the process is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia . One example is the English word `` bleat '' for sheep noise : in medieval times it was pronounced approximately as `` blairt '' ( but without an R - component ) , or `` blet '' with the vowel drawled , which more closely resembles a sheep noise than the modern pronunciation . An example of the opposite case is `` cuckoo '' , which , due to continuous familiarity with the bird noise down the centuries , has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo - Saxon times and its vowels have not changed as they have in the word furrow . Verba dicendi ( `` words of saying '' ) are a method of integrating onomatopoeic words and ideophones into grammar . Sometimes , things are named from the sounds they make . In English , for example , there is the universal fastener which is named for the sound it makes : the zip ( in the UK ) or zipper ( in the U.S. ) Many birds are named after their calls , such as the bobwhite quail , the weero , the morepork , the killdeer , chickadees and jays , the cuckoo , the chiffchaff , the whooping crane , the whip - poor - will , and the kookaburra . In Tamil and Malayalam , the word for crow is kaakaa . This practice is especially common in certain languages such as Māori , and so in names of animals borrowed from these languages . Cross-cultural differences Although a particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures , it is often expressed through the use of different consonant strings in different languages . For example , the snip of a pair of scissors is cri - cri in Italian , riqui - riqui in Spanish , terre - terre or treque - treque in Portuguese , krits - krits in modern Greek and katr - katr in Hindi . Similarly , the `` honk '' of a car 's horn is ba - ba ( Han : 叭 叭 ) in Mandarin , tut - tut in French , pu - pu in Japanese , bbang - bbang in Korean , bært - bært in Norwegian , fom - fom in Portuguese and bim - bim in Vietnamese . Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeic words An onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help of alliteration and consonance alone , without using any onomatopoeic words . The most famous example is the phrase `` furrow followed free '' in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . The words `` followed '' and `` free '' are not onomatopoeic in themselves , but in conjunction with `` furrow '' they reproduce the sound of ripples following in the wake of a speeding ship . Similarly , alliteration has been used in the line `` as the surf surged up the sun swept shore ... '' , to recreate the sound of breaking waves , in the poem `` I , She and the Sea '' . Comics and advertising A sound effect of breaking a door Comic strips and comic books make extensive use of onomatopoeia . Popular culture historian Tim DeForest noted the impact of writer - artist Roy Crane ( 1901 -- 1977 ) , the creator of Captain Easy and Buz Sawyer : It was Crane who pioneered the use of onomatopoeic sound effects in comics , adding `` bam , '' `` pow '' and `` wham '' to what had previously been an almost entirely visual vocabulary . Crane had fun with this , tossing in an occasional `` ker - splash '' or `` lickety - wop '' along with what would become the more standard effects . Words as well as images became vehicles for carrying along his increasingly fast - paced storylines . In 2002 , DC Comics introduced a villain named Onomatopoeia , an athlete , martial artist , and weapons expert , who often speaks pure sounds . Advertising uses onomatopoeia for mnemonic purposes , so that consumers will remember their products , as in Alka - Seltzer 's `` Plop , plop , fizz , fizz . Oh , what a relief it is ! '' jingle , recorded in two different versions ( big band and rock ) by Sammy Davis , Jr . Rice Krispies ( US and UK ) and Rice Bubbles ( AU ) make a `` snap , crackle , pop '' when one pours on milk . During the 1930s , the illustrator Vernon Grant developed Snap , Crackle and Pop as gnome - like mascots for the Kellogg Company . Sounds appear in road safety advertisements : `` clunk click , every trip '' ( click the seatbelt on after clunking the car door closed ; UK campaign ) or `` click , clack , front and back '' ( click , clack of connecting the seat belts ; AU campaign ) or `` click it or ticket '' ( click of the connecting seat belt , with the implied penalty of a traffic ticket for not using a seat belt ; US DOT ( Department of Transportation ) campaign ) . The sound of the container opening and closing gives Tic Tac its name . Manner imitation Main article : Ideophone In many of the world 's languages , onomatopoeic - like words are used to describe phenomena beyond the purely auditive . Japanese often uses such words to describe feelings or figurative expressions about objects or concepts . For instance , Japanese barabara is used to reflect an object 's state of disarray or separation , and shiiin is the onomatopoetic form of absolute silence ( used at the time an English speaker might expect to hear the sound of crickets chirping or a pin dropping in a silent room , or someone coughing ) . It is used in English as well with terms like bling , which describes the glinting of light on things like gold , chrome or precious stones . In Japanese , kirakira is used for glittery things . Examples in media James Joyce in Ulysses ( 1922 ) coined the onomatopoeic tattarrattat for a knock on the door . It is listed as the longest palindromic word in The Oxford English Dictionary . Whaam ! ( 1963 ) by Roy Lichtenstein is an early example of pop art , featuring a reproduction of comic book art that depicts a fighter aircraft striking another with rockets with dazzling red and yellow explosions . In the 1960s TV series Batman , comic book style onomatopoeic words such as wham ! , pow ! , biff ! , crunch ! and zounds ! appear onscreen during fight scenes . Ubisoft 's XIII employed the use of comic book onomatopoeic words such as bam ! , boom ! and noooo ! during gameplay for gunshots , explosions and kills , respectively . The comic - book style is apparent throughout the game and is a core theme , and the game is an adaptation of a comic book of the same name . The chorus of American popular songwriter John Prine 's song `` Onomatopoeia '' cleverly incorporates onomatopoeic words ( though as discussed , ' ouch ! ' is not the sound of pain ) : `` Bang ! went the pistol . Crash ! went the window . Ouch ! went the son of a gun . Onomatopoeia I do n't wan na see ya Speaking in a foreign tongue . '' The marble game KerPlunk has an onomatopoeic word for a title , from the sound of marbles dropping when one too many sticks has been removed . The Nickelodeon cartoon 's title KaBlam ! is implied to be onomotapoeic to a crash . Each episode of the TV series Harper 's Island is given an onomatopoeic name which imitates the sound made in that episode when a character dies . For example , in the episode titled `` Bang '' a character is shot and fatally wounded , with the `` Bang '' mimicking the sound of the gunshot . Mad Magazine cartoonist Don Martin , already popular for his exaggerated artwork , often employed comic - book style onomatopoeic `` sound effects '' in his drawings ( for example , `` thwizzit '' is the sound of a sheet of paper being yanked from a typewriter ) . Fans have compiled The Don Martin Dictionary , cataloguing each `` sound '' and its `` meaning '' . Cross-linguistic examples Main article : Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias In linguistics A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent , as a word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound . No one can determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds . However , in onomatopoeic words , these sounds are much less arbitrary ; they are connected in their imitation of other objects or sounds in nature . Vocal sounds in the imitation of natural sounds does n't necessarily gain meaning , but can gain symbolic meaning . An example of this sound symbolism in the English language is the use of words starting with sn - . Some of these words symbolize concepts related to the nose ( sneeze , snot , snore ) . This does not mean that all words with that sound relate to the nose , but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with the sound itself . Onomatopoeia , while a facet of language , is also in a sense outside of the confines of language . In linguistics , onomatopoeia is described as the connection , or symbolism , of a sound that is interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language , usually out of mimicry of a sound . It is a figure of speech , in a sense . Considered a vague term on its own , there are a few varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia . In one manner , it is defined simply as the imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language , like the hum of a bee being imitated with a `` buzz '' sound . In another sense , it is described as the phenomena of making a new word entirely . Onomatopoeia works in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context , not necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process . The symbolic properties of a sound in a word , or a phoneme , is related to a sound in an environment , and are restricted in part by a language 's own phonetic inventory , hence why many languages can have distinct onomatopoeia for the same natural sound . Depending on a language 's connection to a sound 's meaning , that language 's onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally . For example , a language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds , which is the reason English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry then a language like Japanese that overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the sounds of the language . The evolution of language In ancient Greek philosophy , onomatopoeia was used as evidence for how natural a language was : it was theorized that language itself was derived from natural sounds in the world around us . Symbolism in sounds was seen as deriving from this . Some linguists hold that onomatopoeia may have been the first form of human language . In the development of a language , sounds that are associated with natural objects then go on to form words with related meanings . For example , gl - at the beginning of an English word can denote something that is shining or iridescent ( e.g. glitter , glisten , gleam ) . Role in early language acquisition When first exposed to sound and communication , humans are biologically inclined to mimic the sounds they hear , whether they are actual pieces of language or other natural sounds . Early on in development , an infant will vary his / her utterances between sounds that are well established within the phonetic range of the language ( s ) most heavily spoken in their environment , which may be called `` tame '' onomatopoeia , and the full range of sounds that the vocal tract can produce , or `` wild '' onomatopoeia . As one begins to acquire one 's first language , the proportion of `` wild '' onomatopoeia reduces in favor of sounds which are congruent with those of the language they are acquiring . During the native language acquisition period , it has been documented that infants may react strongly to the more wild - speech features to which they are exposed , compared to more tame and familiar speech features . But the results of such tests are inconclusive . In the context of language acquisition , sound symbolism has been shown to play an important role . The association of foreign words to subjects and how they relate to general objects , such as the association of the words takete and baluma with either a round or angular shape , has been tested to see how languages symbolize sounds . In other languages Japanese Onomatopoeia , or giongo in Japanese , is common in the Japanese language , from day to day conversation to serious news . In general , onomatopoeia in Japanese can be categorized into three types : Giseigo : mimics humans and animals . ( e.g. WanWan for a dog 's bark ) Giongo : mimics general noises in nature or inanimate objects . ( e.g. zaazaa for rain on a roof ) Gitaigo : describes states of being , not sounds . ( e.g. mushimushi , uncomfortably warm ) Japanese also uses a system of sound symbolic words called mimetics . Though not entirely different from onomatopoeia , words that are mimetic are generally distinguished from onomatopoeia . Mimetic , or gitaigo in Japanese , words are a phonological representation of some kind of state of being , or something that does n't exactly make sound . Sometimes Japanese onomatopoeia produces reduplicated words . Malay There is a documented correlation within the Malay language of onomatopoeia that begin with the sound bu - and the implication of something that is rounded . As well as with the sound of - lok within a word conveying curvature in such words like lok , kelok and telok ( locomotive , cove and curve respectively ) . Arabic Within the Qur'an , written in Arabic , instances of onomatopoeia are documented . Out of about 77,701 words , there are 9 words that are onomatopoeic , 3 which are animal sounds ( e.g. `` mooing '' ) , 2 which are sounds of nature ( e.g. `` thunder '' ) and 4 that are human sounds ( e.g. `` whisper '' or `` groan '' ) . See also Anguish Languish Japanese sound symbolism List of animal sounds List of onomatopoeias Sound mimesis in various cultures Sound symbolism Vocal learning References Notes Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 8118 - 0 Jump up ^ Roach , Peter ( 2011 ) , Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary ( 18th ed . ) , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 15253 - 2 Jump up ^ ὀνοματοποιία , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ ὄνομα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ ποιέω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle , Hugh Bredin , The Johns Hopkins University , Retrieved November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Definition of Onomatopoeia , Retrieved November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Basic Reading of Sound Words - Onomatopoeia , Yale University , retrieved October 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ English Oxford Living Dictionaries Jump up ^ Earl Anderson , A Grammar of Iconism , Fairleigh Dickinson , 1999 Jump up ^ DeForest , Tim ( 2004 ) . Storytelling in the Pulps , Comics , and Radio : How Technology Changed Popular Fiction in America . McFarland . Jump up ^ James Joyce ( 1982 ) . Ulysses . Editions Artisan Devereaux . pp. 434 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 936694 - 38 - 9 ... I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door he must ... Jump up ^ O.A. Booty ( 1 January 2002 ) . Funny Side of English . Pustak Mahal . pp. 203 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 223 - 0799 - 3 . The longest palindromic word in English has 12 letters : tattarrattat . This word , appearing in the Oxford English Dictionary , was invented by James Joyce and used in his book Ulysses ( 1922 ) , and is an imitation of the sound of someone ( farting ) . Jump up ^ Assaneo , María Florencia ; Nichols , Juan Ignacio ; Trevisan , Marcos Alberto ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The anatomy of onomatopoeia '' . PLoS One . 6 ( 12 ) : e28317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028317 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3237459 . PMID 22194825 . ^ Jump up to : RHODES , R ( 1994 ) . `` Aural Images '' . In J. Ohala , L. Hinton & J. Nichols ( eds . ) Sound Symbolism . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` The Study of Onomatopoeia in the Muslims ' Holy Write : Qur'an : OneSearch for Articles , Books , and More '' . eds.a.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bredin , Hugh ( 1996 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle '' . New Literary History . 27 ( 3 ) : 555 -- 569 . doi : 10.1353 / nlh. 1996.0031 . ISSN 1080 - 661X . ^ Jump up to : Laing , C.E. ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . `` A phonological analysis of onomatopoeia in early word production '' . First Language . doi : 10.1177 / 0142723714550110 . ^ Jump up to : Osaka , Naoyuki ( 1990 ) . `` Multidimensional Analysis of Onomatopoeia - A note to make sensory scale from word '' ( PDF ) . Studia phonologica : 25 -- 33 -- via Kyoto University Research Information Repository . Jump up ^ Assaneo , María Florencia ; Nichols , Juan Ignacio ; Trevisan , Marcos Alberto ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . `` The Anatomy of Onomatopoeia '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 12 ) : e28317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028317 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3237459 . PMID 22194825 . Jump up ^ Inose , Hiroko . `` Translating Japanese Onomatopoeia and Mimetic Words . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . Jump up ^ WILKINSON , R.J. ( 1936 - 01 - 01 ) . `` ONOMATOPOEIA IN MALAY '' . Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 14 ( 3 ( 126 ) ) : 72 -- 88 . JSTOR 41559855 . General references Crystal , David ( 1997 ) . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55967 - 7 . Smyth , Herbert Weir ( 1920 ) . Greek Grammar . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press . p. 680 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36250 - 0 . External links Look up onomatopoeia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Onomatopoeia . Derek Abbott 's Animal Noise Page Over 300 Examples of Onomatopoeia BBC Radio 4 show discussing animal noises Tutorial on Drawing Onomatopoeia for Comics and Cartoons ( using fonts ) WrittenSound , onomatopoeic word list Examples of Onomatopeia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onomatopoeia&oldid=854621226 '' Categories : Types of words Onomatopoeia Poetic devices Style ( fiction ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 17 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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what is it called when a word sounds like what it means
[ "Onomatopoeia (/ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə, -ˌmɑː-/ ( listen);[1][2] from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία;[3] ὄνομα for \"name\"[4] and ποιέω for \"I make\",[5] adjectival form: \"onomatopoeic\" or \"onomatopoetic\") is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. As such words are uncountable nouns, onomatopoeia refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of words our of the onomatopoeia process include animal noises such as \"oink\", \"miaow\" (or \"meow\"), \"roar\" \"microwave\" and \"chirp\". Onomatopoeia can differ between languages: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system;[6][7] hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick tock in English, tictac in Spanish, dī dā in Mandarin, katchin katchin in Japanese, or \"tik-tik\" in Hindi.\n" ]
[ "Onomatopoeia" ]
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Frankie Brady
Frankie Brady - Wikipedia Frankie Brady hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frankie Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Billy Warlock Duration 1986 -- 88 1990 -- 91 2005 -- 06 First appearance July 25 , 1986 Last appearance November 24 , 2006 Created by Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina and Leah Laiman Introduced by Betty Corday , Ken Corday and Al Rabin Classification Former , regular Profile Other names François Von Leuschner Frankie Donner Occupation Lawyer Relief worker in Africa Teen crisis hotline worker Residence Washington , D.C. show Family Family Brady Father Henri Von Leuschner Adoptive parents Shawn Brady Caroline Brady Brothers Roman Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) Sisters Carly Manning Kimberly Brady ( adoptive ) Kayla Brady ( adoptive ) Half - brothers Bo Brady ( adoptive ) Spouse Eve Donovan Jennifer Horton ( 2006 ) Grandfathers Peter Brady ( adoptive ) Uncles Eric Brady ( adoptive ) Aunts Colleen Brady ( adoptive ) Molly Brady ( adoptive ) Nephews Nicholas Alamain Eric Brady ( adoptive ) Rex Brady ( adoptive ) Andrew Donovan ( adoptive ) Joey Johnson ( adoptive ) Shawn - Douglas Brady ( adoptive ) Zack Brady ( adoptive ) Nieces Melanie Jonas Carrie Brady Reed ( adoptive ) Sami Brady ( adoptive ) Cassie Brady ( adoptive ) Theresa Donovan ( adoptive ) Stephanie Johnson ( adoptive ) Chelsea Brady ( adoptive ) Ciara Brady ( adoptive ) First cousins Ryan Brady ( adoptive ) Colin Murphy ( adoptive ) Frankie Brady ( Born Francois Von Leuschner ) is a fictional character on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives . The role of Frankie was played by veteran Emmy Award - winning actor Billy Warlock from July 25 , 1986 to October 5 , 1988 , from November 2 , 1990 to July 12 , 1991 and from June 26 , 2005 to November 24 , 2006 . In 1990 , Christopher Saavedra played the character in a flashback sequence . Frankie , along with his younger `` brother '' Max were adopted by the Brady clan in the mid-1980s . Frankie is now a lawyer , living in Washington D.C. Contents 1 Character history 1.1 1986 -- 88 1.2 1990 -- 91 1.3 2005 -- 06 2 See also 3 Notes and references 4 External links Character history ( edit ) 1986 -- 88 ( edit ) Frankie and whom he claimed to be his younger brother Max ( which would eventually be revealed this was not the case ) first appeared in Salem in 1986 as a homeless teenager and child . Shawn and Caroline Brady immediately took them in , and Steve Johnson became a mentor to Frankie as well . Soon afterward , Frankie met Jennifer Horton , and although he had feelings for her he assumed she was out of his reach not only because of his background , but she was dating the high school jock Glenn Gallagher . Toward the middle of that school year , Glenn went undercover to help the police department capture the person responsible for giving the kids drugs ; unfortunately , Frankie was accused of being the narc by their peers and harassed accordingly , until Glenn 's anonymity was revealed upon learning his football coach was the drug dealer . Throughout the remainder of the school year Jennifer and Frankie became close friends , which was one of the factors that put a strain on her relationship with Glenn . Max was shot during the course of the drug dealing sting , and this caused a strain between Jennifer , Frankie and Glenn . When the Salem High kids traveled out of town on Spring Break , Jennifer broke up with Glenn after she refused to have sex with him . Because of subsequent harassment by Glenn and their peers , Jennifer and Frankie decided to leave the trip early . While on their way back to Salem , however , Frankie was videotaping Jennifer in a convenience store when the cashier was shot and killed in the background . Although they initially managed to escape , Frankie and Jennifer were soon caught by the shooter , but they were eventually able to escape again and provide the police department with the videocassette . In June 1987 Frankie graduated from Salem High School as the valedictorian of his class . Not long afterward , Shawn and Caroline legally adopted him and Max . By then , Frankie and Jennifer were becoming close but neither was willing to admit his or her feelings to each other . It was not until after they helped their friend Sasha Roberts , who was involved with Nick Corelli 's prostitution ring that Frankie and Jennifer came clean with each other , at which point they started their relationship . In September 1987 Jennifer 's father Bill Horton returned to Salem with news that Jennifer 's mother , Laura Horton was in a mental hospital . Fearing she would inherit her mother 's illness , Jennifer broke up with Frankie without explanation . As a diversion , and also due to his desire to help others , Frankie began volunteering at the college 's teen help line run by Paula Carson . During this time period Frankie often received phone calls from a girl who called herself `` Emily , '' who actually turned out to be Eve Donovan , which Frankie learned when she was hospitalized after being slashed in the face by a john . Frankie continued to reach out to Eve , even though at the time her main intentions were to invoke pity from him . Jennifer eventually overcame her fears of becoming ill , but not before Frankie had sex with Paula Carson in her apartment after she had revealed her husband had committed suicide . After he and Jennifer reconciled , Frankie and Paula agreed to keep their one - night stand a secret . However , Eve learned of this , and in an attempt to break Frankie and Jennifer up wrote an anonymous article in the paper ; although Eve did not expose Frankie , she did Paula , and Frankie admitted to Jennifer he was the guy who had slept with her . Jennifer broke up with him again , but before long she forgave him and once again they resumed their relationship . During the summer of 1988 a mysterious man came to town , which led Frankie to admit to Jennifer that Max was not his biological brother and that the `` mystery man '' was Max 's abusive father , Trent . Frankie left town with Max , and Jennifer , not knowing whom Trent was , developed a friendship with him as he had hoped she would give him information on where Frankie and Max were . After Frankie and Max had gotten in a car accident , Trent 's identity was exposed , but he chose not to pursue the custody of Max and left town . Frankie left Salem in September 1988 , after he was accepted into Columbia University . 1990 -- 91 ( edit ) Frankie was reintroduced in November 1990 as François Von Leuschner , the biological brother of Katerina Von Leuschner , better known as Carly Manning , Jennifer 's old friend from boarding school ; furthermore , it was revealed he had first come to Salem in 1986 per request by Carly to look out for Jennifer and left in 1988 because Jennifer was falling in love with him and he knew they could not be in a committed relationship . At the time of his 1990 return , Jennifer and Frankie were among several people kidnapped by Lawrence Alamain when Lawrence forced Jennifer into marrying him and subsequently raped her . Frankie 's true identity was revealed to Jennifer after everyone kidnapped managed to escape . Although initially angered by this , Jennifer soon forgave Frankie and allowed him to move in with her as friends only . During this time Frankie continues to prove his devotion to Jennifer by giving up his Von Leuschner inheritance to Lawrence . In exchange , Lawrence agreed to divorce Jennifer . Frankie is also the first person that Jennifer tells about the rape . He promises Jennifer that he will always be her friend . Frankie and Jennifer 's friendship was a significant aversion to Eve Donovan , who still had feelings for him herself . Furthermore , Frankie would not allow himself to feel sorry for her as he had in the past . Frankie did , however , continue to reach out to Eve on the conditions that she would not harass Jennifer nor try to invoke sympathy from him . After Eve was accused of killing Nick Corelli she , Jennifer , Frankie and Jack took a train trip in an attempt to recover the murder weapon and prove her innocence , and it was during this time Frankie and Eve began to develop as a couple . Frankie left Salem with Eve in July 1991 to go live in Africa . 2005 -- 06 ( edit ) Frankie eventually returned to Salem in the summer of 2005 ( without Eve ) , keeping an eye on his younger brother Max . He and Max soon moved into the garage apartment at Jack and Jennifer 's ( recently vacated by Patrick Lockhart ) , and it became clear ( to viewers ) that Frankie was not over Jennifer . It was discovered when Frankie accidentally found a letter written by Jenn 20 years ago that Jenn did love him very much when they were teenagers . Jenn tried to explain the letter and it ended up causing Frankie to break down in tears . Jenn started to cry herself . They both managed to pull themselves together , pushing that into the back of their minds . Frankie was initially concerned about Max 's romantic involvement with their niece , Chelsea , but his storyline soon centered around his now close friend Jack Deveraux when he learned that Jack was dying and Jack wants him to look after Jennifer when he passes . Frankie finally agreed , and stayed , if only to keep trying to convince Jack to tell Jen about his seemingly fatal illness . Jack insisted he wants to kept it quiet , claiming it is to save his family the slow angst of watching him die . At some point during the winter of 2005 , Jack disappeared , and everyone assumed he was dead after finding his car went over an embankment near a river , even though they did not find Jack 's body . Frankie was torn over keeping Jack 's promise , or letting Jennifer deal on her own , with the help of her family ; he finally decided on the latter , and went to leave town . But a fall on some ice resulting in a broken leg ends up keeping Frankie in Salem , and he and Jen mourn Jack together , eventually growing closer over the next few months . Cut to summer 2006 , Jen and Frankie are about to get married , while we find out that the disappearance of Jack was because he snuck off to a private hospital somewhere to die on his own . Except he is not dead yet , and he found his long - lost brother Steve , who was also thought to be dead , except now he has no memory of being Jack 's brother . For their own reasons , they get each other to go back to Salem together . They end up at the church , and Jack accidentally crashes Jen and Frankie 's wedding ... Over the next few months , Jen , Jack , and Frankie lived together , and Frankie uses his connections to try to find a cure for Jack , insisting they are not letting him die so easily this time . Meanwhile , Jen angsts over her old feelings for Jack and her new commitment to Frankie . The three are stuck in rare type of triangle in which all three really care about each other , and just do n't want to let go . But finally , it seemed that Jack is completely cured , thanks to Frankie 's research and treatments at the hospital and what not . Jack and Jen went on some reporting assignment , and get kidnapped , and amidst the adventure of escaping , rediscover their feelings for each other . After getting back to Salem , Jack and Jen were in the hospital for the last time - Jack is cleared to go home . Jennifer has made her choice , and she and Jack have a tearful parting with Frankie , who is understanding as he always knew Jack was her number one , and although it breaks his heart , he knows she 'll be happy , and that 's all that ever mattered . Later , in September 2006 , Jack and Jen accepted a job in London , England , and although Frankie stayed in Salem a little while longer to help with some court cases , he soon left on Thanksgiving night 2006 , to work at a firm in Washington , D.C. See also ( edit ) Brady Family Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eve revealed during a conversation with Paige , in 2014 , that she and Frankie were once married outside of Salem . External links ( edit ) Frankie at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Rex Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family hide Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Rex Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Tate Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Steve Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankie_Brady&oldid=865326767 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional adoptees Fictional lawyers Fictional characters introduced in 1986 Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from February 2012 All articles to be expanded Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles lacking sources from February 2012 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles that may contain original research from February 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 06 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played frankie on days of our lives
[ "The role of Frankie was played by veteran Emmy Award-winning actor Billy Warlock from July 25, 1986 to October 5, 1988, from November 2, 1990 to July 12, 1991 and from June 26, 2005 to November 24, 2006. In 1990, Christopher Saavedra played the character in a flashback sequence.\n", "The role of Frankie was played by veteran Emmy Award-winning actor Billy Warlock from July 25, 1986 to October 5, 1988, from November 2, 1990 to July 12, 1991 and from June 26, 2005 to November 24, 2006. In 1990, Christopher Saavedra played the character in a flashback sequence.\n" ]
[ "Billy Warlock", "Christopher Saavedra" ]
-2901753640623401310
Computer program
Computer program - wikipedia Computer program Jump to : navigation , search For the TV program , see The Computer Programme . C - language `` Hello , World '' source code . This first known `` Hello , world '' snippet from the seminal book The C Programming Language originates from Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie in 1974 . A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when executed by a computer . A computer requires programs to function . A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a programming language . From the program in its human - readable form of source code , a compiler can derive machine code -- a form consisting of instructions that the computer can directly execute . Alternatively , a computer program may be executed with the aid of an interpreter . A part of a computer program that performs a well - defined task is known as an algorithm . A collection of computer programs , libraries , and related data are referred to as software . Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines , such as application software and system software . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early programmable machines 1.2 Analytical Engine 1.3 Universal Turing machine 1.4 Early programmable computers 1.5 Later computers 2 Computer programming 2.1 Programming languages 2.1. 1 Imperative languages 2.1. 2 Declarative languages 2.2 Compilation and interpretation 3 Storage and execution 3.1 Simultaneous execution 3.2 Self - modifying programs 4 Functional categories 4.1 Application software 4.2 Utility programs 4.3 Operating system 4.4 Boot program 4.5 Embedded programs 4.6 Microcode programs 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading History ( edit ) See also : History of computing , History of programming languages , and History of software Early programmable machines ( edit ) The earliest programmable machines preceded the invention of the digital computer . In 1801 , Joseph - Marie Jacquard devised a loom that would weave a pattern by following a series of perforated cards . Patterns could be woven and repeated by arranging the cards . Analytical Engine ( edit ) Lovelace 's diagram from Note G , the first published computer algorithm In 1837 , Charles Babbage was inspired by Jacquard 's loom to attempt to build the Analytical Engine . The names of the components of the calculating device were borrowed from the textile industry . In the textile industry , yarn was brought from the store to be milled . The device would have had a `` store '' -- memory to hold 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each . Numbers from the `` store '' would then have then been transferred to the `` mill '' ( analogous to the CPU of a modern machine ) , for processing . It was programmed using two sets of perforated cards -- one to direct the operation and the other for the input variables . However , after more than 17,000 pounds of the British government 's money , the thousands of cogged wheels and gears never fully worked together . During a nine - month period in 1842 -- 43 , Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea . The memoir covered the Analytical Engine . The translation contained Note G which completely detailed a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers using the Analytical Engine . This note is recognized by some historians as the world 's first written computer program . Universal Turing machine ( edit ) In 1936 , Alan Turing introduced the Universal Turing machine -- a theoretical device that can model every computation that can be performed on a Turing complete computing machine . It is a finite - state machine that has an infinitely long read / write tape . The machine can move the tape back and forth , changing its contents as it performs an algorithm . The machine starts in the initial state , goes through a sequence of steps , and halts when it encounters the halt state . This machine is considered by some to be the origin of the stored - program computer -- used by John von Neumann ( 1946 ) for the `` Electronic Computing Instrument '' that now bears the von Neumann architecture name . Early programmable computers ( edit ) The Z3 computer , invented by Konrad Zuse ( 1941 ) in Germany , was a digital and programmable computer . A digital computer uses electricity as the calculating component . The Z3 contained 2,400 relays to create the circuits . The circuits provided a binary , floating - point , nine - instruction computer . Programming the Z3 was through a specially designed keyboard and punched tape . The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer ( Fall 1945 ) was a Turing complete , general - purpose computer that used 17,468 vacuum tubes to create the circuits . At its core , it was a series of Pascalines wired together . Its 40 units weighed 30 tons , occupied 1,800 square feet ( 167 m ) , and consumed $650 per hour ( in 1940s currency ) in electricity when idle . It had 20 base - 10 accumulators . Programming the ENIAC took up to two months . Three function tables were on wheels and needed to be rolled to fixed function panels . Function tables were connected to function panels using heavy black cables . Each function table had 728 rotating knobs . Programming the ENIAC also involved setting some of the 3,000 switches . Debugging a program took a week . The ENIAC featured parallel operations . Different sets of accumulators could simultaneously work on different algorithms . It used punched card machines for input and output , and it was controlled with a clock signal . It ran for eight years , calculating hydrogen bomb parameters , predicting weather patterns , and producing firing tables to aim artillery guns . The Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine ( June 1948 ) was a stored - program computer . Programming transitioned away from moving cables and setting dials ; instead , a computer program was stored in memory as numbers . Only three bits of memory were available to store each instruction , so it was limited to eight instructions . 32 switches were available for programming . Later computers ( edit ) Switches for manual input on a Data General Nova 3 , manufactured in the mid-1970s Computers manufactured until the 1970s had front - panel switches for programming . The computer program was written on paper for reference . An instruction was represented by a configuration of on / off settings . After setting the configuration , an execute button was pressed . This process was then repeated . Computer programs also were manually input via paper tape or punched cards . After the medium was loaded , the starting address was set via switches and the execute button pressed . In 1961 , the Burroughs B5000 was built specifically to be programmed in the ALGOL 60 language . The hardware featured circuits to ease the compile phase . In 1964 , the IBM System / 360 was a line of six computers each having the same instruction set architecture . The Model 30 was the smallest and least expensive . Customers could upgrade and retain the same application software . Each System / 360 model featured multiprogramming . With operating system support , multiple programs could be in memory at once . When one was waiting for input / output , another could compute . Each model also could emulate other computers . Customers could upgrade to the System / 360 and retain their IBM 7094 or IBM 1401 application software . Computer programming ( edit ) Main article : Computer programming Computer programming is the process of writing or editing source code . Editing source code involves testing , analyzing , refining , and sometimes coordinating with other programmers on a jointly developed program . A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer , software developer , and sometimes coder . The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development . The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline . Programming languages ( edit ) Main article : Programming language A computer program written in the imperative programming style Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them . Two of the main paradigms are imperative and declarative . Imperative languages ( edit ) Imperative programming languages specify a sequential algorithm using declarations , expressions , and statements : A declaration couples a variable name to a datatype -- for example : var x : integer ; An expression yields a value -- for example : 2 + 2 yields 4 A statement might assign an expression to a variable or use the value of a variable to alter the program 's control flow -- for example : x : = 2 + 2 ; if x = 4 then do_something ( ) ; One criticism of imperative languages is the side effect of an assignment statement on a class of variables called non-local variables . Declarative languages ( edit ) Declarative programming languages describe what computation should be performed and not how to compute it . Declarative programs omit the control flow and are considered sets of instructions . Two broad categories of declarative languages are functional languages and logical languages . The principle behind functional languages ( like Haskell ) is to not allow side effects , which makes it easier to reason about programs like mathematical functions . The principle behind logical languages ( like Prolog ) is to define the problem to be solved -- the goal -- and leave the detailed solution to the Prolog system itself . The goal is defined by providing a list of subgoals . Then each subgoal is defined by further providing a list of its subgoals , etc . If a path of subgoals fails to find a solution , then that subgoal is backtracked and another path is systematically attempted . Compilation and interpretation ( edit ) A computer program in the form of a human - readable , computer programming language is called source code . Source code may be converted into an executable image by a compiler or executed immediately with the aid of an interpreter . Compilers are used to translate source code from a programming language into either object code or machine code . Object code needs further processing to become machine code , and machine code consists of the central processing unit 's native instructions , ready for execution . Compiled computer programs are commonly referred to as executables , binary images , or simply as binaries -- a reference to the binary file format used to store the executable code . Interpreters are used to execute source code from a programming language line - by - line . The interpreter decodes each statement and performs its behavior . One advantage of interpreters is that they can easily be extended to an interactive session . The programmer is presented with a prompt , and individual lines of code are typed in and performed immediately . The main disadvantage of interpreters is computer programs run slower than when compiled . Interpreting code is slower because the interpreter must decode each statement and then perform it . However , software development may be faster using an interpreter because testing is immediate when the compiling step is omitted . Another disadvantage of interpreters is an interpreter must be present on the executing computer . By contrast , compiled computer programs need no compiler present during execution . Just in time compilers pre-compile computer programs just before execution . For example , the Java virtual machine Hotspot contains a Just In Time Compiler which selectively compiles Java bytecode into machine code - but only code which Hotspot predicts is likely to be used many times . Either compiled or interpreted programs might be executed in a batch process without human interaction . Scripting languages are often used to create batch processes . One common scripting language is Unix shell , and its executing environment is called the command - line interface . No properties of a programming language require it to be exclusively compiled or exclusively interpreted . The categorization usually reflects the most popular method of language execution . For example , Java is thought of as an interpreted language and C a compiled language , despite the existence of Java compilers and C interpreters . Storage and execution ( edit ) In the 1950s , computer programs were stored on perforated paper tape Typically , computer programs are stored in non-volatile memory until requested either directly or indirectly to be executed by the computer user . Upon such a request , the program is loaded into random - access memory , by a computer program called an operating system , where it can be accessed directly by the central processor . The central processor then executes ( `` runs '' ) the program , instruction by instruction , until termination . A program in execution is called a process . Termination is either by normal self - termination or by error -- software or hardware error . Simultaneous execution ( edit ) See also : Process ( computing ) and Multiprocessing Many operating systems support multitasking which enables many computer programs to appear to run simultaneously on one computer . Operating systems may run multiple programs through process scheduling -- a software mechanism to switch the CPU among processes often so users can interact with each program while it runs . Within hardware , modern day multiprocessor computers or computers with multicore processors may run multiple programs . Multiple lines of the same computer program may be simultaneously executed using threads . Multithreading processors are optimized to execute multiple threads efficiently . Self - modifying programs ( edit ) Main article : Self - modifying code A computer program in execution is normally treated as being different from the data the program operates on . However , in some cases , this distinction is blurred when a computer program modifies itself . The modified computer program is subsequently executed as part of the same program . Self - modifying code is possible for programs written in machine code , assembly language , Lisp , C , COBOL , PL / 1 , and Prolog . Functional categories ( edit ) Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines . The main functional categories are application software and system software . System software includes the operating system which couples computer hardware with application software . The purpose of the operating system is to provide an environment in which application software executes in a convenient and efficient manner . In addition to the operating system , system software includes embedded programs , boot programs , and micro programs . Application software designed for end users have a user interface . Application software not designed for the end user includes middleware , which couples one application with another . Application software also includes utility programs . The distinction between system software and application software is under debate . Application software ( edit ) Main article : Application software Example of an app : GCalctool , a software calculator There are many types of application software : The word app came to being in 21st century . It is a clipping of the word `` application '' . They have been designed for many platforms , but the word was first used for smaller mobile apps . Desktop apps are traditional computer programs that run on desktop computers . Mobile apps run on mobile devices . Web apps run inside a web browser . Both mobile and desktop apps may be downloaded from the developers ' website or purchased from app stores such as Microsoft Store , Apple App Store , Mac App Store , Google Play or Intel AppUp . An application suite consists of multiple applications bundled together . Examples include Microsoft Office , LibreOffice , and iWork . They bundle a word processor , spreadsheet , and other applications . Enterprise applications bundle accounting , personnel , customer , and vendor applications . Examples include enterprise resource planning , customer relationship management , and supply chain management software . Enterprise infrastructure software supports the enterprise 's software systems . Examples include databases , email servers , and network servers . Information worker software are designed for workers at the departmental level . Examples include time management , resource management , analytical , collaborative and documentation tools . Word processors , spreadsheets , email and blog clients , personal information system , and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks . Media development software generates print and electronic media for others to consume , most often in a commercial or educational setting . These produce graphics , publications , animations , and videos . Product engineering software is used to help develop large machines and other application software . Examples includes computer - aided design ( CAD ) , computer - aided engineering ( CAE ) , and integrated development environments . Entertainment Software can refer to video games , movie recorders and players , and music recorders and players . Utility programs ( edit ) Utility programs are application programs designed to aid system administrators and computer programmers . Operating system ( edit ) See also : Operating system An operating system is a computer program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware . In the 1950s , the programmer , who was also the operator , would write a program and run it . After the program finished executing , the output may have been printed , or it may have been punched onto paper tape or cards for later processing . More often than not the program did not work . The programmer then looked at the console lights and fiddled with the console switches . If less fortunate , a memory printout was made for further study . In the 1960s , programmers reduced the amount of wasted time by automating the operator 's job . A program called an operating system was kept in the computer at all times . Originally , operating systems were programmed in assembly ; however , modern operating systems are typically written in C . Boot program ( edit ) A stored - program computer requires an initial computer program stored in its read - only memory to boot . The boot process is to identify and initialize all aspects of the system , from processor registers to device controllers to memory contents . Following the initialization process , this initial computer program loads the operating system and sets the program counter to begin normal operations . Embedded programs ( edit ) The microcontroller on the right of this USB flash drive is controlled with embedded firmware . Independent of the host computer , a hardware device might have embedded firmware to control its operation . Firmware is used when the computer program is rarely or never expected to change , or when the program must not be lost when the power is off . Microcode programs ( edit ) Main article : Microcode Microcode programs control some central processing units and some other hardware . This code moves data between the registers , buses , arithmetic logic units , and other functional units in the CPU . Unlike conventional programs , microcode is not usually written by , or even visible to , the end users of systems , and is usually provided by the manufacturer , and is considered internal to the device . See also ( edit ) Automatic programming Firmware Killer application Software Software bug References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rochkind , Marc J. ( 2004 ) . Advanced Unix Programming , Second Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 1.1. 2 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Scott ( 1999 ) . ENIAC -- The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World 's First Computer . Walker and Company . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1348 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bromley , Allan G. ( 1998 ) . `` Charles Babbage 's Analytical Engine , 1838 '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 20 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Tanenbaum , Andrew S. ( 1990 ) . Structured Computer Organization , Third Edition . Prentice Hall . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 854662 - 2 . Jump up ^ J. Fuegi ; J. Francis ( October -- December 2003 ) , `` Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 ' notes ' '' , Annals of the History of Computing , 25 ( 4 ) : 16 , 19 , 25 , doi : 10.1109 / MAHC. 2003.1253887 Jump up ^ Rosen , Kenneth H. ( 1991 ) . Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications . McGraw - Hill , Inc. p. 654 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 053744 - 5 . Jump up ^ Linz , Peter ( 1990 ) . An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata . D.C. Heath and Company . p. 234 . ISBN 0 - 669 - 17342 - 8 . Jump up ^ Davis , Martin ( 2000 ) , Engines of Logic : Mathematicians and the origin of the Computer ( 1st ed . ) , New York NY : W.W. Norton & Company , ISBN 0 - 393 - 32229 - 7 , ( pb . ) Jump up ^ `` History of Computing '' . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Scott ( 1999 ) . ENIAC -- The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World 's First Computer . Walker and Company . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1348 - 3 . Jump up ^ Enticknap , Nicholas ( Summer 1998 ) , `` Computing 's Golden Jubilee '' , Resurrection , The Computer Conservation Society ( 20 ) , ISSN 0958 - 7403 , retrieved 19 April 2008 ^ Jump up to : Silberschatz , Abraham ( 1994 ) . Operating System Concepts , Fourth Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 50480 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tanenbaum , Andrew S. ( 1990 ) . Structured Computer Organization , Third Edition . Prentice Hall . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 854662 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tanenbaum , Andrew S. ( 1990 ) . Structured Computer Organization , Third Edition . Prentice Hall . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 854662 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Leslie B. ( 1993 ) . Comparative Programming Languages , Second Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 56885 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Leslie B. ( 1993 ) . Comparative Programming Languages , Second Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 213 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 56885 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Leslie B. ( 1993 ) . Comparative Programming Languages , Second Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 56885 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Compiler ? '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Silberschatz , Abraham ( 1994 ) . Operating System Concepts , Fourth Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 50480 - 4 . Jump up ^ Silberschatz , Abraham ( 1994 ) . Operating System Concepts , Fourth Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 50480 - 4 . Jump up ^ Akhter , Shameem ( 2006 ) . Multi-Core Programming . Richard Bowles ( Intel Press ) . pp. 11 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 9764832 - 4 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Silberschatz , Abraham ( 1994 ) . Operating System Concepts , Fourth Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 50480 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Tanenbaum , Andrew S. ( 1990 ) . Structured Computer Organization , Third Edition . Prentice Hall . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 854662 - 2 . Jump up ^ Silberschatz , Abraham ( 1994 ) . Operating System Concepts , Fourth Edition . Addison - Wesley . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 50480 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Knuth , Donald E. ( 1997 ) . The Art of Computer Programming , Volume 1 , 3rd Edition . Boston : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 89683 - 4 . Knuth , Donald E. ( 1997 ) . The Art of Computer Programming , Volume 2 , 3rd Edition . Boston : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 89684 - 2 . Knuth , Donald E. ( 1997 ) . The Art of Computer Programming , Volume 3 , 3rd Edition . Boston : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 89685 - 0 . LCCN : sh85029524 GND : 4047394 - 6 BNE : XX526558 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_program&oldid=828117240 '' Categories : Computer programming Software Mathematical and quantitative methods ( economics ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with example Java code Articles with example C code Articles with example C Sharp code Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch La . lojban . 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written coded commands that tell the computer what task to perform is the definition of
[ "A computer program is a collection of instructions[1] that performs a specific task when executed by a computer. A computer requires programs to function." ]
[ "A computer program" ]
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Johnston (typeface)
Johnston ( typeface ) - wikipedia Johnston ( typeface ) Jump to : navigation , search Johnston Sans - serif Classification Humanist Designer ( s ) Edward Johnston Date created 1916 Variations New Johnston Johnston Delf Smith Johnston 100 P22 Underground ITC Johnston Also known as Underground , Johnston 's Railway Type A London Underground map of the Heathrow Airport loop and Terminal 5 stub on the Piccadilly line with text in the New Johnston typeface . Johnston printing blocks . Johnston ( or Johnston Sans ) is a sans - serif typeface designed by and named after Edward Johnston . The typeface was commissioned in 1913 by Frank Pick , commercial manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( also known as ' The Underground Group ' ) , as part of his plan to strengthen the company 's corporate identity . Johnston was originally created for printing ( with a planned height of 1 inch or 2.5 cm ) , but it rapidly became used for the enamel station signs of the Underground system as well . It has been the corporate font of public transport in London since the foundation of the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933 , and of predecessor companies since its introduction in 1916 , making its use one of the world 's longest - lasting examples of corporate branding . It remains a copyrighted property of the LPTB 's successor , Transport for London . Johnston 's work originated the genre of the humanist sans - serif typeface , typefaces that are sans - serif but take inspiration from traditional serif fonts and Roman inscriptions . His student Eric Gill , who worked on the development of the typeface , later used it as a model for his own Gill Sans , released from 1928 . As Johnston , a corporate font , was until recently not available for public licensing , Gill Sans would become used much more widely . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 History 2.1 New Johnston 2.2 Johnston Delf Smith 2.3 Johnston 100 3 Digitisations 3.1 ITC Johnston 3.2 P22 Underground 3.3 Railway Sans 3.4 Paddington 4 Usages 5 Similar fonts 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Johnston Delf Smith 10.2 New Johnston 10.3 ITC Johnston 10.4 P22 10.5 Open - source digitisation Features ( edit ) The lettering on the Column of Trajan . Respected by Arts and Crafts artisans as among the best ever drawn , many signs and engravings created with an intentionally artistic design in the early twentieth century in Britain are based on them . A drawing and photographed carving of the Trajan capitals by Johnston 's pupil Eric Gill . Johnston considered a lower - case ' q ' in the capital form , a design seen in some calligraphy . The capitals of the typeface are based on Roman square capitals such as those on the Column of Trajan , and the lower - case on traditional serif fonts . Johnston greatly admired Roman capitals , writing that they `` held the supreme place among letters for readableness and beauty . They are the best forms for the grandest and most important inscriptions . '' Justin Howes , author of the leading work on the Johnston Sans design , Johnston 's Underground Type , has highlighted the similarity of the design to the eighteenth - century Caslon type designed by William Caslon in particular , noting that Johnston had worked on a book printed using this typeface shortly before starting work on his design and reproduced their structure in a textbook . Johnston 's alphabet marked a break with the kinds of sans serif then popular , now normally known as grotesques , which tended to have squarer shapes inspired by signpainting and Didone type of the period . Some aspects of the alphabet are geometric : the letter O is a nearly perfect circle and the ' M ' , unlike Roman capitals ( but like Caslon ) straight - sided . As with most serif fonts , the ' g ' is a ' two - story ' design . The ' l ' copies the curl of the ' t ' and produces a rather wide letter compared to most sans - serif fonts . The lower case i and j have diagonally - placed square dots or tittles , a motif that in some digitisations is repeated in the full stop , commas , apostrophes and other punctuation marks . Johnston 's design process considered a variety of eccentricities , such as a capital - form ' q ' in the lower - case and a single - story ' a ' like that later seen on Futura , before ultimately discarding them in favour of a clean , simplified design . However , many early versions of Johnston 's `` alphabet '' included a Garamond - style W formed of two crossed ' V 's , and some early renderings as hand - lettering showed variation . Unlike many sans - serifs of the period , Johnston 's design ( while not slender ) is not particularly bold . Gill would later write of his admiration for how Johnston had `` redeemed '' the sans - serif from its `` nineteenth - century corruption '' of extreme boldness . Vincent Figgins ' nineteenth - century sans - serif capitals . Compared to many such aggressive ultra-bold and condensed typefaces , Johnston 's design had relatively even and conventional proportions of capitals and lower - case . As an alphabet intended for signage , Johnston was designed without any italics . Any italic design seen is therefore an invention of a later designer , intended to match Johnston 's design . Different designers have chosen different approaches to achieve this : some offering a ' true ' italic , others an oblique in which the letters are simply slanted , and some declining to offer one , perhaps concluding that an italic is inappropriate to the purpose of the original design . History ( edit ) Signs using Johnston , in the London Transport Museum Acton archive . Johnston had become interested in sans - serif letters some years before the commission : although best known as a calligrapher , he had written and worked also on custom lettering , and in his 1906 textbook Writing and Illuminating and Lettering had noted `` It is quite possible to make a beautiful and characteristic alphabet of equal - stroke letters , on the lines of the so - called ' block letter ' ( the sans - serif letters of contemporary trade ) but properly proportioned and finished . '' He had also written in spring 1913 that new books should `` bear some living mark of the time in which we live . '' Johnston had previously unsuccessfully attempted to enter type design , a trade which at the time normally made designs in - house . Howes wrote that Johnston 's font was `` the first typeface to have been designed for day - to - day use by a leading artist - craftsman . '' Pick specified to Johnston that he wanted a typeface that would ensure that the Underground Group 's posters would not be mistaken for advertisements ; it should have `` the bold simplicity of the authentic lettering of the finest periods '' and belong `` unmistakably to the twentieth century '' . Pick considered a sans - serif best suited to transport use , concluding that the Column of Trajan capitals were not suited to reproduction on flat surfaces . In 1933 , The Underground Group was absorbed by the London Passenger Transport Board and the typeface was adopted as part of the London Transport brand . As early as 1937 , the LPTB mentioned it as a package promoting the system 's billboards to advertisers as an example of its commitment to stylish design , along with its commission of art from Feliks Topolski . Johnston 's drawings survive in the Victoria and Albert Museum . Johnston 's original design came with two weights , ordinary and bold , and condensed letters for uses such as the sides of buses . Heavy does not contain lower - case letters . Johnston also worked on other lettering and branding for the Underground system , most famously the ' bar and circle ' roundel that the Underground continues to use ( refined from earlier designs where the roundel was solid red ) . The font family was called a variety of names in its early years , such as Underground or Johnston 's Railway Type , before later being generally called simply Johnston . ( A similar problem exists with Gill Sans , which was at first often referred to by other names such as its order number , Series 238 , Gill Sans - serif , or Monotype Sans - serif . ) New Johnston ( edit ) A modern sign at Leytonstone station , using Johnston . Vintage sign , from before the Johnston typeface was standardised , at West Brompton station . Johnston was originally printed using wood type for large signs and metal type for print . ( London Transport often did not use Johnston for general small printing , with many documents such as bus timetables using other typefaces such as Gill Sans ) . By the 1970s , as cold type was becoming the norm for printing , Johnston had become difficult for printers to use . Signs and posters of the period started to use other , more easily sourced typefaces such as Helvetica , Univers and News Gothic . To maintain London Transport 's old corporate identity , Johnston was rendered into cold type . Rather than simply producing a phototype of the original design , Johnston was redesigned in 1979 by Eiichi Kono at Banks & Miles to produce New Johnston . The new family comes in eight members : Light , Medium , Bold weights with corresponding Italics , Medium Condensed and Bold Condensed ( the old family had only two weights : Regular and Bold , and the latter had no lowercase letters ) . After all precisely hand - drawn letters ( nearly 1,000 ) were completed and sent to AlphaType for digitisation in the USA in 1981 -- 82 , New Johnston finally became ready for Linotron photo - typesetting machine , and first appeared in London 's Underground stations in 1983 . It is the official typeface exclusively used by Transport for London and The Mayor of London ever since . Johnston Sans , Old and New comparison . The New Johnston Medium as the new standard is slightly heavier or bolder than the original Johnston Regular ( or sometimes confusingly called Medium ) and lighter than the original Bold , and has a larger x-height , made suitable for main text setting as well as large display sizes . The average x-height of the New Johnston is roughly 7 % larger than the original as the limit for keeping the original Johnston flavour , which was fundamental . The larger x-height allowed larger counters , and type size ( size of x-height in particular ) and weight are reciprocal factors for legibility , but enlarging x-height can affect style and appearance . Since the original Johnston weights , Regular and Bold , were maintained as closely as possible , inevitably New Johnston Medium appears very close to Light and Bold . This is the whole point of this particular solution because New Johnston Medium works as the one - fits - all standard font for virtually every application from large type sizes for posters and signs to minute type sizes for pocket map maintaining much improved legibility . Punctuation marks are matched the diamond tittle , differing from Johnston 's original design , enhancing the identity of London Transport . In 1990 -- 1992 Banks and Miles , in partnership with Signus Limited digitised the first PostScript Type 1 fonts for the then London Transport under the auspices of the corporate design manager , Roger Hughes . Hughes and Jeremy Rewse - Davies , LT 's design director , also commissioned New Johnston Book , a special weight with distinctive modifications to allow better representation on low - resolution laser printers . The New Johnston Book weight was designed specifically for high volume publications and its usage was intended to be restricted to sizes below 12pt . In 2002 the typeface was digitised on behalf of Transport for London by Agfa Monotype Corporation , with the addition of two further weights , Book and Book Bold , as well as corresponding italic variants . The revised font family -- not commercially available -- is known as ' New Johnston TfL ' . In the early stages of digitisation , there was the chronic problem in letter - spacing , which seems to be solved more or less by now . A further change occurred in 2008 when Transport for London removed the serif from the numeral ' 1 ' and also altered the ' 4 ' , in both cases reverting these to their original appearance . New Johnston 's numerals are originally designed to fit for setting tabular matters , which was requested by TfL . As a proprietary typeface ( one of the first ever ) , Johnston did not become commercially available in metal type . However , capitalising on the popularity of the design style after Gill Sans had become popular , the typefounders Stephenson Blake , who cast the Johnston metal type , created a similar but not identical design , Granby for sale . According to Mike Ashworth of Transport for London , London Transport itself made some use of Granby by the 1960s due to the limited availability of Johnston metal type . It also used Gill Sans for printed ephemera , such as timetables . Johnston Delf Smith ( edit ) The wedge - serif variation of the font , as seen at Sudbury Town tube station . This variant was commissioned by Frank Pick as a wedge - serif variation of the organisation 's standard sans - serif Johnston face and was designed by Percy Delf Smith , a former pupil of Edward Johnston ; Johnston had considered a wedge - serif design during the early stages of the commission . The typeface was originally used for the headquarters building at 55 Broadway , SW1 , and some early 1930s Underground stations . It can still be seen on some signs at Sudbury Town and Arnos Grove on the Piccadilly line . In early 2007 , a digitisation of the typeface was developed by Transport for London under the name Johnston Delf Smith for its own use on historic signs . It remains the property of TfL . Designer Matthieu Cortat has released an unrelated implementation of the design commercially , under the name Petit Serif . Johnston 100 ( edit ) Part of the new poster using Johnston 100 font in Baker Street tube station , characterised by the diagonal bowl on the lowercase ' g ' and the new ' Light ' weight . A new version , known as Johnston 100 , was commissioned by Transport for London from Monotype in 2016 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the introduction of the typeface . It includes two new weights , ' Hairline ' and ' Thin ' , for digital use , as well as symbols such as the hash character # . Several characters have been changed , such as the restoration of the diagonal bowl on the lowercase ' g ' which was lost in New Johnston . The font is designed to reflect Johnston 's original intentions , and to be closer to the original version of the Johnston typeface . Digitisations ( edit ) An early sign for Tufnell Park station , not using Johnston . Several digitisations of the Johnston type exist . ITC Johnston ( edit ) International Typeface Corporation released a variant in 1999 called ITC Johnston . It originally included three font weights like New Johnston , however it does not include the hooked 1 and uses side - pointed 4 . In November 2002 , the typeface was rereleased in OpenType format , which also expanded the font family to include italic fonts ( resembling those of Gill Sans ) in all weights . OpenType features include alternates , case forms , small caps ( romans only ) , old style figure . Separate small caps ( romans only ) and old style figure faces were also released for each weight in TrueType and PostScript formats , for a total of fifteen typefaces . P22 Underground ( edit ) In 1997 , London Transport Museum licensed the original Johnston typeface exclusively to P22 Type Foundry , available commercially , first under the name of Johnston Underground and then in an expanded version called Underground Pro . P22 's design is not based on New Johnston , having principally the goal of digitising and expanding on the original Johnston designs . London 2012 wayfinding signage at Glasgow Central railway station . The full Underground Pro Set contains nineteen Pro OpenType fonts and 58 Basic OpenType fonts , covering extended Latin , Greek , Cyrillic character sets . Weights are expanded to six : Thin , Light , Book , Medium , Demi , Heavy . Underground , Underground CY , Underground GR support extended Latin , Cyrillic , Greek characters respectively . The Latin sub-family contains medium weight Titling fonts , which feature underscored and / or overscored Latin small letters . Pro fonts include extensive OpenType features , including eleven stylistic sets with stylistic alternates inspired by early signs , Johnston 's calligraphy and draft designs for Johnton and geometric sans designs such as Futura . Following the lead of Johnston 's original , P22 decided not to offer an italic . The original Johnston Underground digitisation included Regular , Bold , and Extras weights , with the Extra containing only ornamental symbols . Railway sans ( edit ) An open - source interpretation of Johnston 's original by Justin Howes and Greg Fleming . Intended for non-commercial use , including a number of alternate glyphs such as a Garamond - inspired W ( used on old signs at West Brompton station ) , ligatures and a characteristic arrow design . Paddington ( edit ) A basic public domain digitisation by Stephen Moye , including an italic and bold designs . Usages ( edit ) Its use has included the Tube map ( sometimes hand - lettered ) , nameplates and general station signing , as well as much of the printed material issued by the Underground Group and its successors ; also by the nationalised British Road Services in the immediate post-war era . It was also used for wayfinding signs at the London 2012 Summer Olympics and Summer Paralympics , including venues outside London . It is also used in the overlays of the BBC TV show Sherlock . New Johnston is used for signage in the fictional Princeton -- Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in the Fox TV show House , although in later seasons the similar font Gill Sans was used , most noticeably on Wilson 's door during season 8 . It is also used in the way finding signage at Westfield London . Johnston ( upper ) and Gill Sans ( lower ) , showing some of the most distinctive differences between these similar typefaces . Similar fonts ( edit ) Hammersmith One , an open source font Gill Sans Toronto Subway See also ( edit ) Public signage typefaces Rail Alphabet -- the 1960s British Rail replacement for Johnston and Gill sans NR Brunel - the Network Rail replacement for Rail Alphabet Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Several of these have been included as stylistic alternates in the P22 digitisation , described below . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Green , Oliver ; Rewse - Davies , Jeremy ( 1995 ) . Designed for London : 150 years of transport design . London : Laurence King . pp. 81 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 85669 - 064 - 4 . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . pp. 36 -- 44 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Copyright and Licensing '' . London Transport Museum . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Font Designer -- Edward Johnston '' . Linotype GmbH . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nash , John . `` In Defence of the Roman Letter '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Edward Johnston Foundation . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tam , Keith ( 2002 ) . Calligraphic tendencies in the development of sanserif types in the twentieth century ( PDF ) . Reading : University of Reading ( MA thesis ) . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Walter ( January 2003 ) . Letters of Credit : A View of Type Design . D.R. Godine . pp. 56 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56792 - 240 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Coles , Stephen . `` London Transport ad : Edward Johnston '' . Fonts in Use . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . pp. 30 , 35 , 39 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` P22 Johnston specimen '' ( PDF ) . P22 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Shewring , Walter , ed. ( 1948 ) . The Letters of Eric Gill . Devin - Adair . pp. 435 -- 8 . As perhaps you know , I was a pupil of Edward Johnston and was living almost next door to him when he was designing the LPTB sans - serif . It was a revolutionary thing and as you know , it redeemed the whole business of sans - serif from its nineteenth - century corruption . It was not until 1927 that I was asked by the Monotype Corporation to do a sans - serif for them . Jump up ^ Monotype ( 2017 ) . `` ITC Johnston '' . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P22 Underground pdf specimen '' . P22 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Edward ( 1906 ) . Writing & Illuminating & Lettering . Macmillan . pp. 384 , 391 . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . pp. 8 , 20 -- 21 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barman , Christian ( 1979 ) . The Man Who Built London Transport : A Biography of Frank Pick . David & Charles . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 7753 - 1 . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . pp. 25 -- 29 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . pp. 51 -- 56 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lew , David . `` No Smoking sign in Helvetica '' . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Coles , Stephen . `` Questioning Gill Sans '' . Typographica . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sense of Place '' . Eye magazine . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Archer , Ben . `` Eric Gill got it wrong ; a re-evaluation of Gill Sans '' . Typotheque . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . pp. 73 -- 78 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ashworth , Mike . `` Stephenson Blake of Sheffield , `` Granby '' typeface page from catalogue , c1960 `` . Flickr . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Badsey - Ellis , Antony . Underground Heritage . Capital Transport . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85414 - 360 - 0 . Jump up ^ Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald , Middlesex : Capital Transport . p. 29 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Johnston Delf Smith '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Cortat , Matthieu . `` Petit Serif '' . MyFonts . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Matters , Transport for London Every Journey . `` A century of type '' . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Johnston100 , the language of London '' . 2017 . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Gavin . `` P22 's Johnston Underground fonts '' . Creative Review . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston 's ' Railway ' Sans . Jump up ^ Fleming , Greg . `` Railway Sans ( OpenType release ) '' . Github . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great roundels of the DISTRICT line '' . Diamond Geezer blog . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lost + Found Fonts '' . TypOasis . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Devroye , Luc . `` Stephen G. Moye '' . Type Design Information . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 : the look of the Games '' . CreativeReview. 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weymouth and Portland Olympic sailing venue '' . 6 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Further Reading ( edit ) Howes , Justin ( 2000 ) . Johnston 's Underground Type . Harrow Weald : Capital Transport . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 231 - 3 . Banks , Colin ( 1994 ) . London 's Handwriting : the development of Edward Johnston 's Underground railway block - letter . London Transport Museum . ISBN 1 - 85476 - 098 - X . Ovenden , Mark ( 2013 ) . London Underground by Design . Particular Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 417 - 2 . Garfield , Simon . Just My Type : A Book about Fonts . Profile Books ( 2010 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 301 - 5 . Ovenden , Mark ( 2016 ) . Johnston and Gill : Very British Types . Lund Humphries . ISBN 978 - 184822 - 176 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Transport for London -- Font requests London Transport Museum page on Johnston Sans ( via web archive ) London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Example of Johnston font used on an information sign Example of condensed form Johnston font used on a bus blind A Typeface for the Underground , London Reconnections , 18 September 2009 Johnston Sans I.M. Imprimit edition of proofs from the metal type London Transport Museum Acton -- contains London Underground 's main poster and signage archives Johnston Delf Smith ( edit ) London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Example of platform sign at Sudbury Town using the font TfL Fonts New Johnston ( edit ) Eiichi Kono , New Johnston from Pen to Printer , Edward Johnston Foundation , 2003 ITC Johnston ( edit ) Identifont page for ITC Johnston ITC Johnston Font Family -- by Richard Dawson , Dave Farey What 's Hot From ITC : November 2002 What 's New From ITC : March 2009 P22 ( edit ) P22 Underground Pro P22 Releases Underground Pro Open - source digitisation ( edit ) Railway Sans ( Fleming & Howes digitisation ) Paddington Sans Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnston_(typeface)&oldid=802367897 '' Categories : Government typefaces Corporate typefaces Humanist sans - serif typefaces London Underground Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1913 Transport design in London Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use British English from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 18 : 47 . 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what font is used for london underground signs
[ "Johnston (or Johnston Sans) is a sans-serif typeface designed by and named after Edward Johnston. The typeface was commissioned in 1913 by Frank Pick, commercial manager of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (also known as 'The Underground Group'), as part of his plan to strengthen the company's corporate identity.[1] Johnston was originally created for printing (with a planned height of 1 inch or 2.5 cm), but it rapidly became used for the enamel station signs of the Underground system as well.[2]" ]
[ "Johnston (or Johnston Sans)" ]
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Berlin Conference
Berlin Conference - wikipedia Berlin Conference Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Berlin Conference ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The conference of Berlin The Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 85 , also known as the Congo Conference ( German : Kongokonferenz ) or West Africa Conference ( Westafrika - Konferenz ) , regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany 's sudden emergence as an imperial power . The conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck , first Chancellor of Germany ; its outcome , the General Act of the Berlin Conference , can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa . The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers , which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self - governance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history of the Berlin Conference 2 Conference 3 General Act 3.1 Principle of Effective Occupation 4 Agenda 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 References 8 Citations 9 Further reading 10 External links Early History of the Berlin Conference ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Before the conference , European diplomacy treated African indigenous people in the same manner as the New World natives , forming trading relationships with the indigenous chiefs . In the early 1800s the search for ivory , which was then often used in the production of luxurious products , led many white traders further into the interior of Africa . By 1870 , the momentum of European intervention with Africa quickly increased , which can be seen as The Conquest of Africa . With the exception of trading posts along the coasts , the continent was essentially ignored . In 1876 , King Leopold II of Belgium , who had previously founded the International African Society that same year , invited Henry Morton Stanley to join him in researching and ' civilising ' the continent . In 1878 , the International Congo Society was also formed , with more economic goals , but still closely related to the former society . Léopold secretly bought off the foreign investors in the Congo Society , which was turned to imperialistic goals , with the African Society serving primarily as a philanthropic front . From 1878 to 1885 , Stanley returned to the Congo , not as a reporter but as an envoy from Léopold with the secret mission to organize what would become known as the Congo Free State . French intelligence had discovered Leopold 's plans , and France quickly engaged in its own colonial exploration . In 1881 , French naval officer Pierre de Brazza was dispatched to central Africa , traveled into the western Congo basin , and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville , in what is currently the Republic of Congo . Finally , Portugal , which already had a long , but essentially abandoned colonial Empire in the area through the mostly defunct proxy state Kongo Empire , also claimed the area . Its claims were based on old treaties with Spain and the Roman Catholic Church . It quickly made a treaty on 26 February 1884 with its former ally , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , to block off the Congo Society 's access to the Atlantic . By the early 1880s , due to many factors including diplomatic maneuvers , subsequent colonial exploration , and recognition of Africa 's abundance of valuable resources such as gold , timber , land , and markets , European interest in the continent had increased dramatically . Stanley 's charting of the Congo River Basin ( 1874 -- 77 ) removed the last terra incognita from European maps of the continent , and delineating the areas of British , Portuguese , French , and Belgian control . The powers raced to push these rough boundaries to their furthest limits and eliminate any potential local minor powers which might prove troublesome to European competitive diplomacy . France moved to take over Tunisia , one of the last of the Barbary Pirate states , under the pretext of another piracy incident . French claims by Pierre de Brazza were quickly solidified with French taking control of today 's Republic of the Congo in 1881 and Guinea in 1884 . Italy became part of the Triple Alliance , upsetting Bismarck 's carefully laid plans with the state and forcing Germany to become involved in Africa . In 1882 , realizing the geopolitical extent of Portuguese control on the coasts , but seeing penetration by France eastward across Central Africa toward Ethiopia , the Nile , and the Suez Canal , Britain saw its vital trade route through Egypt and its Indian Empire threatened . Under the pretext of the collapsed Egyptian financing and a subsequent riot , in which hundreds of Europeans and British subjects were murdered or injured , the United Kingdom intervened in nominally Ottoman Egypt . Through it , the UK also ruled over the Sudan and what would later become British Somaliland . Conference ( edit ) Owing to the European race for colonies , Germany started launching expeditions of its own , which frightened both British and French statesmen . Hoping to quickly soothe this brewing conflict , King Leopold II convinced France and Germany that common trade in Africa was in the best interests of all three countries . Under support from the British and the initiative of Portugal , Otto von Bismarck , German Chancellor , called on representatives of 13 nations in Europe as well as the United States to take part in the Berlin Conference in 1884 to work out joint policy on the African continent . The conference was opened on November 15 , 1884 and continued till its closure on 26 February 1885 . Whilst the number of plenipotentiaries varied per nation , the following 14 countries did send representatives to attend the Berlin Conference and sign the subsequent Berlin Act : Austria - Hungary Belgium Denmark France German Empire Italy Netherlands Ottoman Empire Portugal Russian Empire Spain Sweden - Norway United Kingdom United States -- though the United States reserved the right to decline or to accept the conclusions of the Conference . The conference was convened on Saturday , November 15 , 1884 , at Bismarck 's official residence on Wilhelmstrasse ( site of the Congress of Berlin six years earlier ) . Bismarck accepted the chairmanship . The British representative was Sir Edward Malet ( Ambassador to the German Empire ) . Henry Morton Stanley attended as a U.S. delegate . General Act ( edit ) The General Act fixed the following points : To gain public acceptance , the conference resolved to end slavery by African and Islamic powers . Thus , an international prohibition of the slave trade throughout their respected spheres was signed by the European members . Because of this point the writer Joseph Conrad sarcastically referred to the conference as `` the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs '' in his novella Heart of Darkness . The Congo Free State was confirmed as the private property of the Congo Society , which supported Leopold 's promises to keep the country open to all European investment . The territory of today 's Democratic Republic of the Congo , some two million square kilometers , was confirmed by the European powers as essentially the property of Léopold II ( but later it was organized as a Belgian colony under state administration ) . The 14 signatory powers would have free trade throughout the Congo Basin as well as Lake Malawi , and east of this in an area south of 5 ° N . The Niger and Congo rivers were made free for ship traffic . A Principle of Effectivity ( based on `` effective occupation '' , see below ) was introduced to stop powers setting up colonies in name only . Any fresh act of taking possession of any portion of the African coast would have to be notified by the power taking possession , or assuming a protectorate , to the other signatory powers . Definition of regions in which each European power had an exclusive right to pursue the legal ownership of land The first reference in an international act to the obligations attaching to `` spheres of influence '' is contained in the Berlin Act . Principle of effective occupation ( edit ) The principle of effective occupation stated that powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they possessed them or had `` effective occupation '' : in other words , if they had treaties with local leaders , if they flew their flag there , and if they established an administration in the territory to govern it with a police force to keep order . The colonial power could also make use of the colony economically . This principle became important not only as a basis for the European powers to acquire territorial sovereignty in Africa , but also for determining the limits of their respective overseas possessions , as effective occupation served in some instances as a criterion for settling disputes over the boundaries between colonies . But , as the Berlin Act was limited in its scope to the lands that fronted on the African coast , European powers in numerous instances later claimed rights over lands in the interior without demonstrating the requirement of effective occupation , as articulated in Article 35 of the Final Act . At the Berlin Conference of 1885 , the scope of the Principle of Effective Occupation was heavily contested between Germany and France . The Germans , who were new to the continent of Africa , essentially believed that as far as the extension of power in Africa was concerned , no colonial power should have any legal right to a territory , unless the state exercised strong and effective political control , and if so , only for a limited period of time , essentially an occupational force only . However , Britain 's view was that Germany was a latecomer to the continent , and was assumptively unlikely to gain any new possessions , apart from already occupied territories , which were swiftly proving to be more valuable than British - occupied territories . Given that logic , it was generally assumed by Britain and France that Germany had an interest in embarrassing the other European powers on the continent and forcing them to give up their possessions if they could not muster a strong political presence . On the other side , the United Kingdom ( UK ) had large territorial control on the continent and wanted to keep them while minimising its responsibilities and administrative costs . In the end , the British view prevailed . The disinclination to rule what the Europeans had conquered is apparent throughout the protocols of the Berlin Conference , but especially in `` The Principle of Effective Occupation . '' In line with Germany and Britain 's opposing views , the powers finally agreed that this could be established by a European power establishing some kind of base on the coast , from which it was free to expand into the interior . The Europeans did not believe that the rules of occupation demanded European hegemony on the ground . The Belgians originally wanted to include that `` effective occupation '' required provisions that `` cause peace to be administered '' , but other powers , specifically Britain and France , had that amendment struck out of the final document . This principle , along with others that were written at the Conference allowed the Europeans to conquer Africa while doing as little as possible to administer or control it . The Principle of Effective Occupation did not apply so much to the hinterlands of Africa at the time of the conference . This gave rise to `` hinterland theory , '' which basically gave any colonial power with coastal territory the right to claim political influence over an indefinite amount of inland territory . Since Africa was irregularly shaped , this theory caused problems and was later rejected . Agenda ( edit ) Portugal -- Britain : The Portuguese government presented a project , known as the `` Pink Map '' ( also called the `` Rose - Colored Map '' ) , in which the colonies of Angola and Mozambique were united by co-option of the intervening territory ( land that later became Zambia , Zimbabwe , and Malawi . ) All of the countries attending the conference , except for the United Kingdom , endorsed Portugal 's ambitions . A little more than five years later , in 1890 , the British government , in breach of the Treaty of Windsor ( and of the Treaty of Berlin itself ) , issued an ultimatum demanding that the Portuguese withdraw from the disputed area . France -- Britain : A line running from Say in Niger to Maroua , on the north - east coast of Lake Chad determined what part belonged to whom . France would own territory to the north of this line , and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it . The Nile Basin would be British , with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad . Furthermore , between the 11th and 15th degrees latitude , the border would pass between Ouaddaï , which would be French , and Darfur in Sudan , to be British . In reality , a no man 's land 200 kilometres wide was put in place between the 21st and 23rd meridians . France -- Germany : The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of the 14th meridian and Miltou was designated French , that to the south being German . Britain -- Germany : The separation came in the form of a line passing through Yola , on the Benoué , Dikoa , going up to the extremity of Lake Chad . France -- Italy : Italy was to own what lies north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and the 17th meridian to the intersection of the 15th parallel and 21st meridian . Consequences ( edit ) European claims in Africa , 1913 . Modern - day boundaries , largely a legacy of the colonial era , are shown . Belgium Germany Spain France Britain Italy Portugal Independent The conference provided an opportunity to channel latent European hostilities towards one another outward , provide new areas for helping the European powers expand in the face of rising American , Russian , and Japanese interests , and form constructive dialogue for limiting future hostilities . For Africans , colonialism was introduced across nearly all the continent . When African independence was regained after World War II , it was in the form of fragmented states . The Scramble for Africa sped up after the Conference , since even within areas designated as their sphere of influence , the European powers still had to take possession under the Principle of Effectivity . In central Africa in particular , expeditions were dispatched to coerce traditional rulers into signing treaties , using force if necessary , as for example in the case of Msiri , King of Katanga , in 1891 . Bedouin and Berber ruled states in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara were overrun by the French in several wars by the beginning of World War I . The British moved up from South Africa and down from Egypt conquering states such as the Mahdist State and the Sultanate of Zanzibar and , having already defeated the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa , in 1879 , moving on to subdue and dismantle the independent Boer republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State . Within a few years , Africa was at least nominally divided up south of the Sahara . By 1895 , the only independent states were : Morocco , involved in colonial conflicts with Spain and France , who conquered the nation in the 20th century . Liberia , founded with the support of the United States for returned slaves Ethiopian Empire , the only free native state , which fended off Italian invasion from Eritrea in what is known as the First Italo - Abyssinian War of 1889 -- 1896 but was later defeated in 1936 during the Second Italo - Ethiopian War Majeerteen Sultanate , founded in the early 18th century ; it was annexed by Italy in the 20th century Sultanate of Hobyo , carved out of the former Majeerteen Sultanate , which ruled northern Somalia until the 20th century , when it was conquered by Italy . The following states lost their independence to the British Empire roughly a decade after ( see below for more information ) : Orange Free State , a Boer republic founded by Dutch settlers South African Republic ( Transvaal ) , also a Boer republic By 1902 , 90 % of all the land that makes up Africa was under European control . The large part of the Sahara was French , while after the quelling of the Mahdi rebellion and the ending of the Fashoda crisis , the Sudan remained firmly under joint British -- Egyptian rulership with Egypt being under British occupation before becoming a British protectorate in 1914 . The Boer republics were conquered by the United Kingdom in the Boer war from 1899 to 1902 . Morocco was divided between the French and Spanish in 1911 , and Libya was conquered by Italy in 1912 . The official British annexation of Egypt in 1914 ended the colonial division of Africa . See also ( edit ) Brussels Conference Act of 1890 Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Berlin West Africa Conference '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Ajala , Adekunle ( 1983 ) , `` The Nature of African Boundaries '' , Africa Spectrum , Institute of African Affairs at GIGA , Hamburg , 18 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 189 , JSTOR 40174114 , Kwame Nkrumah once made the point that the Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 85 was responsible for , `` the old carve - up of Africa '' . Other writers have also laid the blame for `` the partition of Africa '' on the doors of the Berlin Conference . But William Roger Louis holds a contrary view , although he conceded that `` the Berlin Act did have a relevance to the course of the partition '' of Africa . ^ Jump up to : `` Student Resources in Context - Document '' . ic.galegroup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt . `` The Berlin Conference : Where a Continent Was Colonized '' . ThoughtCo . ThoughtCo . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ 140.112. 142.79 / publish / pdfs / 22 / 22_08. pdf Jump up ^ http://lril.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/31.full ^ Jump up to : Louis , Wm . Roger . Ends of British Imperialism : The Scramble for Empire , Suez , and Decolonization . I.B. Tauris , May , 2007 Jump up ^ David , Saul . `` BBC - History - British History in depth : Slavery and the ' Scramble for Africa ' '' . www.bbc.co.uk/history . BBC . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven , M. ( 1 March 2015 ) . `` Between law and history : the Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885 and the logic of free trade '' . London Review of International Law . Oxford University Press . pp. 31 -- 59 . doi : 10.1093 / lril / lrv002 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Context : Heart of Darkness . '' EXPLORING Novels , Online Edition . Gale , 2003 . Discovering Collection . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Herbst , Jeffrey . States and Power in Africa . Ch. 3 p71 - 72 Jump up ^ de Blij , H.J. ; Muller , Peter O. ( 1997 ) . Geography : Realms , Regions , and Concepts . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 340 . Citations ( edit ) Tapiwa Michael Njitimana , Erald Yomisi ( 2013 ) The Demise Of Germany Chamberlain , Muriel E. ( 1999 ) . The Scramble for Africa . London : Longman , 1974 , 2nd ed . ISBN 0 - 582 - 36881 - 2 . Crowe , Sybil E. ( 1942 ) . The Berlin West African Conference , 1884 -- 1885 . New York : Longmans , Green . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 3287 - 8 ( 1981 , New ed. edition ) . Förster , Stig , Wolfgang J. Mommsen , and Ronald Edward Robinson ( 1989 ) . Bismarck , Europe , and Africa : The Berlin Africa Conference 1884 -- 1885 and the Onset of Partition . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920500 - 0 . Hochschild , Adam ( 1999 ) . King Leopold 's Ghost . ISBN 0 - 395 - 75924 - 2 . Nuzzo , Luigi . `` Colonial Law , '' in : European History Online ( EGO ) , published by the Leibniz Institute of European History ( IEG ) , Mainz 2012 - 04 - 16 . URL : http://www.ieg-ego.eu/nuzzol-2011-en URN : urn : nbn : de : 0159 - 2012041215 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) . Petringa , Maria ( 2006 ) . Brazza , A Life for Africa . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 1198 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa ( 1972 ) -- Walter Rodney External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Conference ( 1884 ) . Geography.about.com - Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885 to Divide Africa . `` The Berlin Conference '' , BBC In Our Time Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Berlin Conference '' dated 2017 - 12 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles VIAF : 147248497 LCCN : n85354834 GND : 4073682 - 9 SUDOC : 028069951 BNF : cb11997855w ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Conference&oldid=835465345 '' Categories : European colonisation in Africa 1884 in Germany 1885 in Germany Diplomatic conferences in Germany 19th - century diplomatic conferences 1884 in international relations 1885 in international relations 1884 conferences 1885 conferences 1885 in Africa 1884 in Africa 19th century in Berlin 1880s in Prussia Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles containing German - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto West - Vlams Wolof 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 21 : 33 . 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what agreements were made at the berlin conference
[ "The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz),[1] regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. The conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany; its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.[2]" ]
[ "the General Act of the Berlin Conference" ]
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List of best-selling video games
List of best - selling video games - wikipedia List of best - selling video games Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the best - selling video games of all time . The best - selling video game to date is Tetris , a tile - matching puzzle video game originally released for the Electronika 60 in 1984 and then popularised upon its Game Boy release in 1989 . The game has been ported to a wide range of platforms and sold in excess of 170 million units , including 100 million paid downloads on mobile phones and 35 million as sales for the Game Boy version . Minecraft is the only other video game to have sold over 100 million units , with 122 million units sold as of February 2017 . Excluding mobile sales , the best - selling video game of all time is Wii Sports with 82.81 million units sold , while Tetris is the fourth best - selling with sales of 70 million units . Of the top 50 best - selling video games , 20 were developed or published by Nintendo , including seven of the top ten . Other publishers with multiple entries in the top 50 include Activision ( seven titles , all in the Call of Duty franchise ) , Rockstar Games ( five titles , four of which are Grand Theft Auto releases ) and Electronic Arts ( three games in three different series ) . Aside from Nintendo internal development divisions , Game Freak is the developer with the most games in the top 50 , with seven titles from the Pokémon series included . The oldest game in the top 50 is Frogger , which was originally released on June 5 , 1981 ; the newest games in the top 50 are Nintendo 3DS titles Pokémon Sun and Moon , which released on November 18 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Video games 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 References Video games Key Game was shipped with a console during its lifetime Sales include paid mobile downloads Sales figure includes expansion pack sales List of best - selling video games on all platforms No . Title Developer ( s ) Publisher ( s ) Release date Platform ( s ) Sales Ref . Tetris Elektronorgtechnica Spectrum HoloByte 000000001984 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1984 Multi-platform 170,000,000 Minecraft Mojang Mojang 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 Multi-platform 122,000,000 Wii Sports Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2006 Wii 82,810,000 Grand Theft Auto V Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002013 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2013 Multi-platform 80,000,000 Super Mario Bros . Nintendo R&D4 Nintendo 000000001985 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 1985 NES 40,240,000 6 Mario Kart Wii Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002008 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2008 Wii 36,950,000 7 Wii Sports Resort Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 Wii 33,040,000 8 Pokémon Red , Green and Blue Game Freak Nintendo 000000001996 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1996 Game Boy 31,380,000 9 New Super Mario Bros . Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2006 Nintendo DS 30,800,000 10 New Super Mario Bros. Wii Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2009 Wii 30,050,000 11 The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002011 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2011 Multi-platform 30,000,000 12 Diablo III Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment 000000002012 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2012 Multi-platform 30,000,000 13 Duck Hunt Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo 000000001984 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1984 NES 28,300,000 14 Wii Play Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2006 Wii 28,020,000 15 Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002004 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2004 Multi-platform 27,500,000 16 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Activision 000000002011 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2011 Multi-platform 26,500,000 17 Call of Duty : Black Ops Treyarch Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2010 Multi-platform 26,200,000 18 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002008 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2008 Multi-platform 25,000,000 19 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Treyarch Activision 000000002012 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2012 Multi-platform 24,200,000 20 Kinect Adventures ! Good Science Studio Microsoft Studios 000000002010 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2010 Xbox 360 24,000,000 21 Nintendogs Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002005 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2005 Nintendo DS 23,960,000 22 Mario Kart DS Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002005 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2005 Nintendo DS 23,600,000 23 Pokémon Gold and Silver Game Freak Nintendo 000000001999 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1999 Game Boy Color 23,100,000 24 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Infinity Ward Activision 000000002009 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2009 Multi-platform 22,700,000 25 Wii Fit Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002007 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2007 Wii 22,670,000 26 Wii Fit Plus Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2009 Wii 21,120,000 27 Super Mario World Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000001990 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1990 Super NES 20,610,000 28 Frogger Konami Sega 000000001981 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1981 Multi-platform 20,000,000 29 Lemmings DMA Design Psygnosis 000000001991 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1991 Multi-platform 20,000,000 30 Terraria Re-Logic Re-Logic 000000002011 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2011 Multi-platform 20,000,000 31 Brain Age Nintendo SPD Nintendo 000000002005 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2005 Nintendo DS 19,010,000 32 Call of Duty : Ghosts Infinity Ward Activision 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 Multi-platform 19,000,000 33 Super Mario Land Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo 000000001989 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1989 Game Boy 18,140,000 34 Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002006 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2006 Nintendo DS 17,670,000 35 Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002002 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2002 Multi-platform 17,500,000 36 Super Mario Bros. 3 Nintendo R&D4 Nintendo 000000001988 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1988 NES 17,280,000 37 Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002002 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2002 Game Boy Advance 16,220,000 38 Pokémon X and Y Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002013 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2013 Nintendo 3DS 16,150,000 39 The Sims Maxis Electronic Arts 000000002000 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2000 Multi-platform 16,000,000 40 Need for Speed : Most Wanted EA Black Box Electronic Arts 000000002005 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2005 Multi-platform 16,000,000 41 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Infinity Ward Activision 000000002007 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2007 Multi-platform 15,700,000 42 Call of Duty : World at War Treyarch Activision 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 Multi-platform 15,700,000 43 Pokémon Sun and Moon Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002016 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2016 Nintendo 3DS 15,670,000 44 Pokémon Black and White Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002010 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2010 Nintendo DS 15,640,000 45 Mario Kart 7 Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002011 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2011 Nintendo 3DS 15,570,000 46 Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic Team Sega 000000001991 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1991 Sega Mega Drive 15,000,000 47 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games 000000002010 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2010 Multi-platform 15,000,000 48 Battlefield 3 EA DICE Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2011 Multi-platform 15,000,000 49 Gran Turismo 3 : A-Spec Polyphony Digital Sony Computer Entertainment 000000002001 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2001 PlayStation 2 14,890,000 50 Brain Age 2 Nintendo SPD Nintendo 000000002005 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2005 Nintendo DS 14,880,000 See also Lists of best - selling video games by platform List of best - selling video game franchises List of best - selling game consoles Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Only developers and publishers for the original release of each game are listed , except where noted otherwise . Jump up ^ Tetris was originally licensed and published by Spectrum HoloByte , although other publishers of early ports of the game included Mirrorsoft , Infogrames and Bullet - Proof Software . In 1996 , the license to Tetris was officially transferred to The Tetris Company , which would publish later releases of the title with Blue Planet Software . Jump up ^ The 30 million unit sales of Diablo III include copies of the Reaper of Souls expansion pack in addition to the base game . References ^ Jump up to : Sparkes , Matthew ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tetris at 30 : a history of the world 's most successful game '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` This is how Tetris wants you to celebrate for its 30th anniversary '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tetris sells 100 million on mobile devices '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynne - Jones , Jonathan ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Computer game Tetris celebrates 25 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Vikki ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Minecraft Has 55 Million Monthly Players , 122 Million Sales '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Wii Software '' . Nintendo . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tetris Inventor Gets His Due in Historic Russia / US Joint Venture '' . PR Newswire . Cision Inc . April 25 , 1996 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` GTA 5 continues to do the business for Take - Two with 80 million shipped '' . VG247 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Super Mario Bros : 25 Mario facts for the 25th anniversary '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pokken Tournament ' and Pokemon 's $1.5 Billion Brand '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo DS Software '' . Nintendo . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Skyrim ' Creator on Why We 'll Have to Wait for Another ' Elder Scrolls ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tassi , Paul ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Believe It Or Not , ' Diablo 3 ' Is Now The 10th Best - Selling Video Game Of All Time '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Hanuman ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` 1984 : Duck Hunt - The Best Selling Video Game Of Every Year Since 1977 '' . Complex . Verizon Hearst Media Partners . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From 1997 - 2013 : How the Grand Theft Auto series has evolved '' . ITV . September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : A Short History '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` GTA 5 has already beaten GTA 4 's lifetime sales '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Matt ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` The downfall of Kinect : Why Microsoft gave up on its most promising product '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Top 10 of Everything 2017 . London , England : Hachette UK . October 6 , 2016 . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0600633747 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , James ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` 30 Best - Selling Super Mario Games of All Time on the Plumber 's 30th Birthday '' . Gizmodo . Univision Communications . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Frogger game arrives on mobiles '' . Gamesindustry.biz . Eurogamer . February 24 , 2006 . `` 10 things you did n't know about Frogger '' . Digital Spy . June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` What do Grand Theft Auto and Lemmings Have In Common ? '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Terraria Passes 20 Million Units Sold , Future Plans Teased '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Where Will Activision Take the Call of Duty Franchise Next ? '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Videos , leaks and rumours : The inside track to Rockstar 's Grand Theft Auto V '' . ITV . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Mike ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Pokemon X & Y sell 4M copies in first weekend '' . Gamasutra . UBM TechWeb . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo 3DS Software '' . Nintendo . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims Franchise Celebrates Its Fifth Anniversary and Continues to Break Records '' . Business Wire . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Totu , Florian ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` 100 million Need for Speed Games Have Been Sold to This Day '' . Softpedia . SoftNews . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Dave ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Twenty years of Sonic the Hedgehog '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 : Take - Two Talks Competition With GTA Online , Marketing Support , And More '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oshry , Dave ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Sells 15 Million , Prompts EA to Give More Games the `` Premium '' Treatment `` . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gran Turismo Series Software Title List '' . Polyphony Digital . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ( hide ) Best - selling video game hardware and software General Video games Video game franchises Longest - running video game franchises Console hardware by region Arcade games Best - selling video games by platform Atari Atari 2600 Microsoft Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One Nintendo Nintendo Entertainment System Super Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo 64 GameCube Wii Wii U Nintendo Switch Game Boy and Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance Nintendo DS and DSi Nintendo 3DS and New 3DS Sega Sega Genesis / Mega Drive Sony PlayStation PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Other PC OS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_video_games&oldid=798777627 '' Categories : Lists of best - selling video games Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the highest grossing video game of all time
[ "This is a list of the best-selling video games of all time. The best-selling video game to date is Tetris, a tile-matching puzzle video game originally released for the Electronika 60 in 1984 and then popularised upon its Game Boy release in 1989.[1] The game has been ported to a wide range of platforms and sold in excess of 170 million units,[2] including 100 million paid downloads on mobile phones[3] and 35 million as sales for the Game Boy version.[4] Minecraft is the only other video game to have sold over 100 million units, with 122 million units sold as of February 2017.[5] Excluding mobile sales, the best-selling video game of all time is Wii Sports with 82.81 million units sold,[6] while Tetris is the fourth best-selling with sales of 70 million units.[1]" ]
[ "Tetris" ]
-3791728600441854233
Matthew 7:12
Matthew 7 : 12 - wikipedia Matthew 7 : 12 Matthew 7 : 12 is the twelfth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . This well known verse presents what has become known as the Golden Rule . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you : do ye even so to them : for this is the law and the prophets The World English Bible translates the passage as : Therefore whatever you desire for men to do to you , you shall also do to them ; for this is the law and the prophets . For a collection of other versions see BibleGateway Matthew 7 : 12 This verse is considered to be a summation of the entire sermon . Some editions append it to the end of Matthew 7 : 7 - 11 , and the rule does seem to be an expansion on the teaching about prayer in that section . However , the word therefore and the mention of the law and the prophets implies that this is a more far reaching teaching . Davies and Allison note that this is indicated by the mention of the law and the prophets , which links the verse back to Matthew 5 : 17 , the start of the teaching on ethics . The verse is most closely linked with the teaching to `` love thy enemies '' in Matthew 5 : 44 . In Luke 6 : 31 the Rule is present just after the teaching about enemies , making the link even more explicit . Luz notes that as well as summarizing the sermon , this rule also adapts it to normal life . While verses like Matthew 5 : 29 seem incompatible with reality , the teachings in this verse can reasonably be attempted by all . Richard Thomas France notes that the negative form of the Golden Rule , or the `` Silver Rule '' as it is sometimes called : ' do n't do to others what you do n't want them to do to you ' , appears in several works of Greek philosophy and also in earlier Jewish writings . It also appears in other traditions such as Buddhism and Confucianism . When Jesus spoke to the Sadducees , his words would have been most familiar to them . In the Torah , Moses gives The Shema to his people in the book of Deuteronomy 6 : 4 - 9 , the most important of all Jewish prayers . It is a declaration of faith and a pledge of allegiance to God . Twice daily , recitation of the Shema Israel is a mitzvah for the Jewish people -- it is said upon rising in the morning and going to sleep at night . It is said when praising God and when petitioning him . The Shema Israel is the first prayer taught to Jewish children and it is the last words a Jew says before death . The Shema is recited in preparation for the reading of the Torah on the Sabbath and Jewish holidays and at the end of the holiest day , Yom Kippur . Judaism teaches that the name of God is not read aloud in the Shema ; it is replaced with Adonai ( `` my Lord '' ) As Reginald H. Fuller says in his Preaching the New Lectionary : `` The summary of the law is not original with Jesus . Its two parts represent a combination of Dt 6 : 5 and Lev 19 : 18 . Nor is the combination itself original to Jesus , for it is found in at least one earlier Jewish work , the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs , an amalgam of wisdom and apocalyptic materials . `` Jesus ' thought was similarly cast in both molds , wisdom and apocalyptic , and the summary of the Law represents the wisdom facet of his teaching . Jesus undoubtedly appeared not only as the final apocalyptic preacher but also as the authoritative declarer of God 's wisdom . `` In the Jewish parallels , the two commandments stand side by side , as a convenient summary . Jesus understands the interlocking of the two commandments in a new and quite radical way . `` You can not have one without the other . Without the love of neighbor , the love of God remains a barren emotion ; and without the love of God , love of neighbor is but a refined form of self - love . '' Luz notes that some scholars see the positive version as being very important because it instructs all disciples to work actively for the good of others , not simply to desist passively from doing harm . However , Luz notes that in actual implementation there is not a great deal of difference between the two formulations . He ascribes much of the efforts to divide the two ideas to anti-Judaic prejudices of many Biblical scholars . Early Christian writers saw little difference between the two versions , and several paraphrased this verse with the negative form . The good end does not justify the evil means . The Golden Rule may not be perverted to justify and an evil means . St. Augustine noticed this problem and commented on how many redactors rephrased this verse as `` whatsoever good you desire ... '' The concluding phrase indicates that Jesus is here presenting the Golden Rule as a valid summary for the entirety of moral law . It might also be a reference to Hillel , whose negative formulation of the Golden Rule ended with a similar statement that it represented the totality of Biblical teachings . The author of Matthew presents a second summation of religious law at Matthew 22 : 40 , where Jesus tells his followers there are but two laws : to love God and to love neighbour . While phrased differently , these two basic laws are essentially the same . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies , W.D. and Dale C. Allison , Jr . A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark , 1988 - 1997 . Jump up ^ Luz , Ulrich . Matthew 1 - 7 : A Commentary . trans . Wilhlem C. Linss . Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortess , 1989 . Jump up ^ http://liturgy.slu.edu/30OrdA102917/theword_indepth.html Jump up ^ Luz , Ulrich . Matthew 1 - 7 : A Commentary . trans . Wilhlem C. Linss . Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortess , 1989 . Jump up ^ Luz , Ulrich . Matthew 1 - 7 : A Commentary . trans . Wilhlem C. Linss . Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortess , 1989 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 Preceded by Matthew 7 : 11 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 7 Succeeded by Matthew 7 : 13 Gospel of Matthew chapter 7 Verse Matthew 7 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Places Galilee Terms Golden rule Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 6 Gospel of Matthew chapter 8 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_7:12&oldid=807603831 '' Categories : Matthew 7 Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 00 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
where in the bible does it talk about the golden rule
[ "Matthew 7:12 is the twelfth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This well known verse presents what has become known as the Golden Rule.\n" ]
[ "Matthew 7:12" ]
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1967 in sports
1967 in sports - wikipedia 1967 in sports Jump to : navigation , search 1967 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport . Years in sports : 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Centuries : 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades : 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Years : 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Contents ( hide ) 1 Alpine skiing 2 American football 3 Association football 3.1 European Cup 3.2 England 4 Athletics 5 Australian rules football 6 Bandy 7 Baseball 8 Basketball 9 Boxing 10 Canadian football 11 Cycling 12 Field hockey 13 Figure skating 14 Golf 15 Harness racing 16 Horse racing 17 Ice hockey 18 Lacrosse 19 Motorsport 20 Radiosport 21 Rugby league 22 Rugby union 23 Snooker 24 Swimming 25 Tennis 26 Volleyball 27 Water sports 28 Yacht racing 29 Multi-sport events 30 Awards 31 References Alpine Skiing ( edit ) The first Alpine Skiing World Cup is organised for the three ski events : Downhill , Slalom and Giant Slalom : Men 's overall champion : Jean - Claude Killy , France Women 's overall champion : Nancy Greene , Canada American football ( edit ) The first Super Bowl is played on January 15 and NFL champion Green Bay Packers win 35 - 10 over AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs . December 31 -- Green Bay Packers defeat Dallas Cowboys 21 - 17 for the 1967 NFL Championship in a now - legendary game at Lambeau Field known as the Ice Bowl Oakland Raiders defeat the Houston Oilers 40 - 7 for the 1967 American Football League Championship The New Orleans Saints are formed . Association football ( edit ) European Cup ( edit ) Celtic win the European Cup Final 2 - 1 against Internazionale in Lisbon , earning the team the nickname of the Lisbon Lions . The team also won the Scottish League Championship and Scottish Cup and the Scottish league Cup , thus becoming the first team to complete a domestic and European quadruple . England ( edit ) FA Cup final -- Tottenham Hotspur 2 - 1 Chelsea Athletics ( edit ) August -- Athletics at the 1967 Pan American Games held at Winnipeg Australian rules football ( edit ) Victorian Football League Richmond wins the 71st VFL Premiership ( Richmond 16.18 ( 114 ) d Geelong 15.15 ( 105 ) ) Brownlow Medal awarded to Ross Smith ( St Kilda ) Bandy ( edit ) 1967 Bandy World Championship is held in Finland and won by Soviet Union . Baseball ( edit ) World Series -- St. Louis Cardinals win 4 games to 3 over the Boston Red Sox . The series MVP is pitcher Bob Gibson of St. Louis . October -- The Kansas City Athletics become the Oakland Athletics for the 1968 season . Basketball ( edit ) NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship -- UCLA wins 79 - 64 over Dayton . This would be the first of a record seven consecutive titles for the Bruins . NBA Finals -- Philadelphia 76ers won 4 games to 2 over the San Francisco Warriors FIBA World Championship USSR World Champion The American Basketball Association begins play as a rival league to the NBA . Boxing ( edit ) May 9 -- Muhammad Ali was stripped of his World Heavyweight Champion titles and was banned from boxing by the various commissions for his refusal to be inducted into the United States Army . October 27 -- death of Robert Carmody ( 29 ) , American boxer , in the Vietnam War Canadian football ( edit ) Grey Cup -- Hamilton Tiger - Cats won 24 - 1 over the Saskatchewan Roughriders Vanier Cup -- Alberta Golden Bears win 10 - 9 over the McMaster Marauders Cycling ( edit ) July 30 -- death of Valentín Uriona ( 26 ) , Spanish road racing cyclist , following a crash during a race Giro d'Italia won by Felice Gimondi of Italy Tour de France -- Roger Pingeon of France UCI Road World Championships -- Men 's road race -- Eddy Merckx of Belgium Field hockey ( edit ) Pan American Games ( Men 's Competition ) in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Gold Medal : Argentina Silver Medal : Trinidad & Tobago Bronze Medal : United States March 11 -- In an international women 's field - hockey match at Wembley Stadium , England . England beat Ireland 7 - 1 . Figure skating ( edit ) World Figure Skating Championships -- Men 's champion : Emmerich Dänzer , Austria Ladies ' champion : Peggy Fleming , United States Pair skating champions : Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov , Soviet Union Ice dancing champions : Diane Towler & Bernard Ford , Great Britain Golf ( edit ) Men 's professional Masters Tournament -- Gay Brewer U.S. Open -- Jack Nicklaus British Open -- Roberto DeVicenzo PGA Championship -- Don January PGA Tour money leader -- Jack Nicklaus -- $188,998 Ryder Cup -- United States wins 231⁄2 to 81⁄2 over Britain in team golf . Men 's amateur British Amateur -- Bob Dickson U.S. Amateur -- Bob Dickson Women 's professional Women 's Western Open -- Kathy Whitworth LPGA Championship -- Kathy Whitworth U.S. Women 's Open -- Catherine Lacoste Titleholders Championship -- not played LPGA Tour money leader -- Kathy Whitworth -- $32,937 Harness racing ( edit ) United States Pacing Triple Crown races -- Cane Pace -- Meadow Paige Little Brown Jug -- Best Of All Messenger Stakes -- Romulus Hanover United States Trotting Triple Crown races -- Hambletonian -- Speedy Streak Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Australian Inter Dominion Harness Racing Championship -- Pacers : Binshaw Horse racing ( edit ) Steeplechases Cheltenham Gold Cup -- Woodland Venture Grand National -- Foinavon Flat races Australia -- Melbourne Cup won by Red Handed Canada -- Queen 's Plate won by Jammed Lovely France -- Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by Topyo Ireland -- Irish Derby Stakes won by Ribocco English Triple Crown Races : 2,000 Guineas Stakes -- Royal Palace Epsom Derby -- Royal Palace St. Leger Stakes -- Ribocco United States Triple Crown Races : Kentucky Derby -- Proud Clarion Preakness Stakes -- Damascus Belmont Stakes -- Damascus Ice hockey ( edit ) Art Ross Trophy as the NHL 's leading scorer during the regular season : Stan Mikita , Chicago Black Hawks Hart Memorial Trophy -- for the NHL 's Most Valuable Player : Stan Mikita , Chicago Black Hawks Stanley Cup -- Toronto Maple Leafs won 4 games to 2 over the Montreal Canadiens World Hockey Championship Men 's champion : Soviet Union defeated Sweden NCAA Men 's Ice Hockey Championship -- Cornell University Big Red defeat Boston University Terriers 4 - 1 in Syracuse , New York The NHL adds six new teams for the 1967 -- 68 season . Lacrosse ( edit ) The inaugural World Lacrosse Championship is held in Toronto , Ontario . The United States win , and Australia is the runner - up . The Vancouver Carlings win the Mann Cup . The Elora Mohawks win the Castrol Cup . The Oshawa Green Gaels win the Minto Cup Motorsport ( edit ) Main articles : 1967 in motorsport and List of 1967 motorsport champions Radiosport ( edit ) Fifth Amateur Radio Direction Finding European Championship held in Cervena , Czechoslovakia . Rugby league ( edit ) 1967 New Zealand rugby league season 1967 NSWRFL season 1966 -- 67 Northern Rugby Football League season / 1967 -- 68 Northern Rugby Football League season 17 December -- first Sunday play in professional rugby league . Rugby union ( edit ) 73rd Five Nations Championship series is won by France Snooker ( edit ) No World Snooker Championship challenge matches . John Pulman remains world champion Swimming ( edit ) July 26 -- American swimmer Mark Spitz breaks Kevin Berry 's nearly three - year - old world record in the men 's 200m butterfly ( long course ) at the Pan American Games in Winnipeg , Manitoba , with a time of 2 : 06.4 . August 30 -- John Ferris captures the world record from fellow - American Mark Spitz in the men 's 200m butterfly ( long course ) by swimming 2 : 06.0 at a meet in Tokyo , Japan . October 8 -- Mark Spitz regains his world record in the men 's 200m butterfly ( long course ) at a meet in West Berlin , West Germany , clocking 2 : 05.7 . Tennis ( edit ) Australia Australian Men 's Singles Championship -- Roy Emerson ( Australia ) defeats Arthur Ashe ( USA ) 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 Australian Women 's Singles Championship -- Nancy Richey ( USA ) defeats Lesley Turner Bowrey ( Australia ) 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 England Wimbledon Men 's Singles Championship -- John Newcombe ( Australia ) defeats Wilhelm Bungert ( West Germany ) 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 Wimbledon Women 's Singles Championship -- Billie Jean King ( USA ) defeats Ann Haydon - Jones ( Great Britain ) 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 France French Men 's Singles Championship -- French Women 's Singles Championship -- USA American Men 's Singles Championship -- American Women 's Singles Championship -- Davis Cup 1967 Davis Cup -- Australia 4 -- 1 Spain at Milton Courts ( grass ) Brisbane , Australia Volleyball ( edit ) 1967 Men 's European Volleyball Championship won by the USSR 1967 Women 's European Volleyball Championship won by the USSR Volleyball at the 1967 Pan American Games won by USA ( both men 's and women 's tournaments ) Water sports ( edit ) January 4 -- death of Donald Campbell ( 45 ) , British land and water speed record holder , who was trying to extend the record on Coniston Water , Cumbria Yacht racing ( edit ) The New York Yacht Club retains the America 's Cup as Intrepid defeats Australian challenger Dame Pattie , of the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron , 4 races to 1 Multi-sport events ( edit ) Fifth Pan American Games held in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Fifth Mediterranean Games held in Tunis , Tunisia Fifth Summer Universiade held in Tokyo , Japan Awards ( edit ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year -- Carl Yastrzemski , Major League Baseball Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year -- Billie Jean King , Tennis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( 1995 - 08 - 20 ) . `` 100 years of rugby league : From the great divide to the Super era '' . Independent , The . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . ( hide ) Sports by year 1951 -- 2000 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 to 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1950 1951 -- 2000 from 2001 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967_in_sports&oldid=801427634 '' Categories : Sports by year 1967 in sports Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Deutsch Français Hrvatski עברית Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which american sporting event took place for the first time in 1967
[ "The first Super Bowl is played on January 15 and NFL champion Green Bay Packers win 35-10 over AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs." ]
[ "Super Bowl" ]
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You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma
You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma - Wikipedia You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma `` You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma '' Single by David Frizzell and Shelly West from the album The Sound Track Music From Clint Eastwood 's Any Which Way You Can B - side `` That 's Where Lovers Go Wrong '' Released January 1981 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 3 : 24 Label Warner Bros. Records Songwriter ( s ) Felice and Boudleaux Bryant Larry Collins Sandy Pinkard Producer ( s ) Snuff Garrett Steve Dorff David Frizzell and Shelly West singles chronology `` You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma '' ( 1981 ) `` A Texas State of Mind '' ( 1981 ) `` You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma '' ( 1981 ) `` A Texas State of Mind '' ( 1981 ) `` You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma '' is a 1981 single from the film Any Which Way You Can , performed by David Frizzell and Shelly West . It was written by Larry Collins and Sandy Pinkard ( of Pinkard & Bowden ) . The song was Shelly West 's debut on the country chart and David Frizzell 's second hit on the country chart . `` You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma '' , was the most successful of seven country hits by the duo , staying number one on the country chart for one week and eleven weeks in the Top 40 country chart . Felice and Boudleaux Bryant , the writers of the song `` Rocky Top '' , sued Collins and Pinkard for copyright infringement concerning this song , because the tune was similar to their song `` Rocky Top . '' They won the lawsuit and are now often credited as having co-written the song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles Canadian RPM Country Tracks 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 379 . Jump up ^ Copyright Society of the U.S.A. ( 1980 ) . Bulletin of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. 28 . New York University Law Center . ISSN 0010 - 8642 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics David Frizzell Notable singles `` L.A. International Airport '' `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' `` I 'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home '' `` Lost My Baby Blues '' Singles with Shelly West `` You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma '' `` A Texas State of Mind '' `` Husbands and Wives '' `` Another Honky - Tonk Night on Broadway '' `` I Just Came Here to Dance '' Related articles Lefty Frizzell Shelly West Notable singles `` José Cuervo '' `` Flight 309 to Tennessee '' Singles with David Frizzell `` You 're the Reason God Made Oklahoma '' `` A Texas State of Mind '' `` Husbands and Wives '' `` Another Honky - Tonk Night on Broadway '' `` I Just Came Here to Dance '' Related articles Dottie West ( mother ) This 1981 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_the_Reason_God_Made_Oklahoma&oldid=847154108 '' Categories : Songs written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant 1981 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Vocal duets Songs written for films 1981 songs David Frizzell songs Shelly West songs Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett Warner Bros. Records singles 1981 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 08 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings your the reason god made oklahoma
[ "\"You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma\" is a 1981 single from the film Any Which Way You Can, performed by David Frizzell and Shelly West. It was written by Larry Collins and Sandy Pinkard (of Pinkard & Bowden). The song was Shelly West's debut on the country chart and David Frizzell's second hit on the country chart. \"You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma\", was the most successful of seven country hits by the duo, staying number one on the country chart for one week and eleven weeks in the Top 40 country chart.[1]\n" ]
[ "David Frizzell and Shelly West" ]
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List of Arrow episodes
List of Arrow episodes - wikipedia List of Arrow episodes Arrow is an American television series , developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . The series premiered in the United States on October 10 , 2012 for The CW television network . The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray to Regions A and B . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , after five years of being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to his mother , Moira Queen ( Susanna Thompson ) and sister , Thea Queen ( Willa Holland ) and becomes a bow and arrow - wielding vigilante . He is initially aided by his friends , John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) , Curtis Holt ( Echo Kellum ) , Rene Ramirez ( Rick Gonzalez ) , Evelyn Sharp ( Madison McLaughlin ) , Rory Regan ( Joe Dinicol ) , and Dinah Drake ( Juliana Harkavy ) join them . In addition , Queen 's team receives help from the Lance family ; Laurel ( Katie Cassidy ) , Sara ( Caity Lotz ) , and Quentin ( Paul Blackthorne ) , sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City ( later Star City ) . The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing , and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime . As of May 17 , 2018 , 138 episodes of Arrow have aired , concluding the sixth season . On April 2 , 2018 , the CW renewed the series for a seventh season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 23 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 23 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 23 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 6 23 October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 181 1.76 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 296818 4.14 `` Honor Thy Father '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 2J7302 3.55 `` Lone Gunmen '' Guy Bee Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2J7303 3.51 `` An Innocent Man '' Vince Misiano Moira Kirland & Lana Cho October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 2J7304 3.05 5 5 `` Damaged '' Michael Schultz Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 2J7305 3.75 6 6 `` Legacies '' John Behring Moira Kirland & Marc Guggenheim November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 2J7306 3.83 7 7 `` Muse of Fire '' David Grossman Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc Guggenheim November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 2J7307 3.74 8 8 `` Vendetta '' Ken Fink Beth Schwartz & Andrew Kreisberg December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2J7308 3.35 9 9 `` Year 's End '' John Dahl Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 2J7309 3.11 10 10 `` Burned '' Eagle Egilsson Moira Kirland & Ben Sokolowski January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 2J7310 3.06 11 11 `` Trust But Verify '' Nick Copus Gabrielle Stanton January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 2J7311 3.14 12 12 `` Vertigo '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2J7312 2.97 13 13 `` Betrayal '' Guy Bee Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 2J7313 2.96 14 14 `` The Odyssey '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 2J7314 3.29 15 15 `` Dodger '' Eagle Egilsson Beth Schwartz February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 2J7315 3.15 16 16 `` Dead to Rights '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 2J7316 3.17 17 17 `` The Huntress Returns '' Guy Bee Jake Coburn & Lana Cho March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2J7317 3.02 18 18 `` Salvation '' Nick Copus Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 2J7318 2.65 19 19 `` Unfinished Business '' Michael Offer Bryan Q. Miller & Lindsey Allen April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 2J7319 2.92 20 20 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Fink Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2J7320 3.10 21 21 `` The Undertaking '' Michael Shultz Jake Coburn & Lana Cho May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 2J7321 2.89 22 22 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' John Behring Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 2J7322 2.62 23 23 `` Sacrifice '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 2J7323 2.77 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` City of Heroes '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7451 2.74 25 `` Identity '' Nick Copus Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7452 3.06 26 `` Broken Dolls '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7453 2.89 27 `` Crucible '' Eagle Egilsson Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7454 2.37 28 5 `` League of Assassins '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Drew Z . Greenberg November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7455 2.80 29 6 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Guy Bee Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7456 3.09 30 7 `` State v. Queen '' Bethany Rooney Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7457 2.66 31 8 `` The Scientist '' Michael Schultz Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7458 3.24 32 9 `` Three Ghosts '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7459 3.02 33 10 `` Blast Radius '' Rob Hardy Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7460 2.52 34 11 `` Blind Spot '' Glen Winter Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7461 2.49 35 12 `` Tremors '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7462 2.95 36 13 `` Heir to the Demon '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7463 2.86 37 14 `` Time of Death '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7464 2.45 38 15 `` The Promise '' Glen Winter Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7465 2.21 39 16 `` Suicide Squad '' Larry Teng Keto Shimizu & Bryan Q. Miller March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7466 2.42 40 17 `` Birds of Prey '' John Behring Mark Bemesderfer & A.C. Bradley March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7467 2.62 41 18 `` Deathstroke '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7468 2.32 42 19 `` The Man Under the Hood '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto Shimizu April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7469 2.26 43 20 `` Seeing Red '' Doug Aarniokoski Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7470 2.19 44 21 `` City of Blood '' Michael Schultz Holly Harold April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7471 2.31 45 22 `` Streets of Fire '' Nick Copus Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7472 2.33 46 23 `` Unthinkable '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7473 2.37 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` The Calm '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5151 2.83 The newly promoted Captain Quentin Lance calls off the task - force against Arrow . Elsewhere , Werner Zytle , who has claimed the mantle of Vertigo , attempts to kill Arrow in a bid to raise his profile . After losing the first battle , Oliver and Roy are able to stop Zytle , along with some help from Sara who is back in town for an unknown reason . Meanwhile , businessman Ray Palmer successfully acquires Queen Consolidated under a plan of rebuilding the city and renaming it `` Star City '' . Diggle and Lyla welcome a baby girl , which convinces Diggle to take Oliver 's suggestion and retire from field duty . Oliver and Felicity go on a first date , but Oliver ends it explaining how he can not be both the Arrow and Oliver , although he acknowledges loving her . Sara is shot in the chest with arrows by an unseen figure before falling from a rooftop to her death . In flashbacks , Waller assigns agent Maseo Yamashiro as Oliver 's handler . After numerous failed attempts to escape , Oliver agrees to proceed with his training to prevent Waller from killing Maseo 's family as punishment for his failure in restraining Oliver . 48 `` Sara '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5152 2.32 Laurel takes Sara 's body to the team . Quentin alerts Oliver to another archer in the city killing people , unaware about Sara . Oliver follows a lead and is able to identify the archer as Simon Lacroix . The team learns of Lacroix 's next target and intercepts him . Laurel arrives , determined to avenge Sara 's death . As Oliver attempts to dissuade her , Lacroix reveals that he was not in Starling City at the time of Sara 's death . The team buries Sara ; and Laurel decides not to tell Quentin that Sara is dead . Diggle decides to return to field duty again . Meanwhile , Roy reveals to Oliver that Thea left town when she learned he was working with the Arrow . In Corto Maltese , Thea is shown with Malcolm and has proven to be capable of defeating more than one henchman in combat . Felicity decides to work for Ray . In flashbacks , Oliver is tasked with killing Tommy , after Tommy comes to Hong Kong to find Oliver after seeing activity on Oliver 's email account . To save Tommy , Oliver pretends to kidnap him and tricks him into thinking that it was a ruse to gain ransom money before Maseo , posing as a police officer , rescues Tommy . 49 `` Corto Maltese '' Stephen Surjik Erik Oleson & Beth Schwartz October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5153 2.55 With no more leads in Sara 's murder , Oliver focuses his attention on bringing Thea home . Felicity is able to track her to Corto Maltese . Thea initially refuses to return . While he waits to convince her , Oliver assists Diggle on a mission for A.R.G.U.S. to ascertain the whereabouts of one of its agents , Mark Shaw . Mark is revealed to have broken into the A.R.G.U.S. database and stolen information to sell on the black market . Oliver and Diggle manage to stop him , who convinces Diggle to tell Waller that he is dead . After a last minute plea , and Oliver revealing the truth about Robert 's death , Thea agrees to return , which Merlyn allows . Meanwhile , trying to emulate Sara , Laurel attempts to exact vengeance on an abusive boyfriend of a fellow A.A. member , but she is overpowered and ends up in the hospital . Later , she seeks out boxer Ted Grant to train her to fight after Oliver 's refusal . Using Felicity 's help , Ray opens a file of details of advanced weaponry . Nyssa confronts Oliver and demands Sara 's whereabouts . In flashbacks to six months prior , Merlyn begins training Thea to calm her mind and heal her emotional pain , while also mastering control over physical pain . 50 `` The Magician '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5154 2.49 Oliver informs Nyssa that Sara was killed ; and Nyssa reveals to Oliver that Merlyn is alive and Sara was sent by the League to confirm his existence . After tracking Merlyn , Oliver agrees to meet him in a public location , where Merlyn tells Oliver that he did not kill her , but only returned to Starling City to save Thea . Nyssa kidnaps Thea in an attempt to draw out Merlyn , known by the League as the `` Magician '' ; but Oliver arrives to rescue Thea . Merlyn arrives shortly after to clear his name and insinuates to Nyssa that it was Ra 's who had Sara killed . Nyssa does not believe him ; but Oliver does and vows to protect Merlyn for as long as he is in Starling . Nyssa warns Oliver that he has made a serious enemy in the League before leaving and reporting back to Ra 's . Quentin gets worried about Sara 's status . In flashbacks , Oliver completes his first assassination , and learns that Waller was behind Edward Fyers ' actions on the island ; and her intention was to kill Chien on a flight to Hong Kong . Since Oliver stopped the attack , Waller demands him to help her find out the reason of Chien 's presence . 51 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5155 2.73 A cyber terrorist attacks Starling City , threatening to shut down all banks and set everyone on an even socioeconomic status . While Oliver and Roy attempt to keep the peace on the streets , Felicity works to locate the virus . She quickly realizes that she designed the virus five years earlier , and that it is unstoppable . Her mother Donna shows up unannounced , and the two have a falling out over how different they are from each other . Felicity soon realizes that Donna was unknowingly sent by the cyber terrorist -- revealed to be Felicity 's ex-boyfriend Cooper -- who kidnaps them both . Using Donna as leverage , Cooper forces Felicity to divert a set of armored vehicles , carrying newly minted money , to their location . She secretly uses a smart watch presented by Ray to Donna to also contact Oliver , who arrives with Roy and Diggle and stops Cooper and his team . Felicity reconciles with Donna . Roy begins having nightmares that he was the one who killed Sara . Meanwhile , Laurel continues to train with Ted , and reveals to him the real reason that she is learning to fight . Thea buys a house using the money inherited from Merlyn and convinces Oliver to stay with her . 52 6 `` Guilty '' Peter Leto Erik Oleson & Keto Shimizu November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5156 2.60 In flashbacks , Maseo 's wife , Tatsu , uses a type of meditation to help Oliver remember where a dead associate of Chien 's dropped a letter , hoping that he leaves her family soon . From the letter , the name Li Kuan Hui is extracted . In the present , a murderer begins taking out gang members ; and when a body shows up in Ted 's gym , he becomes a suspect . Ted reveals to Oliver that he was once a vigilante who retired after a drug dealer was beaten to death by accident . Ted reveals the murderer was his former protégé Isaac Stanzler , who was responsible for the death of the dealer , but is bested by Oliver before escaping . Isaac kidnaps Ted and Laurel ; but Oliver and his team are able to successfully stop him . Meanwhile , Roy tells Felicity about his dreams and later confesses to Oliver and Laurel . Using the technique learned from Tatsu , Oliver helps Roy access his memories to realize that he did not kill Sara ; however , Roy discovers he did kill a cop while under the effects of Mirakuru . Ted decides to continue training Laurel . Isaac is confronted by a female archer calling herself `` Cupid '' . 53 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Rob Hardy Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5157 2.64 Cupid , revealed to had been saved by the Arrow during Slade 's attack , murders Isaac and leaves his body dressed up as the Arrow . Following a lead , Oliver learns that she is a former cop named Carrie Cutter who is obsessed with him as a result of her condition . Carrie uses a former C.I. to track down Oliver 's hideout , the Verdant , which is reopened by Thea . Oliver lures Carrie away and rejects her romantic advancement before she tries to kill the both of them . He stops her , which reinforces Carrie 's delusion that he is in love with her . Subsequently , Oliver gives her to A.R.G.U.S. as a new member of their Squad . Meanwhile , Ray rebrands Queen Consolidated into Palmer Technologies . Oliver struggles with how much time Felicity is spending with Ray ; and the situation is made worse when he finds them kissing . Ray is later shown working on a personal exosuit design called A.T.O.M. A killer using boomerang blades appears in the city . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Tatsu go off to find Maseo when he goes missing , during which time she ends her displeasure towards Oliver . They return home and find Maseo safe and sound . 54 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne Godfree December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5158 3.92 Flashbacks to Hong Kong show Oliver learning how to torture suspects effectively to get information . In the present , Oliver and Roy track down the home of Digger Harkness , the boomerang - wielding murderer , but they only find A.R.G.U.S. operatives looking for the same man . Caitlin and Cisco arrive in Starling City to help Felicity investigate Sara 's death . Digger attempts to kill Lyla ; Roy , Oliver and Barry arrive and stop him . Later , Lyla reveals Digger was part of the Suicide Squad . Oliver 's extreme interrogation methods lead Barry to question how emotionally stable Oliver is . Digger traces Oliver 's hideout , where he wounds Lyla before escaping . In order to leave town , Digger plants 5 bombs around the city . While Oliver captures Digger , Barry uses both his and Oliver 's teams to defuse the bombs at the same time . Digger is incarcerated in the island with Slade . Lyla accepts Diggle 's marriage proposal . Before Barry and his team 's departure , he and Oliver decide to have a friendly duel . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 1 episode 8 . 55 9 `` The Climb '' Thor Freudenthal Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5159 3.06 The League demands Oliver to find and turn over Sara 's killer in 48 hours or they will begin murdering Starling City citizens , a mission led by Maseo , revealed to have joined the League . S.T.A.R. Labs sends Felicity the DNA results , which appears to be Oliver 's D.N.A. Realizing that she has been lying , Arrow confronts Thea , who demonstrates her fighting skill before escaping . Later , Merlyn informs Oliver that he drugged Thea and manipulated her into killing Sara and not remembering it . Merlyn filmed the event to use as leverage to force Oliver to take the blame and challenge Ra 's to a duel , which no one has dared in 67 years . Ra 's overpowers Oliver before impaling him and kicking him over the side of a cliff . Meanwhile , Laurel reveals Sara 's death to Dinah and convinces her not to tell Quentin . Dinah asks her to avenge Sara 's murder . Ray shows the A.T.O.M. design to Felicity and states his intention to use the exosuit to protect the city as a vigilante . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo learn that Chien has stolen an engineered super-virus . China breaks into Maseo 's house and kidnaps Tatsu after overpowering her . 56 10 `` Left Behind '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5160 3.06 In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo steal the counterpart to the super-virus , thus making Chien 's portion inert . Oliver also slips a GPS tracker on one of Chien 's men so that they can locate Tatsu . In the present , Diggle and Roy work to continue protecting the city in Oliver 's absence . With the Arrow missing , a new crime lord named Danny `` Brick '' Brickwell plots to take over the Glades . After Thea expresses concern over Oliver 's absence , Merlyn investigates the site of the duel and brings the bloodied sword back to the team , proclaiming Oliver 's death . Diggle discovers Brickwell 's plan , to secure all the evidence against street enforcers so they are released from jail and forced to join his crew , and heads to the police warehouse with Roy to stop him . Fearing for their lives , Felicity decides to trap the duo in the warehouse and let Brickwell escape . Afterward , Felicity proclaims the group non-existent without Oliver and quits both the group and helping Ray with A.T.O.M. Laurel starts fighting Brickwell 's operatives , donning an altered Canary costume . Merlyn advises Thea to leave Starling City with him . Meanwhile , Maseo finds Oliver 's body and takes it to Tatsu , who revives Oliver . 57 11 `` Midnight City '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5161 2.91 While Oliver attempts to rest and heal , members of the League arrive , forcing Maseo and Tatsu to kill them to protect Oliver . Maseo wounds himself so Ra 's will believe Oliver escaped the former . Roy and Diggle warn Laurel to stay off the streets after Roy saves her from a fight . Brick kidnaps the city 's aldermen , killing one during a rescue attempt . In exchange for the remaining aldermen , Brick demands that all police presence evacuate the Glades for good . The team is able to locate the aldermen and successfully rescue them , but the Mayor still agrees to remove the police after Brick reveals that he has targeted every legislative body member . Meanwhile , Felicity decides to rejoin the team and help Ray with his plan . Merlyn tells Thea about Ra 's , and she convinces him to stay and fight instead of flight . Chase , the DJ for Verdant , is revealed to be a spy for the League , informing Maseo about Merlyn 's decision . In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver manage to save Tatsu . 58 12 `` Uprising '' Jesse Warn Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5162 2.94 Flashbacks chronicle the death of Merlyn 's wife , Merlyn killing the man believed to have killed her and his journey to the League to seek training . In the present , Oliver decides to return to Starling City . Tatsu informs him that if he wants to defeat Ra 's , he will need to seek swordsman training from a student , like Maseo . With the police out of the Glades , Roy and Laurel are tasked with fighting Brick 's men to keep the peace . Quentin gives the team all the information the police have on Brick to help locate him . Merlyn spies on the team as they review the evidence against Brick , and discovers that Brick was responsible for the death of Merlyn 's wife . Merlyn propositions the team to join forces to take down Brick , but the team refuses . Instead , they rally the citizens of the Glades to take on Brick and his men . Merlyn overpowers Brick before Oliver arrives and persuades him to spare Brick 's life and let the police arrest him . Cindy tells Quentin her knowledge that the new female vigilante is not Sara . In the aftermath , Oliver requests Merlyn train him so that he can take on Ra 's . 59 13 `` Canaries '' Michael Schultz Jake Coburn & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5163 2.67 Werner Zytle escapes custody by poisoning a guard with Vertigo . As Oliver tries to keep Laurel off the streets as a vigilante , Merlyn informs him that to beat Ra 's he will need to bring Thea into the team . Oliver reveals the truth to her , who accepts and praises him for the work he has been doing as the Arrow . Laurel tracks down Zytle and takes him on herself , only to be poisoned with Vertigo . She begins to hallucinate images of Sara , who attacks her . Oliver and Roy arrive in time to get her back to the base for treatment . Oliver realizes that his team does not fight for him anymore , but for the city . Chase attempts to kill Thea , but Roy and Merlyn show up and Chase commits suicide . Oliver and Laurel successfully capture Zytle together . On Merlyn 's advice , Oliver takes Thea to the island for training . Laurel finally tells Quentin , who already knows the former 's alter ego , about Sara 's death . In flashbacks , Oliver is captured by A.R.G.U.S. and interrogated for the location of Maseo and his family . Maseo is captured trying to save Oliver . Waller brings Oliver and Maseo to Starling City to find Chien . 60 14 `` The Return '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5164 2.91 While on the island of Lian Yu , Oliver begins Thea 's training . He goes to the A.R.G.U.S. prison to visit with Slade , but he discovers the guard dead and Slade missing . Oliver warns Thea and they find out that Merlyn had Slade freed as part of their training . Slade arrives and captures them , imprisoning them in the A.R.G.U.S. cell . The duo manages to open the doors and escape . Oliver reveals to Thea that she killed Sara . Slade arrives and engages them . Oliver dissuades Thea from killing Slade , who gets imprisoned back in the cell . The duo returns to Starling City , where Thea confronts Merlyn for forcing her to kill Sara . Thea decides to work with him to fight Ra 's , but denounces their personal relationship . Quentin blames Laurel for hiding the truth . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo start tracking an employee of Queen Consolidated associated with Chien . Oliver looks in on his family and discovers that Thea is using drugs . Oliver and Maseo acquire the virus and arrest Chien . Oliver is introduced to General Matthew Shrieve , who promises to free him after he is debriefed in China . 61 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' Gregory Smith Story by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski Teleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben Sokolowski February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5165 3.07 Oliver and Thea continue their training with Merlyn . Thea confesses the whole truth to Laurel , who instead blames Merlyn ; Thea makes a deal to turn him over to the League . Laurel confronts Merlyn and is outmatched , but they are interrupted by Nyssa and the League , and Merlyn is captured . Having imprisoned Nyssa , Oliver decides to go to Nanda Parbat to rescue Merlyn to prevent Thea from blaming herself when she realizes that she has sentenced her father to death . Oliver and Diggle infiltrate Nanda Parbat , but walk into a trap set by Ra 's . Oliver tells Diggle that Thea was not his only motive and he could not accept the defeat from someone else . Diggle states that he considers him a brother . Thea confesses the truth to Nyssa and offers her the chance at revenge , and Ray tests the flight capabilities of his completed A.T.O.M. exo - suit . Instead of killing Oliver , Ra 's expresses his praise for Oliver 's courage and strength , and asks Oliver to replace him as the head of the League . In flashbacks , Oliver is debriefed by Matthew and freed . On their way , Oliver and the Yamashiros are attacked . Oliver flees for safety with Akio , Maseo 's son . 62 16 `` The Offer '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 3J5166 2.56 Ra 's explains that the localized pool of water in Nanda Parbat has healing effects that have allowed him to live far longer than any mortal man . The pool is becoming less effective on him , so Ra 's is looking for a replacement . In a show of good faith to convince Oliver , Ra 's releases Diggle and Merlyn and forgives all blood debts . Oliver returns to Starling and releases Nyssa . Oliver and his team return to stopping crime , but Quentin tells the Arrow that he will not aid him anymore because of hiding Sara 's death . Afterward , Oliver realizes that he is not ready to give up being the Arrow ; Oliver informs Maseo of his decision , who warns Oliver of the consequences of defying Ra 's . Upset with Ra 's for his offer to Oliver , Nyssa leaves him and returns to Starling City , befriending Laurel and deciding to train her . Ra 's , dressed as the Arrow , frames the vigilante for murder . Thea leaves Malcolm and moves in Roy 's . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Akio continue to be on the run , during which they seemingly stumble across a woman resembling Shado . 63 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' Jesse Warn Keto Shimizu March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 3J5167 2.86 Diggle and Lyla officially remarry , but Waller interrupts their honeymoon to recruit them for a Suicide Squad mission to rescue Senator Cray from a kidnapping . The kidnapping turns out be a ruse by Cray , to help his bid for President . The team rescues the hostages , but Lawton seemingly sacrifices himself so everyone can get out safely . He is announced responsible for the kidnapping , and Cray 's involvement is covered up . The police issue a warrant for the Arrow , which Ray supports . Oliver discovers that Ra 's has sent multiple assassins to impersonate him . In his new A.T.O.M. suit , Ray locates the Arrow and through facial scans learns his identity . Laurel refuses to accept Ray 's evidence against Oliver . Ray engages Oliver in a fight , but Oliver disables Ray 's suit . Oliver convinces Ray that he is being framed . Diggle decides to leave Oliver 's team and Lyla decides to resign from A.R.G.U.S. Maseo , dressed as the Arrow , murders the mayor and shoots another arrow at Felicity . In flashbacks , Lawton struggles to transition back into society from the military , including his wife and child leaving him . Lawton is propositioned by H.I.V.E. to assassinate Andrew Diggle , John 's brother . 64 18 `` Public Enemy '' Dwight Little Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5168 2.48 Ray takes the arrow for Felicity . Quentin issues an arrest warrant for the Arrow and his team , with shoot to kill orders in effect . Oliver uses Nyssa to track Maseo 's location . Ra 's appears and repeats his demand . The police arrive and Oliver and his team manage to escape . Ra 's kidnaps Quentin and reveals the Arrow 's identity , which Quentin announces at a press conference . Oliver decides to turn himself in exchange for immunity for his teammates . Roy dresses as the Arrow , stops Oliver 's transport van and surrenders to the police , claiming that he has been the Arrow all along . Meanwhile , Ray is revealed to have developed a deadly thrombus that has no known cure . He reveals to have nanobots that can destroy the clot . Felicity injects them and saves him by the help of Donna . In flashbacks , the woman resembling Shado turns out to be her twin sister Mei . The assailants come after them , but Maseo and Tatsu arrive and rescue them . Before leaving , Oliver tells Mei that Shado and Yao are dead . 65 19 `` Broken Arrow '' Doug Aarniokoski Story by : Jake Coburn Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5169 2.47 Roy is arrested and the District Attorney decides not to charge Oliver . However , Quentin knows the truth and decides to continue investigating Oliver , who and his team start working on how to stop metahuman Jake Simmons . Oliver enlists Ray 's help . After a failed first attempt , Oliver and Ray sync their movements through a neural network , but when the network malfunctions during the battle , Ray defeats Simmons himself , and places him under S.T.A.R. Labs ' custody . Cisco deduces that Simmons did not acquire his powers from the particle accelerator explosion . With the help of A.R.G.U.S , Roy fakes his own murder so that the public believes the Arrow is dead and Oliver innocent . As a result , Roy is forced to leave the city . Ra 's visits Thea and impales her with his sword . In flashbacks , Oliver infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. to stop Waller , only to discover that she is a prisoner of Shrieve , who was behind the attack and plans to release the virus in Hong Kong . Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu steal the vaccine and decide to stop Shrieve 's plan . 66 20 `` The Fallen '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 3J5170 2.72 Oliver rushes Thea to a hospital , where her death is said to be apparently inevitable . Maseo contacts Oliver to let him know that if he accepts Ra 's offer , he will be able to use the Lazarus Pit to heal her . Malcolm warns against this , stating that the pit changes a person in their soul , but Oliver decides to take her to Nanda Parbat regardless . Thea is dipped into the pit and returns healed but in a state of confusion , and her memories jumbled . Felicity has sex with Oliver before drugging him so the team can sneak him out of the fortress , which is aided by Maseo . Cornered by the Assassins , Oliver wakes in time to order them to stand down . Afterward , Oliver returns to take his place as head of the League , alone . Thea wakes up in her apartment , her mind clear and distraught that Oliver sacrificed himself for her . Oliver renounces his old life , taking on an apprentice role in the League and the name Al Sah - him until he is ready to take over as the new Ra 's . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu go after the virus , but during a fight it is released . 67 21 `` Al Sah - him '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5171 2.39 Oliver begins his training , which includes breaking down his psyche so that his allegiance is only to the League and his new identity as Al Sah - him . Ra 's recounts the moment that he was chosen to become the leader of the League , and a duel with his best friend Damien Darhk who saw himself as the heir . Ra 's hesitated and Damien fled , stealing from the Lazarus Pit and starting his own group . Damien is revealed to had hired Gholem Qadir and Mark Shaw . Subsequently , Oliver is directed to kill Nyssa . Oliver and the League come to Starling City , where team Arrow announce their protection of Nyssa . Oliver kidnaps Lyla to force the team to give her up . At the exchange , a fight breaks out and Nyssa is taken by the League . Oliver almost kills Diggle , but Thea , in her own suit , arrives and stops him . Felicity reveals to Thea that Roy is alive . In Nanda Parbat Ra 's orders Nyssa to marry Oliver , and Oliver has to use the Alpha / Omega virus to cleanse Starling City as afinal act of commitment . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu , who were vaccinated , watch as the citizens of Hong Kong , including Akio , become infected . 68 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' Wendey Stanzler Story by : Erik Oleson Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5172 2.54 In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver go after Shreive to see if he has a cure . They only succeed in leading Shrieve to their location , while Akio dies in Tatsu 's arms . In the present , Diggle and Laurel patrol Starling City , taking on any criminals they find . Thea finds Roy and reunites with him . Oliver learns that Maseo is the one who provided Ra 's with the Omega virus when he originally came to Nanda Parbat . Sneaking away from the castle , Oliver , revealed to have been in league with Malcolm and that his agreement to become Ra 's heir was a charade to get close to Ra 's and slowly dismantle the League from within , tells Malcolm Ra 's plan . On Oliver 's advice , Malcolm uses Tatsu to convince the team of the truth . The team , including Tatsu , Ray , and Malcolm go to Nanda Parbat where Tatsu kills Maseo before they are overrun by the League and captured . Malcolm reveals Oliver 's treachery to Ra 's , whom Oliver manages to convince of his loyalty . Roy secretly leaves Thea . Ra 's exposes the team , excluding Tatsu , to the virus before sealing them away in a cell . Afterward , Oliver and Nyssa get married . 69 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5173 2.83 While Ra 's and Oliver head toward Starling City , the team wakes in the dungeon . Malcolm informs them that he secretly gave them the vaccine . Barry arrives and frees them . Oliver and Nyssa attack Ra 's and other Assassins . Ra 's escapes with a canister of the virus , vowing to destroy Starling . Ra 's reveals to have four targets . Felicity locates them , and Oliver organizes the team , along with Quentin and the police , to those locations , with Thea arriving in Roy 's suit to help . Oliver duels Ra 's , as the team successfully stops the attack and minimizes the casualties . Oliver kills Ra 's before being saved from the police by Felicity in the A.T.O.M. suit . Afterward , Oliver decides to have a normal life with Felicity instead of operating as a vigilante , knowing that there are other vigilantes that can take his place . Oliver cedes the title of Ra 's to Malcolm , to whom Nyssa kneels , but promises vengeance . Ray begins testing a way to miniaturize his A.T.O.M. suit , which results in an explosion . In flashbacks , Oliver tortures Shrieve for hours before Maseo executes him . The trio separates and Oliver decides to live a lonely life away from his family . He boards a ship headed to Coast City . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Green Arrow '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5801 2.67 Diggle , Thea , and Laurel continue fighting crime in Starling City , recently renamed ' Star City ' in honor of Ray , who apparently died in the explosion . The city 's leadership , which includes Quentin , assemble to discuss a group of criminals named the `` Ghosts '' who are terrorizing the city . Damien Darhk , revealed to be controlling the Ghosts , systematically begins assassinating the city 's leadership , but fails to kill Quentin . Laurel and Thea convince Oliver , who was trying to propose to Felicity , to return and help them , which Diggle reluctantly approves . Oliver realizes that Felicity has been helping the team , which tracks the Ghosts , where they witness Damien using some form of mystical energy manipulation . Oliver notices Speedy 's excessive aggressiveness . Working together , the team stops Damien 's terrorist attack . Diggle deduces that Damien is leading H.I.V.E. Afterward , taking the name `` Green Arrow '' , Oliver broadcasts a message to the city vowing to be a beacon of hope , while Quentin is revealed to be working with Damien under duress . In flashbacks , Waller finds Oliver and forces him back on Lian Yu to assess a new threat . He is captured upon arrival . 71 `` The Candidate '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5802 2.50 The Queen family friend Jessica Danforth decides to run for mayor . During her announcement , she is attacked by Lonnie Machin , an anarchist for hire working for Damien . Queen explains to his sister that her aggressiveness is a result of being in the Lazarus Pit . Diggle tells Laurel about H.I.V.E. The team successfully stops Machin , but Speedy sets him on fire in the process . Later , Machin escapes police custody . Laurel decides to take Thea back to Nanda Parbat both to find a way to stop the aggression and to bring Sara 's body to the pit . Queen decides to run for mayor after Danforth backs out of the race . Meanwhile , Felicity takes over for Ray at the company and tasks an operative named Curtis Holt to find a way to save the financial crisis . In flashbacks , Oliver kills the soldier and is tasked by Waller to infiltrate the local military operation run by an officer named Reiter . Reiter decides to recruit Oliver for his cause instead of killing him . 72 `` Restoration '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5803 2.40 Laurel and Thea arrive in Nanda Parbat and request Merlyn to use the Lazarus Pit for Sara . He initially refuses and tells Thea that she needs to kill some people once in a while to suppress the lust . In order to appease her , he eventually agrees to revive Sara . When Sara returns feral , Nyssa destroys the Lazarus Pit in retaliation , and Merlyn has her imprisoned . Meanwhile , an A.R.G.U.S. operative delivers Diggle information on a H.I.V.E. operative , Mina Fayad . Fayad meets with Damien about the growing issue with the vigilantes in Star City . She brings in a metahuman named Jeremy Tell , who can turn his playing card tattoos into physical projectiles . After Tell 's initial failure , Damien kills Fayad for challenging him . Felicity reveals to Holt that she is aiding Green Arrow . Diggle and Green Arrow team up and take down Tell , who refuses to talk because of fearing Damien more . He is imprisoned in Iron Heights . In flashbacks , in order to impress his handler , Queen uses torture techniques to interrogate the prisoners who are being used to harvest heroin - cocaine hybrid plants . He secretly frees a woman . 73 `` Beyond Redemption '' Lexi Alexander Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5805 2.64 Quentin has Green Arrow look into the death of two police officers and the team discovers they were killed by members of the Anti-Vigilante Task Force . Laurel brings Quentin to see Sara , who is chained up in the basement of Laurel 's apartment . Smoak identifies Liza Warner as a suspect and , while searching for her , Oliver discovers Quentin meeting with Darhk and confronts Quentin , who reveals that Darhk threatened to kill Laurel . Darhk advises Quentin to kill Sara ; but Laurel dissuades him . Green Arrow and the team stop the corrupt officers before Liza attempts to kill the vigilante ; but Quentin convinces her to surrender . Later , Queen asks Quentin to spy on Darhk and announces his candidacy , Smoak opens an audio of Palmer 's apparent final moments , and Laurel discovers that Sara has escaped . In flashbacks , Queen gets Taiana , the woman , to a cave and convinces officer Conklin of her death ; but he discovers his communication device with Waller . 74 5 `` Haunted '' John Badham Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 3J5804 2.60 In flashbacks , Reiter dismisses Conklin 's accusation . Instead , he introduces them to a recent captive named John Constantine , who escapes and forces Queen to help him locate a mystical object on the island . Afterwards , Constantine warns Queen to be wary of Reiter 's real plans and uses the object to cast a spell on the him . In the present , Sara starts killing women and Green Arrow discovers she is alive . The team realizes that Sara is looking for Thea and plans to kill her . They capture Sara and Oliver contacts John , who helps restore Sara 's soul . Meanwhile , Darhk gives Quentin a new task to install a computer virus in a security company . Diggle goes along and sees his brother 's name among the list of individuals being deleted by the virus . Later , Smoak and Holt learn that Palmer is still alive and Diggle learns that his brother was killed because he was a drug cartel leader . 75 6 `` Lost Souls '' Antonio Negret Beth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5806 2.30 As Oliver works on his campaign , Felicity continues searching for Ray with the help of Curtis . Ray is able to send a new message , letting Felicity know that he survived the explosion because his suit successfully shrank him down to a small size , that he is being held prisoner , and where to find the schematics to build a device to return him to his normal size . In a second message , Felicity discovers that Darhk is the one imprisoning Ray , hoping to get the technology from his suit . The team tracks Darhk to his hideout and , with the device created by Curtis , they successfully save and restore Ray . Thea starts dating Alex while Quentin and Donna start their own date . Darhk orders tests a power source made from Ray 's technology on a mystical board . Meanwhile , Sara struggles with the bloodlust and decides to leave Star City to gain control . In flashbacks , Reiter sends Oliver on a search for another ancient ruin that is supposed to yield a `` gift '' for Reiter . Conklin has a worker turn on Oliver , who kills him , giving the former the opportunity to question Oliver 's motives . 76 7 `` Brotherhood '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Keto Shimizu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5807 2.69 While Ray refuses to return to Palmer Tech , H.I.V.E. destroy money meant for the city bank . John gives Oliver information that H.I.V.E. murdered his brother Andy because he was a criminal rival . Darhk tells Quentin about his knowledge of Quentin 's betrayal . The team heads to a lab , where they are attacked by Darhk 's group and John discovers that Andy is still alive , working for H.I.V.E. John refuses to see Andy as anything more than a traitor , unworthy of saving . The team finds out that Darhk uses pills to control his operatives ' minds , which could have been administered to Andy . They locate him and the rest of H.I.V.E , successfully extracting Andy with help from Ray and John , who confronts Andy with the documents , which Andy confirms . After an encounter with Darhk , Thea learns that his powers may help cure her bloodlust permanently after Darhk 's failure to drain her lifeforce . In flashbacks , Conklin reveals that the worker Oliver killed was Taiana 's brother , diverting accusation from the former . However , Reiter finds the truth by a mystical object and has Oliver whip Conklin as punishment . Oliver later convinces Taiana to help him find a map . 77 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc Guggenheim December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5808 3.66 Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage , Barry , and Oliver . Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus . They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff . The plan fails ; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city . Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation . Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat . They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff . He and Oliver use it on Savage , burning his body . Afterward , Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city . Cisco gives her a tracking device . Meanwhile , Oliver learns about his son , William , and accepts Samantha 's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William . Malcolm collects Savage 's ashes , repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 2 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 78 9 `` Dark Waters '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5809 2.82 Oliver 's campaign starts an initiative to clean up the Star City bay . Darhk sends a drone to the bay and begins shooting at the citizens helping , injuring several . In response , Oliver reveals Darhk to the media as the leader of H.I.V.E. and the Ghosts . In retaliation , Darhk crashes Oliver 's campaign holiday party and kidnaps John , Felicity , and Thea . Oliver makes contact and agrees to exchange himself for them . Darhk tricks Oliver and attempts to kill them all in front of him . Malcolm , dressed as Green Arrow , and Laurel arrive and rescue everyone . Afterward , Oliver proposes to Felicity , who accepts . As they leave , Darhk 's men shoot up Oliver 's limo and hit Felicity while Darhk reunites with his wife and daughter . Meanwhile , H.I.V.E 's plan , entitled Genesis , is revealed to include mass growing of corn in a large field . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to the ship the Amazo and acquires the maps . However , Conklin finds Taiana alive and confronts Oliver . 79 10 `` Blood Debts '' Jesse Warn Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5810 2.83 While Felicity goes under multiple surgeries , Oliver and the team continue searching for Darhk . Oliver turns to Quentin for information on Darhk 's location , while John interrogates his brother Andy . They track down Darhk 's location , but find only several dead Ghost soldiers and an anarchy symbol , deducing that Machin is back and out for revenge against Darhk . Machin is caught and Oliver interrogates him before freeing him to go after Darhk , tracking him in the process . Andy reveals Darhk 's family house , where Machin goes too ; the team arrives and saves Darhk 's family , but Machin escapes . Darhk grants Oliver time to spend with his own family before Darhk can kill him . Meanwhile , Felicity is left paralyzed from being shot . John regains his relationship with Andy . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé , is revealed to be his accomplice and H.I.V.E 's plan is revealed to be destroying the world and rebuilding it . In flashbacks , Conklin presents his proof to Reiter , who allows the former to whip Oliver as punishment , until Reiter notices the spell on Oliver 's abdomen . In exchange for Taiana 's safety , Oliver agrees to help Reiter . 80 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' Charlotte Brandström Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5811 2.78 Felicity returns home from the hospital , trying to figure out her place on the team now that she is a paraplegic . An A.R.G.U.S. agent seeks out John and Lyla for assistance , but is kidnapped before he can tell the pair anything . The pair goes to Waller , who secretly gives her a portable hard drive that reveals the operative was taken by an organization known as `` Shadowspire '' . John recognizes the name and recounts first meeting the war profiteering group in Afghanistan . With Andy 's help , the team tracks Shadowspire . Oliver pressures Felicity for help , who has started having hallucinations of her hacker past self . Shadowspire infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. looking for the access codes to a project known as `` Rubicon '' , killing Waller when she refuses to help . Oliver and the team , with Felicity 's assistance , enter A.R.G.U.S. and stop Shadowspire . Oliver vows to look for a way to cure Felicity 's paralysis ; and John takes Andy to his house . In flashbacks , Reiter is revealed as the leader of Shadowspire . 81 12 `` Unchained '' Kevin Fair Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5812 2.48 The team goes after a burglar and Oliver and Thea manage to corner him . He escapes when Thea loses consciousness . Malcolm reveals to Oliver that since she has not taken a life , the bloodlust is killing her . Oliver finds out that the burglar is Roy . They free Roy from the control of a man who goes by the name Calculator . Felicity tracks the Calculator through the web , who reveals he intends to shut down the entire city , killing everyone in the process . The team manages to stop the plan . Meanwhile , Ruve enters the mayoral race , Thea slips into a coma , the Calculator is revealed to be Felicity 's father , Noah Kuttler . Roy decides to leave again . Nyssa escapes her cell in Nanda Parbat , visits Tatsu and somehow convinces her to give her Lotus , a cure for Thea 's bloodlust . She demands Oliver to kill Malcolm in exchange for Lotus . In flashbacks , Reiter tortures Oliver for information on the maps he acquired . Oliver has a mystical meeting with the soul of Shado , who gives him a special stone . He reveals to Taiana that he killed her brother . 82 13 `` Sins of the Father '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Keto Shimizu February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5813 2.44 Oliver refuses Nyssa 's offer ; instead , he manages to convince Malcolm to relinquish control of the League to Nyssa in exchange for the Lotus . At the exchange , Malcolm double - crosses Nyssa and a war starts between the two Assassin factions in Star City . Oliver convinces Malcolm to challenge Nyssa to a duel . Oliver uses ancient rules to trade places with Nyssa as her husband . The former bests Malcolm but , instead of killing him , cuts off the hand wearing the Demon 's Head ring and exchanges the ring for the Lotus . However , Nyssa disbands the League and destroys the ring . Malcolm informs Darhk about Oliver 's son , William . Meanwhile , Noah reveals to Felicity that he is the Calculator , claiming to have changed into a good person . She finds out that he is lying and turns him over to the police . In flashbacks , Taiana takes the stone from Oliver and gives it to Reiter , demanding her freedom , which Reiter refuses to do and tasks her to help Oliver recover . She later reconciles with him . Reiter informs Oliver that the stone led to the location of what he seeks ; and they are going to `` dig '' . 83 14 `` Code of Silence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5814 2.44 Malcolm joins Darhk , Ruvé , and the other leaders of H.I.V.E. and it is revealed that they are moving on to `` Phase 5 '' of their plan . Darhk sends a group of mercenaries , known as the Demolition Team , to take out Quentin , whom Laurel saves . With Curtis ' help , Felicity realizes that the Demolition Team is planning to destroy the building of the mayoral debate between Oliver and Ruvé , leaving her alive as a sympathetic survivor . Oliver and his team stop the mercenaries in time for Oliver to win the debate . Oliver and Felicity become engaged and Curtis presents her a device that can cure her paralysis . Darhk kidnaps William . Meanwhile , Thea finds out about William and supports Oliver 's decision to hide it from Felicity . Quentin tells Donna about his previous involvement with Darhk . In flashbacks , in order to gain the approval of the prisoners , Oliver kills Conklin , who reveals that Reiter plans to kill all the prisoners after he finds his `` ultimate power '' . 84 15 `` Taken '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5815 2.70 Darhk demands Oliver withdraw from the mayoral race in exchange for William . Oliver reveals the truth about William to the rest of the team while revealing his alter ego to Samantha . He asks a Detroit - based vigilante named Mari McCabe for help , as her powers are derived from magic . Mari tracks William 's location ; but they fail to rescue him . Oliver withdraws from the race while the team discovers the root of Darhk 's powers and sets a plan to destroy his mystical idol . The plan works ; Darhk is left powerless and arrested , while William is saved . They also discover that Malcolm was the one who kidnapped William . Later , Oliver sends William and his mother away for safety , planning to reveal the truth to William when he is 18 . Felicity decides to break up with Oliver while she recovers her ability to walk . In flashbacks , a passage is discovered that leads to Reiter 's `` ultimate power '' and the spell on Oliver 's stomach allows him to pass unharmed . 85 16 `` Broken Hearts '' John Showalter Rebecca Bellotto & Nolan Dunbar March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3J5816 2.09 Carrie Cutter returns to Star City and begins targeting high profile couples . While the team works to track her whereabouts and prevent any more killings , Laurel works on Darhk 's prosecution . After several failed attempts to find a suitable witness , Quentin testifies to his involvement . The team discovers that Carrie is targeting couples that have recently been married . In order to draw her out , Oliver convinces Felicity to stage a `` secret '' wedding with him to set themselves up as targets , intentionally leaking the information to the media . The plan works and Carrie attacks Oliver and Felicity at the ceremony . Felicity distracts her long enough for Diggle and Thea to apprehend her . Darhk 's bail is denied and is remanded into custody . Quentin is suspended pending an investigation , while Felicity quits the team for good . In custody , Darhk is shown wearing a mystical ring he secretly carried inside . In flashbacks , Oliver leads Reiter to a mystical idol , but steals it and runs off into the tunnels with Taiana . The pair incapacitate two mercenaries and acquire their guns . 86 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 3J5817 2.34 Brie Larvan orchestrates her release from prison and travels to Star City in search of the bio-mechanical chip that helps Felicity walk . Brie attacks Palmer Tech , holding the board hostage until Felicity turns herself over . Curtis tracks down Oliver 's hideout , discovering his secret in the process , so that he can offer his help to the team to save Felicity , Donna , and Thea . Oliver is stung by one of Brie 's robotic bees . Curtis realizes the sting actually implanted a bee within Oliver that is replicating itself . Laurel uses her Canary Cry to save Oliver . Felicity is able to evacuate the board members , while Brie reveals she is after the chip because she has a tumor that is going to leave her paralyzed . Curtis develops a virus to shut down the bees and uses them to stop Brie . Meanwhile , Malcolm visits Darhk and informs him that H.I.V.E. is proceeding with `` Genesis '' without Darhk , who later gains the loyalty of Michael Amar . Andy is revealed to be still allegiant to Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver engages Reiter , whose powers from the idol dwindle ; and Reiter escapes into the tunnels to recover it . Oliver and Taiana decide to save the prisoners instead . 87 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' Rob Hardy Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5818 2.24 Andy tells John that he was approached by Malcolm about a plan to break Darhk out of prison . Oliver and John foil H.I.V.E. 's plan , but it turns out to be a ruse designed to let Malcolm and his loyal Assassins invade the bunker and steal Darhk 's idol . Malcolm delivers the idol to Darhk , who finds out that it is incomplete . John reveals to Andy that he personally hid the missing piece in another location . Oliver becomes suspicious of Andy . Darhk and Amar orchestrate a prison riot and the team sets out to stop him with Andy joining them . However , when the team reaches Darhk , Andy turns on them and gives Darhk the missing piece to his idol . With his powers restored , Darhk subdues the team and stabs Laurel before escaping with Malcolm , Andy , and tens of other inmates . Laurel later dies at the hospital . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana help the prisoners escape and set off a bomb to bury Reiter in the tunnels . Reiter kills his two accompanying mercenaries in order to survive by the idol . 88 19 `` Canary Cry '' Laura Belsey Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5819 2.27 As the team , including the rejoined Felicity , mourns Laurel 's death and tries to determine their next move against Darhk , another woman posing as the Black Canary appears in Star City . She turns out to be Evelyn Sharp , the daughter of H.I.V.E. prisoners who were left behind after Oliver saved his team when they were kidnapped by Darhk previously . John , angry at being betrayed by Andy , goes after Ruvé , the new mayor ; but Oliver intervenes . Ruvé issues arrest warrants for all vigilantes . Sharp goes after Ruvé publicly , but Oliver is able to dissuade her from killing Ruvé . Meanwhile , Quentin starts looking for ways to revive Laurel ; but Oliver manages to dissuade him . At Laurel 's funeral , Oliver reveals her as the Black Canary to preserve her image with the city . Afterwards , Oliver vows to find a way to defeat and kill Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver and Laurel struggle to come to terms with Tommy Merlyn 's death . In the end , Oliver leaves Laurel to cope on her own and returns to Lian Yu . 89 20 `` Genesis '' Gregory Smith Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5820 2.07 Darhk returns to H.I.V.E. and kills two of the board members before renewing his plans for `` Genesis '' . Oliver and Felicity go to Hub City and meet an immortal shaman , Fortuna , who starts educating Oliver about dark magic . After a mystical ritual , Fortuna tells Oliver that the darkness inside him is too strong to channel the light . In Star City , John locates Andy , but is captured after a brief shootout . Andy puts a tracking device on him , then allows John to escape so that Darhk and his team can go after John and Lyla and steal `` Rubicon '' , the key to the world 's nuclear weapons . Oliver manages to stop Darhk by channeling the power of light , nullifying Darhk 's powers and forcing him to retreat . John kills Andy . Meanwhile , Thea and Alex , who is working for Ruve now , go to an unknown city for vacation . She soon realizes that the city is atypical and finds out that Alex is using Darhk 's mind control pills . She is subdued by Darhk 's operatives and the city is revealed to be under Star City . The team realizes that Darhk plans to detonate nuclear weapons and build a new world over the ashes . 90 21 `` Monument Point '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Jenny Lynn May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5821 2.16 Darhk begins taking control of the world 's nuclear missiles . The team seeks out Noah to help disable Rubicon . Darhk sends Danny Brickwell and Amar to find and kill Noah , but Oliver and his team are able to rescue him . Noah agrees to help , but it requires a high - powered processor from Palmer Tech . Felicity learns she has been fired as CEO and is unable to get the processor , forcing the team to break in and steal it . H.I.V.E. locates the team when Noah hacks into Rubicon . As H.I.V.E. attacks , Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon and stop all the missiles but one , which launches and heads to Monument Point . Felicity only manages to redirect it to Havenrock , reducing the casualties to tens of thousands . Oliver and Diggle find Darhk in the Star City nexus chamber , gathering more power from all the deaths caused by the explosion . Meanwhile in the underground city , Malcolm tells Thea it is designed to protect Darhk and his chosen people from the nuclear apocalypse . Lonnie attacks the city and kills Alex . In flashbacks , Reiter escapes the cave - in , but Oliver and Taiana steal the idol back . The idol then begins to affect Taiana . 91 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' Glen Winter Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 3J5822 1.94 His power grown exponentially , Darhk attempts to reactivate `` Rubicon '' with the help of Felicity 's former boyfriend , Cooper , and launch the remaining missiles . However , Noah , Felicity , and Curtis successfully shut down `` Rubicon '' for good . Meanwhile , Oliver and Diggle discover the underground town and track Thea 's whereabouts . Malcolm uses a mind - controlling drug on her which makes her turn on Oliver , but Oliver manages to talk her back to reality . Just then , Machin takes over H.I.V.E. 's command center and threatens to destroy Darhk 's town . Oliver , Diggle , and Thea intercede , but the main power source gets ruptured and explodes , destroying the city . The town is evacuated and Machin escapes , but not before killing Ruvé . Donna convinces Noah to leave and never come back . Darhk decides to use `` Rubicon '' to destroy the whole Earth and shows up at Oliver 's home , where Felicity , Donna , and Curtis are . In flashbacks , the idol begins to slowly corrupt Taiana , feeding her ever more power from each soldier she and Oliver kill . Oliver takes the idol and tries to talk her down , but Reiter suddenly arrives and confronts them both . 92 23 `` Schism '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 3J5823 2.19 Darhk steals the laptop keeping him locked out of `` Rubicon '' and launches over 15,000 nuclear missiles , giving the team two hours to prevent worldwide annihilation . With Star City citizens rioting , Oliver addresses everyone directly , inspiring hope in them to stay strong , while Felicity and Curtis divert the missile aimed at Star City . Oliver goes after Darhk , while Felicity , Merlyn , and Thea track down `` Rubicon '' . Felicity convinces Cooper to stop helping Darhk , at the cost of his life . Curtis devises a means to stop the missiles . Oliver is able to nullify Darhk 's powers with the hope he inspired throughout the city . While the citizens of Star City take on Darhk 's remaining men , Oliver duels and kills Darhk . Afterward , Thea , Diggle and Lance , who gets fired from SCPD , leave the team for new lives , and the city council appoints Oliver as the interim mayor . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana manage to kill Reiter . She then convinces him to kill her when she is unable to escape the darkness within . Oliver radios Waller to rescue the rest of the prisoners and keep the idol safe , intending to go to Russia to meet Taiana 's family as he promised . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Legacy '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T27. 13201 1.87 Five months after the death of Damien Darhk , Oliver is distracted from his new duties as mayor due to continuing as Green Arrow alone , his old team members having gone their separate ways . He is encouraged by Felicity to build a new team by recruiting the amateur vigilantes now working in Star City , like Rene Ramirez . A new criminal crew appears , headed by Tobias Church , and kidnaps Mayor Queen in a bid to draw out and kill the Green Arrow , thereby taking over the city . He is rescued by Speedy , but she permanently quits the team after seeing that Oliver is again willing to kill . Church escapes from the Green Arrow and a team of several police officers , then later unites all the organized crime cartels and street gangs under his leadership . Oliver finally agrees to form a new team and includes Curtis at Curtis ' request . Elsewhere , a mysterious hooded figure in black kills a policeman in cold blood . In a flashback , Oliver encounters his old friend Anatoli Knyazev in Russia . Anatoli agrees to help him kill Konstantin Kovar , the tyrant running Taiana 's village , by initiating him to the Bratva , the only group that can possibly defeat Kovar . 94 `` The Recruits '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13202 1.94 Green Arrow recruits Rene , Evelyn Sharp , and Curtis and begins training them using an exercise from his Bratva initiation , revealed through flashbacks . As mayor , Oliver arranges to have AmerTek provide free medical care for Star City 's disenfranchised at a special clinic . A new metahuman , `` Ragman '' , appears and starts attacking AmerTek executives . The recruits leave Green Arrow because they do not trust him . Thea discovers that AmerTek CEO Janet Carroll is working with Church and Felicity learns that it was AmerTek 's nuclear missiles that Damien Darhk used to try and destroy the world . Ragman and Green Arrow stop an arms buy between Carroll and Church . Ragman later reveals that he was the only survivor of the Havenrock bombing . Green Arrow convinces him to put aside vengeance and join his team . Later , Oliver reveals his identity to the other recruits as a sign of trust and they agree to rejoin the team . Thea decides to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor . Church is attacked by the mysterious archer who calls himself `` Prometheus '' , who wants to personally kill Green Arrow . Meanwhile , Diggle , back in the Army and on a covert operation , is ambushed by his superior , who plans to sell a nuclear trigger and frame Diggle . 95 `` A Matter of Trust '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13203 1.79 Green Arrow investigates a new drug , `` Stardust '' , but still believes his team is not ready for the streets . While he is being informed about Prometheus , Rene and Evelyn secretly raid Stardust dealer Derek Sampson 's warehouse . The raid goes wrong and Sampson ends up with superhuman strength and an inability to feel pain . Oliver learns what happened from District Attorney Adrian Chase , convincing him that he still can not trust his recruits . Felicity advises him to accept the recruits as they are and Green Arrow finally uses his new team to stop Sampson from creating more superhumans . Oliver also publicly endorses Thea 's decision to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor after negative news stories almost cause her to resign . Felicity admits to Rory ( Ragman ) that she was the one responsible for Havenrock . Diggle is incarcerated and hallucinates Floyd Lawton as his cellmate due to guilt over killing his brother . Afterward , he tells Lyla that he will not fight the charges against him , so she asks Oliver to help her break Diggle out of prison . Flashbacks focus on Anatoli teaching Oliver the need to trust his brothers in the Bratva . 96 `` Penance '' Dermott Downs Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13204 1.87 Oliver 's team captures an associate of Church 's and delivers him and his loot to the SCPD . Afterward , Rory formally leaves the team , saying that he can not work with Felicity . Oliver leaves Star City to help Lyla break Diggle out of prison over Felicity and the team 's objections . Quentin and Adrian personally deliver the evidence to the SCPD , which turns out to be a disguised bomb . The explosion allows Church 's group to break in and steal weapons from evidence . Oliver infiltrates a federal prison and locates Diggle , who agrees to escape to safeguard Oliver . Oliver takes him and Lyla to a H.I.V.E. safe house . Felicity attempts to reconcile matters with Rory . She and the team determine that Church is planning an assault on the SCPD 's anti-crime unit , where Adrian is interrogating Church 's man . Rory rejoins the team and they help everyone inside escape the attack . However , Curtis is injured and Church captures Rene , intending to torture him to death . Oliver returns and vows to rescue Rene , while Adrian decides to trust the vigilantes ' motives . In flashbacks , Anatoli tasks Oliver with gaining information from , and then killing , an associate of Kovar . Oliver completes the assignment and Anatoli welcomes him into the Bratva . 97 5 `` Human Target '' Laura Belsey Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13205 1.61 Oliver rescues Rene , who tells him that he gave up Green Arrow 's true identity to Church . Church plans to kill Oliver as the Mayor instead of as the vigilante . Diggle rejoins the team and suggests that bodyguard Christopher Chance , the `` Human Target '' , could be able to help them . Christopher impersonates Oliver at City Hall and fakes the Mayor 's death when Church 's mercenary attacks . The team realizes that Church plans to consolidate the drug traffic of five cities through Star City , needing Green Arrow eliminated for his plan to succeed . Oliver and his team , joined by Diggle and Christopher , raid Church 's meeting and capture him along with several other crime lords . Oliver publicly claims that his faked death was part of a sting operation . Prometheus kills Church during transport , despite Church telling him Green Arrow 's identity . Television reporter Susan Williams obtains evidence that Oliver was in Russia during the time he was supposedly stranded on the island . Meanwhile , Oliver finds out that Felicity is dating Billy Malone , a police detective recently assigned to the anti-crime unit . In flashbacks , Oliver is ambushed by other Bratva members . However , the men are killed by Christopher , whom Anatoli had hired to protect Oliver . 98 6 `` So It Begins '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Brian Ford Sullivan November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13206 1.95 Oliver , Diggle , and Felicity privately track Prometheus , who starts killing seemingly random civilians with throwing stars . A news report on the killings causes tension in the city and angers the recruits , since they were not informed . Felicity steals one of the stars from Billy to examine it . A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver 's list from when he first started out as the Hood . This further angers the recruits , Evelyn most of all , as they did not know about Oliver 's `` kill list '' from when he initially returned . Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up . Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him , managing to cut his arm before being overpowered . Oliver then arrives , but Prometheus escapes . Meanwhile , Thea discovers that Quentin never quit drinking . Evelyn reconciles with Oliver and Felicity tells Billy that she works with the Green Arrow , which intrigues him . She later tells Oliver that evidence she has discovered suggests that Prometheus could be an SCPD officer ; Quentin is shown waking from an alcohol - induced sleep with a slash across his arm and a throwing star in his possession . In flashbacks , during a Bratva operation , Oliver is abducted by Kovar 's men and taken to him . 99 7 `` Vigilante '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13207 1.86 A new vigilante appears in Star City , one who kills criminals in cold blood . Quentin tenders his resignation as Deputy Mayor . He later tells Thea about the throwing star and his drunken blackouts , but believes he is being set up . The team intercepts the Vigilante during a bank robbery , but he gets away , as does Eric Dunn , the head of the robbers . DA Chase forces one of the other robbers to reveal Dunn 's location and Green Arrow saves him from the Vigilante . Thea convinces Quentin to go into rehabilitation , while Oliver and Susan start getting closer . The team poses as bank robbers to lure out the Vigilante , who again escapes even after Oliver defeats and nearly unmasks him . Thea tells Oliver about Quentin and the possibility of his being framed ; they deduce that Prometheus must know Green Arrow 's identity . Evelyn is revealed to be working for Prometheus . In flashbacks , Kovar introduces Oliver to his servant Galina , Taiana 's mother . He also claims that the Bratva have only been using Oliver for their own ends , including making a deal with him . Kovar then releases Oliver back to the Bratva . 100 8 `` Invasion ! '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T27. 13208 3.55 Oliver finds himself back at Queen Manor ; both his parents are alive , he is about to be married to Laurel Lance , and Diggle is the Hood . However , it is revealed that he , Diggle , Thea , Sara , and Ray are all being held unconscious inside pods aboard the Dominator mothership . Meanwhile , Felicity , Curtis , and Cisco Ramon try to hack into the Dominators ' mainframe using a piece of their technology . The team recovers a necessary device with the help of the Flash and Supergirl and manages to locate the others . Oliver begins seeing flashes of his former life , as do Sara and Ray . All five captives soon realize that they are inside a shared hallucination of simulated reality . Their escape attempt is blocked by manifestations of Malcolm Merlyn , Deathstroke , Damien Darhk , and their mercenaries . The group defeats all of them , then leaves the dream and awakens inside the ship . Escaping in a shuttle , they are rescued by the Waverider . Ray deduces that the Dominators were gathering information from their minds to help them complete a special `` weapon '' , using the hallucination as a distraction . The team learns that the Dominator mothership is headed toward Earth . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 101 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13209 1.94 Prometheus obtains further intel about the team from Evelyn . He then attacks and hospitalizes Curtis , injecting him with a tuberculosis vaccine developed by Justin Claybourne , a corrupt pharmaceutical manufacturer named on Oliver 's former kill list . Flashbacks show that Oliver killed Claybourne after discovering that he financed a TB epidemic , then raised the price on his drug to boost his company 's profits . When the team tracks down Prometheus , Evelyn reveals her true allegiance and escapes with Prometheus . Investigating Prometheus on his own , Billy sends information he discovers to Felicity just before the villain captures him . The information turns out to be about Claybourne 's illegitimate son , who may now be seeking retribution . Oliver deduces that Prometheus is at the former office building of the corporation that created the epidemic and goes there alone . He finds that Prometheus has staged it to resemble Oliver 's prior attack . Oliver kills Prometheus , only to discover he has actually killed a gagged Billy , whom the real Prometheus set up as himself to trick Oliver . Curtis ' husband Paul leaves him after discovering Curtis is a vigilante ; Felicity mourns Billy 's death ; Diggle is recaptured ; Oliver encounters a woman inside the lair who appears to be Laurel Lance , alive and well . 102 10 `` Who Are You ? '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13210 1.68 Oliver welcomes the seemingly - revived Laurel into the team , but it becomes clear that she is Laurel 's Earth - Two doppelganger Black Siren , having been broken out of S.T.A.R. Labs by Prometheus . Laurel escapes and calls Oliver for a meeting , which ends in her capture . Learning about Paul , Rene convinces Curtis to focus on his capabilities , not his flaws . Oliver places Laurel in an A.R.G.U.S. facility , hoping to change her one day . Oliver reveals his plans to follow their Laurel 's dying wish , to find a new Black Canary . In Hub City , a woman with a sonic scream stops an attempted assault in a bar . Meanwhile , Oliver convinces Adrian to represent John whose corrupt superior , General Walker , arrives to transfer him into custody . However , Adrian manages to keep John in his jurisdiction . In flashbacks , Gregor , the Bratva traitor , attempts to force Oliver 's obedience , but Oliver is rescued by a female archer named Talia . 103 11 `` Second Chances '' Mark Bunting Speed Weed & Sarah Tarkoff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13211 1.91 During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident , CCPD undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream after watching her partner die at the hands of drug dealer Sean Sonus . In the present day , Adrian tells Oliver that the NSA had been investigating Walker , but its file has disappeared . While Felicity tries to locate it , Oliver takes Rene and Curtis to Hub City to recruit Tina . She initially refuses to join , but the team intercepts her attacking Sonus , who is also a metahuman with sonic powers . Sonus escapes and Oliver reveals his identity to convince Tina to let him help her . Oliver 's team helps her defeat the dealers during a shipment , but Oliver fails to dissuade her from killing Sonus . Meanwhile , Felicity meets with a hacktivist whom she inspired during her college days and receives the file against Walker along with a cache of other secret information . With the file , Adrian manages to get John released . Tina meets Oliver and agrees to join the team , revealing that her real name is Dinah Drake . In flashbacks , Talia helps Oliver kill an important associate of Kovar 's . She also urges Oliver to become the avenger his father wanted him to be for Starling City . 104 12 `` Bratva '' Ben Bray Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13212 1.61 In flashbacks , Oliver and Talia kill a drug merchant from Robert Queen 's list . Talia presses Oliver to return home , but he chooses to help Anatoli kill Gregor . In the present , the team learns that Walker is in Russia for a deal with Markovian terrorists . Oliver takes everyone except Rene , who is helping Quentin prepare for an interview with Susan . Anatoli refuses to help Oliver unless he does something criminal in return , which Oliver refuses . After Felicity blackmails a Russian analyst , the team captures Walker 's henchman , whom John tortures to no avail . To prevent John and Felicity from acting against their morals , Oliver and Dinah accept Anatoli 's terms and attacks a rival . The team and the Bratva intercept Walker 's deal . John decides to spare Walker , who is arrested by the Military Police , while Rory uses his rags to contain the nuclear blast of Walker 's failsafe bomb . Upon returning , Oliver sleeps with Susan , who later deduces his alter - ego after learning about a similar hooded vigilante who was in Russia five years ago . Rory tells Felicity that his rags do not function anymore and that he needs to leave temporarily . Meanwhile , with Rene 's help , Quentin 's interview is successful and they become friends . 105 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' Kristin Windell Marc Guggenheim February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13213 1.66 Sixteen months ago , Rene watched as his wife , an addict , was killed by a dealer in front of their daughter , Zoe , who was transferred to foster care , barring Rene from seeing her . He was inspired by the Green Arrow killing Darhk and saving Star City and decided to start his vigilantism . In the present , Rene now works for Quentin as his assistant . An armed man attacks city hall , killing seven staff members and wounding several others . Felicity identifies the shooter as James Edlund , a former clerk and a proponent of gun control who lost his family in a shootout months prior . Thea and Quentin encourage Oliver to deal with the situation as the mayor , not the vigilante . Oliver decides to work with the city council towards a gun control act . Rene and Curtis locate Edlund 's hideout and find his next target , where Oliver confronts Edlund as the mayor and dissuades him from killing anyone , convincing him to surrender . Oliver reaches an agreement with the council with Rene 's help . Curtis promises to help Rene get Zoe back legally . Meanwhile , John convinces Dinah to return to a normal life , and she enlists in the SCPD . 106 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' Mary Lambert Barbara Bloom & Jenny Lynn February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13214 1.54 Oliver meets Prometheus ' alleged mother , but she refuses to help him . During a prison transfer , Chien , Carrie , and Warner kill the guards and escape . Oliver appoints Dinah as an SCPD officer . Pike receives evidence that the Green Arrow killed Malone and orders a manhunt . Oliver and Quentin track down the trio , but they escape due to the intervention of the ACU . Oliver surmises that Prometheus is responsible for sending the evidence . Susan asks Oliver if he is the Green Arrow and he says no . Thea discredits her by having Felicity hack Susan 's files and insert proof that she committed plagiarism . Susan gets angry with Oliver , who then confronts Thea . He reveals the circumstances surrounding Malone 's death to Pike . The team intercepts the trio stealing money from a stash left by Church , but are ambushed by their mercenaries . The ACU arrives and arrests the trio , allowing the team to leave . Quentin gives Dinah his blessing to assume the Black Canary identity . Word of the cover - up is later leaked to the media and the allegations are serious enough that impeachment is on the table . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli engage Gregor and his men . Gregor prepares to kill Anatoli . 107 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' Michael Schultz Speed Weed & Ben Sokolowski March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13215 1.60 Oliver 's impeachment process begins , with Adrian serving as his attorney . The Vigilante starts targeting the former , but is opposed by Prometheus , who is revealed to be Adrian . Using Pandora , Felicity and Thea learn about a secret that can be used to blackmail an alderman . Oliver and John dissuade them from using it . Using a piece of the Vigilante 's visor , Curtis manages to track him down to where he plans to assassinate Oliver . To give himself a fighting chance to remain mayor , Oliver publicly disavows the Green Arrow as a `` cop killer '' , stating his motive for the cover - up was to protect the people from losing hope . The Vigilante escapes . The council votes against impeachment , but Thea resigns from Oliver 's administration in order to work on her morality . Paul decides to divorce Curtis . Susan gets her job back due to Felicity 's anonymous testimony . Felicity then secretly joins Helix . Adrian aggressively demands that Susan listen to his story . In flashbacks , Anatoli demands `` spross dopross '' , the process by which the Pakhan may be overthrown . Oliver infiltrates Kovar 's mansion and acquires evidence that Gregor has been embezzling the Bratva 's money . The majority of the captains vote for Anatoli , but Gregor starts a mutiny . 108 16 `` Checkmate '' Ken Shane Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13216 1.53 Oliver meets Talia , who reveals herself to be Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She tells Oliver that she hates him for killing her father , so she helped Adrian become Prometheus . Oliver confronts Adrian , who says that he has kidnapped Williams and she will starve if Oliver kills him . The Green Arrow breaks into Adrian 's house and tries to reason with Adrian 's wife , Doris , until the ACU storms in , forcing him to escape . Felicity agrees to hack Department of Homeland Security drones for Helix in exchange for assistance in finding Williams ' location . Oliver 's team enters the building , finding and rescuing Williams before Oliver confronts Adrian . Diggle brings Doris to try and convince Adrian to surrender , only for him to mortally stab her . Oliver engages Adrian while the others take Williams and Doris away . Talia arrives and helps Adrian overpower and abduct Oliver . Adrian tells Oliver that he plans to help Oliver learn who he really is . Meanwhile , Adrian continues acting normally at City Hall , angering the team . In flashbacks , most of the Bratva captains are killed in the shootout before Gregor escapes . Oliver and Knyazev attack Gregor during a meeting with his loyal followers and subdue him . 109 17 `` Kapiushon '' Kevin Tancharoen Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13217 1.38 In flashbacks , Anatoli becomes the new Pakhan . Kovar buys Sarin gas from Malcolm . Anatoli learns that Kovar is planning a coup against the Russian government . By torturing an operative of Kovar , Oliver learns that Kovar has invited key government officials to his casino , where he plans to assassinate all of them by the gas . Oliver convinces Galina , Taiana 's mother , to give him her key card to the casino . Oliver and the Bratva infiltrate the casino , where Kovar learns about Galina 's betrayal and kills her , angering Oliver , who fails to stop the spread of the gas in time , leading to Viktor 's death . Anatoli fails to persuade Oliver from killing Kovar . The former appoints him as a Bratva captain . Malcolm helps Kovar 's operatives revive him . In the present , Adrian tortures Oliver to make him confess a `` secret '' . The former brings a seemingly reluctant Evelyn , apparently killing her after Oliver refuses to do it . Oliver reveals that he killed people because he liked it , which Adrian wanted to hear . Evelyn is revealed to be alive and still assisting Adrian . Adrian lets Oliver go , and he returns to the hideout and tells the team about his decision to end his vigilantism . 110 18 `` Disbanded '' JJ Makaro Rebecca Bellotto March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13218 1.55 With Chase having broken him , Oliver disbands the team and calls in the Bratva to take out Chase . Diggle tries to talk Oliver out of it , reminding him that there are better ways of doing things . Felicity goes to Helix and manages to find pixelated footage of Chase taking off his Prometheus mask . Oliver allows the Bratva to steal diabetes medicine as a downpayment , but they are stopped by the team . Diggle tells Oliver that they can fix him if he is willing to accept help . Oliver rejoins the team , taking out the Bratva and saving hostages that Anatoli had taken as leverage . Felicity and Curtis manage to decode Chase 's pixelation device , revealing Prometheus ' identity to the police . Oliver claims he 's not ready to put the hood back on yet but , with his team , it will be sooner rather than later . When Chase 's guards try to arrest him , he kills them and leaves his safe house . In flashbacks , Oliver wants to return to Lian Yu , so Anatoli plans one last heist to help sick children , hoping to convince Oliver to stay , but Oliver still intends to return to Lian Yu in order to stage his dramatic return to Starling City . 111 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Joel Novoa Speed Weed & Elizabeth Kim April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13219 1.36 With law enforcement agencies unable to locate Chase , Felicity agrees to Alena 's plan to free former Helix leader Cayden James , who created a biometric tracker that can find anyone , but is currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody without due process . Lyla plans to use James as bait to destroy Helix , but Alena , having already anticipated that , finds James ' true location and leads her team , including Felicity , to the rescue . They are interrupted by the team , but Felicity forces them to allow Helix to escape with James . Helix ends their connection with Felicity , but provides her with James ' scanner , which she uses to learn that Chase is already in the team 's hideout , starting an assault . Meanwhile , Quentin confronts Rene for not visiting Zoe , though legally possible . Rene believes himself to be an unsuitable father . However , Quentin organizes a visit , making Rene decide to fight to regain custody of Zoe . John confronts Lyla for her moral ambiguity which led to their divorce previously . 112 20 `` Underneath '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13220 1.36 Chase triggers an EMP within the team hideout , deactivating all the equipment , stranding Oliver and Felicity , and rendering her paralyzed . Curtis learns about the attack , informing Rene and Dinah . Diggle and Lyla agree to put their problems aside when they hear about Oliver and Felicity . The team soon realizes that , after a period of time , a backup generator will activate , igniting the methane gas currently leaking into the base . Oliver is injured trying to find a way out . Eventually , Diggle is lowered down an access shaft with the others ' help and manages to pull up both Oliver and Felicity . The team takes refuge at A.R.G.U.S. , where Diggle and Lyla reconcile . Later , Chase is revealed to have tracked down Oliver 's son , William . In flashbacks to the period after Damien 's death , Oliver , Felicity , and Curtis continue working together . Curtis arranges to have Oliver and Felicity spend time together , leading to their having sex in the lair , but she decides that she is not ready to get back together with Oliver , who accepts it . 113 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' Laura Belsey Marc Guggenheim & Sarah Tarkoff May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13221 1.65 Chase 's prosecutions are discredited and most of the convicts , including Sampson , are released on bail . Oliver is sent a body , identified as Henry Goodwin . While Curtis and Dinah track Sampson , the others investigate Goodwin , who is revealed to have been killed by Robert Queen , shocking Thea and Oliver . The team deduces that Chase and Sampson are working together to release Claybourne 's weaponized tuberculosis in Star City . With Oliver wearing the Green Arrow costume again , they track the bomb and engage Sampson 's party while Oliver duels Chase . Sampson is captured as Curtis defuses the bomb . Oliver reveals that Claybourne planned to disown Chase due to Chase 's mental condition . Disillusioned , Chase asks Oliver to kill him , but Oliver arrests him instead . Oliver gives Thea a video of Robert asking her to look after Oliver . Meanwhile , Rene refuses to testify in court so as not to upset Zoe , leading to the judge dismissing his claim . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli return to Lian Yu , where they arrange for Oliver 's return to Starling City . Anatoli leaves to bribe the boatmen to sail towards the island , but Oliver gets captured by Kovar , who knows about Oliver 's plan . 114 22 `` Missing '' Mairzee Almas Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13222 1.44 The team holds a birthday party for Oliver , but Rene , Dinah , and Curtis are later kidnapped by Chase 's outside team . Realizing that Chase is picking them off after Thea and Quentin are kidnapped by Black Siren and Evelyn , Oliver accepts Malcolm 's aid to help him lean on Chase . However , Chase reveals he has kidnapped William and Oliver is forced to free him . Felicity and Diggle are kidnapped by Talia and the League of Assassins , Oliver recruits Nyssa to help him fight Chase 's army . Tracking a plane carrying Chase , they realize they are going to Lian Yu . Arriving on the island , Oliver visits Slade and asks for his help . In flashbacks , Kovar injects a drug into Oliver that forces him to suffer visceral hallucinations of painful moments from the last five years . After enduring visions of Yao Fei and Laurel , Oliver eventually finds the strength to escape . 115 23 `` Lian Yu '' Jesse Warn Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13223 1.72 Oliver recruits a Mirakuru-less and hate - free Slade Wilson . Harkness reveals his allegiance to Chase . Oliver 's party frees Felicity , Thea , Curtis , and Samantha , trapping Evelyn . Oliver asks Malcolm to take Felicity 's party to Chase 's plane in order to escape and manages to free John , Rene , Dinah , and Quentin , who knocks Black Siren unconscious while Nyssa defeats Talia . Malcolm kills Harkness , but sacrifices himself by taking Thea 's place on a tripped landmine , allowing Felicity 's party to escape . They reach the plane , but learn that the whole island is rigged with C4 , which will detonate if Chase dies . Oliver asks John to lead the others to Felicity 's party and escape while Oliver captures Chase on a boat and frees William , who learns that his father is the Green Arrow . The plane is sabotaged , so Oliver tells the others to run to a ship on the eastern shore . Unsure of the others ' fates , Chase kills himself in front of Oliver and William , causing the bombs to demolish Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver kills Kovar and his men , reaches the boat in time and calls Moira on his way home . Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 1.52 In flashbacks , Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane . Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows . John 's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity . Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William . Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren , whom he shoots . She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James . In the present , Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha 's death . Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station . During another confrontation , John 's hesitation gets Rene hurt . Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall , Team Arrow sets a trap . However , her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow . Quentin 's reluctance to harm `` Laurel '' further allows her to escape . Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter . Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T - sphere . Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son , advising him to choose between vigilantism and William . Oliver and William reconcile slightly , but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media . 117 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13452 1.51 Oliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow , facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William 's concerns of losing him . Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates , demanding a ransom . Believing Anatoli leaked the photo , Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages , three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one . Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that he is no longer friends with Oliver and is not weak , injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon . Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote , Oliver injects it into the hostage , but Anatoli kills him anyway . He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo . The media acquires evidence from an `` anonymous source '' that it was faked , but Watson tells Oliver that she will continue her investigation . As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage , the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle , deciding to choose William over vigilantism . 118 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13453 1.34 Team Arrow arrests Faust , with John refusing to shoot arrows . The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill . Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors , John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him . Rene asks Oliver to return to the team . The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence . Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them , defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon . With no way to stop the bill , Oliver converts it to a city - wide referendum . Watson begins suspecting John , who receives an arrow - firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis . Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors . 119 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13454 1.33 Black Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena , who tells her that Cayden James is planning to cause hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide . They meet black market dealer `` Amnesiac '' to buy a `` ghost drive . '' Feeling concerned , Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs , angering Felicity , who steals the drive . Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility and discovers she is working for James , who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena , who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow . Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims ' fingerprints , necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory ( IDND ) , a global internet infrastructure hub . Believing that James intends to destroy the internet , Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND , where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James ' apparent attack . She adds Alena to her startup , calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant . James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and covered tracks . He provides Black Siren with a device to stop Curtis ' trackers . Slade calls Oliver and asks for his help . 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13455 1.29 Slade asks Oliver to help him find his son , who 's being held in jail . The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade , who provides them with the information they need . When they get to the prison , Slade instructs Oliver to find his son , Joe , then get him out of there , as he knows Joe will not want to see him , despite Oliver 's objections . Slade engages the security , known as the Jackals , in combat , where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of them . When Slade demands they release Joe , he reveals it 's not that easy as their boss is Joe himself . Dinah struggles to prevent a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante , as the politician supports the Anti-vigilante bill . Dinah later gets lucky , and blurts out her Canary Cry on Vigilante who removes his mask , revealing he is actually Dinah 's old partner Vincent Sobel , thought long dead . He later attempts another assassination attempt at a TV interview , but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer . Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well , and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive , as he believes their work as cops had become ineffective . Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears . 121 6 `` Promises Kept '' Antonio Negret Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13456 1.28 Slade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them , but Joe refuses , claiming that he had seen his father kill someone before he had been influenced by Mirakuru . Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit , but Joe refuses to forgive him , stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path . Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in , after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant . Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons , but advises Oliver that he go back to his , not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made . Meanwhile , Team Arrow eventually finds out about John 's tremors , leading John to apologize to everyone . Curtis offers to help John , the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured . John asks to have the night to think it over . 122 7 `` Thanksgiving '' Gordon Verheul Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T27. 13457 1.09 Oliver , Felicity , William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct . Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow . James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison , intent on causing chaos , since the Green Arrow is caught . Thankfully , Oliver 's trial is delayed . When John gets injured in the field , Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again , with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert . They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops , whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah , Curtis and Rene , but James and Black Siren escape . Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered , whereupon he can reclaim it . Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver , Felicity , John and William . 123 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' James Bamford Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T27. 13458 2.52 In S.T.A.R. Labs , a captured interdimensional villain from Earth - X , Prometheus - X , is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn . After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Tommy , Prometheus - X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth - X 's Nazi regime . Prometheus - X 's partners , Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's doppelgänger ) , Overgirl ( Kara Danvers ' doppelgänger ) , and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator , the Prism , from research company Dayton Optical Systems ; Oliver , Barry , Kara , and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth - 1 . After a series of battles , most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it , and Oliver , Barry and his allies are transported to Earth - X 's concentration camp , but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs . Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture . The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism , charged by S.T.A.R. Labs ' particle accelerator , to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl 's respective invulnerability , allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 124 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' Laura Belsey Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13459 1.30 Oliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone . The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him , causing Oliver to have the team tracked . Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James . Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent , and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver . He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog , and if he did not testify , he would never be able to see his daughter again . Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team , but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin . Black Siren willingly allows Quentin to escape once they are outside . Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own , violating Oliver 's trust again . Rene is later reunited with his daughter , while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow , unable to trust Oliver , John and Felicity . Through a hidden camera , Oliver , John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James , his second in command Boots , Black Siren , Anatoli , Vincent and Ricardo Diaz . 125 10 `` Divided '' James Bamford Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T27. 13460 1.38 Oliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene , Dinah , and Curtis help him , while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors , in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James , discovering that he has a cabal at his command . Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered . After his fight with Cayden James 's Cabal , Oliver , Felicity , and John discover that in order to win , they need to bring the team back together . Oliver apologizes to Rene , Dinah and Curtis , but despite his apology , they refuse to return to the team . Instead , they decide to start their own team , with Oliver wishing them luck . Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout . 126 11 `` We Fall '' Wendey Stanzler Speed Weed & Spiro Skentzos January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13461 1.38 Cayden James attacks the city 's critical Internet infrastructure , causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike , before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening . James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver ; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago . However , Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time , therefore there is another suspect . Vincent claims that he is undercover with James ' cabal , and he gives Curtis , Rene , and Dinah some Intel . When one of James ' attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip , Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him . Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks , eventually James ' cabal targets them . Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James ' party 's attack on the safe zones ' occupants . Despite William being hurt by Oliver 's lies , Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father 's duty . Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline , Oliver gives into James ' demands to buy time to find it . 127 12 `` All for Nothing '' Mairzee Almas Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13462 1.24 Oliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James . Fearing he will detonate the bomb , Vince , who infiltrated James ' organization , agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located . Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty , he is identified as the traitor , caught , and tortured by Anatoli . The location of the bomb is revealed , but Dinah , Curtis , and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince . However , James anticipates this and used Vince as bait . Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince . Lacking the manpower , Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it 's moved to a new location . However , they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James ' son ; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow , implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes . 128 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' JJ Makaro Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13463 1.30 Cayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight . Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden 's son , proving it was someone else , and clearing Oliver . With help from Barry Allen , Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence . James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb . The team brings Laurel , Diaz and Anatoli to James , but Laurel says she was behind his son 's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape . Diaz approaches Cayden in custody , revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll , killing Cayden before he leaves . 129 14 `` Collision Course '' Ken Shane Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13464 1.11 Dinah , Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody . It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal , which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver . Oliver demands the return of the city 's money , which Laurel promises , if they get her out of the country . Curtis hacks the chip preventing John 's tremors , allowing them to track down Oliver , John and Felicity and hence find Laurel , though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel . The two teams fight , with Rene eventually getting injured , and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah 's scream , allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape . At the hospital , when John and Felicity come to see Rene , Curtis and Dinah turn them away , saying they want nothing to do with them anymore . At the edge of the city , Laurel begs a van driver to help her . 130 15 `` Doppelganger '' Kristin Windell Story by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage Teleplay by : Speed Weed March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T27. 13465 1.28 Laurel appears at City Hall , revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will . Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage , which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper , prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy . Dinah , upon hearing of the situation , says she is willing to help out this once , but Oliver refuses , saying if she does not trust him , he does not trust her . Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions , who escape , but they do manage to rescue Roy . Oliver goes to see Laurel , who claims she can not change who she is , but she will try to be good , if Oliver gives her the space to do so , which Oliver agrees to . But when he leaves , Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles , implying that she works with him . Roy and Thea spend an evening together , where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra 's al Ghul has been located . 131 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' Joel Novoa Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13466 1.12 Nyssa comes to Star City for Thea , claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins , The Thanatos Guild , lead by a woman called Athena , are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of . Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa , but claims she is leaving afterward . Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it , only for the map to be blank when opened , but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath and discovers that it contains locations to other Lazarus Pits . Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police , suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz 's drugs . Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John , but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment . Thea , Roy and Nyssa eventually depart to destroy the Lazarus Pits and Oliver says goodbye . 132 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' Mark Bunting Sarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T27. 13467 0.87 Dinah has Anatoly arrested but Captain Hill and DA Sam Armand force his release . Oliver confronts them with proof that they are working for Diaz and fires them when they affirm that they can not accept his protection when faced with the threat posed by Diaz . Oliver apologizes to John about not giving him the suit , but after John questions his leadership skills and motives for continuing as the Green Arrow while Oliver counters that he has accepted his past mistakes , the two engage in an argument that leads to a fight . With Diaz pushing Vertigo through the city , Oliver and John work to destroy the shipment , while Curtis reveals his alter - ego to his new boyfriend , Nick Anastas . John decides to leave the team following the fight , leaving Oliver and Felicity as the final two members . Hill fires Dinah and the rest of the clean cops , forcing Nick to realize that vigilantism is the only path forward . Armand claims that Oliver obstructed justice , which is grounds for impeachment . Laurel learns that Diaz has one more vial of Vertigo and kisses him . 133 18 `` Fundamentals '' Ben Bray Speed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T27. 13468 1.06 With Oliver 's impeachment hearing beginning , he lashes out at Felicity and William , causing the former to request a separation . Oliver realizes he has been dosed with Vertigo , and he begins hallucinating Adrian Chase , who torments him with reminders of his past failures . Oliver realizes that he never should have formed a Team Arrow , allowing his loved ones to make him forget about his original mission . Learning Diaz 's location , Oliver dons his original hood and attempts to take on the corrupt officers by himself . Felicity is able to bring Oliver back to his senses , revealing she never requested a separation . Oliver and Felicity escape before Diaz and his men can shoot them . Later , Oliver and William reconcile . Oliver is impeached , and Quentin becomes the new Mayor of Star City . Diaz tells Laurel that since Oliver has been impeached , it is time to inform crime families across the country that Star City is open for business . 134 19 `` The Dragon '' Gordon Verheul Spiro Skentzos & Elizabeth Kim April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T27. 13469 0.96 A younger Diaz is shown in an orphanage being harassed by a bully . In the present , Diaz starts the next phase of his plan which is to join a criminal organization called The Quadrant . But one of the four leaders of the group does n't think that Diaz is worthy enough , thinking of him as a street thug , and tries to have his son kill him . With Laurel 's help , he wages a small war on the group , killing both the man and his son , then taking his seat at the table . Later on , Diaz tracks down the man who bullied him as a child , and sets him on fire as Laurel watches uncomfortably . Meanwhile , Felicity & Curtis work together again on their Helix project , while Oliver works alone in Star City . An explosion happens as Oliver is fighting Diaz 's men , leaving no survivors . Felicity fearing for Oliver 's life returns home to find him safe and sound , who promises her that he will never leave her . 135 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' Alexandra La Roche Wendy Mericle & Rebecca Bellotto April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13470 0.87 Oliver pays a debt to Anatoli 's rival in Russia , so that Anatoli will be able to go home . Oliver appeals to him , reminding him of his honor and their friendship . Anatoli betrays him , chains him , and later on takes him to see Diaz . Convinced to fight fairly by Anatoli , Diaz and Oliver square off one on one , with the loser to leave the city . Oliver bests Diaz , only for him to stab him with a knife . Later on , Diaz tells Oliver he 's having his trial moved up and has him arrested . Meanwhile , Rene returns home , but is still affected by when he was shot . Dinah and Curtis team up with John and ARGUS to stop a shipment of weapons by The Quadrant and are successful . As the new mayor , Quentin is approached by Diaz to sign a paper that will grant him some property in the city . Quentin refuses at first , but he eventually changes his mind out of fear for Laurel 's safety after she expresses concerns about how dangerous he is . 136 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' Andi Armaganian Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Ubah Mohamed & Tyron B. Carter May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13471 1.10 Several witnesses are called at Oliver 's trial to testify about the identity of the Green Arrow including John , Dinah , Dr. Schwartz , Rene , and Felicity . Diaz coerces Rene into saying Oliver is the Green Arrow at trial by threatening his daughter in front of him . After Oliver takes the stand , the Green Arrow crashes through the skylight , revealing himself to be Tommy Merlyn back from the dead . Tommy testifies that he is really the Arrow and is taken into custody . When being saved from Diaz 's men by John and Rene , he is revealed to be Christopher Chance , the Human Target . Laurel takes the stand and , despite being threatened by Diaz earlier , testifies that Tommy is the real Green Arrow . Oliver is found guilty , proving the assumption that both the judge and the jury were in Diaz 's pocket . Oliver 's lawyer moves for a judgment notwithstanding verdict and the judge surprisingly agrees . Oliver returns to the lair and discovers that Chance switched places with the judge during jury deliberation . Oliver and Rene reconcile . Diaz kills the real judge just before Laurel appears and attacks him and his men , momentarily downing Diaz , before he takes her captive , telling her that he plans to kill Oliver and everyone he cares about . 137 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' Tara Miele Ben Sokolowski & Oscar Balderrama May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13472 1.00 Diaz orchestrates attacks against Team Arrow and their loved ones ; most escape unscathed but Curtis 's boyfriend Nick is seriously injured . They reunite at the New Tean Arrow 's bunker where they watch as Diaz ' men destroy Original Team Arrow 's bunker . With Anatoly 's help , Oliver ambushes Diaz , but he escapes , severely wounding Curtis . The team realizes Diaz was protecting a device containing potentially important data , and send Lyla into the SCPD headquarters to hack it . Felicity discovers it is an encrypted list of everyone on Diaz 's payroll and starts attempting to decode it . Diaz kills one of the Quadrant leaders , assuming she gave Team Arrow the intel about his convoy . He attacks the new bunker , fights with and nearly kills Oliver , who triggers explosives installed as a fail - safe against intruders . He and Felicity escape , but the still - encrypted data is lost . Diaz meets with the remaining two Quadrant leaders , kills one and makes the other accept him as the head of the organization . Oliver turns to Agent Watson for help ; she agrees provided he admits to her that he is the Green Arrow . 138 23 `` Life Sentence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13473 1.35 Team Arrow mount a final attack on Diaz and while Diaz manages to escape , Oliver obtains the list of everyone on his payroll , liberating Star City . During the attack , Quentin takes a bullet for Laurel and ends up in the hospital . The team comes to support him , including Laurel and a surprise visit from Sara . However , Quentin suffers a seizure during surgery and dies . Oliver manages to get the team immunity from the FBI and police in exchange for handing himself in . Agent Watson promises the team that the FBI will stay in Star City to deal with Diaz , before arresting Oliver . Oliver finally admits to the public that he is the Green Arrow , and urges his friends and allies to continue fighting to save the city . In prison , Oliver walks to his cell , with criminals acting violently towards him now that they know he is the Green Arrow . Ratings ( edit ) Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The Calm '' October 8 , 2014 1.0 2.83 0.4 1.4 `` Sara '' October 15 , 2014 0.8 2.32 0.6 1.4 `` Corto Maltese '' October 22 , 2014 0.9 2.55 N / A N / A `` The Magician '' October 29 , 2014 1.0 2.49 N / A N / A 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' November 5 , 2014 1.1 / 3 2.73 N / A N / A 6 `` Guilty '' November 12 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.60 0.6 1.5 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' November 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.64 0.6 1.5 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' December 3 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.92 N / A N / A 9 `` The Climb '' December 10 , 2014 1.1 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A 10 `` Left Behind '' January 21 , 2015 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.8 11 `` Midnight City '' January 28 , 2015 1.1 / 3 2.91 0.7 1.8 12 `` Uprising '' February 4 , 2015 1.2 / 4 2.94 N / A N / A 13 `` Canaries '' February 11 , 2015 1.1 / 3 2.67 N / A N / A 14 `` The Return '' February 18 , 2015 1.2 / 4 2.91 N / A N / A 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' February 25 , 2015 1.1 / 3 3.07 N / A N / A 16 `` The Offer '' March 18 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.56 0.7 1.6 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' March 25 , 2015 1.0 / 4 2.86 0.8 1.8 18 `` Public Enemy '' April 1 , 2015 0.8 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.4 19 `` Broken Arrow '' April 15 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.6 20 `` The Fallen '' April 22 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.72 N / A N / A 21 `` Al Sah - him '' April 29 , 2015 0.9 2.39 N / A N / A 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' May 6 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.54 0.7 1.7 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' May 13 , 2015 1.0 / 4 2.83 0.7 1.7 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Green Arrow '' October 7 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.67 N / A 1.43 N / A 4.10 `` The Candidate '' October 14 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.50 N / A 1.34 N / A 3.84 `` Restoration '' October 21 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.40 0.6 1.36 1.5 3.77 `` Beyond Redemption '' October 28 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Haunted '' November 4 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Lost Souls '' November 11 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.30 N / A 1.22 N / A 3.52 7 `` Brotherhood '' November 18 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.69 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' December 2 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.66 0.7 1.61 2.1 5.27 9 `` Dark Waters '' December 9 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.82 0.6 1.22 1.6 4.04 10 `` Blood Debts '' January 20 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.83 0.7 1.47 1.8 4.30 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' January 27 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.78 0.6 1.24 1.7 4.01 12 `` Unchained '' February 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.26 1.5 3.74 13 `` Sins of the Father '' February 10 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.6 1.32 1.5 3.77 14 `` Code of Silence '' February 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.7 1.40 1.6 3.85 15 `` Taken '' February 24 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.70 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Broken Hearts '' March 23 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.41 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' March 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' April 6 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.24 0.6 1.16 1.4 3.39 19 `` Canary Cry '' April 27 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.27 N / A 1.18 N / A 3.45 20 `` Genesis '' May 4 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.07 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.26 21 `` Monument Point '' May 11 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.13 1.3 3.29 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' May 18 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.20 23 `` Schism '' May 25 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.19 0.6 1.12 1.4 3.31 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Legacy '' October 5 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.6 1.20 1.3 3.07 `` The Recruits '' October 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.17 `` A Matter of Trust '' October 19 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.79 0.6 1.15 1.2 2.94 `` Penance '' October 26 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.5 1.09 1.2 2.96 5 `` Human Target '' November 2 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.03 1.1 2.65 6 `` So It Begins '' November 9 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.95 0.4 1.01 1.1 2.95 7 `` Vigilante '' November 16 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.86 0.5 N / A 1.2 N / A 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 30 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.55 0.7 1.80 2.0 5.34 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' December 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.5 1.13 1.2 3.07 10 `` Who Are You ? '' January 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.5 1.13 1.1 2.82 11 `` Second Chances '' February 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.91 0.5 1.08 1.1 2.99 12 `` Bratva '' February 8 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.73 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' February 15 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.66 N / A 0.90 N / A 2.56 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' February 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.46 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' March 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Checkmate '' March 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.39 17 `` Kapiushon '' March 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.33 18 `` Disbanded '' March 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' April 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Underneath '' May 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.24 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' May 10 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.65 0.4 1.00 1.0 2.64 22 `` Missing '' May 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.4 0.94 0.9 2.38 23 `` Lian Yu '' May 24 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.72 0.5 0.96 1.1 2.67 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Fallout '' October 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 0.5 1.18 1.1 2.70 `` Tribute '' October 19 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.08 1.0 2.59 `` Next of Kin '' October 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.38 `` Reversal '' November 2 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.33 0.4 0.90 0.9 2.23 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' November 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.37 6 `` Promises Kept '' November 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.20 7 `` Thanksgiving '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.09 0.5 1.07 0.8 2.16 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.8 1.89 1.7 4.41 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' December 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.86 0.8 2.12 10 `` Divided '' January 18 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.00 0.9 2.38 11 `` We Fall '' January 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.96 0.8 2.34 12 `` All for Nothing '' February 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.24 0.4 0.89 0.8 2.13 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' February 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.21 14 `` Collision Course '' March 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.4 1.02 0.8 2.13 15 `` Doppelganger '' March 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.15 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' March 29 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.12 0.4 0.95 0.8 2.07 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' April 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.84 0.6 1.74 18 `` Fundamentals '' April 12 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.06 0.3 0.82 0.7 1.89 19 `` The Dragon '' April 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.78 0.7 1.75 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' April 26 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.74 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' May 3 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.3 0.80 0.7 1.90 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' May 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.00 0.4 0.85 0.7 1.91 23 `` Life Sentence '' May 17 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.35 0.4 0.76 0.8 2.11 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 5 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , Toy Story of TERROR ! & Back in the Game Adjusted Up ; Nashville & Ironside Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Modern Family & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night & CSI Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : CSI Adjusted Up ; Criminal Minds Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The CMA Awards '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , The Middle & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The X Factor , Modern Family , Arrow , Survivor & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up ; Law and Order : SVU , The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Modern Family Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Law and Order : SVU & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up ; Survivor , The Middle , Mixology , Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Mixology & Nashville Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Modern Family & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Mixology Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , American Idol & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Revolution & CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Arrow , American Idol , Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU & Suburgatory Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Mysteries of Laura , Modern Family & Red Band Society Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; black - ish Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Stalker Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Nashville Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , The Mysteries of Laura & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The 100 , Red Band Society or Nashville '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for Arrow , Modern Family or The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Hell 's Kitchen & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker & The 100 Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for Empire '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up , Fresh Off the Boat & The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow & American Idol Adjusted Up ; The Goldbergs , The 100 , The Mentalist , The Mysteries of Laura , black - ish & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow , American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up ; The 100 , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Supernatural Adjusted Down & Final Empire Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Mysteries of Laura Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; Arrow & Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Arrow , Criminal Minds & Survivor Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Survivor , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Nashville , & The Goldbergs Adjusted Up ; American Idol , Criminal Minds , Supernatural & black - ish Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Empire , Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up , Nashville adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Rosewood adjusted up , Empire and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Supernatural adjusts down , The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The next episode of Arrow , written by @ briforsul & @ ojbalderrama begins production today '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow adjusts up , Criminal Minds rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : black - ish and Code Black adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow , Rosewood , Survivor and The Middle adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago P.D. ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Middle ' and ' Empire ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' SVU ' adjust up ; ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Life in Pieces , ' ' Showtime at the Apollo ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TV by the Numbers. April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : Season 1 ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 '' . JBHifi.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Buy Arrow : Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Arrow Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website List of Arrow episodes on IMDb List of Arrow episodes at The Futon Critic Arrow at TV.com hide Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? 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'' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Related Constantine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arrow_episodes&oldid=846412313 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 16 : 25 . 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when was the last episode of arrow aired
[ "As of May 17, 2018,[update] 138 episodes of Arrow have aired, concluding the sixth season. On April 2, 2018, the CW renewed the series for a seventh season.[1]" ]
[ "May 17, 2018" ]
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Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico - wikipedia Gulf of Mexico Jump to : navigation , search Gulf of Mexico Bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico Location American Mediterranean Sea Coordinates 25 ° N 90 ° W  /  25 ° N 90 ° W  / 25 ; - 90  ( Gulf of Mexico ) Coordinates : 25 ° N 90 ° W  /  25 ° N 90 ° W  / 25 ; - 90  ( Gulf of Mexico ) River sources Rio Grande , Mississippi River Ocean / sea sources Atlantic Ocean , Caribbean Sea Basin countries United States Mexico Cuba Max . width 1,500 km ( 932.06 mi ) Surface area 1,550,000 km ( 600,000 sq mi ) Settlements Houston , New Orleans , Corpus Christi , Tampa , Havana , Campeche , Mobile , Gulfport , Tampico , Key West Galveston harbor by Verner Moore White Ship and oil rigs in the Gulf The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish : Golfo de México ) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean , largely surrounded by the North American continent . It is bounded on the northeast , north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States , on the southwest and south by Mexico , and on the southeast by Cuba . The U.S. states of Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama and Florida border the Gulf on the north , which are often referred to as the `` Third Coast '' in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts , or sometimes the `` south coast '' , in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the `` north coast . '' The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics . The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles ( 1,500 km ; 930 mi ) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments . It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba , and with the Caribbean ( with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea ) via the Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba . With the narrow connection to the Atlantic , the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges . The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km ( 615,000 sq mi ) . Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters . The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters ( 550 quadrillion Imperial gallons , 660 quadrillion US gallons , 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi ) . The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum production regions in the world , comprising 1 in 6 barrels produced in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Geology 3 History 3.1 European exploration 4 Shipwrecks 5 Geography 5.1 2006 earthquake 5.2 Maritime boundary delimitation agreements 6 Biota 7 Pollution 7.1 Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill 7.2 Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill 7.3 Minor oil spills 7.3. 1 Brutus oil spill 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southeast limit of the Gulf of Mexico as follows : A line leaving Cape Catoche Light ( 21 ° 37 ′ N 87 ° 04 ′ W  /  21.617 ° N 87.067 ° W  / 21.617 ; - 87.067 ) with the Light on Cape San Antonio in Cuba , through this island to the meridian of 83 ° W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas ( 24 ° 35'N ) , along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal ( 82 ° 35'W ) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at eastern end of Florida Bay , all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf . Geology ( edit ) Sediment in the Gulf of Mexico The consensus among geologists who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico , is that before the Late Triassic , the Gulf of Mexico did not exist . Before the Late Triassic , the area now occupied by the Gulf of Mexico consisted of dry land , which included continental crust that now underlies Yucatán , within the middle of the large supercontinent of Pangea . This land lay south of a continuous mountain range that extended from north - central Mexico , through the Marathon Uplift in West Texas and the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma , and to Alabama where it linked directly to the Appalachian Mountains . It was created by the collision of continental plates that formed Pangea . As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox , this mountain range was breached in Late Cretaceous times by the formation of the Mississippi Embayment . Geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea . The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea , including sutures where the Laurentia , South American , and African plates collided to create it . First , there was a Late Triassic - Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds . Second , as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time , continental crust was stretched and thinned . This thinning created a broad zone of transitional crust , which displays modest and uneven thinning with block faulting , and a broad zone of uniformly thinned transitional crust , which is half the typical 40 kilometer thickness of normal continental crust . It was at this time that rifting first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean . This flooded the opening basin to create the Gulf of Mexico as an enclosed marginal sea . While the Gulf of Mexico was a restricted basin , the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt and associated anhydrite evaporites . During the Late Jurassic , continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that sea - floor spreading and formation of oceanic crust occurred . At this point , sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased. . Seafloor spreading stopped at the end of Jurassic time , about 145 - 150 million ears ago . During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous , the basin occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling and subsidence of the crust underlying it . The subsidence was the result of a combination of crustal stretching , cooling , and loading . Initially , the combination of crustal stretching and cooling caused about 5 -- 7 km of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional and oceanic crust . Because subsidence occurred faster than sediment could fill it , the Gulf of Mexico expanded and deepened . Later , loading of the crust within the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent coastal plain by the accumulation of kilometers of sediments during the rest of the Mesozoic and all of the Cenozoic further depressed the underlying crust to its current position about 10 -- 20 km below sea level . Particularly during the Cenozoic , thick clastic wedges built out the continental shelf along the northwestern and northern margins of the Gulf of Mexico . To the east , the stable Florida platform was not covered by the sea until the latest Jurassic or the beginning of Cretaceous time . The Yucatán platform was emergent until the mid-Cretaceous . After both platforms were submerged , the formation of carbonates and evaporites has characterized the geologic history of these two stable areas . Most of the basin was rimmed during the Early Cretaceous by carbonate platforms , and its western flank was involved during the latest Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods in a compressive deformation episode , the Laramide Orogeny , which created the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico . In 2002 geologist Michael Stanton published a speculative essay suggesting an impact origin for the Gulf of Mexico at the close of the Permian , which could have caused the Permian -- Triassic extinction event . However , Gulf Coast geologists do not regard this hypothesis as having any credibility . Instead they overwhelmingly accept plate tectonics , not an asteroid impact , as having created the Gulf of Mexico as illustrated by papers authored by Kevin Mickus and others . This hypothesis is not to be confused with the Chicxulub Crater , a large impact crater on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on the Yucatán Peninsula . Increasingly , the Gulf of Mexico is regarded as a backarc basin behind the Jurassic Nazas Arc of Mexico > Stern , R.J. , and Dickinson , W.R. , 2010 . The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic back - arc Basin . Geosphere v. 6 ; no . 6 ; p. 739 -- 754 ; doi : 10.1130 / GES00585. 1 < / ref > Today , the Gulf of Mexico has the following 7 main areas : Gulf of Mexico basin , which contains the Sigsbee Deep and can be further divided into the continental rise , the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain , and the Mississippi Cone . Northeast Gulf of Mexico , which extends from a point east of the Mississippi River Delta near Biloxi to the eastern side of Apalachee Bay . South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope , which extends along the coast from Apalachee Bay to the Straits of Florida and includes the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas . Campeche Bank , which extends from the Yucatán Straits in the east to the Tabasco -- Campeche Basin in the west and includes Arrecife Alacran . Bay of Campeche , which is an isthmian embayment extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions just east of the port of Veracruz . Western Gulf of Mexico , which is located between Veracruz to the south and the Rio Grande to the north . Northwest Gulf of Mexico , which extends from Alabama to the Rio Grande . History ( edit ) European exploration ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fishing boats in Biloxi Graph showing the overall water temperature of the Gulf between Hurricanes Katrina and Rita . Although Katrina cooled waters in its path by up to 4 ° C , they had rebounded by the time of Rita 's appearance . Although Christopher Columbus was credited with the discovery of the Americas by Europeans , the ships in his four voyages never reached the Gulf of Mexico . Instead , Columbus sailed into the Caribbean around Cuba and Hispaniola . The first European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by Amerigo Vespucci in 1497 . He followed the coastal land mass of Central America before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba . In his letters , Vespucci described this trip , and once Juan de la Cosa returned to Spain , a famous world map , depicting Cuba as an island , was produced . In 1506 , Hernán Cortés took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba , receiving a large estate of land and Indian slaves for his effort . In 1510 , he accompanied Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar , an aide of the governor of Hispaniola , in his expedition to conquer Cuba . In 1518 Velázquez put him in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization . In 1517 , Francisco Hernández de Córdoba discovered the Yucatán Peninsula . This was the first European encounter with an advanced civilization in the Americas , with solidly built buildings and a complex social organization which they recognized as being comparable to those of the Old World ; they also had reason to expect that this new land would have gold . All of this encouraged two further expeditions , the first in 1518 under the command of Juan de Grijalva , and the second in 1519 under the command of Hernán Cortés , which led to the Spanish exploration , military invasion , and ultimately settlement and colonization known as the Conquest of Mexico . Hernández did not live to see the continuation of his work : he died in 1517 , the year of his expedition , as the result of the injuries and the extreme thirst suffered during the voyage , and disappointed in the knowledge that Diego Velázquez had given precedence to Grijalva as the captain of the next expedition to Yucatán . In 1523 , Ángel de Villafañe sailed toward Mexico City , but was shipwrecked en route along the coast of Padre Island , Texas , in 1554 . When word of the disaster reached Mexico City , the viceroy requested a rescue fleet and immediately sent Villafañe marching overland to find the treasure - laden vessels . Villafañe traveled to Pánuco and hired a ship to transport him to the site , which had already been visited from that community . He arrived in time to greet García de Escalante Alvarado ( a nephew of Pedro de Alvarado ) , commander of the salvage operation , when Alvarado arrived by sea on July 22 , 1554 . The team labored until September 12 to salvage the Padre Island treasure . This loss , in combination with other ship disasters around the Gulf of Mexico , gave rise to a plan for establishing a settlement on the northern Gulf Coast to protect shipping and more quickly rescue castaways . As a result , the expedition of Tristán de Luna y Arellano was sent and landed at Pensacola Bay on August 15 , 1559 . On December 11 , 1526 , Charles V granted Pánfilo de Narváez a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States , known as the Narváez expedition . The contract gave him one year to gather an army , leave Spain , be large enough to found at least two towns of 100 people each , and garrison two more fortresses anywhere along the coast . On April 7 , 1528 , they spotted land north of what is now Tampa Bay . They turned south and traveled for two days looking for a great harbor the master pilot Miruelo knew of . Sometime during these two days , one of the five remaining ships was lost on the rugged coast , but nothing else is known of it . In 1697 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville sailed for France and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the Mississippi River and to colonize Louisiana which the English coveted . Iberville 's fleet sailed from Brest on October 24 , 1698 . On January 25 , 1699 , Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of Pensacola founded by the Spanish ; he sailed from there to Mobile Bay and explored Massacre Island , later renamed Dauphin Island . He cast anchor between Cat Island and Ship Island ; and on February 13 , 1699 , he went to the mainland , Biloxi , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville . On May 1 , 1699 , he completed a fort on the north - east side of the Bay of Biloxi , a little to the rear of what is now Ocean Springs , Mississippi . This fort was known as Fort Maurepas or Old Biloxi . A few days later , on May 4 , Pierre Le Moyne sailed for France leaving his teenage brother , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , as second in command to the French commandant . Shipwrecks ( edit ) The Mardi Gras shipwreck around the early - 19th century about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in 4,000 feet ( 1220 meters ) of water . She is believed to have been a privateer or trader . The shipwreck , whose real identity remains a mystery , lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company ( OGGC ) . In May 2007 , an expedition , led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service ( now BOEM ) , was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum . As part of the project educational outreach Nautilus Productions in partnership with BOEM , Texas A&M University , the Florida Public Archaeology Network and Veolia Environmental produced a one - hour HD documentary about the project , short videos for public viewing and provided video updates during the expedition . Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck documentary . On July 30 , 1942 the Robert E. Lee , captained by William C. Heath , was torpedoed by the German submarine U-166 . She was sailing southeast of the entrance to the Mississippi River when the explosion destroyed the # 3 hold , vented through the B and C decks and damaged the engines , the radio compartment and the steering gear . After the attack she was under escort by the USS PC - 566 , captained by LCDR Herbert G. Claudius , en route to New Orleans . The USS PC - 566 began dropping depth charges on a sonar contact , sinking the U-166 . The badly damaged Robert E. Lee first listed to port then to starboard and finally sank within about 15 minutes of the attack . One officer , nine crewmen and 15 passengers were lost . Ironically the passengers aboard the Robert E. Lee were primarily survivors of previous torpedo attacks by German U-boats . The wreck 's precise location was discovered during the C & C Marine survey that located the U-166 . The German submarine U-166 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on December 6 , 1940 at the Seebeckwerft ( part of Deutsche Schiff - und Maschinenbau AG , Deschimag ) at Wesermünde ( modern Bremerhaven ) as yard number 705 , launched on November 1 , 1941 and commissioned on March 23 , 1942 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hans - Günther Kuhlmann . After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla , U-166 was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front - line service on June 1 , 1942 . The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling 7,593 gross register tons ( GRT ) . She was sunk on July 30 , 1942 in Gulf of Mexico . In 2001 the wreck of U-166 was found in 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of water , less than two miles from where it had attacked the Robert E. Lee . An archaeological survey of the seafloor before construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren . The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately 500 feet apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat . Geography ( edit ) Gulf beach near Sabine Pass The Mississippi River Watershed is the largest drainage basin of the Gulf of Mexico Watershed . Map of northern part of Gulf of Mexico The shaded relief map of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean area . The Gulf of Mexico 's eastern , northern , and northwestern shores lie along the US states of Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , and Texas . The US portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) , receiving water from 33 major rivers that drain 31 states . The Gulf 's southwestern and southern shores lie along the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Veracruz , Tabasco , Campeche , Yucatán , and the northernmost tip of Quintana Roo . The Mexican portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,743 miles ( 2,805 km ) . On its southeast quadrant the Gulf is bordered by Cuba . It supports major American , Mexican and Cuban fishing industries . The outer margins of the wide continental shelves of Yucatán and Florida receive cooler , nutrient - enriched waters from the deep by a process known as upwelling , which stimulates plankton growth in the euphotic zone . This attracts fish , shrimp , and squid . River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone . The Gulf Stream , a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest ocean currents known , originates in the gulf , as a continuation of the Caribbean Current - Yucatán Current - Loop Current system . Other circulation features include the anticyclonic gyres which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate , and a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche . The Bay of Campeche in Mexico constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico . Additionally , the gulf 's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets . A number of rivers empty into the gulf , most notably the Mississippi River and Rio Grande in the northern gulf , and the Grijalva and Usumacinta rivers in the southern gulf . The land that forms the gulf 's coast , including many long , narrow barrier islands , is almost uniformly low - lying and is characterized by marshes and swamps as well as stretches of sandy beach . The Gulf of Mexico is an excellent example of a passive margin . The continental shelf is quite wide at most points along the coast , most notably at the Florida and Yucatán Peninsulas . The shelf is exploited for its oil by means of offshore drilling rigs , most of which are situated in the western gulf and in the Bay of Campeche . Another important commercial activity is fishing ; major catches include red snapper , amberjack , tilefish , swordfish , and various grouper , as well as shrimp and crabs . Oysters are also harvested on a large scale from many of the bays and sounds . Other important industries along the coast include shipping , petrochemical processing and storage , military use , paper manufacture , and tourism . The gulf 's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic hurricanes causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . In the Atlantic , a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake ( warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation ) . However , the Gulf is shallower ; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm . The Gulf is considered aseismic ; however , mild tremors have been recorded throughout history ( usually 5.0 or less on the Richter magnitude scale ) . Earthquakes may be caused by interactions between sediment loading on the sea floor and adjustment by the crust . 2006 earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake On September 10 , 2006 , the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center reported that a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred about 250 miles ( 400 km ) west - southwest of Anna Maria , Florida , around 10 : 56 AM EDT . The quake was reportedly felt from Louisiana to Florida in the Southeastern United States . There were no reports of damage or injuries . Items were knocked from shelves and seiches were observed in swimming pools in parts of Florida . The earthquake was described by the USGS as an intraplate earthquake , the largest and most widely felt recorded in the past three decades in the region . According to the September 11 , 2006 issue of The Tampa Tribune , earthquake tremors were last felt in Florida in 1952 , recorded in Quincy , 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Tallahassee Maritime boundary delimitation agreements ( edit ) Cuba and Mexico : Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas ( with map ) , of July 26 , 1976 . Cuba and United States : Maritime boundary agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba , of December 16 , 1977 . Mexico and United States : Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary , of November 23 , 1970 ; Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean ) , of May 4 , 1978 , and Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) , of June 9 , 2000 . On December 13 , 2007 , Mexico submitted information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ( CLCS ) regarding the extension of Mexico 's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles . Mexico sought an extension of its continental shelf in the Western Polygon based on international law , UNCLOS , and bilateral treaties with the United States , in accordance with Mexico 's domestic legislation . On March 13 , 2009 , the CLCS accepted Mexico 's arguments for extending its continental shelf up to 350 NM into the Western Polygon . Since this would extend Mexico 's continental shelf well into territory claimed by the United States , however , Mexico and the U.S. would need to enter a bilateral agreement based on international law that delimits their respective claims . Places adjacent to Gulf of Mexico Texas United States Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida Mexico Tamaulipas Gulf of Mexico Atlantic Ocean Veracruz Mexico Tabasco Campeche Yucatán Quintana Roo Cuba Caribbean Biota ( edit ) Various biota include chemosynthetic communities near cold seeps and nonchemosynthetic communities such as bacteria and other micro -- benthos , meiofauna , macrofauna , and megafauna ( larger organisms such as crabs , sea pens , crinoids , and demersal fish and cetaceans including endangered ones ) are living in the Gulf of Mexico . Recently , resident Bryde 's whales within the gulf were classified as an endemic , unique subspecies and making them as one of the most endangered whales in the world . The Gulf of Mexico yields more finfish , shrimp , and shellfish annually than the south and mid-Atlantic , Chesapeake , and New England areas combined . The Smithsonian Institution Gulf of Mexico holdings are expected to provide an important baseline of understanding for future scientific studies on the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . In Congressional testimony , Dr. Jonathan Coddington , Associate Director of Research and Collections at the Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History , provides a detailed overview of the Gulf collections and their sources which Museum staff have made available on an online map . The samples were collected for years by the former Minerals Management Service ( renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement ) to help predict the potential impacts of future oil / gas explorations . Since 1979 , the specimens have been deposited in the national collections of the National Museum of Natural History . See also : List of invasive marine fish in the Gulf of Mexico Pollution ( edit ) Dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico The major environmental threats to the Gulf are agricultural runoff and oil drilling . There are frequent `` red tide '' algae blooms that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore . This has especially been plaguing the southwest and southern Florida coast , from the Florida Keys to north of Pasco County , Florida . The Gulf contains a hypoxic dead zone that runs east - west along the Texas - Louisiana coastline . In July 2008 , researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008 , the area roughly doubled in size and now stretches from near Galveston , Texas , to near Venice , Louisiana . It is now about 8,000 square miles ( 21,000 km ) , nearly the record . Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in neighboring marine ecosystems , which has resulted in algae blooms and a lack of available oxygen . Occurrences of masculinization and estrogen suppression were observed as a result . An October 2007 study of the Atlantic croaker found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61 % males to 39 % females in hypoxic Gulf sites . This was compared with a 52 % to 48 % male - female ratio found in reference sites , showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones . There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the Gulf . These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems . Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill ( edit ) Main articles : Ixtoc I and Ixtoc I oil spill In June 1979 , the Ixtoc I oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion , which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped . This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 . Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill ( edit ) Main articles : Deepwater Horizon explosion and Deepwater Horizon oil spill On April 20 , 2010 , the Deepwater Horizon oil platform , located in the Mississippi Canyon about 40 miles ( 64 km ) off the Louisiana coast , suffered a catastrophic explosion ; it sank a day - and - a-half later . It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment , to avoid environmental problems . Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked , by April 24 , it was claimed by BP that approximately 1,000 barrels ( 160 m ) of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead , about 1 - mile ( 1.6 km ) below the surface on the ocean floor . On April 29 , the U.S. government revealed that approximately 5,000 barrels ( 790 m ) per day , five times the original estimate , were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead . The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface , posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands , and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen . Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be `` employing booms , skimmers , chemical dispersants and controlled burns '' to combat the oil spill . By May 1 , 2010 , the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway , but hampered by rough seas and the `` tea like '' consistency of the oil . Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable . On May 27 , 2010 , The USGS had revised the estimate of the leak from 5,000 barrels per day ( 790 m / d ) to 12,000 -- 19,000 barrels per day ( 3,000 m / d ) an increase from earlier estimates . On July 15 , 2010 , BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days . In July 2015 BP reached an $18.7 bn settlement with the US government , the states of Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi and Texas , as well as 400 local authorities . To date BP 's cost for the clean - up , environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54 bn . Minor oil spills ( edit ) According to the National Response Center , the oil industry has thousands of minor accidents in the Gulf of Mexico every year . Brutus oil spill ( edit ) On May 12 , 2016 , a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on Shell 's Brutus oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil . This leak created a visible 2 mile by 13 mile oil slick in the sea about 97 miles south of Port Fourchon , Louisiana , according to the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement . See also ( edit ) Cantarell Field Brine pool Charlotte Harbor Estuary , Florida Gulf Coast Gulf of Mexico Foundation Hypoxia Jack 2 ( a test well in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico ) Orca Basin Outer Continental Shelf Territorial evolution of the Caribbean US Gulf of Mexico Protraction areas Atwater Valley East Cameron Eugene Island Garden Banks Green Canyon Keathley Canyon Mississippi Canyon Sigsbee Escarpment South Marsh Island Walker Ridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico - a sea in Atlantic Ocean '' . www.deepseawaters.com . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico '' . Geographic Names Information System . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Huerta , A.D. , and D.L. Harry ( 2012 ) Wilson cycles , tectonic inheritance , and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin . Geosphere. 8 ( 1 ) : GES00725. 1 , first published on March 6 , 2012 , doi : 10.1130 / GES00725. 1 ^ Jump up to : `` General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico '' . epa.gov . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico Fact Sheet '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , A. ( 1991 ) Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico basin , in A. Salvador , ed. , p. 389 - 444 , The Gulf of Mexico Basin : The Geology of North America , v. J. , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . ^ Jump up to : Stern , R.J. , and W.R. Dickinson ( 2010 ) The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin . Geosphere. 6 ( 6 ) : 739 -- 754 . Jump up ^ Van Arsdale , R.B. ( 2009 ) Adventures Through Deep Time : The Central Mississippi River Valley and Its Earthquakes . Special Paper no . 455 , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . 107 pp . Jump up ^ Cox , R.T. , and R.B. Van Arsdale ( 2002 ) The Mississippi Embayment , North America : a first order continental structure generated by the Cretaceous superplume mantle event . Journal of Geodynamics. 34 : 163 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Zell , P. , Stinnesbeck , W. , Beckmann , S. , ( 2016 ) . `` Late Jurassic aptychi from the La Caja Formation of northeastern Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 68 : 515 -- 536 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Buffler , R.T. , 1991 , Early Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico Basin , in D. Goldthwaite , ed. , pp. 1 -- 15 , Introduction to Central Gulf Coast Geology , New Orleans Geological Society , New Orleans , Louisiana . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , W.E. , 2008 , Depositional evolution of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin. in K.J. Hsu , ed. , pp. 505 -- 549 , The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada , Sedimentary Basins of the World . v. 5 , Elsevier , The Netherlands . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , D.S. , R.T. Buffler , and R.H. Pilger , Jr. , 1991 , The crust under the Gulf of Mexico basin , in A. Salvador , ed. , pp. 53 -- 72 , The Gulf of Mexico Basin : The Geology of North America , v. J. , Geological Society of America , Boulder , Colorado . ^ Jump up to : `` gulfbase.org '' . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stanton , M.S. , 2002 , Is the Gulf 's Origin Heaven Sent ? AAPG Explorer ( Dec. 2002 ) American Association of Petroleum Geologists . Tulsa Oklahoma . Jump up ^ Mickus , K. , R.J. Stern2 , G.R. Keller , and E.Y. Anthony ( 2009 ) Potential field evidence for a volcanic rifted margin along the Texas Gulf Coast . Journal of Geology . v. 37 , p. 387 - 390 . Jump up ^ Kevin Knight ( 2009 ) . `` Pierre Le Moyne , Sieur d'Iberville '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FPAN Home '' . Florida Public Archaeology . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck '' . Nautilus Productions . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck Documentary '' . MUA . Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` Robert E. Lee '' . German U-boats of World War II -- uboat.net . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` U-166 '' . German U-boats of World War II -- uboat.net . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico '' . gomr.mms.gov . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Warren , Robert A. Church . `` The Discovery of U -- 166 : Rewriting History with New Technology '' ( PDF ) . Offshore Technology Conference . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico Watershed '' . EPA.gov . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : March 16 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Amante , C. and B.W. Eakins , 2009 . ETOPO1 1 Arc - Minute Global Relief Model : Procedures , Data Sources and Analysis . NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC - 24 . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5C8276M ( access date : March 18 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Water Program Guidance : FY 2005 '' . epa.gov . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf of Mexico '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warm Waters Provide Fuel for Potential Storms '' . NASA Earth Observatory . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Gulf of Mexico '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Central Florida Feels Quake '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 6.0 Magnitude Earthquake In Gulf Of Mexico Shakes Southeast '' . www.observernews.net . ^ Jump up to : United States Geological Survey , September 11 , 2006 Archived October 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Attempt to Extend its Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Serves as a Model for the International Community , Mexican Law Review , Volume V , Number 2 , Jan. -- June 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region ( November 2006 ) . `` Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales : 2007 -- 2012 . Western Planning Area Sales 204 , 207 , 210 , 215 , and 218 . Central Planning Area Sales 205 , 206 , 208 , 213 , 216 , and 222 . Draft Environmental Impact Statement . Volume I : Chapters 1 -- 8 and Appendices '' . U.S. Department of the Interior , Minerals Management Service , Gulf of Mexico OCS Region , New Orleans. page 3 - 27 -- 3 - 34 PDF Archived March 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Rosel E.P. . Corkeron P ... Engleby L ... Epperson D ... Mullin D.K. . Soldevilla S.M. . Taylor L.B.. 2016 . STATUS REVIEW OF BRYDE 'S WHALES ( BALAENOPTERA EDENI ) IN THE GULF OF MEXICO UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT . NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS - SEFSC - 692 Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Smithsonian Holdings to Aid Researchers in the Gulf '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coddington , Jonathan ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Testimony to the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs , Oceans and Wildlife ; Committee on Natural Resources ; U.S. House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . ( Smithsonian Ocean Portal ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Joel Achenbach , `` A ' Dead Zone ' in The Gulf of Mexico : Scientists Say Area That Cannot Support Some Marine Life Is Near Record Size '' , Washington Post , July 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ Thomas , Peter ; Md Saydur Rahman ( 2012 ) . `` Extensive Reproductive Disruption , Ovarian Masculinization and Aromatase Suppression in Atlantic Croaker in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 279 ( 1726 ) : 28 -- 38 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0529 . PMC 3223642 . ^ Jump up to : Donn , Jeff ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Gulf home to 27,000 abandoned wells '' . Burlington , Vermont : Burlington Free Press . pp. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Burning oil rig sinks , setting stage for spill ; 11 still missing '' , by Kevin McGill and Holbrook Mohr ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 23 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Well from sunken rig leaking oil '' , by Cain Burdeau ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ; Kaufman , Leslie ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Race to plug leaking oil well off La . spurs new tactics '' , by Cain Burdeau ( Associated Press ) , Boston Globe , April 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Gulf Oil Spill Worst in U.S. History ; Drilling Postponed '' , by Marianne Lavelle , National Geographic , May 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ed Crooks , Christopher Adams , . `` BP : Into uncharted waters '' . ft.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chow , Lorraine . `` Shell Oil Spill Dumps Nearly 90,000 Gallons of Crude Into Gulf '' . EcoWatch . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf of Mexico . Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck `` Mexico , Gulf of '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Mexico , Gulf of '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Bathymetry of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean East of Florida United States Geological Survey The Present State of the West - Indies : Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe written by Thomas Kitchin , 1778 , in which Kitchin discusses , in chapter 1 , why the Gulf should have been called the `` West Indian Sea . 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what type of landform is the gulf of mexico
[ "The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de México) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean,[1] largely surrounded by the North American continent.[2] It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the \"Third Coast\" in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the \"south coast\", in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the \"north coast.\"" ]
[ "an ocean basin and a marginal sea" ]
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House of Saud
House of Saud - Wikipedia House of Saud Jump to : navigation , search `` Saud '' redirects here . For the King , see Saud of Saudi Arabia . For the eponymous ancestor , see Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin . For other uses , see Saud ( disambiguation ) . This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) House of Saud آل سعود Royal house Emblem of Saudi Arabia , adopted in 1950 Parent family Al - Muqrin of the Diriyah house of Al - Muraydi of either Anizzah or Banu Hanifa Country Saudi Arabia Ethnicity Arab Founded 1744 ( 1744 ) Founder Muhammad bin Saud ( died 1765 ) Current head Salman of Saudi Arabia ( born 1935 ) Titles King of Saudi Arabia Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Members Salman of Saudi Arabia and other members with relationship Religion Sunni Islam ( current religion ) Motto Al Muqatib Cadet branches Al Faisal The House of Saud ( Arabic : آل سعود ‎ , translit . Āl Saʻūd IPA : ( ʔæːl saʕuːd ) ) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia . It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud , founder of the Emirate of Diriyah , known as the First Saudi state ( 1744 -- 1818 ) , and his brothers , though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud , the modern founder of Saudi Arabia . The most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia , currently King Salman , who chose first his nephew and then his son as crown prince without consulting the Allegiance Council . The family is estimated to comprise 15,000 members , but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of about 2,000 of them . The House of Saud has gone through three phases : the Emirate of Diriyah , the First Saudi State ( 1744 -- 1818 ) , marked by the expansion of Wahhabism ; the Emirate of Nejd , the Second Saudi State ( 1824 -- 1891 ) , marked with continuous infighting ; and the Third Saudi State ( 1902 -- present ) , which evolved into Saudi Arabia in 1932 and now wields considerable influence in the Middle East . The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire , the Sharif of Mecca , the Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd , numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia . The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king , Ibn Saud , to another . The next in line , Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman , is the son of King Salman . The king - appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family . The monarchy was hereditary by agnatic seniority until 2006 , when a royal decree provided that future Saudi kings are to be elected by a committee of Saudi princes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 History 2.1 Origins and early history 2.2 First Saudi state 2.3 Second Saudi state 2.4 Saudi Arabia 3 Political power 4 Succession 5 Wealth 6 Opposition 7 Heads 7.1 First Saudi state 7.2 Second Saudi state 7.3 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 8 Most notable current members 8.1 Sons of King Abdulaziz 8.2 Daughters of King Abdulaziz 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Further reading 11 External links Title ( edit ) Genealogical table of the leaders of the Āl Saud House of Saud is a translation of Al Saud , an Arabic dynastic name formed by adding the word Al , meaning `` family of '' or `` House of '' , to the personal name of an ancestor . In the case of the Al Saud , this is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin , the father of the dynasty 's 18th century founder , Muhammad bin Saud ( Muhammad , son of Saud ) . Today , the surname `` Al Saud '' is carried by any descendant of Muhammad bin Saud or his three brothers Farhan , Thunayyan , and Mishari . Al Saud 's other family branches like Saud al - Kabir , the Al Jiluwi , the Al Thunayan , the Al Mishari and the Al Farhan are called cadet branches . Members of the cadet branches hold high and influential positions in government though they are not in line of succession to the Saudi throne . Many cadet members intermarry within the Al Saud to reestablish their lineage and continue to wield influence in the government . All members of the royal family have the title of Emir ( Prince ) but sons , daughters , patrilineal granddaughters and grandsons of Ibn Saud are referred to by the style `` His Royal Highness '' ( HRH ) , differing from those belonging to the cadet branches who are called `` His Highness '' ( HH ) , and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques . History ( edit ) Origins and early history ( edit ) The earliest recorded ancestor of the Al Saud was Mani ' ibn Rabiah Al - Muraydi who settled in Diriyah in 1446 -- 1447 with his clan , the Mrudah . Although the Mrudah are believed to be descended from the Rabi'ah tribal confederation , it is unclear whether they trace their ancestry to the Banu Hanifa or the ' Anizza branches of the Rabi'ah . Mani was invited by a relative named Ibn Dir . Ibn Dir was the ruler of a set of villages and estates that make up modern - day Riyadh . Mani 's clan had been on a sojourn in east Arabia , near al - Qatif , from an unknown point in time . Ibn Dir handed Mani two estates called al - Mulaybeed and Ghusayba . Mani and his family settled and renamed the region `` al - Diriyah '' , after their benefactor Ibn Dir . The Mrudah became rulers of al - Diriyah , which prospered along the banks of Wadi Hanifa and became an important Najdi settlement . As the clan grew larger , power struggles ensued , with one branch leaving for nearby Dhruma , while another branch ( the `` Al Watban '' ) left for the town of az - Zubayr in southern Iraq . The Al Migrin became the ruling family among the Mrudah in Diriyah . The name of the clan comes from Sheikh Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin who died in 1725 . First Saudi State ( edit ) Main article : Emirate of Diriyah The First Saudi State was founded in 1744 . This period was marked by conquest of neighboring areas and by religious zeal . At its height , the First Saudi State included most of the territory of modern - day Saudi Arabia , and raids by Al Saud 's allies and followers reached into Yemen , Oman , Syria , and Iraq . Islamic Scholars , particularly Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and his descendants , are believed to have played a significant role in Saudi rule during this period . The Saudis and their allies referred to themselves during this period as the Muwahhidun or Ahl al - Tawhid ( `` the monotheists '' ) . Later they were referred to as the Wahhabis , a group of particularly strict , puritanical Sunni sect , named for its founder . Leadership of the Al Saud during the time of their first state passed from father to son without incident . The first imam , Muhammad ibn Saud , was succeeded by his eldest son Abdulaziz in 1765 . In 1802 , Abdulaziz led ten thousand Wahhabi soldiers into an attack on the Shi'ite holy city of Karbala , in what is now southern Iraq and where Hussein ibn Ali , the grandson of the prophet Muhammad is buried . Led by Abdulaziz , the Wahhabi soldiers killed more than two thousand people , including women and children . The soldiers plundered the city , demolishing the massive golden dome above Hussein 's tomb and loaded hundreds of camels with weapons , jewelry , coins and other valuable goods . The attack on Karbala convinced the Ottomans and the Egyptians that the Saudis were a threat to regional peace . Abdulaziz was killed in 1803 by an assassin , believed by some to have been a Shi'ite seeking revenge over the sacking of Karbala the year before . Abdul - Aziz was in turn succeeded by his son , Saud , under whose rule the Saudi state reached its greatest extent . By the time Saud died in 1814 , his son and successor Abdullah ibn Saud had to contend with an Ottoman - Egyptian invasion in the Ottoman -- Wahhabi War seeking to retake lost Ottoman Empire territory . The mainly Egyptian force succeeded in defeating Abdullah 's forces , taking over the Saudi capital of Diriyyah in 1818 . Abdullah was taken prisoner and was soon beheaded by the Ottomans in Constantinople , putting an end to the First Saudi State . The Egyptians sent many members of the Al Saud clan and other members of the local nobility as prisoners to Egypt and Constantinople , and razed the Saudi capital Diriyyah . Second Saudi State ( edit ) Main article : Emirate of Nejd Flag of the Second Saudi State A few years after the fall of Diriyah in 1818 , the Saudis were able to re-establish their authority in Najd , establishing the Emirate of Nejd , commonly known as the Second Saudi State , with its capital in Riyadh . Compared to the First Saudi State , the second Saudi period was marked by less territorial expansion ( it never reconquered the Hijaz or ' Asir , for example ) and less religious zeal , although the Saudi leaders continued to go by the title of imam and still employed Salafi religious scholars . The second state was also marked by severe internal conflicts within the Saudi family , eventually leading to the dynasty 's downfall . In all but one instance , succession occurred by assassination or civil war , the exception being the passage of authority from Faisal ibn Turki to his son Abdullah ibn Faisal ibn Turki . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Main articles : Unification of Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Saudi Arabia Basic Law Monarchy ( show ) King and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Salman Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman Deputy crown prince vacant Allegiance Council Succession Government ( show ) Prime Minister Salman Council of Ministers Consultative Assembly President : Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash - Sheikh National Security Council Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice Legal system ( show ) The Quran Judiciary Capital punishment Freedom of religion Human rights Women 's rights LGBT rights Recent elections ( show ) Municipal : 2005 2011 2015 Administrative divisions ( show ) Regions Governorates Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Ibn Saud and Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1945 After his defeat at Mulayda , Abdul - Rahman ibn Faisal went with his family into exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia among the Al Murra bedouin . Soon afterward , however , he found refuge in Kuwait as a guest of the Kuwaiti emir , Mubarak Al Sabah . In 1902 , Abdul - Rahman 's son , Abdul Aziz , took on the task of restoring Saudi rule in Riyadh . Supported by a few dozen followers and accompanied by some of his brothers and relatives , Abdul Aziz was able to capture Riyadh 's Masmak fort and kill the governor appointed there by Ibn Rashid . Abdul Aziz , reported to have been barely 20 at the time , was immediately proclaimed ruler in Riyadh . As the new leader of the House of Saud , Abdul Aziz became commonly known from that time as `` Ibn Saud '' . Ibn Saud spent the next three decades trying to re-establish his family 's rule over as much of the Arabian Peninsula as possible , starting with his native Najd . His chief rivals were the Al Rashid clan in Ha'il , the Sharifs of Mecca in the Hijaz , and the Ottoman Turks in al - Hasa . Ibn Saud also had to contend , however , with the descendants of his late uncle Saud ibn Faisal ( later known as the `` Saud al - Kabir '' branch of the family ) , who posed as the rightful heirs to the throne . Though for a time acknowledging the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultans and even taking the title of pasha , Ibn Saud allied himself to the British , in opposition to the Ottoman - backed Al Rashid . From 1915 to 1927 , Ibn Saud 's dominions were a protectorate of the British Empire , pursuant to the 1915 Treaty of Darin . Ibn Saud won final victory over the Rashidis in 1921 , making him the ruler of most of central Arabia . He consolidated his dominions as the Sultanate of Nejd . He then turned his attention to the Hijaz , finally conquering it in 1926 , just months before the British protectorate ended . For the next five and a half years , he administered the two parts of his dual realm , the Kingdom of Hijaz and Nejd , as separate units . By 1932 , Ibn Saud had disposed of all his main rivals and consolidated his rule over much of the Arabian Peninsula . He united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that year . Ibn Saud 's father , Abdul Rahman retained the honorary title of `` imam . '' In 1937 near Dammam , American surveyors discovered what later proved to be Saudi Arabia 's vast oil reserves . Before the discovery of oil , many family members were destitute . Ibn Saud sired dozens of children by his many wives . He had at most only four wives at one time . He divorced and married many times . He made sure to marry into many of the noble clans and tribes within his territory , including the chiefs of the Bani Khalid , Ajman , and Shammar tribes , as well as the Al ash - Sheikh ( descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab ) . He also arranged for his sons and relatives to enter into similar marriages . He appointed his eldest surviving son , Saud as heir apparent , to be succeeded by the next eldest son , Faisal . The Saudi family became known as the `` royal family , '' and each member , male and female , was accorded the title amir ( `` prince '' ) or amira ( `` princess '' ) , respectively . Ibn Saud died in 1953 , after having cemented an alliance with the United States in 1945 . He is still celebrated officially as the `` Founder , '' and only his direct descendants may take on the title of `` his or her Royal Highness . '' The date of his recapture of Riyadh in 1902 was chosen to mark Saudi Arabia 's centennial in 1999 ( according to the Islamic lunar calendar ) . Upon Ibn Saud 's death , his son Saud assumed the throne without incident , but his lavish spending led to a power struggle with the new crown prince , Faisal . In 1964 , the royal family forced Saud to abdicate in favor of Faisal , aided by an edict from the country 's grand mufti . During this period , some of Ibn Saud 's younger sons , led by Talal ibn Abdul Aziz defected to Egypt , calling themselves the `` Free Princes '' and calling for liberalization and reform , but were later induced to return by Faisal . They were fully pardoned but were also barred from any future positions in government . U.S. President Barack Obama offers condolences on death of Saudi King Abdullah , Riyadh , 27 January 2015 Faisal was assassinated in 1975 by a nephew , Faisal ibn Musaid , who was promptly executed . Another brother , Khalid , assumed the throne . The next prince in line had actually been Prince Muhammad , but he had relinquished his claim to the throne in favor of Khalid , his only full brother . Khalid died of a heart attack in 1982 , and was succeeded by Fahd , the eldest of the powerful `` Sudairi Seven '' , so - called because they were all sons of Ibn Saud by his wife Hassa Al Sudairi . Fahd did away with the previous royal title of `` his Majesty '' and replaced it with the honorific `` Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques '' , in reference to the two Islamic holy sites in Mecca and Medina , in 1986 . A stroke in 1995 left Fahd largely incapacitated , and the crown prince , Abdullah , gradually took over most of the king 's responsibilities until Fahd 's death in August 2005 . Abdullah was proclaimed king on the day of Fahd 's death and promptly appointed his younger brother , Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the minister of defense and Fahd 's `` Second Deputy Prime Minister , '' as the new heir apparent . On 27 March 2009 , Abdullah appointed Prince Nayef Interior Minister as his `` second deputy prime minister '' and Crown Prince on 27 October . Sultan died in October 2011 while Nayef died in Geneva , Switzerland on 15 June 2012 . On 23 January 2015 , Abdullah died after a prolonged illness , ending his nine - year rule as the King of Saudi Arabia , and Crown Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was declared the new King . Political power ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crown Prince and Defence Minister Mohammad with U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter , Pentagon , 13 May 2015 The head of the House of Saud is the King of Saudi Arabia who serves as Head of State and monarch of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . The King holds almost absolute political power . The King appoints ministers to his cabinet who supervise their respective ministries in his name . The key ministries of Defence , the Interior , and Foreign Affairs are usually held by members of the Saud family , as are most of the thirteen regional governorships . Most portfolios , however , such as Finance , Labor , Information , Planning , Petroleum Affairs and Industry , have traditionally been given to commoners , often with junior Al Saud members serving as their deputies . House of Saud family members also hold many of the Kingdom 's critical military and governmental departmental posts . Ultimate power in the Kingdom has always rested upon the Al Saud , though support from the Ulema , the merchant community , and the population at large has been key to the maintenance of the royal family 's political status quo . Long - term political and government appointments , such as those of King Faisal , who was Foreign Minister almost continuously from 1932 to 1975 , King Abdullah , who was Commander of the National Guard from 1963 to 2010 , former Crown prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz , who was Minister of Defence and Aviation from 1962 until his death in 2011 , Prince Mutaib Minister of Municipal and Rural Affairs from 1975 to 2009 , former Crown Prince Nayef who was the Minister of Interior from 1975 to 2012 , and the current King Salman , who was governor of the Riyadh Region from 1963 to 2011 , have perpetuated the creation of fiefdoms where senior princes have , often , though not exclusively , co-mingled their personal wealth with that of their respective domains . They have often appointed their own sons to senior positions within their own fiefdom . Examples of these include Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah as assistant commander in the National Guard until 2010 ; Prince Khalid bin Sultan as assistant minister of defence until 2013 ; Prince Mansour bin Mutaib as assistant minister for Municipal and Rural Affairs until he replaced his father in 2009 ; and Prince Mohammed bin Nayef as assistant minister in the Interior Ministry . In cases , where portfolios have notably substantial budgets , appointments of younger , often full , brothers have been necessary , as deputies or vice ministers , ostensibly to share the wealth and the burdens of responsibility , of each fiefdom . Examples of these include Prince Abdul Rahman who was vice minister of defence and aviation under Prince Sultan ; Prince Badr , deputy to King Abdullah in the National Guard ; Prince Sattam , who was Deputy Riyadh Governor during King Salman 's term ; and Prince Ahmed , who held the deputy minister 's portfolio under Prince Nayef 's interior ministry . Unlike Western royal families , the Saudi Monarchy has not had a clearly defined order of succession . Historically , upon becoming King , the monarch has designated an heir apparent to the throne who serves as Crown Prince of the Kingdom . Upon the King 's death the Crown Prince becomes King , and during the King 's incapacitation the Crown Prince , likewise , assumes power as regent . Though other members of the Al Saud hold political positions in the Saudi government , technically it is only the King and Crown Prince who legally constitute the political institutions . Succession ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne U.S. President Jimmy Carter meets with King Khalid and Crown Prince Fahd in January 1978 Succession has been from brother - to - brother since the death of the Founder of modern Saudi Arabia . Ibn Saud was succeeded by his son Saud . Saud was succeeded by his brother Faisal . Faisal was succeeded by his brother Khalid who , in turn , was succeeded by his brother Fahd . Fahd , as before , was succeeded by his brother Abdullah and Abdullah succeeded by his brother Salman , the current King . Salman appointed his half - brother Muqrin as Crown Prince in January 2015 and removed him in April 2015 . Even Abdulaziz 's youngest son was to turn 70 in 2015 . Abdulaziz , in 1920 , had said that the further succession would be from brother - to - brother not from father - to - son . King Salman ended the brother - to - brother succession and appointed his 56 - year - old nephew Muhammad bin Nayef as Crown Prince in April 2015 , thus making the next succession from uncle - to - nephew . At the same time King Salman appointed his son Mohammed bin Salman , as Deputy Crown Prince , thus making the following succession from cousin - to - cousin , as Mohammad bin Salman is the cousin of Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef . King Salman elevated his son Mohammad bin Salman to Crown Prince in June 2017 , following his decision to depose Muhammad bin Nayef of all positions , making his son heir apparent to the throne ; and making the next succession father - to - son , for the first time since 1953 when Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud succeeded his father , the founder of Saudi Arabia , Ibn Saud . Wealth ( edit ) Luxury yacht Kingdom 5KR owned by Saudi royal family , docked in Antibes , French Riviera In June 2015 Forbes listed Prince Al - Waleed bin Talal as the 34th - richest man in the world , with an estimated net worth of US $28 billion . Prince Al - Waleed had a net worth of $20.4 billion in 2014 . King Salman had a net worth estimated at US $17 billion in 2016 . The net worth of the entire royal family has been estimated at well over $1.4 trillion which makes them one of the wealthiest families in the world if not the wealthiest . Many princes and government officials have been arrested in the 2017 in alleged anti corruption campaign by the King and Crown prince . United States President Donald Trump has expressed support for the arrests . Opposition ( edit ) See also : Human rights in Saudi Arabia and Censorship in Saudi Arabia Demonstrators in Eastern Province during the 1979 Qatif Uprising Due to its authoritarian and quasi-theocratic rule , the House of Saud has attracted much criticism during its rule of Saudi Arabia . There have been numerous incidents , including the Wahhabi Ikhwan militia uprising during the reign of Ibn Saud . Osama Bin Laden , a critic of the US , was a critic of Saudi Arabia and was denaturalized in the mid 1990s . On 20 November 1979 , the Grand Mosque seizure saw the al - Masjid al - Haram in Mecca violently seized by a group of 500 heavily armed and provisioned Saudi dissidents led by Juhayman al - Otaybi and Abdullah al - Qahtani , consisting mostly of members of the former Ikhwan militia of Otaibah but also of other peninsular Arabs and a few Egyptians enrolled in Islamic studies at the Islamic University of Madinah . The Saudi royal family turned to the Ulema who duly issued a fatwa permitting the storming of the holy sanctuary by Saudi forces , aided by French and Pakistani special ops units . According to Lawrence Wright , the GIGN commandos did convert to Islam . Most of those responsible , including Al - Otaybi himself , were beheaded publicly in four cities of Saudi Arabia . In January 2016 , Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Shiite cleric Sheikh Nimr , who had called for pro-democracy demonstrations , along with forty - seven other Saudi shia citizens sentenced by the Specialized Criminal Court on terrorism charges . Since May 2017 in response to protests against the government , the predominantly Shia town of Al - Awamiyah has been put under full siege by the Saudi military . Residents are not allowed to enter or leave , and military indiscriminately shells the neighborhoods with airstrikes , mortar and artillery fire along with snipers shooting residents . Dozens of Shia civilians were killed , including a three year old and a two - year - old child . The Saudi government claims it is fighting terrorists in al - Awamiyah . Heads ( edit ) King Salman of Saudi Arabia . First Saudi state ( edit ) Muhammad ibn Saud ( approx. 1710 − 1765 ) ruled 1744 -- 1765 Abdul - Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud ( died 1803 ) ruled 1765 -- 1803 Saud ibn Abdul - Aziz ibn Muhammad Al Saud ( died 1814 ) ruled 1803 -- 1814 Abdullah ibn Saud ( died 1818 ) ruled 1814 -- 1818 Second Saudi state ( edit ) 1 . Turki ibn Abdallah ( 1755 -- 1834 ) ruled 1824 − 1834 2 and 5 . Faisal ibn Turki Al Saud ( 1785 -- 1865 ) ruled 1834 -- 1838 and 1843 -- 1865 . Son of Turki 3 . Khalid bin Saud ibn Abdul - Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud ruled 1838 -- 1841 . Distant cousin 4 . Abdullah ibn Thunayyan ruled 1841 -- 1843 . Distant cousin 6 , 8 , and 11 . Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud ruled 1865 -- 1871 , 1871 -- 1873 , 1876 -- 1889 . Son of Faisal 7 and 9 . Saud ibn Faisal ibn Turki ( died 1875 ) ruled 1871 and 1873 -- 1875 . Son of Faisal 10 and 12 . Abdul - Rahman bin Faisal ( 1850 -- 1928 ) ruled 1875 -- 1876 and 1889 -- 1891 . Son of Faisal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Royal Standard of the King Abdulaziz bin Abdul - Rahman bin Faisal known as Ibn Saud ( 15 January 1876 -- 9 November 1953 ) ruled 1932 -- 1953 King Saud bin Abdulaziz ( 15 January 1902 -- 24 January 1969 ) ruled 1953 -- 1964 King Faisal bin Abdulaziz ( April 1906 -- 25 March 1975 ) ruled 1964 -- 1975 King Khalid bin Abdulaziz ( 13 February 1913 -- 13 June 1982 ) ruled 1975 -- 1982 King Fahd bin Abdulaziz ( 16 March 1920 -- 1 August 2005 ) ruled 1982 -- 2005 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz ( 1 August 1924 -- 23 January 2015 ) ruled 2005 -- 2015 King Salman bin Abdulaziz ( born 31 December 1935 ) since 2015 Most notable current members ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Descendants of Ibn Saud Sons of King Abdulaziz ( edit ) The list of King Abdulaziz 's surviving sons , except for current Saudi monarch Salman , are as follows : Bandar bin Abdulaziz ( born 1923 ) -- Eldest surviving son , who is reportedly still alive . Mutaib bin Abdulaziz ( born 1931 ) -- Minister of municipal and rural affairs from 1975 to 2009 . He has a long - standing family alliance with King Abdullah . Talal bin Abdulaziz ( born 1931 ) -- Held the ministerial portfolios for finance and communications in the 1950s . Major businessman , special envoy to UNESCO and chairman of AGFUND . He had a leading role in the Free Princes movement of 1958 which sought government reform . He resigned in 2011 from the Allegiance Council . Abdul llah bin Abdulaziz ( born 1939 ) -- Former governor of Al Jawf Province . He was special advisor to King Abdullah from 2008 to 2015 . Mamdouh bin Abdulaziz ( born 1940 ) -- Former governor of Tabuk region who was removed from the post by King Fahd for insubordination . Later he was made director of Saudi Center of Strategic Studies . Ahmed bin Abdulaziz ( born 1942 ) -- Deputy minister of interior from 1975 to 2012 ; minister of interior from June 2012 to 5 November 2012 . Mashhur bin Abdulaziz ( born 1942 ) Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( born 1945 ) -- Director general of the General Intelligence Directorate from 2005 to 2012 ; former governor of Ha'il and Madinah provinces . He was appointed second deputy prime minister on 1 February 2013 and he was made crown prince on 23 January 2015 when his half - brother Salman became king . On 28 April 2015 Muqrin was granted resignation based on his request to start the next generation of the royals . Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef and Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman with Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump , Riyadh , 20 May 2017 Daughters of King Abdulaziz ( edit ) Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz Al Saud Latifa bint Abdulaziz See also ( edit ) Biography portal Royalty portal Saudi Arabia portal Bedouin Al ash - Sheikh Bani Hareth Bani Yas Banu Thaqif Banu Yam King of Saudi Arabia Saudi Royal Guard Regiment Death of a Princess 2017 Saudi Arabian anti-corruption arrests References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The House of Al Saud -- A View of the Modern Saudi Dynasty '' . 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HRH Princess Basma bint Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud '' . BBC . 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Milmo Cahal ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` The Acton princess leading the fight for Saudi freedom '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN , Nicole Chavez , Tamara Qiblawi and James Griffiths . `` Saudi Arabia 's king replaces nephew with son as heir to throne '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Raghavan , Sudarsan ; Fahim , Kareem ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Saudi king names son as new crown prince , upending the royal succession line '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi royal decrees announcing Prince Mohammed BinSalman as the new crown prince '' . TheNational . Abu Dhabi Media . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Meet the world 's other 25 royal families The Washington Post . 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Wynbrandt , James ; Gerges Fawaz A. ( 2010 ) . A Brief History of Saudi Arabia . p. xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7876 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wahbi Hariri - Rifai ; Mokhless Hariri - Rifai ( 1990 ) . The heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9624483 - 0 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Amos , Deborah ( 1991 ) . `` Sheikh to Chic '' . Mother Jones . p. 28 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi Arabia : HRH or HH ? -- American Bedu '' . 7 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Family Tree '' . www.datarabia.com . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stig Stenslie ( 21 August 2012 ) . Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia : The Challenge of Succession . Routledge . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 51157 - 8 . Jump up ^ Counter-Narratives : History , Contemporary Society , and Politics in Saudi Arabia and Yemen by Madawi Al - Rasheed ( Editor ) , Robert Vitalis ( Editor ) p. 64 Jump up ^ `` History of the Kingdom '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Al Saud Family Saudi Arabia History '' . Arab Royal Family . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ G. Rentz ( 2007 ) . `` al - Diriyya ( or al - Dariyya ) '' . In P. Bearman ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs . Encyclopaedia of Islam . Brill . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . Jump up ^ H. St. John Philby ( 1955 ) . Saudi Arabia . London : Ernest Benn . p. 8 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` King Abdul Aziz Bin Abdul Rahman Al - Saud '' . Global Security . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Weston ( 2008 ) . Prophets and princes : Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 101 . ISBN 0470182571 . Jump up ^ Wayne H. Bowen ( 2008 ) . The history of Saudi Arabia ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 73 . ISBN 0313340129 . Jump up ^ Abdullah Mohammad Sindi ( 16 January 2004 ) . `` Britain and the Rise of Islam and the House of Saud '' . Kana'an Bulletin . IV ( 361 ) : 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia names Prince Nayef as heir to throne '' . BBC . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Richest People In The Middle East '' . Forbes . 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi King , UAE President at the Center of the Panama Papers '' . TeleSUR. April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Wealth -- House of Saud '' . Jump up ^ `` Saudi princes , ministers and tycoons arrested in sweeping purge '' . Jump up ^ `` From Millionaire 's Son To Most - Wanted '' . Jump up ^ J.A. Kechichican ( 1990 ) . `` Islamic Revivalism and Change in Saudi Arabia : Juhayman al - ' Utaybi 's ' Letters to the Saudi People ' '' . The Muslim World . 50 : 1 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Joseph Kostiner ( 8 July 1997 ) . `` State , Islam and Opposition in Saudi Arabia : The Post Desert - Storm Phase '' . The Middle East Review of International Affairs ( MERIA ) . 1 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Yaroslav Trofimov ( 22 September 2007 ) . `` Did ' Siege of Mecca ' Give Birth to Al - Qaida ? '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Jacki Lyden . NPR ( National Public Radio ) . Jump up ^ Wright Lawrence ( 2006 ) . The Looming Tower : Al - Qaeda and the Road to 9 / 11 ( 1st ed . ) . Alfred A. Knopf ( US ) . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0141029351 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mecca '' . Global Security . 9 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi execution of Shia cleric sparks outrage in Middle East '' . The Guardian . 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ABNA24 ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` ABWA 's satement on condemnation of Al Saud 's crimes in Awamiyah '' . Jump up ^ ABNA24 , PressTV , ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` Saudi forces shell homes in Awamiyah , Two killed / Video & Pics '' . Jump up ^ `` Snipers Injure Scores of Civilians in Saudi Arabia 's Qatif '' . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PressTV - Saudi forces shot dead youth in restive Qatif '' . Jump up ^ `` PressTV - Saudi regime offensive on Shia town enters week 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` ' You might get shot any time ' : Saudi forces raid Shia town as Riyadh welcomes Trump '' . Jump up ^ http://en.abna24.com/news/middle-east/saudi-shia-town-under-siege-from-kingdom's-security-services-for-sixth-day_829902.html Jump up ^ `` Three - year - old dies from wounds after Saudi security forces ' open fire on family ' '' . 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PressTV - Saudi forces kill toddler , young man in Qatif '' . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Forces Raid Al - Masoura in Awamiyah , Open Fire , Destroy Houses '' . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Saudi Arabia '' . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Turki ibn Abdallah ruled various parts of the area between 1819 and 1824 . The Second Saudi State was officially founded in 1824 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Aziz ruled various parts of the area between 1902 and 1932 . The Kingdom was officially founded in 1932 . Further reading ( edit ) Alexei Vassiliev , The History of Saudi Arabia , London , UK : Al Saqi Books , 1998 David Holden & Richard Johns , The House of Saud , Pan , 1982 , 0 - 330 - 26834 - 1 Madawi Al - Rasheed , A History of Saudi Arabia , Cambridge University Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 64412 - 7 The House of Saud by David Holden and Richard Johns . Contains 538 pages , plus bibliography , index , and family history , also sections of Black and White plates . ( Detail taken from The House of Saud , a reprint . First published by Sidgwick and Jackson in 1981 with an ISBN 0 - 283 - 98436 - 8 . ) David Fromkin , A Peace to end all peace , Holt , 1989 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8809 - 0 . Supplements the foregoing material with a history of the dealings between the House of Saud and the British during and just after World War I . Craig Unger , House of Bush House of Saud , Scribner , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5337 - X External links ( edit ) `` A Chronology : The House of Saud '' , PBS ( Public Broadcasting Service ) , Frontline , 1 August 2005 `` The House of Saud : A View of the Modern Saudi Dynasty '' , PBS ( Public Broadcasting Service ) , Frontline , 1 August 2005 `` Structure of the House of Saud '' ( PDF ) , Global Security `` Saudi Royal Family Directory '' . Datarabia . `` Saudi Royal Family Website '' . House of Saud . Saudi Arabia articles History Pre-Islamic Arabia Early Islamic State Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Emirate of Diriyah Emirate of Nejd Kingdom of Hejaz Unification Modern history Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Governorates Mountains Regions Politics Allegiance Council Cabinet Consultative Assembly Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Foreign relations King Mabahith ( secret police ) National Security Council Nuclear program Prime Minister Law Basic Law Capital punishment Freedom of religion Human rights LGBT Rape Women Mutaween ( religious police ) Passport Military Air Defense Air Force Army General Intelligence Presidency Military ranks National Guard Navy Economy Agriculture Companies Council of Economic and Development Affairs Energy Oil reserves History of the oil industry Foreign workers Irrigation OPEC Riyal ( currency ) Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency ( central bank ) Supreme Economic Council Tadawul ( stock exchange ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Censorship Crime Demographics Education List of universities Health care Human trafficking Obesity Prostitution Religion Terrorism Response to ISIL Water supply and sanitation Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Islam Language Media television Music Public holidays Sport Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Motto Outline Index Book Portal Muslim dynasties in Arabian Peninsula Ziyadids ( 819 -- 1018 ) Yufirids ( 847 - 997 ) Banu Ukhaidhir ( 865 -- 1066 ) Rassids ( 893 -- 1970 ) Qarmatians ( 900 -- 1073 ) Fatimid ( 909 - 1171 ) Wajihids ( 926 - 965 ) Sharif of Mecca ( 967 -- 1925 ) Sulayhids ( 1047 -- 1138 ) Najahids ( 1050 - 1158 ) Sulaymanids ( 1063 - 1174 ) Uyunids ( 1076 -- 1240 ) Zurayids ( 1083 - 1174 ) Hamdanids ( 1099 - 1174 ) Nabhani ( 1154 - 1624 ) Mahdids ( 1159 - 1174 ) Rasulids ( 1229 -- 1454 ) Usfurids ( 1253 -- 1320 ) Jarwanids ( 1305 -- 1487 ) Kathiri ( 1395 -- 1967 ) Jabrids ( 15th -- 16th century ) Tahirids ( 1454 -- 1526 ) Qasimids ( 1597 - 1872 ) Yaruba ( 1624 - 1742 ) Qawasim of Ras al Khaymah ( 1727 -- present ) House of Saud ( 1744 -- present ) Al Said ( 1749 - present ) House of Sabah ( 1752 -- present ) Al Nahyan family ( 1761 -- present ) Ajman ( 18th century -- present ) Qawasim of Sharjah ( 18th century -- present ) Umm al - Quwain ( 1775 -- present ) Al Khalifa family ( 1783 -- present ) Mahra Sultanate ( 18th century -- 1967 ) House of Thani ( 1825 -- present ) Al Maktoum ( 1833 -- present ) Rashidis ( 1836 -- 1921 ) Al Afifi ( 19th century -- 1967 ) Harharah ( 19th century -- 1967 ) Sharqis ( 1876 -- present ) Qu'aiti ( 1902 -- 1967 ) Emirate of Beihan ( 1903 -- 1967 ) Mutawakkilite ( 1926 -- 1970 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Saud&oldid=821174482 '' Categories : Kings of Saudi Arabia Middle Eastern royal families Rabi ` ah Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 21 : 18 . 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when was the third saudi state royal family established
[ "The House of Saud has gone through three phases: the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State (1744–1818), marked by the expansion of Wahhabism; the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State (1824–1891), marked with continuous infighting; and the Third Saudi State (1902–present), which evolved into Saudi Arabia in 1932 and now wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd, numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia." ]
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List of Olympic Games host cities
List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=843272486 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 40 . 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where have the olympics been held in usa
[ "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n", "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n", "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n", "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n", "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n", "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n" ]
[ "St. Louis", "Lake Placid", "Los Angeles", "Squaw Valley", "Atlanta", "Salt Lake City" ]
-4605999971424952571
I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For
I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For - wikipedia I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Single by U2 from the album The Joshua Tree B - side `` Spanish Eyes '' `` Deep in the Heart '' Released 25 May 1987 Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl CD cassette Recorded 1986 Studio Danesmoate House ( Dublin ) Genre Rock gospel Length 4 : 37 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) U2 ( music ) Bono ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Daniel Lanois Brian Eno U2 singles chronology `` With or Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1987 ) `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' ( 1987 ) `` With or Without You '' ( 1987 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1987 ) `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' ( 1987 ) Audio sample file help `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' is a song by Irish rock band U2 . It is the second track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album 's second single in May 1987 . The song was a hit , becoming the band 's second consecutive number - one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 while peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart . The song originated from a demo the band recorded on which drummer Larry Mullen Jr. played a unique rhythm pattern . Like much of The Joshua Tree , the song was inspired by the group 's interest in American music . `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' exhibits influences from gospel music and its lyrics describe spiritual yearning . Lead singer Bono 's vocals are in high register and lead guitarist the Edge plays a chiming arpeggio . Adding to the gospel qualities of the song are choir - like backing vocals provided by the Edge and producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois . `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' was critically acclaimed and received two nominations at the 30th Annual Grammy Awards in 1988 , for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . It has subsequently become one of the group 's most well - known songs and has been performed on many of their concert tours . The track has appeared on several of their compilations and concert films . Many critics and publications have ranked `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' among the greatest tracks in music history including Rolling Stone which ranked the song at # 93 of its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Release 2.1 Music video 2.2 B - sides 3 Live performances 4 Reception 5 Legacy 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Chart performance 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 The Chimes cover 9.1 Critical reception 9.2 Charts 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' originated from a demo variously titled `` The Weather Girls '' and `` Under the Weather '' that the band recorded during a jam session . Bassist Adam Clayton called the demo 's melody `` a bit of a one - note groove '' , while an unconvinced The Edge , the band 's guitarist , compared it to `` ' Eye of the Tiger ' played by a reggae band '' . However , the band liked the drum part played by drummer Larry Mullen Jr . Co-producer Daniel Lanois said , `` It was a very original beat from Larry . We always look for those beats that would qualify as a signature for the song . And that certainly was one of those . It had this tom - tom thing that he does and nobody ever understands . And we just did n't want to let go of that beat , it was so unique . '' Lanois encouraged Mullen to continue developing the weird drum pattern beyond the demo . Mullen said the beat became even more unusual , and although Lanois eventually mixed most of the pattern out to just keep the basics , the rhythm became the root of `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . `` I 've always liked gospel music and I encouraged Bono to take it to that place ... It was a very non-U2 thing to do at the time , to go up the street of gospel . I think it opened a door for them , to experiment with that territory ... ( Bono ) 's singing at the top of his range and there is something very compelling about somebody pushing themselves . It 's like hearing Aretha Franklin almost . It jumps on you and you ca n't help but feel the feeling . '' -- Daniel Lanois The group worked on the track at the studio they had set up at Danesmoate House in Dublin . Lanois compared the creation of the song to constructing a building , first laying down the drums as the foundation , then adding additional layers piece by piece , before finally `` putting in furniture '' . Lead singer Bono was interested in the theme of spiritual doubt , which was fostered by Eno 's love for gospel music , and by Bono 's listening to songs by The Swan Silvertones , The Staple Singers , and Blind Willie Johnson . After the Edge wrote a chord sequence and played it on acoustic guitar `` with a lot of power in the strumming '' , the group attempted to compose a suitable vocal melody , trying out a variety of ideas . During a jam session , Bono began singing a `` classic soul '' melody , and it was this addition that made the Edge hear the song 's potential . At that point , he remembered a phrase he had written in a notebook that morning as a possible song title , `` I still have n't found what I 'm looking for '' . He suggests it was influenced by a line from the Bob Dylan song `` Idiot Wind '' : `` You 'll find out when you reach the top you 're on the bottom '' . He wrote the phrase on a piece of paper and handed it to Bono while he was singing . The Edge called the phrase 's fit with the song `` like hand in glove '' . From that point on , the song was the first piece played to visitors during the recording sessions . As recording continued , a number of guitar overdubs were added , including an auto - pan effect and a chiming arpeggio to modernise the old - style `` gospel song '' . While the Edge was improvising guitar parts one day , Bono heard a `` chrome bells '' guitar hook that he liked . It was added as a counter-melody to the song 's `` muddy shoes '' guitar part , and it is this hook that the Edge plays during live performances of the song . Bono sang in the upper register of his range to add to the feeling of spiritual yearning ; in the verses he hits a B - flat note , and an A-flat in the chorus . Background vocals were provided by the Edge , Lanois , and co-producer Brian Eno , their voices being multi-tracked . Lanois suggests that his and Eno 's involvement in the track 's creation helped their vocals . He stated , `` You 're not going to get that sound of , ' Oh they brought in some soul singers ' if you know what I mean . Our hearts and souls are already there . If we sing it 'll sound more real . '' Lanois also played a percussive guitar part , which is heard in the introduction . The song 's writing was completed relatively early during the band 's time at Danesmoate House . The mix took longer to complete , though , with most of the production team contributing . The final mix was completed by Lanois and the Edge in a home studio set up at Melbeach , a house purchased by the Edge . They mixed it on top of a previous Steve Lillywhite mix , which gave the song a phasing sound . Lanois says he is very attached to `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' and has , on occasion , joined U2 on stage to perform it . The original `` Weather Girls '' demo , re-titled `` Desert of Our Love '' , was included with the 2007 remastered version of The Joshua Tree on a bonus disc of outtakes and B - sides . Release ( edit ) Initially , `` Red Hill Mining Town '' was planned for release as the second single . However , Bono was unable to sing the song during pre-tour rehearsals and the band were reportedly unhappy with the video shot by Neil Jordan , so `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' became a late choice for the second single . The single was released in May 1987 . On the US Billboard Hot 100 , the song debuted at number 51 on 13 June 1987 . After nearly 2 months on the chart , the song reached number one on 8 August 1987 , becoming the band 's second consecutive number - one hit in the United States . The song spent two weeks in the top spot , and remained on the chart for 17 weeks . On other Billboard charts , the song peaked at number 16 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and number two on the Album Rock Tracks chart . The song also topped the Irish Singles Chart , while peaking at number six on the Canadian RPM Top 100 and the UK Singles Chart . In New Zealand , the song peaked at number two on the RIANZ Top 40 Singles Chart , while reaching number six on the Dutch Top 40 and number 11 on the Swedish Singles Chart . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was filmed on Fremont Street in Las Vegas on 12 April 1987 following their Joshua Tree Tour concert in that city . It features the band members wandering around while the Edge plays an acoustic guitar . The music video was later re-released on The U218 Videos compilation DVD . Pat Christenson , president of Las Vegas 's official event organization , credits the group 's video with improving the city 's image among musicians . `` The whole perception of Vegas changed with that video , '' Christenson said , adding , `` Now all the big names come here , some of them five , six times a year . '' B - sides ( edit ) `` Spanish Eyes '' was created early during The Joshua Tree sessions . It began as a recording made in Adam Clayton 's house of Clayton , the Edge , and Larry Mullen Jr. playing around with several different elements . The piece evolved substantially over the course of an afternoon , but the cassette and its recording was subsequently lost and forgotten . The Edge found the cassette towards the end of the album sessions and played it to the rest of the group . The band realised that it was a good track , but did not have enough time to complete it prior to The Joshua Tree 's release . `` Deep in the Heart '' stemmed from a three - chord piano piece Bono composed on the piano about the last time he had been in the family home on Cedarwood Road in Dublin , which his father had just sold . The memories of his time living there gave rise to many of the lyrical ideas on the song . The Edge and Adam Clayton reworked the piece extensively , with Bono later describing the finished result as `` an almost jazz - like improvisation on three chords '' , also noting that `` the rhythm section turned it into a very special piece of music . '' The song was recorded in a similar manner to the song `` 4th of July '' from U2 's 1984 album , The Unforgettable Fire ; the Edge and Clayton were playing together in a room and unaware that they were being recorded on a 4 - track cassette machine by the band 's assistant , Marc Coleman . Live performances ( edit ) The song is U2 's 9th most played live song , and has been played on every tour . It was played at every date of The Joshua Tree and Lovetown Tours , typically early in the main set . It was played at most of the 1992 legs of the Zoo TV Tour , typically rounding out the main set or being played acoustically on the B - Stage mid set . For most of the 1993 Zooropa shows however , the song was dropped . It returned to be played at each of the PopMart Tour 's 93 shows , usually being played midway through the set . On the Elevation Tour it initially was very rare , only appearing once over the first and second legs . However , it became a regular again on the 3rd leg , being played late in the main set replacing the song `` Mysterious Ways '' , which was used in that spot on the previous two legs . It was played at the majority of both the Vertigo and U2 360 ° Tours , typically early - to - mid main set . It was used as the closing song at just under half of the shows on the Innocence + Experience Tour , rotating with `` One '' and `` 40 '' . Island Records commissioned New York choir director , Dennis Bell , to record a gospel version of the song , and Island intended to release it after U2 's single . However , Island boss Chris Blackwell vetoed the plan . Bell subsequently formed his own label and Rohit Jagessar picked it up for distribution in US . While in Glasgow in late July 1987 during the Joshua Tree Tour , Rob Partridge of Island Records played the demo that Bell and his choir , the New Voices of Freedom , had made . In late September , U2 rehearsed with Bell 's choir in Greater Calvary Baptist Church in Harlem for a performance together in a few days at U2 's Madison Square Garden concert . The Edge 's guitar was the only instrument that U2 brought to the church although Mullen borrowed a conga drum . The rehearsal was done with the church 's audio system and footage was used in the Rattle and Hum motion picture . Several performances were made with a piano player ; however , the version used in the film includes only Bono , the Edge , Mullen , and the choir . Audio from the Madison Square Garden performance appears on the accompanying album . A live performance of the song appears in the concert films PopMart : Live from Mexico City , Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan , Live from Paris and the most recent U2 360 ° at the Rose Bowl . The versions on the Mexico City and Milan concert films consist of just Bono 's voice and the Edge 's guitar until after the first chorus where the drum and bass parts kick in . Digital live versions were released through iTunes on the Love : Live from the Point Depot and U2. COMmunication albums . Reception ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' received widespread critical acclaim . Hot Press journalist Bill Graham described the song as on the one - hand as a `` smart job of pop handwork , pretty standard American radio rock - ballad fare '' but that `` the band 's rhythms are far more supple and cultivated than your average bouffant HM band of that period '' . The Sunday Independent suggested that the song was proof the band could be commercially accessible without resorting to rock clichés . NME remarked that the song showed that the band cared about something , which made them `` special '' . The Rocket noted that Bono 's lyrics about needing personal spirituality resulted in a `` unique marriage of American gospel and Gaelic soul '' and that the `` human perspective he brings to this sentiment rings far truer than the rantings of , say , the born - again Bob Dylan '' . Several publications , including The Bergen Record and The Boston Globe , called the track `` hypnotic '' and interpreted it as depicting the band on a spiritual quest . The song finished in 18th place on the `` Best Singles '' list from The Village Voice 's 1987 Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . Legacy ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' has been acclaimed by many critics and publications as one of the greatest songs of all time . In 2001 , the song was ranked at number 120 on the RIAA 's list of 365 `` Songs of the Century '' -- a project intended to `` promote a better understanding of America 's musical and cultural heritage '' -- despite the group 's Irish origins . In 2003 , a special edition issue of Q , titled `` 1001 Best Songs Ever '' , placed `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' at number 148 on its list of the greatest songs . In 2005 , Blender ranked the song at number 443 on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born '' . In 2010 , Rolling Stone placed the song at number 93 of its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn called it U2 's `` Let It Be '' , in reference to the Beatles song . The staff of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' as one of 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . The song was covered by Scottish band the Chimes in 1990 and was featured on their self - titled debut album . The rendition peaked at number six in both the United Kingdom and New Zealand charts . It also peaked into number twelve in the Netherlands chart . Singer Cher used to open her shows with a cover of the song during her late 1990s and 2000s concerts . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by U2 . No . Title Producer Length 1 . `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Brian Eno , Daniel Lanois 4 : 38 2 . `` Spanish Eyes '' U2 3 : 16 3 . `` Deep in the Heart '' U2 4 : 31 Total length : 11 : 25 Personnel ( edit ) U2 Bono - lead vocals The Edge - guitar , backing vocals Adam Clayton - bass guitar Larry Mullen Jr. - drums Additional performers Brian Eno - backing vocals Daniel Lanois - backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Certification Australia 17 Austrian Singles Chart 10 Canadian RPM Singles Chart 6 Gold Dutch Top 40 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 French Singles Chart 37 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand RIANZ Top 40 Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 11 UK Singles Chart 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 16 US Billboard Album Rock Tracks US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Australia 109 Canada 50 New Zealand 7 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US Cash Box 16 The Chimes cover ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Single by The Chimes from the album The Chimes Released Format CD single Genre Dance Length 4 : 02 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) U2 ( music ) Bono ( lyrics ) The Chimes singles chronology `` Heaven '' ( 1990 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1990 ) `` True Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Heaven '' ( 1990 ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( 1990 ) `` True Love '' ( 1990 ) Music video `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' on YouTube `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' by Scottish band The Chimes is a 1990 dance remake of U2 's `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For , '' which became a UK Top Ten hit . The song was very successful in Europe , reaching No. 2 in Norway , No. 6 in the UK , Ireland and New Zealand . Bono from U2 commented that the Chimes ' cover of their hit `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' was the `` only cover version he had heard that he enjoyed and did the original justice '' , adding `` at last someone 's come along to sing it properly '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard wrote about the song : `` The perfect cover version . A tasteful , contemporary R&B treatment of a pop favorite may be this U.K. threesome 's key to a stateside breakthrough . Multiformat exposure is well - deserved . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 See also ( edit ) List of covers of U2 songs - I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Sams , Aaron ; Kantas , Harry . `` U2 -- `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Single `` . U2songs.com . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , Stephen ( 2003 - 09 - 08 ) . `` How the West Was Won '' . Uncut . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : U2 , ' I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For ' '' . Rolling Stone ( Special collectors edition ) . 2010 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Colm ( 2007 - 11 - 21 ) . `` The Secret History of ' The Joshua Tree ' '' . Hot Press . ^ Jump up to : The Edge ( 2007 ) . The Joshua Tree ( 20th anniversary edition box set ) . U2 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , pp. 181 - 182 ^ Jump up to : King , Philip , and Nuala O'Connor ( directors ) ( 1998 ) . Classic Albums : U2 The Joshua Tree ( Television documentary ) . Eagle Rock Entertainment . Jump up ^ Stokes ( 2005 ) , p. 65 Jump up ^ Prendergast , Mark ( September 1987 ) . `` The Magic of Daniel Lanois ( Part II ) '' . Sound on Sound . Vol. 2 no . 11 . pp. 42 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 - Week of August 08 , 1987 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For -- U2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` U2 : Charts and Awards '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Singles Chart '' . The Irish Charts . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Note : U2 must be searched manually . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Singles -- Volume 46 , No. 20 , August 22 , 1987 '' . RPM. 1987 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` EveryHit.com search results : U2 '' . Everyhit.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Note : U2 must be searched manually . ^ Jump up to : `` 1ste Ultratop - hitquiz '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( 2002 - 04 - 12 ) . `` U2 Video Helped Make Vegas An Entertainment Mecca '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , John ( 1987 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Luminous Times : U2 Wrestle with Their Moment of Glory '' . Musician . Jump up ^ `` All songs U2 played live by count - U2 on tour '' . U2gigs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , p. 109 Jump up ^ McGee ( 2008 ) , pp. 110 - 111 Jump up ^ Graham ( 2004 ) , pp. 30 - 31 Jump up ^ Hand , Lisa ( 1987 - 03 - 08 ) . `` ' Joshua Tree ' blooms '' . Sunday Independent . Jump up ^ McCready , John ( 1987 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Out of Little Acorns ... '' . NME . Jump up ^ Boyd , Glen ( 1987 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Joshua Tree '' . The Rocket . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Barbara ( 1987 - 03 - 17 ) . `` ' Joshua Tree ' Lifts U2 to an Even Loftier Level '' . The Bergen Record . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( 1987 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The Joshua Tree '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( 1987 - 03 - 22 ) . `` U2 Can Be Famous ; Breaking Into the Big Time With ' Joshua Tree ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` The 1987 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll '' . robertchristgau.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of the Century '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network . 2001 - 03 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Trynka , Paul ( editor - in - chief ) ( 2003 ) . `` 1001 Best Songs Ever '' . Q ( Special edition ) . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born '' . Blender ( 41 ) . October 2005 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Robert ( 2 December 2004 ) . `` Ask the Critic : Robert Hilburn '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blackstock , Russell ( 22 May 1990 ) . `` Blackstock 's Rock '' . Evening Times . Glasgow . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chimes '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discography -- The Chimes '' . Charts.org.nz . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discografie -- The Chimes '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Platinum Database : I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Archived from Looking % 20For&ica = False&sa = U2&sl = &smt = 5&sat = - 1&ssb = Artist the original Check url = value ( help ) on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 8 / 15 / 87 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0920&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3876 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 1987 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Bob Borst 's Home of Pop Culture . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1987 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard : Single Reviews '' ( PDF ) . Billboard magazine ( 1990 - 04 - 28 , page 73 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Chimes '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Chimes -- I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Bibliography Graham , Bill ; van Oosten de Boer , Caroline ( 2004 ) . U2 : The Complete Guide to their Music . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9886 - 8 . McGee , Matt ( 2008 ) . U2 : A Diary . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84772 - 108 - 2 . Stokes , Niall ( 2005 ) . U2 : Into the Heart : The Stories Behind Every Song . New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 765 - 2 . U2 ( 2006 ) . McCormick , Neil , ed . U2 by U2 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 . External links ( edit ) `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' on U2.com Lyrics on U2.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Joshua Tree track listing `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` With or Without You '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` Running to Stand Still '' `` Red Hill Mining Town '' `` In God 's Country '' `` Trip Through Your Wires '' `` One Tree Hill '' `` Exit '' `` Mothers of the Disappeared '' The Unforgettable Fire Rattle and Hum Rattle and Hum track listing Album `` Helter Skelter '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' `` Desire '' `` Hawkmoon 269 '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Freedom for My People '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` Love Rescue Me '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' `` Heartland '' `` God Part II '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` All I Want Is You '' Film `` Helter Skelter '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' `` Desire '' `` Exit '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Freedom for My People '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` In God 's Country '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' `` Heartland '' `` Bad '' `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` MLK '' `` With or Without You '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' `` Running to Stand Still '' `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' `` All I Want Is You '' The Joshua Tree Achtung Baby U2 Bono The Edge Adam Clayton Larry Mullen Jr . Studio albums Boy October War The Unforgettable Fire The Joshua Tree Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby Zooropa Pop All That You Ca n't Leave Behind How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb No Line on the Horizon Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Compilations and EPs Three Wide Awake in America Please : PopHeart Live EP The Best of 1980 -- 1990 7 The Best of 1990 -- 2000 Exclusive The Complete U2 Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge U218 Singles Wide Awake in Europe Other albums Under a Blood Red Sky Melon : Remixes for Propaganda Original Soundtracks 1 Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live from Mexico City Live from the Point Depot U2. Communication Zoo TV Live U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland Live from Paris Medium , Rare & Remastered Artificial Horizon Duals U22 From the Ground Up : Edge 's Picks from U2360 ° Videos and films U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky The Unforgettable Fire Collection Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby : The Videos , the Cameos , and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV Zoo TV : Live from Sydney PopMart : Live from Mexico City Elevation 2001 : Live from Boston U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan U218 Videos Live from Paris U2 3D Linear U2360 ° at the Rose Bowl From the Sky Down Innocence + Experience : Live in Paris Tours and concerts U2 - 3 Tour Boy Tour October Tour War Tour The Unforgettable Fire Tour Live Aid A Conspiracy of Hope The Joshua Tree Tour Vaillancourt Fountain concert Lovetown Tour Zoo TV Tour PopMart Tour concert in Sarajevo Elevation Tour Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show Vertigo Tour U2 360 ° Tour Innocence + Experience Tour The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 Experience + Innocence Tour Additional personnel Steve Averill Anton Corbijn Brian Eno Dik Evans Dave Fanning Flood Gavin Friday Howie B Jimmy Iovine Daniel Lanois Steve Lillywhite Paul McGuinness Morleigh Steinberg Willie Williams Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Covers of U2 songs The Million Dollar Hotel ( soundtrack ) Mother Records AHK - toong BAY - bi Covered `` Trash of the Titans '' U2 by U2 U2 Tower Book Category Portal WikiProject Timeline Singles U2 singles discography 1980s 1980 `` Another Day '' `` 11 O'Clock Tick Tock '' `` A Day Without Me '' `` I Will Follow '' 1981 `` Fire '' `` Gloria '' 1982 `` A Celebration '' `` I Will Follow '' ( live recorded by Veronica 's Countdown ) `` New Year 's Day '' `` Two Hearts Beat as One '' `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' 1984 `` I Will Follow '' ( live , from Under a Blood Red Sky ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' 1985 `` The Unforgettable Fire '' `` With or Without You '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' `` In God 's Country '' `` One Tree Hill '' `` Desire '' `` Angel of Harlem '' `` When Love Comes to Town '' ( feat . 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Green Day ) 2007 `` Window in the Skies '' 2008 `` The Ballad of Ronnie Drew '' ( with The Dubliners , Kíla , and A Band of Bowsies ) 2009 `` Get On Your Boots '' `` Magnificent '' `` I 'll Go Crazy If I Do n't Go Crazy Tonight '' 2010s 2011 `` I Will Follow '' ( live from Glastonbury ) 2013 `` Ordinary Love '' 2014 `` Invisible '' `` The Miracle ( Of Joey Ramone ) '' `` Every Breaking Wave '' 2015 `` Song for Someone '' 2017 `` You 're the Best Thing About Me '' Cher Albums Singles Filmography Tours Videography Awards Studio albums All I Really Want to Do The Sonny Side of Chér Chér With Love , Chér Backstage 3614 Jackson Highway Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves Foxy Lady Bittersweet White Light Half - Breed Dark Lady Stars I 'd Rather Believe in You Cherished Take Me Home Prisoner I Paralyze Cher Heart of Stone Love Hurts It 's a Man 's World Believe not. com. mercial Living Proof Closer to the Truth Compilations Golden Greats Superpack Vol. 1 and 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits : 1965 -- 1992 If I Could Turn Back Time : Cher 's Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits The Very Best of Cher Gold Soundtracks Chastity Mermaids Burlesque Mamma Mia ! 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Special Dear Mom , Love Cher Books The Ugly Duckling ( audiobook ) Related music Sonny Bono ( first husband ) Sonny & Cher discography Gregg Allman ( second husband ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` Be My Baby '' Two the Hard Way Black Rose `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Related tours Two the Hard Way Tour The Black Rose Show Related articles Cher as a gay icon Chaz Bono ( son ) Elijah Blue Allman ( son ) Mego Sonny & Cher Toys Uninhibited Book Category Portal Cher singles 1960s `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Where Do You Go '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Alfie '' `` I Feel Something in the Air '' `` Sunny '' `` Hey Joe '' `` You Better Sit Down Kids '' `` For What It 's Worth '' 1970s `` Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves '' `` The Way of Love '' `` Living in a House Divided '' `` Do n't Hide Your Love '' `` Am I Blue '' `` Half - Breed '' `` Dark Lady '' `` Train of Thought '' `` Pirate '' `` Take Me Home '' `` Was n't It Good '' `` Hell on Wheels '' 1980s `` I Paralyze '' `` I Found Someone '' `` We All Sleep Alone '' `` Skin Deep '' `` Main Man '' `` After All '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' `` Just Like Jesse James '' 1990s `` Heart of Stone '' `` You Would n't Know Love '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' `` Love and Understanding '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Could 've Been You '' `` When Lovers Become Strangers '' `` Oh No Not My Baby '' `` Whenever You 're Near '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` One by One '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine Anymore '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Believe '' `` Strong Enough '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Dov'è l'amore '' 2000s `` The Music 's No Good Without You '' `` Song for the Lonely '' `` Alive Again '' `` A Different Kind of Love Song '' `` When the Money 's Gone '' `` Love One Another '' 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` Woman 's World '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Take It Like a Man '' `` I Walk Alone '' Guest singles `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` Più che puoi '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' Book Category Portal Bonnie Tyler Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The World Starts Tonight Natural Force Diamond Cut Goodbye to the Island Faster Than the Speed of Night Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire Hide Your Heart Bitterblue Angel Heart Silhouette in Red Free Spirit All in One Voice Heart Strings Simply Believe Wings Rocks and Honey Extended plays Bonnie Tyler Live albums Bonnie Tyler Live Live in Germany 1993 Compilations The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler The Greatest Hits Heaven & Hell ( with Meat Loaf ) Here Am I The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler : Volume 1 The Best Gold The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler : Volume 2 Comeback : Single Collection ' 90 -- ' 94 The Definitive Collection Straight from the Heart -- The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler Greatest Hits Total Eclipse Anthology From the Heart : Greatest Hits Best of 3 CD All the Hits The Collection DVDs Bonnie on Tour Live in Germany 1993 Concert tours Hide Your Heart Silhouette in Red Free Spirit Heart Strings South Africa Tour 2013 Greatest Hits Tour Principal collaborators Ronnie Scott Jim Steinman Desmond Child Dieter Bohlen Giorgio Moroder Television Never Mind the Buzzcocks Hollyoaks Later Eurovision Song Contest Related articles 26th Annual Grammy Awards 27th Annual Grammy Awards United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Book : Bonnie Tyler Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Still_Haven%27t_Found_What_I%27m_Looking_For&oldid=846770888 '' Categories : U2 songs 1987 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Cher songs Bonnie Tyler songs Chumbawamba songs Island Records singles Song recordings produced by Brian Eno Songs written by Bono Songs written by the Edge Songs written by Adam Clayton Songs written by Larry Mullen Jr . Song recordings produced by Daniel Lanois Rock ballads 1987 songs 1990 singles 1990 songs Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who sings but i still haven't found what i'm looking for
[ "\"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the second track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album's second single in May 1987. The song was a hit, becoming the band's second consecutive number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 while peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart.\n" ]
[ "Irish rock band U2" ]
-7867035643103657494
Bachelor in Paradise (TV series)
Bachelor in Paradise ( tv series ) - wikipedia Bachelor in Paradise ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see Bachelor in Paradise ( season 4 ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bachelor in Paradise Genre Reality competition Presented by Chris Harrison Opening theme `` Almost Paradise '' by Mike Reno and Ann Wilson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( as of September 11 , 2017 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mike Fleiss Martin Hilton Elan Gale Location ( s ) Mexico Running time 120 minutes 60 minutes ( season 2 ) Production company ( s ) Next Entertainment Warner Horizon Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Bachelor The Bachelorette Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Website abc.go.com/shows/bachelor-in-paradise Bachelor in Paradise is an elimination - style reality competition television series which premiered on August 4 , 2014 , on ABC . It is a spin - off of the American reality television game shows The Bachelor and The Bachelorette . The show features previous contestants who have been featured on The Bachelor and The Bachelorette . The show is hosted by Chris Harrison . On September 6 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Development and filming 1.2 Misconduct allegations 2 After Paradise 3 Season summary 4 Australian Version 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) In March 2013 , ABC canceled Bachelor Pad after three seasons . Much similar to Bachelor Pad , rejected contestants from The Bachelor and The Bachelorette are isolated in a romantic paradise in an exotic tropical destination . At the first rose ceremony , the six men are given a rose to hand out to a woman they 'd like to spend more time getting to know in paradise . With an uneven number of men and women in the group , the two women left without roses are immediately sent home heartbroken . Just as potential couples start to pair up , everything changes drastically in the next episode when two new men arrive to paradise with love on their mind . For seven weeks , each episode will alternate between two new men or women joining the cast . New relationships may form , and current ones may end . Every week , the two people who do n't receive a rose will be forced to leave paradise . It 's a constant love shuffle where surprise arrivals can rekindle old romances , spark new ones , or splinter existing love affairs . Misconduct Allegations ( edit ) See also : Bachelor in Paradise ( season 4 ) § Misconduct allegations During initial filming of season 4 , production was halted due to allegations of sexual misconduct between two contestants -- DeMario Jackson and Corinne Olympios . After an internal investigation , it was determined that there was no misconduct and filming resumed shortly after . After Paradise ( edit ) Main article : Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Beginning in 2015 , ABC began airing Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise , a regular weekly live after show . Chris Harrison and Jenny Mollen co-hosted the show starring a celebrity fan and one of the Bachelor in Paradise cast members . Season 2 saw the introduction of a new host , comedian and talk show host , Michelle Collins and also introduced as a co-host is the star from season 17 of The Bachelor , Sean Lowe . Season summary ( edit ) Season Original Run Location Couples Proposal Still together Relationship notes August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) - September 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) Tulum , Mexico Lacy Faddoul & Marcus Grodd Yes No Lacy and Marcus got engaged in the finale and had a wedding ceremony in June 2015 on the season premiere of the second season of Bachelor in Paradise . Marcus and Lacy ended their relationship in June 2016 while revealing they were never officially a married couple . Michelle Money & Cody Sattler No No Michelle and Cody began a relationship and split up in December 2014 , but later got back together in June 2015 . The two later broke up again after appearing on the seventh season of Marriage Boot Camp . August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) - September 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) Sayulita , Mexico Jade Roper & Tanner Tolbert Yes Yes Jade and Tanner got married on January 24 , 2016 , with their wedding airing on ABC as a special edition of The Bachelor : A Celebration of Love . The couple later appeared on the eighth season of Marriage Boot Camp . They live together in Kansas City , and welcomed their first child , Emerson Avery Tolbert , on August 17 , 2017 . Samantha Steffen & Nick Petersen No No Samantha and Nick announced their breakup on October 9 , 2015 . Cassandra Ferguson & Justin Reich No No Cassandra and Justin revealed on After Paradise that they had broken up . August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) - September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) Amanda Stanton & Josh Murray Yes No Amanda and Josh called off their engagement in December 2016 . Carly Waddell & Evan Bass Yes Yes Carly and Evan were married on June 17 , 2017 in Mexico . They live together in Nashville , Tennessee , and are expecting their first child in February 2018 . Lace Morris & Grant Kemp Yes No Lace and Grant announced their breakup on November 29 , 2016 , 4 August 14 , 2017 - September 11 , 2017 Taylor Nolan & Derek Peth Yes Yes On August 31 , while the show was still airing , it was reported that Taylor and Derek got engaged during the taping of Bachelor in Paradise 's aftershow . They are still together as of October 2017 . Raven Gates & Adam Gottschalk No Yes On the reunion , it was revealed that Raven and Adam are in a relationship . They are still together as of October 2017 . Lacey Mark & Daniel Maguire No No On the reunion , it was revealed that Lacey and Daniel had ended their relationship . Australian version ( edit ) An Australian version of Bachelor in Paradise was commissioned by Network Ten in late 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' Picked Up For Fourth Season on ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' BACHELOR PAD ' CANCELED BY ABC , WON 'T RETURN FOR SEASON 4 '' . Inquisitor . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor Spinoff Series Will Feature `` Some of the Most Unlikely Relationships in Bachelor History '' : Bachelor in Paradise Details `` . Us Weekly . March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor in Paradise Production Suspended Amid Misconduct Allegations '' . E ! News . June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor in Paradise Cleared of Misconduct Allegations , Production to Resume Filming '' . E ! News . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Launches Live `` After Paradise '' Weekly Talk Show , Immediately Following `` Bachelor in Paradise '' Beginning Monday , August 3 `` . The Futon Critic . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Messinger , Mitch ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' Contestants Join Host Michelle Collins and Co-Host Sean Lowe on ABC 's ' Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise , ' Tuesday , August 23 '' . Disney ABC Press . ABC Media Relations . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brickner , Terry ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Bachelor in Paradise 's Marcus Grodd and Lacy Faddoul Break Up , Were Never Legally Married '' . E !. Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' Couple Jade Roper and Tanner Tolbert Are Married : Get All the Details ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise 's Jade Roper & Tanner Tolbert Welcome a Baby Girl ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Alissa ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bachelor in Paradise 's Samantha Steffen and Nick Peterson Break Up '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' Couple Josh Murray and Amanda Stanton Split '' . E !. Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen , Joyce ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' Alums Amanda Stanton and Josh Murray Split '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor in Paradise 's Carly Waddell and Evan Bass Are Married ! '' . People Magazine . June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schnurr , Samantha ( 6 August 2017 ) . `` Bachelor in Paradise 's Carly Waddell and Evan Bass Are Expecting Their First Child Together '' . E !. Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' Couple Lace Morris and Grant Kemp Split , End Engagement '' . US Weekly . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor in Paradise 's Taylor Nolan & Derek Peth Are Engaged ! '' . People Magazine . August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Adam and Raven Did n't Get Engaged on the ' Bachelor in Paradise ' Finale '' . Glamour . September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Did Lacey & Daniel Break Up ? ' Bachelor In Paradise ' Was So Not Paradise For Them '' . Bustle . September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvtonight.com.au/2017/10/love-island-bachelor-in-paradise-rumours.html External links ( edit ) Official website The Bachelor U.S. seasons 5 6 7 8 : Paris 9 : Rome 10 : Officer and a Gentleman 11 12 : London Calling 13 14 : On the Wings of Love 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bachelors Alex Michel Aaron Buerge Andrew Firestone Bob Guiney Jesse Palmer Byron Velvick Charlie O'Connell Travis Lane Stork Prince Lorenzo Borghese Andrew Baldwin Brad Womack Matt Grant Jason Mesnick Jake Pavelka Brad Womack Ben Flajnik Sean Lowe Juan Pablo Galavis Chris Soules Ben Higgins Nick Viall Arie Luyendyk Jr . Contestants Mandy Clemens Catherine Warren Shayne Lamas Melissa Rycroft Tenley Molzahn Gia Allemand Keltie Colleen Jamie Otis Catherine Giudici Brittany Fetkin Ashley Iaconetti The Bachelorette Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bachelorettes Trista Rehn Meredith Phillips Jen Schefft DeAnna Pappas Jillian Harris Ali Fedotowsky Ashley Hebert Emily Maynard Desiree Hartsock Andi Dorfman Kaitlyn Bristowe JoJo Fletcher Rachel Lindsay Contestants Evan Bass Jesse Csincsak Ryan Hoag David Homyk Chad Johnson Kenny Layne Jordan Rodgers Ryan Sutter Ed Swiderski International versions Australia 1 : Sam Frost 2 : Georgia Love 3 : Sophie Monk Canada India Germany Romania Switzerland Other spin - offs Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Episodes Bachelor Live The Bachelor Winter Games International Spin - offs Bachelor in Paradise Australia Hosts Chris Harrison Melissa Rycroft ( Bachelor Pad Season 1 only ) International versions Australia 1 : Tim Robards 2 : Blake Garvey 3 : Sam Wood 4 : Richie Strahan 5 : Matty Johnson Brazil 1 : Gianluca Perino Canada 1 : Brad Smith 2 : Tim Warmels 3 : Chris Leroux Romania 1 : Cătălin Botezatu 2 : Edward Popescu Strohlen 3 : Sergiu Barboni 4 : Bogdan Vlădău United Kingdom 1 : David Donald 2 : Jamie Williams 3 : Anthony Thomas 4 : Gavin Henson 5 : Spencer Matthews New Zealand 1 : Arthur Green 2 : Jordan Mauger 3 : Zac Franich italics - Non-selected roles ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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( TBA ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars Junior ( 2018 ) Deception ( TBA ) For the People ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_in_Paradise_(TV_series)&oldid=806951581 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American dating and relationship reality television series English - language television programs Reality television spin - offs Television series by Warner Horizon Television The Bachelor Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 02 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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how many episodes are there in bachelor in paradise
[ "\n\nBachelor in Paradise\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nReality competition\n\n\nPresented by\nChris Harrison\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Almost Paradise\" by Mike Reno and Ann Wilson\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n4\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n39 (as of September 11, 2017)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nMike Fleiss\nMartin Hilton\nElan Gale\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMexico\n\n\nRunning time\n120 minutes\n60 minutes (season 2)\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nNext Entertainment\nWarner Horizon Television\n\n\nDistributor\nWarner Bros. Television Distribution\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC\n\n\nPicture format\n720p (HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\nAugust 4, 2014 (2014-08-04) – present\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nThe Bachelor\nThe Bachelorette\nBachelor Pad\nBachelor in Paradise: After Paradise\n\n\nWebsite\nabc.go.com/shows/bachelor-in-paradise\n\n" ]
[ "39 (as of September 11, 2017)" ]
8541212852902865776
Capital punishment in the United States
Capital punishment in the United states - wikipedia Capital punishment in the United states Jump to : navigation , search A map showing the use of the death penalty in the United States by individual states . Note that the death penalty is used throughout the United States for certain federal crimes . States with a valid death penalty statute States without the death penalty Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 31 states and the federal government . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty , one of 57 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries . There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977 . In 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia , reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment . Subsequently , a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes , and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia . Since then , more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death ; of these , more than 1,400 have been executed , 159 were exonerated before their execution , and more than 2,900 are still on death row . The death penalty is applied only for murder involving an `` aggravating factor '' such as multiple victims , rape , or robbery . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Furman history 1.2 Early abolition movement 1.3 Constitutional law developments 1.4 Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) 1.5 Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) 1.6 Supreme Court narrows capital offenses 1.7 Repeal movements and legal challenges 1.8 Lethal injection era 2 Capital crimes 2.1 Aggravated murder 2.2 Crimes against the state 3 Legal process 3.1 Decision to seek the death penalty 3.2 Sentencing 3.3 Direct review 3.4 State collateral review 3.5 Federal habeas corpus 3.6 Section 1983 3.7 Execution warrant 4 Distribution of sentences 4.1 Among states 4.2 Among races 4.3 Among sexes 5 Methods 5.1 Offender - selected methods 5.2 Backup methods 5.3 Federal executions 6 Execution attendance 7 Public opinion 8 Debate 9 Clemency and commutations 10 Execution hiatus 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Books 13.2 Journal articles 14 External links History ( edit ) Pre-Furman History ( edit ) Executions in the United States from 1608 to 2009 The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall , who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for allegedly spying for the Spanish government . The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty , requiring a grand jury indictment for `` capital crime '' and a due process of law for deprivation of `` life '' by the government . The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any state . The Espy file , compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla , lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991 . From 1930 to 2002 , there were 4,661 executions in the U.S. , about two - thirds of them in the first 20 years . Additionally , the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 ( the most recent ) . Early Abolition movement ( edit ) Three states abolished the death penalty for murder during the 19th century : Michigan in 1846 ( has never executed a prisoner since achieving statehood ) , Wisconsin in 1853 and Maine in 1887 . Rhode Island is also a state with a long abolitionist background , having repealed the death penalty in 1852 , though it was theoretically available for murder committed by a prisoner between 1872 and 1984 . Other states which abolished the death penalty for murder before Gregg v. Georgia include : Minnesota in 1911 , Vermont in 1964 , Iowa and West Virginia in 1965 and North Dakota in 1973 . Hawaii abolished the death penalty in 1948 and Alaska in 1957 , both before their statehood . Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981 . Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively , but both reinstated it , again by popular vote , some years later : Arizona in 1918 and Oregon in 1978 . Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions : in 1952 and 1964 , respectively . Constitutional law developments ( edit ) Nevertheless , capital punishment continued to be used by a majority of states and the federal government for various crimes , especially murder and rape , from the creation of the United States up to the beginning of the 1960s . Until then , `` save for a few mavericks , no one gave any credence to the possibility of ending the death penalty by judicial interpretation of constitutional law , '' according to abolitionist Hugo Bedau . The possibility of challenging the constitutionality of the death penalty became progressively more realistic after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Trop v. Dulles in 1958 , when the court said explicitly for the first time that the Eighth Amendment 's cruel and unusual clause must draw its meaning from the `` evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society '' rather than from its original meaning . Also in the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama , the court made the first step of what would be later be called `` death is different '' jurisprudence , when it held that any indigent defendant was entitled to a court - appointed attorney in capital cases -- a right that was only later extended to non-capital defendants in 1963 , with Gideon v. Wainwright . Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Further information : Furman v. Georgia Executions in the United States since 1960 In Furman v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court considered a group of consolidated cases . The lead case involved an individual convicted under Georgia 's death penalty statute , which featured a `` unitary trial '' procedure in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and , simultaneously , determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment . The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2 , 1967 . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional . The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision , however , and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result . The narrowest opinions , those of Byron White and Potter Stewart , expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law . Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty . Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment . The Furman decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment , and was described by scholars as a `` legal bombshell '' . The next day , columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was `` unlikely '' that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States . Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) ( edit ) Further information : Gregg v. Georgia U.S. Supreme Court seat in Washington , D.C. Instead of abandoning capital punishment , 37 states enacted new death penalty statutes that attempted to address the concerns of White and Stewart in Furman . Some states responded by enacting mandatory death penalty statutes which prescribed a sentence of death for anyone convicted of certain forms of murder . White had hinted that such a scheme would meet his constitutional concerns in his Furman opinion . Other states adopted `` bifurcated '' trial and sentencing procedures , with various procedural limitations on the jury 's ability to pronounce a death sentence designed to limit juror discretion . On July 2 , 1976 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld 7 -- 2 a Georgia procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt - innocence and sentencing phases . At the first proceeding , the jury decides the defendant 's guilt ; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first - degree murder , the death penalty will not be imposed . At the second hearing , the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist , whether any mitigating factors exist , and , in many jurisdictions , weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty -- either death or life in prison , either with or without parole . The same day in Woodson v. North Carolina and Roberts v. Louisiana , the court struck down 5 -- 4 statutes providing a mandatory death sentence . Executions resumed on January 17 , 1977 , when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah . Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s , only ten people besides Gilmore ( who had waived all of his appeal rights ) were actually executed prior to 1984 . Supreme court narrows capital offenses ( edit ) In 1977 , the Supreme Court 's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman . Previously , the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States , and at the time of the decision , Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense . In the 1980 case Godfrey v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor . The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty . First , the case of Atkins v. Virginia , decided on June 20 , 2002 , held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional . Second , in 2005 , the court 's decision in Roper v. Simmons struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime . In the 2008 case Kennedy v. Louisiana , the court also held 5 -- 4 that the death penalty is unconstitutional when applied to non-homicidal crimes against the person , including child rape . Only two death row inmates ( both in Louisiana ) were affected by the decision . Nevertheless , the ruling came less than five months before the 2008 presidential election and was criticized by both major party candidates Barack Obama and John McCain . Repeal movements and legal challenges ( edit ) In 2004 , New York and Kansas capital sentencing schemes were struck down by their respective state highest courts . Kansas successfully appealed the Kansas Supreme Court decision to the United States Supreme Court , who reinstated the statute in Kansas v. Marsh ( 2006 ) , holding it did not violate the U.S. Constitution . The decision of New York Court of Appeals was based on the state constitution , making unavailable any appeal . The state lower house has since blocked all attempts to reinstate the death penalty by adopting a valid sentencing scheme . In 2016 , Delaware 's death penalty statute was also struck down by its state supreme court . In 2007 , New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since Gregg v. Georgia , followed by New Mexico in 2009 , Illinois in 2011 , Connecticut in 2012 , and Maryland in 2013 . The repeals were not retroactive , but in New Jersey , Illinois and Maryland , governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law . In Connecticut , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive . New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute . Nebraska 's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015 , but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it . Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8 , 2016 . The same day , California 's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty , and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process . Since Furman , 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process . All resulted in a vote for reinstating it , rejecting its abolition , expanding its application field , specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional , or expediting the appeal process in capital cases . Lethal injection era ( edit ) The lethal injection room in Florida State Prison . From 1976 to January 1 , 2017 , there were 1,442 executions , of which 1,267 were by lethal injection , 158 by electrocution , 11 by gas inhalation , 3 by hanging , and 3 by firing squad . Executions rose at a near - continuous pace until 1999 , when it peaked at 98 . After 1999 , the number of executions lowered nearly every year , and the 20 executions in 2016 were the fewest since 1991 . The death penalty was a notable issue during the 1988 presidential election . It came up in the October 13 , 1988 debate between the two presidential nominees George H.W. Bush and Michael Dukakis when Bernard Shaw , the moderator of the debate , asked Dukakis , `` Governor , if Kitty Dukakis ( his wife ) were raped and murdered , would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer ? '' Dukakis replied , `` No , I do n't , and I think you know that I 've opposed the death penalty during all of my life . I do n't see any evidence that it 's a deterrent , and I think there are better and more effective ways to deal with violent crime . '' Bush was elected and many , including Dukakis himself , cite the statement as the beginning of the end of his campaign . In 1996 , Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act to streamline the appeal process in capital cases . The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton , who had endorsed capital punishment during his 1992 presidential campaign . A study found that at least 34 of the 749 executions carried out in the U.S. between 1977 and 2001 , or 4.5 % , involved `` unanticipated problems or delays that caused , at least arguably , unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner '' . The rate of these `` botched executions '' remained steady over the period . A study published in The Lancet in 2005 found that in 43 % of cases of lethal injection , the blood level of hypnotics in the prisoner was insufficient to ensure unconsciousness . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court ruled in 2008 ( Baze v. Rees ) and again in 2015 ( Glossip v. Gross ) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment . Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder ( edit ) Aggravating factors for seeking capital punishment of murder vary greatly among death penalty states . California has twenty - two ; New Hampshire has seven . Some aggravating circumstances are nearly universal , such as robbery - murder , murder involving rape of the victim , and murder of an on - duty police officer . Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors , but the victim 's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies . In 2011 , Texas raised this age from six to ten . In some states , the high number of aggravating factors has been criticized on account of giving prosecutors too much discretion in choosing cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted . In California especially , an official commission proposed in 2008 to reduce these factors to five ( multiple murders , torture murder , murder of a police officer , murder committed in jail , and murder related to another felony ) . Columnist Charles Lane went further , and proposed that murder related to a felony other than rape should no longer be a capital crime when there is only one victim killed . Crimes against the state ( edit ) The opinion of the court in Kennedy v. Louisiana says that the ruling does not apply to `` treason , espionage , terrorism , and drug kingpin activity , which are offenses against the State '' . Since no one is on death row for such offenses , the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them . Treason , espionage and large - scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law . Treason is also punishable by death in six states ( Arkansas , California , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi and Missouri ) . Vermont still has a pre-Furman statute providing the death penalty for treason despite removing capital punishment for murder in 1965 . Large - scale drug trafficking is punishable by death in two states ( Florida and Missouri ) . Aircraft hijacking is a capital crime in Georgia and Mississippi . Legal process ( edit ) The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps : ( 1 ) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty ( 2 ) sentencing , ( 3 ) direct review , ( 4 ) state collateral review , and ( 5 ) federal habeas corpus . Clemency , through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence , is an executive rather than judicial process . Decision to seek the death penalty ( edit ) While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution , the death penalty can be handed down only if the accuser has specifically decided to seek it . In the decades since Furman , new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness . A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review , surveyed the decision - making process among prosecutors in various states . The authors found that prosecutors ' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local `` idiosyncrasies , '' suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court 's directive . This means that `` the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate '' may still `` infect capital cases . '' Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria . California law , for example , has 22 `` special circumstances , '' making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases . A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general . Sentencing ( edit ) Of the 31 states with the death penalty , 29 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury , and 28 require a unanimous sentence . However , the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury : In four states ( Arizona , California , Kentucky and Nevada ) , a retrial of the penalty phase will be conducted before a different jury ( the common - law rule for mistrial ) . In two states ( Indiana and Missouri ) , the judge will decide the sentence . In the 22 other states , a hung jury results in a life sentence , even if only one juror opposed death . Federal law also provides that outcome . The first outcome is referred as the `` true unanimity '' rule , while the third has been criticized as the `` single - juror veto '' rule . In Alabama , the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur . A retrial happens if the jury deadlock . Nebraska is the only state in which the sentence is decided by a three - judge panel . If one of the judges on the panel opposes death , the defendant is sentenced to life imprisonment . Montana is the only state where the trial judge decides the sentence alone . In all states in which the jury is involved , only death - qualified veniremen can be selected in such a jury , to exclude both people who will always vote for the death sentence and those who are categorically opposed to it . Direct review ( edit ) If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level , the case then goes into a direct review . The direct review process is a typical legal appeal . An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not . Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes . If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing , the appellate court will affirm the judgment , or let the sentence stand . If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur , then it will reverse the judgment , or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing . Lastly , if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty , a rarity , then it will order the defendant acquitted , or not guilty , of the crime for which he / she was given the death penalty , and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible . About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact . State collateral review ( edit ) At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review , supplemental methods to attack the judgment , though less familiar than a typical appeal , do remain . These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review , that is , an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final . Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state - level trial , as is usually the case , the first step in collateral review is state collateral review , which is often called state habeas corpus . ( If the case is a federal death penalty case , it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus . ) Although all states have some type of collateral review , the process varies widely from state to state . Generally , the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review . Most often these are claims , such as ineffective assistance of counsel , which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record , something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal . State collateral review , though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus , is rarely successful in and of itself . Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review . In Virginia , state habeas corpus for condemned men are heard by the state supreme court under exclusive original jurisdiction since 1995 , immediately after direct review by the same court . This avoids any proceeding before the lower courts , and is in part why Virginia has the shortest time on average between death sentence and execution ( less than eight years ) and has executed 113 offenders since 1976 with only five remaining on death row as of June 2017 . To reduce litigation delays , other states require convicts to file their state collateral appeal before the completion of their direct appeal , or provide adjudication of direct and collateral attacks together in a `` unitary review '' . Federal habeas corpus ( edit ) After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review , the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus , which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts . Federal habeas corpus is a type of collateral review , and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court ( other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review ) . The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , which restricted significantly its previous scope . The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts , through the process of direct review and state collateral review , have done a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner 's federal constitutional rights . Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime , though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process , evidence of innocence must be truly compelling . According to Eric Freedman , 21 percent of death penalty cases are reversed through federal habeas corpus . James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . '' Similarly , a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher , finding that between `` 1976 and 1991 , approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted . '' The different numbers are largely definitional , rather than substantive : Freedam 's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed , while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review . A similar process is available for prisoners sentenced to death by the judgment of a federal court . The AEDPA also provides an expeditious habeas procedure in capital cases for states meeting several requirements set forth in it concerning counsel appointment for death row inmates . Under this program , federal habeas corpus for condemned prisoners would be decided in about three years from affirmance of the sentence on state collateral review . In 2006 , Congress conferred the determination of whether a state fulfilled the requirements to the U.S. attorney general , with a possible appeal of the state to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . As of March 2016 , the Department of Justice has still not granted any certifications . Section 1983 ( edit ) If the federal court refuses to issue a writ of habeas corpus , the death sentence becomes final for all purposes . In recent times , however , prisoners have postponed execution through another way of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 -- codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 -- which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights . While the aforementioned appeals are normally limited to one and automatically stay the execution of the death sentence , Section 1983 lawsuits are unlimited , but the petitioner will be granted a stay of execution only if the court believes he has a likelihood of success on the merits . Traditionally , Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus , not Section 1983 , is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death . In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment . The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death , but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out . Therefore , the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit . Yet , as Clarence Hill 's own case shows , lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay . Further , the Court 's decision in Baze v. Rees , upholding a lethal injection method used by many states , has narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983 . Execution warrant ( edit ) While the execution warrant is issued by the governor in several states , in the vast majority it is a judicial order , issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution . The warrant usually sets an execution day . Some states instead provide a longer period , such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution . This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last - minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later . Distribution of sentences ( edit ) Total number of prisoners on Death Row in the United States from 1953 to 2008 Within the context of the overall murder rate , the death penalty can not be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States ; in recent years the average has been about one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions . Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences . This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment , a possibility it removed in March 2017 . Among states ( edit ) The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates . California , which is the most populous state , has also the largest death row with over 700 inmates . Wyoming , which is the least populous state , has only one condemned man . But executions are more frequent ( and happen more quickly after sentencing ) in conservative states . Texas , which is the second most populous state of the Union , carried out over 500 executions during the post-Furman era , more than a third of the national total . California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period . Among races ( edit ) Main article : Race and capital punishment in the United States African Americans made up 41 % of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 % of the general population . They have made up 34 % of those actually executed since 1976 . However , this is an under - representation relative to the proportion of convicted murderers ; 52.5 % of all homicide offenders between 1980 and 2008 were African Americans . According to a 2003 Amnesty International report , blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers , yet 80 % of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims . Approximately 13.5 % of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent , while they make up 17.4 % of the general population . Among sexes ( edit ) As of October 1 , 2014 , men accounted for 98 % of people on death row and 99 % of executions since 1976 . Methods ( edit ) Usage of lethal injection in the US . State uses only this method . State uses this method primarily but also has other methods . State once used this method , but does not today . State once adopted this method , but dropped before its use . State has never adopted this method . Number of executions each year by the method used in the United States and the earlier colonies from 1608 to 2004 . The adoption of electrocution caused a marked drop off in the number of hangings , which was used even less with the use of gas inhalation . After Gregg v. Georgia , most states changed to lethal injection , leading to its rise . All 31 states with the death penalty provide lethal injection as the primary method of execution . Some states allow other methods than lethal injection , but only as secondary methods to be used merely at the request of the prisoner or if lethal injection is unavailable . Several states continue to use the historical three - drug protocol : an anesthetic , pancuronium bromide a paralytic , and potassium chloride to stop the heart . Eight states have used a single - drug protocol , inflicting only an overdose of a single anesthetic to the prisoner . While some state statutes specify the drugs required , a majority do not , giving more flexibility to corrections officials . Pressures from anti-death penalty activists and shareholders have made it difficult for correctional services to get the chemicals . Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 . In 2016 , it was reported that more than 20 U.S. and European drug manufacturers including Pfizer ( the owner of Hospira ) had taken steps to prevent their drugs from being used for lethal injections . Since then , some states have used other anesthetics , such as pentobarbital , etomidate , or fast - acting benzodiazepines like midazolam . Many states have since bought lethal injection drugs from foreign furnishers , and most states have made it a criminal offense to reveal the identities of furnishers or execution team members . In November 2015 , California adopted regulations allowing the state to use its own public compounding pharmacies to make the chemicals . In 2009 , Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone ( a 333-fold overdose for an opioid - naïve patient of this narcotic analgesic closely related to and five times stronger than morphine ; this is the equivalent of an entire 50 - ml bottle of Dilaudid HP , the most powerful commercially available form , although the advantage of hydromorphone is its very high solubility allowing for solutions of almost arbitrary concentration ; 500 mg of hydromorphone HCl as pure powder can be dissolved in isotonic saline in volumes as small as under 2 cc ) and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions when a suitable vein can not be found for intravenous injection . Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in two cases : Baze v. Rees ( 2008 ) and Glossip v. Gross ( 2015 ) . Offender - selected methods ( edit ) In the following states , death row inmates with an execution warrant may choose to be executed by : Electrocution in Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Kentucky , South Carolina , Tennessee and Virginia . Gas inhalation in Arizona and California . Firing squad in Utah . Hanging in Washington . In five states ( Arizona , Arkansas , Kentucky , Tennessee and Utah ) , the alternative method is offered only to inmates sentenced to death for crimes committed prior to a specified date ( usually when the state switched from the earlier method to lethal injection ) . When an offender chooses to be executed by a means different from the state default method , which is always lethal injection , he loses the right to challenge its constitutionality in court ( Stewart v. LaGrand , 1999 ) . The last executions by methods other than injection are as follows ( all chosen by the inmate ) : Method Date State Inmate Electrocution 000000002013 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2013 Virginia Robert Gleason Firing squad 000000002010 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2010 Utah Ronnie Lee Gardner Lethal gas 000000001999 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1999 Arizona Walter LaGrand Hanging 000000001996 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1996 Delaware William Bailey Backup methods ( edit ) Depending on the state , the following alternative methods are statutorily provided in the event that lethal injection is either found unconstitutional by a court or unavailable for practical reasons : Electrocution in Florida , Oklahoma , South Carolina and Tennessee . Gas inhalation in California , Missouri , Oklahoma and Wyoming . Firing squad in Oklahoma and Utah . Hanging in New Hampshire . Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes , providing lethal injection , nitrogen hypoxia , electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable . The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution , though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia . Three states ( Oklahoma , Tennessee and Utah ) have added back - up methods recently in 2014 or 2015 ( or have expanded their application fields ) in reaction to the shortage of lethal injection drugs . Some states such as Florida have a larger provision dealing with execution methods unavailability , requiring their state departments of corrections to use `` any constitutional method '' if both lethal injection and electrocution are found unconstitutional . This was designed to make unnecessary any further legislative intervention in that event , but the provision apply only to legal ( not practical ) infeasibility . In May 2016 , an Oklahoma grand jury recommended the state to use nitrogen hypoxia as its primary method of execution rather than as a mere backup , after experts testified that the method would be painless , easy and `` inexpensive '' . Federal executions ( edit ) The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place . If the state has no death penalty , the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution . The federal government has a facility ( at U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute ) and regulations only for executions by lethal injection , but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions . Execution attendance ( edit ) The over 200 witnesses to the execution of Timothy McVeigh were mostly survivors and victims ' relatives of the Oklahoma City bombing . The last public execution in the U.S. was that of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro , Kentucky , on August 14 , 1936 . It was the last execution in the nation at which the general public was permitted to attend without any legally imposed restrictions . `` Public execution '' is a legal phrase , defined by the laws of various states , and carried out pursuant to a court order . Similar to `` public record '' or `` public meeting , '' it means that anyone who wants to attend the execution may do so . Around 1890 , a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions . Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a `` wall '' or `` enclosure '' or to `` exclude public view . '' Most states laws currently use such explicit wording to prohibit public executions , while others do so only implicitly by enumerating the only authorized witnesses . All states allow news reporters to be execution witnesses for information of the general public , except Wyoming which allow only witnesses authorized by the condemned . Several states also allow victims ' families and relatives selected by the prisoner to watch executions . An hour or two before the execution , the condemned is offered religious services and to choose his last meal ( except in Texas which abolished it in 2011 ) . The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11 , 2001 , was witnessed by over 200 people , most by closed - circuit television . Public opinion ( edit ) Gallup , Inc. monitors support for the death penalty in the United States since 1937 by asking `` Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder ? '' In their last poll in October 2016 , 60 % of respondents said they were in favor and 37 % were opposed . A month earlier , a Pew Research poll found that 49 % of Americans supported the death penalty for convicted murderers and 42 % opposed , down from 80 % in 1974 . A 2010 poll found that 61 % of voters would choose a penalty other than the death sentence for murder . When persons surveyed are given a choice between the death penalty and life without parole for persons convicted of capital crimes , support for execution has traditionally been significantly lower than in polling that asks only if a person does or does not support the death penalty . In 2010 , for instance , a Gallup poll that offered a choice showed 49 % favoring the death penalty and 46 % favoring life imprisonment . On the other hand , in November 2009 , another Gallup poll found that 77 % of Americans say that September 11 attacks ' mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed should get the death penalty if convicted , including 12 who normally opposed the death penalty when asked the 1937 question . A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing that killed 168 victims . Debate ( edit ) Main article : Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment is a controversial issue , with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate . Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds . Some law enforcement organizations , and some victims ' rights groups support capital punishment . The United States is one of four industrialized democracies that still practice capital punishment with Japan , Singapore , and Taiwan . Religious groups are widely split on the issue of capital punishment . The Fiqh Council of North America , a group of highly influential Muslim scholars in the United States , has issued a fatwa calling for a moratorium on capital punishment in the United States until various preconditions in the legal system are met . In October 2009 , the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962 , as part of the Model Penal Code , `` in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment . '' A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled . As of 2017 , 159 prisoners have been exonerated due to evidence of their innocence . Advocates of the death penalty say that it deters crime , is a good tool for prosecutors in plea bargaining , improves the community by eliminating recidivism by executed criminals , provides `` closure '' to surviving victims or loved ones , and is a just penalty . The murder rate is highest in the South ( 6.5 per 100,000 in 2016 ) , where 80 % of executions are carried out , and lowest in the Northeast ( 3.5 per 100,000 ) , with less than 1 % of executions . A report by the US National Research Council in 2012 stated that studies claiming a deterrent effect are `` fundamentally flawed '' and should not be used for policy decisions . According to a survey of the former and present presidents of the country 's top academic criminological societies , 88 % of these experts rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder . ( Radelet & Lacock , 2009 ) Data shows that the application of the death penalty is strongly influenced by racial bias . In addition , its use risks the execution of the innocent ; it is unnecessarily barbaric in nature ; it cheapens human life ; and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals who have murdered . Furthermore , some opponents argue that it is applied in an arbitrary manner by a criminal justice system that has been shown to be biased through the systemic influence of socio - economic , geographic , and gender factors . Another argument in the capital punishment debate is the cost . Clemency and commutations ( edit ) The largest number of clemencies was granted in January 2003 in Illinois when outgoing Governor George Ryan , who had already imposed a moratorium on executions , pardoned four death - row inmates and commuted the sentences of the remaining 167 to life in prison without the possibility of parole . When Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation abolishing the death penalty in Illinois in March 2011 , he commuted the sentences of the fifteen inmates on death row to life imprisonment . Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico , when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty . In 1991 , outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners , among them all four women on the state 's death row . And during his two terms ( 1979 -- 1987 ) as Florida 's Governor , Bob Graham , although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others , agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of doubts about guilt or disproportionality . Execution hiatus ( edit ) All executions were suspended through the country between September 2007 and April 2008 . At that time , the U.S. Supreme Court was examining the constitutionality of lethal injection in Baze v. Rees . This was the longest period with no executions in the United States since 1982 . The Supreme Court ultimately upheld this method in a 7 -- 2 ruling . In addition to the states that have no valid death penalty statute , the following states and jurisdictions are noted that have an official moratorium , or have had no executions for more than ten years , as of 2017 : State / Jurisdiction Status Hiatus status Federal de facto No executions since 2003 Arizona by Attorney General In 2014 , Attorney General indefinitely stayed executions California de facto No executions since 2006 Colorado by Governor In 2013 , Governor set a moratorium Kentucky by court order In 2009 , a federal judge suspended executions pending a new protocol Montana by court order In 2015 , a federal judge ruled the state 's lethal injection protocol is unlawful , stopping executions Nebraska de facto Last execution took place in 1997 Nevada de facto Last execution in 2006 North Carolina de facto Last execution in 2006 Oklahoma by implementers In 2014 , state Dept. of Corrections recommended an indefinite hold on executions after a botched execution Oregon by Governor In 2011 , Governor announced a moratorium and a review Pennsylvania by Governor In 2015 , Governor announced a moratorium pending review Washington by Governor In 2014 , Governor announced a moratorium and reprieve for new cases Kansas , New Hampshire , Wyoming , and the U.S. Military have also no executions for over ten years , but in these states it is because of the lack of death row inmates having exhausted the appeal process . Since 1976 , four states have executed only condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived further appeals : Pennsylvania has executed three inmates , Oregon two , Connecticut one , and New Mexico one . In North Carolina , executions are suspended following a decision by the state 's medical board that physicians can not participate in executions , which is a requirement under state law . In California , United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15 , 2006 , ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed . On November 25 , 2009 , the Kentucky Supreme Court suspended executions until the state adopts regulations for carrying out the penalty by lethal injection . In November 2011 , Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon , canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state . On February 11 , 2014 , Washington Governor Jay Inslee announced a capital punishment moratorium . All death penalty cases that come to Inslee will result in him issuing a reprieve , not a pardon or commutation . On February 13 , 2015 , Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf announced a moratorium on the death penalty . Wolf will issue a reprieve for every execution until a commission on capital punishment , which was established in 2011 by the Pennsylvania State Senate , produces a recommendation . Effectively there was a moratorium in place , as the state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999 . See also ( edit ) United States portal Criminal justice portal Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment by the United States federal government List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 List of death row inmates in the United States List of last executions in the United States by crime References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STATES AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leigh B. Bienen ( 2010 ) . Murder and Its Consequences : Essays on Capital Punishment in America ( 2 ed . ) . Northwestern University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8101 - 2697 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal injection . '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . China ... Guatemala , Philippines , Thailand ... Vietnam ^ Jump up to : Barry Latzer ( 2010 ) , Death Penalty Cases : Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment , Elsevier , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Execution Statistics Summary -- State and Year '' . people.smu.edu/rhalperi/ . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions , '' Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 2 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Death Penalty Information Center ( 2010 ) . `` Part I : History of the Death Penalty , Death Penalty Information Center '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ david waksman . `` Is there a Death Penalty in America ? '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Death Penalty in America '' . Antideathpenalty.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAZE v. REES ( No. 07 - 5439 ) ( April 16 , 2008 ) Justice Scalia , with whom Justice Thomas joins , concurring in the judgment '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Espy file '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Archived 2009 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . of the United States of America Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Military Death Penalty '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John A. Bennett Jump up ^ `` Executions in the Military '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death penalty on the ballot '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Courts , the Constitution , and Capital Punishment 118 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ The Free Lance - Star - Jun 30 , 1972 : New laws unlikely on death penalty , by Barry Schweid Jump up ^ Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Woodson v. North Carolina , 428 U.S. 280 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Roberts v. Louisiana , 428 U.S. 325 ( 1976 ) , 431 U.S. 633 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ `` Godfrey v. Georgia '' . supreme.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DARYL RENARD ATKINS , PETITIONER v. VIRGINIA '' . June 20 , 2002 . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roper v. Simmons , 543 U.S. 551 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Child rapists ca n't be executed , Supreme Court rules '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sara Kugler ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Obama Disagrees With High Court on Child Rape Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( April 13 , 2005 ) . `` In N.Y. , Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . NEW YORK , April 12 -- New York 's death penalty is no more . A legislative committee tossed out a bill Tuesday aimed at reinstating the state 's death penalty , which a court had suspended last year . It was an extraordinary bit of drama , not least because a top Democrat who once strongly supported capital punishment led the fight to end it . Jump up ^ `` Top court : Delaware 's death penalty law unconstitutional '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richburg , Keith B. ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` N.J. Approves Abolition of Death Penalty ; Corzine to Sign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in English ) Maria Medina , `` Governor OK with Astorga capital case '' Jump up ^ `` New Mexico governor bans death penalty '' . Agence France - Presse . March 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson made his state the 15th in the nation to outlaw capital punishment when he signed a law abolishing the death penalty , his office said . ^ Jump up to : `` Quinn signs death penalty ban , commutes 15 death row sentences to life '' . Chicago Tribune . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT LEGISLATION : Death Penalty Repeal Passes Second Connecticut House , Awaits Governor 's Signature Death Penalty Information Center '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut governor signs bill to repeal death penalty '' . FOX News Network , LLC. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Md . General Assembly repeals death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemency '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut 's highest court overturns its death penalty '' . cnn.com/ . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voters in California , Oklahoma , and Nebraska chose to preserve and strengthen the death penalty '' . news.vice.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Executions 2016 ( as of 12 / 8 / 16 ) '' . people.smu.edu . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's non-Dukakis answer '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borg and Radelet , pp. 144 -- 47 Jump up ^ Van Norman p. 287 Jump up ^ Paternoster , R. ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) . Capital Punishment . Oxford Handbooks Online . Retrieved 15 June 2016 , from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195395082-e-24 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide - Section 190.2 . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 630 : 1 Capital Murder . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AGGRAVATING FACTORS FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT BY STATE '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AN ACT relating to the murder of a child as a capital offense . '' . legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE FAIR ADMINISTRATION OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN CALIFORNIA '' . ccfaj.org . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Lane ( 2010 ) , Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , p. 110 - 111 Jump up ^ Kennedy v. Louisiana , 554 U.S. 407 , 437 ( 2007 ) ; see also Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . The court went beyond the question in the case to rule out the death penalty for any individual crime -- as opposed to `` offenses against the state , '' such as treason or espionage -- `` where the victim 's life was not taken . '' Jump up ^ `` § 3401 . Definition and punishment of treason '' . legislature.vermont.gov . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty for Offenses Other Than Murder '' . Death Penalty Information Center . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See generally Separation of powers . Jump up ^ `` Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice : An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ Adam M. Gershowitz . `` Statewide Capital Punishment : The Case for Eliminating Counties ' Role in the Death Penalty '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Provisions of state and federal statutes concerning sentence if capital sentencing jury can not agree '' ( PDF ) . A. Parrent , Conn . Public Def . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SB 280 : Sentencing for Capital Felonies '' . flsenate.gov . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See United States v. Perez , 1824 Jump up ^ K. Scheidegger , `` Hurst v. Florida Remedial Legislation and SBP 7068 '' , February 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` SB 16 To amend Sections 13A - 5 - 45 , 13A - 5 - 46 , and 13A - 5 - 47 , Code of Alabama 1975 , relating to capital cases and to the determination of the sentence by courts ; to prohibit a court from overriding a jury verdict . '' . legislature.state.al.us . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nebraska Revised Statutes - Chapter 29 - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - 29 - 2521 - Sentencing determination proceeding . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 - 18 - 301 . Hearing on imposition of death penalty . '' . leg.mt.gov . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , 18 U.S.C. § 3595 . ( `` In a case in which a sentence of death is imposed , the sentence shall be subject to review by the court of appeals upon appeal by the defendant . '' ) Jump up ^ See generally Appeal . ^ Jump up to : Poland v. Arizona , 476 U.S. 147 152 -- 54 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , Legalize Drugs '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( b ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( a ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia - § 8.01 - 654 . When and by whom writ granted ; what petition to contain . '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA 'S EXECUTION HISTORY '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . `` VIRGINIA 'S DEATH ROW INMATES '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conviction to Execution `` Takes Too Long '' `` . ktrh.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OJP Docket No. 1464 , Certification Process for State Capital Counsel Systems '' ( PDF ) . crimeandconsequences.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AN ACT Concerning a unitary procedure for review in class 1 felony cases in which a death sentence is sought as punishment . '' . tornado.state.co.us . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ House v. Bell , 126 S. Ct. 2064 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Studies '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1996 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walpin , Ned . `` The New Speed - up in Habeas Corpus Appeals '' . Frontline . PBS . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ see 28 U.S.C. § 2255 . Jump up ^ 28 USC § § 2261 -- 2266 Jump up ^ `` Court Gives Green Light to Death Penalty Fast - Tracking '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glossip v. Gross 576 U.S. ___ ( 2015 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 ( 1994 ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Georgia Code - § 17 - 10 - 34 - Sentence to specify time period for and place of execution '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty '' . Equal Justice Initiative . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama ends death penalty by judicial override '' . Associated Press at WBRL . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh . `` Executed Prisoners in Texas '' . Last Words . Criminal Brief . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Last Words '' . Capital Punishment . Criminal Brief . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 3 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide Trends in the United States , 1980 - 2008 '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America : Death by discrimination -- the continuing role of race in capital cases '' . Amnesty.org. April 23 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanics and the Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fins , Deborah . `` Death Row U.S.A. Fall 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . Quarterly report by the Criminal Justice Project . NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , Inc . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` State by State Lethal Injection '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eckholm , Erik ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Pfizer Blocks the Use of Its Drugs in Executions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ben ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Will the EU kill America 's Death Penalty ? '' . Motherboard . Vice Media , Inc . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Algar , Clare ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big Pharma May Help End The Death Penalty '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post : A death penalty landmark for Florida : Executing a white man for killing a black man Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Supreme Court Allows Use of Execution Drug '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Execution Team , Firing Squads , Restricted Media Included in House Bill '' . jacksonfreepress.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NOTICE OF CHANGE TO REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ) . cdcr.ca.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosby 's 2004 `` Hydromorphone '' Jump up ^ `` Ohio Prisons Director Announces Changes to Ohio 's Execution Process '' . Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona execution takes two hours '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` High court upholds lethal injection method '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court backs use of lethal injection drug '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Code of Laws : `` Section 24 - 3 - 530 . Death by electrocution or lethal injection . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Dawn of a New Form of Capital Punishment , Time , April 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` How to kill : America 's death penalty dilemma '' . cnn.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 922.105 - Execution of death sentence '' . leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40 - 23 - 114 - Death by lethal injection Election of electrocution . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma grand jury issues critical report on execution drug mix - up '' . newsok.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` § 26.3 Date , time , place , and method of execution . '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 3597 - Use of State facilities '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connecticut § 54 -- 100 Kentucky 431.220 Missouri § 546.730 New Mexico § 31 - 14 - 12 ch. 279 Massachusetts § 60 North Carolina § 15 - 188 Oklahoma Title 22 § 1015 Montana § 46 - 19 - 103 Ohio § 2949.22 Tennessee § 40 - 23 - 116 US Code Title 18 § 3596 Federal regulations 28 CFR 26.4 Archived 2014 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information - Texas Execution Primer '' . www.txexecutions.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` States go hunting for execution witnesses '' . jacksonsun.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Code § 7 - 13 - 908 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60 % '' . gallup.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliphant , Baxter ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Support for death penalty lowest in more than four decades '' . Dactank ; News in Numbers . Pew Research Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , 64 % Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder '' . The Gallup Organization . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Americans at Odds With Recent Terror Trial Decisions '' . gallup.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foes of death penalty say McVeigh is an exception '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ReligiousTolerance '' . ReligiousTolerance . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Adam Lipak ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Group Gives Up Death Penalty Work '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions , '' Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ Pitkin , James ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Killing Time Dead Men Waiting on Oregon 's Death Row '' . Willamette Week . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Justice Volume 1 Jump up ^ Londono , O. ( 2013 ) , `` A Retributive Critique of Racial Bias and Arbitrariness in Capital Punishment . '' Journal of Social Philosophy , 44 : 95 -- 105 . doi : 10.1111 / josp. 12013 Jump up ^ `` Letter -- Cost of the Death Penalty '' . The New York Times . California . February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Death Row Inmates Granted Commutation by Governor George Ryan on January 12 , 2003 '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California moves -- slowly -- toward resuming executions '' . seattletimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . California has long been what one expert calls a `` symbolic death penalty state , '' one of 12 that has capital punishment on the books but has not executed anyone in more than a decade . Jump up ^ `` The History of Capital Punishment in California '' . California Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation . State of California . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Judge Rules Against Lethal Injection Protocol and Halts Execution '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellware , Kim . `` Montana Judge Strikes Down State 's Lethal Injection Protocol '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge says executions unconstitutional Archived December 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Decision halts lethal injections Latest Local , State News '' . Kentucky.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executions Are Suspended by Governor in Washington '' . The New York Times . February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pennsylvania 's governor suspends the death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Marian J. Borg and Michael L. Radelet. ( 2004 ) . On botched executions . In : Peter Hodgkinson and William A. Schabas ( eds . ) Capital Punishment . pp. 143 -- 68 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511489273. 006 . Gail A. Van Norman . ( 2010 ) . Physician participation in executions . In : Gail A. Van Norman et al. ( eds . ) Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology . pp. 285 -- 91 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511841361. 051 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bakken , Gordon Morris , ed. ( 2010 ) . Invitation to an Execution : A History of the Death Penalty in the United States . University of New Mexico Press Banner , Stuart ( 2002 ) . The Death Penalty : An American History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00751 - 4 . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . Boston , MA : Northeastern University Press ; Blecker , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Death of Punishment : Searching for Justice among the Worst of the Worst . St. Martin 's Press ; Delfino , Michelangelo and Mary E. Day . ( 2007 ) . Death Penalty USA 2005 -- 2006 MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 2 - 5 ; and Death Penalty USA 2003 -- 2004 ( 2008 ) . MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 3 - 2 . Dow , David R. , Dow , Mark ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) . Machinery of Death : The Reality of America 's Death Penalty Regime . Routledge , New York . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93266 - 1 ( cloth ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93267 - X ( paperback ) ( Provides critical perspectives on the death penalty ) Garland , David ( 2010 ) . Peculiar Institution : America 's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition . Harvard University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2010 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 1 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1683 -- 1807 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2012 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 2 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1635 -- 1843 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Lane , Charles ( 2010 ) . Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . Megivern , James J. ( 1997 ) , The Death Penalty : An Historical and Theological Survey . Paulist Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0487 - 3 Osler , Mark William ( 2009 ) . Jesus on Death Row : The Trial of Jesus and American Capital Punishment . Abingdon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64756 - 9 Prejean , Helen ( 1993 ) . Dead Man Walking . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75131 - 9 ( paperback ) ( Describes the case of death row convict Elmo Patrick Sonnier , while also giving a general overview of issues connected to the death penalty ) Journal articles ( edit ) Vidma , Neil and Phoebe Ellsworth . `` Public Opinion and the Death Penalty '' ( Archive ) . Stanford Law Review . June 1974 . Volume 26 , pp. 1245 -- 1270 . Hoffmann , Joseph L. ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting the Innocent : The Massachusetts Governor 's Council Report . '' 95 J. of Crim . L. & Criminology 561 . External links ( edit ) Prisoners Executed Under Civil Authority in the United States , by Year , Region , and Jurisdiction , 1977 -- 2016 Bureau of Justice Statistics United States of America : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt Guatemala India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / Firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. 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how many states in usa have death penalty
[ "Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States, currently used by 31 states and the federal government.[1] Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies. The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty,[2] one of 57 countries worldwide applying it, and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution, which has since been adopted by five other countries.[3]" ]
[ "31" ]
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Stranger Things
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Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , and directed by the Duffer Brothers . The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , and Dan Cohen serve as executive producers . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town , including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season , which will consist of eight episodes . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Awards and nominations 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 Lawsuit 9 References 10 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . The third season is currently planned to take place another year later , in 1985 , and in the midst of the popularity of Back to the Future 's release . Mike and Eleven have developed a relationship , as have Max and Lucas . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He develops romantic feelings for Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She develops romantic feelings for Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . She was introduced in the second season . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . He was introduced in the second season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . He was introduced in the second season . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . He was introduced in the second season . Maya Hawke as Robin , an `` alternative girl '' bored with her job until she stumbles onto one of the secrets of Hawkins . She will be introduced in the third season . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Ferguson will have an expanded recurring role in the third season , who along with her friends , join in investigating the strange events around Hawkins . Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . The boys secretly commence `` Operation Mirkwood '' as Eleven leads them to Will . However , Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry , causing Mike , Dustin and Lucas to be devastated . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Mike is devastated at her disappearance . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven , revealed to be alive , accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike through the void but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob Newby figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but , to everyone 's surprise , Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) After finally reuniting with Mike , Eleven and Hopper head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him , forcing the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He overpowers Steve in a fistfight , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven , listing him as her father . The students , including Eleven , attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as the Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited the Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . `` Montauk is an eight - hour sci - fi horror epic . Set in Long Island in 1980 and inspired by the supernatural classics of that era , we explore the crossroads where the ordinary meet the extraordinary ... emotional , cinematic and rooted in character , Montauk is a love letter to the golden age of Steven Spielberg and Stephen King -- a marriage of human drama and supernatural fear . '' -- The Duffer Brothers ' original pitch for Montauk The book cover the Duffer Brothers created to pitch Montauk , inspired by Stephen King book covers such as Firestarter The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . To pitch the series , the Duffers showcased images , footage and music from 1980s films such as E.T. the Extra Terrestrial , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Poltergeist , Hellraiser , Stand by Me , Firestarter , A Nightmare on Elm Street and Jaws , in order to establish the tone of the series . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . The Duffer Brothers initially intended for Stranger Things to either be a standalone miniseries or an anthology series . They also considered the possibility of setting a potential second season ( which they refereed to as a ' sequel ' ) in the early 1990s and featuring an older version of the characters , along with all new characters , who are drawn back to Hawkins after supernatural events begin occurring again . However , following the release of the first season , they realized that the likability of the characters -- especially the children -- was key to the series ' success , and they decided to set the second season in 1984 and focus on the same characters . By the end of July , the Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and the Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , the Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , the Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . According to David Harbour , writing for the third season was still occurring in December 2017 . Levy said the season would be less about Will , saying , `` We 're not going to put Will through hell for a third season in a row . He 'll be dealing with stuff , but he wo n't be at rock bottom ... We 're ( going to be ) dealing with forces of evil that are new . '' Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The Duffer Brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , the Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . The third season sees Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer , Heaton , Buono , Schnapp , Sink , Keery and Montgomery return . They are joined by Maya Hawke as Robin . For the third season , it was reported that the several of the cast members would be receiving pay raises . Ryder and Habour were receiving an increase to $350,000 an episode from $150,000 and $80,000 respectively ; Wolfhard , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , and Schnapp were receiving a pay increase to $200,000 an episodes and possibly around $250,000 , a significant increase from the reported $20,000 they made in season one ( later increased by $60,000 ) ; and Dyer , Heaton , and Keery would be receiving approximately $150,000 an episode . Brown 's pay was not disclosed , but was estimated to be a bigger raise than her young counterparts . Some sources suggest she is at least making $250,000 and may be getting possibly between $300,000 and $350,000 per episode . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Filming for the third season is expected to begin on April 23 , 2018 . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to the Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , the Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . The third season is expected to consist of eight episodes . It is not expected to be released until late 2018 or early 2019 . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 70 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 120 reviews ) 78 ( 33 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 70 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like the Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 120 reviews , and an average rating of 7.79 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and the Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , the Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Awards and nominations Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Tomato Awards Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Stranger Things 3rd place Best - reviewed New TV Show Stranger Things 8th place People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Stranger Things Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Winona Ryder Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Nora Felder Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz , John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated New Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated IFMCA Awards Best Original Score for a Television Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actor Noah Schnapp Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actor Gaten Matarazzo Nominated Caleb McLaughlin Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actress Natalia Dyer Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Shorty Awards Best TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best International Program The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated MTV Millennial Awards TV Series of the Year Stranger Things Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Won Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won TCA Awards Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding New Program Stranger Things Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Drama Episode Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Paul Ditcher , the Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Main cast Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won World Soundtrack Awards Best TV Composer of the Year Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated HPA Awards Outstanding Editing -- Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Sound -- Television Craig Henigham , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Jordan Wilby , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won 2018 Golden Tomato Awards Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Stranger Things Won Best - reviewed Returning TV Show Stranger Things 2nd place Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth Caleb McLaughlin Won Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama Iain Paterson , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , the Duffer Brothers , Rand Geiger , Justin Doble Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Max Calder , Crystal Hooks , Kathryn Howard , Cal Johnson , Jason Kehler , Jo Jo Lambert , Anderson Martin , Lonnie R. Smith , Jr Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' , `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Promo Bobby Gumm , Michael Paquette Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Paul Graff , Christina Graff , Seth Hill , Joel Sevilla , Caius the Man `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Saul Galbiati , Michael Maher , Seth Cobb , Kate McFadden `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Bradley North , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Bradley North , Craig Hennigan , Jordan Wilby , Antony Zeller , Zane D. Bruce , Lindsay Pepper `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kim Wilcox Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Michael P. Clark , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Bill Higley , Anthony Zeller `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Nominated Best Special Make - Up Effects -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Nominated ICG Publicists Awards Publicist Showmanship Television Award Denise Godoy Won Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress in a TV Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Won Favorite TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' Nominated British Academy Games Awards Mobile Game BonusXP , Inc . Stranger Things : The Game Pending Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor in a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Pending Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including the Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . The game was nominated for `` Mobile Game '' at the upcoming 14th British Academy Games Awards . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . Lawsuit In April 2018 , filmmaker Charlie Kessler filed a lawsuit against the Duffer Brothers , claiming that they stole his idea behind his short film Montauk for Stranger Things . Kessler 's Montauk featured a similar premise of a missing boy , a nearby military base doing otherworldy experiments , and a monster from another dimension . Kessler has directed the film and debuted it at the 2012 Hamptons International Film Festival . During the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival , he pitched his film to the Duffers and later gave them `` the script , ideas , story and film '' for a larger film idea he called The Montauk Project for their review . Kessler contended that The Duffer Borthers used his ideas to device the premise for Stranger Things without appropriate compensation and is seeking monetary damages . The Duffer Brothers ' lawyer stated that the Duffers never saw Kessler 's film nor spoke to him regarding it , and that Kessler had no input into their concepts for Stranger Things . Journalists have noted that the idea of supernatural events around Montauk had originated due to urban legend of the Montauk Project , which came to light from the 1992 book The Montauk Project : Experiments in Time . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilkenny , Katie ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : First Season 3 Details Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Priah Ferguson Promoted , Maya Hawke Added As New Regular In Season 3 Of Netflix Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miyamoto , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` How to Sell Your TV Series the Stranger Things Way '' . Screencraft . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Was Pitched as an Anthology Series '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Levy suggests that Stranger Things could run for 5 seasons '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 5 ? The Duffer Brothers Are Trying to Decide How Long the Show Will Last '' . Entertainment Online . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix officially renews Stranger Things for third season '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar+ . August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Harbour Talks ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Plans '' . Variety . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Radloff , Jessica ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Is Further Along Than You Think '' . Glamour . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 3 Episode Count ( Finally ) Revealed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Cast Scores Major Salary Increases Ahead Of Season 3 '' . Jump up ^ Reporters , Telegraph ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Stranger Things ' teenage stars to earn more than $1.6 m for season 3 '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Sandberg , Bryn Elise ; Kit , Borys ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Stars Score Massive Pay Raises for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed New TV Shows 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Leads Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics ' Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VO5 NME Awards 2017 -- full winners ' list '' . NME . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guild of Music Supervisors Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Billboard . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . filmmusiccritics.org . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees -- Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Shorty Awards 2017 : Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ¡ Estos son los ganadores de los Premios MTV MIAW ! '' . mtvla.com ( in Spanish ) . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rebecca , Rubin ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among 2017 World Soundtrack Award Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed Returning TV Shows 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` SAG Awards ' Stunt Ensemble Nominees Include Fallen ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Press Releases '' . socawards.com . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn S. ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of nominees for the Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Andre ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lorde and Charli XCX top VO5 NME Awards 2018 nominations '' . NME . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Reveal Golden Reel Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` I , Tonya , Get Out earn Costume Designers Guild nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Annual CAS Awards Timeline '' . Cinema Audio Society . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guild Awards Nominations Announced '' . local706.org . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Publicists Guild Awards : ' Get Out ' , ' Stranger Things 2 ' , Deadline 's Mike Fleming Jr . Among Winners '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . Empire . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Bram Stoker Awards Winners -- Horror Writers Association BlogHorror Writers Association Blog '' . horror.org . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Duffer Brothers Accused Of Lifting ' Stranger Things ' From 2012 Short Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reyes - velarde , Alejandra ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' creators respond to lawsuit alleging they stole the idea for the hit sci - fi series '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` This Is The Crazy Government Conspiracy Theory That Inspired ' Stranger Things ' '' . sciencealert.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schladebeck , Jessica ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` A look at ' Stranger Things ' and the secret government experiments that inspired it '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Was Inspired By a Creepy , Supposedly Real Experiment Called The Montauk Project '' . / Film . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . 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when did stranger things come out on netflix
[ "The first season was released on Netflix on July 15, 2016. It received critical acclaim for its characterization, pacing, atmosphere, acting, soundtrack, directing, writing, and homages to 1980s genre films. The series has received several industry nominations and awards, including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016, and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series. On August 31, 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes, which was released on October 27, 2017. In December 2017, Netflix ordered a third season, which will consist of eight episodes. The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season." ]
[ "July 15, 2016" ]
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Kennedy Center Honors
Kennedy Center Honors - wikipedia Kennedy Center Honors Jump to : navigation , search Kennedy Center Honours Logotype symbolizing `` a spectrum of many skills within the performing arts '' Awarded for Lifetime contributions to American culture through the performing arts . Country US Presented by Board of Trustees of the Kennedy Center First awarded 1978 Website Kennedy Center Honors The 2006 honorees at the Kennedy Center on December 6 , 2006 , with President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush . From left , Andrew Lloyd Webber , Steven Spielberg , Dolly Parton , Zubin Mehta , Smokey Robinson , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Lynne Cheney . The Kennedy Center Honors is an annual honor given to those in the performing arts for their lifetime of contributions to American culture ( although recipients do not need to be U.S. citizens ) . The honors have been presented annually since 1978 , culminating each December in a star - studded gala celebrating the honorees in the Kennedy Center Opera House . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Selection process 2 The events 3 Recipients 3.1 1970s 3.2 1980s 3.3 1990s 3.4 2000s 3.5 2010s 4 Prospective honorees who declined , canceled , or postponed 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) George Stevens Jr. created the Kennedy Center Honors with the late Nick Vanoff , and produced the first gala in 1978 . He was the producer and co-writer through the 2014 awards , after which he sold the production rights to the Kennedy Center . The Kennedy Center Honors started in 1977 , after that year 's 10th - anniversary White House reception and Kennedy Center program for the American Film Institute ( AFI ) . Roger L. Stevens , the founding chairman of the Kennedy Center , asked George Stevens , Jr. , ( no relation ) , the founding director of the AFI , to hold an event for the Center . George Stevens asked Isaac Stern to become involved , and then `` pitched '' the idea to the television network CBS , who `` bought it . '' With the announcement of the first honors event and honorees , CBS vice president for specials Bernie Sofronski stated : George ( Stevens ) came to us with this . What turned us on is that this is the only show of its kind . In Europe and most countries , they have ways of honoring their actors and their athletes . England has its command performances for the queen . We see this as a national honoring of people who have contributed to society , not someone who happens to have a pop record hit at the moment ... Our intention is not to do just another award show . We 're going to make an effort in terms of a real special . The first host was Leonard Bernstein in 1978 , followed by Eric Sevareid in 1979 and Beverly Sills in 1980 . Walter Cronkite hosted from 1981 to 2002 and Caroline Kennedy hosted from 2003 until 2012 . Glenn Close was host in 2013 and Stephen Colbert has hosted since 2014 . Ricky Kirshner and Glenn Weiss of White Cherry Entertainment were selected as Executive Producers of the 38th annual Kennedy Center Honors ( 2015 ) after George Stevens , Jr. stepped down . This is one of the few awards shows that does not air live ( with the exception of closed - circuit venues ) , but a re-edited 92 - minute version generally airs on CBS after the Christmas holiday . Selection process ( edit ) Honoree recommendations are accepted from the general public , and the Kennedy Center initiated a Special Honors Advisory Committee , which comprises two members of the Board of Trustees as well as past Honorees and distinguished artists . The Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees selects the Honoree recipients based on excellence in music , dance , theater , opera , motion pictures or television . The events ( edit ) The invitation - only weekend - long ceremony includes the Chairman 's Luncheon , State Department dinner , White House reception , and the Honors gala performances and supper . Surrounded by the Honorees , the luncheon is held on Saturday at the Kennedy Center , with a welcoming speech by the Chairman of the Board of Trustees . At that evening 's reception and dinner at the State Department , presided over by the Secretary of State , the Honorees are introduced and the Honors medallions are presented by the Chairman of the Board . The wide rainbow - colored ribbon then hung around the necks of the recipients , and prominently noticeable when the events are televised , symbolizes `` a spectrum of many skills within the performing arts '' according to creator Ivan Chermayeff . On Sunday , there is an early - evening White House reception hosted by the President of the United States and the First Lady , followed by the Honors gala performance at the Kennedy Center and supper . For the 2015 gala performance , President Barack Obama did attend , after addressing the nation in a live telecast . There have been three occasions where the President did not attend the gala performances : President Jimmy Carter did not attend the December 1979 gala performance during the hostage crisis , President George H.W. Bush did not attend in December 1989 and President Bill Clinton did not attend in 1994 . On August 19 , 2017 , the White House announced that President Donald Trump and the first lady , Melania Trump , have decided not to participate in events honoring recipients of this year 's Kennedy Center Honors arts awards to `` allow the honorees to celebrate without any political distraction . '' Recipients ( edit ) 2005 Kennedy Center Honorees Julie Harris , Robert Redford , Tina Turner , Suzanne Farrell , and Tony Bennett , with President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush , in the Blue Room at the White House , December 4 , 2005 . The surviving members of Led Zeppelin were honored in 2012 and are pictured here with President Barack Obama . There have been 200 recipients to date of the Kennedy Center Honors Awards during the Honor 's 39 years . The vast majority have been bestowed on individuals . On ten occasions since 1985 , awards have been presented to duos or groups , including three married couples : lyricist Alan Jay Lerner and composer Frederick Loewe , actors Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy , musical - comedy duo Betty Comden and Adolph Green , dancers Fayard Nicholas and Harold Nicholas , actors Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward , songwriters John Kander and Fred Ebb , actors Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee , musicians Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey of The Who and the members of Led Zeppelin and Eagles . 1970s ( edit ) 1978 -- Marian Anderson , Fred Astaire , George Balanchine , Richard Rodgers , and Arthur Rubinstein 1979 -- Aaron Copland , Ella Fitzgerald , Henry Fonda , Martha Graham , and Tennessee Williams 1980s ( edit ) 1980 -- Leonard Bernstein , James Cagney , Agnes de Mille , Lynn Fontanne , and Leontyne Price 1981 -- Count Basie , Cary Grant , Helen Hayes , Jerome Robbins , and Rudolf Serkin 1982 -- George Abbott , Lillian Gish , Benny Goodman , Gene Kelly , and Eugene Ormandy 1983 -- Katherine Dunham , Elia Kazan , Frank Sinatra , James Stewart , and Virgil Thomson 1984 -- Lena Horne , Danny Kaye , Gian Carlo Menotti , Arthur Miller , and Isaac Stern 1985 -- Merce Cunningham , Irene Dunne , Bob Hope , Alan Jay Lerner & Frederick Loewe , and Beverly Sills 1986 -- Lucille Ball , Ray Charles , Hume Cronyn & Jessica Tandy , Yehudi Menuhin , and Antony Tudor 1987 -- Perry Como , Bette Davis , Sammy Davis Jr. , Nathan Milstein , and Alwin Nikolais 1988 -- Alvin Ailey , George Burns , Myrna Loy , Alexander Schneider , and Roger L. Stevens 1989 -- Harry Belafonte , Claudette Colbert , Alexandra Danilova , Mary Martin , and William Schuman 1990s ( edit ) 1990 -- Dizzy Gillespie , Katharine Hepburn , Risë Stevens , Jule Styne , and Billy Wilder 1991 -- Roy Acuff , Betty Comden & Adolph Green , Fayard & Harold Nicholas , Gregory Peck , and Robert Shaw 1992 -- Lionel Hampton , Paul Newman & Joanne Woodward , Ginger Rogers , Mstislav Rostropovich , and Paul Taylor 1993 -- Johnny Carson , Arthur Mitchell , Georg Solti , Stephen Sondheim , and Marion Williams 1994 -- Kirk Douglas , Aretha Franklin , Morton Gould , Harold Prince , and Pete Seeger 1995 -- Jacques d'Amboise , Marilyn Horne , B.B. King , Sidney Poitier , and Neil Simon 1996 -- Edward Albee , Benny Carter , Johnny Cash , Jack Lemmon , and Maria Tallchief 1997 -- Lauren Bacall , Bob Dylan , Charlton Heston , Jessye Norman , and Edward Villella 1998 -- Bill Cosby , Fred Ebb & John Kander , Willie Nelson , André Previn , and Shirley Temple Black 1999 -- Victor Borge , Sean Connery , Judith Jamison , Jason Robards , and Stevie Wonder 2000s ( edit ) Kennedy Center honorees 2009 Mel Brooks , Dave Brubeck , Grace Bumbry , Robert De Niro , and Bruce Springsteen , with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama in the Blue Room , White House , Dec. 6 , 2009 . 2000 -- Mikhail Baryshnikov , Chuck Berry , Plácido Domingo , Clint Eastwood , and Angela Lansbury 2001 -- Julie Andrews , Van Cliburn , Quincy Jones , Jack Nicholson , and Luciano Pavarotti 2002 -- James Earl Jones , James Levine , Chita Rivera , Paul Simon , and Elizabeth Taylor 2003 -- James Brown , Carol Burnett , Loretta Lynn , Mike Nichols , and Itzhak Perlman 2004 -- Warren Beatty , Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee , Elton John , Joan Sutherland , and John Williams 2005 -- Tony Bennett , Suzanne Farrell , Julie Harris , Robert Redford , and Tina Turner 2006 -- Zubin Mehta , Dolly Parton , Smokey Robinson , Steven Spielberg , and Andrew Lloyd Webber 2007 -- Leon Fleisher , Steve Martin , Diana Ross , Martin Scorsese , and Brian Wilson 2008 -- Morgan Freeman , George Jones , Barbra Streisand , Twyla Tharp , and The Who ( Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey ) 2009 -- Mel Brooks , Dave Brubeck , Grace Bumbry , Robert De Niro , and Bruce Springsteen 2010s ( edit ) 2010 -- Merle Haggard , Jerry Herman , Bill T. Jones , Paul McCartney , and Oprah Winfrey 2011 -- Barbara Cook , Neil Diamond , Yo - Yo Ma , Sonny Rollins , and Meryl Streep 2012 -- Buddy Guy , Dustin Hoffman , Led Zeppelin ( John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page and Robert Plant ) , David Letterman , and Natalia Makarova 2013 -- Martina Arroyo , Herbie Hancock , Billy Joel , Shirley MacLaine , and Carlos Santana 2014 -- Al Green , Tom Hanks , Patricia McBride , Sting , and Lily Tomlin 2015 -- Carole King , George Lucas , Rita Moreno , Seiji Ozawa , and Cicely Tyson 2016 -- Martha Argerich , Eagles ( Don Henley , Timothy B. Schmit and Joe Walsh , with Glenn Frey ) , Al Pacino , Mavis Staples , and James Taylor 2017 -- Carmen de Lavallade , Gloria Estefan , LL Cool J , Norman Lear , and Lionel Richie Prospective honorees who declined , canceled , or postponed ( edit ) Pianist Vladimir Horowitz was to be an honoree , but the selection committee withdrew the offer when Horowitz conditioned his acceptance on being honored alone and at 4 in the afternoon . Actress Katharine Hepburn declined the committee 's first offer , though she relented in 1990 . Doris Day repeatedly turned down the honors because her fear of flying prevented her from attending the ceremony . When considering Irving Berlin for the 1987 awards because of criticism for overlooking him , the Center was informed that Berlin wanted to be honored only if he surpassed his 100th birthday ( which would not be until May 1988 ) . Also , he was in failing health , being confined to a wheelchair following a series of strokes , and could not attend a public event . The Center instead chose to pay special tribute to him at the 1987 Gala . He died in 1989 . Paul McCartney was selected as an honoree in 2002 , but was unable to attend because of an `` inescapable personal obligation , '' his cousin 's previously planned wedding . After initially saying that McCartney 's award would be postponed until the following year , the Kennedy Center announced in August 2003 that `` Paul McCartney will not be receiving a Kennedy Center Honor . '' McCartney later became a 2010 honoree . Mel Brooks has stated that he refused the honor when George W. Bush was in office , due to his distaste for Bush 's Iraq policy , but Brooks was an honoree in 2009 , the first year Barack Obama was President . In November 2015 , one month before the actual ceremony , the Eagles postponed their honors until the following year because Glenn Frey had intestinal problems that required major surgery and a long recovery period . Despite their absence , they were still honored in 2015 via a performance of `` Desperado '' by country singer Miranda Lambert . Glenn Frey died on January 18 , 2016 , though the Center made him and the three surviving members a 2016 honoree . In 2017 Norman Lear announced that he would accept the honors , but would boycott the White House ceremony because of his opposition to President Donald Trump , citing Trump 's proposal to end the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts . Now that President Trump has announced he is no longer participating in the ceremony , Lear has yet to indicate whether or not he will attend . See also ( edit ) Mark Twain Prize for American Humor , the Kennedy Center 's award for contributions to American humor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Honors '' Kennedy Center . Accessed October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul . `` George Stevens Jr. to End 37 - Year Run as Kennedy Center Honors Producer '' Variety , December 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Crews , Chip . `` The Honors , Take 2 '' Washington Post , December 27 , 2005 Jump up ^ Shales , Tom . `` Crowning America 's Culture Superstars '' , The Washington Post , September 28 , 1978 , p . B1 Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy . `` Stephen Colbert will host 37th annual Kennedy Center Honors '' Washington Post , November 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards Team Chosen '' Washington Post , May 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ Honors kennedy-center.org ^ Jump up to : Press Release '' kennedy-center.org Jump up ^ Interview in The Washington Post 2008 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ `` A Vision in Blue '' . Mrs. O. 2011 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy . `` President Obama will be late to Kennedy Center Honors performance '' Washington Post , December 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gamarekian , Barbara . `` Kennedy Center Honors Five For Life ) Achievements in Arts : Audience of Over 2,000 ' She Led a Revolt ' White House Reception '' , The New York Times , December 3 , 1979 , p . C14 . `` Mrs. Carter : ' As you know President Carter has had to cancel his public appearances . ' '' Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy . `` President Obama to skip Kennedy Center Honors performance '' Washington Post , December 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Pareles , John . `` Performers Receive Kennedy Center Awards '' Sun Sentinel , December 25 , 1994 Jump up ^ `` Trump to skip Kennedy Center arts award . '' Washington Post , August 19 , 2017 https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-to-skip-kennedy-center-arts-awards/2017/08/19/621e7a5c-84d6-11e7-9e7a-20fa8d7a0db6_story.html Jump up ^ `` Barbara Cook , Neil Diamond , Yo - Yo Ma , Sonny Rollins & Meryl Streep to Receive 34th Annual Kennedy Center Honors '' kennedy-center.org , accessed September 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Dustin Hoffman , David Letterman , Natalia Makarova , Buddy Guy , Led Zeppelin Are Kennedy Center Honorees '' Archived 2012 - 11 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , September 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Martina Arroyo , Herbie Hancock , Billy Joel , Shirley MacLaine and Carlos Santana Are 2013 Kennedy Center Honorees '' playbill.com , September 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Tom Hanks , Lily Tomlin , Sting to Receive Kennedy Center Honors '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Carole King , Cicely Tyson , Rita Moreno and More Named 2015 Kennedy Center Honorees '' playbill.com , July 15 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Martha Argerich , Eagles , Al Pacino , Mavis Staples , James Taylor To Receive 39th Annual Kennedy Center Honors '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Kennedy Center Honors . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Cindy . `` Kennedy Center postpones Honors to Eagles '' USAToday , November 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Kennedy Center Honors : Al Pacino , Eagles , James Taylor & More '' Deadline , June 23 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Crews , Chip . `` The Honors , Take 2 '' The Washington Post , December 27 , 2005 Jump up ^ Pollock , Allen. `` About Doris '' www.dorisday.com Jump up ^ Molotsky , Irvin. `` Five Receive Kennedy Center Honors for Artistic Contributions '' The New York Times , December 7 , 1987 Jump up ^ `` The Kennedy Center Honors : This Year 's Bid for Glamour '' The New York Times , August 6 , 2003 Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline. `` Oprah Winfrey among five recipients of 2010 Kennedy Center Honors '' The Washington Post , September 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2012/11/mel-brooks-interview.html Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2013/05/20/182609040/mel-brooks-i-m-an-egot-so-i-don-t-need-any-more Jump up ^ Morton , Victor ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Frey , Eagles guitarist , dies at 67 '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/05/541812555/norman-lear-kennedy-center-honoree-to-skip-white-house-reception-in-protest External links ( edit ) Official website `` Collection Kennedy Center Honors '' The Paley Center for Media Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series 1951 -- 1975 The Alan Young Show ( 1951 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1952 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1953 ) Omnibus ( 1954 ) Disneyland ( 1955 ) The Ed Sullivan Show / Your Hit Parade ( 1956 ) Caesar 's Hour ( 1957 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1958 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1959 ) The Fabulous Fifties ( 1960 ) Astaire Time ( 1961 ) The Garry Moore Show ( 1962 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1963 ) The Danny Kaye Show ( 1964 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1966 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1967 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1968 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1969 ) The David Frost Show ( 1970 ) The Flip Wilson Show / The David Frost Show ( 1971 ) The Carol Burnett Show / The Dick Cavett Show ( 1972 ) The Julie Andrews Hour ( 1973 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Saturday Night Live ( 1976 ) Van Dyke and Company ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show ( 1978 ) Steve & Eydie Celebrate Irving Berlin ( 1979 ) Baryshnikov on Broadway ( 1980 ) Lily : Sold Out ( 1981 ) Night of 100 Stars ( 1982 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever ( 1983 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1984 ) Motown Returns to the Apollo ( 1985 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1986 ) 41st Tony Awards ( 1987 ) Irving Berlin 's 100th Birthday Celebration ( 1988 ) The Tracey Ullman Show ( 1989 ) In Living Color ( 1990 ) 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 1992 ) Saturday Night Live ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 1995 ) Dennis Miller Live ( 1996 ) Tracey Takes On ... ( 1997 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1998 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1999 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2014 Late Show with David Letterman ( 2001 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2003 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2007 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2008 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2009 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2010 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2011 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2012 ) The Colbert Report ( 2013 ) The Colbert Report ( 2014 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special 1959 -- 1975 An Evening with Fred Astaire ( 1959 ) Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic ( 1960 ) Not awarded ( 1961 ) Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic in Japan ( 1962 ) Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall ( 1963 ) The Bell Telephone Hour ( 1964 ) Not awarded ( 1965 ) Chrysler Presents the Bob Hope Christmas Special / Frank Sinatra : A Man and His Music ( 1966 ) The Sid Caesar , Imogene Coca , Carl Reiner , Morris Special ( 1967 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1968 ) The Bill Cosby Special ( 1969 ) Annie , the Women in the Life of a Man / Cinderella , National Ballet of Canada ( 1970 ) Singer Presents Burt Bacharach / Leopold Stokowski , N.E.T. Festival ( 1971 ) Jack Lemmon in ' S Wonderful , ' S Marvelous , ' S Gershwin / Beethoven 's Birthday : A Celebration in Vienna with Leonard Bernstein ( 1972 ) Singer Presents Liza with a Z ( 1973 ) Lily ( 1974 ) An Evening with John Denver ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Gypsy in My Soul ( 1976 ) The Barry Manilow Special ( 1977 ) Bette Midler : Ol ' Red Hair is Back ( 1978 ) Not awarded ( 1979 - 1989 ) Sammy Davis , Jr. 's 60th Anniversary Celebration ( 1990 ) Not awarded ( 1991 ) Cirque Du Soleil : Nouvelle Expérience ( 1992 ) Bob Hope : The First 90 Years ( 1993 ) Kennedy Center Honors ( 1994 ) Barbra Streisand : The Concert ( 1995 ) Kennedy Center Honors ( 1996 ) Chris Rock : Bring the Pain ( 1997 ) 52nd Tony Awards ( 1998 ) 53rd Tony Awards ( 1999 ) Saturday Night Live : The 25th Anniversary Special ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Cirque Du Soleil 's Dralion ( 2001 ) America : A Tribute to Heroes ( 2002 ) Cher : The Farewell Tour ( 2003 ) Elaine Stritch : At Liberty ( 2004 ) 58th Tony Awards ( 2005 ) The XX Olympic Winter Games : Opening Ceremony ( 2006 ) Tony Bennett : An American Classic ( 2007 ) Mr. Warmth : The Don Rickles Project ( 2008 ) Kennedy Center Honors ( 2009 ) Kennedy Center Honors ( 2010 ) Kennedy Center Honors ( 2011 ) Kennedy Center Honors ( 2012 ) Kennedy Center Honors ( 2013 ) AFI Life Achievement Award : A Tribute to Mel Brooks ( 2014 ) Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special ( 2015 ) The Late Late Show Carpool Karaoke Primetime Special ( 2016 ) Carpool Karaoke Primetime Special 2017 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kennedy_Center_Honors&oldid=808547214 '' Categories : Arts awards in the United States Awards established in 1978 Lists of award winners Culture of Washington , D.C. Kennedy Center honorees Lifetime achievement awards Christmas television specials Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners 1978 establishments in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 14 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is being honored at the kennedy center honors
[ "2017 – Carmen de Lavallade, Gloria Estefan, LL Cool J, Norman Lear, and Lionel Richie", "2017 – Carmen de Lavallade, Gloria Estefan, LL Cool J, Norman Lear, and Lionel Richie", "2017 – Carmen de Lavallade, Gloria Estefan, LL Cool J, Norman Lear, and Lionel Richie", "2017 – Carmen de Lavallade, Gloria Estefan, LL Cool J, Norman Lear, and Lionel Richie", "2017 – Carmen de Lavallade, Gloria Estefan, LL Cool J, Norman Lear, and Lionel Richie" ]
[ "Carmen de Lavallade", "Gloria Estefan", "LL Cool J", "Norman Lear", "Lionel Richie" ]
4847054891938052472
Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines - wikipedia Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Ispiker ng Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Pilipinas Seal of the Philippine House of Representatives Flag of the House of Representatives Incumbent Gloria Macapagal Arroyo since July 23 , 2018 Style Madame Speaker ( Informal and within the House ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Appointer Elected by the Philippine House of Representatives Term length 3 Years Inaugural holder Sergio Osmeña Formation October 16 , 1907 Succession Third in the Presidential Line of Succession Website Speaker of the House The Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines ( Filipino : Ispiker ng Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Pilipinas ) is the presiding officer and the highest - ranking official of the lower house of Congress , the House of Representatives , as well as the fourth highest and most powerful official of the Government of the Philippines . The Speaker is elected by a majority of all of the Representatives from among themselves . The Speaker is the third and last in line in succession for the presidency , after the President of the Senate of the Philippines , and Vice President of the Philippines . A Speaker may be removed from office in a coup , or can be replaced by death or resignation . In some cases , a Speaker may be compelled to resign at the middle of a Congress ' session after he has lost support of the majority of congressmen ; in that case , an election for a new Speaker is held . Despite being a partisan official , the Speaker ( or whoever is presiding ) does not vote unless in breaking ties in accordance with the Rules of the House of Representatives . The current House Speaker of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is former President and now Congresswoman Gloria Macapagal Arroyo from Pampanga . She was elected to the office on July 23 , 2018 , and is the first woman and 21st person to serve as Speaker . Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Vicente Sotto III House of Representatives Speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Vacant Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Associate Justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2010 2013 2016 2019 Political parties ( show ) Lakas LDP Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban PMP UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas Contents 1 Election , duties and powers 2 List of Speakers 2.1 Speakers per region 2.2 List of speakers per party 3 Timeline 4 Living former Speakers of the House 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References Election , duties and powers ( edit ) When the Office of the Speaker is vacant ( usually at the beginning of a new Congress ) , the Secretary - General of the House sits as the Speaker until a person is elected . A Speaker is usually elected via majority vote via roll call of the Representatives , after nomination at the start of each new Congress . Usually , despite the current multi-party system used , only two representatives are nominated , with nominations being agreed upon before each Congress during caucuses between the administration and opposition coalitions , with the chosen candidate of the majority coalition being almost certain to win by a large margin . The two competing candidates by tradition vote for each other ; those who voted for the speaker - elect is assigned as the `` majority '' coalition while those who did n't are the minority coalition , with the losing candidate usually being named as Minority Leader . In the 2013 election , there were three candidates for the speakership . In this case , the candidates did n't vote for each other , and the second - placed candidate became Minority Leader and headed the minority bloc . The third - placed candidate became the leader of the `` independent minority '' bloc . Only the majority and minority blocs were given seats in committees . There was a chance that neither candidate would get a majority of votes ; it is undetermined on what should be done if that happened . Duties and Powers of the Speaker of the House of Representatives . According to Section 15 of Rule 4 of the Rules of the House of Representatives , the duties and powers of the Speaker as the political and administrative head of the House are as follows : a. prepare the legislative agenda for every regular session , establish systems and procedures to ensure full deliberation and swift approval of measures included therein , and may , for the purpose , avail of the assistance of the Deputy Speakers , the Majority Leader , the Chairpersons of the standing committees and other Members of the House ; b . conduct regular monthly caucus of all Members or groups thereof or as often as may be necessary to discuss priority measures and to facilitate dialogue , consensus and action on issues and concerns affecting the House and the performance of its functions ; c. exercise general supervision over all committees and , in furtherance thereof , conduct regular monthly meetings with the Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of all standing and special committees to set legislative targets , review performance in the attainment of targets , ensure that the priority legislative measures of committees are attuned to the legislative agenda of the House , and resolve such other issues and concerns that affect the operations and performance of the committees ; d. as far as practicable , establish an efficient information management system in the House utilizing among others , modern digital technology , that can : 1 . facilitate access to and dissemination of data and information needed in legislation inclusive of facilitating real time translation of plenary proceedings in the major Philippine dialects and languages ; 2 . provide a simplified and comprehensive process of gathering , recording , storage and retrieval of data and information relating to activities and proceedings of the House ; 3. sustain a public information program that will provide accessible , timely and accurate information relating to the House , its Members and officers , its committees and its legislative concerns inclusive of facilitating , as far as practicable , broadcast coverage of plenary and committee proceedings ; e. establish an efficient and effective system to monitor and evaluate the performance of legislative tasks and duties of the House , its Members and its committees ; f. establish coordinative linkages with the Senate of the Philippines to efficiently monitor and facilitate Senate action on House measures pending with the same ; g . preside over the sessions of the House and decide all questions of order subject to appeal by any Member who may explain the appeal in not more than five ( 5 ) minutes : Provided , That the appeal shall not be subject to debate , and no explanation of vote shall be allowed in case of nominal voting ; h . designate a Member as temporary presiding officer after informing the Deputy Speakers : Provided , That any such designation shall be effective for one session day only ; i . take appropriate measures as may be deemed advisable or as the House may direct , to preserve order and decorum in the session hall , the galleries , lobbies , chambers , offices , corridors and premises of the House ; j. sign all acts , resolutions , memorials , writs , warrants and subpoenae that may be issued by or upon order of the House ; k. perform administrative functions such as , among others : k1 . appointment of personnel of the House with authority to delegate this power ; k2 . suspension , dismissal or imposition of other disciplinary measures on House personnel in accordance with Civil Service rules : Provided , That the suspension or dismissal of the Secretary General and the Sergeant - at - Arms shall take effect only upon the concurrence of the majority of all the Members ; k3 . consolidation or splitting of vacant positions carrying salaries and wages which may be increased or reduced in the process , and / or creation of new positions in accordance with the General Appropriations Act : Provided , That the total amount involved shall not exceed the total amount appropriated for the salaries and wages of the personnel of the House ; and k4 . implementation of merit - based policies and programs on personnel recruitment , training and development , promotions , incentives and benefits to ensure that the House has a corps of competent professionals able to provide needed legislative support services ; l. prepare the annual budget of the House with the assistance of the Committee on Accounts ; m. in consultation with the Committee on Rules , prepare the rules and regulations governing public access to personal data and related information , including statements of assets and liabilities , of Members of the House ; n . in consultation with the Minority Leader , shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House of Representatives , which may provide for the testing of any Member , officer , or employee of the House , and otherwise shall be comparable in scope to the system for drug testing in the executive branch , Provided , That the expenses of the system may be paid from applicable accounts of the House for official expenses ; and o. require the submission of performance reports at the end of every regular session and fiscal year from the committee chairpersons , the Secretary General and the Sergeant - at - Arms , and such other reports as may be required from all concerned officers and offices of the House . And according to Section 16 of the Rule 4 of the Rules of the House , the Speaker must `` be the permanent head of delegation and representative of the House in all international parliamentary gatherings and organizations : Provided , that the Speaker may designate any Member to be the representative of the Speaker . The Speaker shall also determine , upon the recommendation of the Majority Leader , in consultation with the Chairperson of the Committee on Inter-Parliamentary Relations and Diplomacy , who shall constitute the House delegation to any international conference or forum of parliamentarians and legislators and the secretariat support staff to be mobilized for the purpose . '' List of Speakers ( edit ) Nacionalista Liberal KALIBAPI KBL LDP Lakas / Lakas - Kampi NPC LAMMP PDP - Laban In some lists that count only the Speakers of the House of Representatives , the Speakers of the Batasang Pambansa are excluded ; in that case , subtract 2 from every number from Mitra onwards . # Speaker Party District Legislature Start of service End of service Era Sergio Osmeña Nacionalista Cebu - 2nd 1st Legislature October 16 , 1907 February 11 , 1922 American Insular Government 2nd Legislature March 28 , 1910 1912 3rd Legislature October 16 , 1912 1916 4th Legislature October 16 , 1916 1919 5th Legislature 1919 1922 Manuel Roxas Nacionalista Capiz - 1st 6th Legislature February 11 , 1922 1925 7th Legislature 1925 1928 8th Legislature 1928 1931 9th Legislature 1931 1933 Quintín Paredes Nacionalista Abra 10th Legislature 1933 November 15 , 1935 Gil Montilla Nacionalista Negros Occidental 1st Assembly November 25 , 1935 December 30 , 1938 Commonwealth 5 José Yulo Nacionalista Negros Occidental 2nd Assembly January 24 , 1939 December 30 , 1941 During the Japanese invasion of the Philippines , the Commonwealth went into exile in the United States and the National Assembly was dissolved . It was replaced by the unrelated National Assembly of the Japanese - sponsored Second Republic . Second Republic 6 Benigno Aquino , Sr . KALIBAPI Tarlac At - Large National Assembly October 17 , 1943 February 2 , 1944 After the liberation , the winners of the 1941 elections were finally able to assume their positions . Commonwealth ( Restored ) 7 José Zulueta Nacionalista Iloilo - 1st 1st Commonwealth Congress June 9 , 1945 December 20 , 1945 After the restoration of the Commonwealth , new elections were held to elect new members of the House of Representatives . 8 Eugenio Pérez Liberal Pangasinan - 2nd 2nd Commonwealth Congress May 25 , 1946 July 4 , 1946 1st Congress July 5 , 1946 December 30 , 1949 Third Republic 2nd Congress December 30 , 1949 December 30 , 1953 9 José Laurel Jr . Nacionalista Batangas - 3rd 3rd Congress January 25 , 1954 December 30 , 1957 10 Daniel Romualdez Nacionalista Leyte - 4th 4th Congress January 27 , 1958 December 30 , 1961 Leyte - 1st 5th Congress January 22 , 1962 March 9 , 1962 11 Cornelio Villareal Liberal Capiz - 2nd March 9 , 1962 December 30 , 1965 6th Congress January 17 , 1966 February 2 , 1967 ( 9 ) José Laurel Jr. ( 2nd time ) Nacionalista Batangas - 3rd February 2 , 1967 December 30 , 1969 7th Congress January 26 , 1970 April 1 , 1971 ( 11 ) Cornelio Villareal ( 2nd time ) Liberal Capiz - 2nd April 1 , 1971 September 23 , 1972 Following the declaration of martial law , the sitting president , Ferdinand Marcos ruled by decree and possessed legislative power until the election of the Interim Batasang Pambansa in 1978 . The Interim Batasang Pambansa was replaced the Regular Batasang Pambansa in 1984 . Second Dictatorship 12 Querube Makalintal KBL NCR Interim Batasang Pambansa June 12 , 1978 June 30 , 1984 Fourth Republic 13 Nicanor Yñiguez Southern Leyte Regular Batasang Pambansa July 23 , 1984 March 25 , 1986 After the People Power Revolution where Marcos was overthrown , president Corazon Aquino abolished the Regular Batasang Pambansa and ruled by decree ( executive order and proclamations only ) , possessing legislative powers until after the ratification of the 1987 Constitution , where the bicameral Congress was restored . 14 Ramon Mitra Jr . LDP Palawan - 2nd 8th Congress July 27 , 1987 June 30 , 1992 Fifth Republic 15 Jose de Venecia Jr . Lakas Pangasinan - 4th 9th Congress July 27 , 1992 June 30 , 1995 10th Congress July 24 , 1995 June 30 , 1998 16 Manuel Villar , Jr . LAMP Las Piñas 11th Congress July 27 , 1998 November 13 , 2000 17 Arnulfo Fuentebella NPC Camarines Sur - 3rd November 13 , 2000 January 24 , 2001 18 Feliciano Belmonte Jr . Lakas Quezon City - 4th January 24 , 2001 June 30 , 2001 ( 15 ) Jose de Venecia Jr. ( 2nd time ) Lakas Pangasinan - 4th 12th Congress July 23 , 2001 June 30 , 2004 13th Congress July 26 , 2004 June 30 , 2007 14th Congress July 23 , 2007 February 5 , 2008 19 Prospero Nograles Lakas Lakas - Kampi Davao City - 1st February 5 , 2008 June 30 , 2010 ( 18 ) Feliciano Belmonte Jr. ( 2nd time ) Liberal Quezon City - 4th 15th Congress July 26 , 2010 June 30 , 2013 16th Congress July 22 , 2013 June 30 , 2016 20 Pantaleon Alvarez PDP - Laban Davao del Norte - 1st 17th Congress July 25 , 2016 July 23 , 2018 21 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Pampanga - 2nd July 23 , 2018 Incumbent Speakers per region ( edit ) Region Total Western Visayas 5 Metro Manila Central Luzon Davao Region Eastern Visayas Ilocos Region Bicol Region Calabarzon Central Visayas Cordillera Administrative Region Mimaropa List of speakers per party ( edit ) Party Total Terms Nacionalista Party 5 Liberal Party Kilusang Bagong Lipunan Lakas - Christian Muslim Democrats 5 Lakas - Kampi - CMD Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino Nationalist People 's Coalition Partido Demokratiko Pilipino - Lakas ng Bayan Timeline ( edit ) Living former Speakers of the House ( edit ) Currently there are six living former Speakers of the House : Living Former Speakers of the House Jose de Venecia Jr . ( Lakas - CMD ) , served 1992 - 1998 ; 2001 - 2008 Manuel Villar ( LAMMP ) , served 1998 - 2000 Arnulfo Fuentebella ( NPC ) , served 2000 - 2001 Prospero Nograles ( Lakas Kampi CMD ) , served 2008 - 2010 Feliciano Belmonte Jr . ( Liberal ) , served 2001 ; 2010 - 2016 Pantaleon Alvarez ( PDP - Laban ) served 2016 - 2018 Legend : A person 's name in boldface means that the person is an actively serving Member of the House of Representatives . Notes ( edit ) See also ( edit ) House of Representatives of the Philippines Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Minority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bueza , Michael ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Gloria Arroyo 's firsts as House Speaker '' . Rappler . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines American Insular Government Sergio Osmeña Manuel Roxas Quintín Paredes Commonwealth Gil Montilla José Yulo Second Republic Benigno Aquino Sr . Commonwealth ( Restored ) José Zulueta Eugenio Pérez Third Republic Eugenio Pérez José Laurel Jr . Daniel Romualdez Cornelio Villareal José Laurel Jr . Cornelio Villareal Second Dictatorship Querube Makalintal Fourth Republic Querube Makalintal Nicanor Yñiguez Fifth Republic Ramon Mitra Jr . Jose de Venecia Jr . Manny Villar Arnulfo Fuentebella Feliciano Belmonte Jr . Jose de Venecia Jr . Prospero Nograles Feliciano Belmonte Jr . Pantaleon Alvarez Gloria Macapagal Arroyo House of Representatives of the Philippines Officers Speaker Deputy Speakers Floor leaders Majority leader Minority leader Secretary - General Representatives Per legislative districts Malolos Congress 1st Legislature 2nd Legislature 3rd Legislature 4th Legislature 5th Legislature 6th Legislature 7th Legislature 8th Legislature Commonwealth National Assembly 2nd Republic National Assembly 1st Commonwealth Congress 2nd Commonwealth Congress / 1st Congress 2nd Congress 3rd Congress 4th Congress 5th Congress 6th Congress 7th Congress Interim Batasang Pambansa Regular Batasang Pambansa 8th Congress 9th Congress 10th Congress 11th Congress 12th Congress 13th Congress 14th Congress 15th Congress 16th Congress 17th Congress Elections 1907 Assemblymen 1909 Assemblymen 1912 Assemblymen 1916 Representatives 1919 Representatives 1922 Representatives 1925 Representatives 1928 Representatives 1931 Representatives 1934 Representatives 1935 Assemblymen 1941 Representatives 1943 Assemblymen 1946 Representatives 1949 Representatives 1953 Representatives 1957 Representatives 1961 Representatives 1965 Representatives 1969 Representatives 1978 MPs 1984 MPs Representatives Representatives 1995 Representatives 1998 Representatives Representatives Representatives 2007 Representatives Representatives 2013 Representatives 2016 Representatives 2019 Representatives Special Standing committees Accounts Agrarian Reform Agriculture and Food Appropriations Banks and Financial Intermediaries Civil Service and Professional Regulation Constitutional Amendments Cooperatives Development Dangerous Drugs Ecology Economic Affairs Energy Ethics and Privileges Foreign Affairs Games and Amusements Public Accountability Government Enterprises and Privatization Government Reorganization Health Higher and Technical Education Housing and Urban Development Human Rights Information and Communications Technology Interparliamentary Relations and Diplomacy Justice Labor and Employment Legislative Franchises Local Government Metro Manila Development MIndanao Affairs National Cultural Communities National Defense and Security Natural Resources Overseas Workers Affairs People 's Participation Population and Family Relations Poverty Alleviation Public Information Public Order and Safety Public Services Public Works and Highways Revisions of Laws Rules Rural Development Science and Technology Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development Social Services Tourism Trade and Industry Transportation Veterans Affairs and Welfare Ways and Means Welfare of Children Women and Gender Equality Youth and Sports Development Other bodies Commission on Appointments Electoral Tribunal Judicial and Bar Council See also Malolos Congress Philippine Assembly Commonwealth National Assemby Second Philippine Republic National Assembly Batasang Pambansa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines&oldid=854739294 '' Categories : Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Legislative speakers Chairs of lower houses Political office - holders in the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles lacking sources from May 2011 All articles lacking sources Articles containing Filipino - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ilokano Македонски Simple English Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the speaker of the house philippines
[ "The current House Speaker of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is former President and now Congresswoman Gloria Macapagal Arroyo from Pampanga. She was elected to the office on July 23, 2018, and is the first woman and 21st person to serve as Speaker.[1]\n" ]
[ "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo" ]
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Power Rangers
Power Rangers - wikipedia Power Rangers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Power Rangers ( disambiguation ) . Power Rangers The current logo for the Power Rangers franchise Created by Haim Saban Shuki Levy Original work Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Print publications Novel ( s ) Power Rangers : The Official Movie Novel Comics Mighty Morphin Power Rangers MMPR : Pink Power Rangers : Aftershock Go Go Power Rangers Justice League / Power Rangers Films and television Film ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie Saban 's Power Rangers Television series See below Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers World Tour Live on Stage Games Traditional Power Rangers Collectible Card Game Video game ( s ) See list Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Album : A Rock Adventure Power Rangers - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original music `` Go Go Power Rangers '' `` Power Rangers : The Official Single '' Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series . Produced first by Saban Entertainment , later by BVS Entertainment , and today by SCG Power Rangers , the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai , produced by Toei Company . The first Power Rangers entry , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , debuted on August 28 , 1993 , and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s , during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai . As of 2001 , the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide . Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences , the franchise has continued , and as of 2017 the show consists of 24 television seasons of 20 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995 , 1997 and 2017 . In 2010 , Haim Saban , creator of the series , regained ownership of the franchise after seven years under The Walt Disney Company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 2.1 Adapting the Super Sentai series 2.2 Broadcast history 3 Television series 3.1 The Saban Era 3.2 The Disney Era 3.3 The Neo-Saban Era 4 Feature films 5 Distribution 5.1 Home media 6 Broadcast 7 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise Further information : List of Power Rangers characters and List of Power Rangers villains Since Power Rangers derives most of its footage from the Super Sentai series , it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series . Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers , able to utilize special powers and pilot immense assault machines , called Zords , to overcome the periodic antagonists . In the original series Mighty Morphin , the wizard Zordon recruits `` teenagers with attitude '' against Rita Repulsa . When `` morphed , '' the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color - coded skin - tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors ; identical except in individual rangers ' color and helmet design . Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength , durability , agility and combat prowess . Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed , element manipulation , extra-sensory perception or invisibility . In addition , each individual ranger has a unique weapon , as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting . When enemies grow to incredible size ( as nearly all do ) , Rangers utilize individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord . Rangers teams operate in teams of five or three , with more Rangers joining the team later . Each team of Rangers , with a few exceptions , obeys a general set of conventions , outlined at the beginning of Mighty Morphin and implied by mentors throughout many of the other series : Power Rangers may not use their Ranger powers for personal gain or for escalating a fight ( unless the enemy does so ) , nor may the Power Rangers disclose their identities to the general public . The penalty for disobeying these rules , in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , is the loss of their power . As in Super Sentai , the color palette of each Power Rangers team changes every series . Only Red and Blue appear in every Ranger team , while a Yellow Ranger has been present in every season except Power Rangers Dino Charge . Other colors and designations also appear throughout the series . A Rangers ' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series : civilian clothing often matches Ranger color . History Adapting the Super Sentai series This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2009 ) Production of Power Rangers episodes involves extensive localization of and revision of original Super Sentai source material in order to incorporate American culture and conform to American television standards . Rather than making an English dub or translation of the Japanese footage , Power Rangers programs consist of scenes featuring English - speaking actors ( either from the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , or the United Kingdom ) spliced with scenes featuring either Japanese actors dubbed into English or the action scenes from the Super Sentai Series featuring the Rangers fighting monsters or the giant robot ( Zord and Megazord ) battles with English dubbing . In some series , original fight scenes are filmed to incorporate characters or items unique to the Power Rangers production . Like many of Saban Entertainment previous ventures in localizing Japanese television for a Western audience , the plot , character names , and other names usually differ greatly from the source footage , though a few seasons have stayed close to the story of the original Super Sentai season . Along with adapting the villains from the Super Sentai counterparts , most Power Rangers series also feature villains with no Sentai counterpart . Generally , the primary antagonist of a Power Rangers series ( for example , Lord Zedd , Divatox , etc . ) are not adapted from the Sentai . Exceptions to this includes Mighty Morphin , Zeo , Lightspeed Rescue and a few others which only use villains adapted from the Japanese shows . The series that began the franchise , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( an American adaptation of the 1992 Japanese Super Sentai Series , Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger ) , began broadcasting as part of the Fox Kids block of programing that aired on the FOX network . It lasted for three seasons ( from 1993 to 1996 ) . Broadcast history The Saban Entertainment run of the franchise -- beginning with Power Rangers in Space -- used this version of the Power Rangers logo ( 1998 -- 2001 ) . Saban Entertainment distributed the Power Rangers series from 1993 until the end of 2001 , and Fox broadcast it until the fall of 2002 . The Walt Disney Company purchased the franchise as part of a buyout that took place in 2001 . This resulted in Fox Family Worldwide becoming ABC Family Worldwide Inc . This buyout also saw Saban Entertainment becoming BVS Entertainment in 2002 , from News Corporation , Fox 's parent company , and Haim Saban . The show continued to air on Fox until the company replaced its Fox Kids package with `` FoxBox '' in the United States . Since September 2002 , all Power Rangers shows had aired on various Disney - owned networks ( ABC Kids , Toon Disney and Jetix channels worldwide ) . When Wild Force ended , Disney moved production of the franchise from Los Angeles to New Zealand . This resulted in the closure of MMPR Productions and the dismissal of many members of the production . From Ninja Storm to date , Power Rangers is produced in New Zealand . ABC Family , another Disney - owned network , also used to air Power Rangers until it did away with its Jetix timeslot after August 31 , 2006 . On February 12 , 2009 , Toon Disney ended in the wake of Disney XD , ending cable airings of Power Rangers in certain areas of the United States . Several ABC affiliate broadcasting groups declined to air most of the Power Rangers series since 2006 due to the lack of FCC - compliant educational and informational content in the programs . The Saban era seasons , starting with In Space , have gone under the `` Saban 's Power Rangers '' moniker , up until Time Force . Since the re-acquisition of Power Rangers by Saban in 2010 , this practice has continued once again starting with Samurai . Starting in 2005 , up until 2007 , during its run on Jetix , Power Rangers reruns were aired under the moniker Power Rangers Generations , showcasing select episodes from Mighty Morphin through Dino Thunder . An article in The New Zealand Herald published on March 7 , 2009 , identified Power Rangers RPM as the last season of the Power Rangers run . Production manager Sally Campbell stated in an interview , `` ... at this stage we will not be shooting another season . '' A September 1 , 2009 , revision to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia by Disney 's head archivist Dave Smith states that `` production of new episodes ( of Power Rangers ) ceased in 2009 '' . Production of Power Rangers ceased and the last series by BVS Entertainment , RPM , ended on December 26 , 2009 . On October 1 , 2009 , Bandai released a press release that Disney would re-broadcast Mighty Morphin Power Rangers starting in January 2010 on ABC Kids in lieu of a new series utilizing footage from the 2009 Super Sentai television series . A new toy line accompanied the series and appeared in stores in the later part of 2009 . ABC 's over-the air telecasts ended on August 28 , 2010 , and turned the hour back to affiliates . On May 12 , 2010 , Haim Saban bought back the Power Rangers franchise from Disney for $43 million and announced plans to produce a new season of the television series . The eighteenth season , Samurai , began airing on Nickelodeon on February 7 , 2011 , with the previous episodes beginning rebroadcast on Nicktoons later that year . It was also announced that Saban plans to make a new Power Rangers movie . On July 2 , 2012 , it was announced that Saban Brands would launch a Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW , called Vortexx , on August 25 , 2012 , that would air Power Rangers Lost Galaxy . To commemorate the series ' 20th anniversary , Nickelodeon began airing Power Rangers Megaforce on February 2 , 2013 , featuring all of the past rangers from the series ' 20 - year history . On October 1 , 2013 , Saban Brands announced that it had extended agreements with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Incorporated through 2016 for its globally recognized Power Rangers franchise . In January 2016 , Saban and Nickelodeon extended their broadcast partnership through 2018 . The 90s Are All That aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as part of Mighty Morphin Weekend in 2013 . Television series Main article : List of Power Rangers episodes Variations of Power Rangers throughout the franchise unite . The first series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers through In Space followed a story arc called `` The Zordon Era '' with a gradually changing cast and characters over six years . Beginning with Lost Galaxy , although it had ties with the previous story arc , each Power Rangers series had its own self - contained storylines , independent of previous series . Crossover episodes between different series featuring rangers , villains , and other characters from past seasons also began with Lost Galaxy , with a few exceptions . The Saban Era The Saban Era is seasons 1 - 10 that includes Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 - 1996 ) to Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) . These series aired on Fox during the Fox Kids programming block . The Zordon Era is Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to Power Rangers in Space . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Season 1 : When the evil witch Rita Repulsa and her minions Goldar , Squatt , Baboo , and Finster , are freed from their imprisonment on the Moon , the wizard Zordon , with the help of his assistant Alpha 5 , enlists five teenagers -- Jason Lee Scott , Trini Kwan , Billy Cranston , Kimberly Hart , and Zack Taylor -- to become the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to battle Rita 's invasion of the Earth , using their Power Coins and Dinozords to combat her monsters . Rita soon creates her own evil Power Ranger by brainwashing a recent transfer student Tommy Oliver , but the Power Rangers are able to free him from her control and he joins their side . This season uses footage from Kyōryu Sentai Zyuranger . Season 2 : Rita 's superior Lord Zedd returns to the Earth to take over for Rita 's incompetence , imprisoning her once more . His new monsters prove too powerful for the Dinozords , leading Zordon to empower them into the Thunderzords . Jason , Trini , and Zack leave to join a youth conference in Switzerland , and are replaced by Rocky DeSantos , Aisha Campbell , and Adam Park , respectively , and Rita returns and marries Lord Zedd . This season uses footage from Gosei Sentai Dairanger . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) : When the evil wizard Ivan Ooze is freed by construction work , he takes revenge against Zordon for imprisoning him . As his powers are too strong for the Power Rangers , Alpha 5 uses the last of the Command Center 's power to send them to the planet Phaedos to learn the ways of the Ninjetti from the warrior Dulcea to stop Ooze before he can conquer the universe . The movie , which does not fall into the canon of the TV series , drew inspiration from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Season 3 : Rita 's brother Rito Revolto comes to Earth and destroys the Power Rangers ' Power Coins and Thunderzords . The Power Rangers seek out Ninjor , creator of the Power Coins , for new Power Coins giving them new ninja powers and the Ninjazords , and later the Shogunzords . Rita also enchants a new Australian exchange student Kat Hillard into slowly draining Kimberly of her Ranger powers , until the spell is broken ; when Kimberly ultimately leaves to train for the Olympics , she entrusts Kat to be her replacement amongst the Power Rangers . This season uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) : When Rita 's father Master Vile comes to Earth , he turns back time , turning the Power Rangers , and many of their friends , into children . Zordon calls upon his proteges the Alien Rangers of Aquitar to protect the Earth from Master Vile 's monsters and to help work on a machine that would return the child rangers to their proper ages . Unfortunately , Only Billy returns to normal as the machine which required the power coins as a power source is stolen by Rito & Goldar allowing Rita & Zedd to destroy the coins . The child rangers then travel throughout time to gather the fragments of the Zeo Crystal to bring time back to normal . During her journey in Africa , Aisha meets Tanya Sloan and realizes that she can do more help to stop the sickness plaguing the wildlife and sends Tanya back with her Zeo Crystal . This series also uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Power Rangers Zeo ( 1996 ) : With the Zeo Crystal restored , time brought back to normal , and Master Vile defeated , the Rangers are caught off guard when Goldar and Rito destroy their headquarters . Although Zordon reveals he is fine , he warns the Rangers that the Machine Empire is planning on conquering the Earth , and the Rangers must use the power of the Zeo Crystal to become the Zeo Rangers to battle them . Billy , who used his scientific prowess to return to his original age during Alien Rangers , decides to work on the Zeo Zords and other machinery , and his presence in the destruction of the previous Command Center leaves him unable to receive the powers of the Gold Ranger , Trey of Triforia , but Jason returns instead . Billy soon begins to age rapidly , a side effect from the regenerator , he used to return to his normal age , and leaves Earth to be healed on Aquitar . This season uses footage from Chōriki Sentai Ohranger . Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) : The intergalactic pirate Divatox kidnaps the wizard Lerigot to open a dimensional barrier so she can wed the demon Maligore . To stop her , Zordon gives the Rangers their new Turbo Ranger powers to stop her . Rocky , however , has been hurt , and in his stead Zordon sends Justin Stewart , a young boy who inadvertently discovers the Rangers ' identities . This film drew inspiration from Gekisou Sentai Carranger and serves as a bridge to the subsequent TV season . Power Rangers Turbo ( 1997 ) : After Divatox 's plans are foiled , she sets her sights on conquering the Earth , with the Turbo Rangers and eventually the intergalactic police officer the Blue Senturion combatting her monsters . Tommy , Adam , Tanya , and Kat soon retire from being Power Rangers , choosing T.J. Johnson , Carlos Vallerte , Ashley Hammond , and Cassie Chan as their replacements , who are also assisted by the Phantom Ranger . Zordon also leaves , putting Dimitria in his place . This season uses footage from Gekisou Sentai Carranger . Power Rangers in Space ( 1998 ) : After Divatox succeeds in destroying the Command Center , she is called off planet to participate in Dark Specter 's evil alliance in conquering the universe . T.J. , Carlos , Ashley , and Cassie travel into outer space to try to stop him , and meet up with Andros , who they join to become the Space Rangers to stop Dark Specter and his protege Astronema . They eventually awaken Andros ' friend Zhane , the Silver Ranger , and free Andros ' sister Karone ( Astronema ) from Dark Specter 's control and ultimately use Zordon , captured by Dark Specter , to defeat Dark Specter 's armies and free the universe from his control . This season uses footage from Denji Sentai Megaranger . Power Rangers Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) : The governments of the Earth decide to send out an experimental space colony Terra Venture , on which Leo Corbett stows away to join his brother Mike on the journey to find new planets . When it encounters a wormhole on the Moon , Leo , Mike , Kai Chen , and Kendrix Morgan go through it and encounter Maya and her planet Mirinoi which is under attack from Scorpius and his minions , led by Trakeena . After Leo , Mike , and Kendrix are stranded , Kai commandeers the Astro Megaship along with its mechanic Damon Henderson to save them . Mike , Kai , Damon , Maya , and Kendrix are chosen by the Quasar Sabers to fight Scorpius , but Mike seemingly falls to his death , leaving Leo to act as the leader of the Galaxy Rangers in his stead back on Terra Venture . Mike later returns after it is revealed the Magna Defender has been using his body as a vessel to fight Scorpius ' monsters along with the Galaxy Rangers . Mid-season , Deviot revives the Psycho Rangers and the space rangers come to help . Kendrix ultimately dies while saving the Pink Space Ranger , Cassie and is replaced by Karone . They later must fight Captain Mutiny and his space pirates after they are transported to the Lost Galaxy . This season uses footage from Seijuu Sentai Gingaman . Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) : Carter Grayson , Chad Lee , Joel Rawlings , Kelsey Winslow , and Dana Mitchell are hired by Operation Lightspeed to protect Mariner Bay from a group of evil demons led by Queen Bansheera from taking over the world by fighting as the Lightspeed Rangers . They are later joined by Dana 's long lost brother Ryan . This season uses footage from Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive . Power Rangers Time Force ( 2001 ) : When the mutant Ransik and his daughter Nadira escape custody of the Time Force police in the year 3000 by stealing the very prison , they travel back in time to 2001 , but not before seemingly killing the Red Time Force Ranger Alex . His subordinates Jen Scotts , Lucas Kendall , Katie Walker , and Trip travel back in time to 2001 and seek out Alex 's ancestor Wes Collins , as his DNA unlocks the Time Force Morphers , allowing all of them to become the Time Force Power Rangers to recapture the mutants Ransik uses to thwart them and stop the Bio-Lab who ended up creating him . They are ultimately joined by Eric Myers , who uses the Quantum Morpher and Q - Rex to fight . This season uses footage from Mirai Sentai Timeranger . Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) : Jungle man Cole Evans , Air Force pilot Taylor Earhardt , would - be pro-bowler Max Cooper , florist Danny Delgado , and martial artist Alyssa Enrilé are chosen by Princess Shayla of the floating island Animaria to be the Wild Force Power Rangers to fight the evil Orgs . They are later joined by Merrick Baliton , one of the original Wild Force Power Rangers who used a forbidden power to defeat the Master Org 3,000 years in the past , after he is freed from the power in the present . This season uses footage from Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger . Wild Force featured an anniversary commemoration episode in `` Forever Red '' , featuring the return of nearly every Red Ranger . Wild Force marked a shift from Saban Entertainment to BVS Entertainment in production and distribution and was the last season to be filmed in the United States . The Disney Era The Disney Era is seasons 11 - 17 that includes Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) to Power Rangers RPM ( 2009 ) . These series aired on various Disney television networks . Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) : Shane Clarke , Tori Hanson , and Dustin Brooks are bumbling students of Kanoi Watanabe 's Wind Ninja Academy , but when Lothor kidnaps the other students , they are all that remain to protect the Earth from Lothor 's evil space ninjas as the Wind Rangers . They are also joined in battle by adopted brothers Hunter and Blake Bradley of the rival Thunder Ninja Academy as the Thunder Rangers and Kanoi 's son Cam as the Samurai Ranger . aired in 2003 . This season uses footage from Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger . Ninja Storm is the first season to be filmed in New Zealand . Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) : When the evil Mesogog appears to bring the Earth back to the Mesozoic age , Dr. Tommy Oliver of Reefside reluctantly enlists his students Conner McKnight , Ethan James , and Kira Ford to battle him as the Dino Rangers . Tommy later joins them as a Ranger , once more , as well as Trent Fernandez - Mercer , adopted son of Tommy 's once colleague Dr. Anton Mercer , who is Mesogog 's alterego . This season uses footage from Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger . Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) : In the year 2025 , the Space Patrol Delta police force protects the galaxy from the Troobian Empire 's forces . When their A-Squad of Power Rangers fall in battle , B - Squad members Sky Tate , Bridge Carson , and Syd Drew are joined by rookies Jack Landors and Z Delgado under the direction of Commander Anubis Cruger to be the S.P.D. Power Rangers . They are later joined by Sam , a young boy they save from the Troobian Empire who in the future becomes the Omega Ranger , as well as Cmdr . Cruger as the Shadow Ranger and technical expert Dr. Kat Manx as the Kat Ranger . This season uses footage from Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger . Power Rangers Mystic Force ( 2006 ) : The sorceress Udonna enlists the help of Chip Thorn , Madison Rocca , Vida Rocca , Xander Bly , and new guy in town Nick Russell to become the Mystic Rangers to protect Briarwood and its nearby magical forest from the evil forces of Morticon , who plans on taking over both the magical and human worlds . They are eventually joined by Udonna 's old friend Daggeron and his genie Jenji , and Udonna and her long lost husband Leanbow , who has been trapped as the evil Koragg since falling in battle 20 years prior . This season uses footage from Mahou Sentai Magiranger . Power Rangers Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) : Wealthy adventurer Andrew Hartford tasks Will Aston , Dax Lo , Ronny Robinson , Rose Ortiz , and reluctantly his own son Mack to act as the Overdrive Rangers , searching for the jewels of the Corona Aurora before either Flurious or Moltor , and later Kamdor and the Fearcats can . They are later joined by Tyzonn , member of a search and rescue team from the planet Mercuria , who has a past with the Fearcats . This season uses footage from GoGo Sentai Boukenger . Operation Overdrive also featured an anniversary episode in `` Once a Ranger '' , bringing back several characters from previous seasons . Power Rangers Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) : The Pai Zhua , or `` Order of the Claw '' , has protected the world from the evil spirit of Dai Shi for nearly ten thousand years . When Jarrod , Lily Chilman , and Theo Martin are chosen by Master Mao to guard the container of Dai Shi 's spirit , Jarrod is deemed unworthy and replaced by rookie or `` cub '' member Casey Rhodes . Angered by this slight , Jarrod attempts to steal Dai Shi 's vessel , only to become possessed by his spirit . Mao , who falls in battle , entrusts in best student R.J. to lead the others as the Jungle Fury Power Rangers to stop Dai Shi from taking over the world . R.J. later joins them in battle , as does Dom Hargan , a former Pai Zhua student who went to find his path in life . This season uses footage from Juken Sentai Gekiranger . Power Rangers RPM ( 2009 ) : A malicious and rapidly evolving computer virus known as Venjix has ravaged the Earth , leaving the surviving members of humanity to huddle for safety in the force field protected city of Corinth . To stop Venjix 's attacks , led by his humanoid warrior Tenaya , the mysterious Doctor K enlists Scott Truman , Flynn McAllistair , Summer Landsdown , and reluctantly Ziggy Grover and the apparent cyborg Dillon as the RPM Ranger Operators . They are later joined by Gem and Gemma , Doctor K 's old friends . This season uses footage from Engine Sentai Go - onger . RPM was the last season to be produced by BVS Entertainment . In 2010 , a re-versioned edit of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers aired . During this year , Saban Brands bought back the rights to Power Rangers . The Neo-Saban Era The Neo-Saban Era began in season 18 and continues to present starting with Power Rangers Samurai . These series aired on Nickelodeon . Power Rangers Samurai and Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) : In order to prevent Master Xandred 's Nighlok forces from taking over the Earth , Mentor Ji of the Shiba House trains Jayden , Kevin , Mia , Mike , and Emily in the ways of the samurai to fight as the Samurai Power Rangers . They are later joined by Jayden 's childhood friend Antonio as the Gold Ranger , who is instrumental in unlocking the group 's Super Mode . These two seasons use footage from Samurai Sentai Shinkenger . Samurai is the first season back under the ownership of Saban and the first season produced by SCG Power Rangers. Power Rangers continues to be produced and filmed in New Zealand . Power Rangers Megaforce ( 2013 ) : Zordon 's protege Gosei calls on high school students Troy Burrows , Noah Carver , Jake Holling , Emma Goodall , and Gia Moran to become the Megaforce Power Rangers to battle the invasion of the Warstar Empire . They are later joined by the Robo Knight in his fight against the Toxic Mutants . This season uses footage from Tensou Sentai Goseiger . Super Megaforce ( 2014 ) : With the Warstar Empire 's forces increasing their invasion , Gosei gives the Rangers new morphers to assume Super Mega Mode , allowing them to call on the powers of all of the previous Power Rangers . They are joined by Orion , a citizen from the planet Andresia . Super Megaforce also features the return of several previous characters . This season uses footage from Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger . Power Rangers Dino Charge and Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) : When an intergalactic bounty hunter comes to Earth looking for the Energems , entrusted to an alien who lost them during the asteroid bombardment that resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs , the Dino Charge Power Rangers are formed to find the Energems first . These two seasons use footage from Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger . Power Rangers Ninja Steel and Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 - 2018 ) : The Power Rangers are protecting an item called the Ninja Nexus Prism from the forces of Galvanax , the champion of the universe 's most popular intergalactic game show , who wants the Prism , which contains six magical Ninja Power Throwing Stars , to become invincible . The Rangers must master the arsenal of throwing stars , Zords , and Megazords , all made from the titular legendary `` ninja steel '' , to stop Galvanax 's warrior contestants sent to Earth to retrieve the Prism , the Steel and the Power Stars for him . This season uses footage from Shuriken Sentai Ninninger . Feature films The Power Rangers franchise has also generated three theatrical motion pictures . The first two are distributed by 20th Century Fox , and the third film released in 2017 by Lionsgate . Film Release date Box office revenue Director United States Foreign Total TV series franchise Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie June 30 , 1995 $38,187,431 $28,245,763 $66,433,194 Bryan Spicer Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie March 28 , 1997 $8,363,899 $1,251,941 $9,615,840 David Winning and Shuki Levy Reboot Saban 's Power Rangers March 24 , 2017 $84,350,803 $50,525,733 $134,876,536 Dean Israelite Distribution Power Rangers has long had success in international markets and continues to air in many countries , with the exception of New Zealand , where the series filming takes place as of 2009 . As of 2006 , Power Rangers aired at least 65 times a week in more than 40 worldwide markets . Many markets carry or have carried the series on their respective Fox or later Jetix / Disney XD channels or have syndicated the program on regional children 's channels or blocks , either dubbed into the local language or broadcast in the original English . Since the 2010 acquisition by Saban Brands , international television distribution rights for Power Rangers have been managed by MarVista Entertainment . Broadcast in East Asian territories has been treated differently from in other international markets due to the prevalence and familiarity of ' the Super Sentai brand originating in Japan . Power Rangers was briefly banned in Malaysia for supposedly encouraging the use of drugs because it contained the word `` Morphin ' '' in its title , which could be associated with morphine . The show eventually aired without the offending word . In Japan , many Power Rangers television seasons and movies were dubbed into Japanese for television and video with the voice actors often pulled from past Super Sentai casts , leading to the English - dubbed action sequences being `` re-dubbed '' or `` restored '' back to Japanese as well . Power Rangers Mystic Force is the latest season to be broadcast in Japan on Toei Channel in January 2014 , with the Magiranger cast voicing their counterparts . After broadcast of Power Rangers ended in South Korea with Wild Force , Bandai of Korea started airing dubbed Super Sentai series under the 파워 레인저 ( Power Ranger ) brand on JEI TV . Some seasons of Super Sentai broadcast in South Korea have similarly named titles as their American counterparts , such as Power Ranger Dino Thunder for Abaranger in 2007 and Power Ranger S.P.D. in place of Dekaranger . Home media This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As of October 2009 , 33 Power Rangers DVD collections have been released in the United States : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie , 1995 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie , 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie / Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie , 1995 , 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( DVD compilation set of both movies . ) The Best of the Power Rangers : The Ultimate Rangers , 2003 ; BVHE ( DVD compilation of episodes from five different seasons of Power Rangers . The episodes include `` Forever Red '' and `` White Light '' ( Tommy 's reintroduction as the White Power Ranger ) ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2003 ; BVHE Power Rangers Dino Thunder Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2004 ; BVHE Power Rangers S.P.D. Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2005 ; BVHE Power Rangers Mystic Force Volumes 1 -- 3 and ' Dark Wish ' , 2006 ; BVHE Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2007 ; BVHE ( The release of an entire season for the first time in the US . ) Power Rangers Jungle Fury Volumes 1 & 2 , 2008 ; BVHE ( Volumes 3 - 5 are only available in the UK . ) Power Rangers RPM Volumes 1 & 2 , 2009 ; BVHE Power Rangers RPM ' Bandai Demo DVD ' , 2009 ; BVHE ( A promo DVD given away at Disney Stores . Contains the episode In or Out ) . Power Rangers Samurai Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2012 ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Samurai `` Monster Bash '' and 2 MMPR Halloween episodes ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Samurai `` Christmas Together , Samurai Forever '' and 2 MMPR Christmas episodes ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Super Samurai Volumes 1 -- 4 plus The Complete Series ; Lionsgate Internationally , additional DVD releases have occurred ( such as Lightspeed Rescue , Time Force and Wild Force in Germany ) and as free DVDs attached to the Jetix magazine , published in the UK . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 , Season 2 , and Season 3 , Power Rangers Zeo , Power Rangers Turbo , and Power Rangers In Space have been released in Germany as well in both English and German , with Power Rangers Lost Galaxy only in German . Additionally , Ninja Storm , Dino Thunder , S.P.D. , Mystic Force , and Operation Overdrive saw complete boxset releases in the UK . In France , Mighty Morphin Season 1 and Season 2 have been released in their entirety in 5 episode DVD volumes , and the first 25 episodes of Season 3 were released in May 2008 . In Italy , Mighty Morphin , Zeo , Dino Thunder and S.P.D. have appeared in their entirety . Zeo and S.P.D. were made available as commercial DVDs , while Mighty Morphin and Dino Thunder were issued as bi-weekly volumes at newsstands . The iTunes Store previously made Power Rangers episodes available : part of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , all of Power Rangers S.P.D. , and the first 26 episodes of Power Rangers Mystic Force . Subsequent seasons and episodes of the program also made their appearances in the iTunes Store , but as of July 2009 , Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie is the only Power Rangers film available . In 2012 , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 volumes 1 & 2 were released on iTunes to coincide with the DVD releases . As of February 2013 , all 3 seasons of MMPR were released on iTunes . On June 15 , 2011 , all episodes of Power Rangers from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version were made available for instant streaming on Netflix . As of 2017 , all seasons through Dino Super Charge have been made available on Netflix . On March 12 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory announced a home video distribution deal with Saban , which includes the first 17 series of Power Rangers . Shout ! Factory released the first seven seasons on DVD in August 2012 , seasons 8 - 12 on November 2013 , a 20 - year collection on December 2013 , and seasons 13 - 17 on April 2014 . On March 22 , 2012 Lionsgate Home Entertainment reached a home media distribution deal with Saban to release Power Rangers Samurai to DVD and Blu - ray . As of April 2015 , all series through Super Megaforce are available on the iTunes Store . As of 2016 , Dino Charge became available on iTunes . Broadcast The series originally aired on Fox 's children block , Fox Kids from 1993 - 2002 . When Disney bought the rights to Power Rangers , it moved to ABC 's Saturday morning block , ABC Kids from 2002 - 2010 . During that time , all seasons aired on the ABC Family ( now Freeform ) and Toon Disney 's block Jetix . When Saban bought Power Rangers back , the series aired new episodes on Nickelodeon , while previous seasons aired on Nicktoons . Video games Main article : List of Power Rangers video games See also Television in the United States portal Film in the United States portal Science Fiction portal 1990s portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Big Bad Beetleborgs Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight List of Power Rangers cast members Masked Rider Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Super Sentai Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills VR Troopers List of the highest - grossing media franchises Notes Jump up ^ As the series progresses , one or more of the Rangers will usually receive motorcycles for long - distance travel , as well as individual Zords . In many series , a Ranger is also given additional Zords or weapons . In some cases , one Ranger may receive something that other Rangers do not ; an example is the Battlizer given to the Red Ranger of each series since Power Rangers in Space ( until Operation Overdrive ) . Jump up ^ Public servants ( rescue squad , police officers , etc . ) appearing as Rangers disregard this convention in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue , Power Rangers S.P.D. , Power Rangers Operation Overdrive and Power Rangers RPM . Jump up ^ An original Power Ranger , the Titanium Ranger , was created especially for Lightspeed Rescue to add a sixth Power Ranger to the series . Jump up ^ Other color designations include metallic colors , violet , and `` Shadow '' , as well as protagonists who have powers and costumes similar to those of the Rangers but are not called `` Power Rangers '' , such as the Blue Senturion and Koragg the Knight Wolf . Jump up ^ A joke highlighted this correlation in Dino Thunder when Tommy Oliver ( a former Green Ranger , White Ranger , and Red Ranger ) became the new Black Ranger ; he said that he had to go shopping because he did not own enough black - colored clothing . References Jump up ^ `` Toei Company Profile Toei '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BANDAI Co. , Ltd Global Development '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kerry , Dollan ( November 26 , 2001 ) . `` Beyond Power Rangers '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dumpster '' . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 1993 - 08 - 28 . Fox . Jump up ^ Power Rangers Dino Thunder , Power Rangers S.P.D. , Power Rangers Operation Overdrive , Power Rangers Jungle Fury Jump up ^ Heffley , Lynne ( November 25 , 1993 ) . `` Low - Tech Equals High Ratings : Fox 's Offbeat ' Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ' Flexes Its Kidvid Muscle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The original ' Power Rangers ' return in 2010 '' . Kung Fu Cinema . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Haim Saban '' . Saban . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion '' . saban . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney buys Fox Family for $3 B '' . CNNfn . www.money.cnn.com . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lights out for ' Power Rangers ' '' . New York Post . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIGHTS OUT FOR ' POWER RANGERS ' '' . New York Post . 2009 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Alanah May ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' defeated '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Supplement to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia '' ( PDF ) . September 1 , 2009 . p. 87 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Bandai America Powers Up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line Bandai America '' . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CORRECTING and REPLACING PHOTOS Bandai America Powers up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line '' . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carugati , Anna ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Video Interview : Saban Brands ' Elie Dekel '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Saban re-acquires rights to ' Rangers ' - Entertainment News , TV News , Media - Variety '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Disney 's Q3 boosted by TV operations profit ; Power Rangers sale added $43 million to coffers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Power Rangers Samurai '' premiering in February 2011 `` . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Capital Group Acquires Power Rangers from The Walt Disney Company `` The Toy Book '' . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SABAN BRINGS `` POWER RANGERS '' FRANCHISE TO NICKELODEON '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Viacom . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mogul Saban buys back Power Rangers from Disney '' . Google News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Partners with The CW to Launch Five - Hour Kids Television Block '' ( PDF ) . Saban . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Saban Brands to rebuild CW toon block '' . Variety . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcucci , Carl ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` The CW signs Saban Brands for kids block '' . Radio & Television Business Report . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to Launch Vortexx on The CW '' . PR Newswire . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to launch Vortexx kid shows on The CW '' . Los Angeles Business . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Announces Extended Partnerships for Power Rangers Franchise with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Through 2016 '' . Business Wire . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamic New Season , Saban 's Power Rangers Dino Super Charge , to Premiere Saturday , Jan. 30 , at 12 p.m. ( ET / PT ) on Nickelodeon '' . Business Wire . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 2014 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Power Rangers Dino Charge ' coming in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 24th Power Rangers Season Is Power Rangers Ninja Steel '' . Anime News Network . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Nicholson ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Power Rangers : Dino Super Charge Premiere Date and Next Iteration Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate '' . SABAN 'S POWER RANGERS TO BEGIN PRODUCTION TODAY. 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Shows Muscle with Boys Properties '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` MarVista to sell ' Rangers ' TV library '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MarVista to Re-Introduce Power Rangers to International Market '' . WorldScreen . July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graziadio , Marissa ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` New Partners On Board for Power Rangers Samurai '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia : Authorities ban the hit television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' , Reuters , December 22 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 S.P.D. '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - First 2 Volumes of ' Complete Series ' DVDs Planned @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Box Art , Date , Price & Extras for Volume 3 : Blue Sapphire DVD @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Finish the Adventure in February : Final Two Volumes Kick Into Overdrive @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Jungle Fury - Disney Announces Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 DVDs for Jungle Fury @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers RPM , Vol. 2 : Race for Corinth @ Amazon.com '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers R.P.M. - Disney Store 's Promo Disc Says Volumes 3 and 4 ' Coming Soon ' '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 2 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 3 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Zeo @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Turbo @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers In Space @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Lost Galaxy @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Ninja Storm @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Dino Thunder @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers S.P.D. @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mystic Force @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mighty Morphin - Volume 28 @ lcj-editions.com '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bowers , Trinnette ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Power Rangers : At a Netflix near you '' . My Fox Orlando . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - ' Seasons 1 - 7 : From Mighty Morphin to Lost Galaxy ' Announced : Date , Cost , Action Figure ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Season 8 - 12 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Pricing is Revealed for ' Power Rangers Legacy : The First 20 Years ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Seasons 13 - 17 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate to Distribute ' Power Rangers Samurai ' '' . Home Media Magazine . 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . External links Official Power Rangers Website Fox Kids Official Power Rangers website ( Archive ) Power Rangers at Saban Brands Power Rangers at TV.com Power Rangers at Bandai Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) Season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) Episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) Episodes in Space ( 1998 ) Episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) Episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) Episodes Wild Force ( 2002 ) Episodes Disney Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) Episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) Episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) Episodes RPM ( 2009 ) Episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Episodes Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Saban 's Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Justice League / Power Rangers Home video Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related articles Cast members Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Power Rangers Hyperforce Corporate Haim Saban Saban Entertainment Saban Brands Shuki Levy Tony Oliver Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Related Saban series VR Troopers Masked Rider Big Bad Beetleborgs Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Related DIC series Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills Related Adness series Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Super Sentai Ishinomori Series Gorenger ( 1975 -- 1977 ) J.A.K.Q. 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when did the first power rangers come out
[ "Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series. Produced first by Saban Entertainment, later by BVS Entertainment, and today by SCG Power Rangers, the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai, produced by Toei Company.[1] The first Power Rangers entry, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, debuted on August 28, 1993, and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s, during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai.[2] As of 2001[update], the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide.[3]" ]
[ "August 28, 1993" ]
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April Kepner
April Kepner - wikipedia April Kepner April Kepner Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Gallery Picture of Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner First appearance `` Invasion '' ( 6.05 ) October 15 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` With You I 'm Born Again '' ( 7.01 ) September 23 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Last appearance `` All of Me '' ( 14.24 ) May 17 , 2018 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sarah Drew Information Nickname ( s ) Virgin Mary Apes Shepherd 's flunkey Ducky Dud Keps The Machine The Party Occupation Attending trauma surgeon ( former ) Interim Chief of General Surgery ( former ) Chief Resident ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Joe Kepner ( father ) Karen Kepner ( mother ) Libby Kepner ( sister ) Kimmie Kepner ( sister ) Alice Kepner ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Jackson Avery ( divorced ) Matthew Taylor Children Samuel Norbert Avery ( son , with Jackson ; deceased ) Harriet Kepner - Avery ( daughter , with Jackson ) Ruby Taylor ( step - daughter ) Religion Christianity April Kepner M.D. , is a fictional character from the ABC ' s hit medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Sarah Drew . She was introduced in the episode `` Invasion '' as a surgical resident from Mercy West Hospital who joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the two hospitals merge to compensate for the absence of some of the central cast members , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . The character was originally set to appear in two episodes but Drew 's contract was extended to the remainder of the sixth season , with her becoming a series regular in the seventh season . The character 's main storylines involved her professional struggles , her religious beliefs , and her relationship with her best friend and now ex-husband Jackson Avery . The character 's story concludes with the fourteenth season . Although initially focusing on neurosurgery during her residency due to her crush on Derek Shepherd , Kepner finally settles on trauma surgery as a specialty . After failing her boards , Kepner departs but returns as a surgical attending when Chief Owen Hunt offers her job back . ABC noted her determination , thoroughness , and intelligence as her main traits , while her insecurity , over-eagerness and vulnerability were highlighted as her main weakness . The character received mixed reviews from critics initially , but later praise was affirmed from her character growth . Contents 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2014 ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) April Kepner was born in Columbus , Ohio on April 23 , 1982 . Her mother Karen is a teacher and her father Joe is a farmer . She is the second of four daughters ; her sisters are Libby , Kimmie , and Alice . Kepner is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital . She joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals , alongside Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) , and Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . Kepner is first shown to possess a red diary , in which she writes all her feelings and thoughts which is stolen by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . Grey uses the personal information written in the notebook to unnerve and blackmail Kepner but later apologizes . After she made a mistake that led to a patient 's death , she is fired . However , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) rehires her when he becomes the new Chief of Surgery . As she is not confident anymore , she spends her time doing errands for Shepherd and develops a crush on him , earning her the nickname `` Shepherd 's flunky '' . In the season six finale , she discovers the body of her best friend Reed Adamson , who has been shot . She later runs into the shooter , Gary Clark , who lets her go after she tells him about her life after remembering a technique she says she learned from Oprah . Following the shooting , Kepner and Avery move into Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) house . Kepner reveals that she is a virgin because she is a Christian and made a promise to God to stay a virgin until she was married , she also states that she thinks men find her annoying after yelling at Alex , Meredith , Lexie and Jackson about secrets , she claims that the fact that she is a 28 year old virgin is not a drinks conversation . She shows potential as a trauma surgeon during a trauma drill . She develops feelings for Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) who almost makes her lose her virginity . When Avery , now her best friend finds out about this , he assaults Karev . Later , Kepner agrees to go on a date with Robert Stark , believing him to have a good side . Her fellow residents make fun of her which prompts her to break up with him . April also impresses Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and she is ultimately granted the position of Chief Resident in the season seven finale . Kepner initially struggles with her new status as her fellow doctors do not listen to her and do not take her seriously . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Kepner , prepare for their boards exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . The night before taking the exam , April loses her virginity to Avery . This causes her to re-evaluate her faith during her Boards Exams , making the examiners feel uncomfortable . It is revealed that she is the only one out of the residents to have failed her Boards Exams . She receives phone calls from other hospital retracting their offers of fellowships and is laid off from Seattle Grace . Although Avery has true feelings for her , she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her . As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies , the former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) organizes his annual dinner for them . The eighth season ends with Kepner , Avery , Karev and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang , who are victims of an aviation accident . Months later , Hunt goes to visit April , who had moved back to her parents ' farm in Moline , Ohio . In the wake of the tragic aviation accident , he offers her an attending position at the hospital . When she gets back to Seattle Grace , she resumes her sexual relationship with Avery , despite claiming she wants to re-virginise. April has a pregnancy scare and Jackson promises that he will be there every step of the way , even marry her , if she tests positive . When April finds out that she is not pregnant , she is overjoyed , but inadvertently hurts Jackson 's feelings by saying that they dodged a bullet , seemingly thrilled that they do n't have to get married anymore . Jackson breaks up with April . April suggests to Jackson that they each take a date to Bailey 's wedding in an attempt to move on . Jackson takes intern Stephanie ; the two bond and eventually have sex . When Jackson tells April that he is sleeping with somebody else , she is visibly crushed and tells him that they ca n't be friends again until she has gotten over him . In the next episode , a very attractive paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) asks April out for coffee and they start seeing each other . Shortly afterwards she turns to Jackson for dating advice and it is hinted that Jackson is still in love with her when he shows signs of jealousy but Jackson overcomes his jealousy and they then re-establish their friendship . She confesses to Matthew that she is not a virgin anymore as she led him to believe and he breaks up with her because she lied to him . However , in the next episode , Matthew forgives April and they get back together . He asks her to marry him through a flash mob and she says yes . In the season 9 finale , April thinks she lost Jackson when a bus blew up and tells him she loves him , but he only has a few injuries . She remains engaged to Matthew while Jackson dates Stephanie . At the wedding , Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love . Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later it is revealed that they have secretly eloped . At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage , but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital . Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son 's elopement with April , and the fact that there was n't a prenuptial agreement . They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement . Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious . Not long after their fight , April realizes she is pregnant . April and Jackson 's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2 , and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth . Jackson believes that termination is the best option , however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long . They scheduled an induction for the next day , at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby 's death certificate , which is too hard for the couple to bear . April does n't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle , while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancé the night before . They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then . She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery , and he died a few hours after birth . In the following weeks after Samuel 's death , April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another . After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet , Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son , leaving April to storm out in anger . In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon with the army ; this not being well received by Jackson . But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave . Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army , this having a strain on her and Jackson 's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone . On Christmas Day after already being away for some time , April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period , Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April 's base camp , leaving her to terminate the call ; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home . On Valentine 's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson , and they embrace in the foyer . In season 12 , April and Jackson go through divorce proceedings started by Jackson . The morning before they sign the divorce papers , April discovers that she is expecting a second baby . She does not inform Jackson , and he is told by Arizona Robbins , which leads to additional tension . After Catherine Avery convinces Jackson to fight for full custody of his unborn child , April takes out a restraining order against him . The Averys ' lawyer asks for all documentation of their marriage , when reading through their wedding vows , Jackson realizes that they should fix the situation for their child . He and April decide to raise their son or daughter together as friends . Complications arise when April needs a c - section and Ben Warren has to do it without anesthesia or other medications . In seasons 13 and 14 , April faces a crisis of faith as she begins to believe that good people get punished and bad people get good things . She does this after treating 3 seemingly simple patients who are good people and die . Including Matthew 's ( her ex finacee ) new pregnant wife , after delivery . Robbins then tells April it 's her fault . As a result , she goes into a dark place and uses partying and sex to mask her deep - rooted pain . She earns the nickname `` The Party '' by the new interns . She refuses to let Jackson help her through this time . However , mid-Season 14 , she encounters a terminal patient who helps April reaffirm her faith . April starts seeing Matthew again and their relationship is made public when the two are involved in a car accident , where April almost dies of hypothermia . In the season finale , April and Matthew get married . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` I think it 's a really fun character and , of course , getting to be on that show is wonderful and exciting for any actress in Hollywood . '' Drew on her role in Grey 's Anatomy . Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace . Drew was brought aboard Grey 's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series ' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes ; she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box ( 2009 ) which was eventually not picked up by ABC . Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members , notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo 's absence due to pregnancy . Drew was originally contracted to guest star in a multi-episodes story arc where her character would be eventually fired from the series after two episodes . She explained : `` I came on to the show and I was told from day one that I was only going to be there for two episodes . I did not expect anything beyond that . The morning my firing episode aired , my agent got a call that they were talking about a contract and I was just completely floored . '' However she was promoted to a series regular on June 9 , 2010 for the seventh season of the show . Rhimes said in the wake of the news : `` Kepner has really been folded into the group '' of Grey 's Anatomy adding `` It 'll depend on what the studio and the network decide to do with those actors , but I fully advocate to have ( the characters ) '' . Drew received the call for her promotion the morning after the sixth episode of season six was telecast on October 29 , 2009 . She described the call as a `` totally happy surprise '' . Characterization ( edit ) `` I love the idea that there 's this person that everybody kind of hates , yet they all have to deal with , ( and even ) lean on . She is one of them , even though they find her terribly annoying , and I think that that 's sort of charming . '' Drew 's character has been called intelligent , hardworking , thorough and determined by Grey 's Anatomy executives . But she is also considered vulnerable , insecure , sensitive and overly eager by her colleagues . Of the character , Drew said : `` April is a very , very good doctor . She really knows what she 's doing , she 's worked really hard , and she certainly wants to do her best and stick around . '' but also described her as `` annoying '' , `` neurotic '' and `` really insecure '' . In the eighth season , April 's position as chief resident and her struggle to get a handle on her fellow residents formed the central arc of her storyline . Rhimes explained : `` Watching April try to be in charge of Cristina and Alex and Jackson is a pretty impossible task , and it 's made for comedy , it 's one of the funniest things we 're working on this season . '' One of Kepner 's central characteristics is her religious belief , notably her chastity and her instance on saving herself for someone she truly loves . In an interview , Drew assessed that : There certainly has never been a 28 - year - old virgin on Grey 's . I do n't even think there 's been a 28 - year - old virgin on television . Unless it 's someone who is sort of a recluse . A normal , smart , doctor .... pretty , healthy ... that in and of itself is really fascinating , and really interesting , and totally different . It 's neat to see someone who is just totally clueless in that area . Everyone else ( On Grey ' Anatomy ) seems like they know exactly what they 're doing . April is totally , totally clueless . Shonda told one of the directors , there are virgins that have sort of done everything else . But not April . April 's really pretty much done nothing . She 's completely untouched . '' Relationships ( edit ) April and Jackson ( Jesse Williams ) 's sexual encounter makes her re-evaluate her faith and jeopardizes the course of her career . Kepner entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey 's Anatomy . In her early appearances , she is introduced as the best friend and roommate of her fellow Mercy West resident , Reed Adamson . In the season six finale , when Reed is tragically murdered by Gary Clark during the shooting , April is the first to find her when she trips over her dead body . In season seven April forms a friendship with Meredith Grey and she eventually moves into her house . Ellen Pompeo offered regarding their bond : `` Meredith will accept April in order to get the audience to accept her , '' and Drew further explained : `` She 's being plugged into the community . Meredith has really taken her under her wing , is really looking out for her . Having Meredith come around to April helps the audience come around to April . '' She first develops a crush on Derek Shepherd in season six . Carina MacKenzie from The Los Angeles Times called it `` ridiculous '' and added : `` April is drooling all over Chief McDreamy . Vomit . ( ... ) She 's been reduced to a 12 - year - old with hearts in her eyes and a painful inability to be subtle . '' Drew herself was skeptical about it , saying : `` The biggest thing that people did not like about my character was they thought I was a threat for the Mer / Der relationship , which I kind of found was super ridiculous ( ... ) I never saw it as anything that would ever transpire into something that might threaten them . I only saw it as a really pathetic little crush . '' She briefly has feelings for Alex Karev who almost makes her lose her virginity when he tries to sleep with her in Something 's Gotta Give . Wetpaint commented that he made her feel `` worthless and unwanted when she was at her most vulnerable . '' Kepner also briefly dates Dr. Robert Stark , a senior pediatric surgical attending . After her fellow residents make fun of her , she breaks up with him , creating a coldness between them . However , it is Stark who recommends her as chief resident to Dr. Hunt . Drew stated : `` She sees a side to Dr. Stark that he does n't show to anyone else at the hospital , and she finds that part endearing ... I think they enjoy the companionship . '' In the end of season eight , Kepner embarks on a relationship with her best friend turned lover Jackson Avery ( Williams ) , who she loses her virginity to and that eventually leads her to reflect on her faith and fail her boards . Critics praised the chemistry between April and Jackson . Rhimes commented on the dynamic between the two in season nine and said : `` I think it 's going to be funny , sexy , and good . '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2018 ) Initially , Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times highly praised the characterization of Kepner . writing : `` One of my favorite Mercy Westers is intern April ( Sarah Drew ) . Her saccharine - sweet attitude and wide - eyed insincerity were hilarious , as was her super-mysterious hot pink notebook full of morale - boosting platitudes . '' However , she criticized the later development of her story , especially her crush on Derek Shepherd calling it `` vomit '' PopSugar noted similarities between Kepner and Lexie Grey , stating : `` Am I the only one who thinks the new doctor is kind of like Lexie 2.0 ? Their dynamic reminded me of when Lexie first started and tries really hard to make nice with Mere , but gets the cold shoulder in return . '' Mariella Mosthof from Wetpaint stated : `` Despite her obnoxious yet well - meaning tendencies , we briefly flirted with the idea of liking April 's character last season , and it looks like there 's plenty of opportunity for her to come back and charm us again yet again this time around . '' Reviewing the first part of the eight season , Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic wrote : `` Although the girl has grown in terms of likeability , her downfalls still outweigh the positives . She does n't really bring too much to the table . She was n't the best choice for Chief Resident ; she does n't seem to be on the same level surgical wise and she has n't carried a story on her own that makes us care about her . '' Kepner was included in TV Guide 's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters , adding : `` The extremely neurotic April ( she makes Liz Lemon look laid back ) has slowly made strides with fans thanks to her personal setbacks -- she lost her treasured virginity to her best friend and failed her boards -- but she still has a long way to go . '' Entertainment Weekly also named her one of the `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' , commenting : `` April 's lightened up a little this season ( season 9 ) , but a few episodes of sympathetic behavior ca n't erase the painful memories of Seattle Grace - Mercy West 's most irritating doctor being . '' TV Fanatic included her in their list of Worst Character on TV . Christina Tran commented : `` Could she be any more annoying ? ! ? '' Drew stated that it was initially `` hard '' for her as an actress to play an unpopular character but deemed her `` interesting '' and when she was informed by the writers that her character would get Dr. Shepherd ( Dempsey ) shot in the season six finale , her reaction was : `` Oh , come on , guys , really ? They already hate my character , now they 're going to hate her even more ! '' Critics reception gradually changed positively . Entertainment Weekly noted : `` April was chirpy , irritating , and immature , and her crush on Derek did n't endear her to us either . But these days , we say hooray for April ; since Meredith declared that the two of them are pals , April 's become a lot more tolerable , instead of being Lexie 2.0 . '' Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote : `` April has grown since her character was introduced . She 's no longer much less annoying than she used to be , and she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' and described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . The Hollywood Reporter also remarked : `` It 's nice to see April with a bit of a backbone and putting Alex in his place as the newfound confidence suits her well . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Character Bios '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Sarah Drew Previews Character , Grey 's Anatomy Role '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Sarah Drew Dishes on Dream Grey 's Anatomy Gig '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Tanen ( writer ) , Chandra Wilson ( director ) ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 05 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sarah Drew '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Most Loathed TV Characters Pictures , April Photos '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzi , Carina ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Mercy West is in , Izzie Stevens is out '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) ; Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . ABC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive : Jesse Williams Gets Full - Time Upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Interview with Sarah Drew : April is ' Super Freaked - Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Shonda Rhimes Talks Mer - Der 's Struggle , Cristina 's Pregnancy '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` April Kapner Bio '' . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Glenn ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Sarah Drew Knows April is ' Annoying ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is in store for April this season '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Will Grey 's Anatomy Incorporate Sarah Drew 's Pregnancy ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Drew Exclusive : `` I had no idea ... '' `` . The Star Scoop . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeo : ' Grey 's Meredith , April will bond ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Top 5 OMG Moments From Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Episode 8 : `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April and Stark ? ! Sarah Drew Speaks on Unexpected Grey 's Anatomy Romance '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spoiler : Will April and Jackson Get Together in Season 9 ? - Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Round Table : `` Love the One You 're With '' `` . TV Fanatic . She Knows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . EW.com . July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : He 's a Sloan all right '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown , `` Invasion '' `` . PopSugar . Sugar Inc . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Staff Round Table : Worst Character on TV '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : 10 Reasons We Love It Again ! - Finally , April Is Less Annoying '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : Nothing Left To Squeeze '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Get Up , Stand Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . General `` April Kepner 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal April Kepner on IMDb April Kepner at ABC.com hide Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Kepner&oldid=854672750 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional characters from Ohio Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles that may be too long from November 2014 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from May 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 01 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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when does april appear in grey's anatomy
[ "Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace.[2] Drew was brought aboard Grey's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes;[3] she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box (2009) which was eventually not picked up by ABC.[3] Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members, notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo's absence due to pregnancy.[2][3]\n" ]
[ "in the fifth episode of the sixth season" ]
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Thor: Ragnarok
Thor : Ragnarok - Wikipedia Thor : Ragnarok Jump to : navigation , search `` Thor 3 '' redirects here . For the satellite of the same name , see Thor ( satellite ) § Thor 3 . Thor : Ragnarok Theatrical release poster Directed by Taika Waititi Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Eric Pearson Craig Kyle Christopher Yost Based on Thor by Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Starring Chris Hemsworth Tom Hiddleston Cate Blanchett Idris Elba Jeff Goldblum Tessa Thompson Karl Urban Mark Ruffalo Anthony Hopkins Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Cinematography Javier Aguirresarobe Edited by Joel Negron Zene Baker Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $180 million Box office $853.5 million Thor : Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and 2013 's Thor : The Dark World , and is the seventeenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Taika Waititi from a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost , and stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor alongside Tom Hiddleston , Cate Blanchett , Idris Elba , Jeff Goldblum , Tessa Thompson , Karl Urban , Mark Ruffalo , and Anthony Hopkins . In Thor : Ragnarok , Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela and the impending Ragnarök . A third Thor film was confirmed in January 2014 , with Kyle and Yost beginning work on the screenplay . The involvement of Hemsworth and Hiddleston was announced that October . Waititi joined the film as director a year later , after The Dark World director Alan Taylor chose not to return . Ruffalo joined the cast reprising the role of Hulk from previous MCU films , which allowed elements of the 2006 comic storyline `` Planet Hulk '' to be adapted for Ragnarok . The rest of the cast , including Blanchett as Hela , was confirmed in May 2016 , with Pearson 's involvement revealed at the start of filming in July 2016 . Principal photography took place in Brisbane and Sydney , Australia , with the film also having exclusive use of Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , concluding in October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on November 3 , 2017 , in 3D , IMAX , and IMAX 3D . The film received highly positive reviews , with many critics declaring it the best film of the Thor trilogy and praising Waititi 's direction , the cast 's performances , action sequences , soundtrack , and humor . It has grossed over $853 million , making it the highest - grossing film of the Thor series and ninth highest - grossing film of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the battle of Sokovia , Thor has been unsuccessfully searching for the Infinity Stones , and is now imprisoned by the fire demon Surtur in Muspelheim . Surtur reveals that Thor 's father Odin is no longer on Asgard , and that the realm will soon be destroyed in the prophesied Ragnarök , once Surtur unites his crown with the Eternal Flame that burns in Odin 's vault . Thor defeats Surtur and claims his crown , believing he has prevented Ragnarök . Thor returns to Asgard to find his brother Loki posing as Odin . Thor forces Loki to help him find their father , and with directions from Stephen Strange on Earth , they locate Odin in Norway . Odin explains that he is dying , and that his passing will allow his firstborn child , Hela , to escape from a prison she was sealed in long ago . Hela had been the leader of Asgard 's armies , and had conquered the Nine Realms with Odin , but had been imprisoned and written out of history after Odin feared that she had become too ambitious . Odin subsequently dies , and Hela , released from her imprisonment , appears . She destroys Thor 's hammer Mjolnir , and when Thor and Loki attempt to flee through the Bifröst Bridge , she pursues them and forces them out into space to die . Hela arrives in Asgard , destroying its army and killing the Warriors Three ; resurrects the ancient dead who once fought with her , including her giant wolf Fenris ; and appoints the Asgardian Skurge as her executioner . She plans to use the Bifröst to expand Asgard 's empire , but Heimdall covertly steals the sword that controls the Bridge , and hides away with the rest of Asgard 's citizens . Thor crash - lands on Sakaar , a garbage planet surrounded by wormholes . He is captured by a slave trader named Scrapper 142 , and sold to serve as a gladiator for the planet 's ruler , the Grandmaster , with whom Loki has already become ingratiated . Thor recognizes 142 as one of the Valkyrior , a legendary force of female warriors who were killed defending Asgard from Hela long ago . Thor is forced to compete in the Grandmaster 's Contest of Champions , facing his old friend Hulk . Summoning lightning , Thor gets the upper hand on Hulk , but the Grandmaster sabotages the fight to ensure Hulk 's victory . Still enslaved , Thor attempts to convince Hulk and 142 to help him save Asgard , but neither is willing . He soon manages to escape the palace and finds the Quinjet that brought Hulk to Sakaar . Hulk follows Thor to the Quinjet , where a recording of Natasha Romanoff makes him transform back into Bruce Banner for the first time since Sokovia . The Grandmaster orders 142 and Loki to find Thor and Hulk , but the pair come to blows and Loki forces her to relive the deaths of her fellow Valkyrie at the hands of Hela . Deciding to help Thor , she takes Loki captive to prove her goodwill . Unwilling to be left behind , Loki provides the group with the means to steal one of the Grandmaster 's ships . They then liberate the other gladiators who , led by Korg and Miek , stage a revolution . Loki attempts to betray his brother to gain a reward from the Grandmaster , but Thor anticipates this and leaves him behind , where Korg and the gladiators soon find him . Thor , Banner , and 142 escape through a wormhole to Asgard , where Hela 's forces are attacking Heimdall and Asgard 's citizens . Banner becomes Hulk again , fighting Fenris , while Thor and 142 battle Skurge and the resurrected warriors . Loki and the gladiators arrive to help , and the citizens board their large ship ; a repentant Skurge sacrifices himself to allow their escape . Thor , facing Hela , loses an eye and then has a vision of Odin that helps him realize only Ragnarök can stop Hela . While Hela is distracted , Loki locates Surtur 's crown and places it in the Eternal Flame . Surtur is reborn and destroys Asgard , seemingly killing Hela . Thor and the others escape with Asgard 's remaining citizens aboard the Grandmaster 's vessel . Thor , crowned king , decides to take his people to Earth . In a mid-credits scene , they are intercepted by a large spacecraft . In a post-credits scene , the Grandmaster encounters a group of his former subjects , who are still rebelling . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Feige , Taika Waititi and the cast of Thor : Ragnarok at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Chris Hemsworth as Thor : The crown prince of Asgard based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name , who has become a `` lone gunslinger '' searching for the Infinity Stones . Hemsworth had become `` a bit bored '' with the character after portraying Thor four times previously , and wanted to take some risks and experiment : the character has shorter hair in the film , wears a different outfit , his hammer Mjolnir is destroyed , and he loses an eye . Director Taika Waititi added that `` stripping '' the character down like this allowed him to become a refugee at the end of the film . Waititi also wanted to use more of Hemsworth 's comedic talents showcased in films like Vacation ( 2015 ) and Ghostbusters ( 2016 ) , and cited Kurt Russell 's portrayal of Jack Burton from Big Trouble in Little China as an influence on the character . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother and nemesis based on the deity of the same name . Hiddleston was interested in how Loki 's attitude has changed , saying , `` he is always a trickster . It is trying to find new ways for him to be mischievous '' . As the ruler of Asgard since the end of Thor : The Dark World , Hiddleston notes that `` Loki has devoted most of his efforts to narcissistic self - glorification . Not so much on good governance . '' He also added that `` the idea that Thor might be indifferent to Loki is troubling for him , because that 's a defining feature of his character ... ' My brother does n't love me ; I hate my brother . ' And the idea his brother 's like , yeah , whatever , it 's an interesting development . '' Cate Blanchett as Hela : Odin 's first child , Thor 's older sister and the goddess of death , based on the deity Hel , who is inadvertently released from her prison . Screenwriter Eric Pearson did not pitch the idea of Hela being Thor 's sister to the producers , including it instead in one of his drafts at the encouragement of executive producer Brad Winderbaum . The decision to make Hela related to Thor , as opposed to Loki as in the comics and Norse mythology , came from needing more impact with Hela and Thor 's final confrontation . By making the change , Pearson felt Hela became `` the thing that ( represents ) what it is to rule Asgard , ( Thor 's ) family , what he 's been told , what he has n't been told . '' Blanchett talked about the difficulty of playing the role in a motion capture suit rather than costume , feeling the character 's headdress is `` such a huge part of when she comes into the height of her powers in the film '' . Hela 's design was taken from Thor : God of Thunder by Jason Aaron , while the character Gorr from that comic , who has the ability `` to manifest an infinite number of weapons '' , inspired a similar ability for Hela . Blanchett worked with stuntwoman Zoë Bell and Hemsworth 's personal trainer Luke Zocchi , and studied capoeira for the role . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the deity of the same name , who has gone into self - imposed exile during Loki 's reign . After Hela invades Asgard , he helps to hide its vulnerable citizens . Describing Heimdall 's character arc in the film , Winderbaum says , `` he 's gone from this elder statesmen , the gatekeeper to Asgard , to this badass warrior - wizard character who lives in the hills and kicks a lot of ass throughout the entire film . '' Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster : One of the Elders of the Universe , who rules the planet Sakaar , and enjoys manipulating lesser life - forms . Goldblum described the character as `` a hedonist , a pleasure - seeker , an enjoyer of life and tastes and smells '' . He also said that Waititi encouraged improvisation in order for Goldblum to `` make ( the character his ) own '' . Waititi explained that Grandmaster does not have blue skin in the film as the character does in the comics , because Goldblum had already played a blue - colored character in Earth Girls Are Easy , and because Waititi did not want to detract from Goldblum 's personality by concealing his appearance . Grandmaster is the brother of Benicio del Toro 's Collector from Guardians of the Galaxy , and producer Kevin Feige expressed interest in seeing the two together in a future film . Tessa Thompson as Valkyrie : A tough , hard - drinking Asgardian slave trader , based on the mythological being Brynhildr , who was once a legendary warrior of the Valkyrior and now works for the Grandmaster under the designation `` Scrapper 142 '' . Thompson said the various versions of the character from the comics `` left us a lot of leeway '' in creating the film version . Waititi `` wanted to make sure we were n't making a female character that was boring and pretty '' , and Feige said Marvel wanted to pair Thor with a love interest more his equal than Jane Foster . Co-screenwriters Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost 's original draft of the film had more of a romantic relationship between Thor and Valkyrie . When Pearson started working on the film , he moved away from that storyline , instead focusing more on `` the mutual respect '' between the characters and Valkyrie `` dealing with her PTSD . She 's someone who 's drowning her sorrows in the bottle , and I just thought that was such a cool thing that you do n't often see '' . Thompson was inspired by pictures of Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day while training for the role , and worked with dialect coach Andrew Jack to create an Asgardian - sounding accent that was different enough to sound like she had been away from there for a long time . Thompson will appear in future MCU films . Karl Urban as Skurge : An Asgardian warrior , who guards the Bifröst Bridge in Heimdall 's absence and chooses to join Hela to survive . Urban shaved his head for the role , and worked out to `` get into the zone and feel '' the part even though his body is hidden under a costume . Urban said Skurge `` makes a deal with the devil '' and becomes Hela 's `` henchman . He does the dirty jobs . And that sort of is something he has to -- it plays on his conscience . '' Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : A genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . In the two years since Avengers : Age of Ultron , he has become a successful and popular gladiator on Sakaar . He is in `` perma - Hulk mode '' , having suppressed the Banner side for a few years , and forming the vocabulary `` of a toddler '' , with the level of Hulk 's speech being `` a big conversation '' between Waititi and Marvel since it was taking into account future appearances for the character . Ragnarok begins an arc for the character that continues in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , stemming from discussions Ruffalo had with Feige . Ruffalo felt Hulk was `` much more of a character than the green rage machine you 've seen in the Avengers movies . He 's got a swagger . '' Waititi provided additional motion capture for the Hulk after Ruffalo had completed his scenes . Anthony Hopkins as Odin : The king of Asgard , father of Thor , and adoptive father of Loki , based on the deity of the same name . The character is in exile on Earth , and was originally intended to be a `` crazy - looking '' hobo on the streets of New York City , but Waititi ultimately felt that this was tragic rather than funny given the character 's death during the sequence . The sequence was changed to take place in Norway , to `` honor '' the character 's past and be more authentic to his role as a king of Asgard . Waititi was surprised by the improvisational ability of Hopkins after he was told `` to be funny and to really destroy what 's come before ( with the role ) and recreate it . '' Additionally , Tadanobu Asano , Ray Stevenson , and Zachary Levi reprise their roles as Hogun , Volstagg , and Fandral , respectively , members of the Warriors Three . They are all killed early in the film , which Feige called `` noble ends '' that served to establish the threat of Hela and the danger she poses to the main characters . Benedict Cumberbatch reprises his role as Stephen Strange from the film Doctor Strange . Rachel House , who has appeared in several of Waititi 's films , plays Topaz , the Grandmaster 's bodyguard , while Waititi portrays Korg , a gladiator who befriends Thor . Waititi provided a motion - capture performance for the character , who is made of rocks , and wanted to do something different by having the character be soft - spoken , ultimately basing Korg 's voice on that of Polynesian bouncers . Waititi also provided the motion - capture performance for the fire demon Surtur , based on the mythological being Surtr , with Clancy Brown providing the voice for that character . Thor co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a man on Sakaar who cuts Thor 's hair . There are also several cameos in a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World : Sam Neill , with whom Waititi previously worked on Hunt for the Wilderpeople , plays the Odin actor ; Luke Hemsworth , brother of Chris , plays the Thor actor ; and Matt Damon plays the Loki actor . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) While promoting the release of Thor : The Dark World in October 2013 , Chris Hemsworth stated that he was contracted for another Thor film and two more Avengers films , and would be happy to continue portraying Thor beyond that if people wanted more . Kevin Feige added that there was `` a story we 'd like to tell '' , building from certain elements at the end of The Dark World . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost would write the screenplay for a third film , with Feige again producing ; the story was being outlined that July . In October 2014 , while talking about Avengers : Age of Ultron , Hemsworth said that his next film `` wo n't be Thor 3 -- that will be the following year '' . On October 28 , 2014 , Feige announced that the film would be titled Thor : Ragnarok , would be released on July 28 , 2017 , and would see Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston reprising their roles of Thor and Loki , respectively . Feige called the film `` a very important movie '' in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . He also confirmed that , in the context of the film , the word Ragnarok means `` the end of all things '' , and felt that `` people will ( not ) read into that title alone what the movie 's going to be . '' In February 2015 , Marvel pushed back the release date to November 3 , 2017 . In April , Feige was expecting a draft for the film soon , and a month later he stated that a director , additional screenwriter , and further casting announcements would be revealed `` towards the end of the summer '' , with filming set for June 2016 . The Dark World director Alan Taylor explained that he would not be returning , as `` the Marvel experience was particularly wrenching because I was sort of given absolute freedom while we were shooting , and then in ( post-production ) it turned into a different movie . So , that is something I hope never to repeat and do n't wish upon anybody else . '' During the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , Jaimie Alexander said that she would reprise her role as Sif in `` a very pivotal part '' of the film . I think the overall sense that I 'm trying to give to the audience and what I want the audience to leave the cinema carrying with them is a sense of joy really ... Sometimes I would stop and think , I 'm doing a movie that 's got Thor and Doctor Strange and The Incredible Hulk and Loki and every character is so strange and different ... Civil War it 's just humans , humans with human problems . Ours is creatures and beings and all these sorts of really different characters . -- Taika Waititi , director of Thor : Ragnarok By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . Other directors under consideration included Ruben Fleischer , Rob Letterman , and Rawson Marshall Thurber . Marvel presented the prospective directors with `` the ten different ideas that we had for the movie '' , asking them all to come back with a clearer picture of what the film should be . Waititi created `` a sizzle reel for the tone , and some joke stuff '' using clips from other films , including Big Trouble in Little China , and scoring it with Led Zeppelin 's `` Immigrant Song '' . This is a practice that Marvel discourages because it `` oftentimes can be really terrible '' , but they thought Waititi 's reel was `` amazing '' , particularly its use of that song which Feige felt `` defined what Taika was going to do with this '' ; it was later used in the film itself , and to market it . On why he decided to pursue directing the film , after stating in 2012 that he had no interest in `` big features , where the art of the project was sacrificed for profit '' , Waititi said he felt `` like a guest in Marvel 's universe but with the creative freedom to do what I want '' . Waititi was confirmed as director of the film by multiple news outlets later in the month . Hemsworth had asked Marvel if the film could be made in Australia , where he lives , and was told that they would `` look into it '' . In October , Australia 's Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop announced that filming would take place in the country , exclusively throughout the state of Queensland , including at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , Gold Coast . According to Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk , the production was to spend over $ 100 million in Queensland and employ 750 Queenslanders . Also in October , Mark Ruffalo was finalizing a deal to reprise his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk from previous MCU films , and soon confirmed that he would appear . Hulk was last seen at the end of Age of Ultron traveling in a Quinjet , which was originally planned to be shown near Saturn . Feige explained that this was changed to an Earth - based location to leave Hulk 's fate ambiguous and dispel rumors that a film based on `` Planet Hulk '' was in development , since Marvel Studios had no plans to adapt the storyline at the time . According to executive producer Brad Winderbaum , the idea to include Hulk in Ragnarok came early on in development on that film , when the production team looked at the `` Planet Hulk '' storyline and felt it was a `` no brainer '' to integrate Hulk into the Thor franchise and explore `` the idea of a planet where there 's gladiatorial games as a Thor predicament . ( That storyline ) was a really cool idea to us . '' Feige further explained that initial discussions had focused on doing `` something totally different with Thor '' , and that centered on continuing the relationship with Loki and ideas for Hela , Valkyrie , Balder , and Beta Ray Bill , `` but we were like , ' We need something big . ' '' This turned to discussing Thor going to space , and jokingly calling it `` Planet Thor '' , which led to including Hulk in the film and revealing that he ultimately went to space at the end of Age of Ultron . In November , Hemsworth indicated that he wanted a lighter tone compared to the previous Thor films , especially the second one , similar to Guardians of the Galaxy . Hemsworth said , `` I feel we had less of the sort of the naivety or fun or humor that the first ( Thor ) might have had . I wish we had more of that in the second ( movie ) ... We 've done regal . We 've done Shakespeare , and we 've shown that . I think now it 's time to go , ' Ok , cool . Let 's try something different . ' '' At the end of that month , Stellan Skarsgård , who portrayed Erik Selvig in the previous Thor films , said that he was contracted to appear should Marvel want to include him , but he was uncertain at the time if they did . He later confirmed that he would not appear in Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to work on the script , and Cate Blanchett entered final negotiations to join the cast , while Hemsworth said that in order to prevent the character or film from becoming `` predictable '' , there was `` definitely a goal to do something unexpected ... and really mix it up ... I think we want to get back to more of a sense of adventure and fun in the '' film . Feige revealed that Thor : Ragnarok would take `` place within the cosmos primarily which is to say , frankly , very little Earth '' , a departure from the previous Thor films . He expanded , saying there were only three scenes on Earth , with `` 80 to 90 percent ( taking ) place in the cosmos . Tonally and geographically there are a lot of different planets outside of the nine realms that we visit '' in the film . Pre-production ( edit ) Waititi at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In January 2016 , with the film beginning pre-production , Ruffalo described it as a `` road movie '' and indicated that additional filming would take place in Sydney . Waititi stated that he was working on the script `` a little bit '' , mainly adding humor to the screenplay , with Eric Pearson joining the project . Pearson felt joining presented many challenges , as `` there were so many puzzle pieces already there , '' such as having Blanchett as Hela ( who was confirmed in the role a month later ) and including Hulk , Valkyrie , and Skurge , that `` they dumped all the puzzle pieces out in front of me and said , ' Build a puzzle ' , basically . '' He was also told not to be restrained by anything from the previous films , and from Waititi , to make the film fun and Thor `` be the coolest character . '' Alexander said in early March that she was no longer sure if she would appear in the film , due to scheduling conflicts with her television series Blindspot . Though she later indicated that this was not the case , Alexander ultimately did not appear in the film , and confirmed that this was due to scheduling conflicts with Blindspot . In April , Tessa Thompson joined the cast as Valkyrie , and Natalie Portman was confirmed to not be returning from the previous films as love interest Jane Foster . Marvel never asked any of the screenwriters to add the Earth - based characters from the previous films to the script , and Feige later explained that Foster and Thor have broken up between films . In May , Marvel confirmed Blanchett and Thompson 's castings , while announcing the casting of Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster and Karl Urban as Skurge . The announcement also confirmed that Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins would reprise their respective roles of Heimdall and Odin from the previous films . In early June , Palaszczuk and Marvel Studios executive David Grant announced that filming would begin on July 4 , 2016 , with Weta Workshop creating props for the film . Before the sets created for Marvel 's Doctor Strange were demolished , Waititi wrote and filmed a scene for Ragnarok where Thor meets Benedict Cumberbatch 's Stephen Strange . Marvel and Doctor Strange director Scott Derrickson felt the scene was `` kind of perfect '' to show Strange joining the wider MCU , so the scene also appears during the credits of Doctor Strange . Waititi consulted with theoretical physicist Clifford Johnson , who previously consulted on the second season of Agent Carter , on space travel and allowed Johnson to view early drafts of the script . Johnson gave Waititi physics ideas that could `` wink at some of the classic old ( Thor ) stuff '' . Comic artist and Thor co-creator Jack Kirby was one of Waititi 's major visual inspirations for the film . Winderbaum also called Walt Simonson 's `` Ragnarok '' story arc an inspiration for `` really fun elements ... both stylistically and narratively '' , as well as Thor : God of Thunder by Jason Aaron , which was the inspiration for Hela 's design and abilities . Waititi said the planet Sakaar , which is featured in the `` Planet Hulk '' storyline , was `` the biggest shift for the film and these characters '' , with Winderbaum describing it as `` the toilet of the universe '' , surrounded by `` wormholes that have been spitting things out into this place for eons '' . Also featured is Muspelheim , one of the Nine Realms ruled by Surtur . Production designer Dan Hennah described the realm as a Dyson sphere , with the realm drawing power out of a dying star to energize its inhabitants . Hennah hoped to give Asgard `` more of a humanity '' than in previous films , by adding smaller building perspectives to help the realm seem more practical and utilitarian , given more of the general population is seen in the film . For Saakar 's gladiator arena , Hennah looked at Roman gladiators , but feeling Roman gladiators had `` been done so often '' he `` sort of went all alien with it . We toyed with a lot of different concepts , but we ended up with one where the arena itself is surrounded by bleachers which have standing up bleachers , not sitting down . '' Waititi said that the film would reinvent the franchise , saying , `` A lot of what we 're doing with the film is , in a way , kind of dismantling and destroying the old idea and rebuilding it in a new way that 's fresh . Everyone 's got a slightly new take on their characters , so in that way , it feels like ( this is ) the first Thor . '' He added that he had seen the other films and respected them , but wanted to focus on making a `` standalone film because this could be the only time I do this . I just want to make it ( my ) version of a Marvel film in the best way possible . '' The events of Ragnarok are set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time as the events of Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming , with Winderbaum noting that `` things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . '' The events of Ragnarok also set up Avengers : Infinity War , and Hemsworth spoke to Infinity War directors Anthony and Joe Russo before receiving the script for Ragnarok to see how it would link to Infinity War . He said Ragnarok `` definitely bleeds nicely into those ( films ) '' , and Winderbaum likened Ragnarok 's impact on the larger MCU to that of Captain America : The Winter Soldier , saying it would break down ideas regarding Asgard that were previously established similar `` to how Winter Soldier broke down S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Filming ( edit ) Filming of Thor : Ragnarok in Brisbane 's central business district , which doubled as New York City . Principal photography began on July 4 , 2016 , under the working title Creature Report , at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , exclusively using all nine of the studios ' sound stages . Additional filming was to occur throughout the state of Queensland , including Tamborine National Park . The Brisbane central business district , where filming took place from August 22 to 25 , was used to double as New York City . Javier Aguirresarobe served as cinematographer on the film , with Dan Hennah as production designer . Aguirresarobe described working on the film as `` a rare combination of satisfaction and frustration '' , feeling that he was mostly there to service the director and visual effects supervisor , but felt `` very happy to have been able to respond to such incredible technical requirements '' . Later in July , regarding the film 's plot and `` buddy - style comedy '' nature , Waititi said that the script had changed from then and it was still unclear what the final film would look like , but there `` are buddy elements to it between Thor and the Hulk '' . He said it would be a `` ' 70s / ' 80s sci - fi fantasy '' and `` the most ' out there ' of all the Marvel movies '' , with the tone closest to that of Big Trouble in Little China . Inspiration for the road - trip aspect of the film that Thor and Hulk embark on included 48 Hrs. , Withnail and I and Planes , Trains and Automobiles . Waititi also asked the heads of each department to watch Flash Gordon before they began work on the film . Concept art released at San Diego Comic Con 2016 revealed that the characters Surtur and Fenris Wolf would appear in the film . By August , over 100 set and construction workers were given termination notifications , with some complaining that they had been promised work until October or November 2016 , and that members of the crew from New Zealand were receiving preferential treatment over the Australian locals . However , Premier Palaszczuk stated that the work for set builders simply `` finished '' , and that other jobs would become available as the actors arrived for filming . Many of the sets that were constructed for the film were for Sakaar , including the Grandmaster 's palace and surrounding junkyard , as well as sets for Asgard based on the aesthetics of the previous Thor films . Waititi , who is Māori , made hiring Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians , along with New Zealanders , a priority for the various departments , saying , `` It 's a responsibility you have to the Indigenous people . You 're coming to a country and you 're bringing money into the economy and creating jobs but I think you have an even bigger responsibility to look after the people that have less opportunities . '' He added that having these people on the crew `` feel very much like family '' and `` helps calm me down and makes me feel relaxed '' . The Indigenous and Aboriginals were hired as part of an initiative by Screen Australia 's Indigenous Department , whose mission is `` to give Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a foot in the door of the film industry '' . In mid-September 2016 , concept art seen during the media 's set indicated Midgard Serpent would appear , and that Sif and the Warriors Three , allies of Thor in the previous two films , would be addressed in Ragnarok . Towards the end of the month , Sam Neill , who worked with Waititi in Hunt for the Wilderpeople , revealed he had a role in the film . Shortly after , Waititi teased the inclusion of the character Korg in the film , who Waititi portrays through motion - capture . In mid-October , Waititi revealed that new camera technology had been used for a shot in the film , and that he had hoped to include John C. Reilly 's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey in the film , but there was `` no real way to pull it off '' . He also revealed that the character Miek would appear in the film ; he is not portrayed by an actor in the film , as he does not speak , and is depicted as `` a larva - like creature ... ( with ) cybernetic legs and arms '' . Principal photography wrapped on October 28 , 2016 . Second unit filming took place on Dirk Hartog Island off the coast of Australia , and in the South Island of New Zealand . The interior set of the Avenger Quinjet was one that had been built for The Avengers and was shipped to Australia for filming . According to Waititi , 80 percent of the dialogue in Thor : Ragnarok was improvised , in order to create a `` very loose and collaborate mood '' among the cast and an attempt to replicate the tone and sensibility from his previous films . He stated , `` My style of working is I 'll often be behind the camera , or right next to the camera yelling words at people , like , ' Say this , say this ! Say it this way ! ' '' Post-production ( edit ) In January 2017 , it was revealed that Pearson would be receiving sole screenwriting credit on the film , with Marvel noting that the story for Ragnarok was conceived by Kyle , Yost and Folsom . These credits were later updated the following September , with Pearson as the screenwriter and also given a story credit with Kyle and Yost , who were credited as a writing team . Folsom took issue with Marvel marketing the film with these credits , noting the Writers Guild of America ( WGA ) had yet to determine the final credits for the film . She later said that Marvel had given her a story credit on the film , but was denied by the WGA due to their regulation that a maximum of two individuals can receive story credit , with an allowance for a writing team to count as one individual ; Pearson and the team of Kyle and Yost received the story credit on Ragnarok . Folsom added that she planned to appeal the decision , and that Marvel has been supportive of her throughout her attempt to receive credit . By the end of the month , the writing credits were updated once again , this time removing the story credits and giving Pearson , Kyle , and Yost the screenwriting credit . In February 2017 , Rachel House said she had a small role in the film , having worked with Waititi before . Additional filming took place in Atlanta in July 2017 , over three weeks , including filming the film 's post-credit scenes . One scene , shown during the credits , introduces the spaceship Sanctuary II that belongs to Thanos , the villain of Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . Another scene shown at the end of the credits , features the Grandmaster . Goldblum and Waititi improvised multiple different versions of the scene , including one that was not used but involved the singing of the Sakaarian national anthem , which was `` made up on the spot '' . Also filmed in Atlanta was the completion of a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World . It was revealed that Neill appears in the sequence as the Odin actor , and Hemsworth 's brother Luke portrays the Thor actor . Explaining the sequence , Waititi said , `` if I was Loki and I was ruling Asgard , I would write a play about myself and force everyone to go and see it -- change the details of the play and get a huge celebrity to play myself . '' For the Loki actor , they `` really wanted someone good and someone who 's funny '' , and Chris Hemsworth suggested that Matt Damon , who Hemsworth knows , take on the role , and his cameo was filmed `` on a lark '' . Damon was in New York City at the time , and flew to Atlanta just to shoot the cameo . Also changed during reshoots was the location of the sequence where Thor and Loki find Odin on Earth , and Hela subsequently destroys Thor 's hammer . Originally intended to take place in a New York City alley , Waititi decided that the environment was distracting from the emotions of the sequence , and so the scene was changed to take place in Norway . He felt this gave more weight to the scenes , made Odin 's storyline more `` authentic '' , and also allowed the characters and the audience to `` chill out for a second , and have that moment , because the rest of the film basically just runs at a clip '' . By the time the reshoots for the film were completed , the film had been cut down from Waititi 's initial version of two - hours - and - forty - minutes to around ninety minutes , with that expected to increase slightly with the newly filmed scenes . However , after the film 's 2017 Comic Con panel , it was decided to add back a lot of the jokes that had been removed , with the final runtime being two - hours - and - ten - minutes . Joel Negron and Zene Baker served as editors on the film . Waititi described the process of deciding exactly what jokes to keep as `` very tricky ... sometimes it would be funny in the beginning of the film and then not funny at all ( or ) it was funny in the wrong places and in the end , we had to just keep testing jokes and testing parts of the film '' . Ragnarok also clarifies that an Infinity Gauntlet seen in Thor was a fake . Feige expanded , saying that it had been included in Thor as an easter egg , since Marvel Studios was `` working on The Avengers and trying to get just put that all together for the conclusion of Phase One . '' However , shortly after The Avengers released and the studio began to solidify plans for Avengers : Infinity War , they realized that the gauntlet seen in Thor could not be the actual one , creating an internal theory that it was fake ; this resulted in the scene in Ragnarok , which was created `` just ( to have ) the opportunity to call it a fake '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Original ( top ) and effects ( bottom ) shots of the Valkyrie flashback sequence in Thor : Ragnarok . Visual effects for the film were created by : Industrial Light & Magic 's ( ILM ) San Francisco and Vancouver studios , with help from Base FX , Animatrik , and Virtuos ; Framestore ; Method Studios Vancouver ; Digital Domain ; Rising Sun Pictures ; Luma Pictures ; D Negative ; Iloura ; Image Engine ; Trixter ; The Secret Lab ; WhiskeyTree Inc ; Fin Designs + Effects ; and Perception . Previsualization work was provided by The Third Floor and Day for Nite . Rising Sun Pictures produced more than 170 visual effects shots for Thor : Ragnarok . They worked on the Valkyrie flashback sequence , with the sequence 's surreal ethereal appearance achieved through a combination of motion capture , computer graphics , a 900 fps high - speed frame rate , and a special 360 ° lighting rig containing 200 strobe lights to bathe the scene in undulating patterns of light and shadow . Rising Sun also helped create the various CGI aspects of Hela , such as her `` hair wipe transition '' to her horns , and her original introductory sequence where she destroys Mjolnir in New York City . When that sequence changed to take place in Norway , ImageEngine stepped in to work on the sequence , as Rising Sun was focused on the palace fight sequence . ILM , who worked on previous incarnations of the Hulk , had to add much more detail to the character 's facial features in Ragnarok due to the Hulks increased dialogue . ILM visual effects supervisor , Chad Wiebe stated , `` We went back to scratch and got Mark ( Ruffalo ) in the chair doing a new Medusa ( Performance Capture ) . We went for a full range of motion , we captured about 90 different expressions in the Medusa , and from there we built an entirely new library that would allow him to cover a full range of normal human visual characteristics . '' To help create the Hulk , a person on set was covered in green body paint , and would replicate the intended motions of the character to aid the visual effect artists . Additionally , stunt actor Paul Lowe , who is under five feet tall , stood in for Hemsworth during some of his interactions with the Hulk so that the Hulk 's stunt men would be proportionally correct . In some instances when Thor and the Hulk interacted , a digital double was used for Thor , also created by ILM , to have greater flexibility for the shots . ILM worked on all of the Hulk moments in the film outside the final fight sequence , which was completed by Framestore using ILM 's assets , as Framestore was primarily responsible for rigging that sequence . Framestore completed nearly 460 shots , which featured digital doubles of Thor and Hela , Fenris , Korg , Miek , the giant Surtur at the end of the film , and over 9,000 buildings for Asgard , based on assets D Negative had from The Dark World , resulting in over 263 character , vehicle , prop , and crowd rigs . Luma Pictures produced over 200 shoots in eight sequences , particularly for the characters Korg ( receiving assets from Framestore ) and Miek . Method Studios provided over 450 shots , including Thor 's opening fight against Surtur in Muspelheim and Hela 's fight against the Asgardian guards . D Negative worked on over 190 shots , creating the environment for the planet Sakaar , including its junkyard landscape and wormholes , with the wormholes also being created through a collaboration with Digital Domain . Music ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok ( soundtrack ) By August 2016 , Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to score the film . The synthesized score is influenced by the work of Jean - Michel Jarre . Waititi would have asked the band Queen to work on the soundtrack for the film if their lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive , because the film is `` a cool bold , colorful cosmic adventure '' which would have suited the `` feel '' of the band . Additional music featured in the film include `` Immigrant Song '' by Led Zeppelin and `` Pure Imagination '' from the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Patrick Doyle 's themes from Thor and Brian Tyler 's themes from The Dark World and Avengers : Age of Ultron , as well as Joe Harnell 's `` The Lonely Man '' theme from The Incredible Hulk series , are also used in the film . Hollywood Records released the film 's soundtrack digitally on October 20 , 2017 , and physically on November 10 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mark Ruffalo ( center left ) and Chris Hemsworth ( center right ) at the Sydney premiere of Thor : Ragnarok Thor : Ragnarok had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , and its Australian premiere took place on October 13 , on the Gold Coast . It was released in the United Kingdom on October 24 , 2017 , with additional international releases on October 25 , and in Australia on October 26 . The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 3 , in 4,080 theaters , of which over 3,400 were 3D , 381 were IMAX and IMAX 3D , and 204 were D - Box . The film opened in 1,187 IMAX theaters globally , which was a November opening weekend record . It was originally scheduled for release on July 28 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , a physical model of Hulk 's gladiator armor was revealed , concept art and rough animatics were shown , and a `` mockumentary '' short titled Team Thor was screened . Directed by Waititi , it showed what Thor and Banner were doing during the events of Captain America : Civil War , with Daley Pearson appearing as Thor 's Australian flatmate Darryl Jacobson . The short released online in August 2016 , and with the digital download of Captain America : Civil War the following month . Team Thor : Part 2 was released on the home media of Doctor Strange in February 2017 , with Pearson reprising his role . Footage and concept art for the film were shown at CinemaCon 2017 . On April 10 , 2017 , the first teaser trailer was released . Sandy Schaefer of Screen Rant felt it was `` a strong start '' for the film , as it `` quickly establishes the high stakes for the movie '' while also having `` a distinctly playful vibe '' by setting it to `` Immigrant Song '' . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenberg said , `` between the extravagant costumes , wild makeup , and brilliantly colored ' 80s aesthetic , it 's possible that this may be the weirdest Marvel movie to date . '' Michael Arbeiter for Nerdist was pleased with the teaser , stating , `` nothing in the MCU thus far can hold a candle to the imagination promised by this ... have any of ( the previous MCU films ) felt this beholden to what we 've always known and loved as the adventure genre ? '' The teaser was viewed 136 million times in 24 hours , the third - highest in that time frame behind The Fate of the Furious ( 139 million ) and It ( 197 million ) . It also became Disney and Marvel 's most viewed trailer within that time period , surpassing Beauty and the Beast ( 127 million ) and Captain America : Civil War ( 94 million ) , Disney and Marvel 's previous record holders , respectively . The line from the trailer of Thor saying Hulk `` is a friend from work '' was suggested to Hemsworth by a Make - A-Wish child visiting the set on the day the scene was filmed . Props and costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 along with set pieces for photo opportunities . The costumes were also on display at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , where Waitti and cast members promoted the film . Exclusive clips were shown , along with a new trailer . Ethan Anderton of / Film felt `` the blend of comedy and bright , vibrant comic book action '' in the trailer was `` incredible '' . He also enjoyed the chemistry between Hemsworth and Ruffalo . Collider 's Haleigh Foutch was `` in love with this trailer '' and `` all in '' on the film . She said , `` Waititi is embracing the fantastical and goofy elements of Thor and translating them into thrilling cinema . '' Germain Lussier for io9 called the trailer `` a two - and - a-half - minute ball of action , awesomeness , humor , and insanity that may be the most purely fun Marvel movie trailer we 've ever seen . '' The poster also released was praised , being called `` quite stunning '' , `` insanely colorful '' , `` perfectly symmetrical '' , and `` glorious '' , with Matt Goldberg of Collider feeling it `` really ( lets ) you know that this Thor movie is going to be radically different than the first two '' . Due to the Comic - Con presentation , Thor : Ragnarok generated over 264,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23 , the most out of any film during that time period , according to comScore and its PreAct service . It retained this for two more weeks . In August 2017 , Marvel partnered with car manufacturer Renault on a commercial supporting the release of the Kwid in Brazil . Directed by Jonathan Gurvit and shot in São Paulo , it features the Hulk destroying a satellite headed towards the city . Framestore worked on visual effects for the commercial , building on the foundation they had from working on the character in previous films . Also in August , Marvel , in partnership with Dolby Laboratories , Synchrony Bank , American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , Broadcom Masters , and Society for Science & the Public , announced `` Superpower of STEM Challenge '' , aimed at females aged 15 through 18 in STEM ( Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics education ) fields , to `` create an original Do - It - Yourself project that can be replicated by others '' and `` help their family , community or the world be safer , healthier or happier '' . Five winners would attend the film 's world premiere , receive a tour of Walt Disney Studios , and a $500 saving account from Synchrony Bank , with one grand prize winner attending `` an immersive three - day mentorship in New York City with Disney Imagineering '' to create a `` professional - level video teaching other young people how to recreate '' their winning project . They were also given the opportunity to demonstrate the project on Good Morning America . For the week of August 21 , Ragnarok once again had the most social media conversations according to comScore and its PreAct service . New clips of Thor and Hulk fighting , released on the same day as the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor fight , helped generate the 57,000 new conversations for the week . From September 25 to October 15 , Ragnarok had the second-most social media conversations according to comScore and its PreAct service . For the week of October 16 , the film was once again the first in social media conversations due to the release of extended clips and plot details . Ragnarok earned over 1.65 million conversations to date . Beginning October 6 , 2017 , Disney California Adventure showed a sneak peek of the film at the Sunset Showcase Theater in Hollywood Land . The sneak peek was presented in 3D with `` special in - theater effects '' , while props and costumes from the film were also on display . Ahead of the United States release of the film , Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Blanchett , Goldblum , Ruffalo , and Thompson appeared with James Corden on The Late Late Show with James Corden to present a `` 4D '' version of the film , which was actually a stage play . The cast performed various scenes from the film live in low - budget costumes and with cardboard stage props . Additional promotional partners included Red Robin , United Healthcare , and Screenvision Media . Home Media ( edit ) Thor : Ragnarok was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 20 , 2018 , and is scheduled to be released on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , DVD and On - Demand on March 6 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes ; audio commentary ; deleted scenes ; a blooper reel ; and Team Darryl , a continuation of the `` mockumentary '' short films Team Thor and Team Thor : Part 2 , in which the Grandmaster moves in with Darryl after Thor leaves . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of February 19 , 2018 , Thor : Ragnarok has grossed $314.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $538.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $853.5 million . In September 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Ragnarok was the most anticipated fall film . For the weekend of November 3 , 2017 , the film earned $25.4 million from IMAX showings , which was the largest November opening weekend record , surpassing Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , and the third largest for an MCU film . By the end of its third weekend globally , the film had earned $650.1 million , which surpassed the total grosses for Thor ( $449.3 million ) and Thor : The Dark World ( $644.6 million ) , and became the ninth highest - grossing film of 2017 . Thor : Ragnarok earned $46.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $14.5 million from Thursday night previews ) , and had a total weekend gross of $122.7 million , which was the top film for the weekend , the sixth best November opening , and the largest opening for all Thor films . IMAX contributed $12.2 million , which was the second - best IMAX opening of 2017 and the third - best November opening . The film 's earnings on Sunday ( $32.1 million ) , was the second - best Sunday in November after The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( $34.5 million ) . Box office projections for the film had it grossing $100 -- 125 million in its opening weekend . Ragnarok remained the number one film in its second weekend , having earned a total of $211.6 million , which surpassed the entire runs of Thor ( $181 million ) and The Dark World ( $206.4 million ) . In its third weekend , Thor : Ragnarok fell to third at the box office , coming in behind Justice League and Wonder , and fourth in its fourth and fifth weekends . The film 's domestic total by its fifth weekend , $291.4 million , surpassed its projected total domestic gross of $280 million . Thor : Ragnarok was fifth in its sixth weekend , and seventh in its seventh weekend , the final weekend it remained in the top 10 . Outside the United States and Canada , the film opened in 36 markets in its first weekend , ranking first in all , and earning $109.1 million , $6 million of which came from 189 IMAX screens . The United Kingdom opening ( $16.2 million ) was the best October opening for any non-James Bond film . South Korea ( $15.7 million ) , Australia ( $8.4 million ) , Brazil ( $8.1 million ) , Indonesia ( $5.5 M ) , Taiwan ( $5.4 M ) , the Philippines ( $3.8 M ) , Malaysia ( $3.5 M ) , New Zealand , Vietnam , Argentina , Colombia , Chile , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , and South Africa had the best October opening weekend ever , while France ( $7.7 million ) had the second - best October opening weekend . Brazil also had the third best debut for an MCU film , while New Zealand 's opening was the biggest of 2017 overall . In its second weekend , Ragnarok opened in 19 more markets , opening number one in all , with the largest November openings ever in China ( $56.3 million , including $6 million from 446 IMAX screens ) , Mexico ( $10.8 million ) , Germany ( $8.9 million ) , and India ( $5.5 million ) . Ragnarok also remained at number one in many existing markets . The film earned an additional $13.2 million from 788 IMAX screens , which was the best November opening ever . In its third weekend , the film remained at number one in over 30 countries , and became the highest - grossing superhero film in the Czech Republic . By its fifth weekend , Ragnarok had become the highest grossing superhero film of all time in central and eastern Europe . As of December 10 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $112 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $40.4 million ) , and South Korea ( $35.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The performances of ( top , L to R ) Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston , Cate Blanchett , ( bottom , L to R ) Tessa Thompson , Jeff Goldblum , and Mark Ruffalo were widely praised by critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating based on 321 reviews , with an average score of 7.5 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Exciting , funny , and above all fun , Thor : Ragnarok is a colorful cosmic adventure that sets a new standard for its franchise -- and the rest of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 74 out of 100 based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , making it the best of the Thor series and the 12th MCU film to earn the score . Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` With Taika Waititi at the helm , the clash - of - worlds CGI extravaganza blasts free of the previous installment 's leaden Dark World . Giant fire monsters in stygian underworlds notwithstanding , even the story 's central bad guys are silly fun , hammed to the hilt by Cate Blanchett and Jeff Goldblum . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote , `` Both the banter and the fighting , it should be noted , are excellent , so whether you go to superhero movies for the glossy escapism or the pulse - pounding action , you 'll get your large soda 's worth . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three stars out of four , described the film as `` the most fun you 'll ever have at a Marvel movie '' while praising the film 's changing tone and direction as well drawing a similarity on its tone and humor to the Guardians of the Galaxy . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Blanchett , Thompson , Goldblum and Ruffalo in which he described that the film `` has confidence in its characters and in its own invention , and so it avoids repetition and stays fresh '' while calling the film `` fun '' and that it `` sustains its energy , keeps its sense of humor and succeeds in coming up with yet another variation on the old evil - about - to - destroy - the - entire - universe plot '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times also similarly praised the film while calling the performances of the ensemble cast `` outstanding '' and Waititi 's direction `` goofy and campy and marvelously self - referential '' . He also said the soundtrack that was used in the climactic battle sequence , particularly Led Zeppelin 's `` Immigrant Song '' as being `` perfectly synced '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , praising Hemsworth 's performance especially : `` When he bumbles and stumbles , there 's a touch of Cary Grant to his embarrassment . And when he 's playing things more or less straight , there 's an average guyness to his reactions ... Hemsworth 's charisma holds ( Thor : Ragnarok ) together whenever it threatens to spin apart , which unfortunately is often . '' Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times praised Blanchett 's performance of Hela , drawing a comparison of the portrayal of her character to other iconic villains such as Maleficent and Chernabog , and the similar themes and tone to Flash Gordon , Star Wars , and Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin gave the film four out of five , hailed it as `` one of ( Marvel 's ) best films to date '' while commending the performances and describing Mark Mothersbaugh 's musical score as `` turbo - charged '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune commended the performances of Hiddleston and Thompson as being `` wonderfully matched '' . He also noted a similar directing style of Waititi to Edgar Wright 's `` parodic work '' and at the same time , labelled the film as `` an unusually lively and buoyant '' and `` qualified victory '' while acknowledging the effect of a `` Marvel Fatigue factor '' towards the audiences . Conversely , Peter Debruge of Variety said , `` Thor : Ragnarok is easily the best of the three Thor movies -- or maybe I just think so because its screenwriters and I finally seem to agree on one thing : the Thor movies are preposterous '' , but praised Goldblum 's performance as `` the best part of the film '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine stated negatively that `` Thor : Ragnarok is packed tight with zooming space vehicles and noisy thunder battles , but the movie 's extravagant excess is more narcotizing than energizing . '' Zacharek further added that `` Even poor Thor seems lost in all of it , and he 's supposed to be its star '' while criticizing the film 's visual effects as being `` an instance of fun overkill '' and `` a special - effects coma '' . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the film 's story `` an uninteresting thicket of brawls , machinations and useful coincidences '' , adding that Marvel `` could have gone grimmer , broodier , and sterner , but that is n't its onscreen way '' , choosing instead to show the character as a `` playfully sustained joke '' . Dargis stated that Hemsworth `` looks happier and far more relaxed in Ragnarok than he did in the previous Thor vehicles , which is perhaps Mr. Waititi 's truest achievement here . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2017 Washington D.C. Film Critics Awards Best Motion Capture Performance Taika Waititi Nominated 2018 British Academy Film Awards Rising Star Award Tessa Thompson Nominated Golden Tomato Awards Best Wide Release 2017 Thor : Ragnarok 10th Place Best Comic Book / Graphic Novel Movie 2017 Thor : Ragnarok 3rd Place Critics ' Choice Awards Best Action Movie Thor : Ragnarok Nominated Best Actor in a Comedy Chris Hemsworth Nominated Best Visual Effects Thor : Ragnarok Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Tessa Thompson Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Idris Elba Won Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film Mayes C. Rubeo Pending 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Hubert Maston , Arthur Moody , Adam Paschke , Casey Schatz for `` Valkyrie 's Flashback '' Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature Gavin McKenzie , David Simpson , Owen Carroll , Mark Gostlow for `` Bridge Battle '' Nominated Future ( edit ) By the release of Ragnarok , Waititi and Marvel held discussions concerning a spin - off Marvel One - Shot short film following the characters Korg and Miek , but it was unfeasible due to Marvel 's commitment to producing three feature films a year . Feige said Marvel has plans for those characters , but did not specify . In January 2018 , Hemsworth indicated his interest in continuing to play Thor , despite his contract with Marvel Studios scheduled to end after the fourth Avengers film , saying the next month `` if there 's another great script that comes along '' he would consider playing the character again . He and Waititi have had discussions on what they would want in a potential fourth Thor film . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2015 film Avengers : Age of Ultron . Jump up ^ According to producer Kevin Feige , the spaceship seen in the mid-credits scene is the Sanctuary II , which belongs to Thanos . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thor Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kois , Dan ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Superweirdo Behind ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . The New York Times Magazine . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thor Brings Ragnarok to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Phil ; Gonzalez , Umberto ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Marvel Boss Kevin Feige Explains That Mid-Credits Scene '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tommy ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Ties into the Larger MCU '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Law , James ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth on working with Cate Blanchett and off - set ' shenanigans ' on Thor : Ragnarok '' . News.com.au . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth says Thor will still be ( SPOILER ) in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok : Why does Thor have short hair ? Where 's his hammer ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tommy ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Why ( and How ) the Sequel Pivots Away from the Previous ' Thor ' Movies '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Studios reveals Phase Three slate , including two - part ' Avengers ' threequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Studios Confirms Stellar New Cast Members of the Highly Anticipated ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Cook , Juston ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jaimie Alexander may be in Thor : Ragnarok after all '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Is n't Lady Sif in Thor : Ragnarok ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Jaimie Alexander explains why Lady Sif is MIA '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Creed ' Star Tessa Thompson Joining ' Thor 3 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Were The Thor Series ' Human Characters Ever in Ragnarok ? Here 's What The Writer Told Us '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Simonot , Suzanne ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Blockbuster to be born on Fourth of July as Marvel confirms Thor : Ragnarok start date '' . The Advertiser ( Adelaide ) . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , James ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange : post-credits scenes explained '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , James ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Scott Derrickson explains Doctor Strange 's ending '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , April ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Science : Meet the Physicist Called in to Consult on Superhero Movies '' . Houston Press . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Hit List '' . Total Film ( 254 ) : 82 . January 2017 -- via `` Planet Hulk 's Sakaar Confirmed For ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . MCUExchange.com . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor Ragnarok ' Set Visit : Everything We Learned About the Cosmic Sequel '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fujikawa , Jenn ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Kirby 's Design Influence Is A Force In ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Stomps Into Hall H With Battling Superheroes -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Director Taika Waititi Celebrates The Start Of Filming With New Photo '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thor : Ragnarok filming in Brisbane causes road closures '' . Brisbane Times . August 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` It 's a Marvel in the making as Thor : Ragnarok 's ' majestical ' universe rises on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vision of Thor stunt emerges as Brisbane readies itself for filming '' . Nine News . August 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atfield , Cameron ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` New York City comes to Brisbane ahead of Thor : Ragnarok shoot '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taika Waititi ( @ @ TaikaWaititi ) ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Javier Aguirresarobe is our DP '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Flaño , Teresa ( November 26 , 2016 ) . `` Trabajar para Marvel me ha producido satisfacción y frustración '' . El Correo ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Will Be the Most ' Out There ' of the Marvel Movies , Teases Taika Waititi '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Steve `` Frosty '' Weintraub ( October 28 , 2017 ) . Taika Waititi on Why the ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Runtime Changed After Comic - Con . Collider . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Footage : Hulk vs Thor , Surtur the Demon & More ( Comic - Con 2016 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` COMIC - CON 2016 : THOR : RAGNAROK INCLUDES SURTUR AND FENRIS '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Up to 80 Gold Coast locals have now been sacked from the Thor : Ragnarok movie set '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . July 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Allan ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Director of the New Thor Movie Made Hiring Aboriginal People A Priority '' . Buzzfeed . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor Ragnarok ' Set Visit : Everything We Learned About the Cosmic Sequel -- Page 3 '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Sean ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Director Teases Planet Hulk Character '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillian , Graeme ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Director Confirms Key ' Planet Hulk ' Character to Appear '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Wraps Filming , Director Taika Waititi Shares Video from Set '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Director Taika Waititi Says ' About 80 Percent ' Of The Film Was Improvised '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Get Your First Look at Marvel Studios ' ' Thor : Ragnarok ' In A New Photo '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Screenwriter Criticizes Marvel Over Credits '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Co-Writer Said She 's Not Getting Credit for Her Work '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( September 28 , 2017 ) . Marvel Studios ' Thor : Ragnarok -- Behind the Scenes . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 28 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Mary ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Now casting : Marvel 's ' Thor : Ragnarok ' needs fit men '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Has Finished Its Three Weeks Of Reshoots '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tessa Thompson Says the ' Thor : Ragnarok ' After - Credits Scenes Were Filmed During Reshoots '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ; Ashurst , Sam ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Thor : Ragnarok 's post-credits sequence has an alternate version , says director Taika Waititi '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Answers Your Lingering ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Spoiler Questions '' . / Film . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Taylor ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Some Early Thor : Ragnarok Cuts ' Failed Miserably ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok '' . Industrial Light & Magic . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok -- Day for Nite '' . Day For Nite . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seymour , Mike ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Thor Ragnarok : Hela and back ( Part 1 ) '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , Mike ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Building Character with Thor ( part2 ) '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Devo 's Mark Mothersbaugh to Compose Score ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Devo 's Mark Mothersbaugh to score Thor : Ragnarok '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok director wishes Freddie Mercury could have scored the film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . October 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coming up from the USA TODAY Network : College football rankings , ' Thor : Ragnarok ' premiere and more '' . USA Today . October 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ; Couch , Aaron ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Accidentally Streams a Portion of ' Thor : Ragnarok ' by Instagram Mistake '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hemsworth attends Gold Coast Thor premiere '' . Sky News Australia . October 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok release date brought forward in the UK '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok -- watch the first trailer for the Marvel superhero sequel '' . The Guardian . April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' To Hulk Smash Its Way To $400 M Worldwide By Sunday -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok 's Strong Sunday Bulks Marvel Pic To $122.7 M Opening -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Props Confirm ' Planet Hulk ' Elements '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Hilarious ' Team Thor ' mockumentary is getting a Part 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the ' Thor ' Mockumentary Showing What the Avenger Was Doing During ' Civil War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bring Home The Mystifying , Mind - Bending Journey Marvel Studios ' ' Doctor Strange ' On Digital HD Feb. 14 and Blu - Ray TM Feb. 28 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Footage and Concept Art Shown at CinemaCon '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Teaser Trailer -- Thor vs. Hulk '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thor gets a new ' do in the first teaser trailer for Thor : Ragnarok '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arbeiter , Michael ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Teaser Trailer Looks Like Marvel 's First True Adventure Epic '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Solosi , Mary ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Cate Blanchett used YouTube videos to perfect her Thor : Ragnarok character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Announces Epic Experiences For Fans at Disney 's D23 Expo 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2017 -- Thor : Ragnarok Costumes , Up Close '' . Newsarama . July 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer : The God of Thunder Needs a Team to Battle Cate Blanchett ( Comic - Con 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Unleashes the Hulk on the God of Thunder '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Somehow the New Thor : Ragnarok Trailer Is Even Crazier Than the First '' . io9 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cuoto , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` New Thor : Ragnarok Poster Is Gloriously Colorful & Symmetrical '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Thor : Ragnarok ' and ' Black Panther ' Posters Want a Place on Your Wall '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Social Media Buzz Thanks to Comic - Con '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Tops Social Media Buzz for Second Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Continues Social Media Buzz Streak for Third Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Justin ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Hulk Smashes in Brazilian Car Commercial '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Stephen ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Hulk Hammers Rogue Satellite for Renault ( Director 's Cut ) '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios ' ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Superpower of STEM Challenge '' ( Press release ) . Marvel Studios . September 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 -- via PRNewswire . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Movie Social Media Chatter With Help From Mayweather - McGregor Fight '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Rave Reviews Bolster Social Media Buzz '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Trailer Boosts Movie to Top Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Creates Thunderous Buzz on Social Media Ahead of Debut '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Disneyland Hosting Thor : Ragnarok Sneak Peek One Month Before Release '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok cast perform the movie live for unsuspecting 4D audience '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Blu - ray Details , Trailer , Clips Herald the God of Thunder 's Arrival '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok voted most anticipated fall movie in Fandango survey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Rules Worldwide , Tops $650 Million Mark '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ' , ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Sweet With $390 M Global , Scores China Hat Trick ; ' Justice League ' Tops $600 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` After ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Crashed , Leave It To ' Thor : Ragnarok ' To Save Autumn B.O. With $100 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Hits Tracking With Super $110 M -- $120 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' Gives Comedies A Lift ; ' Orient Express ' Attracts Adults in A ' Ragnarok ' - Ruled Weekend -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite at the B.O. With $96 M Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking at Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Range Forecast : ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , ' ' Pitch Perfect 3 , ' ' Downsizing , ' & ' Father Figures ' ; Updated ' Justice League ' Tracking '' . BoxOffice . October 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+ , ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+ , ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Busch , Anita ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW , $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok Reviews Suggest We 've Reached Peak MCU '' . Rotten Tomatoes . October 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Review : Cate Blanchett 's Campy Villainess Steals the Thunder '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Review : Third Time 's a Charm for the God of Thunder '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' does n't hammer all the fun out of a big movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` In fun ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' action unfolds with a goofy ' Guardians ' vibe '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' is punchy , predictable and fun in fits and starts '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok review : Marvel 's exhilaratingly fresh nostalgia trip brings the thunder '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' review : Marvel realm goes for the yuks '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Thor : Ragnarok Is More an Approximation of Fun Than the Real Thing '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' of Gods , Monsters and Silly Jokes '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EE Rising Star Award in 2018 '' . British Academy Film Awards . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards -- Best of 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Shape of Water leads Critics ' Choice Awards nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of early winners at the NAACP Image Awards '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Has Big Plans For Korg and Miek from ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth wants to do more Thor movies after Avengers 4 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Thor 's Chris Hemsworth says he 's done with the character unless they can make a good script '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth visualized ' Thor 4 ' with director Taika Waititi on New Year 's Eve '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thor : Ragnarok . 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when did thor ragnarok come out in the uk
[ "Thor: Ragnarok had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 10, 2017,[144][145] and its Australian premiere took place on October 13, on the Gold Coast.[146] It was released in the United Kingdom on October 24, 2017,[147] with additional international releases on October 25,[107] and in Australia on October 26.[148] The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 3,[58] in 4,080 theaters, of which over 3,400 were 3D, 381 were IMAX and IMAX 3D, and 204 were D-Box.[149] The film opened in 1,187 IMAX theaters globally, which was a November opening weekend record.[150] It was originally scheduled for release on July 28, 2017.[4]" ]
[ "October 24, 2017" ]
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Protein (nutrient)
Protein ( nutrient ) - wikipedia Protein ( nutrient ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about protein as nutrient . For protein as class of molecule , see protein . For other uses , see bodybuilding supplement . Amino acids are the building blocks of protein . Amino acids are necessary nutrients . Present in every cell , they are also precursors to nucleic acids , co-enzymes , hormones , immune response , repair and other molecules essential for life . Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body . They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source . As a fuel , proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates : 4 kcal ( 17 kJ ) per gram ; in contrast , lipids provide 9 kcal ( 37 kJ ) per gram . The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition . Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds . During human digestion , proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains via hydrochloric acid and protease actions . This is crucial for the absorption of the essential amino acids that can not be biosynthesized by the body . There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent protein - energy malnutrition and resulting death . They are phenylalanine , valine , threonine , tryptophan , methionine , leucine , isoleucine , lysine , and histidine . There has been debate as to whether there are 8 or 9 essential amino acids . The consensus seems to lean towards 9 since histidine is not synthesized in adults . There are five amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body . These five are alanine , aspartic acid , asparagine , glutamic acid and serine . There are six conditionally essential amino acids whose synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions , such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress . These six are arginine , cysteine , glycine , glutamine , proline and tyrosine . Dietary sources of protein include both animals and plants : meats , dairy products , fish and eggs , as well as grains , legumes and nuts . Vegans can get enough essential amino acids by eating a variety of plant proteins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Protein functions in human body 2 Sources 2.1 Protein quality 3 Digestion 3.1 Newborn 4 Dietary requirements 5 Dietary recommendations 5.1 Active people 5.2 Aerobic exercise protein needs 5.3 Anaerobic exercise protein needs 5.4 Special populations 5.4. 1 Protein allergies 5.4. 2 Phenylketonuria 5.4. 3 Maple syrup urine disease 6 Excess consumption 7 Testing in foods 8 Protein deficiency 9 See also 10 References Protein functions in human body ( edit ) Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance . Aside from water , proteins are the most abundant kind of molecules in the body . Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body , especially muscle . This also includes body organs , hair and skin . Proteins are also used in membranes , such as glycoproteins . When broken down into amino acids , they are used as precursors to nucleic acid , co-enzymes , hormones , immune response , cellular repair , and other molecules essential for life . Additionally , protein is needed to form blood cells . Sources ( edit ) Animal sources of protein . Protein can be found in a wide range of food . The best combination of protein sources depends on the region of the world , access , cost , amino acid types and nutrition balance , as well as acquired tastes . Some foods are high in certain amino acids , but their digestibility and the anti-nutritional factors present in these foods make them of limited value in human nutrition . Therefore , one must consider digestibility and secondary nutrition profile such as calories , cholesterol , vitamins and essential mineral density of the protein source . On a worldwide basis , plant protein foods contribute over 60 percent of the per capita supply of protein , on average . In North America , animal - derived foods contribute about 70 percent of protein sources . Meat , products from milk , eggs , soy , and fish are sources of complete protein . Whole grains and cereals are another source of proteins . However , these tend to be limiting in the amino acid lysine or threonine , which are available in other vegetarian sources and meats . Examples of food staples and cereal sources of protein , each with a concentration greater than 7.0 % , are ( in no particular order ) buckwheat , oats , rye , millet , maize ( corn ) , rice , wheat , sorghum , amaranth , and quinoa . Vegetarian sources of proteins include legumes , nuts , seeds and fruits . Legumes , some of which are called pulses in certain parts of the world , have higher concentrations of amino acids and are more complete sources of protein than whole grains and cereals . Examples of vegetarian foods with protein concentrations greater than 7 percent include soybeans , lentils , kidney beans , white beans , mung beans , chickpeas , cowpeas , lima beans , pigeon peas , lupines , wing beans , almonds , Brazil nuts , cashews , pecans , walnuts , cotton seeds , pumpkin seeds , hemp seeds , sesame seeds , and sunflower seeds . Plant sources of protein . Food staples that are poor sources of protein include roots and tubers such as yams , cassava and sweet potato . Plantains , another major staple , are also a poor source of essential amino acids . Fruits , while rich in other essential nutrients , are another poor source of amino acids . The protein content in roots , tubers and fruits is between 0 and 2 percent . Food staples with low protein content must be complemented with foods with complete , quality protein content for a healthy life , particularly in children for proper development . A good source of protein is often a combination of various foods , because different foods are rich in different amino acids . A good source of dietary protein meets two requirements : The requirement for the nutritionally indispensable amino acids ( histidine , isoleucine , leucine , lysine , methionine , phenylalanine , threonine , tryptophan , and valine ) under all conditions and for conditionally indispensable amino acids ( cystine , tyrosine , taurine , glycine , arginine , glutamine , proline ) under specific physiological and pathological conditions The requirement for nonspecific nitrogen for the synthesis of the nutritionally dispensable amino acids ( aspartic acid , asparagine , glutamic acid , alanine , serine ) and other physiologically important nitrogen - containing compounds such as nucleic acids , creatine , and porphyrins . Healthy people eating a balanced diet rarely need protein supplements . The table below presents the most important food groups as protein sources , from a worldwide perspective . It also lists their respective performance as source of the commonly limiting amino acids , in milligrams of limiting amino acid per gram of total protein in the food source . The table reiterates the need for a balanced mix of foods to ensure adequate amino acid source . Food source Lysine Threonine Tryptophan Sulfur - containing amino acids Legumes 64 38 12 25 Cereals and whole grains 31 32 12 37 Nuts and seeds 45 36 17 46 Fruits 45 29 11 27 Animal 85 44 12 38 Protein source with highest density of respective amino acid . Protein source with lowest density of respective amino acid . Protein milkshakes , made from protein powder ( center ) and milk ( left ) , are a common bodybuilding supplement . Protein powders -- such as casein , whey , egg , rice and soy -- are processed and manufactured sources of protein . These protein powders may provide an additional source of protein for bodybuilders . The type of protein is important in terms of its influence on protein metabolic response and possibly on the muscle 's exercise performance . The different physical and / or chemical properties within the various types of protein may affect the rate of protein digestion . As a result , the amino acid availability and the accumulation of tissue protein is altered because of the various protein metabolic responses . Protein quality ( edit ) Further information : Protein quality and Amino acid score The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition . There are multiple systems which rate proteins by their usefulness to an organism based on their relative percentage of amino acids and , in some systems , the digestibility of the protein source . They include biological value , net protein utilization , and PDCAAS ( Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acids Score ) which was developed by the FDA as a modification of the Protein efficiency ratio ( PER ) method . The PDCAAS rating was adopted by the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations / World Health Organization ( FAO / WHO ) in 1993 as `` the preferred ' best ' '' method to determine protein quality . These organizations have suggested that other methods for evaluating the quality of protein are inferior . In 2013 FAO proposed changing to Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score . Digestion ( edit ) Most proteins are decomposed to single amino acids by digestion in the gastro - intestinal tract . Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid , and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine . Before the absorption in the small intestine , most proteins are already reduced to single amino acid or peptides of several amino acids . Most peptides longer than four amino acids are not absorbed . Absorption into the intestinal absorptive cells is not the end . There , most of the peptides are broken into single amino acids . Absorption of the amino acids and their derivatives into which dietary protein is degraded is done by the gastrointestinal tract . The absorption rates of individual amino acids are highly dependent on the protein source ; for example , the digestibilities of many amino acids in humans , the difference between soy and milk proteins and between individual milk proteins , beta - lactoglobulin and casein . For milk proteins , about 50 % of the ingested protein is absorbed between the stomach and the jejunum and 90 % is absorbed by the time the digested food reaches the ileum . Biological value ( BV ) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organism 's body . Newborn ( edit ) Newborns of mammals are exceptional in protein digestion and assimilation in that they can absorb intact proteins at the small intestine . This enables passive immunity , i.e. , transfer of immunoglobulins from the mother to the newborn , via milk . Dietary requirements ( edit ) An education campaign launched by the United States Department of Agriculture about 100 years ago , on cottage cheese as a lower - cost protein substitute for meat . Considerable debate has taken place regarding issues surrounding protein intake requirements . The amount of protein required in a person 's diet is determined in large part by overall energy intake , the body 's need for nitrogen and essential amino acids , body weight and composition , rate of growth in the individual , physical activity level , the individual 's energy and carbohydrate intake , and the presence of illness or injury . Physical activity and exertion as well as enhanced muscular mass increase the need for protein . Requirements are also greater during childhood for growth and development , during pregnancy , or when breastfeeding in order to nourish a baby or when the body needs to recover from malnutrition or trauma or after an operation . If not enough energy is taken in through diet , as in the process of starvation , the body will use protein from the muscle mass to meet its energy needs , leading to muscle wasting over time . If the individual does not consume adequate protein in nutrition , then muscle will also waste as more vital cellular processes ( e.g. , respiration enzymes , blood cells ) recycle muscle protein for their own requirements . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) According to US & Canadian Dietary Reference Intake guidelines , women aged 19 -- 70 need to consume 46 grams of protein per day while men aged 19 -- 70 need to consume 56 grams of protein per day to minimize risk of deficiency . These Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) were calculated based on 0.8 grams protein per kilogram body weight and average body weights of 57 kg ( 126 pounds ) and 70 kg ( 154 pounds ) , respectively . However , this recommendation is based on structural requirements but disregards use of protein for energy metabolism . This requirement is for a normal sedentary person . In the United States , average protein consumption is higher than the RDA . According to results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES 2013 - 2014 ) , average protein consumption for women ages 20 and older was 69.8 grams and for men 98.3 grams / day . Active people ( edit ) Several studies have concluded that active people and athletes may require elevated protein intake ( compared to 0.8 g / kg ) due to increase in muscle mass and sweat losses , as well as need for body repair and energy source . Suggested amounts vary between 1.6 g / kg and 1.8 g / kg , while a proposed maximum daily protein intake would be approximately 25 % of energy requirements i.e. approximately 2 to 2.5 g / kg . However , many questions still remain to be resolved . In addition , some have suggested that athletes using restricted - calorie diets for weight loss should further increase their protein consumption , possibly to 1.8 -- 2.0 g / kg , in order to avoid loss of lean muscle mass . Aerobic exercise protein needs ( edit ) Endurance athletes differ from strength - building athletes in that endurance athletes do not build as much muscle mass from training as strength - building athletes do . Research suggests that individuals performing endurance activity require more protein intake than sedentary individuals so that muscles broken down during endurance workouts can be repaired . Although the protein requirement for athletes still remains controversial ( for instance see Lamont , Nutrition Research Reviews , pages 142 - 149 , 2012 ) , research does show that endurance athletes can benefit from increasing protein intake because the type of exercise endurance athletes participate in still alters the protein metabolism pathway . The overall protein requirement increases because of amino acid oxidation in endurance - trained athletes . Endurance athletes who exercise over a long period ( 2 -- 5 hours per training session ) use protein as a source of 5 -- 10 % of their total energy expended . Therefore , a slight increase in protein intake may be beneficial to endurance athletes by replacing the protein lost in energy expenditure and protein lost in repairing muscles . One review concluded that endurance athletes may increase daily protein intake to a maximum of 1.2 -- 1.4 g per kg body weight . Anaerobic exercise protein needs ( edit ) Research also indicates that individuals performing strength - training activity require more protein than sedentary individuals . Strength - training athletes may increase their daily protein intake to a maximum of 1.4 -- 1.8 g per kg body weight to enhance muscle protein synthesis , or to make up for the loss of amino acid oxidation during exercise . Many athletes maintain a high - protein diet as part of their training . In fact , some athletes who specialize in anaerobic sports ( e.g. , weightlifting ) believe a very high level of protein intake is necessary , and so consume high protein meals and also protein supplements . Special populations ( edit ) Protein allergies ( edit ) Main article : Food allergy A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to proteins in food . The signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe . They may include itchiness , swelling of the tongue , vomiting , diarrhea , hives , trouble breathing , or low blood pressure . These symptoms typically occurs within minutes to one hour after exposure . When the symptoms are severe , it is known as anaphylaxis . The following eight foods are responsible for about 90 % of allergic reactions : cow 's milk , eggs , wheat , shellfish , fish , peanuts , tree nuts and soy . Phenylketonuria ( edit ) Individuals with phenylketonuria ( PKU ) must keep their intake of phenylalanine - an essential amino acid - extremely low to prevent a mental disability and other metabolic complications . Phenylalanine is a component of the artificial sweetener aspartame , so people with PKU need to avoid low calorie beverages and foods with this ingredient . Maple syrup urine disease ( edit ) Maple syrup urine disease is associated with genetic anomalies in the metabolism of branched - chain amino acids ( BCAAs ) . They have high blood levels of BCAAs and must severely restrict their intake of BCAAs in order to prevent mental retardation and death . The amino acids in question are leucine , isoleucine and valine . The condition gets its name from the distinctive sweet odor of affected infants ' urine . Children of Amish , Mennonite , and Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a high prevalence of this disease compared to other populations . Excess consumption ( edit ) The U.S. and Canadian Dietary Reference Intake review for protein concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to establish a Tolerable upper intake level , i.e. , an upper limit for how much protein can be safely consumed . The body is unable to store excess protein . Dietary protein is converted to individual amino acids by the digestive process , which are then absorbed . When amino acids are in excess of needs the liver takes up the amino acids and subjects them to deamination , a process that converts the nitrogen from the amino acids into ammonia , further processed in the liver into urea via the urea cycle . Excretion of urea is performed by the kidneys . Other parts of the amino acid molecules can be converted into glucose and used for fuel . When food protein intake is periodically high or low , the body tries to keep protein levels at an equilibrium by using the `` labile protein reserve '' to compensate for daily variations in protein intake . However , unlike body fat as a reserve for future caloric needs , there is no protein storage for future needs . Research has supported a theory that excessive intake of protein increases calcium excretion in urine , occurring to compensate for the pH imbalance from oxidation of sulfur amino acids . This may lead to a higher risk of kidney stone formation from calcium in the renal circulatory system . In theory , this calcium excretion from bone resorption could contribute to osteoporosis , but a meta - analysis by the National Osteoporosis Foundation reported no adverse effects of higher protein intakes on bone density A meta - analysis reported a small decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with diets higher in protein , with no differences between animal and plant protein . The 2015 -- 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that men and teenage boys increase their consumption of fruits , vegetables and other under - consumed foods , and that a means of accomplishing this would be to reduce overall intake of protein foods . Testing in foods ( edit ) The classic assays for protein concentration in food are the Kjeldahl method and the Dumas method . These tests determine the total nitrogen in a sample . The only major component of most food which contains nitrogen is protein ( fat , carbohydrate and dietary fiber do not contain nitrogen ) . If the amount of nitrogen is multiplied by a factor depending on the kinds of protein expected in the food the total protein can be determined . This value is known as the `` crude protein '' content . On food labels the protein is given by the nitrogen multiplied by 6.25 , because the average nitrogen content of proteins is about 16 % . The Kjeldahl test is typically used because it is the method the AOAC International has adopted and is therefore used by many food standards agencies around the world , though the Dumas method is also approved by some standards organizations . Accidental contamination and intentional adulteration of protein meals with non-protein nitrogen sources that inflate crude protein content measurements have been known to occur in the food industry for decades . To ensure food quality , purchasers of protein meals routinely conduct quality control tests designed to detect the most common non-protein nitrogen contaminants , such as urea and ammonium nitrate . A child in Nigeria during the Biafra War suffering from kwashiorkor -- one of the three protein energy malnutrition ailments afflicting over 10 million children in developing countries . In at least one segment of the food industry , the dairy industry , some countries ( at least the U.S. , Australia , France and Hungary ) have adopted `` true protein '' measurement , as opposed to crude protein measurement , as the standard for payment and testing : `` True protein is a measure of only the proteins in milk , whereas crude protein is a measure of all sources of nitrogen and includes nonprotein nitrogen , such as urea , which has no food value to humans ... Current milk - testing equipment measures peptide bonds , a direct measure of true protein . '' Measuring peptide bonds in grains has also been put into practice in several countries including Canada , the UK , Australia , Russia and Argentina where near - infrared reflectance ( NIR ) technology , a type of infrared spectroscopy is used . The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) recommends that only amino acid analysis be used to determine protein in , inter alia , foods used as the sole source of nourishment , such as infant formula , but also provides : `` When data on amino acids analyses are not available , determination of protein based on total N content by Kjeldahl ( AOAC , 2000 ) or similar method ... is considered acceptable . '' The limitations of the Kjeldahl method were at the heart of the Chinese protein export contamination in 2007 and the 2008 China milk scandal in which the industrial chemical melamine was added to the milk or glutens to increase the measured `` protein '' . Protein deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Protein - energy malnutrition Protein deficiency and malnutrition ( PEM ) can lead to variety of ailments including mental retardation and kwashiorkor . Symptoms of kwashiorkor include apathy , diarrhea , inactivity , failure to grow , flaky skin , fatty liver , and edema of the belly and legs . This edema is explained by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes and the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport . PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths annually . In the industrialized world , PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals , is associated with disease , or is often found in the elderly . See also ( edit ) Food portal Protein bar Bodybuilding supplement Biological value High - protein diet Low - protein diet Azotorrhea References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hermann , Janice R. `` Protein and the Body '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service , Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma State University : T -- 3163 -- 1 -- T -- 3163 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy , Carbohydrate , Fiber , Fat , Fatty Acids , Cholesterol , Protein and Amino Acids , Institute of Medicine . National Academy Press , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Genton , Laurence ; Melzer , Katarina ; Pichard , Claude ( 2010 ) . `` Energy and macronutrient requirements for physical fitness in exercising subjects '' . Clinical Nutrition. 29 ( 4 ) : 413 -- 423 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clnu. 2010.02. 002 . PMID 20189694 . Jump up ^ Young VR ( 1994 ) . `` Adult amino acid requirements : the case for a major revision in current recommendations '' ( PDF ) . J. Nutr. 124 ( 8 Suppl ) : 1517S -- 1523S . PMID 8064412 . Jump up ^ Rosane Oliveira , `` The Essentials -- Part One '' , UC Davis Integrative Medicine , Feb 4 , 2016 . July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kopple , JD ; Swendseid , ME ( 1975 ) . `` Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man '' . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 55 ( 5 ) : 881 -- 891 . doi : 10.1172 / jci108016 . PMC 301830 . PMID 1123426 . ^ Jump up to : `` Protein in diet '' . United States National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health . 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vernon Young ; Peter Pellett ( 1994 ) . `` Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59 : 1203S -- l2S . doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 59.5. 1203s . Jump up ^ Steinke , Waggle ; et al. ( 1992 ) . New protein foods in human health : nutrition , prevention and therapy . CRC Press . pp. 91 -- 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 6904 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Amino acid content of foods and biological data on proteins ( FAO nutritional studies number 24 ) . Food and Agriculture Organization . 1985 . ISBN 92 - 5 - 001102 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Michael C. Latham ( 1997 ) . `` Human nutrition in the developing world '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ^ Jump up to : Lemon , PW ( 1995 ) . `` Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids ? '' . Int J Sport Nutr. 5 Suppl : S39 -- 61 . PMID 7550257 . Jump up ^ Boutrif , E. , Food Quality and Consumer Protection Group , Food Policy and Nutrition Division , FAO , Rome : `` Recent Developments in Protein Quality Evaluation '' Food , Nutrition and Agriculture , Issue 2 / 3 , 1991 ^ Jump up to : Digestion of Dietary Proteins in the Gastro - Intestinal Tract Jump up ^ Gaudichon C , Bos C , Morens C , Petzke KJ , Mariotti F , Everwand J , Benamouzig R , Dare S , Tome D , Metges CC ( 2002 ) . `` Ileal losses of nitrogen and amino acids in humans and their importance to the assessment of amino acid requirements '' . Gastroenterology. 123 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 9 . doi : 10.1053 / gast. 2002.34233 . PMID 12105833 . Jump up ^ Mahe S , Roos N , Benamouzig R , Davin L , Luengo C , Gagnon L , Gausserges N , Rautureau J , Tome D ( 1996 ) . `` Gastrojejunal kinetics and the digestion of ( 15N ) beta - lactoglobulin and casein in humans : the influence of the nature and quantity of the protein '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 63 ( 4 ) : 546 -- 52 . PMID 8599318 . Jump up ^ Mahe S , Marteau P , Huneau JF , Thuillier F , Tome D ( 1994 ) . `` Intestinal nitrogen and electrolyte movements following fermented milk ingestion in man '' . Br J Nutr. 71 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 80 . doi : 10.1079 / BJN19940124 . PMID 8142329 . Jump up ^ Hurley WL , Theil PK ( 2011 ) . `` Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk '' . Nutrients. 3 ( 4 ) : 442 -- 74 . doi : 10.3390 / nu3040442 . PMC 3257684 . PMID 22254105 . ^ Jump up to : Bilsborough , Shane ; Neil Mann ( 2006 ) . `` A Review of Issues of Dietary Protein Intake in Humans '' . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 16 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 152 . doi : 10.1123 / ijsnem. 16.2. 129 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lemon , Peter ( 2000 ) . `` Beyond the Zone : Protein Needs of Active Individuals '' . Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 19 ( 5 ) : 513 -- 521 . doi : 10.1080 / 07315724.2000. 10718974 . PMID 11023001 . Jump up ^ WHO , FAO , UNU ( 2007 ) . `` Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition '' ( PDF ) . WHO Press . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tarnopolsky MA , Atkinson SA , MacDougall JD , Chesley A , Phillips S , Schwarcz HP ( 1992 ) . `` Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 73 ( 5 ) : 1986 -- 95 . PMID 1474076 . Jump up ^ What We Eat in America , NHANES 2013 - 2014 ( PDF ) , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service , 2016 Jump up ^ Phillips , Stuart M. ; Loon , Luc J.C. Van ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Dietary protein for athletes : From requirements to optimum adaptation '' . Journal of Sports Sciences . 29 ( sup1 ) : S29 -- S38 . doi : 10.1080 / 02640414.2011. 619204 . ISSN 0264 - 0414 . PMID 22150425 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Stuart ( 2006 ) . `` Dietary protein for athletes : from requirements to metabolic advantage '' . Appl . Physiol . Nutr . Metab. 31 ( 6 ) : 647 -- 654 . doi : 10.1139 / H06 - 035 . PMID 17213878 . Jump up ^ Nutrition for Athletes , International Olympic Committee Nutrition Working Group of the Medical and Scientific Commission of the International Olympic Committee , Revised and Updated in June 2016 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( July 2012 ) . `` Food Allergy An Overview '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` phenylketonuria '' . Genetics Home Reference . September 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ten Have , Gabriella A.M. ; Engelen , Marielle P.K.J. ; Luiking , Yvette C. ; Deutz , Nicolaas E.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Absorption Kinetics of Amino Acids , Peptides , and Intact Proteins '' . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 17 : S23 -- S36 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jack L. ; Gropper , Sareen Annora Stepnick ; Groff , James L. ( 2009 ) . Advanced nutrition and human metabolism . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 495 - 11657 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shams - White MM , Chung M , Du M , Fu Z , Insogna KL , Karlsen MC , LeBoff MS , Shapses SA , Sackey J , Wallace TC , Weaver CM ( 2017 ) . `` Dietary protein and bone health : a systematic review and meta - analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 105 ( 6 ) : 1528 -- 1543 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 116.145110 . PMID 28404575 . Jump up ^ Rebholz CM , Friedman EE , Powers LJ , Arroyave WD , He J , Kelly TN ( 2012 ) . `` Dietary protein intake and blood pressure : a meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials '' . Am. J. Epidemiol. 176 Suppl 7 : S27 -- 43 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / kws245 . PMID 23035142 . Jump up ^ `` Some individuals , especially teen boys and adult men , also need to reduce overall intake of protein foods by decreasing intakes of meats , poultry , and eggs and increasing amounts of vegetables or other under - consumed food groups . '' in `` 2015 -- 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans : Shifts Needed To Align With Healthy Eating Patterns : A Closer Look at Current Intakes and Recommended Shifts : Protein Foods '' ( 8 ed . ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture . December 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D. Julian McClements . `` Analysis of Proteins '' . University of Massachusetts Amherst . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Weise , Elizabeth ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Food tests promise tough task for FDA '' . USA Today . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marasmus and Kwashiorkor '' . Medscape Reference . May 2009 . Jump up ^ P.M. VanRaden ; R.L. Powell . `` Genetic evaluations for true protein '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Alison ( August 2007 ) . `` Protein Pretense : Cheating the standard protein tests is easy , but industry hesitates on alternatives '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Food energy -- methods of analysis and conversion factors '' . FAO . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephen Chen ( 18 September 2008 ) . `` Melamine -- an industry staple '' . South China Morning Post . pp. Page A2 . Jump up ^ Moore , J.C. ; Devries , Jonathan W. ; Lipp , Markus ; Griffiths , James C. ; Abernethy , Darrell R. ( 17 August 2010 ) . `` Total Protein Methods and Their Potential Utility to Reduce the Risk of Food Protein Adulteration '' . Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety . 9 ( 4 ) : 330 -- 357 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1541 - 4337.2010. 00114. x . Jump up ^ Jeffery Schwartz ; Bryant , Carol A. ; DeWalt , Kathleen Musante ; Anita Courtney ( 2003 ) . The cultural feast : an introduction to food and society . Belmont , California : Thomson / Wadsworth . pp. 282 , 283 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 52582 - 2 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_(nutrient)&oldid=841854475 '' Categories : Proteins Nutrition Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Bahasa Melayu Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is protein broken down into amino acids
[ "Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. During human digestion, proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains via hydrochloric acid and protease actions. This is crucial for the absorption of the essential amino acids that cannot be biosynthesized by the body.[3]" ]
[ "in the stomach" ]
747050098242460134
List of Test cricket records
List of Test cricket records - wikipedia List of Test cricket records Donald Bradman , holder of several Test batting records including highest batting average Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run - scorer and century maker in Test cricket Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest wicket - taker in Test cricket Test cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Unlike One Day Internationals , Test matches consist of two innings per team , with no limit in the number of overs . Test cricket is first - class cricket , so statistics and records set in Test matches are also counted toward first - class records . The duration of Tests , currently limited to five days , has varied through Test history , ranging from three days to timeless matches . The earliest match now recognised as a Test was played between England and Australia in March 1877 ; since then there have been over 2,000 Tests played by 13 teams . The frequency of Tests has steadily increased partly because of the increase in the number of Test - playing countries , and partly as cricket boards seek to maximise their revenue . Cricket is , by its nature , capable of generating large numbers of records and statistics . This list details the most significant team and individual records in Test cricket . As of August 2018 , the most successful team in Test cricket , in terms of both wins and win percentage , is Australia , having won 383 of their 812 Tests ( 47.16 % ) . Excluding teams who have only played a single Test ( the ICC World XI , a rest of world team who played a single Test against Australia in 2005 , and recent Test newcomers Ireland and Afghanistan ) the least successful team are Bangladesh who have struggled since their introduction to Test cricket in 2000 , leading to questioning of their Test status . Australian Donald Bradman , widely considered the greatest batsman of all time , holds several personal and partnership records . He scored the most runs in a series , has the most double centuries and was a part of the record 5th wicket partnership . His most significant record is his batting average of 99.94 . One of cricket 's most famous statistics , it stands almost 40 runs higher than any other batsman 's average . Don Bradman is the only player in the world to have scored 5000 runs against a single opposition : 5028 runs against England . In the Manchester Test of 1956 , England spin bowler Jim Laker took 19 wickets for 90 runs ( 19 -- 90 ) which set not only the Test record for best match figures but also the first - class one . In taking 10 -- 53 in the second innings he became the first bowler to capture all ten wickets in a Test match innings , and his analysis remains the best innings figures . Indian Leg - spinner Anil Kumble is the only other bowler to have taken 10 wickets in an innings , claiming 10 -- 74 against Pakistan in 1999 . West Indies batsman Brian Lara has the highest individual score in Test cricket : he scored 400 not out against England in 2004 to surpass the innings of 380 by Matthew Hayden six months earlier . Lara had held the record before Hayden , with a score of 375 against England 10 years earlier . Pakistan 's Misbah - ul - Haq holds the record of the fastest test half century scoring 50 runs from 21 balls . The record for the fastest test century is held by New Zealand 's Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls in his final test match . The trend of countries to increase the number of Test matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players . Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the highest Test wicket - taker in December 2007 , when he passed Shane Warne 's total of 708 wickets . Within a year , the equivalent batting record of highest run - scorer had also changed hands : Sachin Tendulkar surpassed the tally of 11,953 runs by Brian Lara . The record for most dismissals by a wicket - keeper is held by Mark Boucher of South Africa while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Rahul Dravid . Contents 1 Listing criteria 2 Listing notation 3 Team records 3.1 Team wins , losses and draws 3.2 Result records 3.2. 1 Greatest win margins ( by innings ) 3.2. 2 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) 3.2. 3 Matches that finished with scores level 3.2. 4 Narrowest win margin ( by wickets ) 3.2. 5 Narrowest win margin ( by runs ) 3.2. 6 Victory after following - on 3.2. 7 Most consecutive wins 3.3 Team scoring records 4 Individual records 4.1 Individual records ( batting ) 4.1. 1 Career runs 4.1. 2 Most runs in each batting position 4.1. 3 Highest career batting average 4.1. 4 Innings or series 4.1. 5 Calendar year and between dismissals 4.1. 6 Highest scores at each batting position 4.1. 7 Innings as captain 4.1. 8 Innings carrying the bat 4.1. 9 Most runs in an over 4.1. 10 Centuries 4.1. 11 Half Centuries 4.1. 12 Most fours in career 4.2 Individual records ( bowling ) 4.2. 1 Career 4.2. 2 Series 4.2. 3 Innings 4.2. 4 Match records 4.2. 5 Innings as captain 4.2. 6 Match records as captain 4.3 Individual records ( fielding ) 4.3. 1 Most catches in Test career 4.4 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) 4.5 Individual records ( as an all - rounder ) 4.6 Individual records ( other ) 5 Partnership records 5.1 Highest partnership for each wicket 5.2 Highest partnerships 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Listing criteria In general the top five are listed in each category ( except when there is a tie for the last place among the five , when all the tied record holders are noted ) . Listing notation Team notation ( 300 -- 3 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained ( 300 -- 3 d ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets , and declared its innings closed ( 300 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out Batting notation ( 100 ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out ( 100 * ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out Bowling notation ( 5 -- 100 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs Currently playing indicates a current Test cricketer Seasons Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries . Domestic cricket seasons in Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years , and are by convention said to be played in ( e.g. ) `` 2008 -- 09 '' . A cricket season in England is described as a single year . e.g. `` 2009 '' . An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration , and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating `` any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season '' . In the record tables , a two - year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries . Team records Team wins , losses and draws Team First Test match Matches Won Lost Tied Drawn % Won Afghanistan 14 June 2018 0 0 0 0.00 Australia 15 March 1877 812 383 219 208 47.16 Bangladesh 10 November 2000 108 10 82 0 16 9.25 England 15 March 1877 1004 361 298 0 345 35.95 India 25 June 1932 527 146 164 216 27.70 Ireland 11 May 2018 0 0 0 0.00 New Zealand 10 January 1930 426 92 170 0 164 21.59 Pakistan 16 October 1952 415 134 123 0 158 32.28 South Africa 12 March 1889 427 161 142 0 124 37.70 Sri Lanka 17 February 1982 274 88 101 0 84 32.11 West Indies 23 June 1928 535 171 188 174 31.96 Zimbabwe 18 October 1992 105 11 67 0 27 10.47 ICC World XI 14 October 2005 0 0 0 0.00 Last updated : 11 September 2018 Result records Greatest win margins ( by innings ) Margin Teams Venue Season Innings and 579 runs England ( 903 -- 7 d ) beat Australia ( 201 & 123 ) The Oval , London 1938 Innings and 360 runs Australia ( 652 -- 7 d ) beat South Africa ( 159 & 133 ) New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2001 -- 02 Innings and 336 runs West Indies ( 614 -- 5 d ) beat India ( 124 & 154 ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata 1958 -- 59 Innings and 332 runs Australia ( 645 ) beat England ( 141 & 172 ) Brisbane Cricket Ground 1946 -- 47 Innings and 324 runs Pakistan ( 643 ) beat New Zealand ( 73 & 246 ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 2002 Last updated : 12 December 2016 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) Margin Teams Venue Season 675 runs England ( 521 & 342 -- 8 d ) beat Australia ( 122 & 66 ) Brisbane Exhibition Ground 1928 -- 29 562 runs Australia ( 701 & 327 ) beat England ( 321 & 145 ) The Oval , London 1934 530 runs Australia ( 328 & 578 ) beat South Africa ( 205 & 171 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1910 -- 11 492 runs South Africa ( 488 & 344 - 6 d ) beat Australia ( 221 & 119 ) Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2018 491 runs Australia ( 381 & 361 -- 5 d ) beat Pakistan ( 179 & 72 ) WACA Ground , Perth 2004 -- 05 Last updated : 3 April 2018 Matches that finished with scores level See also : Tied Test Result Teams Venue Season Tie Australia ( 505 & 232 ) vs West Indies ( 453 & 284 ) The Gabba 1960 -- 61 Tie India ( 397 & 347 ) vs Australia ( 574 -- 7 d & 170 -- 5 d ) MA Chidambaram Stadium , Madras 1986 -- 87 Draw Zimbabwe ( 376 & 234 ) vs England ( 406 & 204 -- 5 ) Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 1996 -- 97 Draw India ( 482 & 242 -- 9 ) vs West Indies ( 590 & 134 ) Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai 2011 -- 12 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Narrowest win margin ( by wickets ) Margin Teams Venue Season 1 wicket England ( 183 & 263 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 324 & 121 ) The Oval , London 1902 South Africa ( 91 & 287 -- 9 ) beat England ( 184 & 190 ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1905 -- 06 England ( 382 & 282 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 266 & 397 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1907 -- 08 England ( 183 & 173 -- 9 ) beat South Africa ( 113 & 242 ) Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1922 -- 23 Australia ( 216 & 260 -- 9 ) beat West Indies ( 272 & 203 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1951 -- 52 New Zealand ( 249 & 104 -- 9 ) beat West Indies ( 140 & 212 ) Carisbrook , Dunedin 1979 -- 80 Pakistan ( 256 & 315 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 337 & 232 ) National Stadium , Karachi 1994 -- 95 West Indies ( 329 & 311 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 490 & 146 ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 1998 -- 99 West Indies ( 273 & 216 -- 9 ) beat Pakistan ( 269 & 219 ) Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1999 -- 00 Pakistan ( 175 & 262 -- 9 ) beat Bangladesh ( 281 & 154 ) Ibn - e-Qasim Bagh Stadium , Multan 2003 Sri Lanka ( 321 & 352 -- 9 ) beat South Africa ( 361 & 311 ) Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium , Colombo 2006 India ( 405 & 216 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 428 & 192 ) Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali 2010 -- 11 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Narrowest win margin ( by runs ) Margin Teams Venue Season 1 run West Indies ( 252 & 146 ) beat Australia ( 213 & 184 ) Adelaide Oval 1992 -- 93 2 runs England ( 407 & 182 ) beat Australia ( 308 & 279 ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 2005 3 runs Australia ( 299 & 86 ) beat England ( 262 & 120 ) Old Trafford , Manchester 1902 England ( 284 & 294 ) beat Australia ( 287 & 288 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1982 -- 83 5 runs South Africa ( 169 & 239 ) beat Australia ( 292 & 111 ) Sydney Cricket Ground 1993 -- 94 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Victory after following - on See also : Follow - on Margin Teams Venue Season 10 runs England ( 325 & 437 ) beat Australia ( 586 & 166 ) Sydney Cricket Ground 1894 -- 95 18 runs England ( 174 & 356 ) beat Australia ( 401 -- 9 d & 111 ) Headingley , Leeds 1981 171 runs India ( 171 & 657 -- 7 d ) beat Australia ( 445 & 212 ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata 2000 -- 01 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most consecutive wins Wins Team First win Last win 16 Australia Zimbabwe at Harare , 14 October 1999 India at Mumbai , 27 February 2001 16 Australia South Africa at Melbourne , 26 December 2005 India at Sydney , 2 January 2008 11 West Indies Australia at Bridgetown , 30 March 1984 Australia at Adelaide , 7 December 1984 9 Sri Lanka India at Colombo , 29 August 2001 Pakistan at Lahore , 6 March 2002 9 South Africa Australia at Durban , 15 March 2002 Bangladesh at Dhaka , 1 May 2003 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Team scoring records Most runs in an innings Score Teams Venue Season 952 - 6 d Sri Lanka ( v India ) Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 903 - 7 d England ( v Australia ) The Oval , London 1938 849 England ( v West Indies ) Sabina Park , Kingston 1929 -- 30 790 -- 3 d West Indies ( v Pakistan ) Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 765 -- 6 d Pakistan ( v Sri Lanka ) National Stadium , Karachi 2008 -- 09 Last updated : 14 September 2017 Fewest runs in a completed innings Runs Teams Venue Date 26 New Zealand ( v England ) Eden Park , Auckland 25 March 1955 30 South Africa ( v England ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 13 February 1896 South Africa ( v England ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 14 June 1924 35 South Africa ( v England ) Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1 April 1899 36 Australia ( v England ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 29 May 1902 South Africa ( v Australia ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 12 February 1932 Last updated : 14 September 2017 Highest fourth - innings totals to win Score Teams Venue Season 418 -- 7 West Indies ( v Australia ) Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2002 -- 03 414 -- 4 South Africa ( v Australia ) WACA Ground , Perth 2008 -- 09 406 -- 4 India ( v West Indies ) Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain 1975 -- 76 404 -- 3 Australia ( v England ) Headingley , Leeds 1948 391 -- 6 Sri Lanka ( v Zimbabwe ) Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 2017 Last updated : 14 September 2017 Individual records Individual records ( Batting ) Career runs Further information : List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Most career runs Runs Player Period 15,921 ( 329 innings ) Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2013 13,378 ( 287 innings ) Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 13,289 ( 280 innings ) Jacques Kallis 1995 -- 2013 13,288 ( 286 innings ) Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2012 12,472 ( 291 innings ) Alastair Cook 2006 -- 2018 Last updated : 11 September 2018 Most career runs -- progression of record Runs Player Record held until Duration of record 239 Charles Bannerman 4 January 1882 4 years , 295 days 676 George Ulyett 13 August 1884 2 years , 222 days 860 Billy Murdoch 14 August 1886 2 years , 1 day 1,277 Arthur Shrewsbury 23 January 1902 15 years , 162 days 1,293 Joe Darling 18 February 1902 26 days 1,366 Syd Gregory 14 June 1902 116 days 1,531 Archie MacLaren 13 August 1902 60 days 3,412 Clem Hill 27 December 1924 22 years , 136 days 5,410 Jack Hobbs 29 June 1937 12 years , 184 days 7,249 Wally Hammond 27 November 1970 33 years , 151 days 7,459 Colin Cowdrey 23 March 1972 1 year , 117 days 8,032 Garfield Sobers 23 December 1981 9 years , 275 days 8,114 Geoffrey Boycott 12 November 1983 1 year , 324 days 10,122 Sunil Gavaskar 25 February 1993 9 years , 105 days 11,174 Allan Border 25 November 2005 12 years , 273 days 11,953 Brian Lara 17 October 2008 2 years , 327 days 15,921 Sachin Tendulkar 10 years , 11 days Last updated : 15 June 2016 Notes : ^ ( a ) Ulyett finished his career with 949 runs ^ ( b ) Murdoch finished his career with 908 runs ^ ( c ) Darling finished his career with 1,657 runs ^ ( d ) Gregory finished his career with 2,282 runs ^ ( e ) MacLaren finished his career with 1,931 runs ^ ( f ) Cowdrey finished his career with 7,624 runs Most runs in each batting position Batting position Player Runs Average Opener Alastair Cook 11845 44.87 Number 3 Kumar Sangakkara 11679 60.83 Number 4 Sachin Tendulkar 13492 54.40 Number 5 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 6883 56.42 Number 6 Steve Waugh 3165 51.05 Number 7 Adam Gilchrist 3948 46.45 Number 8 Daniel Vettori 2227 39.77 Number 9 Stuart Broad 1292 20.51 Number 10 Stuart Broad 547 13.34 Number 11 Muttiah Muralitharan 623 11.33 Last updated : 11 September 2018 Highest career Batting average Average Player Period 99.94 ( 80 innings ) Donald Bradman 1928 -- 1948 61.87 ( 31 innings ) Adam Voges 2015 -- 2016 61.37 ( 117 innings ) Steve Smith 2010 -- 60.97 ( 41 innings ) Graeme Pollock 1963 -- 1970 60.83 ( 40 innings ) George Headley 1930 -- 1954 60.73 ( 84 innings ) Herbert Sutcliffe 1924 -- 1935 Qualification : 20 innings . Note : If the qualification is removed , the record Test batting average is Andy Ganteaume 's 112.00 ; Ganteaume was dismissed for 112 runs in his only Test innings . A very few one - Test wonders have never been dismissed , leaving them without a defined Test batting average . Notable players who played only a single Test innings without a dismissal are Stuart Law ( 54 * , innings declared ) and Andy Lloyd ( 10 * , retired hurt ) . Last updated : 5 September 2018 Innings or series Highest individual score ( see also List of Test cricket triple centuries ) Score Player Opponent Venue Season 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 380 Matthew Hayden Zimbabwe WACA Ground , Perth 2003 -- 04 375 Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1993 -- 94 374 Mahela Jayawardene South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 365 * Garfield Sobers Pakistan Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 Last updated : 15 June 2015 Highest individual score -- progression of record Score Player Opponent Venue Season Test match Number 165 * Charles Bannerman England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1876 -- 77 Test No. 1 211 Billy Murdoch England The Oval , London 1884 Test No. 16 287 R.E. Foster Australia Sydney Cricket Ground 1903 -- 04 Test No. 78 325 Andy Sandham West Indies Sabina Park , Kingston 1929 -- 30 Test No. 193 334 Don Bradman England Headingley , Leeds 1930 Test No. 196 336 * Wally Hammond New Zealand Eden Park , Auckland 1932 -- 33 Test No. 226 364 Len Hutton Australia The Oval , London 1938 Test No. 266 365 * Garfield Sobers Pakistan Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 Test No. 452 375 Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1993 -- 94 Test No. 1259 380 Matthew Hayden Zimbabwe WACA Ground , Perth 2003 -- 04 Test No. 1661 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 Test No. 1696 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most runs in a match Runs Scores Player Match 456 333 and 123 Graham Gooch v India at Lord 's , 1990 426 334 * and 92 Mark Taylor v Pakistan at Peshawar , 1998 -- 99 424 319 and 105 Kumar Sangakkara v Bangladesh at Chittagong , 2013 -- 14 400 400 * Brian Lara v England at St John 's , Antigua , 2003 -- 04 380 247 * and 133 Greg Chappell v New Zealand at Wellington , 1973 -- 74 380 Matthew Hayden v Zimbabwe at Perth , 2003 -- 04 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most runs in a series Runs Player Series 974 ( 7 innings ) Donald Bradman v England , 1930 905 ( 9 innings ) Wally Hammond v Australia , 1928 -- 29 839 ( 11 innings ) Mark Taylor v England , 1989 834 ( 9 innings ) Neil Harvey v South Africa , 1952 -- 53 829 ( 7 innings ) Viv Richards v England , 1976 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Calendar year and between dismissals Most runs in a calendar year Runs Player Average Year 1788 Mohammad Yousuf 99.33 2006 1710 Vivian Richards 90.00 1976 1656 Graeme Smith 72.00 2008 1595 Michael Clarke 106.33 2012 1562 Sachin Tendulkar 78.10 Last updated : 15 June 2015 Most runs between consecutive dismissals Runs Player Innings Scores Season 614 Adam Voges 269 * , 106 * , 239 2015 - 16 497 Sachin Tendulkar 241 * , 60 * , 194 * , 2 2003 - 04 490 Garfield Sobers 365 * , 125 1957 - 58 489 Michael Clarke 259 * , 230 2012 - 13 473 Rahul Dravid 41 * , 200 * , 70 * , 162 2000 - 01 Last updated : 21 December 2017 Highest scores at each batting position Batting position Player Score Opponent Venue Date Opener Matthew Hayden 380 Zimbabwe WACA Ground 9 October 2003 Number 3 Brian Lara 400 * England Antigua Recreation Ground 10 April 2004 Number 4 Mahela Jayawardene 374 South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground 27 July 2006 Number 5 Michael Clarke 329 * India Sydney Cricket Ground 3 January 2012 Number 6 Ben Stokes 258 South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground 2 January 2016 Number 7 Donald Bradman 270 England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1 January 1937 Number 8 Wasim Akram 257 * Zimbabwe Sheikhupura Stadium 17 October 1996 Number 9 Ian Smith 173 India Eden Park 22 February 1990 Number 10 Walter Read 117 Australia Kennington Oval 11 August 1884 Number 11 Ashton Agar 98 England Trent Bridge 10 July 2013 Last updated : 18 November 2017 Innings as captain Highest individual score as captain Score Player Opponent Venue Season 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 374 Mahela Jayawardene South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 334 * Mark Taylor Pakistan Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 1998 333 Graham Gooch India Lord 's , London 329 * Michael Clarke India Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2012 Last updated : 15 June 2015 Innings carrying the bat Highest individual score ( see also List of cricketers who have carried the bat in international cricket ) Score Player Opponent Venue Season 244 * Alastair Cook Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2017 -- 18 223 * Glenn Turner West Indies Sabina Park , Kingston 1972 216 * Marvan Atapattu Zimbabwe Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 1999 -- 00 206 * Bill Brown England Lord 's , London 1931 202 * Len Hutton West Indies The Oval , London 1950 Last updated : 29 December 2017 Most runs in an over Runs Sequence Batsman Bowler Venue Season 28 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 -- 4 -- 4 Brian Lara Robin Peterson Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2003 -- 04 4 -- 6 -- 2 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 George Bailey James Anderson WACA , Perth 2013 -- 14 27 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 2 -- 1 Shahid Afridi Harbhajan Singh Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 2005 -- 06 26 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 0 -- 6 -- 6 Mitchell Johnson Paul Harris Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2008 -- 09 4 -- 0 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 Brian Lara Danish Kaneria Multan Cricket Stadium 2006 -- 07 4 -- 4 -- 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 4 Craig McMillan Younis Khan Seddon Park , Hamilton 2000 -- 01 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 0 -- 4 -- 6 Brendon McCullum Suranga Lakmal Hagley Oval , Christchurch , New Zealand 2014 -- 15 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 0 Hardik Pandya Malinda Pushpakumara Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Sri Lanka 2017 Last updated : 14 August 2017 Centuries Most Test centuries Centuries Player Matches Innings Inns / Century 51 Sachin Tendulkar 200 329 6.4 45 Jacques Kallis 166 280 6.2 41 Ricky Ponting 168 287 7.0 38 Kumar Sangakkara 134 233 6.1 36 Rahul Dravid 164 286 7.9 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Fastest Test centuries No. of balls Player Opponent Venue Season 54 Brendon McCullum Australia Hagley Oval , Christchurch 2015 -- 16 56 Viv Richards England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1985 -- 86 Misbah - ul - Haq Australia Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium , Abu Dhabi 2014 57 Adam Gilchrist England WACA Ground , Perth 2006 -- 07 67 Jack Gregory South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1921 -- 22 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most Test double centuries Double centuries Player Matches 12 Donald Bradman 52 11 Kumar Sangakkara 130 9 Brian Lara 131 7 Wally Hammond 85 Mahela Jayawardene 149 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most Test triple centuries Triple centuries Player Matches Donald Bradman 52 Virender Sehwag 104 Chris Gayle 103 Brian Lara 131 Last updated : 11 December 2016 Note : 21 other players have scored a triple century in a Test : see List of Test cricket triple centuries for more details Most Test quadruple centuries Quadruple centuries Player Matches Brian Lara 131 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Half Centuries Most Test 50 + 50 + Player Matches Innings 119 Sachin Tendulkar 200 329 103 Jacques Kallis 166 280 103 Ricky Ponting 168 287 99 Rahul Dravid 164 286 96 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 164 280 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Fastest Test half - centuries No. of balls Player Opponent Venue Season 21 Misbah - ul - Haq Australia Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi 2014 / 15 23 David Warner Pakistan Sydney Cricket Ground 2016 / 17 24 Jacques Kallis Zimbabwe Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 2004 / 05 25 Shane Shillingford New Zealand Sabina Park , Kingston 2014 26 Shahid Afridi India M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 2004 / 05 Mohammad Ashraful India Sher - e-Bangla Cricket Stadium , Mirpur 2007 Dale Steyn West Indies St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 2014 / 15 Last updated : 5 September 2018 Most fours in career Fours Player Innings 2058 + Sachin Tendulkar 329 1654 Rahul Dravid 286 1559 Brian Lara 232 1509 Ricky Ponting 287 1491 Kumar Sangakkara 233 Key : + means the complete career records are n't known Last updated : 15 February 2016 Individual records ( Bowling ) Career Most wickets in a career Wickets Player Matches Average 800 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 22.72 708 Shane Warne 145 25.41 619 Anil Kumble 132 29.65 564 James Anderson 143 26.84 563 Glenn McGrath 124 21.64 Last updated : 11 September 2018 Most wickets in a career -- Progression of record Wickets Player Matches Average Record held until Duration of record 8 Alfred Shaw 10.75 31 March 1877 16 days 14 Tom Kendall 15.35 4 January 1879 1 year , 279 days 94 Fred Spofforth 18 18.41 12 January 1895 16 years , 8 days 100 Johnny Briggs 25 13.51 4 February 1895 33 days 101 Charles Turner 17 16.53 2 March 1895 26 days 103 Johnny Briggs 26 13.92 21 March 1896 1 year , 19 days 112 George Lohmann 18 10.75 14 January 1898 1 year , 299 days 118 Johnny Briggs 33 17.75 2 January 1904 5 years , 353 days 141 Hugh Trumble 32 21.78 13 December 1913 9 years , 345 days 189 Sydney Barnes 27 16.43 4 January 1936 22 years , 22 days 216 Clarrie Grimmett 37 24.21 24 July 1953 17 years , 201 days 236 Alec Bedser 51 24.89 26 January 1963 9 years , 186 days 242 Brian Statham 67 24.27 15 March 1963 48 days 307 Fred Trueman 67 21.57 1 February 1976 12 years , 323 days 309 Lance Gibbs 79 29.09 27 December 1981 5 years , 329 days 355 Dennis Lillee 70 23.92 21 August 1986 4 years , 237 days 373 Ian Botham 94 27.86 12 November 1988 2 years , 83 days 431 Richard Hadlee 86 22.29 8 February 1994 5 years , 88 days 434 Kapil Dev 131 29.64 27 March 2000 6 years , 48 days 519 Courtney Walsh 132 24.44 8 May 2004 4 years , 42 days 532 Muttiah Muralitharan 91 22.87 15 October 2004 160 days 708 Shane Warne 145 25.41 3 December 2007 3 years , 49 days 800 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 22.72 Current 10 years , 329 days Notes ^ ( a ) Allen Hill took the first Test wicket , but only two in the First Test match . Alfred Shaw ( 3 / 51 & 5 / 35 ) and Tom Kendall ( 1 / 54 & 7 / 55 ) both took eight wickets , but as Australia batted first Shaw was the first to take five wickets in an innings and the first to take eight Test wickets . Kendall overtook him in the Second Test and Shaw subsequently increased his total to 12 wickets ( 15.35 ) in seven Tests ^ ( b ) Johnny Briggs equalled Fred Spofforth 's record of 94 Test wickets on 29 December 1894 in the Second Test at Melbourne , as did Charles Turner two days later . Briggs overtook Turner and Spofforth in the Third Test at Adelaide , which Turner missed , and became the first man to claim 100 Test wickets on 1 February 1895 in the Fourth Test at Sydney . Turner became the second three days later and ended with a total of 101 wickets ( 16.53 ) in 17 Tests ^ ( c ) Johnny Briggs equalled George Lohmann 's record of 112 Test wickets on 3 January 1898 in the Second Test at Melbourne and overtook him in the next match at Adelaide . ^ ( d ) Fred Trueman overtook Brian Statham 's then record of 242 Test wickets and Statham subsequently increased his total to 252 wickets ( 24.84 ) in 70 Tests ^ ( e ) Richard Hadlee overtook Ian Botham 's then record of 373 Test wickets and Botham subsequently increased his total to 383 wickets ( 28.40 ) in 102 Tests ^ ( f ) Shane Warne overtook Muttiah Muralitharan 's then record of 532 Test wickets and Muralitharan subsequently increased his total to 800 wickets ( 22.72 ) in 133 Tests Best career average Average Player Balls Wickets 10.75 George Lohmann 3,830 112 12.70 / John Ferris 2,302 61 15.54 Billy Barnes 2,289 51 16.42 Billy Bates 2,364 50 16.43 Sydney Barnes 7,873 189 Qualification : 2000 balls bowled Last updated : 15 June 2016 Note : If the qualification is removed , the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket ( i.e. no runs were conceded ) . This record is shared by Englishmen AN Hornby , Wilf Barber and New Zealander , Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run ^ ( a ) John Ferris was one of a few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country . He played in eight Tests for Australia from 1886 -- 87 and a single Test for England in South Africa in 1891 -- 92 . Best career strike rate Strike rate Player Balls Wickets 34.1 George Lohmann 3,830 112 37.7 / J.J. Ferris 2,302 61 38.7 Shane Bond 3,372 87 41.4 Dale Steyn 17,286 417 41.6 Sydney Barnes 7,873 189 Qualification : 2000 balls bowled Last updated : 2 September 2017 Most 5 wickets in an innings 5 wickets in an innings Player Matches 67 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 37 Shane Warne 145 36 Richard Hadlee 86 35 Anil Kumble 132 34 Rangana Herath 92 Last updated : 25 July 2018 Most 10 wickets in a match 10 wickets in a match Player Matches 22 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 10 Shane Warne 145 9 Richard Hadlee 86 Rangana Herath 92 8 Anil Kumble 132 Last updated : 25 July 2018 Series Most wickets in a series Wickets Player Series 49 ( 4 Tests ) Sydney Barnes v South Africa 1913 -- 14 46 ( 5 Tests ) Jim Laker v Australia , 1956 44 ( 5 Tests ) Clarrie Grimmett v South Africa 1935 -- 36 42 ( 6 Tests ) Terry Alderman v England , 1981 41 ( 6 Tests ) Terry Alderman v England , 1989 Rodney Hogg v England , 1978 -- 79 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Innings Best figures in an innings Bowling figures Player Opponent Venue Season 10 -- 53 Jim Laker Australia ( 2nd innings ) Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 10 -- 74 Anil Kumble Pakistan Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi 1998 -- 99 9 -- 28 George Lohmann South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1895 -- 96 9 -- 37 Jim Laker Australia ( 1st innings ) Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 9 -- 51 Muttiah Muralitharan Zimbabwe Asgiriya Stadium , Kandy 2001 -- 02 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Best figures in an innings -- progression of record Bowling figures Player Opponent Venue Season 7 -- 55 Tom Kendall ( in the inaugural Test match ) England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1876 -- 77 7 -- 44 Fred Spofforth England The Oval , London 1882 7 -- 28 Billy Bates Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground 1882 -- 83 8 -- 35 George Lohmann Australia Sydney Cricket Ground 1886 -- 87 8 -- 11 Johnny Briggs South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1888 -- 89 8 -- 7 George Lohmann South Africa St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 1895 -- 96 9 -- 28 George Lohmann South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1895 -- 96 10 -- 53 Jim Laker Australia Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 Calculated at the conclusion of each Test Last updated : 15 June 2016 Match records Best figures in a match Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 19 -- 90 Jim Laker Australia Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 17 -- 159 Sydney Barnes South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1913 -- 14 16 -- 136 Narendra Hirwani West Indies M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 1987 -- 88 16 -- 137 Bob Massie England Lord 's , London 1972 16 -- 220 Muttiah Muralitharan England The Oval , London 1998 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Innings as captain Best figures in an innings as captain Bowling figures Player Opponent Venue Season 9 -- 83 Kapil Dev West Indies Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad 8 -- 60 Imran Khan India National Stadium , Karachi , Karachi 1982 8 -- 63 Rangana Herath Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club , Harare 2016 8 -- 106 Kapil Dev Australia Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 1985 7 -- 37 Courtney Walsh New Zealand Basin Reserve , Wellington 1995 Last updated : 16 March 2017 Match records as captain Best figures in a match Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 13 -- 55 Courtney Walsh New Zealand Basin Reserve , Wellington 1995 13 -- 135 Waqar Younis Zimbabwe Southend Club Cricket Stadium , Karachi 13 -- 152 Rangana Herath Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club , Harare 2016 12 -- 100 Fazal Mahmood West Indies Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 1959 11 -- 79 Imran Khan India National Stadium , Karachi 1982 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( fielding ) Most catches in Test career Catches Player Matches 210 Rahul Dravid 164 205 Mahela Jayawardene 149 200 Jacques Kallis 166 196 Ricky Ponting 168 181 Mark Waugh 128 Note : The list excludes catches made as wicket - keeper Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) Most dismissals Dismissals Player Matches 555 ( 532 catches + 23 stumpings ) Mark Boucher 147 416 ( 379 catches + 37 stumpings ) Adam Gilchrist 96 395 ( 366 catches + 29 stumpings ) Ian Healy 119 355 ( 343 catches + 12 stumpings ) Rod Marsh 96 294 ( 256 catches + 38 stumpings ) MS Dhoni 90 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most catches Catches Player Matches 532 Mark Boucher 147 379 Adam Gilchrist 96 366 Ian Healy 119 343 Rod Marsh 96 265 Jeff Dujon 81 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most stumpings Stumpings Player Matches 52 Bert Oldfield 54 46 Godfrey Evans 91 38 Syed Kirmani 88 MS Dhoni 90 37 Adam Gilchrist 96 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( as an all - rounder ) 10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match Player Runs Wickets Date Opponent Venue Ian Botham 114 13 / 109 15 February 1980 India Mumbai , India Imran Khan 117 11 / 180 3 January 1983 India Faisalabad , Pakistan Shakib Al Hasan 137 10 / 124 3 November 2014 Zimbabwe Khulna , Bangladesh Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( other ) Most matches played Matches Player Period 200 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2013 168 Steve Waugh 1985 -- 2004 Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 166 Jacques Kallis 1995 -- 2013 164 Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2012 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 1994 -- 2015 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most matches played as captain Matches Player Won Lost Drawn Tied 109 Graeme Smith 53 29 27 0 93 Allan Border 32 22 38 80 Stephen Fleming 28 27 25 0 77 Ricky Ponting 48 16 13 0 74 Clive Lloyd 36 12 26 0 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most matches won as captain Won Player Lost Drawn Ties Matches 53 Graeme Smith 26 26 0 109 48 Ricky Ponting 16 13 0 77 41 Steve Waugh 9 7 0 57 36 Clive Lloyd 12 26 0 74 32 Allan Border 22 38 93 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Partnership records Highest partnership for each wicket Partnership Runs Team Players Opposition Venue Season 1st wicket 415 South Africa Graeme Smith ( 232 ) Neil McKenzie ( 226 ) Bangladesh Chittagong Divisional Stadium 2008 2nd wicket 576 Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya ( 340 ) Roshan Mahanama ( 225 ) India Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 1997 -- 98 3rd wicket 624 Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 374 ) South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 4th wicket 449 Australia Adam Voges ( 269 * ) Shaun Marsh ( 182 ) West Indies Bellerive Oval , Hobart 2015 -- 16 5th wicket 405 Australia Sid Barnes ( 234 ) Donald Bradman ( 234 ) England Sydney Cricket Ground 1946 -- 47 6th wicket 399 England Ben Stokes ( 258 ) Jonny Bairstow ( 150 * ) South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 2015 -- 16 7th wicket 347 West Indies Denis Atkinson ( 219 ) Clairmonte Depeiaza ( 122 ) Australia Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 1954 -- 55 8th wicket 332 England Jonathan Trott ( 184 ) Stuart Broad ( 169 ) Pakistan Lord 's , London 9th wicket 195 South Africa Mark Boucher ( 78 ) Pat Symcox ( 108 ) Pakistan New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 1997 -- 98 10th wicket 198 England Joe Root ( 154 * ) James Anderson ( 81 ) India Trent Bridge , Nottingham 2014 Last updated : 15 June 2016 Highest partnerships Runs Team Players Opposition Venue Season 624 ( 3rd wicket ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 374 ) South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 576 ( 2nd wicket ) Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya ( 340 ) Roshan Mahanama ( 225 ) India Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 1997 -- 98 467 ( 3rd wicket ) New Zealand Andrew Jones ( 186 ) Martin Crowe ( 299 ) Sri Lanka Basin Reserve , Wellington 1990 -- 91 451 ( 2nd wicket ) Australia Bill Ponsford ( 266 ) Donald Bradman ( 244 ) England The Oval , London 1934 451 ( 3rd wicket ) Pakistan Mudassar Nazar ( 231 ) Javed Miandad ( 280 * ) India Niaz Stadium , Hyderabad 1982 -- 83 Last updated : 15 June 2016 See also Cricket portal List of Australia Test cricket records List of Bangladesh Test cricket records List of England Test cricket records List of India Test cricket records List of Ireland Test cricket records List of New Zealand Test cricket records List of Pakistan Test cricket records List of South Africa Test cricket records List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records List of West Indies Test cricket records List of Zimbabwe Test cricket records List of Cricket records List of One Day International cricket records List of Twenty20 International records References Jump up ^ `` Classification of Official Cricket '' ( PDF ) . 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Test Records Cricket-Records.com Wisden Records in Test Matches Wisden Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Records WTest records WODI records WT20I records Batting WTest centuries WODI centuries WT20I centuries Bowling WTest five - wicket hauls on debut WODI five - wicket hauls WT20I five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_records&oldid=860770968 '' Categories : Test cricket records Cricket - related lists Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी پنجابی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 23 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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who has scored the most test runs in cricket
[ "\nMost career runs\n\n\nRuns\n\nPlayer\n\nPeriod\n\n\n15,921 (329 innings)\n\n Sachin Tendulkar\n1989–2013\n\n\n13,378 (287 innings)\n\n Ricky Ponting\n1995–2012\n\n\n13,289 (280 innings)\n\n Jacques Kallis\n1995–2013\n\n\n13,288 (286 innings)\n\n Rahul Dravid\n1996–2012\n\n\n12,472 (291 innings)\n\n Alastair Cook\n2006–2018\n\n\n\nLast updated: 11 September 2018[37]\n\n" ]
[ "Sachin Tendulkar" ]
983205727477003999
Callie Torres
Callie Torres - wikipedia Callie Torres Callie Torres Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres First appearance `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' ( 2.19 ) February 26 , 2006 ( as recurring cast ) `` Time Has Come Today '' ( 3.01 ) September 21 , 2006 ( as series regular ) Last appearance `` Family Affair '' ( 12.24 ) May 19 , 2016 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sara Ramirez Information Full name Calliope Iphegenia Torres Occupation Attending orthopedic surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Orthopedic Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital M.D. Family Carlos Torres ( father ) Lucia Torres ( mother ) Aria Torres ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) George O'Malley Arizona Robbins Significant other ( s ) Mark Sloan ( deceased ) Erica Hahn Alex Karev Penelope Blake Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres Religion Catholicism Calliope Iphegenia `` Callie '' Torres , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the ABC in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez . She was introduced in season two , as a senior orthopedic resident , as a love interest for intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon , the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis , but received star billing in the third season . Torres was initially conceived as a love interest , and eventual wife , for O'Malley , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . Further storylines include relationships between her and plastic surgeon , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as well as a marriage to pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . The character 's bisexual storyline with Hahn and Robbins , and her development later in the series has garnered much acclaim . She is also the longest running LGBT character in television history , appearing in 11 seasons and 239 episodes . Ramirez 's portrayal of Torres has been widely praised by television critics and the character gained significant popularity as the series progressed . Ramirez was nominated for several awards for her portrayal of Torres , including the Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series . The character was ranked at no . 7 by AfterEllen.com in the list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . '' At the end of the show 's twelfth season , Ramirez departed the show after ten years , desiring to take a break . Contents 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Callie Torres is introduced as an orthopedic surgery resident with a crush on intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . The two start a relationship and Torres moves into Meredith 's house ( Meredith and Izzie Stevens lived there as well ) . Uneased at the way their relationship is progressing , O'Malley confronts her , which results in her moving into a hotel . In the aftermath of the breakup , she meets and has a one - night stand with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , who becomes her friend . Torres and O'Malley subsequently reconcile , and the two marry in Las Vegas on the spur of the moment . Confused , O'Malley confides to fellow intern Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , about his relationship woes over alcohol , leading to a drunken sexual encounter between the two . Torres remains unaware of his sexual encounter , but becomes increasingly suspicious , and announces her desire to conceive a child . Shortly thereafter , however , she discovers that O'Malley has been unfaithful , ending their marriage . Though her personal life is troubled , Torres thrives professionally when she is appointed as the hospital 's Chief Resident . However , she soon begins struggling to cope in the role , and is demoted soon thereafter . Torres forms a friendship with Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , the hospital 's new chief of cardiothoracic surgery . The two embark on a relationship when Hahn jokingly kisses Torres in an elevator to tease Sloan . Neither has been with another woman before , and Torres struggles with her bisexuality , and cheats on her with Sloan . She is initially forgiven , but after an argument about work , Hahn resigns from Seattle Grace , ending their relationship . New pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) kisses her , and they begin dating . Their relationship is tested when Torres comes out to her father , Carlos , who disowns her , cutting her off both financially and emotionally . When she is not granted a position as an attending , she publicly berates the chief , Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , and resigns from her post . She begins working at the neighboring Mercy West hospital , and when the two hospitals merge , she is promoted to an attending surgeon . Torres ' father returns yet again , to condemn her , but ultimately accepts her sexuality . When Torres explains her desire to bear children , Robbins expresses disappointment , and their differing stances on the matter lead them to break up . Soon thereafter , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital , and , relieved to have survived , Torres and Robbins reconcile , with Robbins agreeing that they should have children together . When Robbins wins a prestigious grant to help treat children in Malawi , a disgruntled Torres agrees to move there with her , as the position will last for three years ; however , her lack of enthusiasm causes Robbins to end their relationship and go without her . A heartbroken Torres moves in with Sloan , and they have a one - night stand . Robbins returns for Torres , apologizing and hoping for forgiveness , but Torres initially rebuffs her , and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan 's baby . Robbins agrees to raise the child with her , but dislikes that Sloan will be a permanent part of their lives . En route a weekend getaway , Robbins proposes to Torres , but before Torres can reply , the two are in a head - on collision with a truck , leaving Torres severely injured . In an attempt to save her life , obstetrician - gynecologist Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , delivers Torres 's premature baby . Torres survives , and agrees to marry Robbins . After twelve weeks of recovery , both Torres and baby Sofia are discharged and allowed to leave the hospital . Torres recovers from her surgery , but deals with the backlash from her mother ( Gina Gallego ) 's attitude toward the wedding and her granddaughter . Torres and Robbins marry in a garden after the minister 's wife falls ill , with general surgeon Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , officiating the ceremony . In the aftermath of a plane accident that killed Sloan and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Torres is forced to make the decision to have Alex Karev amputate Robbins 's left leg to keep her alive , which puts strains on their relationship . The hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence . Each victim , including Robbins , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , and Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) must receive $15 million of compensation , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurances refuse to pay . These doctors and Torres buy the hospital with the help of the Harper - Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing , and each become members of the new directing board . Everything seems to go well for Arizona and Callie , until a big storm hits the hospital now named after Mark Sloan and Lexie Grey . In the last episode of the ninth season , Arizona cheats on Callie with Dr. Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) . Callie soon discovers Arizona 's infidelity by seeing her wedding ring pinned to Dr. Boswell 's scrub top . In the aftermath of discovery , both Callie and Arizona share their feelings and it is revealed that Arizona does not forgive Callie for making the call to amputate her leg . Callie is heartbroken and Arizona states that Callie lost nothing in the crash , to which Callie responds that she , apparently , lost Arizona . Callie takes Sofia to live with Meredith and Derek , Zola , and Baby Bailey for a while before kicking Arizona out of their apartment and celebrates by dancing in her underwear . Callie also left Arizona at therapy , telling her that she was the only one that needed to go . After being hit by a lawsuit , her father , Carlos , visits and tells Callie that he cheated on her mother but she took him back and Callie would n't be here if her mother did n't give Carlos a second chance . Callie goes to Arizona 's apartment and invites her to come back home . Callie finds out during surgery that Arizona was sleeping with Leah , a second year resident , while separated . Although angry at Arizona , Callie still agrees to work things out . After April 's failed wedding to Matthew , Callie and Arizona bought a house together , a fresh start , away from the memories of their apartment . They later decided to try again for a second child . However , a trip to the OB / GYN led to the discovery that Callie had developed adhesions in her uterus in the years since Sofia 's birth , meaning she could not carry any more babies . After talking about it , the couple agreed to postpone their dream to have another baby until they 're on more solid footing as a couple . At the beginning of the eleventh season , Callie and Arizona gave therapy another chance in order to help mend their marriage . They were made to go 30 days living separate lives in the same house with no sexual activity with others or each other . They come close to breaking that rule and had to start over and before the 30 days was up they eventually gave in and connected sexually again . At the end of the 30 days at the final therapy session Arizona realized she could n't live without Callie ; however Callie did n't feel the same and stated she felt suffocated and eventually walked out of therapy , ending their marriage . Callie then goes on to date Penny , who was the resident in charge of Derek Shepard 's case . She comes to a dinner party hosted by Meredith , who recognizes her . It is then discovered that Penny is going to be working at Grey Sloan Memorial . When everyone , including Callie , finds out who Penny actually is , they protest and try to get her off of the Grey Sloan Memorial residency line . She manages to stay on the line despite all the others ' pleads and wishes . After Callie discloses her desire to move to New York with Penny and take her and Arizona 's daughter , Sofia , with her , Arizona takes Callie to court for sole parental custody . Callie loses custody of her daughter to Arizona and Penny moves to New York . After Arizona decides that both Sofia 's moms deserve to be happy , Arizona presents Callie with plane tickets and offers a custody agreement that keeps Sofia in Seattle for the summer and then sharing her every other school year and Christmas . Callie is referenced occasionally by Arizona and Sofia after her departure from the show . At the conclusion of season 14 , Arizona departs the show to move to New York and it is implied that the two will ultimately reconcile after Callie and Penny are mentioned to have broken up . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` As a Latin person , I was really proud to see the ethnic people on the show . I thought , Wow , there are no color limits . Nobody 's making comments about how there are African - Americans on the show and an Asian on the show . However , I did think , Where 's the Latin person ? '' Ramirez on Grey 's Anatomy Ramirez was seen by ABC executives , in her Broadway performance of Spamalot , which garnered their attention . Due to their admiration , the network offered Ramirez a role on any ABC television series , of her choice , and she chose Grey 's Anatomy . Ramirez further explained that at her initial audition , the producers liked her , and had intentions to add her to the show , but did not know who to cast her as . She also said she was in awe of how the executives said , `` Pick a show , any show '' , explaining that it is rare . Shonda Rhimes said : `` I was looking for a girlfriend for George , but it was in the infancy stages , so I had no idea what I was looking for . '' Rhimes built the character around Ramirez after she met her . Ramirez 's character was initially given recurring status in the second season and received star billing in the third season , alongside fellow cast member Dane , who portrayed Mark Sloan . Ramirez discusses maintaining relationships with co-stars : `` The weird thing about working in television is that you only see the people that you 're in scenes with . It 's not like you 're all running around the set together . So if you 're going to hang out together , you kind of have to make an effort . And I think people have families , people have lives . '' Characterization ( edit ) While we are disheartened that the burgeoning relationship between Callie and Erica has come to an end , the character of Callie , who has now been identified as a lesbian by show creator Shonda Rhimes , remains and her journey continues . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation on Torres ' bisexual storyline The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Torres as `` driven '' , `` determined '' , and `` outgoing '' , while also noting her weaknesses : `` defensive '' and `` impulsive '' . Ramirez described her character as someone who `` appears to be a certain way , but has some very complex issues going on behind the scenes . She seems to be a very strong personality , someone who really believes in herself and has worked very hard to get where she is . She 's very competitive but does have a sense of self , so she does n't need to win all the time . '' At Torres ' initial appearance on the show , she was disliked by fans , due to her getting in the way of O'Malley and Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's relationship . When asked of this , Ramirez said : `` You do run across a lot of people who are extremely invested in that story line . Obviously , I 've heard some negative stuff . '' The end of the show 's fourth season saw Torres grow closer to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn , in a relationship referred to by the portmanteau `` Eri - Cal '' and later `` Callica '' by Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly . Rhimes stated that : `` Callie and Erica have an undeniable chemistry , and watching the story unfold is something the writers are looking forward to . I wanted to illuminate their relationship in the same way we do all relationships on the show -- it will be funny , sweet , honest , and a little bit dirty . '' Torres served as the primary vocalist in the show 's musical episode , `` Song Beneath the Song '' , being described as `` amazing '' by fellow cast member , Kevin McKidd . She explained that in developing the relationship between the two : `` we wanted it to be real -- not some stunt to get people talking . We wanted to see what would happen if a woman suddenly had feelings for another woman . '' The two characters shared a kiss at the end of the season four finale , with which D. Williams of After Ellen noted : `` Callie and Erica became the only regular lesbian / bisexual female characters currently on network television . This is also the first time that two regular characters on a network show have begun a lesbian romance , as opposed to one becoming involved with a new lesbian character introduced expressly for that relationship . '' Before continuing with the storyline , the show 's producers consulted with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to ensure they maintained realism throughout . Trish Doolan , star of April 's Shower was invited to consult in the workshop sessions which took place , and surmised that ; `` They were really wanting to be truthful to the two characters they 're focusing on in the woman - woman relationship '' , with Nikki Weiss , who also consulted , adding : `` they did n't want to stereotype anything either , and write from a place where they did n't understand it . ( ... ) I do n't think they did it as a stunt to get people back to watching after the strike . I really think that they wanted to develop these two characters , and that you could see a closeness with them way before they ever decided any kind of -- I think they just have a chemistry together , as actresses , too . You could tell that in the room . They definitely have a chemistry . '' In the show 's fifth season , Torres embarked on a relationship with Arizona Robbins ( Capshaw ) . The relationship between the two is referred to by the portmanteau `` Calzona '' . Rhimes praised the chemistry between Arizona and Callie in contrast , comparing it to that between the show 's primary couple Grey and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and stating : `` They have that little thing that makes you want to watch them . '' In `` An Honest Mistake '' , Torres was initially rejected by Robbins , with Robbins citing Torres ' `` inexperience '' as a factor . Series writer Peter Nowalk offered the insight : `` I totally understand why Arizona would n't want to date a newborn . It 's like getting a Freshman as your Physics lab partner even though you 're a Senior who not only knows the Laws of Motion but has mastered them in ways that would rock that Freshman 's world . Which is not to say the Freshman wo n't grow to be really good at Physics , or that Callie wo n't catch up to Arizona on the lesbian front , it 's simply that Arizona might not have the patience to wait that long . '' The couple ultimately decided to begin a relationship , however , the two experience difficulties , but eventually reunite . Rhimes commented on their reconciliation : `` I love ( Callie ) with Arizona . ( ... ) I like that they make me feel hopeful about love . '' Rhimes has mentioned of their relationship in the sixth season : `` I would like to see Callie happily in a long - term relationship . We have so much to explore with them , because we barely know anything about ( Arizona ) . '' Callie and Arizona have a five - year relationship , ultimately marrying in the seventh season and divorcing in the eleventh season . Callie starts a new relationship with Penny Blake and leaves to go to New York with her in the twelfth - season finale . Shonda Rhimes spoke on Ramirez 's abrupt departure , saying , `` This one was different because it was n't a big planned thing . I had a different plan going and when Sara came in and said , ' I really need to take this break , ' I was lucky that we 'd shot the end of the season with her going to New York . '' Reception ( edit ) `` What was truly revolutionary about Callie is that she was never defined by any single aspect of herself . She was curvy , Latina , and bisexual , and she was also a funny , frustrating , and lovable doctor with an amazing career and strong friendships . Callie was never expected to be perfect . She was allowed to be as messy as every other character on Grey 's Anatomy , and , for everyone who identified with her as a whole or in part , it was a huge relief to see this woman who represented so many perspectives be allowed to just be awesome . '' -- Sabienna Bowmna of Bustle Maureen Ryan from the Chicago Tribune was critical about the character 's initial development . Reviewing the third season 's premiere , she wrote the writers should give up on Callie explaining they have made her `` far too obviously the `` weird girl , '' but there 's nothing underneath her brusque persona . '' Her marriage to O'Malley was well received ; Staci Krause of IGN wrote : `` Their relationship has been a roller coaster and it was nice to see this turn of events , as she really is a perfect contrast to George . '' Discussing the character in terms of her relationship with Hahn , Williams was largely positive , assessing that : `` The story line offered both the drama Grey 's is known for and a truthfulness network television has rarely achieved when it comes to lesbian relationships . '' Trish Doolan and Nikki Weiss , invited by GLAAD to consult with Grey 's Anatomy producers on the storyline , praised the effort put into researching the issue by the writers and actors involved , though were more negative on the scene which saw Hahn kiss Callie in an elevator in front of Mark Sloan . Weiss commented : `` I just felt like , if they really cared about each other , I do n't think they would do that as a stunt . That seemed a little , I do n't know , forced . ( ... ) ( It ) was more like a conquest , like he could have ( Hahn ) too or something . '' LGBT website AfterEllen.com agreed with this view , criticizing the way the scene was edited so as to keep cutting to Sloan 's point of view , as though `` privileging the male gaze . '' AfterEllen.com included Torres in their list of the Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters , ranking her at No. 6 and in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest TV Doctors on TV '' . Commenting on Hahn 's abrupt departure from the show , Dorothy Snarker , writing for AfterEllen.com , observed of Torres and Robbins ' relationship : `` I ( ... ) ca n't help but be wary of how the Grey 's writers will handle this relationship . Jessica has proven lovely and likable in her brief screen time so far . But it 's not how the romance starts , but what happens next that really matters . '' Speaking of the musical episode , Nicole Golden of TV Fanatic called Ramirez 's rendition of `` Chasing Cars '' `` amazing '' and referred to her performance in Kate Havnevik 's `` Grace '' as `` beautiful '' . Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres ' friendship in the first half of the ninth season , calling it `` the one bright spot '' : `` They joke , they tease each other , they offer sage love advice to one another , now that they 're both on their second marriages . '' Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series at the Alma Awards , in 2007 and 2008 . Also in 2007 , at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Ramirez and the cast of Grey 's Anatomy , were the recipients of the Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . She and the cast were nominated for the same award , in 2008 . In 2011 , at the 42nd NAACP Image Awards , Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She was ranked at no . 7 in AfterEllen.com 's list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . Bustle . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sara Ramirez , Kate Walsh , Chandra Wilson , Oprah Winfrey ( April 5 , 2008 ) . Sara Ramirez Chandra Wilson Kate Walsh OP . Los Angeles , California : Oprah Winfrey . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gay Groups Praise ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . StarPulse . World Entertainment News Network . November 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Callie Torres ( Sarah Ramirez ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crook , John ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Shonda Rhimes on her plans for Erica and Callie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Erica Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Sara Ramirez Is ' Amazing ' in Grey 's Musical Episode , Says Costar '' . People . Time , Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : D. Williams ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Behind the Lesbian Story Line on `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Snarker , Dorothy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' processes the Calzona kiss `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` TV is a ' journey ' for ' Grey 's ' creator Shonda Rhimes '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` What 's Next for ' Grey 's ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Did n't Know Sara Ramirez Was Leaving ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Until After They Finished the Season Finale '' . US Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Sabienna ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's Callie Torres Was The Show 's Most Progressive Character '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' is back , baby ! '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Nicole ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : The Musical Episode '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Past ALMA Recipients '' . AlmaAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP Image Awards . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Callie Torres at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Jo Wilson Karev Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callie_Torres&oldid=865251186 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional surgeons Fictional bisexual females Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 18 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when does callie come to grey's anatomy
[ "Calliope Iphegenia \"Callie\" Torres, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the ABC in the United States. The character was created by series' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez. She was introduced in season two, as a senior orthopedic resident, as a love interest for intern George O'Malley (T.R. Knight). Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon, the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis, but received star billing in the third season.\n" ]
[ "in season two" ]
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Productivity
Productivity - wikipedia Productivity Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the economic and business concept . For other uses , see Productivity ( disambiguation ) . Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand Index Outline History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Glossary Glossary of economics Business and economics portal Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production . A productivity measure is expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in a production process , i.e. output per unit of input . Productivity is a crucial factor in production performance of firms and nations . Increasing national productivity can raise living standards because more real income improves people 's ability to purchase goods and services , enjoy leisure , improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs . Productivity growth also helps businesses to be more profitable . There are many different definitions of productivity and the choice among them depends on the purpose of the productivity measurement and / or data availability . Contents ( hide ) 1 Partial productivity 1.1 Labour productivity 2 Multi-factor productivity 2.1 Accounting procedure 3 Total productivity 4 Benefits of productivity growth 5 Drivers of productivity growth 6 Individual and team productivity 6.1 Detrimental impact of bullying , incivility , toxicity and psychopathy 7 Business productivity 8 Productivity paradox 9 National productivity 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Partial productivity ( edit ) Main article : Partial productivity Productivity measures that use one class of inputs or factors , but not multiple factors , are called partial productivities . In practice , measurement in production means measures of partial productivity . Interpreted correctly , these components are indicative of productivity development , and approximate the efficiency with which inputs are used in an economy to produce goods and services . However , productivity is only measured partially -- or approximately . In a way , the measurements are defective because they do not measure everything , but it is possible to interpret correctly the results of partial productivity and to benefit from them in practical situations . At the company level , typical partial productivity measures are such things as worker hours , materials or energy used per unit of production . Before widespread use of computer networks , partial productivity was tracked in tabular form and with hand - drawn graphs . Tabulating machines for data processing began being widely used in the 1920s and 1930s and remained in use until mainframe computers became widespread in the late 1960s through the 1970s . By the late 1970s inexpensive computers allowed industrial operations to perform process control and track productivity . Today data collection is largely computerized and almost any variable can be viewed graphically in real time or retrieved for selected time periods . Labour productivity ( edit ) Labour productivity levels in 2012 in Europe . OECD Comparison of average labour productivity levels between the OECD member states . Productivity is measured as GDP per hour worked . Blue bars = higher than OECD - average productivity . Yellow bars = lower than average . In macroeconomics , a common partial productivity measure is labour productivity . Labour productivity is a revealing indicator of several economic indicators as it offers a dynamic measure of economic growth , competitiveness , and living standards within an economy . It is the measure of labour productivity ( and all that this measure takes into account ) which helps explain the principal economic foundations that are necessary for both economic growth and social development . In general labour productivity is equal to the ratio between a measure of output volume ( gross domestic product or gross value added ) and a measure of input use ( the total number of hours worked or total employment ) . labour productivity = output volume labor input use ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( labour productivity ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ text ( output volume ) ) ( \ text ( labor input use ) ) ) ) The output measure is typically net output , more specifically the value added by the process under consideration , i.e. the value of outputs minus the value of intermediate inputs . This is done in order to avoid double - counting when an output of one firm is used as an input by another in the same measurement . In macroeconomics the most well - known and used measure of value - added is the Gross Domestic Product or GDP . Increases in it are widely used as a measure of the economic growth of nations and industries . GDP is the income available for paying capital costs , labor compensation , taxes and profits. ( OECD 2008 , 11 ) Some economists instead use gross value added ( GVA ) ; there is normally a strong correlation between GDP and GVA . ( Freeman 2008 , 5 ) The measure of input use reflects the time , effort and skills of the workforce . Denominator of the ratio of labour productivity , the input measure is the most important factor that influences the measure of labour productivity . Labour input is measured either by the total number of hours worked of all persons employed or total employment ( head count ) . ( Freeman 2008 , 5 ) There are both advantages and disadvantages associated with the different input measures that are used in the calculation of labour productivity . It is generally accepted that the total number of hours worked is the most appropriate measure of labour input because a simple headcount of employed persons can hide changes in average hours worked and has difficulties accounting for variations in work such as a part - time contract , leave of absence , overtime , or shifts in normal hours . However , the quality of hours - worked estimates is not always clear . In particular , statistical establishment and household surveys are difficult to use because of their varying quality of hours - worked estimates and their varying degree of international comparability . GDP per capita is a rough measure of average living standards or economic well - being and is one of the core indicators of economic performance . ( OECD 2008 , 14 ) GDP is , for this purpose , only a very rough measure . Maximizing GDP , in principle , also allows maximizing capital usage . For this reason GDP is systematically biased in favour of capital intensive production at the expense of knowledge and labour - intensive production . The use of capital in the GDP - measure is considered to be as valuable as the production 's ability to pay taxes , profits and labor compensation . The bias of the GDP is actually the difference between the GDP and the producer income . ( Saari 2011 , 10 , 16 ) Another labour productivity measure , output per worker , is often seen as a proper measure of labour productivity , as here : `` Productivity is n't everything , but in the long run it is almost everything . A country 's ability to improve its standard of living over time depends almost entirely on its ability to raise its output per worker. `` This measure ( output per worker ) is , however , more problematic than the GDP or even invalid because this measure allows maximizing all supplied inputs , i.e. materials , services , energy and capital at the expense of producer income . Multi-factor productivity ( edit ) Main article : Total factor productivity Trends in U.S. productivity from labor , capital and multi-factor sources over the 1987 - 2014 period . When multiple inputs are considered , the measure is called multi-factor productivity or MFP . Multi-factor productivity is typically estimated using growth accounting . If the inputs specifically are labor and capital , and the outputs are value added intermediate outputs , the measure is called total factor productivity or TFP . TFP measures the residual growth that can not be explained by the rate of change in the services of labour and capital . MFP replaced the term TFP used in the earlier literature , and both terms continue in use ( usually interchangeably ) ( Hulten 2009 , 7 ) . TFP is often interpreted as a rough average measure of productivity , more specifically the contribution to economic growth made by factors such as technical and organisational innovation . ( OECD 2008 , 11 ) . The most famous description is that of Solow 's ( 1957 ) : '' I am using the phrase ' technical change ' as a shorthand expression for any kind of shift in the production function . Thus slowdowns , speed ups , improvements in the education of the labor force and all sorts of things will appear as ' technical change ' '' . The original MFP model ( Solow 1957 ) involves several assumptions : that there is a stable functional relation between inputs and output at the economy - wide level of aggregation , that this function has neoclassical smoothness and curvature properties , that inputs are paid the value of their marginal product , that the function exhibits constant returns to scale , and that technical change has the Hicks'n neutral form ( Hulten , 2009 , 5 ) . In practice , TFP is `` a measure of our ignorance '' , as Abramovitz ( 1956 ) put it , precisely because it is a residual . This ignorance covers many components , some wanted ( like the effects of technical and organizational innovation ) , others unwanted ( measurement error , omitted variables , aggregation bias , model misspecification ) ( Hulten 2000 , 11 ) . Hence the relationship between TFP and productivity remains unclear . Accounting procedure ( edit ) Accounting procedure of MFP ( Saari 2012 ) The MFP measure can be compactly introduced with an accounting procedure in the following calculation . We can use the fixed price values of the real process in the production model to show the accounting procedure . Fixed price values of the real process depict commensurate volumes of the outputs and inputs . When we subtract from the output the intermediate inputs we obtain the value - added . Value - added is used as an output in MFP measure . The principle is to compare the growth of the value - added to the growth of labour and capital input . The formula of the MFP growth is as follows ( Schreyer 2005 , 7 ) : change of MFP = change of output ( 1.119 ) minus change of labour input x cost share of labour ( 1.150 x 0.475 = 0.546 ) minus change of capital input x cost share of capital ( 1.030 x 0.525 = 0.541 ) As an accounting result the MFP growth is 1.119 - 0.546 - 0.541 = 0.032 or 3.2 % . The residual problem of Multi Factor Productivity was solved by many authors who developed production income formation models where productivity was an integrated factor . For this purpose was needed Total Productivity concept . Total productivity ( edit ) Main article : Production ( economics ) When all outputs and inputs are included in the productivity measure it is called total productivity . A valid measurement of total productivity necessitates considering all production inputs . If we omit an input in productivity ( or income accounting ) this means that the omitted input can be used unlimitedly in production without any impact on accounting results . Because total productivity includes all production inputs it is used as an integrated variable when we want to explain income formation of production process . Davis has considered the phenomenon of productivity , measurement of productivity , distribution of productivity gains , and how to measure such gains . He refers to an article suggesting that the measurement of productivity shall be developed so that it '' will indicate increases or decreases in the productivity of the company and also the distribution of the ' fruits of production ' among all parties at interest '' . According to Davis , the price system is a mechanism through which productivity gains are distributed , and besides the business enterprise , receiving parties may consist of its customers , staff and the suppliers of production inputs . In the main article is presented the role of total productivity as a variable when explaining how income formation of production is always a balance between income generation and income distribution . The income change created by production function is always distributed to the stakeholders as economic values within the review period . Benefits of productivity growth ( edit ) Labour productivity growth in Australia since 1978 , measured by GDP per hour worked ( indexed ) Productivity growth is a crucial source of growth in living standards . Productivity growth means more value is added in production and this means more income is available to be distributed . At a firm or industry level , the benefits of productivity growth can be distributed in a number of different ways : to the workforce through better wages and conditions ; to shareholders and superannuation funds through increased profits and dividend distributions ; to customers through lower prices ; to the environment through more stringent environmental protection ; and to governments through increases in tax payments ( which can be used to fund social and environmental programs ) . Productivity growth is important to the firm because it means that it can meet its ( perhaps growing ) obligations to workers , shareholders , and governments ( taxes and regulation ) , and still remain competitive or even improve its competitiveness in the market place . Adding more inputs will not increase the income earned per unit of input ( unless there are increasing returns to scale ) . In fact , it is likely to mean lower average wages and lower rates of profit . But , when there is productivity growth , even the existing commitment of resources generates more output and income . Income generated per unit of input increases . Additional resources are also attracted into production and can be profitably employed . Drivers of productivity growth ( edit ) See also : Productivity improving technologies In the most immediate sense , productivity is determined by the available technology or know - how for converting resources into outputs , and the way in which resources are organized to produce goods and services . Historically , productivity has improved through evolution as processes with poor productivity performance are abandoned and newer forms are exploited . Process improvements may include organizational structures ( e.g. core functions and supplier relationships ) , management systems , work arrangements , manufacturing techniques , and changing market structure . A famous example is the assembly line and the process of mass production that appeared in the decade following commercial introduction of the automobile . Mass production dramatically reduced the labor in producing parts for and assembling the automobile , but after its widespread adoption productivity gains in automobile production were much lower . A similar pattern was observed with electrification , which saw the highest productivity gains in the early decades after introduction . Many other industries show similar patterns . The pattern was again followed by the computer , information and communications industries in the late 1990s when much of the national productivity gains occurred in these industries . There is a general understanding of the main determinants or drivers of productivity growth . Certain factors are critical for determining productivity growth . The Office for National Statistics ( UK ) identifies five drivers that interact to underlie long - term productivity performance : investment , innovation , skills , enterprise and competition . ( ONS 3 , 20 ) Investment is in physical capital -- machinery , equipment and buildings . The more capital workers have at their disposal , generally the better they are able to do their jobs , producing more and better quality output . Innovation is the successful exploitation of new ideas . New ideas can take the form of new technologies , new products or new corporate structures and ways of working . Speeding up the diffusion of innovations can boost productivity . Skills are defined as the quantity and quality of labour of different types available in an economy . Skills complement physical capital , and are needed to take advantage of investment in new technologies and organisational structures . Enterprise is defined as the seizing of new business opportunities by both start - ups and existing firms . New enterprises compete with existing firms by new ideas and technologies increasing competition . Entrepreneurs are able to combine factors of production and new technologies forcing existing firms to adapt or exit the market . Competition improves productivity by creating incentives to innovate and ensures that resources are allocated to the most efficient firms . It also forces existing firms to organise work more effectively through imitations of organisational structures and technology . Individual and team productivity ( edit ) See also : Programming productivity Technology has enabled massive personal productivity gains -- computers , spreadsheets , email , and other advances have made it possible for a knowledge worker to seemingly produce more in a day then was previously possible in a year . Environmental factors such as sleep and leisure play a significant role in work productivity and received wage . Drivers of productivity growth for creative and knowledge workers include improved or intensified exchange with peers or co-workers , as more productive peers have a stimulating effect on one 's own productivity . Productivity is influenced by effective supervision and job satisfaction . Having an effective or knowledgeable supervisor ( for example a supervisor who uses the Management by objectives method ) has an easier time motivating their employees to produce more in quantity and quality . An employee who has an effective supervisor , motivating them to be more productive is likely to experience a new level of job satisfaction thereby becoming a driver of productivity itself . Detrimental impact of bullying , incivility , toxicity and psychopathy ( edit ) Workplace bullying results in a loss of productivity , as measured by self - rated job performance . Over time , targets of bullying will spend more time protecting themselves against harassment by bullies and less time fulfilling their duties . Workplace incivility has also been associated with diminished productivity in terms of quality and quantity of work . A toxic workplace is a workplace that is marked by significant drama and infighting , where personal battles often harm productivity . While employees are distracted by this , they can not devote time and attention to the achievement of business goals . When toxic employees leave the workplace , it can improve the culture overall because the remaining staff become more engaged and productive . The presence of a workplace psychopath may have a serious detrimental impact on productivity in an organisation . In companies in where the traditional hierarchy has been removed in favor of an egalitarian , team - based setup , the employees are often happier , and individual productivity is improved ( as they themselves are better placed to increase the efficiency of the workfloor ) . Companies that have these hierarchy removed and have their employees work more in teams are called Liberated companies or `` Freedom inc. 's '' . See also : The Toyota Way Business productivity ( edit ) Productivity is one of the main concerns of business management and engineering . Many companies have formal programs for continuously improving productivity , such as a production assurance program . Whether they have a formal program or not , companies are constantly looking for ways to improve quality , reduce downtime and inputs of labor , materials , energy and purchased services . Often simple changes to operating methods or processes increase productivity , but the biggest gains are normally from adopting new technologies , which may require capital expenditures for new equipment , computers or software . Modern productivity science owes much to formal investigations that are associated with scientific management . Although from an individual management perspective , employees may be doing their jobs well and with high levels of individual productivity , from an organizational perspective their productivity may in fact be zero or effectively negative if they are dedicated to redundant or value destroying activities . Productivity paradox ( edit ) Main article : Productivity paradox Overall productivity growth was relatively slow from the 1970s through the early 1990s . Although several possible causes for the slowdown have been proposed there is no consensus . The matter is subject to a continuing debate that has grown beyond questioning whether just computers can significantly increase productivity to whether the potential to increase productivity is becoming exhausted . National productivity ( edit ) In order to measure productivity of a nation or an industry , it is necessary to operationalize the same concept of productivity as in a production unit or a company , yet , the object of modelling is substantially wider and the information more aggregate . The calculations of productivity of a nation or an industry are based on the time series of the SNA , System of National Accounts . National accounting is a system based on the recommendations of the UN ( SNA 93 ) to measure total production and total income of a nation and how they are used . ( Saari 2006 , 9 ) International or national productivity growth stems from a complex interaction of factors . Some of the most important immediate factors include technological change , organizational change , industry restructuring and resource reallocation , as well as economies of scale and scope . A nation 's average productivity level can also be affected by the movement of resources from low - productivity to high - productivity industries and activities . Over time , other factors such as research and development and innovative effort , the development of human capital through education , and incentives from stronger competition promote the search for productivity improvements and the ability to achieve them . Ultimately , many policy , institutional and cultural factors determine a nation 's success in improving productivity . At the national level , productivity growth raises living standards because more real income improves people 's ability to purchase goods and services ( whether they are necessities or luxuries ) , enjoy leisure , improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs . Some have suggested that the UK 's ' productivity puzzle ' is an urgent issue for policy makers and businesses to address in order to sustain growth . Over long periods of time , small differences in rates of productivity growth compound , like interest in a bank account , and can make an enormous difference to a society 's prosperity . Nothing contributes more to reduction of poverty , to increases in leisure , and to the country 's ability to finance education , public health , environment and the arts ' . Productivity is considered basic statistical information for many international comparisons and country performance assessments and there is strong interest in comparing them internationally . The OECD publishes an annual Compendium of Productivity Indicators that includes both labor and multi-factor measures of productivity . Several statistical offices publish productivity accounting handbooks and manuals with detailed accounting instructions and definitions . For example , the following : Measuring Productivity -- OECD Manual Office for National Statistics ( UK ) Productivity handbook Bureau of Labor Statistics , Productivity Statistics ( U.S. ) See also ( edit ) Agile construction Assembly line Computer - aided manufacturing Counterproductive work behavior Division of labour Industrial Revolution Mass production Productive and unproductive labour Production ( economics ) Production , costs , and pricing Productive forces Production function Productivity model Production possibility frontier Production theory basics Productivity improving technologies ( historical ) Second Industrial Revolution Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Courbois & Temple 1975 , Gollop 1979 , Kurosawa 1975 , Pineda 1990 , Saari 2006 ^ Jump up to : Sumanth , David J. Total Productivity Management ( TPmgt ) : A Systemic and Quantitative Approach to Compete in Quality , Price and Time . CRC Press . p. 5 . ISBN 9781574440577 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Multifactor Productivity - Overview '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . U.S. Department of Labor . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Krugman ( 1994 ) . The Age of Diminishing Expectations . MIT Press . Jump up ^ Davis , 1955 Jump up ^ 1947 , Journal of Accountancy , Feb. p. 94 Jump up ^ Field , Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Robert U. ; Warr , Benjamin ( 2006 ) . `` Economic growth , technological progress and energy use in the U.S. over the last century : Identifying common trends and structural change in macroeconomic time series , INSEAD '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Fuller , Ryan ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` The Paradox of Workplace Productivity '' . Jump up ^ Gibson , Matthew ; Shrader , Jeffrey ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Time Use and Productivity : The Wage Returns to Sleep '' . eScholarship . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Borowiecki , Karol J. ( 2013 ) . `` Geographic clustering and productivity : An instrumental variable approach for classical composers '' . Journal of Urban Economics . 73 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 110 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jue. 2012.07. 004 . Jump up ^ Borowiecki , Karol J. ( 2015 ) . `` Agglomeration Economies in Classical Music '' . Papers in Regional Science . 94 ( 3 ) : 443 -- 68 . doi : 10.1111 / pirs. 12078 . Jump up ^ Thompson , K.R. ; et al. ( 1981 ) . `` The Effects of MBO on Performance and Satisfaction in a Public Sector Organization '' . Journal of Management . 7 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 014920638100700105 . Jump up ^ Helge H , Sheehan MJ , Cooper CL , Einarsen S `` Organisational Effects of Workplace Bullying '' in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace : Developments in Theory , Research , and Practice ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Fisher - Blando , J.L. ( 2008 ) . Workplace bullying : Aggressive behavior and its effect on job satisfaction and productivity ( PDF ) ( PhD ) . University of Phoenix . Jump up ^ `` 9 signs your work place needs civility , 6 steps to achieve it - TechJournal '' . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Benoit , Suzanne ( 2011 ) `` Toxic Employees : great companies resolve this problem , you can too ! '' Falmouth , Maine : BCSPublishing Jump up ^ Bitting , Robert . `` Using Effective Leadership Strategies in the Workplace '' . http://www.robertbitting.com/files/articles/Toxic-Employees-in-the-Work-Place.pdf . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mayhew , Ruth `` Is employee turnover always bad ? '' accessed at : http://smallbusiness.chron.com/employee-turnover-always-bad-11089.html Jump up ^ Boddy , C.R. ( 2010 ) ' Corporate Psychopaths and Productivity ' , Management Services Spring , 26 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Free Inc. terminology and list of companies Jump up ^ L'entreprise liberée Jump up ^ Holacracy Jump up ^ Poult system Jump up ^ SEMCO Jump up ^ Nelson , Daniel ( 1980 ) . Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0299081607 . Jump up ^ Brynjolfsson , Erik ( 1993 ) . `` The productivity paradox of information technology '' . Communications of the ACM. 36 ( 12 ) : 66 -- 77 . doi : 10.1145 / 163298.163309 . ISSN 0001 - 0782 . Jump up ^ Zelenyuk ( 2014 ) `` Testing Significance of Contributions in Growth Accounting , with Application to Testing ICT Impact on Labor Productivity of Developed Countries '' International Journal of Business and Economics 13 : 2 , pp. 115 - 126 . Jump up ^ Alan Blinder and William Baumol 1993 , Economics : Principles and Policy , Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , San Diego , p. 778 . Jump up ^ http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=LEVEL Jump up ^ Compendium of Productivity Indicators , OECD References ( edit ) Abramovitz , M. ( May 1956 ) . `` Resource and Output Trends in the United States since 1870 '' . American Economic Review . 46 ( 2 ) : 5 -- 23 . JSTOR 1910656 . Bechler , J.G ( 1984 ) . `` The Productivity Management Process '' . American Productivity Center . Courbois , R. ; Temple , P. ( 1975 ) . La methode des `` Comptes de surplus '' et ses applications macroeconomiques. 160 des Collect , INSEE , Serie C ( 35 ) . p. 100 . Craig , C. ; Harris , R. ( 1973 ) . `` Total Productivity Measurement at the Firm Level '' . Sloan Management Review ( Spring 1973 ) : 13 -- 28 . Davis , H.S. ( 1955 ) . Productivity Accounting . University of Pennsylvania . Freeman , R. ( 2008 ) . Labour productivity indicators ( PDF ) . OECD . Genesca , G.E. ; Grifell , T.E. ( 1992 ) . `` Profits and Total Factor Productivity : A Comparative Analysis '' . Omega . the International Journal of Management Science . 20 ( 5 / 6 ) : 553 -- 568 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 0483 ( 92 ) 90002 - O . Gollop , F.M. ( 1979 ) . `` Accounting for Intermediate Input : The Link Between Sectoral and Aggregate Measures of Productivity Growth '' . Measurement and Interpretation of Productivity . National Academy of Sciences . Hulten , C.R. ( January 2000 ) . `` Total Factor Productivity : A Short Biography '' . NBER Working Paper No. 7471 . doi : 10.3386 / w7471 . Hulten , C.R. ( September 2009 ) . `` Growth Accounting '' . NBER Working Paper No. 15341 . doi : 10.3386 / w15341 . Jorgenson , D.W. ; Griliches , Z. ( 1967 ) . `` The Explanation of Productivity Change '' . Review of Economic Studies . 34 ( 99 ) : 249 -- 283 . doi : 10.2307 / 2296675 . Jorgenson , D.W. ; Ho , M.S. ; Samuels , J.D. ( 2014 ) . Long - term Estimates of U.S. Productivity and Growth ( PDF ) . Tokyo : Third World KLEMS Conference . Kendrick , J. ; Creamer , D. ( 1965 ) . `` Measuring Company Productivity : A handbook with Case Studies '' ( 89 ) . The National Industry Productivity Board . Kendrick , J.W. ( 1984 ) . Improving Company Productivity . The Johns Hopkins University Press . Kohli , U ( 2012 ) . Productivity : National vs. Domestic ( PDF ) . Sydney , Australia : EMG Workshop , University of New South Wales , November 21 -- 23 , 2012 . Kurosawa , K ( 1975 ) . `` An aggregate index for the analysis of productivity '' . Omega. 3 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 168 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 0483 ( 75 ) 90115 - 2 . Loggerenberg van , B. ; Cucchiaro , S. ( 1982 ) . `` Productivity Measurement and the Bottom Line '' . National Productivity Review . 1 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 99 . doi : 10.1002 / npr. 4040010111 . Mundel , M.E. ( 1983 ) . Improving Productivity and Effectiveness . Prentice - Hall , Inc . OECD ( 2008 ) . Compendium of Productivity Indicators 2008 . OECD . ONS 3 ( Office for National Statistics , UK ) . Productivity Theory and Drivers . Pineda , A. ( 1990 ) . A Multiple Case Study Research to Determine and respond to Management Information Need Using Total - Factor Productivity Measurement ( TFPM ) . Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . Riistama , K. ; Jyrkkiö E. ( 1971 ) . Operatiivinen laskentatoimi ( Operative accounting ) . Weilin + Göös . p. 335 . Saari , S. ( 2006a ) . Productivity . Theory and Measurement in Business . Productivity Handbook ( In Finnish ) . MIDO OY . p. 272 . Saari , S. ( 2011 ) . Production and Productivity as Sources of Well - being . MIDO OY . p. 25 . Saari , S. ( 2006 ) . Productivity . Theory and Measurement in Business ( PDF ) . Espoo , Finland : European Productivity Conference . Schreyer , P. ( 2005 ) . Measuring Productivity ( PDF ) . Tokyo : OECD . Solow , R.N. ( August 1957 ) . `` Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function '' . The Review of Economics and Statistics . 39 ( 3 ) : 312 -- 320 . doi : 10.2307 / 1926047 . Vygotsky , L. ( 1962 ) . Thought and Language . MIT Press ( original work 1934 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Caves , Douglas W & Christensen , Laurits R & Diewert , W Erwin , 1982 . `` Multilateral Comparisons of Output , Input , and Productivity Using Superlative Index Numbers , '' Economic Journal , Royal Economic Society , vol. 92 ( 365 ) , pages 73 -- 86 , March . Caves , Douglas W & Christensen , Laurits R & Diewert , W Erwin , 1982 . `` The Economic Theory of Index Numbers and the Measurement of Input , Output , and Productivity , '' Econometrica , vol. 50 ( 6 ) , pages 1393 - 1414 , November . Alexandra Daskovska & Léopold Simar & Sébastien Bellegem , 2010 . `` Forecasting the Malmquist productivity index , '' Journal of Productivity Analysis , Springer , vol. 33 ( 2 ) , pages 97 -- 107 , April . Färe , R. , Grosskopf , S. , Norris , M. , & Zhang , Z. 1994 . Productivity growth , technical progress , and efficiency change in industrialized countries . The American Economic Review 84 , pages 66 -- 83 . Simar , Leopold & Wilson , Paul W. , 1999 . `` Estimating and bootstrapping Malmquist indices , '' European Journal of Operational Research , Elsevier , vol. 115 ( 3 ) , pages 459 - 471 , June. ) Mayer , A. and Zelenyuk , V. 2014 . `` Aggregation of Malmquist productivity indexes allowing for reallocation of resources , '' European Journal of Operational Research , Elsevier , vol. 238 ( 3 ) , pages 774 - 785 . Zelenyuk , V. 2006 . `` Aggregation of Malmquist productivity indexes , '' European Journal of Operational Research , vol. 174 ( 2 ) , pages 1076 - 1086 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Productivity Field , Alexander J. ( 2008 ) . `` Productivity '' . In David R. Henderson . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Indianapolis : Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . Productivity and Costs -- Bureau of Labor Statistics United States Department of Labor : contains international comparisons of productivity rates , historical and present Productivity Statistics -- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Greenspan Speech OECD estimates of labour productivity levels NDL : 00570381 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Productivity&oldid=836628204 '' Categories : Production economics Manufacturing Economic growth Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша لۊری شومالی Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Shqip کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 22 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
by what term do we call the level of output generated by a given volume of inputs
[ "Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production. A productivity measure is expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of input. Productivity is a crucial factor in production performance of firms and nations. Increasing national productivity can raise living standards because more real income improves people's ability to purchase goods and services, enjoy leisure, improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs. Productivity growth also helps businesses to be more profitable.[1] There are many different definitions of productivity and the choice among them depends on the purpose of the productivity measurement and/or data availability." ]
[ "Productivity" ]
-39548250907760426
Let My Love Open the Door
Let My Love Open the Door - wikipedia Let My Love Open the Door `` Let My Love Open the Door '' Single by Pete Townshend from the album Empty Glass B - side `` Greyhound Girl '' Released June 4 , 1980 ( US ) Format 7 '' Recorded March 1980 Genre Art rock , new wave Length 2 : 44 Label Atco Records Songwriter ( s ) Pete Townshend Producer ( s ) Pete Townshend , Chris Thomas Pete Townshend UK singles chronology `` Rough Boys '' ( 1980 ) `` Let My Love Open the Door '' ( 1980 ) `` Keep on Working '' ( 1980 ) `` Rough Boys '' ( 1980 ) `` Let My Love Open the Door '' ( 1980 ) `` Keep on Working '' ( 1980 ) Pete Townshend US singles chronology `` Keep Me Turning '' ( 1977 ) ( with Ronnie Lane ) Keep Me Turning1977 `` Let My Love Open the Door '' ( 1980 ) Let My Love Open the Door1980 `` A Little Is Enough '' ( 1980 ) A Little Is Enough 1980 `` Let My Love Open the Door '' is a song written and performed by Pete Townshend from his 1980 album Empty Glass . It reached the top ten in the United States in that same year , reaching number nine . It reached number five in Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Personnel 4 Covers 5 List of Films , TV Shows , and Other Media featuring the track 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Although Townshend is a devotee to the religious guru Meher Baba , he claimed in the liner notes of his Anthology CD that `` Jesus sings '' on the track . `` Let My Love Open the Door '' was released as the second single from Empty Glass in Britain , where it was backed with the non-album tracks `` Classified '' and `` Greyhound Girl . '' The song was a minor British hit , reaching # 46 . The song saw more success when it was released as the debut single from Empty Glass in America , where the song reached # 9 . It was Pete Townshend 's only solo top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , but The Who 's song `` I Can See For Miles , '' which was written by Townshend , reached the same position on the chart 13 years earlier . Initially , Townshend 's manager despised the track due to it `` not sounding like Townshend , '' and wanted it to be removed from Empty Glass . However , upon the song 's chart success , his manager called to apologize . Despite the song 's critical and commercial success , Pete Townshend did not consider it one of his best songs . He told Rolling Stone in an interview that `` Let My Love Open the Door '' was `` just a ditty , '' also claiming that he preferred his minor US hit `` A Little Is Enough '' from the same album . In 1996 , Townshend released a new version of the song , called `` the E. Cola mix '' , turning the song into a ballad . This version appeared in different television shows and film soundtracks . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Canada RPM 100 5 UK Singles Chart 46 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Canada 35 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 59 U.S. Cashbox 92 Personnel ( edit ) Pete Townshend : vocals , guitars , synths John `` Rabbit '' Bundrick : `` straight '' keyboards Simon Phillips : drums Tony Butler : bass guitar Ted Jensen - mastering engineer Covers ( edit ) A version of this song by Luminate appears on The Covers EP . It was also covered by M. Ward ( for the 2005 Starbucks compilation album , Sweetheart 2005 : Love Songs ) Christian rock group Audio Adrenaline covered this song on their 1999 album Underdog . Natalie Imbruglia covered the song on her album Male released in 2015 . Great Big Sea covered the song on their 2012 album XX . Roger Daltrey covered the song in 2015 for a campaign involving Teen Cancer America and First Citizens Bank . A full version was released in February 2016 , with all proceeds going to Teen Cancer America . The group Rogue Wave also covered it in `` Cover me '' released in 2017 . List of films , TV shows , and other media featuring the track ( edit ) The song has been used frequently in film , most notably the comedy genre , often as trailer music for movies such as Jerry Maguire and How Do You Know , and then as end credit song for Mr. Deeds in 2002 ; Jersey Girl and Along Came Polly , both in 2004 . It was featured in the following films and TV series : Look Who 's Talking ( 1989 ) Grosse Pointe Blank as `` E. Cola Mix '' ( 1997 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) Jersey Girl as `` E. Cola Mix '' ( 2004 ) Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) Click ( in trailers ) ( 2006 ) Dan in Real Life ( 2007 ) Doctors ( soap opera ) , season 11 , episode 106 ( 2009 ) Old Dogs ( 2009 ) How Do You Know ( in trailers ) ( 2010 ) Take Me Home Tonight as `` E. Cola Mix '' ( 2011 ) Red Dog ( 2011 ) Hit and Run ( 2012 ) The Newsroom ( 2012 ) - cover by Luminate used in the second season finale , `` Election Night , Part II '' ( September 15 , 2013 ) Californication , season 7 , episode 1 ( April 13 , 2014 ) The Goldbergs , season 1 `` Why 're You Hitting Yourself ? '' ( 2013 ) the `` E. Cola Mix '' played at end before credits . Also played in Season 4 , Episode 15 `` So Swayze It 's Crazy '' ( 2017 ) . A cover of the song by Stacey Markus is used at the end of episode nine ( `` The Invitation '' ) of the 2015 Netflix original series Grace and Frankie , starring Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin . The song is featured in a Walmart Christmas holiday television commercial which started airing in early December 2017 . Lethal Weapon ( TV series ) , season 2 , episode 9 `` Fools Rush In '' play the song performed by `` Rogue wave '' ( 2017 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 2012 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Let My Love Open the Door '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Townshend , ' Empty Glass ' 100 Best Albums of the Eighties '' . Rolling Stone . 1989 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Bac-lac.gc.ca ^ Jump up to : `` Let My Love Open the Door '' . Songfacts.com . Jump up ^ `` Pete Townshend UK charts '' . Official Charts . Jump up ^ `` Pete Townshend US charts '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Collectionscanada.gc.ca Archived 2016 - 04 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` The Covers EP : Various artists : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Help us open the door to better cancer care # LetMyLoveOpenTheDoor '' . Firstcitizens.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Walmart TV Commercial , ' Christmas Like a Rock Star ' Song by Pete Townshend '' . Ispot.tv . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leathal Weapon ( TV series ) `` Fools Rush '' Soundtracks ( 2017 ) `` . Imdb.com. 2017 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Pete Townshend Discography Studio albums Who Came First Rough Mix ( w / Ronnie Lane ) Empty Glass All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes White City : A Novel The Iron Man : A Musical Psychoderelict Classic Quadrophenia Meher Baba tribute albums ( w / Ronnie Lane et al . ) Happy Birthday I Am With Love O ' Parvardigar Live albums Deep End Live ! ( w / Deep End ) A Benefit for Maryville Academy Live : The Empire Live : Sadler 's Wells Live : The Fillmore The Oceanic Concerts ( w / Raphael Rudd ) Live : La Jolla Playhouse 2001 Pete Townshend Live BAM 1993 Live : Brixton Academy ' 85 Compilations Scoop Another Scoop The Best of Pete Townshend Scoop 3 Scooped Lifehouse Chronicles Lifehouse Elements Anthology Truancy : The Very Best of Pete Townshend Singles `` Let My Love Open the Door '' `` Rough Boys '' `` A Little Is Enough '' `` Keep on Working '' `` Face Dances , Pt. 2 '' `` Face the Face '' `` Give Blood '' `` English Boy '' Other Songs `` Somebody Saved Me '' `` Slit Skirts '' `` White City Fighting '' `` Fire '' DVDs Lifehouse Chronicles ( video ) Live In New York Feat . Psychoderelict O Parvardigar Related articles Songs Songs Written Albums Peter Meaden The Who Deep End Tommy ( film ) The Who 's Tommy Tommy ( EP ) Tommy ( soundtrack ) The Boy Who Heard Music Quadrophenia ( musical ) Quadrophenia ( film ) Quadrophenia ( soundtrack ) The Lifehouse Method Horse 's Neck Who I Am Eel Pie Publishing Eel Pie Studios Double O Cliff Townshend Emma Townshend Simon Townshend The Wick Ashdown House , Oxfordshire The Boathouse , Twickenham Chapel House , Twickenham Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_My_Love_Open_the_Door&oldid=838422442 '' Categories : 1980 singles Debut singles Pete Townshend songs Songs written by Pete Townshend 1980 songs Atco Records singles Song recordings produced by Pete Townshend British new wave songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Euskara Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 22 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote let my love open the door
[ "\"Let My Love Open the Door\" is a song written and performed by Pete Townshend from his 1980 album Empty Glass. It reached the top ten in the United States in that same year, reaching number nine.[1][2] It reached number five in Canada.[3]" ]
[ "Pete Townshend" ]
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2014 FIFA World Cup
2014 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2014 FIFA World Cup For the video game , see 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ( video game ) . `` 2014 World Cup '' redirects here . For the basketball tournament , see 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup . For other uses , see 2014 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . `` FIFA 2014 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 14 . 2014 FIFA World Cup Copa do Mundo da FIFA Brasil 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup official logo Juntos num só ritmo ( Together in one rhythm ) Tournament details Host country Brazil Dates 12 June -- 13 July Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 12 host cities ) Final positions Champions Germany ( 4th title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 171 ( 2.67 per match ) Attendance 3,429,873 ( 53,592 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) James Rodríguez ( 6 goals ) Best player Lionel Messi Best young player Paul Pogba Best goalkeeper Manuel Neuer Fair play award Colombia ← 2010 2018 → The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial world championship for men 's national football teams organized by FIFA . It took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July 2014 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2007 . It was the second time that Brazil staged the competition , the first being in 1950 , and the fifth time that it was held in South America . Thirty - one national teams advanced through qualification competitions to join the host nation in the final tournament ( with Bosnia and Herzegovina as only debutant ) . A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues located in as many host cities across Brazil . For the first time at a World Cup finals , match officials used goal - line technology , as well as vanishing spray for free kicks . FIFA Fan Fests in each host city gathered a total of 5 million people , and the country received 1 million visitors from 202 countries . Every World Cup - winning team since the first tournament in 1930 -- Argentina , Brazil , England , France , Germany , Italy , Spain and Uruguay -- qualified for this tournament . Spain , the title holders , were eliminated at the group stage , along with England and Italy . Uruguay were eliminated in the round of 16 , and France exited in the quarter - finals . Host nation Brazil , who had won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , lost to Germany 7 -- 1 in the semi-finals and eventually finished in fourth place . In the final , Germany defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 to win the tournament and secure the country 's fourth world title , the first after the German reunification in 1990 , when as West Germany they also beat Argentina in the World Cup final . Germany became the first European team to win a World Cup staged in the Americas , and this result marked the third consecutive title won by a European team , after Italy in 2006 and Spain in 2010 . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Participating teams and officials 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Final draw 2.3 Officials 2.4 Squads 3 Venues 3.1 Team base camps 3.2 FIFA Fan Fests 4 Innovations 4.1 Technologies 4.2 Cooling breaks 4.3 Anti-doping 5 Format 6 Group stage 6.1 Group A 6.2 Group B 6.3 Group C 6.4 Group D 6.5 Group E 6.6 Group F 6.7 Group G 6.8 Group H 7 Knockout stage 7.1 Round of 16 7.2 Quarter - finals 7.3 Semi-finals 7.4 Third place play - off 7.5 Final 8 Statistics 8.1 Goalscorers 8.2 Discipline 8.3 Awards 8.4 Dream Team 8.5 Prize money 8.6 Final standings 9 Preparations and costs 10 Marketing 11 Sponsorship 12 Media 13 Controversies 13.1 Protests 13.2 Breaches into stadiums 13.3 Bridge collapse 13.4 Head injuries 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup bids Announcing of Brazil as hosts , 2007 In March 2003 , FIFA announced that the tournament would be held in South America for the first time since 1978 , in line with its then - active policy of rotating the right to host the World Cup among different confederations . With 2010 FIFA World Cup hosted in South Africa , it would be the second consecutive World Cup outside of Europe , which was a first for the tournament . It was also second in the Southern Hemisphere . Only Brazil and Colombia formally declared their candidacy but , after the withdrawal of the latter from the process , Brazil was officially elected as host nation unopposed on 30 October 2007 . Participating teams and officials ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification See also : FIFA World Cup qualification Following qualification matches played between June 2011 and November 2013 , the following 32 teams -- shown with their last pre-tournament FIFA world ranking -- qualified for the final tournament . Twenty - four of these teams were returning participants from the 2010 World Cup . Bosnia and Herzegovina were the only team with no previous appearance at the World Cup finals . Colombia qualified for the World Cup after 16 years of absence , while the 2018 World Cup hosts Russia and Belgium returned after 12 years . Paraguay failed to qualify for the first time since 1994 . This was also the first World Cup for 32 years that did not feature a representative from the Nordic countries . The highest ranked team not to qualify was Ukraine ( ranked 16th ) , while the lowest ranked team that did qualify was Australia ( ranked 62nd ) . AFC ( 4 ) Australia ( 62 ) Iran ( 43 ) Japan ( 46 ) South Korea ( 57 ) CAF ( 5 ) Algeria ( 22 ) Cameroon ( 56 ) Ghana ( 37 ) Ivory Coast ( 23 ) Nigeria ( 44 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 4 ) Costa Rica ( 28 ) Honduras ( 33 ) Mexico ( 20 ) United States ( 13 ) CONMEBOL ( 6 ) Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 3 ) ( hosts ) Chile ( 14 ) Colombia ( 8 ) Ecuador ( 26 ) Uruguay ( 7 ) UEFA ( 13 ) Belgium ( 11 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 21 ) Croatia ( 18 ) England ( 10 ) France ( 17 ) Germany ( 2 ) Greece ( 12 ) Italy ( 9 ) Netherlands ( 15 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 19 ) Spain ( 1 ) Switzerland ( 6 ) Qualified Failed to qualify Did not enter Not a FIFA member show Teams listed by FIFA ranking as of June 2014 Country Confederation Rank Spain UEFA Germany UEFA Brazil ( host ) CONMEBOL Portugal UEFA 5 Argentina CONMEBOL 5 6 Switzerland UEFA 6 7 Uruguay CONMEBOL 7 8 Colombia CONMEBOL 8 9 Italy UEFA 9 10 England UEFA 10 11 Belgium UEFA 11 12 Greece UEFA 12 13 United States CONCACAF 13 14 Chile CONMEBOL 14 15 Netherlands UEFA 15 16 France UEFA 17 17 Croatia UEFA 18 18 Russia UEFA 19 19 Mexico CONCACAF 20 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina UEFA 21 21 Algeria CAF 22 22 Ivory Coast CAF 23 23 Ecuador CONMEBOL 26 24 Costa Rica CONCACAF 28 25 Honduras CONCACAF 33 26 Ghana CAF 37 27 Iran AFC 43 28 Nigeria CAF 44 29 Japan AFC 46 30 Cameroon CAF 56 31 South Korea AFC 57 32 Australia AFC 62 Final draw ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup seeding The 32 participating teams were drawn into eight groups . In preparation for this , the teams were organised into four pots with the seven highest - ranked teams joining host nation Brazil in the seeded pot . As with the previous tournaments , FIFA aimed to create groups which maximised geographic separation and therefore the unseeded teams were arranged into pots based on geographic considerations . The draw took place on 6 December 2013 at the Costa do Sauípe resort in Bahia , during which the teams were drawn by various past World Cup - winning players . Under the draw procedure , one randomly drawn team -- Italy -- was firstly relocated from Pot 4 to Pot 2 to create four equal pots of eight teams . Officials ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup officials In March 2013 , FIFA published a list of 52 prospective referees , each paired , on the basis of nationality , with two assistant referees , from all six football confederations for the tournament . On 14 January 2014 , the FIFA Referees Committee appointed 25 referee trios and eight support duos representing 43 countries for the tournament . Yuichi Nishimura from Japan acted as referee in the opening match whereas Nicola Rizzoli from Italy acted as referee in the final . show List of officials Confederation Referee Assistants Support ( referee / assist ) AFC Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Bakhadyr Kochkarov ( Kyrgyzstan ) Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) / Hassan Kamranifar ( Iran ) Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Toshiyuki Nagi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Ebrahim Saleh ( Bahrain ) Ben Williams ( Australia ) Matthew Cream ( Australia ) Hakan Anaz ( Australia ) CAF Noumandiez Doué ( Ivory Coast ) Songuifolo Yeo ( Ivory Coast ) Jean - Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Néant Alioum ( Cameroon ) / Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Evarist Menkouande ( Cameroon ) Félicien Kabanda ( Rwanda ) Djamel Haimoudi ( Algeria ) Rédouane Achik ( Morocco ) Abdelhalk Etchiali ( Algeria ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) William Torres ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Roberto Moreno ( Panama ) / Eric Boria ( United States ) Walter López ( Guatemala ) / Leonel Leal ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Mark Hurd ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Marcos Quintero ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Víctor Hugo Carrillo ( Peru ) / Rodney Aquino ( Paraguay ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson De Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Enrique Osses ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Sergio Román ( Chile ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Humberto Clavijo ( Colombia ) Eduardo Díaz ( Colombia ) Carlos Vera ( Ecuador ) Christian Lescano ( Ecuador ) Byron Romero ( Ecuador ) OFC Peter O'Leary ( New Zealand ) Jan - Hendrik Hintz ( New Zealand ) Mark Rule ( New Zealand ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) / Aden Marwa ( Kenya ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Svein Oddvar Moen ( Norway ) / Kim Haglund ( Norway ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) Mathias Klasenius ( Sweden ) Daniel Wärnmark ( Sweden ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Pedro Proença ( Portugal ) Bertino Miranda ( Portugal ) Tiago Trigo ( Portugal ) Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Renato Faverani ( Italy ) Andrea Stefani ( Italy ) Carlos Velasco Carballo ( Spain ) Roberto Alonso Fernández ( Spain ) Juan Carlos Yuste Jiménez ( Spain ) Howard Webb ( England ) Michael Mullarkey ( England ) Darren Cann ( England ) Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup squads As with the 2010 tournament , each team 's squad consists of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 23 - player squad no later than 10 days before the start of the tournament . Teams were permitted to make late replacements in the event of serious injury , at any time up to 24 hours before their first game . During a match , all remaining squad members not named in the starting team are available to be one of the three permitted substitutions ( provided the player is not serving a suspension ) . Venues ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup venues 12 venues ( seven new and five renovated ) in twelve cities were selected for the tournament . The venues covered all the main regions of Brazil and created more evenly distributed hosting than the 1950 finals in Brazil . Consequently , the tournament required long - distance travel for teams . During the World Cup , Brazilian cities were also home to the participating teams at 32 separate base camps , as well as staging official fan fests where supporters could view the games . The most used stadiums were the Maracana and Brasilia , which hosted seven matches each . The least - used venues were in Cuiaba , Manaus , Natal and Curitiba , which hosted four matches each ; as the four smallest stadiums in use at the tournament , they did not host any knockout round matches . Rio de Janeiro Brasília São Paulo Fortaleza Estádio do Maracanã Estádio Nacional Arena de São Paulo Estádio Castelão Capacity : 74,738 Capacity : 69,432 Capacity : 63,321 Capacity : 60,348 Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte Brasília Fortaleza Porto Alegre São Paulo Rio de Janeiro Salvador Natal Cuiabá Curitiba Manaus Recife Salvador Estádio Mineirão Arena Fonte Nova Capacity : 58,259 Capacity : 51,708 Porto Alegre Recife Estádio Beira - Rio Arena Pernambuco Capacity : 43,394 Capacity : 42,583 Cuiabá Manaus Natal Curitiba Arena Pantanal Arena da Amazônia Arena das Dunas Arena da Baixada Capacity : 41,112 Capacity : 40,549 Capacity : 39,971 Capacity : 39,631 Team base camps ( edit ) Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . On 31 January 2014 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team , having earlier circulated a brochure of 84 prospective locations . Most teams opted to stay in the Southeast Region of Brazil , with only eight teams choosing other regions ; five teams ( Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Greece and Switzerland ) opted to stay in the Northeast Region and three teams ( Ecuador , South Korea and Spain ) opted to stay in the South Region . None opted to stay in the North Region or the Central - West Region . show National squads ' base camps Team City Algeria Sorocaba , SP Argentina Vespasiano , MG Australia Vitória , ES Belgium Mogi das Cruzes , SP Bosnia and Herzegovina Guarujá , SP Brazil Teresópolis , RJ Cameroon Vitória , ES Chile Belo Horizonte , MG Colombia Cotia , SP Costa Rica Santos , SP Croatia Mata de São João , BA Ecuador Viamão , RS England Rio de Janeiro , RJ France Ribeirão Preto , SP Germany Santa Cruz Cabrália , BA Ghana Maceió , AL Team City Greece Aracaju , SE Honduras Porto Feliz , SP Iran Guarulhos , SP Italy Mangaratiba , RJ Ivory Coast Águas de Lindoia , SP Japan Itu , SP South Korea Foz do Iguaçu , PR Mexico Santos , SP Netherlands Rio de Janeiro , RJ Nigeria Campinas , SP Portugal Campinas , SP Russia Itu , SP Spain Curitiba , PR Switzerland Porto Seguro , BA United States São Paulo , SP Uruguay Sete Lagoas , MG Brazilian football fans at the FIFA Fan Fest in Brasília . FIFA Fan Fests ( edit ) For a third consecutive World Cup tournament , FIFA staged FIFA Fan Fests in each of the 12 host cities throughout the competition . Prominent examples were the Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro , which already held a Fan Fest in 2010 , and São Paulo 's Vale do Anhangabaú . The first official event took place on Iracema Beach , in Fortaleza , on 8 June 2014 . Innovations ( edit ) Technologies ( edit ) Adidas Brazuca To avoid ghost goals the 2014 World Cup introduced goal - line technology following successful trials at among others 2013 Confederations Cup . The chosen Goal Control system featured 14 high speed cameras , 7 directed to each of the goals . Data were sent to the central image - processing centre , where a virtual representation of the ball was output on a widescreen to confirm the goal . The referee was equipped with a watch which vibrated and displayed a signal upon a goal . France 's second goal in their group game against Honduras was the first time goal - line technology was needed to confirm that a goal should be given . Following successful trials , FIFA approved the use of vanishing spray by the referees for the first time at a World Cup Finals . The water - based spray , which disappears within minutes of application , can be used to mark a ten - yard line for the defending team during a free kick and also to draw where the ball is to be placed for a free kick . The Adidas Brazuca was the official match ball of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and was supplied by Forward Sports of Sialkot , Pakistan . Adidas created a new design of ball after criticisms of the Adidas Jabulani used in the previous World Cup . The number of panels was reduced to six , with the panels being thermally bonded . This created a ball with increased consistency and aerodynamics compared to its predecessor . Furthermore , Adidas underwent an extensive testing process lasting more than two years to produce a ball that would meet the approval of football professionals . Cooling breaks ( edit ) Because of the relatively high ambient temperatures in Brazil , particularly at the northern venues , cooling breaks for the players were introduced . Breaks could take place at the referee 's discretion after the 30th minute of each half if the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature exceeded 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . The first cooling break in World Cup play took place during the 32nd minute of the match between the Netherlands and Mexico in the round of 16 . At the start of the match , FIFA listed the temperature at 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) with 68 % humidity . Anti-doping ( edit ) The biological passport was introduced in the FIFA World Cup starting in 2014 . Blood and urine samples from all players before the competition , and from two players per team per match , are analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses . FIFA reported that 91.5 % of the players taking part in the tournament were tested before the start of the competition and none tested positive . However , FIFA was criticised for how it conducted doping tests . Format ( edit ) The first round , or group stage , was a competition between the 32 teams divided among eight groups of four , where each group engaged in a round - robin tournament within itself . The two highest ranked teams in each group advanced to the knockout stage . Teams were awarded three points for a win and one for a draw . When comparing teams in a group over-all result came before head - to - head . show Tie - breaking criteria for group play The ranking of teams in each group was based on the following criteria : Number of points Goal difference Number of goals scored Number of points obtained in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Number of goals scored in matches between tied teams Drawing of lots In the knockout stage there were four rounds ( round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , and the final ) , with each eliminating the losers . The two semi-final losers competed in a third place play - off . For any match in the knockout stage , a draw after 90 minutes of regulation time was followed by two 15 minute periods of extra time to determine a winner . If the teams were still tied , a penalty shoot - out was held to determine a winner . The match schedule was announced on 20 October 2011 with the kick - off times being confirmed on 27 September 2012 ; after the final draw , the kick - off times of seven matches were adjusted by FIFA . The competition was organised so that teams that played each other in the group stage could not meet again during the knockout phase until the final ( or the 3rd place match ) . The group stage began on 12 June , with the host nation competing in the opening game as has been the format since the 2006 tournament . The opening game was preceded by an opening ceremony that began at 15 : 15 local time . Group stage ( edit ) The group stage of the cup took place in Brazil from 12 June 2014 to 26 June 2014 : each team played three games . The group stage was notable for a scarcity of draws and a large number of goals . The first drawn ( and goalless ) match did not occur until the 13th match of the tournament , between Iran and Nigeria : a drought longer than any World Cup since 1930 . The group stage produced a total of 136 goals ( an average of 2.83 goals per match ) , nine fewer than were scored during the entire 2010 tournament . This is the largest number of goals in the group stage since the 32 - team system was implemented in 1998 and the largest average in a group stage since 1958 . World Cup holders Spain were eliminated after only two games , the quickest exit for the defending champions since Italy 's from the 1950 tournament . Spain also became the fourth nation to be eliminated in the first round while holding the World Cup crown , the first one being Italy in 1950 ( and again in 2010 ) , the second Brazil in 1966 , and the third France in 2002 . Group A ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil ( H ) 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 + 3 7 Croatia 0 6 6 0 Cameroon 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . 12 June 2014 Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo 13 June 2014 Mexico 1 -- 0 Cameroon Arena das Dunas , Natal 17 June 2014 Brazil 0 -- 0 Mexico Estádio Castelão , Fortaleza 18 June 2014 Cameroon 0 -- 4 Croatia Arena da Amazônia , Manaus 23 June 2014 Cameroon 1 -- 4 Brazil Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha , Brasília Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife Group B ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 10 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 5 + 2 6 Spain 0 7 − 3 Australia 0 0 9 − 6 0 Source : FIFA 13 June 2014 Spain 1 -- 5 Netherlands Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador Chile 3 -- 1 Australia Arena Pantanal , Cuiabá 18 June 2014 Australia 2 -- 3 Netherlands Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Spain 0 -- 2 Chile Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro 23 June 2014 Australia 0 -- 3 Spain Arena da Baixada , Curitiba Netherlands 2 -- 0 Chile Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo Group C ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 0 9 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Greece − 2 Ivory Coast 0 5 − 1 Japan 0 6 − 4 Source : FIFA 14 June 2014 Colombia 3 -- 0 Greece Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Ivory Coast 2 -- 1 Japan Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife 19 June 2014 Colombia 2 -- 1 Ivory Coast Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha , Brasília Japan 0 -- 0 Greece Arena das Dunas , Natal 24 June 2014 Japan 1 -- 4 Colombia Arena Pantanal , Cuiabá Greece 2 -- 1 Ivory Coast Estádio Castelão , Fortaleza Group D ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Costa Rica 0 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Uruguay 0 0 6 Italy 0 − 1 England 0 − 2 Source : FIFA 14 June 2014 Uruguay 1 -- 3 Costa Rica Estádio Castelão , Fortaleza England 1 -- 2 Italy Arena da Amazônia , Manaus 19 June 2014 Uruguay 2 -- 1 England Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo 20 June 2014 Italy 0 -- 1 Costa Rica Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife 24 June 2014 Italy 0 -- 1 Uruguay Arena das Dunas , Natal Costa Rica 0 -- 0 England Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Group E ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 8 + 6 7 Advance to knockout stage Switzerland 0 7 6 + 1 6 Ecuador 0 Honduras 0 0 8 − 7 0 Source : FIFA 15 June 2014 Switzerland 2 -- 1 Ecuador Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha , Brasília France 3 -- 0 Honduras Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre 20 June 2014 Switzerland 2 -- 5 France Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador Honduras 1 -- 2 Ecuador Arena da Baixada , Curitiba 25 June 2014 Honduras 0 -- 3 Switzerland Arena da Amazônia , Manaus Ecuador 0 -- 0 France Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Group F ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 6 + 3 9 Advance to knockout stage Nigeria 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 Iran 0 − 3 Source : FIFA 15 June 2014 Argentina 2 -- 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro 16 June 2014 Iran 0 -- 0 Nigeria Arena da Baixada , Curitiba 21 June 2014 Argentina 1 -- 0 Iran Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Nigeria 1 -- 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina Arena Pantanal , Cuiabá 25 June 2014 Nigeria 2 -- 3 Argentina Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 -- 1 Iran Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador Group G ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage United States 0 Portugal 7 − 3 Ghana 0 6 − 2 Source : FIFA 16 June 2014 Germany 4 -- 0 Portugal Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador Ghana 1 -- 2 United States Arena das Dunas , Natal 21 June 2014 Germany 2 -- 2 Ghana Estádio Castelão , Fortaleza 22 June 2014 United States 2 -- 2 Portugal Arena da Amazônia , Manaus 26 June 2014 United States 0 -- 1 Germany Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife Portugal 2 -- 1 Ghana Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha , Brasília Group H ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 + 3 9 Advance to knockout stage Algeria 6 5 + 1 Russia 0 − 1 South Korea 0 6 − 3 Source : FIFA 17 June 2014 Belgium 2 -- 1 Algeria Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Russia 1 -- 1 South Korea Arena Pantanal , Cuiabá 22 June 2014 Belgium 1 -- 0 Russia Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro South Korea 2 -- 4 Algeria Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre 26 June 2014 South Korea 0 -- 1 Belgium Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo Algeria 1 -- 1 Russia Arena da Baixada , Curitiba Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 28 June -- Belo Horizonte Brazil ( pen . ) 1 ( 3 ) 4 July -- Fortaleza Chile 1 ( 2 ) Brazil 28 June -- Rio de Janeiro Colombia 1 Colombia 8 July -- Belo Horizonte Uruguay 0 Brazil 1 30 June -- Brasília Germany 7 France 4 July -- Rio de Janeiro Nigeria 0 France 0 30 June -- Porto Alegre Germany Germany ( a.e.t. ) 13 July -- Rio de Janeiro Algeria 1 Germany ( a.e.t. ) 29 June -- Fortaleza Argentina 0 Netherlands 5 July -- Salvador Mexico 1 Netherlands ( pen . ) 0 ( 4 ) 29 June -- Recife Costa Rica 0 ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( pen . ) 1 ( 5 ) 9 July -- São Paulo Greece 1 ( 3 ) Netherlands 0 ( 2 ) 1 July -- São Paulo Argentina ( pen . ) 0 ( 4 ) Third place Argentina ( a.e.t. ) 5 July -- Brasília 12 July -- Brasília Switzerland 0 Argentina Brazil 0 1 July -- Salvador Belgium 0 Netherlands Belgium ( a.e.t. ) United States 1 Scores after extra time are indicated by ( aet ) , and penalty shoot - outs are indicated by ( pen . ) . Round of 16 ( edit ) For the first time since the introduction of a round of 16 after the group stage in 1986 , all the group winners advanced into the quarter - finals . They included four teams from UEFA , three from CONMEBOL , and one from CONCACAF . Of the eight matches , five required extra-time , and two of these required penalty shoot - outs ; this was the first time penalty shoot - outs occurred in more than one game in a round of 16 . The goal average per game in the round of 16 was 2.25 , a drop of 0.58 goals per game from the group stage . The eight teams to win in the round of 16 included four former champions ( Brazil , Germany , Argentina and France ) , a three - time runner - up ( Netherlands ) , and two first - time quarter - finalists ( Colombia and Costa Rica ) . Belgium reached the quarter - finals for the first time since 1986 . All times listed below are at local time ( UTC − 3 ) 28 June 2014 13 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Chile David Luiz 18 ' Report Sánchez 32 ' Penalties David Luiz Willian Marcelo Hulk Neymar 3 -- 2 Pinilla Sánchez Aránguiz Díaz Jara Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Attendance : 57,714 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) 28 June 2014 17 : 00 Colombia 2 -- 0 Uruguay Rodríguez 28 ' , 50 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 73,804 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 29 June 2014 13 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Mexico Sneijder 88 ' Huntelaar 90 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Report Dos Santos 48 ' Estádio Castelão , Fortaleza Attendance : 58,817 Referee : Pedro Proença ( Portugal ) 29 June 2014 17 : 00 Costa Rica 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Greece Ruiz 52 ' Report Papastathopoulos 90 + 1 ' Penalties Borges Ruiz González Campbell Umaña 5 -- 3 Mitroglou Christodoulopoulos Holebas Gekas Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife Attendance : 41,242 Referee : Ben Williams ( Australia ) 30 June 2014 13 : 00 France 2 -- 0 Nigeria Pogba 79 ' Yobo 90 + 2 ' ( o.g. ) Report Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha , Brasília Attendance : 67,882 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 30 June 2014 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Algeria Schürrle 92 ' Özil 120 ' Report Djabou 120 + 1 ' Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Attendance : 43,063 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 1 July 2014 13 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Switzerland Di María 118 ' Report Arena Corinthians , São Paulo Attendance : 63,255 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 1 July 2014 17 : 00 Belgium 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) United States De Bruyne 93 ' Lukaku 105 ' Report Green 107 ' Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador Attendance : 51,227 Referee : Djamel Haimoudi ( Algeria ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) With a 1 -- 0 victory over France , Germany set a World Cup record with four consecutive semi-final appearances . Brazil beat Colombia 2 -- 1 , but Brazil 's Neymar was injured and missed the rest of the competition . Argentina reached the final four for the first time since 1990 after a 1 -- 0 win over Belgium . The Netherlands reached the semi-finals for the second consecutive tournament , after overcoming Costa Rica in a penalty shoot - out following a 0 -- 0 draw at the end of extra time . 4 July 2014 13 : 00 France 0 -- 1 Germany Report Hummels 13 ' Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,240 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 4 July 2014 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Colombia Thiago Silva 7 ' David Luiz 69 ' Report Rodríguez 80 ' ( pen . ) Estádio Castelão , Fortaleza Attendance : 60,342 Referee : Carlos Velasco Carballo ( Spain ) 5 July 2014 13 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 0 Belgium Higuaín 8 ' Report Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha , Brasília Attendance : 68,551 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) 5 July 2014 17 : 00 Netherlands 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Costa Rica Report Penalties Van Persie Robben Sneijder Kuyt 4 -- 3 Borges Ruiz González Bolaños Umaña Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador Attendance : 51,179 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Main article : Brazil v Germany ( 2014 FIFA World Cup ) Germany qualified for the final for the eighth time with a historic 7 -- 1 win over Brazil -- the biggest defeat in Brazilian football since 1920 . Miroslav Klose 's goal in this match was his 16th throughout all World Cups , breaking the record he had previously shared with Ronaldo . Klose set another record by becoming the first player to appear in four World Cup semi-finals . Argentina reached their first final since 1990 , and the fifth overall after overcoming the Netherlands in a penalty shoot - out following a 0 -- 0 draw at the end of extra time . 8 July 2014 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Oscar 90 ' Report Müller 11 ' Klose 23 ' Kroos 24 ' , 26 ' Khedira 29 ' Schürrle 69 ' , 79 ' Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Attendance : 58,141 Referee : Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) 9 July 2014 17 : 00 Netherlands 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Report Penalties Vlaar Robben Sneijder Kuyt 2 -- 4 Messi Garay Agüero Rodríguez Arena Corinthians , São Paulo Attendance : 63,267 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Third place play - off ( edit ) The Netherlands defeated Brazil 3 -- 0 to secure third place , the first for the Dutch team in their history . Overall , Brazil conceded 14 goals in the tournament ; this was the most by a team at any single World Cup since 1986 , and the most by a host nation in history , although their fourth - place finish still represented Brazil 's best result in a World Cup since their last win in 2002 . 12 July 2014 17 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 3 Netherlands Report Van Persie 3 ' ( pen . ) Blind 17 ' Wijnaldum 90 + 1 ' Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha , Brasília Attendance : 68,034 Referee : Djamel Haimoudi ( Algeria ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Final The final featured Germany against Argentina for a record third time after 1986 and 1990 . 13 July 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Götze 113 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,738 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) This marked the first time that teams from the same continent had won three consecutive World Cups ( following Italy in 2006 and Spain in 2010 ) . It was also the first time that a European nation had won the World Cup in the Americas . On aggregate Europe now has 11 victories , compared to South America 's 9 victories . Statistics ( edit ) Further information : 2014 FIFA World Cup statistics See also : List of FIFA World Cup records Goalscorers ( edit ) James Rodríguez was awarded the Golden Boot for scoring six goals , the first time that a Colombian player received the award . In total , 171 goals were scored by a record 121 players , with five credited as own goals . Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted . 6 goals James Rodríguez 5 goals Thomas Müller 4 goals Lionel Messi Neymar Robin van Persie 3 goals Enner Valencia Karim Benzema André Schürrle Arjen Robben Xherdan Shaqiri 2 goals Abdelmoumene Djabou Islam Slimani Tim Cahill David Luiz Oscar Alexis Sánchez Jackson Martínez Bryan Ruiz Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Mario Götze Mats Hummels Miroslav Klose Toni Kroos André Ayew Asamoah Gyan Wilfried Bony Gervinho Memphis Depay Ahmed Musa Clint Dempsey Luis Suárez 1 goal Yacine Brahimi Sofiane Feghouli Rafik Halliche Ángel Di María Gonzalo Higuaín Marcos Rojo Mile Jedinak Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Divock Origi Jan Vertonghen Edin Džeko Vedad Ibišević Miralem Pjanić Avdija Vršajević Fernandinho Fred Thiago Silva Joël Matip Charles Aránguiz Jean Beausejour Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Pablo Armero Juan Cuadrado Teófilo Gutiérrez Juan Quintero Joel Campbell Óscar Duarte Marco Ureña Ivica Olić Wayne Rooney Daniel Sturridge Olivier Giroud Blaise Matuidi Paul Pogba Moussa Sissoko Mathieu Valbuena Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Sokratis Papastathopoulos Georgios Samaras Andreas Samaris Carlo Costly Reza Ghoochannejhad Mario Balotelli Claudio Marchisio Keisuke Honda Shinji Okazaki Giovani dos Santos Andrés Guardado Javier Hernández Rafael Márquez Oribe Peralta Daley Blind Stefan de Vrij Leroy Fer Klaas - Jan Huntelaar Wesley Sneijder Georginio Wijnaldum Peter Odemwingie Cristiano Ronaldo Nani Silvestre Varela Aleksandr Kerzhakov Aleksandr Kokorin Koo Ja - cheol Lee Keun - ho Son Heung - min Xabi Alonso Juan Mata Fernando Torres David Villa Blerim Džemaili Admir Mehmedi Haris Seferović Granit Xhaka John Brooks Julian Green Jermaine Jones Edinson Cavani Diego Godín Own goals Sead Kolašinac ( against Argentina ) Marcelo ( against Croatia ) John Boye ( against Portugal ) Noel Valladares ( against France ) Joseph Yobo ( against France ) Source : FIFA Discipline ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record The most notable disciplinary case was that of Uruguayan striker Luis Suárez , who was suspended for nine international matches and banned from taking part in any football - related activity ( including entering any stadium ) for four months , following a biting incident on Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini . He was also fined CHF 100,000 . After an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , Suárez was later allowed to participate in training and friendly matches with new club Barcelona . Awards ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup awards The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament : Award Winner Other nominees Golden Ball Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Arjen Robben Ángel Di María James Rodríguez Javier Mascherano Mats Hummels Neymar Philipp Lahm Toni Kroos Golden Boot James Rodríguez ( 6 goals , 2 assists ) Thomas Müller ( 5 goals , 3 assists ) Neymar ( 4 goals , 1 assist ) Golden Glove Manuel Neuer Keylor Navas Sergio Romero Best Young Player Paul Pogba Memphis Depay Raphaël Varane FIFA Fair Play Trophy Colombia Technical Study Group The members of the Technical Study Group , the committee that decided which players won the awards , were led by FIFA 's head of the Technical Division Jean - Paul Brigger and featured : Gérard Houllier Raul Arias Gabriel Calderón Ricki Herbert Abdel Moneim Hussein Kwok Ka Ming Ioan Lupescu Ginés Meléndez Tsuneyasu Miyamoto Sunday Oliseh Mixu Paatelainen Jaime Rodríguez Theodore Whitmore There were changes to the voting procedure for awards for the 2014 edition : while in 2010 accredited media were allowed to vote for the Golden Ball award , in 2014 only the Technical Study Group could select the outcome . Dream team ( edit ) As was the case during the 2010 edition , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead invited users of FIFA.com to elect their Dream Team . Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manager Manuel Neuer ( Germany ) Marcelo ( Brazil ) Mats Hummels ( Germany ) Thiago Silva ( Brazil ) David Luiz ( Brazil ) Ángel Di María ( Argentina ) Toni Kroos ( Germany ) James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) Neymar ( Brazil ) Lionel Messi ( Argentina ) Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Joachim Löw ( Germany ) Castrol , the official sponsor of the tournament , released a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index , which evaluates player performances through statistical data . The team consisted of the players leading each position , with midfielder Toni Kroos ranked as the overall leader . Lionel Messi , the Golden Ball recipient , finished fifth among forwards and was thus not included in the team . Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manuel Neuer ( Germany ) Marcos Rojo ( Argentina ) Mats Hummels ( Germany ) Thiago Silva ( Brazil ) Stefan de Vrij ( Netherlands ) Oscar ( Brazil ) Toni Kroos ( Germany ) Philipp Lahm ( Germany ) James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) Arjen Robben ( Netherlands ) Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Prize money ( edit ) The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US $576 million ( including payments of $70 million to domestic clubs and $100 million as player insurances ) , a 37 percent increase from the amount allocated in the 2010 tournament . Before the tournament , each of the 32 entrants received $1.5 million for preparation costs . At the tournament , the prize money was distributed as follows : $8 million -- To each team eliminated at the group stage ( 16 teams ) $9 million -- To each team eliminated in the round of 16 ( 8 teams ) $14 million -- To each team eliminated in the quarter - finals ( 4 teams ) $20 million -- Fourth placed team $22 million -- Third placed team $25 million -- Runner - up $35 million -- Winner Final standings ( edit ) Per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Result of countries participating in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage Pos . Team Pld Pts GF GA GD Germany 7 6 0 19 18 + 14 Argentina 7 5 16 8 + 4 Netherlands 7 5 0 17 15 + 11 Brazil 7 11 11 14 - 3 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Colombia 5 0 12 12 + 8 6 Belgium 5 0 12 6 + 3 7 France 5 10 10 + 7 8 Costa Rica 5 0 9 5 + 3 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Chile 7 6 + 2 10 Mexico 7 5 + 2 11 Switzerland 0 6 7 7 0 12 Uruguay 0 6 6 - 2 13 Greece 5 5 - 2 14 Algeria 7 7 0 15 United States 5 6 - 1 16 Nigeria 5 - 2 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Ecuador 0 18 Portugal 7 - 3 19 Croatia 0 6 6 0 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 21 Ivory Coast 0 5 - 1 22 Italy 0 - 1 23 Spain 0 7 - 3 24 Russia 0 - 1 25 Ghana 0 6 - 2 26 England 0 - 2 27 South Korea 0 6 - 3 28 Iran 0 - 3 29 Japan 0 6 - 4 30 Australia 0 0 0 9 - 6 31 Honduras 0 0 0 8 - 7 32 Cameroon 0 0 0 9 - 8 Preparations and costs ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup preparations Costs of the tournament totalled $11.6 billion , making it the most expensive World Cup to date , until surpassed by 2018 FIFA World Cup which cost an estimated $14.2 billion . FIFA was expected to spend US $2 billion on staging the finals , with its greatest single expense being the US $576 million prize money pot . Although organisers originally estimated costs of US $1.1 billion , a reported US $3.6 billion was ultimately spent on stadium works . Five of the chosen host cities had brand new venues built specifically for the World Cup , while the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in the capital Brasília was demolished and rebuilt , with the remaining six being extensively renovated . An additional R $3 billion ( US $1.3 billion , € 960 million , £ 780 million at June 2014 rates ) was earmarked by the Brazilian government for investment in infrastructure works and projects for use during the 2014 World Cup and beyond . However , the failed completion of many of the proposed works provoked discontent among some Brazilians . The Brazilian government pledged US $900 million to be invested into security forces and that the tournament would be `` one of the most protected sports events in history . '' Marketing ( edit ) Fuleco , the official mascot of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup marketing The marketing of the 2014 FIFA World Cup included sale of tickets , support from sponsors and promotion through events that utilise the symbols and songs of the tournament . Popular merchandise included items featuring the official mascot as well as an official video game that has been developed by EA Sports . The official song of the tournament was `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' with vocals from Pitbull , Jennifer Lopez and Claudia Leitte . As a partner of the German Football Association , the German airline Lufthansa renamed itself `` Fanhansa '' on some of its planes that flew the German national team , media representatives and football fans to Brazil . Sponsorship ( edit ) The sponsors of the 2014 World Cup are divided into three categories : FIFA Partners , FIFA World Cup Sponsors and National Supporters . FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors National supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Emirates Hyundai -- Kia Sony VISA Anheuser - Busch InBev Castrol Continental McDonald 's Johnson & Johnson Marfrig Yingli Solar Oi Apex - Brasil Garoto Centauro Banco Itaú Liberty Seguros Wiseup Media ( edit ) See also : 2014 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights For a fourth consecutive FIFA World Cup Finals , the coverage was provided by HBS ( Host Broadcast Services ) , a subsidiary of Infront Sports & Media . Sony was selected as the official equipment provider and built 12 bespoke high definition production 40 - foot - long containers , one for each tournament venue , to house the extensive amount of equipment required . Each match utilised 37 standard camera plans , including Aerial and Cablecam , two Ultramotion cameras and dedicated cameras for interviews . The official tournament film , as well as three matches , will be filmed with ultra high definition technology ( 4K resolution ) , following a successful trial at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . The broadcasting rights -- covering television , radio , internet and mobile coverage -- for the tournament were sold to media companies in each individual territory either directly by FIFA , or through licensed companies or organisations such as the European Broadcasting Union , Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana , International Media Content , Dentsu and RS International Broadcasting & Sports Management . The sale of these rights accounted for an estimated 60 % of FIFA 's income from staging a World Cup . The International Broadcast Centre was situated at the Riocentro in the Barra da Tijuca neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro . Worldwide , several games qualified as the most - watched sporting events in their country in 2014 , including 42.9 million people in Brazil for the opening game between Brazil and Croatia , the 34.1 million in Japan who saw their team play Ivory Coast , and 34.7 million in Germany who saw their national team win the World Cup against Argentina , while the 24.7 million viewers during the game between the USA and Portugal is joint with the 2010 final as the most - watched football game in the United States . According to FIFA , over one billion people tuned in worldwide to watch the final between Germany and Argentina . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies The 2014 FIFA World Cup generated various controversies , including demonstrations , some of which took place even before the tournament started . Furthermore , there were various issues with safety , including eight deaths of workers and a fire during construction , breaches into stadiums , an unstable makeshift staircase at the Maracanã Stadium , a monorail collapse , and the collapse of an unfinished overpass in Belo Horizonte . The houses of thousands of families living in Rio de Janeiro 's slums were cleared for redevelopments for the World Cup in spite of protests and resistance . Favela do Metrô , near the Maracanã Stadium , was completely destroyed as a result , having previously housed 700 families in 2010 . Protests ( edit ) Anti-World Cup demonstration on the opening day Further information : List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies § Protests See also : 2013 protests in Brazil and 2014 protests in Brazil Prior to the opening ceremony of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup staged in Brazil , demonstrations took place outside the venue , organised by people unhappy with the amount of public money spent to enable the hosting of the FIFA World Cup . Both the Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff and FIFA president Sepp Blatter were heavily booed as they were announced to give their speeches at the 2013 tournament 's opening , which resulted in FIFA announcing that the 2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony would not feature any speeches . Further protests took place during the Confederations Cup as well as prior to and during the World Cup . Breaches into stadiums ( edit ) Further information : List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies § Breaches into stadiums At the Group B match between Spain and Chile , around 100 Chilean supporters who had gathered outside Maracanã Stadium forced their way into the stadium and caused damage to the media centre . Military police reported that 85 Chileans were detained during the events , while others reached the stands . Earlier , about 20 Argentinians made a similar breach during Argentina 's Group F game against Bosnia and Herzegovina at the same stadium . Bridge collapse ( edit ) Main article : Belo Horizonte overpass collapse On 3 July 2014 , an overpass under construction in Belo Horizonte as part of the World Cup infrastructure projects collapsed onto a busy carriageway below , leaving two people dead and 22 others injured . Head injuries ( edit ) During the tournament , FIFA received significant criticism for the way head injuries are handled during matches . Two incidents in particular attracted the most attention . First , in a group stage match , after Uruguayan defender Álvaro Pereira received a blow to the head , he lay unconscious . The Uruguayan doctor signaled for the player to be substituted , but he returned to the match . The incident drew criticism from the professional players ' union FIFPro , and from Michel D'Hooghe , a member of the FIFA executive board and chairman of its medical committee . Second , in the Final , German midfielder Christoph Kramer received a blow to the head from a collision in the 14th minute , but returned to the match before collapsing in the 31st minute . During that time , Kramer was disoriented and confused , and asked the referee Nicola Rizzoli whether the match he was playing in was the World Cup Final . See also ( edit ) 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Men 's World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation is ( ˈkɔpɐ du ˈmũdu da ˈfifɐ bɾaˈziw ˈdojz ˈmiw i kaˈtoʁzi ) , in Brazil 's standard pronunciation . Jump up ^ Bosnia and Herzegovina was until 1992 part of Yugoslavia , which competed at eight World Cup tournaments . Jump up ^ The Arena Pernambuco is located in São Lourenço da Mata , Recife . Jump up ^ The spray was trialled at the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup , 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup and 2013 FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ In 1938 's round of 16 , two games were also tied after extra-time , but those were replayed instead . Jump up ^ Those matches scheduled to be filmed in ultra high definition were one match from the round of 16 ( on 28 June ) , one quarter - final ( on 4 July ) and the final References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Players -- Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Golden Ball award for best player of World Cup '' . Jump up ^ `` Pogba wins Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Manuel Neuer wins golden glove award '' . Jump up ^ `` Colombia national team wins FIFA 's Fair Play award at 2014 World Cup '' . Colombia Reports . Jump up ^ `` FIFA launch GLT tender for Brazil 2013 / 14 '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` G1 - Em balanço da Copa , Dilma diz que Brasil derrotou prognósticos ' terríveis ' - notícias em Política '' . Política ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ `` If the World Cup started tomorrow '' . ESPN . 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Owen , David . `` Battle of the Brands : Adidas lifts the World Cup , but Nike scores most goals '' . Inside World Football . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers Game : All the stats from Germany 's fourth World Cup triumph '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup to be held in South America '' . FIFA. 7 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil may lose the right to hold World Cup 2014 '' . Pravda.Ru . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil confirms bid -- Colombia withdraws '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 13 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil confirmed as 2014 hosts '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 30 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA / Coca - Cola Rankings '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 5 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 day to go '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pot 1 seeds set for Brazil 2014 draws '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures approved '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draw reveals intriguing groups '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A team of stars for the draw '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Referee trios and support duos appointed for 2014 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Referees & assistant referees for the 2014 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Jump up ^ `` Referee designations for matches 1 -- 4 '' ( PDF ) . fifa.com. 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup TM - Matches - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA World Cup Brazil 2014 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Jump up ^ `` Host cities in 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . Colunas.globoesporte.com . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup : Luck of the draw ' an essential component ' '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 2 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Base Camps for Brazil 2014 announced '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fan Fest locations confirmed '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 20 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Venues . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team Base Camps Brochure '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most teams pick bases in south east Brazil '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 FanCamps and FanFests '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fan Fest locations confirmed '' . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo kicks off FIFA Fan Fest '' . 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes with GoalControl '' . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Goal Control goal - line technology to be used in Brazil '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ WOLDE , HARRO TEN ( 29 May 2014 ) . `` German firm behind goal - line technology looks beyond World Cup '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel . `` World Cup goalline technology : how does it work ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vanishing spray set for World Cup '' . eurosport.com. 21 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Howells , Richard ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Adidas `` Brazuca '' Ball Scores With Fans `` . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Brazuca -- Name of Official Match Ball decided by Brazilian fans '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brazuca -- an icon is born '' . Adidas . Adidas Group . Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` adidas brings brazuca into the world '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA approves extra breaks to help players keep their cool '' . Inside World Football . 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heat forces first cooling breaks in Brazil '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A cool first and a historic triumph '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Brandon ( 29 June 2014 ) . `` FIFA World Cup : Netherlands 2 , Mexico 1 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup 🏆 ( @ FIFAWorldCup ) ( 29 June 2014 ) . `` LIVE : # MEX & # NED players take 1st cooling break at a # worldcup # NEDMEX - '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Match Report '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Anti-dopage . Dvorak : `` Le profil biologique , une approche complètement nouvelle '' , fifa.com ( page visited on 11 June 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` All pre-FIFA World Cup doping controls test negative '' . FIFA.com. 14 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doping controls at the World Cup in Brazil leave a lot to be desired -- Sports News Latest Sports Results & Fixtures The Irish Times -- Sat , Jun 07 , 2014 '' . The Irish Times . 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Rumsby , Ben ( 21 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Diego Maradona accuses Fifa of drug testing conspiracy against Costa Rica '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Match schedule for 2014 FIFA World Cup unveiled '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee approves kick - off times for Brazil 2014 '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Match schedule for Brazil 2014 confirmed '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 2014 : Opening ceremony '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iran 0 -- 0 Nigeria : Super Eagles play out World Cup 's first goalless draw '' . Daily Mail . London . 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Group stage goal glut brightens World Cup '' . Deutsche Welle. 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Statistical XI versus your tournament XI '' . BBC Sport. 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statistically the greatest World Cup ? '' . BBC News . 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain aims to avoid worst ever World Cup defense '' . USA Today . 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Krishnan , Joe ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Spain and the World Cup holders who crashed out at the group stage '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium complete a World Cup record as all eight group winners make it to the quarter finals for the first time '' . London : Daily Mail . 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Brandon ( 1 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup Round of 16 : By the numbers '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Setterlund , Carl ( 28 June 2014 ) . `` Colombia topples Uruguay to reach first World Cup quarterfinals '' . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Pye , John ( 29 June 2014 ) . `` Costa Rica Beats Greece 5 - 3 to Advance to Their First Ever World Cup Quarterfinal '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( 1 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Belgium Beat USA to Set Up Quarterfinal Clash vs Argentina '' . NDTVSports.com . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Sports News '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Klose travels anomalous path to become all - time top World Cup scorer '' . www.leaderpost.com . Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Netherlands pile more misery on Brazil in third place play - off '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez suspended for nine matches and banned for four months from any football - related activity '' . FIFA. 26 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Luis Suarez banned : Fifa hand striker record nine - game ban AND a four month football ban for biting Giorgio Chiellini in biggest ever World Cup suspension '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez banned for four months for biting in World Cup game '' . The Guardian . 26 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Luis Suarez biting appeal : CAS uphold ban , but striker can make Barcelona debut on Monday and train with new team - mates '' . London : The Independent . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Messi heralded as Brazil 2014 's best '' . FIFA.com. 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Ball candidates announced '' . FIFA.com. 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Neuer heralded as Brazil 2014 's best '' . FIFA.com. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists in contention for Golden Glove '' . FIFA. 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Depay , Pogba and Varane make up Hyundai Young Player Award shortlist '' . FIFA. 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Study Group '' . FIFA.com. 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latest News '' . FIFA.com. 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Ball '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Dream Team '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Announces 2014 World Cup ' Dream Team ' as Voted On by Fans '' . Bleacher Report . July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Castrol Index : Full ranking '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup money pot increased to $576 m '' . reuters.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Technical Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ - 2018 08 ИЮН , 07 : 01 , RBC Jump up ^ `` World Cup set to be most lucrative ever '' . ESPN . 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ - 2018 08 ИЮН , 07 : 01 , RBC Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Record World Cup numbers game for FIFA , Brazil '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 's Inspection Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption to blame for some Brazil World Cup cost rises '' . Bloomberg. 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil World Cup stadiums on track , but costs soar '' . Reuters. 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Fifa World Cup : Where are the 12 host stadiums in Brazil ? '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2014 host cities to receive US $ 1.5 billion '' . Brazil - Arab News Agency . 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less than half of Brazilians favor hosting World Cup , poll shows '' . Reuters. 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The social cost of Brazil hosting World Cup 2014 '' . Bleacher Report . 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa concern about three Brazil stadiums '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil boosts World Cup security budget as crime rises '' . CNN . 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EA Announces EA SPORTS 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . IGN. 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian star Claudia Leitte to perform with Pitbull and Jennifer Lopez on the official song for the 2014 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Drum , Bruce . `` Lufthansa to rename 8 aircraft `` Fanhansa '' for the 2014 FIFA World Cup `` . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil official partners '' . FIFA . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Host Broadcasting '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Professional awarded 2014 FIFA World Cup Broadcast Production Contract '' . Live-production.tv. 13 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony 's astonishing World Cup statistics '' . RedShark News . 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony and FIFA announce further 4K coverage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil TM Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA revenue estimated to be 4 billion dollars at the close of the 2014 World Cup '' . CONMEBOL.com. 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Broadcast Centre to be hosted in Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nerve centre for World Cup TV production opens in Rio '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WM : Die Top - 10 - Quoten aller Zeiten im deutschen Fernsehen '' ( in German ) . Focus Online . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USA vs. Portugal World Cup Match Most Watched Soccer Game In U.S. History '' . Fox News . 24 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup TM reached 3.2 billion viewers , one billion watched final '' . FIFA.com. 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Factbox : Timeline of deaths , accidents at Brazil 's World Cup stadiums '' . Reuters. 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil World Cup : seventh worker dies on stadium construction '' . Guardian ( UK ) . Associated Press . 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Wyre ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Brazil World Cup 2014 : Eighth death at football stadiums '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Soccer - Cuiaba fire adds to Brazil 's World Cup woes '' . Yahoo Sports . Reuters . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal accident on flagship Sao Paulo monorail '' . BBC News . 9 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen & Watts , Jonathan ( 5 December 2013 ) . World Cup : Rio favelas being ' socially cleansed ' in runup to sporting events . Guardian . Retrieved on 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 26 April 2011 ) . Rio World Cup demolitions leave favela families trapped in ghost town . The Guardian . Retrieved on 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Elena ( 21 June 2014 ) . The World Cup Is Underway . What Has Become of Favela do Metrô ? . Rio On Watch . Retrieved on 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Beats Japan , Protests Spoil Confederations Cup Opening Day '' . Voice of America . Brasilia : Federal government of the United States . 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Peck , Brooks ( 29 May 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Brazil president Dilma booed at Confederations Cup opening ceremony '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa scraps speeches to avoid protest '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Confed Cup protests continue '' . ESPN . 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Police clashes at start of Brazil Confederations Cup final '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strikes , violent protests hit Brazil ahead of World Cup '' . CNN . 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17 Pictures Of Shocking Violence As Police ' Open Live Fire ' On Anti-Fifa Protesters '' . Huffington Post . 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian police fire tear gas at World Cup protesters ; CNN employees injured by anti-riot weapons '' . CNN . 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Chile fans invade Maracanã before Spain game '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Chile Fans Storm Rio Stadium And 85 Detained '' . Bloomberg. 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flyover collapses in Brazil World Cup host city '' . BBC News . 4 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Cawthorne , Andrew ( 3 July 2014 ) . `` Overpass collapses in World Cup city , crushes vehicles '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 5 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Decent . `` Alvaro Pereira , knocked out then raring to go '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Kramer head injury revives concussion concern '' , Sports Illustrated , 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Referee : Christoph Kramer unsure it was World Cup final after head blow '' , Sports Illustrated , 17 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more about2014 FIFA World Cupat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil TM , FIFA.com 2014 FIFA World Cup at UEFA.com Official Brazil government website Regulations -- 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil FIFA Technical Report RSSSF Archive of finals 2014 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Brazil v Germany Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Matches Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ( video game ) Adidas Brazuca ( ball ) Caxirola ( musical instrument ) Fuleco ( mascot ) One Love , One Rhythm ( album ) We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( song ) 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain 2014 FIFA World Cup stadiums Mineirão ( Belo Horizonte ) Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha ( Brasília ) Arena Pantanal ( Cuiabá ) Arena da Baixada ( Curitiba ) Castelão ( Fortaleza ) Arena da Amazônia ( Manaus ) Arena das Dunas ( Natal ) Beira - Rio ( Porto Alegre ) Arena Pernambuco ( Recife ) Maracanã ( Rio de Janeiro ) Arena Fonte Nova ( Salvador ) Arena Corinthians ( São Paulo ) Referees at the 2014 FIFA World Cup AFC Ravshan Irmatov Yuichi Nishimura Nawaf Shukralla Ben Williams CAF Noumandiez Doué Bakary Gassama Djamel Haimoudi CONCACAF Joel Aguilar Mark Geiger Marco Antonio Rodríguez CONMEBOL Enrique Osses Néstor Pitana Wilmar Roldán Sandro Ricci Carlos Vera OFC Peter O'Leary UEFA Felix Brych Cüneyt Çakır Jonas Eriksson Björn Kuipers Milorad Mažić Pedro Proença Nicola Rizzoli Carlos Velasco Carballo Howard Webb FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . World championships in 2014 `` 2013 2015 '' Summer sports Athletics ( indoor ) Bandy men women Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Association football Diving Swimming ( 25 m ) Water polo Orienteering Volleyball Floorball Shooting Squash ( women 's team ) Table tennis ( team ) Winter sports Ski flying Motor sports Air race Endurance Formula One F1 Powerboat Motocross MotoGP Motorcycle cross-country rally Rally WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car Association football portal Brazil portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854617683 '' Categories : 2014 FIFA World Cup 2014 in association football 2014 in Brazilian football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Brazil June 2014 sports events July 2014 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with French - language external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use British English from July 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 98 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 17 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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who was the winner in the 2014 fifa world cup final held at brazil
[ "2014 FIFA World CupCopa do Mundo da FIFABrasil 2014[nb 1]\n2014 FIFA World Cup official logoJuntos num só ritmo(Together in one rhythm)Tournament detailsHost country\nBrazilDates\n12 June – 13 JulyTeams\n32 (from 5 confederations)Venue(s)\n12 (in 12 host cities)Final positionsChampions\n Germany (4th title)Runners-up\n ArgentinaThird place\n NetherlandsFourth place\n BrazilTournament statisticsMatches played\n64Goals scored\n171 (2.67 per match)Attendance\n3,429,873 (53,592 per match)Top scorer(s)\n James Rodríguez(6 goals)[1]Best player\n Lionel Messi[2]Best young player\n Paul Pogba[3]Best goalkeeper\n Manuel Neuer[4]Fair play award\n Colombia[5]\n← 2010 2018 → " ]
[ "Germany" ]
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Cast Your Fate to the Wind
Cast Your Fate to the Wind - wikipedia Cast Your Fate to the Wind This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' Single by Vince Guaraldi Trio from the album Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus B - side `` Samba de Orpheus '' Released July 1962 ( U.S. ) Genre Jazz Length 2 : 58 Label Fantasy 563X Songwriter ( s ) Vince Guaraldi `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' Single by Sounds Orchestral from the album Cast Your Fate to the Wind B - side `` To Wendy with Love '' Released February 1965 ( U.S. ) Genre Jazz rock Length 3 : 00 Label Parkway 942 Songwriter ( s ) Vince Guaraldi , Carel Werber Producer ( s ) John Schroeder Sounds Orchestral singles chronology `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' ( 1965 ) `` Moonglow '' ( 1965 ) `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' ( 1965 ) `` Moonglow '' ( 1965 ) `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' is an American jazz instrumental selection whose music was composed , and which was originally recorded , by Vince Guaraldi ; later , lyrics for it were written by Carel Werber . It won a Grammy Award for Best Original Jazz Composition in 1963 . It was included on the album Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus , which the Vince Guaraldi Trio released on the Fantasy Records label on April 18 , 1962 . On at least some copies of the album , the title on the label contained a printing error ; it read `` Cast Your Faith To The Wind , '' an unintentionally comic twist to the sentiment of the song . Fantasy also released Guaraldi 's recording of the song as a single in the U.S. , where it reached # 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart and # 9 on the Easy Listening chart . The tune has been covered by many artists in a wide range of genres , including both male and female solo vocalists , pop , folk , and rock groups , as well as many instrumental performers . In Australia , a vocal version by Mel Tormé was a hit in 1963 . In 1965 the British easy listening group Sounds Orchestral redirected the song away from much of the jazz influenced midsection to more of a nightclub sound and concluded the tune with a short piano section . That version attained # 5 in the UK , # 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and # 1 on the US Easy Listening chart . In 1966 , North Hollywood singer Shelby Flint released a version of the song . The West Coast folk - rock bands We Five and The Sandpipers , along with pop singer Johnny Rivers , recorded vocal versions of the song , and there were further instrumental recordings from Earl Klugh , George Benson , David Benoit , Chet Atkins , George Winston and Nelson Rangell . In 1970 , the rock group James Gang covered the song as part of a three - song medley ( `` The Bomber Medley '' ) on their album James Gang Rides Again . Quincy Jones rendered an orchestral arrangement of the song on his 1971 album Smackwater Jack . In 1976 an easy listening version was recorded by guitarist Harald Winkler and the Norman Candler Orchestra . The song was featured in the 1987 film Good Morning , Vietnam and also in the 1988 film The In Crowd . In 2007 , the alternative - rock band They Might Be Giants spoofed the song 's title by issuing `` Cast Your Pod to the Wind , '' a bonus disc to their album The Else . It consisted of songs which , before then , had only been heard on their podcasts . Allen Toussaint 's version is the first ending theme for the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street . The song has been rendered , with French lyrics , as both `` Ne tremble pas mon pauvre coeur '' ( 1965 ) recorded by Marianne Mille ( fr ) and also as `` Le nez dans le vent '' ( 1967 ) recorded by Shirley Théroux ( fr ) . Lee Mendelson cited `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' as the song he heard on the radio that prompted him to hire Guaraldi for A Charlie Brown Christmas ; the hiring would begin a long collaboration between Guaraldi and Mendelson that would see Guaraldi compose for numerous Peanuts television specials until his death in 1976 . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1965 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Best Original Jazz Composition award winners Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vince Guaraldi Trio , Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 227 . Jump up ^ `` My American Songbook , Vol. 1 overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Rangell - My American Songbook ( Vol. 1 ) '' . SmoothViews.com . Jump up ^ They Might Be Giants , The Else Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . We Five Beverly Bivens Michael Stewart Jerry Burgan Pete Fullerton Bob Jones Debbie Burgan ' Studio albums You Were on My Mind Make Someone Happy The Return of We Five Catch the Wind Take Each Day as It Comes Singles `` You Were on My Mind '' `` Let 's Get Together '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Walk On By '' `` Catch the Wind '' B - Sides `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' `` Somewhere '' `` The First Time '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' Cover Songs `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` The Inch Worm '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Softly As I Leave You '' `` Soon It 's Gonna Rain '' `` Tonight '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cast_Your_Fate_to_the_Wind&oldid=844784637 '' Categories : 1962 songs 1965 singles Compositions by Vince Guaraldi We Five songs Johnny Rivers songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Pop instrumentals Pop standards Song recordings produced by John Schroeder ( musician ) Fantasy Records singles Cameo - Parkway Records singles Pye Records singles 1960s instrumentals Jazz compositions in A-flat major Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 04 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song cast your fate to the wind
[ "\n\n\"Cast Your Fate to the Wind\"\n\n\nSingle by Vince Guaraldi Trio\n\n\nfrom the album Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus\n\n\nB-side\n\"Samba de Orpheus\"\n\n\nReleased\nJuly 1962 (U.S.)\n\n\nGenre\nJazz\n\n\nLength\n2:58\n\n\nLabel\nFantasy 563X\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nVince Guaraldi\n\n" ]
[ "Vince Guaraldi" ]
-1581676953356169592
A Sharp Intake of Breath
A Sharp Intake of Breath - Wikipedia A Sharp Intake of Breath Jump to : navigation , search A Sharp Intake of Breath A Sharp Intake of Breath opening titles by Mel Calman Genre Situation Comedy Created by Ronnie Taylor Written by Ronnie Taylor ( 1977 -- 80 ) Vince Powell ( 1981 ) Directed by Les Chatfield ( 1977 -- 79 ) Stuart Allen ( 1980 -- 81 ) Starring David Jason Jacqueline Clarke Richard Wilson ( series 1 -- 3 ) Alun Armstrong ( series 1 -- 2 ) Country of origin United Kingdom No. of series No. of episodes 22 Production Producer ( s ) Les Chatfield ( 1977 -- 79 ) Stuart Allen ( 1980 -- 81 ) Running time 30 Minutes Production company ( s ) ATV Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 Audio format Mono Original release 28 July 1977 ( 1977 - 07 - 28 ) ( pilot ) 28 February 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 28 ) -- 15 February 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 15 ) A Sharp Intake of Breath is a British sitcom starring David Jason , Jacqueline Clarke , Richard Wilson and Alun Armstrong which ran from 1977 to 1981 . It was made for the ITV network by ATV and recorded at their Elstree Studios . The opening titles featured cartoons by Mel Calman . Jason played an everyman character called Peter Barnes and Jacqueline Clarke played his wife Sheila . Wilson and Armstrong played a range of petty officials and bureaucrats whose actions frustrated Barnes ' attempts to deal with the necessities of everyday life . The title A Sharp Intake of Breath refers to the reactions of various characters to seemingly simple requests by Peter , generally followed by a denial . The show made use of the fourth wall plot device . Episode listing ( edit ) Pilot Title Directed by Written by Original Air Date `` A Sharp Intake of Breath '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 28 July 1977 ( 1977 - 07 - 28 ) The pilot was part of ITV 's The Sounds of Laughter series of six one - off comedies . Sheila fancies having a small porch added to the back door off the kitchen , so calls in a local builder . Peter heads off to see his bank manager for a loan to cover the quote . Sheila Barnes was played by Patricia Brake in this episode . Series No . Episode No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Your Life In Their Hands '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 20 February 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 20 ) Peter does n't much feel like eating his breakfast , which leads Sheila to insist he visit the doctor for a check - up . `` Happy Motoring '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 27 February 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 27 ) The car wo n't start , which is doubly frustrating as Peter not only has places to go , but also give Sheila a driving lesson . Typically , it turns out to be rather expensive a repair . `` Somewhere In The Sun '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 6 March 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 06 ) What could be easier than booking a summer holiday ? As Peter is about to find out ; just about anything . `` See You In Court '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 13 March 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 13 ) The Barnes ' marital bliss is thrown awry when he 's forced to bring his very drunk boss home from an office party . Peter 's desperate to bring their relationship back from the brink of divorce . 5 `` The Gasman Cometh '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 20 March 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 20 ) Peter begins to tear his hair out when men from the gas board arrive to install his new central heating : he has n't asked for , and does not want , it . 6 `` Seven Year Hitch '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 27 March 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 27 ) For their seventh wedding anniversary , Peter and Sheila intend to stay in the same hotel where they spent their honeymoon . Series No . Episode No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Your Move '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 19 February 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 19 ) Sheila 's suddenly desperate to move home . She 's never been happy living in their current home , apparently ! All this is news to Peter , who 's forced to engage with local estate agents . `` Your Very Good Health '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 26 February 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 26 ) Peter 's hospitalised after a small accident in the garden damages his ankle . His doctor 's nice enough , but the matron ? `` Where There 's A Will '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 5 March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 05 ) The Barnes ' are forced to deal with Sheila 's argumentative family when her aunt dies . After a series of mishaps at the wake and dealing with a grasping vicar , Peter 's very surprised to discover that they 've been left an old piano . `` Another Little Drink '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 12 March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 12 ) Double trouble 's on the horizon when Peter 's workmates wo n't let him leave the pub without another few rounds down him first . Sheila 's not happy , and after a struggle to extricate his car , neither is P.C. Reynolds 5 `` The Square On The Hypoteneuse '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 19 March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 19 ) Commiserating with a stranger in the pub leads to all manner of domestic disharmony for poor Peter Barnes when both his wife and girlfriend arrive . 6 `` What About The Workers '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 26 March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 26 ) Peter 's caught up in the officiousness of trade unionism when a repair man at his firm spots him , a white collared worker , turning a conveyor belt on and off . Matters are set to only get worse as the shop steward arrives . Series No . Episode No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` The Spare Part '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 4 January 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 04 ) A leaky washing machine is only the start of the Barnes 's problems . Peter 's attempt to acquire the necessary replacement part is easier said than done , especially with British Rail involved . `` Just Cause Or Impediment '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 11 January 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 11 ) Peter 's lined up for best man duties , but first he needs a suit . Then there 's the small matter of getting to the church on time . `` Look Who 's Coming For Ever '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 18 January 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 18 ) When her brother and sister - in - law head for a fortnight 's holiday in Benidorm , Sheila 's Dad comes to stay with the Barnes ' . Peter is n't keen , but ends up hitting it off with the old man , who takes him for a round of golf . Series No . Episode No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Wheels '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 11 January 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 11 ) Peter 's asked to deliver the company chairman his car - a flash Mercedes . Giving it a quick drive around , he encounters a group of anti-car , anti-pollution protesters and is swiftly arrested alongside them . `` Match Of The Day '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 18 January 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 18 ) After managing to secure a ticket to a major international football match at Wembley , Peter manages to lose - and reacquire - his ticket numerous times . Will he make it to see the big game ? `` The Train Now Standing '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 25 January 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 25 ) Having discovered that the train he and Sheila catch into London has been cancelled , Peter heads to the offices of British Rail to demand changes . `` While The Cat 's Away '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 1 February 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 01 ) With Sheila away visiting her ill mother , Terry challenges Peter to prove he 's still got what it takes and can chat up a lady in the pub . When he fails , Terry organises the pair a double - date at a Chinese restaurant . 5 `` The Weekend '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 8 February 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 08 ) Having bumped into an old army friend in the park , Peter and Sheila are invited to stay with him - ' Snogger ' Sutcliffe - and his wife for the weekend at their country retreat . 6 `` Rear Window '' Les Chatfield Ronnie Taylor 15 February 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 15 ) Having failed to ingratiate himself with the new neighbours , Peter manages to sprain his ankle falling from a ladder . Sat in bed with little more to do than look out of the window , he soon becomes convinced that the short - tempered new neighbour has murdered his wife . DVD release ( edit ) The Complete series was released on DVD 04 / 05 / 2015 and as of August 2017 is currently been played on the channel gold . External links ( edit ) A Sharp Intake of Breath at BBC Online A Sharp Intake of Breath on IMDb A Sharp Intake of Breath at TV.com This article relating to a television programme from the UK is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sharp_Intake_of_Breath&oldid=802763953 '' Categories : 1970s British comedy television series 1977 British television programme debuts 1980s British comedy television series 1981 British television programme endings English - language television programs ITV sitcoms Television programmes produced by Associated Television ( ATV ) Television series by ITV Studios United Kingdom television programme stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use British English from May 2014 Episode list using the default LineColor All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 09 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was a sharp intake of breath made
[ "A Sharp Intake of Breath is a British sitcom starring David Jason, Jacqueline Clarke, Richard Wilson and Alun Armstrong which ran from 1977 to 1981. It was made for the ITV network by ATV and recorded at their Elstree Studios. The opening titles featured cartoons by Mel Calman." ]
[ "from 1977 to 1981" ]
8190270034240556524
Dil Hai Hindustani (season 2)
Dil Hai Hindustani ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Dil Hai Hindustani ( season 2 ) Dil Hai Hindustani Season 2 Broadcast from 7 July 2018 Judges Sunidhi Chauhan Badshah Pritam Host ( s ) Mukti Mohan Raghav Juyal Broadcaster Star Plus The Second Season of singing reality show Dil Hai Hindustani premiered on 7 July 2018 . The show was broadcast on StarPlus and streams on Hotstar . The show was hosted by Mukti Mohan and Raghav Juyal . Sunidhi Chauhan , Badshah and Pritam are judges in the show . The show was produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell under Frames Production. The season was won by Akshay Dhawan . Contents 1 Top 4 Finalists 2 Top 6 3 Top 7 4 Top 8 5 Top 13 6 References Top 4 Finalists ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Singing Category Notes Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Solo Winner The Mountain Souls Ft. Gaurdeep Group Runner - Up Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Solo 2nd Runner - Up Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , UP Duet 3rd Runner - Up Divyansh Jaipur , Rajasthan Top 6 ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Country Notes Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , Uttar Pradesh India Divyansh Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Sanjeev Punjab Eliminated on 15th September 2018 Robin 5 Michał Rudaś Warsaw Poland Eliminated on 22nd September 2018 6 The Mountain Souls Ft . Gaurdeep India Top 7 ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Country Notes Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , Uttar Pradesh India Divyansh Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Sanjeev Punjab Robin 5 Michał Rudaś Warsaw Poland 6 The Mountain Souls Ft . Gaurdeep India 7 Sanvinder Singh Sandhu Ludhiana , Punjab Eliminated on 9th September 2018 Top 8 ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Country Notes Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , Uttar Pradesh India Divyansh Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Sanjeev Punjab Robin 5 Michał Rudaś Warsaw Poland 6 The Mountain Souls Ft . Gaurdeep India 7 Sumit Misra Malda , West Bengal Eliminated on 2nd September 2018 8 Sanvinder Singh Sandhu Ludhiana , Punjab Eliminated on 9th September 2018 Top 13 ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Country Notes Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , Uttar Pradesh India Divyansh Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Sanjeev Punjab Robin 5 Shaazi Ahmed Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh Eliminated on 19th August 2018 6 Sarmita Dutta Kolkata , West Bengal Eliminated on 19th August 2018 7 Michał Rudaś Warsaw Poland 8 Nastya Brava Moscow Russia Eliminated on 29th July 2018 9 Nikhil Jammu , Jammu & Kashmir India Eliminated on 29th July 2018 10 The Mountain Souls Ft . Gaurdeep 11 Desi Divas Eliminated on 5th August 2018 12 Kareena Shomkhova Russia Eliminated on 5th August 2018 RCR India 13 Behzad Farkhari Toronto Canada Eliminated on 19th August 2018 Sankalp Khetwal Project Dehradun , Uttarakhand India Manuraj Bharatpur , Rajasthan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dil Hai Hindustani 2 And Dance Plus 4 On Cards For Star Plus Weekend Programming This Year '' . Mumbai Live . 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Plus to bring back ' Dil Hai Hindustani ' for a second season '' . Television Post . 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Dil Hai Hindustani season two to be hosted by Mukti Mohan '' . The Indian Express . 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunidhi Chauhan , Pritam likely to join Badshah as judges of second season of Dil Hai Hindustani '' . Firstpost. 28 February 2018 . Current broadcasts on StarPlus Currently broadcasting Primetime soap opera Ishqbaaaz Kasautii Zindagii Kay Krishna Chali London Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Mariam Khan - Reporting Live Nazar Ye Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Qayamat Ki Raat Dance Plus 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dil_Hai_Hindustani_(season_2)&oldid=862902180 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2018 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series Music competitions in India Frames Production series Singing talent shows Television shows set in Mumbai Star Plus television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 12 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the show dil hai hindustani 2018
[ "The Second Season of singing reality show Dil Hai Hindustani premiered on 7 July 2018.[1] The show was broadcast on StarPlus and streams on Hotstar.[2] The show was hosted by Mukti Mohan and Raghav Juyal. Sunidhi Chauhan, Badshah and Pritam are judges in the show.[3] The show was produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell under Frames Production.[4]The season was won by Akshay Dhawan.\n" ]
[ "Akshay Dhawan" ]
-2767644120807043936
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Naples - wikipedia Kingdom of Naples Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kingdom of Sicily ( Naples ) Regnum Neapolitanum ( in Latin ) Regno di Napoli ( in Italian ) Sovereign state under Capetian Angevins ( 1282 -- 1442 ) Part of the Crown of Aragon ( 1442 -- 1458 ) Sovereign state under a cadet branch of the Aragonese House of Trastámara ( 1458 -- 1501 ) Personal union with the Kingdom of France ( 1501 -- 1504 ) Part of the Spanish Empire ( 1504 -- 1714 ) Part of the Habsburg Empire ( 1714 -- 1735 ) Sovereign state under the Bourbons ( 1735 -- 1806 ) and ( 1815 -- 1816 ) Client state of the French Empire ( 1806 -- 1815 ) ← ← 1282 -- 1799 1799 -- 1816 → → Flag under the Aragonese Regime ( 1442 -- 1458 ) Coat of arms under the Aragonese Regime The territory of the Kingdom of Naples Capital Naples Government Feudal absolute monarchy King 1282 -- 1285 Charles I ( first ) 1815 -- 1816 Ferdinand IV ( last ) History Sicilian Vespers 1282 Peace of Caltabellotta 31 August 1302 Neapolitan rebellion 7 July 1647 Treaty of Rastatt 7 March 1714 Battle of Campo Tenese 10 March 1806 Two Sicilies established 8 December 1816 Today part of Italy The Kingdom of Naples ( Latin : Regnum Neapolitanum ; Italian : Regno di Napoli ) comprised that part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816 . It was created as a result of the War of the Sicilian Vespers ( 1282 -- 1302 ) , when the island of Sicily revolted and was conquered by the Crown of Aragon , becoming a separate Kingdom of Sicily . Naples continued to be officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily , the name of the formerly unified kingdom . For much of its existence , the realm was contested between French and Spanish dynasties . In 1816 , it was reunified with the island kingdom of Sicily once again to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 History 2.1 Angevin dynasty 2.2 Aragonese dynasty 2.3 Spanish rule under the Habsburgs and Bourbons 2.4 Napoleonic kingdom 3 Flags 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources Nomenclature ( edit ) The name `` Kingdom of Naples '' was not used officially . Officially , under the Angevins it was still the Kingdom of Sicily ( regnum Siciliae ) . The Peace of Caltabellotta ( 1302 ) that ended the War of the Vespers provided that the name of the island kingdom would be Trinacria ( regnum Trinacriae ) . This usage did not become established . In the late Middle Ages , it was common to distinguish the two kingdoms named Sicily as being on this or that side of the Punta del Faro , i.e. , the Strait of Messina . Naples was citra Farum or al di qua del Faro ( on this side of Faro ) and Sicily was ultra Farum or di la del Faro ( on the other side ) . When both kingdoms came under the rule of Alfonso the Magnanimous in 1442 , this usage became official , although Ferdinand I ( 1458 -- 94 ) preferred the simple title King of Sicily ( rex Sicilie ) . In regular speech and in unofficial documents , especially narrative histories , the Kingdom of Sicily citra Farum was commonly called the Kingdom of Naples ( regnum Neapolitanum or regno di Napoli ) by the late Middle Ages . It was sometimes even called the regno di Puglia , kingdom of Apulia . In the 18th century , the Neapolitan intellectual Giuseppe Maria Galanti argued that the latter was the true `` national '' name of the kingdom . By the time of Alfonso the Magnanimous , the two kingdoms were sufficiently distinct that they were no longer seen as divisions of a single kingdom . They remained administratively separate , despite being repeatedly in personal union , until 1816 . The term `` Kingdom of Naples '' is in near universal use among historians . History ( edit ) Angevin dynasty ( edit ) See also : Artistic patronage of the Neapolitan Angevin dynasty Following the rebellion in 1282 , King Charles I of Sicily ( Charles of Anjou ) was forced to leave the island of Sicily by Peter III of Aragon 's troops . Charles , however , maintained his possessions on the mainland , customarily known as the `` Kingdom of Naples '' , after its capital city . Charles and his Angevin successors maintained a claim to Sicily , warring against the Aragonese until 1373 , when Queen Joan I of Naples formally renounced the claim by the Treaty of Villeneuve . Joan 's reign was contested by Louis the Great , the Angevin King of Hungary , who captured the kingdom several times ( 1348 -- 1352 ) . Queen Joan I also played a part in the ultimate demise of the first Kingdom of Naples . As she was childless , she adopted Louis I , Duke of Anjou , as her heir , in spite of the claims of her cousin , the Prince of Durazzo , effectively setting up a junior Angevin line in competition with the senior line . This led to Joan I 's murder at the hands of the Prince of Durazzo in 1382 , and his seizing the throne as Charles III of Naples . The two competing Angevin lines contested each other for the possession of the Kingdom of Naples over the following decades . Charles III 's daughter Joan II ( r . 1414 -- 1435 ) adopted Alfonso V of Aragon ( whom she later repudiated ) and Louis III of Anjou as heirs alternately , finally settling succession on Louis ' brother René of Anjou of the junior Angevin line , and he succeeded her in 1435 . René of Anjou temporarily united the claims of junior and senior Angevin lines . In 1442 , however , Alfonso V conquered the Kingdom of Naples and unified Sicily and Naples once again as dependencies of Aragon . At his death in 1458 , the kingdom was again separated and Naples was inherited by Ferrante , Alfonso 's illegitimate son . Aragonese dynasty ( edit ) When Ferrante died in 1494 , Charles VIII of France invaded Italy , using as a pretext the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples , which his father had inherited on the death of King René 's nephew in 1481 . This began the Italian Wars . Charles VIII expelled Alfonso II of Naples from Naples in 1495 , but was soon forced to withdraw due to the support of Ferdinand II of Aragon for his cousin , Alfonso II 's son Ferrantino . Ferrantino was restored to the throne , but died in 1496 , and was succeeded by his uncle , Frederick IV . Provinces of the `` Kingdom of Naples '' Charles VIII 's successor , Louis XII reiterated the French claim . In 1501 , he occupied Naples and partitioned the kingdom with Ferdinand of Aragon , who abandoned his cousin King Frederick . The deal soon fell through , however , and Aragon and France resumed their war over the kingdom , ultimately resulting in an Aragonese victory leaving Ferdinand in control of the kingdom by 1504 . The Spanish troops occupying Calabria and Apulia , led by Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova did not respect the new agreement , and expelled all Frenchmen from the area . The peace treaties that continued were never definitive , but they established at least that the title of King of Naples was reserved for Ferdinand 's grandson , the future Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor . Ferdinand nevertheless continued in possession of the kingdom , being considered as the legitimate heir of his uncle Alfonso I of Naples and also to the former Kingdom of Sicily ( Regnum Utriusque Siciliae ) . The kingdom continued as a focus of dispute between France and Spain for the next several decades , but French efforts to gain control of it became feebler as the decades went on , and never genuinely endangered Spanish control . The French finally abandoned their claims to Naples by the Treaty of Cateau - Cambrésis in 1559 . In the Treaty of London ( 1557 ) , five cities on coast of Tuscany were designated the Stato dei Presidi ( State of the Presidi ) , and part of the Kingdom of Naples . Spanish rule under the habsburgs and bourbons ( edit ) After the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century , possession of the kingdom again changed hands . Under the terms of the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714 , Naples was given to Charles VI , the Holy Roman Emperor . He also gained control of Sicily in 1720 , but Austrian rule did not last long . Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by a Spanish army during the War of the Polish Succession in 1734 , and Charles , Duke of Parma , a younger son of King Philip V of Spain was installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735 . When Charles inherited the Spanish throne from his older half - brother in 1759 , he left Naples and Sicily to his younger son , Ferdinand IV . Despite the two Kingdoms being in a personal union under the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasts , they remained constitutionally separate . Being a member of the House of Bourbon , Ferdinand IV was a natural opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon . In 1798 , he briefly occupied Rome , but was expelled from it by French Revolutionary forces within the year . Soon afterwards Ferdinand fled to Sicily . In January 1799 the French armies installed a Parthenopaean Republic , but this proved short - lived , and a peasant counter-revolution inspired by the clergy allowed Ferdinand to return to his capital . However , in 1801 Ferdinand was compelled to make important concessions to the French by the Treaty of Florence , which reinforced France 's position as the dominant power in mainland Italy . Napoleonic Kingdom ( edit ) Territorial evolution of the `` Kingdom of Naples '' Main article : Kingdom of Naples ( Napoleonic ) Ferdinand 's decision to ally with the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805 proved more damaging . In 1806 , following decisive victories over the allied armies at Austerlitz and over the Neapolitans at Campo Tenese , Napoleon installed his brother , Joseph as King of Naples . When Joseph was sent off to Spain two years later , he was replaced by Napoleon 's sister Caroline and his brother - in - law Marshal Joachim Murat , as King of the Two Sicilies . Meanwhile , Ferdinand had fled to Sicily , where he retained his throne , despite successive attempts by Murat to invade the island . The British would defend Sicily for the remainder of the war but despite the Kingdom of Sicily nominally being part of the Fourth , Fifth and Sixth Coalitions against Napoleon , Ferdinand and the British were unable to ever challenge French control of the Italian mainland . After Napoleon 's defeat in 1814 , Murat reached an agreement with Austria and was allowed to retain the throne of Naples , despite the lobbying efforts of Ferdinand and his supporters . However , with most of the other powers , particularly Britain , hostile towards him and dependent on the uncertain support of Austria , Murat 's position became less and less secure . Therefore , when Napoleon returned to France for the Hundred Days in 1815 , Murat once again sided with him . Realising the Austrians would soon attempt to remove him , Murat gave the Rimini Proclamation in a hope to save his kingdom by allying himself with Italian nationalists . The ensuing Neapolitan War between Murat and the Austrians was short , ending with a decisive victory for the Austrian forces at the Battle of Tolentino . Murat was forced to flee , and Ferdinand IV of Sicily was restored to the throne of Naples . Murat would attempt to regain his throne but was quickly captured and executed by firing squad in Pizzo , Calabria . The next year , 1816 , finally saw the formal union of the Kingdom of Naples with the Kingdom of Sicily into the new Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Flags ( edit ) 1282 -- 1442 Angevin flag of Naples 1442 -- 1516 Flag changed after Alfonso I of the House of Trastámara became King . The kingdom adopted the flag of the Spanish Empire when the Habsburg Charles V became King of Naples in 1516 . 1714 -- 1738 Flag changed after Charles VI became King . 1738 -- 1806 ; 1815 -- 1816 Flag changed after Charles VII became King of Naples . Flag was reinstated as the flag of Naples after the Napoleonic Wars . 1806 -- 1808 Flag of Naples changed after Joseph Bonaparte became king . 1808 -- 1811 Flag of Naples changed after Joachim Murat became king . 1811 -- 1815 Flag of Naples changed See also ( edit ) History of Naples List of monarchs of Naples References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fremont - Barnes , Gregory ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 -- 1815 : Volume 1 . Greenwood . p. 495 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33446 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Eleni Sakellariou , Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages : Demographic , Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples , c. 1440 -- c. 1530 ( Brill , 2012 ) , pp. 63 -- 64 . Sources ( edit ) Colletta , Pietro ( 13 October 2009 ) , The History of the Kingdom of Naples : From the Accession of Charles of Bourbon to the Death of Ferdinand I , I.B. Tauris , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 881 - 5 , retrieved 20 February 2011 Musto , Ronald G. ( 2013 ) . Medieval Naples : A Documentary History 400 -- 1400 . New York : Italica Press . ISBN 9781599102474 . OCLC 810773043 . Porter , Jeanne Chenault ( 2000 ) . Baroque Naples : A Documentary History 1600 -- 1800 . New York : Italica Press . ISBN 9780934977524 . OCLC 43167960 . Santore , John ( 2001 ) . Modern Naples : A Documentary History 1799 -- 1999 . New York : Italica Press . pp. 1 -- 186 . ISBN 9780934977531 . OCLC 45087196 . 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Villa Favorita Villa Floridiana Villa Rosebery Client states of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1792 -- 1815 ) Sister republics Germany Cisrhenia Mainz Greece Septinsular Ireland Connacht Italy Alba Ancona Bergamo Bologna Brescia Cisalpinia Cispadania Crema Italy Liguria Lucca Parthenopea Piedmont Rome Subalpinia Tiberinia Transpadania Netherlands Batavia Bouillon Liège Poland Danzig Switzerland Helvetia Lemania Rauracia Rhodania Swiss Confederation Europe at the height of Napoleon 's Empire Napoleonic creations Germany Aschaffenburg Confederation of the Rhine Baden Bavaria Berg Erfurt Frankfurt Hesse Leyen Regensburg Salm Salm - Horstmar Salm - Reifferscheid - Dyck Saxony Westphalia Wetzlar Württemberg Würzburg Italy Benevento Etruria Guastalla Italy Lucca and Piombino Massa and Carrara Naples Pontecorvo Tuscany Malta Gozo Netherlands Holland Poland Warsaw Spain Spain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Naples&oldid=839774247 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1282 Kingdom of Naples Former countries on the Italian Peninsula 1282 establishments in the Kingdom of Naples 1816 disestablishments in the Kingdom of Naples Client states of the Napoleonic Wars Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with Latin - language external links Articles with Italian - language external links Former country articles requiring maintenance Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Unclassified articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית 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who governed the kingdom of naples and sicily 1815
[ "\n\nKingdom of Sicily (Naples)\nRegnum Neapolitanum (in Latin)\nRegno di Napoli (in Italian)\n\n\nSovereign state under Capetian Angevins (1282–1442)\nPart of the Crown of Aragon\n(1442–1458)\nSovereign state under a cadet branch of the Aragonese House of Trastámara (1458–1501)\nPersonal union with the Kingdom of France (1501–1504)\nPart of the Spanish Empire (1504–1714)\nPart of the Habsburg Empire (1714–1735)\nSovereign state under the Bourbons (1735–1806) and (1815–1816)\nClient state of the French Empire (1806–1815)\n\n\n\n\n\n← \n \n← \n1282–1799\n1799–1816\n →\n \n →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag under the Aragonese Regime (1442–1458)\nCoat of arms under the Aragonese Regime\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe territory of the Kingdom of Naples\n\n\nCapital\nNaples\n\n\nGovernment\nFeudal absolute monarchy\n\n\nKing\n\n\n • \n1282–1285\nCharles I (first)\n\n\n • \n1815–1816\nFerdinand IV (last)\n\n\nHistory\n\n\n\n • \nSicilian Vespers\n1282\n\n\n • \nPeace of Caltabellotta\n31 August 1302\n\n\n • \nNeapolitan rebellion\n7 July 1647\n\n\n • \nTreaty of Rastatt\n7 March 1714\n\n\n • \nBattle of Campo Tenese\n10 March 1806\n\n\n • \nTwo Sicilies established\n8 December 1816\n\n\nToday part of\n Italy\n\n" ]
[ "Ferdinand IV" ]
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Power Rangers (film)
Power Rangers ( film ) - wikipedia Power Rangers ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 film . For the 1995 film , see Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie . For the 1997 film , see Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie . For the fan film , see Power / Rangers . Power Rangers Theatrical release poster Directed by Dean Israelite Produced by Haim Saban Brian Casentini Marty Bowen Wyck Godfrey Screenplay by John Gatins Story by Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Michele Mulroney Kieran Mulroney Based on Power Rangers by Haim Saban Super Sentai by Toei Company Starring Dacre Montgomery Naomi Scott RJ Cyler Becky G Ludi Lin Bill Hader Bryan Cranston Elizabeth Banks Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Matthew J. Lloyd Edited by Martin Bernfeld Dody Dorn Production companies Lionsgate Films Temple Hill Entertainment SCG Films Toei Company Distributed by Lionsgate Saban Films Release date March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 million Box office $142.3 million Saban 's Power Rangers ( or simply Power Rangers ) is a 2017 American superhero film based on the team of the same name , directed by Dean Israelite and written by John Gatins . It is the third Power Rangers film , and is a reboot . The film features the main characters of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers television series with a new cast , starring Dacre Montgomery , Naomi Scott , RJ Cyler , Becky G , Ludi Lin , Bill Hader , Bryan Cranston , and Elizabeth Banks . It is the first blockbuster film to feature LGBTQ and autistic superheroes . Franchise creator Haim Saban returned to produce the film under his investment firm . The film premiered at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on March 22 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on March 24 , 2017 . Met with mixed reviews upon release , with criticism primarily focusing on its uneven tone and divergences from its source material , Power Rangers grossed $142 million worldwide , and was labelled a box office disappointment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Marketing 4.1 Video game 4.2 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 5.4 Accolades 6 Potential sequels 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Cenozoic era , six interplanetary warriors , the Power Rangers , are tasked with protecting life on Earth and the Zeo Crystal . The Green Ranger , Rita Repulsa , betrays them and plans to dominate the universe . The Red Ranger , Zordon , survives Rita 's attack and hides five of the Rangers ' power source , the Power Coins . He orders Alpha 5 to perform a meteor strike that kills him , the dinosaurs , and sends Rita to the bottom of the sea , foiling her scheme . In 21st - century Angel Grove , high school football star Jason Scott is dismissed from the team and placed under house arrest after a failed prank . In detention , he encounters Billy Cranston and Kimberly Hart . After defending Billy from a bully , Billy offers to deactivate Jason 's ankle monitor for help at an old gold mine that evening . Once there , Jason leaves to explore and runs into Kimberly . Billy detonates explosives to break some rock , attracting the attention of Jason , Kimberly and nearby students Trini and Zack . The five discover the Power Coins and each take one . While escaping mine security , their car is hit by a train . The five find themselves at home the next morning and discover that the coins have granted them superhuman abilities . Elsewhere , Rita 's body is found . Waking , she goes on a rampage , hunting pieces of gold to raise her minion Goldar to find the Zeo Crystal . The five teenagers return to the mine and discover an ancient spaceship where they meet Alpha 5 and Zordon 's consciousness . They inform the teenagers about the Rangers history and Rita , warning that they have eleven days until Rita has her full power , finds the Zeo Crystal , and uses it to destroy life on Earth . The five leave the ship with no intention of returning until Zordon pleads with Jason to convince the team . The five return to train the next day , but they can not morph . They spend the next week training against simulated Putties and trying unsuccessfully to morph . To inspire the Rangers , Alpha reveals the Zords . Zack takes his Zord out for a joyride and almost kills the other Rangers when he crashes it . This angers Jason , and they fight . While trying to separate the two , Billy spontaneously morphs . However , when he becomes conscious of it , the armor disappears . Angered at their lack of progress , Zordon dismisses the group . Jason returns to the ship to confront Zordon and discovers that once the Rangers morph , it will open the Morphing Grid and allow Zordon to restore himself in a physical body . Feeling betrayed , Jason accuses Zordon of using the team for his own benefit . That night , the team camp at the mine and bond with each other . Later that night , Rita attacks Trini and orders her to bring the Rangers to the docks . Trini informs them about Rita and they arrive to fight , but are quickly defeated . Rita forces Billy to reveal the location of the Zeo Crystal , which he 'd figured out , kills him , and releases the others . The Rangers take Billy 's body to the ship and ask Zordon to resurrect him . The Rangers agree they would give their lives for each other and resolve to defeat Rita . In doing so , they unlock the Morphing Grid . Zordon revives Billy , sacrificing being able to restore his physical self . With the team restored and confident , the Rangers morph into their armor . Rita creates Goldar , raises an army of Putties , and attacks Angel Grove to find the Zeo Crystal . The Rangers battle the Putties and head to Angel Grove in their Zords . After the Rangers destroy the Putties , Goldar pushes the Rangers and their Zords into a fiery pit . In the pit , the Zords combine and form the Megazord . Rita merges with Goldar . The Rangers battle and destroy Goldar . After refusing Jason 's offer to surrender , a defiant Rita tells the Rangers that more will come for the crystal and leaps at the Megazord only to be slapped into space . The Rangers are praised as local heroes , and with Rita 's threats foiled , they return to their normal lives but keeping their powers . In a mid-credits scene , in detention , the teacher announces that Tommy Oliver will be joining them , but the desk is empty save for a green jacket . Cast ( edit ) Dacre Montgomery as Jason Scott / Red Ranger , the leader of the Power Rangers . Jason was the former star quarterback of Angel Grove High School 's football team , however a failed prank led to a run - in with the law . Naomi Scott as Kimberly Hart / Pink Ranger , a former cheerleader . Kimberly took part in a form of cyberbullying spreading a private image of her friend around school . RJ Cyler as Billy Cranston / Blue Ranger , an autistic and intelligent loner . Billy is the classic nerd who has become a bully magnet . Becky G as Trini / Yellow Ranger , a girl who is questioning her sexual orientation . Her off - putting nature has led to a lack of friends . Ludi Lin as Zack / Black Ranger , a bilingual teen . Zack 's mother is sick , and he lives in fear that he will return home one day to find her dead . Bill Hader as the voice of Alpha 5 : The robot assistant to Zordon . Bryan Cranston as the voice of Zordon : He is the Power Rangers ' mentor and former Red Ranger . Zordon lived millions of years ago before his consciousness became a part of the Morphing Grid at the time of his death . Elizabeth Banks as Rita Repulsa : a millions of years old , former Green Ranger who went rogue and killed her old team before being temporarily subdued by Zordon . She works to form the monster Goldar while attempting to steal the Zeo Crystal , an artifact that channels the Morphing Grid , giving the Power Rangers their powers . David Denman as Sam Scott , Jason 's father . Caroline Cave as Beverly Scott , Jason 's mother . Anjali Jay as Maddy Hart , Kimberly 's mother . Patrick Sabongui as Trini 's father . Erica Cerra as Trini 's mother . Kayden Magnuson as Pearl Scott , Jason 's sister . Fiona Fu as Zack 's mother . Sarah Grey as Amanda Clark Emily Maddison as Rebecca Wesley MacInnes as Colt Wallace , a school bully who is constantly picking on Billy . Jaime Callica as Officer Bebe Matt Shively as Damo Garry Chalk as Captain Bowen Fred Tatasciore as the voice of Goldar , a gigantic winged monster made of gold . Tatasciore also provides the vocal effects of the Putties who are depicted as stone golems that can be made from any Earth element . Jason David Frank and Amy Jo Johnson , two of the stars of the original TV series , make cameo appearances as Angel Grove citizens . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Saban Capital Group and Lionsgate announced the film in May 2014 , with Roberto Orci originally attached to produce . Ashley Miller and Zack Stentz were hired to write the film 's script . Orci eventually left the project to work on Star Trek Beyond . On April 10 , 2015 , TheWrap reported that Dean Israelite was in negotiations to direct the film . Israelite told IGN in an interview that the film would be `` completely playful , and it needs to be really fun and funny . But like Project Almanac , it 's going to feel very grounded at the same time , and very contemporary and have a real edge to it , and a real gut to it , it 's going to be a fun , joyful ( movie ) but one that feels completely grounded in a real world , with real characters going through real things '' . Brian Tyler was brought on to compose the film 's music . Israelite has said that the film updates itself from the original series , being more character - driven and incorporating naturalism and a grounded nature . Casting ( edit ) The main cast discussion offsite at Petco Park during San Diego Comic - Con 2016 . From left : Dacre Montgomery , RJ Cyler , Naomi Scott , Becky G and Ludi Lin . Actors began testing for the roles of the five Power Rangers on October 2 , 2015 . On October 7 , 2015 , Naomi Scott was cast as Kimberly . Newcomers Dacre Montgomery , Ludi Lin and RJ Cyler were then cast as Jason , Zack , and Billy , respectively . At the month 's end , Becky G was chosen to play Trini . When it came to casting the Rangers , director Dean Israelite said , `` From the very beginning , diversity was a very important part of the whole process , '' and that while the characters ' races were switched around , he added that , `` We made sure that the essence of each of those characters are who they were in the original show , and this really will be an origin story of those characters . '' On February 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Elizabeth Banks would portray Rita Repulsa . Four months later , Bryan Cranston , who voiced Twin Man and Snizard in the original series , announced he was cast as Zordon . Cranston revealed that he would perform motion - capture and CGI . In September 2016 , Walter Emanuel Jones , the actor who played Zack in the original series , stated none of the original cast would cameo in the film . Towards the end of the month , comedian Bill Hader was cast as Alpha 5 . In March 2017 , it was reported that Amy Jo Johnson and Jason David Frank , who played Kimberly and Tommy in the original series , would cameo in the film , despite Jones ' earlier comments . Filming ( edit ) Filming was originally set to begin in January 2016 but was rescheduled and began on February 29 in Vancouver . On May 28 , 2016 , filming was complete . Additional filming occurred in October 2016 . A cast member claims that the film has broken the record for the longest wire jump , but this has not been independently confirmed . The film was released in Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos sound . Marketing ( edit ) On March 3 , 2016 , Lionsgate released the first official photo of the five Rangers , and the following month , the company released the first official photo of Banks as Rita Repulsa . On May 5 , the company unveiled the first official images of the Rangers ' suits . Speaking of the suits , director Dean Israelite said that `` The show was about kids coming of age , about metamorphosis , these suits needed to feel like they were catalyzed by these kids and their energy , their spirit '' , while production designer Andrew Menzies commented that the new suits are `` an alien costume that grows on them , that 's not man - made . You ca n't win everyone over , but we are trying to appeal to a more mature audience and gain new fans . '' A teaser poster was released in June , with additional character posters released in July , September , and October . On October 8 , 2016 , a Discover The Power teaser trailer for the film was released . A fictional Angel Grove High School Newspaper website was created , alongside the official Power Rangers website , which features a GIF creator that allows users to make a GIF out of scenes from the teaser trailer . There is also an official toyline , produced by Bandai , and an extensive merchandising range was produced to promote the film . Max Landis , who was fired from writing the film , criticized the trailer , saying that it looked like Chronicle , a film that he had written . The trailer garnered mixed reactions , with some praising it for its darker , contemporary reimagining of the classic characters , while still looking action - packed and fun at the same time , and others criticizing it for its lack of connection to the original series , saying it appeared `` brooding '' . The trailer received over 150 million views in the first two days after it was uploaded . Lionsgate revealed the T - Rex zord toy , among others , on October 28 , 2016 , and the Power Rangers Twitter account revealed the Megazord toy on November 4 , 2016 . On November 15 , 2016 , Lionsgate revealed the toys based on the film 's individual Zords . On December 8 , 2016 , a new poster debuted , as well as a photo of Rita Repulsa . On December 19 , 2016 , Lionsgate and Boom ! Studios announced that they would release a graphic novel titled Power Rangers : Aftershock , set immediately after the events of the movie . An international trailer was released on December 22 , 2016 . Qualcomm and Lionsgate produced a virtual reality mobile app of the film Power Rangers Movie Command Center that was exhibited at the CES 2017 , from January 5 -- 8 , 2017 , and was released in the App Store on March 8 , 2017 . On January 19 , a second trailer , titled It 's Morphin Time ! , was released . Lionsgate debuted yet another trailer , which it called the All - Star Trailer , on February 17 . New TV spots were released on February 27 , two about the Power Rangers , and one about Rita Repulsa . A clip was released on March 6 , followed by two more on March 9 . Thirty - seven stills were then released . Another TV spot was released on March 10 . In the final week before the movie premiered , two more clips , as well as photos , were released . A Build - A-Bear Workshop Power Ranger product range was announced on March 9 , 2017 . Krispy Kreme released doughnuts to promote the film , and served as an advertising partner . Placement of Krispy Kreme products and locations were featured in the film numerous times . The group collaborated with YouTube sports entertainment group Dude Perfect ahead of the film 's release , in a video titled Dude Perfect vs. Power Rangers . Video game ( edit ) Further information : Power Rangers : Legacy Wars Lionsgate and Saban , in collaboration with nWay Games , released a PvP fighting mobile game called Power Rangers : Legacy Wars on March 24 , 2017 , to coincide with the film 's release . The game was featured on both Android and the Apple Store and got to the top spot on the Apple App Store for both iPhones and iPads , for two consecutive days and number two on the Google Play Store . Music ( edit ) The official soundtrack , with music by Brian Tyler , was released digitally on March 24 , 2017 , and on CD on April 4 , distributed by Varèse Sarabande . Power Rangers ( Official Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released March 24 , 2017 Genre Film score Length 77 : 35 Label Varèse Sarabande Track listing All music composed by Brian Tyler . Power Rangers ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Power Rangers Theme '' 4 : 22 2 . `` Seek Those Who Are Worthy '' 2 : 48 3 . `` Zordon Awakes '' 2 : 13 4 . `` It 's Morphing Time ! '' 3 : 19 5 . `` Destiny '' 2 : 18 6 . `` Confessions '' 4 : 22 7 . `` Megazord '' 4 : 20 8 . `` United '' 2 : 46 9 . `` Birth of a Legend '' 4 : 10 10 . `` Metamorphosis '' 2 : 39 11 . `` Goldar '' 2 : 01 12 . `` The Morphing Grid '' 3 : 58 13 . `` The Zords '' 2 : 33 14 . `` Let 's Ride '' 2 : 19 15 . `` You Were Born for This '' 2 : 03 16 . `` Reflection '' 2 : 13 17 . `` The Lost Ship '' 2 : 59 18 . `` Be Who You Want to Be '' 2 : 06 19 . `` Hold The Line '' 3 : 36 20 . `` This Is What Matters '' 2 : 04 21 . `` Trespassing '' 1 : 03 22 . `` Rita '' 2 : 28 23 . `` Square One '' 1 : 11 24 . `` Power On '' 2 : 33 25 . `` Together We Stand '' 2 : 19 26 . `` The Final Stand '' 2 : 45 27 . `` Go Go Power Rangers -- End Titles '' 2 : 59 28 . `` Give It All ( With You ) '' ( Featuring Santigold and Vince Staples ) 3 : 14 Release ( edit ) Originally scheduled for release on July 22 , 2016 , Lionsgate delayed it to March 24 , 2017 . All five of the surviving members of the original cast of the Power Rangers series attended the film 's Los Angeles premiere on March 22 , 2017 . It was the first time they had been together publicly since 1995 . Box Office ( edit ) Power Rangers grossed $85.4 million in the United States and Canada and $56.7 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $142 million , against a production budget of $100 million . In the United States and Canada , Power Rangers opened alongside Life , CHiPs and Wilson , and was projected to gross $30 -- 35 million from 3,693 theaters on its opening weekend . The film made $3.6 million from Thursday night previews and $15 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $40.3 million , finishing second at the box office behind Beauty and the Beast ( $90.4 million ) . The audience was notably diverse and mostly 18 - 34 years old . In its second weekend the film grossed $14.5 million ( a drop of 64 % ) , finishing 4th at the box office . In June 2017 , Dean Israelite said that the film 's PG - 13 rating probably contributed to the film 's underperformance at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) Power Rangers received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 45 % based on 132 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Power Rangers has neither the campy fun of its TV predecessor nor the blockbuster action of its cinematic superhero competitors , and sadly never quite manages to shift into turbo for some good old - fashioned morphin time . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 44 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN gave the film a 7 / 10 , saying , `` Power Rangers does n't quite pull off everything it wants to , but it 's a fun time at the theater nonetheless . '' Mike McCahill of The Guardian wrote that `` the film achieves a functioning mediocrity we perhaps might have thought beyond this franchise , '' and gave it 2 out of 5 stars . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , writing : `` Power Rangers has one of the most zig - zagged tones of any big budget studio film I 've seen in a long time . It 's jarring at times how often it goes back and forth between ' gritty ' and ' silly ' . '' Writing for Variety , Owen Gleiberman also criticized the film 's conflicting tones , saying : `` ... 25 years ago , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers was launched as superhero fodder for kids , and there was indeed a place for it , but we 're now so awash in superhero culture that kids no longer need the safe , lame , pandering junior - league version of it . They can just watch Ant - Man or the PG - 13 Suicide Squad . Safe , lame , and pandering have all grown up . '' In a review for The Telegraph , Robbie Collin gave it 1 / 5 stars , criticizing the `` abjectly embarrassing frenzy of product placement '' . Home Media ( edit ) Power Rangers was released on Digital HD on June 13 , 2017 , and was followed by a release on Ultra HD , Blu - ray and DVD on June 27 , 2017 with retail exclusive variants being made available at Best Buy , Target and Wal - Mart . The film debuted at the No. 1 spot on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , which tracks combined DVD and Blu - ray Disc sales ; NPD 's dedicated Blu - ray Disc sales chart ; and Home Media Magazine 's video rental chart for the week ending July 2 , 2017 . The film retained the top spot on the NPD VideoScan 's overall disc sales chart for the week ending on July 9 , 2017 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Sci - Fi Movie Power Rangers Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actor Dacre Montgomery Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Becky G . Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Naomi Scott Nominated Choice Scene Stealer RJ Cyler Nominated Choice Movie Villain Elizabeth Banks Nominated Potential sequels ( edit ) In a May 2016 conference call to analysts , Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer stated , `` We could see doing five or six or seven . '' On March 22 , 2017 , Haim Saban said that he and Lionsgate already have a six - film story arc . However in May 2017 , Forbes noted that due to the underwhelming performance of the film in most markets , it was unlikely any sequels would be made . Later that same month , it was reported that the sequels could still be made thanks to record - breaking merchandise sales . Prior to the home release of the movie , Israelite confirmed that talks were taking place regarding a sequel and that he would like to include Lord Zedd in it . The possibility of a sequel increased once more in early July 2017 when it was reported that the film held the number one spot in home media sales and rentals in its first week . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the source material Tommy Oliver was a male , but the cast and the actor who played Oliver in the source material expressed interest in a female version . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` POWER RANGERS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power Rangers ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Title , Budget , and Character Names Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy 's Autism Brings Realism To Power Rangers '' . Screen Rant . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richard , Charles ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Helmer on LGBTQ Protagonist : ' We Were Truthful About Representing Teenagers ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott . `` Box Office : We 're ( Probably ) Not Getting A ' Power Rangers ' Sequel '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack J ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers cast want female green ranger in future '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' : Original Green Ranger on Whether Tommy Should Be Female in the Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jayson , Jay ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Dacre Montgomery Cast As Red Ranger In New Power Rangers Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Naomi Scott is the Pink Ranger in Lionsgate 's Power Rangers Reboot ! '' . ComingSoon.net . CRAVEONLINE MEDIA , LLC , AN EVOLVE MEDIA , LLC COMPANY . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knibbs , Kate . `` The Power Rangers Are Bad People '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` R.J. Cyler is your new Blue Ranger '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Becky G Joins the Power Rangers Reboot '' . ComingSoon.net . Craveonline Media , LLC , An Evolve Media , LLC company . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Breaks Ground With First Queer Big - Screen Superhero '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power Rangers movie casts Vancouver 's Ludi Lin as Black Ranger '' . CBC.ca . October 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Traci G. ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Diversity in ' Power Rangers ' reboot film brings new layers to well - known series '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Power Rangers : ' What We Know So Far ( Photos ) '' . TheWrap . December 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' : Bill Hader to Voice Robot Alpha 5 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Viscardi , James ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers : Bryan Cranston Cast As Zordon '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Sandy ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers First Look : Elizabeth Banks is Rita Repulsa '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` David Denman Joins Lionsgate 's ' Power Rangers ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers new photo has the team ready for action '' . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Sabongui ( @ PatrickSabongui ) Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Sabongui Shares Details On His Power Rangers Reboot Character '' . Comicbook.com/DC . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Actress Cast as Legends of Tomorrow 's Stargirl '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Jenny ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` BYEEEE ! 5 SIGNS YOU 'RE BEING GHOSTED '' . Angel Grove High School . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Maddison al desnudo y las chicas de la película de Power Rangers ( 2017 ) '' ( Emily Addison and the rest of the Power Rangers Movie ( 2017 ) girls ) . Cinematte ( in Spanish ) . April 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everything We Know About ' Power Rangers ' Reboot '' . Moviepilot. April 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See Elizabeth Banks In Action On The Set Of ' Power Rangers ' '' . ScienceFiction.com. April 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resume JaimeCallica.com '' . jaimecallica.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patel , Rohan ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` POWER RANGERS : Two Original Cast Members Confirmed To Cameo ; Mid-Credits Scene Also Confirmed '' . ComicBookMovie.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIONSGATE AND SABAN BRANDS PARTNER FOR POWER RANGERS LIVE ACTION FEATURE FILM '' . News Wire . May 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Power Rangers ' Movie Enlists ' X-Men ' Writers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Orci 's ' Star Trek 3 ′ Commitment Knocks Him Out Of ' Power Rangers ' Pic '' . Deadline.com . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Dean Israelite in Negotiations to Direct ' Power Rangers ' Movie for Lionsgate ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Power Rangers Movie Will Be `` Mature But Still Playful , '' Says Director `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viscardi , James ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Official Plot Released '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Power Rangers Will Update Itself From The Original TV Series - CINEMABLEND '' . August 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' : Actors Begin Testing for Lionsgate Reboot '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers first look : Get a sneak peek at the new teenagers with attitude '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers : Bryan Cranston teases Zordon character details '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . After lending his voice ( uncredited ) to villains like Twin Man and Snizard across two 1993 episodes of the Fox Kids program , it was announced earlier in June that Cranston 's role in the Power Rangers series had been upgraded to that of Zordon , a mentor to the teenage gang of do - gooders tasked with saving the world from an alien invasion led by the evil Rita Repulsa ( Elizabeth Banks ) . Jump up ^ Crossan , Ashley ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Bryan Cranston Reveals More Details About Zordon in the ' Power Rangers ' Reboot '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holab , Christian ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Original Power Rangers actors wo n't appear in the new film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Power Rangers Movie To Begin Filming In January '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` First ' Power Rangers ' Synopsis Is a Throwback to The Original Series '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BIG BUDGET : POWER RANGERS Movie To Film in Vancouver This Winter '' . yvrshoots.com . September 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Naomi ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Marty ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` That 's a wrap . Much love to Vancouver for taking my family and I in . Even more love to the Power Rangers cast and crew . I 'm very proud of what we have `` in the can . '' # powerrangers `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RESHOOTS : POWER RANGERS Movie Back in Vancouver For Reshoots '' . yvrshoots.com . October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Awesome , Amy ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Set Photos Hint At Death '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Power Rangers are back , and they claim they set a new world record '' . Global News . Corus Entertainment Inc . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Releases in Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos '' . Dolby . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers exclusive : Here 's your first look at the gang 's new suit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers reboot 's stars align in new teaser poster '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Character Posters Bring the Team Together '' . Comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Evry ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers New York Comic Con Posters are Here ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC : Go Go Power Rangers Character Posters ! '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Teenagers discover special abilities in the first teaser for Power Rangers '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth . `` The First Power Rangers Trailer is Here and It 's Super Serious You Guys '' . io9 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' : Watch the First Trailer for the Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Angel Grove High School '' . Angel Grove High School . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Launches New Viral Website '' . Comic Book . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saban 's Power Rangers. `` Power Rangers Gif Creator - See The Movie In Theaters March 24 , 2017 '' . gif. powerrangers. movie . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` The New Power Rangers Movie Uniforms Work Way Better as Action Figures '' . io9 Gizmodo . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaita , Paul ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Merchandise Hits Stores for New Fans , Nostalgic Adults '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` ' Chronicle ' Max Landis Critiques ' Power Rangers ' Trailer for Looking a Lot Like ' Chronicle ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` The First ' Power Rangers ' Trailer Is ... Actually Pretty Cool '' . GQ . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` The ' Power Rangers ' Find Their Strength in New Super-Powered Trailer ( VIDEO ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Why so serious ? Power Rangers ' first trailer ditches the kitsch '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate Offers New Details About ' Power Rangers , ' ' Robin Hood , ' ' Kingkiller Chronicle ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . He was particularly optimistic about `` Power Rangers , '' which opens on March 24 , noting that the first trailer generated more than 150 million views in its first 48 hours . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers Movie T - Rex Battle Zord Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers : New Megazord Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Seriously , What the Hell Is Going on With the Zords in the Power Rangers Movie '' . io9 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Adam ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Power Rangers ' poster shows off the Zords in action ! '' . Isidethemagic.net . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rita Repulsa Continues Her Campaign of Evil in New Power Rangers Movie Photo '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` POWER RANGERS MOVIE ALREADY HAS A GRAPHIC NOVEL SEQUEL COMING '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers International Trailer Released '' . Comicbook.com . December 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers International Trailer Reveals Seconds Of New Footage '' . Bleeding Cool Comic Book , Movie , TV News . December 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers International Trailer Dives Right Into The Badass Action - CINEMABLEND '' . CINEMABLEND . December 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Qualcomm shows off inside - out VR tracking in a Power Rangers - themed headset '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Movie Command Center on the App Store '' . App Store . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamen , Matt ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's Morphin ' Time ! ' in first full Power Rangers trailer '' . WIRED UK . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers : Bryan Cranston 's Zordon greets the team in new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers trailer introduces Bryan Cranston 's Zordon , Megazord '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth . `` New Promo Asks If Power Rangers Are More Like Iron Man or Spider - Man '' . io9 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers Trailer Released '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers Trailer Powers Up ! - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net . February 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers TV Spots Show Off Big Action '' . ComingSoon.net . February 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Delivers a Rita Repulsa Themed Spot '' . ComingSoon.net . February 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Power Rangers Clip Introduces The Rangers To Alpha 5 '' . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POWER RANGERS : Jason & Kimberly Bond In Another New Clip ; Plus Two Awesome TV Spots & A Ton Of New Stills '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers Clip Dives Deep Underwater '' . March 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POWER RANGERS : The Team Heads Underwater In A Cool New Clip ; Plus Over 35 New Hi - Res Stills & New Posters '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers TV Spots : Zords Ride Into Action '' . Screen Rant . March 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POWER RANGERS : Rita Repulsa Attacks Trini While Zordon Introduces Himself In Two New Clips ; Plus New Photos '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Build - A-Bear Workshop Announces Power Rangers Line '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Krispy Kreme releases new Power Ranger doughnuts '' . WTKR.com . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pressberg , Matt ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Inside ' Power Rangers ' Marketing , From Virtual Reality to Twitter Takeovers ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Power Rangers ' Is An Extremely Bizarre Movie '' . UPROXX . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIONSGATE , SABAN BRANDS AND GAME DEVELOPER nWAY TEAM FOR SABAN 'S POWER RANGERS MOBILE GAME '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jarvey , Natalie ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Power Rangers ' Morphed Into a Top Mobile Game '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers : Legacy WarsApp Rank Graphs -- TopAppCharts.com '' . TopAppCharts . June 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . # 1 in Top Apps ( iPhone ) on Mar 27 , 2017 # 1 in Top Apps ( iPad ) on Mar 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' Power Rangers ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers ( 2017 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Hits the Big Screen July 22 , 2016 ! '' . comingsoon.net . August 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers , ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The original cast of ' Power Rangers ' reunite for premiere - NME '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Tonight ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Original ' Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ' Cast Reunites for The First Time Since 1995 '' ( YouTube Video ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' Power Rangers ' Slay Disney 's ' Beast ' at the Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Repeat at # 1 Over ' Power Rangers ' , ' Life ' and ' CHiPs ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' dazzles again at box office '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Gets a Surprise Box - Office Boost From Millennial - Age Fans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty And The Beast 's Clock With $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked At $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers : Box Office Success or Failure ? '' . Screen Rant. April 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Ghost In The Shell , ' ' Power Rangers ' Stumble , ' Boss Baby , ' ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hold '' . Forbes . April 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Romano ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers director says film suffered from PG - 13 rating '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Reboot Has Critics Mixed , But Its Performances Pop '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alama , Alger ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers reboot is getting mixed reviews '' . Nerd Reactor . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolloff , Matt ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Matches Kong : Skull Island 's Thursday Opening '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Simon ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCahill , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers review -- colour - coded superpowers revealed in goofy origins story '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Power Rangers ' Is An Extremely Bizarre Movie '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Power Rangers ' '' . Variety . March 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers review : sadistic , ugly and incompetent , this reboot is even worse than The Fantastic Four '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Trailer Reveals Blu - ray & Digital HD Release Date '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lavender Ranger ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Best buy Blu - Ray / DVD Combo Review '' . Henshin Grid . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Debuts Atop Home - Video Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Stays Top - Selling Disc for Second Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knapp , JD ; Rubin , Rebecca ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SECOND AND FINAL WAVE OF `` TEEN CHOICE 2017 '' NOMINEES ANNOUNCED `` . TeenChoice.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Could Make Up to Seven More ' Power Rangers ' Movies '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate wants to make ' five , six , or seven ' Power Rangers movies '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Producer : ' We Already Have a Six - Movie Arc ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Shamus ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Could Toy Sales Help Power Rangers 2 Chances ? '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Director Says Sequel Talks Are Taking Place '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Director Wants Lord Zedd in the Sequel '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chichizola , Corey ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Power Rangers Is Doing Well On DVD , And That Could Be A Good Thing '' . CinemaBlend . Gateway Blend . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) PR Mini Production Notes FINAL ( archived ) PR Production Notes 2 ( archived ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Power Rangers ( 2017 film ) Saban 's POWER RANGERS Website Power Rangers on IMDb Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) Season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) Episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) Episodes in Space ( 1998 ) Episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) Episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) Episodes Wild Force ( 2002 ) Episodes Disney Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Episodes S.P.D. 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who plays jason in the new power rangers movie
[ "Dacre Montgomery as Jason Scott / Red Ranger, the leader of the Power Rangers. Jason was the former star quarterback of Angel Grove High School's football team, however a failed prank led to a run-in with the law.[10]" ]
[ "Dacre Montgomery" ]
3757289098176706077
La Marseillaise
La Marseillaise - wikipedia La Marseillaise For other uses , see La Marseillaise ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) La Marseillaise English : The Marseillaise The Marseillais volunteers departing , sculpted on the Arc de Triomphe National anthem of France Also known as Chant de Guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin English : War song for the Army of the Rhine Lyrics Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle , 1792 Music Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle Adopted 1795 -- 1799 , 1870 Audio sample `` La Marseillaise '' ( Instrumental ) file help `` La Marseillaise '' ( French pronunciation : ​ ( la maʁsɛjɛːz ) ) is the national anthem of France . The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria , and was originally titled `` Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin '' ( `` War Song for the Rhine Army '' ) . The Marseillaise was a revolutionary song , an anthem to freedom , a patriotic call to mobilize all the citizens and an exhortation to fight against tyranny and foreign invasion . The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic 's anthem in 1795 . The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the capital . The song is the first example of the `` European march '' anthemic style . The anthem 's evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music . Contents 1 History 1.1 Musical 2 Lyrics 2.1 Additional verses 3 Notable arrangements 4 Adaptations in other musical works 5 Notable use in other media 6 Historical use in Russia 7 Criticism and controversy 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Rouget de Lisle , composer of the Marseillaise , sings it for the first time at the home of Dietrich , Mayor of Strasbourg ( Musée historique de Strasbourg , 1849 painting by Isidore Pils ) As the French Revolution continued , the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries . The War of the First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution , or at least contain it to France . Initially , the French army did not distinguish itself , and Coalition armies invaded France . On 25 April 1792 , baron Philippe - Frédéric de Dietrich , the mayor of Strasbourg , requested his guest Rouget de Lisle compose a song `` that will rally our soldiers from all over to defend their homeland that is under threat '' . That evening , Rouget de Lisle wrote `` Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin '' ( English : `` War Song for the Army of the Rhine '' ) , and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner , a Bavarian in French service from Cham . A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich 's house once stood commemorates the event . De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror . François Mireur , anonymous , terra cotta bust The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as `` La Marseillaise '' after the melody was first sung on the streets by volunteers ( fédérés in French ) from Marseille by the end of May . These fédérés were making their entrance into the city of Paris on 30 July 1792 after a young volunteer from Montpellier called François Mireur had sung it at a patriotic gathering in Marseille , and the troops adopted it as the marching song of the National Guard of Marseille . A newly graduated medical doctor , Mireur later became a general under Napoléon Bonaparte and died in Egypt at age 28 . The song 's lyric reflects the invasion of France by foreign armies ( from Prussia and Austria ) that were under way when it was written . Strasbourg itself was attacked just a few days later . The invading forces were repulsed from France following their defeat in the Battle of Valmy . As the vast majority of Alsatians did not speak French , a German version ( `` Auf , Brüder , auf dem Tag entgegen '' ) was published in October 1792 in Colmar . Play media Belgian singer Jean Noté singing `` La Marseillaise '' in 1907 The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on 14 July 1795 , making it France 's first anthem . It later lost this status under Napoleon I , and the song was banned outright by Louis XVIII and Charles X , only being re-instated briefly after the July Revolution of 1830 . During Napoleon I 's reign , `` Veillons au salut de l'Empire '' was the unofficial anthem of the regime , and in Napoleon III 's reign , it was `` Partant pour la Syrie '' . During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , `` La Marseillaise '' was recognised as the anthem of the international revolutionary movement ; as such , it was adopted by the Paris Commune in 1871 , albeit with new lyrics under the title `` La marseillaise de la Commune '' . Eight years later , in 1879 , it was restored as France 's national anthem , and has remained so ever since . Musical ( edit ) Commemorative plaque on 3 , place Broglie in Strasbourg Several musical antecedents have been cited for the melody : Mozart 's Allegro maestoso of Piano Concerto No. 25 the credo of the fourth mass of Holtzmann of Mursberg , but this has been refuted by Edgar Istel ( de ) in 1922 . the oratorio Esther by Jean Baptiste Lucien Grison One Italian musicologist claims it is based on `` Tema e variazioni in Do maggiore '' , composed in 1781 by the Italian violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti . Rouget de Lisle himself never signed the Marseillaise score . Lyrics ( edit ) Only the first verse ( and sometimes the fifth and sixth ) and the first chorus are sung today in France . There are some slight historical variations in the lyrics of the song ; the following is the version listed at the official website of the French Presidency . Allons enfants de la Patrie , Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! Contre nous de la tyrannie L'étendard sanglant est levé , ( bis ) Entendez - vous dans les campagnes Mugir ces féroces soldats ? Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras Égorger vos fils , vos compagnes ! Aux armes , citoyens , Formez vos bataillons , Marchons , marchons ! Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons ! Que veut cette horde d'esclaves , De traîtres , de rois conjurés ? Pour qui ces ignobles entraves , Ces fers dès longtemps préparés ? ( bis ) Français , pour nous , ah ! quel outrage Quels transports il doit exciter ! C'est nous qu'on ose méditer De rendre à l'antique esclavage ! Aux armes , citoyens ... Quoi ! des cohortes étrangères Feraient la loi dans nos foyers ! Quoi ! Ces phalanges mercenaires Terrasseraient nos fiers guerriers ! ( bis ) Grand Dieu ! Par des mains enchaînées Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient De vils despotes deviendraient Les maîtres de nos destinées ! Aux armes , citoyens ... Tremblez , tyrans et vous perfides L'opprobre de tous les partis , Tremblez ! vos projets parricides Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix ! ( bis ) Tout est soldat pour vous combattre , S'ils tombent , nos jeunes héros , La terre en produit de nouveaux , Contre vous tout prêts à se battre ! Aux armes , citoyens ... Français , en guerriers magnanimes , Portez ou retenez vos coups ! Épargnez ces tristes victimes , À regret s'armant contre nous . ( bis ) Mais ces despotes sanguinaires , Mais ces complices de Bouillé , Tous ces tigres qui , sans pitié , Déchirent le sein de leur mère ! Aux armes , citoyens ... Amour sacré de la Patrie , Conduis , soutiens nos bras vengeurs Liberté , Liberté chérie , Combats avec tes défenseurs ! ( bis ) Sous nos drapeaux que la victoire Accoure à tes mâles accents , Que tes ennemis expirants Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire ! Aux armes , citoyens ... ( Couplet des enfants ) Nous entrerons dans la carrière Quand nos aînés n'y seront plus , Nous y trouverons leur poussière Et la trace de leurs vertus ( bis ) Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre Que de partager leur cercueil , Nous aurons le sublime orgueil De les venger ou de les suivre Aux armes , citoyens ... Arise , children of the Fatherland , The day of glory has arrived ! Against us , tyranny 's Bloody standard is raised , ( repeat ) Do you hear , in the countryside , The roar of those ferocious soldiers ? They 're coming right into your arms To cut the throats of your sons , your women ! To arms , citizens , Form your battalions , Let 's march , let 's march ! Let an impure blood Water our furrows ! What does this horde of slaves , Of traitors and conspiring kings want ? For whom have these vile chains , These irons , been long prepared ? ( repeat ) Frenchmen , for us , ah ! What outrage What furious action it must arouse ! It is to us they dare plan A return to the old slavery ! To arms , citizens ... What ! Foreign cohorts Would make the law in our homes ! What ! These mercenary phalanxes Would strike down our proud warriors ! ( repeat ) Great God ! By chained hands Our brows would yield under the yoke ! Vile despots would themselves become The masters of our destinies ! To arms , citizens ... Tremble , tyrants and you traitors The shame of all parties , Tremble ! Your parricidal schemes Will finally receive their prize ! ( repeat ) Everyone is a soldier to combat you , If they fall , our young heroes , Will be produced anew from the ground , Ready to fight against you ! To arms , citizens ... Frenchmen , as magnanimous warriors , Bear or hold back your blows ! Spare those sorry victims , For regretfully arming against us . ( repeat ) But these bloodthirsty despots , These accomplices of Bouillé , All these tigers who mercilessly Tear apart their mother 's breast ! To arms , citizens ... Sacred love of the Fatherland , Lead , support our avenging arms Liberty , cherished Liberty , Fight with thy defenders ! ( repeat ) Under our flags may victory Hurry to thy manly accents , So that thy expiring enemies See thy triumph and our glory ! To arms , citizens ... ( Children 's Verse ) We shall enter the ( military ) career When our elders are no longer there , There we shall find their dust And the trace of their virtues ( repeat ) Much less keen to survive them Than to share their coffins , We shall have the sublime pride To avenge or follow them . To arms , citizens ... Additional verses ( edit ) These verses were omitted from the national anthem . Dieu de clémence et de justice Vois nos tyrans , juge nos coeurs Que ta bonté nous soit propice Défends - nous de ces oppresseurs ( bis ) Tu règnes au ciel et sur terre Et devant Toi , tout doit fléchir De ton bras , viens nous soutenir Toi , grand Dieu , maître du tonnerre . Aux armes , citoyens ... Peuple français , connais ta gloire ; Couronné par l'Égalité , Quel triomphe , quelle victoire , D'avoir conquis la Liberté ! ( bis ) Le Dieu qui lance le tonnerre Et qui commande aux éléments , Pour exterminer les tyrans , Se sert de ton bras sur la terre . Aux armes , citoyens ... Nous avons de la tyrannie Repoussé les derniers efforts ; De nos climats , elle est bannie ; Chez les Français les rois sont morts . ( bis ) Vive à jamais la République ! Anathème à la royauté ! Que ce refrain , partout porté , Brave des rois la politique . Aux armes , citoyens ... La France que l'Europe admire A reconquis la Liberté Et chaque citoyen respire Sous les lois de l'Égalité ; ( bis ) Un jour son image chérie S'étendra sur tout l'univers . Peuples , vous briserez vos fers Et vous aurez une Patrie ! Aux armes , citoyens ... Foulant aux pieds les droits de l'Homme , Les soldatesques légions Des premiers habitants de Rome Asservirent les nations . ( bis ) Un projet plus grand et plus sage Nous engage dans les combats Et le Français n'arme son bras Que pour détruire l'esclavage . Aux armes , citoyens ... Oui ! Déjà d'insolents despotes Et la bande des émigrés Faisant la guerre aux Sans - culottes Par nos armes sont altérés ; ( bis ) Vainement leur espoir se fonde Sur le fanatisme irrité , Le signe de la Liberté Fera bientôt le tour du monde . Aux armes , citoyens ... À vous ! Que la gloire environne , Citoyens , illustres guerriers , Craignez , dans les champs de Bellone , Craignez de flétrir vos lauriers ! ( bis ) Aux noirs soupçons inaccessibles Envers vos chefs , vos généraux , Ne quittez jamais vos drapeaux , Et vous resterez invincibles . Aux armes , citoyens ... ( Couplet des enfants ) Enfants , que l'Honneur , la Patrie Fassent l'objet de tous nos vœux ! Ayons toujours l'âme nourrie Des feux qu'ils inspirent tous deux . ( bis ) Soyons unis ! Tout est possible ; Nos vils ennemis tomberont , Alors les Français cesseront De chanter ce refrain terrible : Aux armes , citoyens ... God of mercy and justice See our tyrants , judge our hearts Thy goodness be with us Defend us from these oppressors ( repeat ) You reign in heaven and on earth And before You all must bend In your arms , come support us You Great God , Lord of the thunder . To arms , citizens ... French people know thy glory Crowned by Equality , What a triumph , what a victory , To have won Freedom ! ( repeat ) The God who throws thunder And who commands the elements , To exterminate the tyrants Uses your arm on the ground . To arms , citizens ... Of tyranny , we have Rebuffed the final efforts ; It is banished from our climes ; In France the kings are dead . ( repeat ) Forever live the Republic ! Anathema to royalty ! May this refrain sung everywhere , Defy the politics of kings . To arms , citizens ... France that Europe admires Has regained Liberty And every citizen breathes Under the laws of Equality , ( repeat ) One day its beloved image Will extend throughout the universe . Peoples , you will break your chains And you will have a Fatherland ! To arms , citizens ... Trampling on the rights of man , soldierly legions The first inhabitants of Rome enslave nations . ( repeat ) A larger project and wiser We engage in battle And the Frenchman does not arm himself But to destroy slavery . To arms , citizens ... Yes ! Already insolent despots And the band of emigrants Waging war on the sans - culottes ( lit. without - breeches ) By our weapons are withered ; ( repeat ) Vainly their hope is based On piqued fanaticism The sign of Liberty Will soon spread around the world . To arms , citizens ... To you ! Let glory surround Citizens , illustrious warriors , Fear in the fields of Bellona , Fear the sullying of your laurels ! ( repeat ) As for dark unfounded suspicions Towards your leaders , your generals , Never leave your flags , And you will remain invincible . To arms , citizens ... ( Children 's Verse ) Children , let Honour and Fatherland be the object of all our wishes ! Let us always have souls nourished With fires that might inspire both . ( repeat ) Let us be united ! Anything is possible ; Our vile enemies will fall , Then the French will cease To sing this fierce refrain : To arms , citizens ... Notable arrangements ( edit ) Score of the opening lines of `` La Marseillaise '' `` La Marseillaise '' was arranged for soprano , chorus and orchestra by Hector Berlioz in about 1830 . Franz Liszt wrote a piano transcription of the anthem . During World War I , bandleader James Reese Europe played a jazz version of `` La Marseillaise '' , which can be heard on part 2 of the Ken Burns TV documentary Jazz . Serge Gainsbourg recorded a reggae version in 1978 , titled `` Aux armes et cætera '' . Jacky Terrasson also recorded a jazz version of `` La Marseillaise '' , included in his 2001 album A Paris . Adaptations in other Musical works ( edit ) During the French Revolution , Giuseppe Cambini published Patriotic Airs for Two Violins , in which the song is quoted literally and as a variation theme , with other patriotic songs . Ludwig van Beethoven quotes `` La Marseillaise '' in his Wellington 's Victory overture , Op. 91 , composed in 1813 . Gioachino Rossini quotes `` La Marseillaise '' in his 1813 opera , L'italiana in Algeri , during the choral introduction to Isabella 's 2nd act aria `` Pensa alla patria '' and in the second act of his opera Semiramide ( 1823 ) . Robert Schumann used part of `` La Marseillaise '' for `` Die beiden Grenadiere '' ( The Two Grenadiers ) , his 1840 setting ( Op. 49 , No. 1 ) of Heinrich Heine 's poem `` Die Grenadiere '' . The quotation appears at the end of the song when the old French soldier dies . Schumann also incorporated `` La Marseillaise '' as a major motif in his overture Hermann und Dorothea , inspired by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , and quotes it , in waltz rhythm , in the first movement of Faschingsschwank aus Wien , for solo piano . Richard Wagner also quotes from `` La Marseillaise '' in his 1839 -- 40 setting of a French translation of Heine 's poem . In Orphée aux enfers ( 1858 ) , Jacques Offenbach quotes it in the `` Choeur de la Révolte '' ( Revolutionary Chorus ) in act 1 , scene 2 . Giuseppe Verdi quotes from `` La Marseillaise '' in his patriotic anthem Hymn of the Nations , which also incorporates `` God Save the King '' and `` Il Canto degli Italiani '' . In his 1944 film , the Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini also incorporated `` The Internationale '' for the Soviet Union and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' representing the United States . Greek composer Pavlos Carrer quotes `` La Marseillaise '' in the overture of his 1873 opera Maria Antonietta ( libretto by Count Georgios Romas ) . Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky quotes `` La Marseillaise '' to represent the invading French army in his 1812 Overture ( 1882 ) . He also quotes the Russian national anthem he was familiar with , to represent the Russian army . However , neither of these anthems was actually in use in 1812 . In 1896 , Umberto Giordano briefly quotes the anthem in his opera Andrea Chénier . Claude Debussy quotes a fragment of the anthem marked `` de très loin '' in the dreamlike and dissonant coda of his piano prelude , Feux d'artifice . Flemish composer Peter Benoit quotes `` La Marseillaise '' in the overture of his 1876 opera Charlotte Corday . Edward Elgar quotes the opening of `` La Marseillaise '' in his choral work The Music Makers , Op. 69 ( 1912 ) , based on Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , at the line `` We fashion an empire 's glory '' , where he also quotes the opening phrase of `` Rule , Britannia ! '' . Felix Weingartner incorporated fragments of the `` Marseillaise '' , as well as of the Russian anthem God Save the Tsar ! , the Kaiser 's anthem Heil dir im Siegerkranz and of the Austrian anthem Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser in his concert overture Aus ernster Zeit , reflecting the major opponents of World War I . Heitor Villa - Lobos quotes `` La Marseillaise '' in his 3rd ( `` War '' ) and 4th ( `` Victory '' ) Symphonies ( both 1919 ) . In the finale of No. 3 , fragments of it form a collage with the Brazilian national anthem . Dmitri Shostakovich quotes `` La Marseillaise '' at some length during the fifth reel of the film score he composed for the 1929 silent movie , The New Babylon ( set during the Paris Commune ) , where it is juxtaposed contrapuntally with the famous `` Infernal Galop '' from Offenbach 's Orpheus in the Underworld . Gottfried Huppertz quotes `` La Marseillaise '' in his score for the 1927 film Metropolis over scenes of rioting workers . Max Steiner weaves quotes from `` La Marseillaise '' throughout his score for the 1942 film Casablanca . It also forms an important plot element when patrons of Rick 's Café Américain , spontaneously led by Czech underground leader Victor Laszlo , sing the actual song to drown out Nazi officers who had started singing `` Die Wacht am Rhein '' , thus causing Rick 's to be shut down . The scene is reminiscent of one in Jean Renoir 's La Grande Illusion , in which French and British prisoners of war performing amateur theatricals to a mixed audience of guards and fellow - prisoners sing the song aggressively at the Germans upon hearing of a minor French victory . Django Reinhardt uses the theme in `` Échos de France '' . The Beatles hit single of 1967 , `` All You Need Is Love '' , uses the opening bars of `` La Marseillaise '' as an introduction . The Slovenian music group Laibach released the album Volk in 2006 , which featured interpretations of various national anthems and included `` Francia '' , a song inspired by `` La Marseillaise '' . In Peru and Chile , both the Partido Aprista Peruano ( `` La Marsellesa Aprista '' ) , and the Socialist Party of Chile ( `` La Marsellesa Socialista '' ) , wrote their own versions of `` La Marseillaise '' to be their anthems . Both use the original tune . The Canadian post-hardcore band Silverstein uses the English translation of the first two choruses of `` La Marseillaise '' in their song `` La Marseillaise '' . The song is featured on their album Short Songs . Hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest uses a sample of `` La Marseillaise , '' taken from The Beatles song `` All You Need Is Love , '' as an intro to their song `` Luck of Lucien '' on their 1990 album People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm . American song parodist and comedian Allan Sherman , on his album My Son , the Nut , uses the tune of `` La Marseillaise '' as part of the opening of his song `` You Went the Wrong Way , Old King Louie '' ( a French Revolution - themed parody of `` You Came a Long Way from St. Louis '' ) , solemnly intoning `` Louis the Sixteenth was the king of France , in 17 -- 89 ... '' French death metal band Autokrator , on their 2018 album Hammer of the Heretics used the lyrics of `` La Marseillaise '' . Hip - hop artist DJ Cheese , with emcees Word of Mouth , utilizes a sample , from the first four - and - a-half bars of `` La Marseillaise , '' on his 1985 12 '' single , `` King Kut . '' Notable use in other media ( edit ) Stefan Zweig narrates the creation of the anthem by Rouget De Lisle in one of the Decisive Moments in History , as does Alexandre Dumas in The Countess de Charny , claiming his account comes from Rouget de Lisle 's own mouth . Abel Gance 's film Napoléon ( 1927 ) features Harry Krimer as Rouget de Lisle and dramatizes the adoption of his song as the revolution 's anthem at the Club of the Cordeliers in 1792 . The 1938 film La Marseillaise shows the Marseille fédérés marching to Paris and singing the anthem . In the RKO film Joan of Paris ( 1942 ) , `` La Marseillaise '' is sung by a classroom full of young schoolchildren as the Gestapo hunts their teacher , a French Resistance operative . `` La Marseillaise '' was famously used in Casablanca ( 1942 ) at the behest of Victor Laszlo ( Paul Henreid ) to drown out a group of German soldiers singing `` Die Wacht am Rhein '' . It was also played during the closing card of the movie . Earlier , it appeared in Jean Renoir 's La Grande Illusion in a similar defiant fashion , sung by French and British POWs . The British sitcom ' Allo ' Allo ! spoofed Casablanca by having the patriotic French characters start singing `` La Marseillaise '' , only to switch to Deutschlandlied when Nazi officers enter their café . On the January 24 , 1977 , episode of the Steve Allen PBS fantasy / history talk show Meeting of Minds , Empress Marie Antoinette ( played by Allen 's wife Jayne Meadows ) is introduced and walks onstage to `` La Marseillaise '' , and immediately expresses outrage and distress , explaining that the anthem was that of the revolutionary movement that dethroned and executed herself and husband Louis XVI . Allen as host apologizes profusely for the faux pas . Vanessa Redgrave sings `` La Marsellaise '' ( in French ) in the closing scene of Playing for Time , a 1980 CBS television film about the Auschwitz concentration camp . In the biopic La Vie en rose , chronicling the life of Édith Piaf , ten - year - old Édith is urged by her acrobat father to `` do something '' in the middle of a lackluster show , and she amazes the audience with an emotional rendition of `` La Marseillaise '' . The carillon of the town hall in the Bavarian town of Cham plays `` La Marseillaise '' every day at 12.05 pm to commemorate the French Marshal Nicolas Luckner , who was born there . In the Stanley Kubrick film Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) , `` La Marseillaise '' is played instrumentally during the opening credits . The Brisbane Lions Australian Rules football team 's theme song has been set to `` La Marseillaise '' since 1962 . Numerous other minor Australian rules football teams also use the song . Professional wrestler Dino Bravo used `` La Marseillaise '' as his ring entry music while wrestling for the WWF in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Historical use in Russia ( edit ) `` La Marseillaise '' Performed on a synthesizer Problems playing this file ? See media help . In Russia , `` La Marseillaise '' was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by those who knew French starting in the 18th century , almost simultaneously with its adoption in France . In 1875 Peter Lavrov , a narodist revolutionary and theorist , wrote a Russian - language text ( not a translation of the French one ) to the same melody . This `` Worker 's Marseillaise '' became one of the most popular revolutionary songs in Russia and was used in the Revolution of 1905 . After the February Revolution of 1917 , it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the new Russian republic . Even after the October Revolution , it remained in use for a while alongside The Internationale . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) The English philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham , who was declared an honorary citizen of France in 1791 in recognition of his sympathies for the ideals of the French Revolution , was not enamoured of `` La Marseillaise '' . Contrasting its qualities with the `` beauty '' and `` simplicity '' of `` God Save the King '' , he wrote in 1796 : The War whoop of anarchy , the Marseillais Hymn , is to my ear , I must confess , independently of all moral association , a most dismal , flat , and unpleasing ditty : and to any ear it is at any rate a long winded and complicated one . In the instance of a melody so mischievous in its application , it is a fortunate incident , if , in itself , it should be doomed neither in point of universality , nor permanence , to gain equal hold on the affections of the people . Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , a former President of France , has said that it is ridiculous to sing about drenching French fields with impure Prussian blood as a German Chancellor takes the salute in Paris . A 1992 campaign to change the words of the song involving more than 100 prominent French citizens , including Danielle Mitterrand , wife of then - President François Mitterrand , was unsuccessful . The historian Simon Schama discussed `` La Marseillaise '' on BBC Radio 4 's Today programme on 17 November 2015 ( in the immediate aftermath of the Paris attacks ) , saying it was `` ... the great example of courage and solidarity when facing danger ; that 's why it is so invigorating , that 's why it really is the greatest national anthem in the world , ever . Most national anthems are pompous , brassy , ceremonious , but this is genuinely thrilling . Very important in the song ... is the line ' before us is tyranny , the bloody standard of tyranny has risen ' . There is no more ferocious tyranny right now than ISIS , so it 's extremely easy for the tragically and desperately grieving French to identify with that '' . See also ( edit ) France portal Music portal `` Marche Henri IV '' , the national anthem of the Kingdom of France `` La Marseillaise des Blancs '' , the Royal and Catholic variation `` Ça Ira '' , another famous anthem of the French Revolution `` Chant du départ '' , the official anthem of the Napoleonic Empire `` Belarusian Marseillaise '' , a patriotic song in Belarus `` Onamo '' , a Montenegrin patriotic song popularly known as The `` Serbian Marseillaise '' Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` La Marseillaise '' ( in French ) . National Assembly of France . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Eugen ( 1 June 1976 ) . Peasants into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural France , 1870 -- 1914 . Stanford University Press . p. 439 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1013 - 8 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Benjamin F. ( January 1896 ) . `` Story of La Marseillaise '' . The Musical Record . Boston , Massachusetts : Oliver Ditson Company ( 408 ) : 2 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plaque Frédéric De Dietrich '' . Archi - Wiki . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Louis Spach , Frederic de Dietrich , premier maire de Strasbourg. , Strasbourgh , Vve . Berger - Levrault & fils , 1857 . Jump up ^ `` General François Mireur '' . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wochenblatt , dem Unterricht des Landvolks gewidmet , Colmar 1792 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Mould , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French . New York : Taylor & Francis . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 82573 - 6 . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Modern History Sourcebook : La Marseillaise , 1792 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles A. , eds. ( 1879 ) . `` Marseillaise '' . The American Cyclopædia . See also Geschichte eines deutschen Liedes at German Wikisource . Jump up ^ Istel , Edgar ( April 1922 ) . `` Is the Marseillaise a German composition ? ( The history of a hoax ) '' . The Musical Quarterly . 8 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Marseillaise '' . New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ `` La Marseillaise , un hymne à l'histoire tourmentée '' by Romaric Godin , La Tribune , 20 November 2015 ( in French ) Jump up ^ La Marseillaise , l'Elysée . Jump up ^ The seventh verse was not part of the original text ; it was added in 1792 by an unknown author . Jump up ^ William Apthorp ( 1879 ) Hector Berlioz ; Selections from His Letters , and Aesthetic , Humorous , and Satirical Writings , Henry Holt , New York Jump up ^ L.J. de Bekker ( 1909 ) Stokes ' Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians , Frederick Stokes , New York Jump up ^ `` Scandales du XXe siècle -- Gainsbourg métisse ' La Marseillaise ' '' ( 1 September 2006 ) Le Monde , Paris ( in French ) Jump up ^ Described and played on BBC Radio 3 's CD Review program ( 14 January 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` La Marsellesa Aprista '' Archived 18 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Partido Aprista Peruano , Official Website Jump up ^ Boletín del Comité Central del PSCH N ° 34 -- 35 , April -- May 1973 . Jump up ^ Cham.de Archived 28 January 1999 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Origins of our Club song '' . Brisbane Lions . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.ozsportshistory.com/melbournerules/frenchrevolution.html Jump up ^ ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GX1ZFXbGX-I WWF Dino Bravo Theme Jump up ^ Соболева , Н. А. 2005 . Из истории отечественных государственных гимнов . Журнал `` Отечественная история '' , 1 . P. 10 - 12 Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bentham , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . Quinn , Michael , ed . Writings on the Poor Laws , Vol . I. Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0199242321 . Jump up ^ Bremner , Charles ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` Cannes star denounces ' racist ' Marseillaise at festival opening '' . The Times . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Riding , Alan ( 5 March 1992 ) . `` Aux Barricades ! ' La Marseillaise ' Is Besieged '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Schama explains La Marseillaise '' . BBC News . 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Charles Hughes , `` Music of the French Revolution '' , Science & Society , vol. 4 , No. 2 ( Spring 1940 ) , pp. 193 -- 210 . In JSTOR . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Marseillaise . La Marseillaise de Rouget de Lisle -- Official site of Élysée -- Présidence de la République ( in French ) La Marseillaise : hymne national Official site of Assemblée nationale ( in French ) La Marseillaise , Iain Patterson 's comprehensive website Texts on Wikisource : La Marseillaise `` Marseillaise , The '' . The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907 . `` Marseillaise '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . 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Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution BNE : XX3063403 BNF : cb119381658 ( data ) GND : 300132956 LCCN : n81039802 SUDOC : 02731202X VIAF : 130369243 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Marseillaise&oldid=856326622 '' Categories : 1792 compositions Songs of the French Revolution French anthems National symbols of France World Digital Library French military marches French patriotic songs National anthems North American anthems South American anthems Oceanian anthems European anthems Hidden categories : CS1 French - 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who composed marseilles the national anthem of france
[ "\"La Marseillaise\" (French pronunciation: ​[la maʁsɛjɛːz]) is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Rhine Army\").\n" ]
[ "Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle" ]
4674155059171442950
Family Ties
Family Ties - wikipedia Family Ties Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Family Ties ( disambiguation ) . Family Ties Genre Sitcom Created by Gary David Goldberg Starring Meredith Baxter - Birney Michael Gross Michael J. Fox Justine Bateman Tina Yothers Brian Bonsall Marc Price Theme music composer Jeff Barry Tom Scott Opening theme `` Without Us '' Performed by Johnny Mathis & Deniece Williams Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 176 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Ubu Productions Paramount Television Distributor Paramount Domestic Television ( 1987 -- 2006 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network NBC Audio format Stereo Original release September 22 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 14 ) Chronology Related shows The Art of Being Nick ( TV pilot ) Day by Day Family Ties is an American sitcom that aired on NBC for seven seasons , premiering on September 22 , 1982 , and concluding on May 14 , 1989 . The series , created by Gary David Goldberg , reflected the move in the United States from the cultural liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s to the conservatism of the 1980s . This was particularly expressed through the relationship between young Republican Alex P. Keaton ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox ) and his ex-hippie parents , Steven and Elyse Keaton ( portrayed by Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter ) . The show won multiple awards , including three consecutive Emmy Awards for Michael J. Fox as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Theme song 4 Episodes 5 Connection to Day by Day 6 Awards 6.1 Emmy Awards 6.2 Golden Globes 6.3 TV Land Awards 6.4 Young Artist Awards 7 Syndication 8 Home media 8.1 DVD 8.2 Streaming 9 References in other media 10 References 11 Notes 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Set in suburban Columbus , Ohio , during the Reagan administration , Steven and Elyse Keaton ( Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter ) are baby boomers , liberals and former hippies , raising their three children : ambitious , would - be millionaire entrepreneur Alex ( Michael J. Fox ) ; fashion - conscious , gossipy Mallory ( Justine Bateman ) ; and tomboy Jennifer ( Tina Yothers ) . Married in 1964 , Elyse is an independent architect and Steven , a native of Buffalo , New York , is the station manager of WKS , a local public television station . Much of the humor of the series focuses on the cultural divide during the 1980s when younger generations rejected the counterculture of the 1960s and embraced the materialism and conservative politics which came to define the 1980s . Both Alex , and , to a lesser extent , Mallory , embrace Reaganomics and exhibit conservative attitudes : Alex is a `` Young Republican '' , and Mallory , while not overtly political , is a more materialistic young woman in contrast to her feminist mother . Mallory was also presented as a vacuous airhead , who was fodder for jokes and teasing from her brother . Jennifer , an athletic tomboy and the youngest child , shares more the values of her parents and just wants to be a normal kid . Steven and Elyse had a fourth child , Andrew ( or `` Andy '' , for short ) , who was born in early 1985 . Andy is the youngest , on whom Alex doted and quickly molded in his conservative image . Cast ( edit ) Cast of Family Ties ( from left ) : Tina Yothers , Brian Bonsall ( added in season five ) , Michael Gross , Meredith Baxter - Birney , Michael J. Fox , and Justine Bateman . Main cast ( edit ) Meredith Baxter - Birney as Elyse Keaton Michael Gross as Steven Keaton Michael J. Fox as Alex P. Keaton Justine Bateman as Mallory Keaton Tina Yothers as Jennifer Keaton Brian Bonsall as Andrew `` Andy '' Keaton ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) Garrett and Tyler Merriman as Baby Andrew `` Andy '' Keaton ( season 4 ) Main stars Meredith Baxter and Michael Gross are exactly the same age , sharing the same birthday on June 21 , 1947 . In the series , their characters were intended to be approximately five or six years older , given that their `` son '' , played by Michael J. Fox , was in fact only fourteen years younger than Baxter and Gross in real life . Recurring cast ( edit ) Marc Price as Irwin `` Skippy '' Handelman Scott Valentine as Nick Moore ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Tracy Pollan as Ellen Reed ( season 4 ) Courteney Cox as Lauren Miller ( seasons 6 -- 7 ) The show had been sold to the network using the pitch `` hip parents , square kids . '' Originally , Elyse and Steven were intended to be the main characters . However , the audience reacted so positively to Alex during the taping of the fourth episode that he became the focus on the show . Fox had received the role after Matthew Broderick turned it down . Supporting cast and characters includes neighbor Irwin `` Skippy '' Handelman ( Marc Price ) ; Mallory 's Sylvester Stallone-esque boyfriend artist Nick Moore ( Scott Valentine ) ; and Alex 's feminist artist girlfriend Ellen Reed ( Tracy Pollan , whom Michael J. Fox later married in 1988 ) . In season 3 , episode 17 , Elyse gave birth to her fourth child , Andrew ( who was played by Brian Bonsall from season 5 onward ) . Garrett Merriman played baby Andrew . Dick Sargent guest - starred as Elyse 's father Charlie in Season 1 . Guest stars ( edit ) A number of Hollywood stars appeared on the show before they were famous or during the early years of their careers . Jane Adams played Marty Broadie in two 7th - season episodes , `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me : Part 1 '' and `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me : Part 2 '' . Christina Applegate played Kitten , a member of Jennifer 's band , on the episode `` Band on the Run '' . Hank Azaria played a co-worker of Mallory 's in the season 7 episode `` Designing Women '' . Two members of the Baldwin family appeared in separate episodes : Stephen Baldwin appeared as a member of a therapy group that Alex attends with his girlfriend and Daniel Baldwin as an Army recruit who harasses Skippy . Timothy Busfield played Doug in two 1984 episodes ( `` Best Man '' and `` Little Man on Campus '' ) , and `` Young Matt '' in a 1986 episode ( `` My Back Pages '' ) . Jeff Cohen played two different characters ; Marv Jr. on the episode `` The Visit '' , and Dougie Barker on the episode `` 4 Rms Ocn Vu '' . James Cromwell played John Hancock in the 3rd - season episode `` Philadelphia Story '' . Geena Davis portrayed inept housekeeper Karen . David Faustino played Keith Bailey the son of a divorced family friend who was taken away from his mother by his father in the episode `` To Snatch a Keith '' . Corey Feldman played a 7th grade classmate of Jennifer who was a nominee to win the Thomas Dewey best student achievement award on the episode `` The Disciple '' . Crispin Glover played one of Alex 's friends on the episode `` Birthday Boy '' . Glover had played George McFly , the father of Michael J. Fox 's character Marty McFly in the original Back to the Future in 1985 . Joseph Gordon - Levitt played Dougie , a kindergarten friend of Andrew in two episodes , `` Sign of the Times '' and `` Father , Can You Spare A Dime ? '' Tom Hanks appeared during the first and second seasons as Elyse 's alcoholic younger brother Ned Donelly . Barry Jenner played the head of Mallory 's fashion agency in the 1988 episode `` Designing Women '' . Judith Light appeared in Season 2 as a colleague of Steven , unsuccessfully attempting to seduce him . Julia Louis - Dreyfus portrayed a lawyer in the two - part episode `` Read It and Weep '' , which was about Jennifer 's wanting to do a book report on a banned book . John McCook played the commercial character of `` Sir Penguin '' in the season 2 episode `` This Year 's Model '' where Elyse was filming a commercial and Mallory kept sabotaging it . Richard McGonagle , appeared in two episodes of Family Ties as separate characters . Danny Nucci played a school bully who got beaten up by Jennifer after harassing her boyfriend at school in the episode `` Designated Hitter '' . River Phoenix played a fourteen - year - old math genius who develops a crush on Jennifer after coming to tutor Alex. Phoenix 's sister , Rain , would also appear as one of Jennifer 's friends in a different episode . Martha Plimpton played Jessie , a young girl Mallory befriends after she catches her shoplifting . Anne Ramsey played Mrs. Warfield in the episode `` Help Wanted '' John Randolph played Jacob Keaton , Steven 's father , in `` I Never Killed for My Father '' . He was revealed to be dead in `` Remembrance of Things Past , Parts 1 & 2 '' . Wil Wheaton , played the target of Jennifer 's affection in the episode `` D is for Date '' . Theme song ( edit ) The theme song , `` Without Us '' ( credited in Season One as `` Us '' ) , was composed by Jeff Barry and Tom Scott in 1982 . During the first season , it was originally performed by Dennis Tufano and Mindy Sterling . For the rest of the show 's run , the song was performed by Deniece Williams and Johnny Mathis . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Family Ties episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 22 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 22 ) April 11 , 1983 ( 1983 - 04 - 11 ) N / A N / A 22 September 23 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 23 ) May 10 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 10 ) N / A N / A 24 September 20 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 20 ) March 28 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 28 ) 5 22.1 Film September 23 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 23 ) N / A N / A 24 September 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 26 ) May 8 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 08 ) 30.0 5 30 September 25 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 25 ) August 13 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 13 ) 32.7 6 28 September 13 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 13 ) May 1 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 01 ) 17 17.3 7 26 October 30 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 30 ) May 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 14 ) N / A N / A Connection to Day by Day ( edit ) During its final two seasons , Family Ties was scheduled on Sunday nights often followed by Day by Day , another series from Ubu Productions . Michael Gross and Brian Bonsall brought their respective roles of Steven and Andy Keaton to the Day by Day episode `` Trading Places '' , which reveals that Steven went to college with Brian Harper ( Doug Sheehan ) . Awards ( edit ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) 1986 : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( Michael J. Fox ) 1987 : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( Michael J. Fox ) ; Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series ; Outstanding Technical Direction 1988 : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( Michael J. Fox ) Golden Globes ( edit ) 1989 : Best Performance by an Actor in a TV - Series ( Michael J. Fox ) TV Land Awards ( edit ) 2008 : Character You 'd Pay to Do Your Homework for You ( Michael J. Fox ) 2011 : Fan Favorite , Presented by Ben Stiller Young Artist Awards ( edit ) 1985 : Best Young Actress in a Television Comedy Series ( Justine Bateman ) 1985 : Best Young Supporting Actress in a Television Comedy Series ( Tina Yothers ) 1986 : Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series ( Marc Price ) 1988 : Best Young Actor Under Nine Years of Age ( Brian Bonsall ) 1989 : Best Young Actor Under Ten Years of Age in Television or Motion Pictures ( Brian Bonsall ) Syndication ( edit ) NBC aired reruns of Family Ties weekday mornings from December 1985 until January 1987 . In the fall of 1987 , the series went into syndication in the United States . Currently , it airs on UP and Antenna TV . Reruns previously aired on WFMZ , MeToo , Disney Channel , FamilyNet , WGN America , TBS , YTV , Nick at Nite , TV Land , Hallmark Channel and The Hub . In Canada , reruns of Family Ties began airing on CTS , a Christian - based network , on September 6 , 2010 . On May 15 , 2011 Netflix began to stream season 1 - 7 on its `` watch instantly '' streaming service . In Australia , reruns aired on Eleven ( a digital channel of Network Ten ) in the afternoons and late night until June 2013 . As of November 2015 , two episodes are shown on weekdays between 11 am and midday . Family Ties was a perennial favourite seen on the Nine Network from 1983 to 2008 . Prior to Eleven , the show screened on pay TV network TV1 . In the UK , Family Ties aired on Channel 4 from July 1985 . Home media ( edit ) DVD ( edit ) CBS DVD ( distributed by Paramount ) has released all seven seasons of Family Ties on DVD in Region 1 , as of August 13 , 2013 . The second through fifth season releases contain special features , gag reels and episodic promos . The second season contains interviews with Michael Gross and Michael J. Fox along with other cast members . The fourth season contains the made - for - TV - movie , Family Ties Vacation . Paramount has also released the first three seasons on DVD in Region 4 . On November 5 , 2013 , CBS Home Entertainment released Family Ties - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . On November 11 , 2014 , CBS Home Entertainment re-released a repackaged version of the complete series set , at a lower price , but did not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series set . DVD name No. of episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 4 The Complete First Season 22 February 20 , 2007 April 9 , 2008 The Second Season 22 October 9 , 2007 September 4 , 2008 The Third Season 24 February 12 , 2008 April 2 , 2009 The Fourth Season 24 August 5 , 2008 The Fifth Season 30 March 10 , 2009 The Sixth Season 28 April 9 , 2013 The Seventh Season 26 August 13 , 2013 The Complete Series 176 November 5 , 2013 / November 11 , 2014 TBA Streaming ( edit ) All seven seasons of the series were made available for streaming through Netflix ( removed again August 15 , 2015 ) and Amazon Video as well as Hulu Plus . References in other media ( edit ) Over a decade after the cancellation of Family Ties , Michael J. Fox 's final episodes on Spin City featured numerous allusions to the show . In these episodes , Michael Gross played a therapist for Fox 's character Michael Patrick Flaherty and the episode contained a reference to an off - screen character named `` Mallory '' . In the episode , after Flaherty becomes an environmental lobbyist in Washington D.C. , he meets a `` conservative junior senator named Alex P. Keaton . '' Meredith Baxter also portrayed Mike Flaherty 's mother , Macy Flaherty , in the episodes `` Family Affair '' ( Parts 1 and 2 ) . Family Ties has also been referenced on Family Guy Family Ties was also subtly referenced on The Simpsons in season 5 , episode 22 `` Secrets of a Successful Marriage '' . In the scene where Homer is applying to teach an adult education class , he sings the opening credits tune `` Sha la la la '' in reference to his happy family . The cast of Family Ties publicly reunited for the first time on February 7 , 2008 for an interview on The Today Show . Family Ties was referenced in Ready Player One , a science fiction and dystopian novel by Ernest Cline . The main character Wade Watts ( Parzival ) liked to imagine that he had a family where `` there was nothing so wrong in the world that we could n't sort it out by the end of a single half - hour episode ( or maybe a two - parter , if it was something really serious ) . '' Family Ties was also referenced on Naughty By Nature 's 1995 song Craziest . The second line of the first verse said `` You ai n't a pal of me , my family ties but not wit Mallory . '' References ( edit ) Fox , Michael J. ( 2002 ) . `` Lucky Man : A Memoir '' . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6764 - 6 . Goldberg , Gary David . `` Comedy Stop : What Would Alex Keaton Do ? . '' New York Times , March 3 , 2008 . Haglund , David . `` Reagan 's Favorite Sitcom : How Family Ties spawned a conservative hero . '' Slate . March 2 , 2007 . Hurst , Alex . `` Remembering an icon from the ' Me - Decade ' . '' The Daily Pennsylvanian , April 24 , 2001 . Patterson , Thomas . `` What would Alex P. Keaton do ? . '' CNN , November 1 , 2006 . Saenz , Michael . `` Family Ties . '' - Museum of Broadcast Communications Stewart , Susan . `` The Parents Ate Sprouts ; the Kid Stole the Show . '' New York Times , February 25 , 2007 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For the first season , the opening theme was performed by Dennis Tufano and Mindy Sterling . IMDb ( 1990 -- 2009 ) . `` Biography for Dennis Tufano '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Clements , Erin . `` Family Ties Cast ... ' We All Loved Each Other ' '' . TODAY. 7 October 2015 . http://www.today.com/popculture/family-ties-cast-reflects-show-3-decades-later-we-all-t48481 ^ Jump up to : The Museum of Broadcast Communications : Family Ties Jump up ^ What he left behind : From Tom Clancy to Alex P. Keaton , Ronald Reagans legacy extends beyond the political and into the cultural Jump up ^ Baxter , Meredith . Untied : A Memoir of Family , Fame , and Floundering . Random House LLC ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Reagan 's Favorite Sitcom : How Family Ties spawned a conservative hero Jump up ^ The Biography Channel - Matthew Broderick Biography Jump up ^ TV.com ( 1987 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Family Ties - Season 5 , Episode 21 : Band on the Run '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Amazon Video : Family Ties Retrieved February 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ Netflix : Family Ties Retrieved February 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1690 - 1691 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Netflix : Family Ties ( 1982 - 1988 ) Seasons 1 - 7 Jump up ^ `` ' The Complete Series ' Gets Re-Released in a New ' Unlimited ' Box '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://news.moviefone.com/2015/07/27/leaving-netflix-august-2015/ Jump up ^ Amazon Video : Family Ties Retrieved January 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Putting His Own Spin on ' City 's ' season finale Jump up ^ Shales , Tom . `` Michael J. Fox , Playing ' Spin City ' to a Fare - Thee - Well . '' Washington Post , May 24 , 2000 , C1 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Fox Database Archived 2004 - 11 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Family Ties : Reunited After Almost 20 Years ! '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Family Ties on IMDb Family Ties at TV.com Johnny Mathis Studio albums Johnny Mathis Wonderful Wonderful Warm Good Night , Dear Lord Swing Softly Merry Christmas Open Fire , Two Guitars Heavenly Faithfully Johnny 's Mood The Rhythms and Ballads of Broadway I 'll Buy You a Star Live It Up ! Rapture Johnny Sounds of Christmas Romantically Tender Is the Night The Wonderful World of Make Believe This Is Love Olé Broadway Love Is Everything The Sweetheart Tree The Shadow of Your Smile So Nice Johnny Mathis Sings Up , Up and Away Love Is Blue Those Were the Days Love Theme from `` Romeo And Juliet '' ( A Time for Us ) Give Me Your Love for Christmas Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head Close to You Sings the Music of Bacharach & Kaempfert Love Story You 've Got a Friend The First Time Ever ( I Saw Your Face ) Song Sung Blue Me and Mrs. Jones Killing Me Softly with Her Song I 'm Coming Home The Heart of a Woman When Will I See You Again Feelings I Only Have Eyes for You Mathis Is ... Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me You Light Up My Life That 's What Friends Are For The Best Days of My Life Mathis Magic Different Kinda Different I Love My Lady Friends in Love A Special Part of Me Right from the Heart Christmas Eve with Johnny Mathis The Hollywood Musicals Once in a While In the Still of the Night In a Sentimental Mood : Mathis Sings Ellington How Do You Keep the Music Playing ? All About Love Because You Loved Me : The Songs of Diane Warren Mathis on Broadway The Christmas Album Is n't It Romantic : The Standards Album A Night to Remember Let It Be Me : Mathis in Nashville Sending You a Little Christmas Compilation albums Johnny 's Greatest Hits More Johnny 's Greatest Hits Portrait of Johnny Johnny 's Newest Hits I 'll Search My Heart and Other Great Hits The Great Years People The Impossible Dream Johnny Mathis ' All - Time Greatest Hits Johnny Mathis Sings the Great Songs The Johnny Mathis Collection The Mathis Collection Tears and Laughter The Best of Johnny Mathis 1975 -- 1980 The First 25 Years -- The Silver Anniversary Album Celebration -- The Anniversary Album 16 Most Requested Songs Better Together : The Duet Album The Christmas Music of Johnny Mathis : A Personal Collection The Hits of Johnny Mathis The Ultimate Hits Collection The Essential Johnny Mathis The Very Best of Johnny Mathis Gold : A 50th Anniversary Christmas Celebration Gold : A 50th Anniversary Celebration The Ultimate Collection The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Johnny Mathis in Person : Recorded Live at Las Vegas Unforgettable -- A Musical Tribute to Nat King Cole Live Box sets The Music of Johnny Mathis : A Personal Collection The Complete Global Albums Collection The Singles The Complete Christmas Collection 1958 -- 2010 Songs `` Wonderful ! Wonderful ! '' `` It 's Not for Me to Say '' `` Chances Are '' `` The Twelfth of Never '' `` Wild Is the Wind '' `` A Certain Smile '' `` Misty '' `` Beyond the Blue Horizon '' `` Remember When ( We Made These Memories ) '' `` When a Child Is Born '' `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' Videos Live by Request : Johnny Mathis Johnny Mathis : Wonderful , Wonderful ! Related articles Discography Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Family Ties Deniece Williams Deniece Williams Studio albums This Is Niecy ( 1976 ) Song Bird ( 1977 ) When Love Comes Calling ( 1979 ) My Melody ( 1981 ) Niecy ( 1982 ) I 'm So Proud ( 1983 ) Let 's Hear It for the Boy ( 1984 ) Hot On the Trail ( 1986 ) Water Under the Bridge ( 1987 ) As Good As It Gets ( 1988 ) Love Solves It All ( 1996 ) This Is My Song ( 1998 ) Love , Niecy Style ( 2007 ) Other albums That 's What Friends Are For ( 1978 ) Singles `` Free '' ( 1976 ) `` I 've Got the Next Dance '' ( 1979 ) `` Silly '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' ( 1982 ) `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' ( 1984 ) `` Next Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Black Butterfly '' ( 1984 ) Duet singles `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' ( 1978 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' ( 1984 ) Related topics Deniece Williams discography Johnny Mathis Family Ties Book : Deniece Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Ties&oldid=808199203 '' Categories : 1982 American television series debuts 1989 American television series endings 1980s American comedy television series American television sitcoms Culture of Columbus , Ohio English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series about families Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Columbus , Ohio Television series by Ubu Productions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings the theme song for family ties
[ "The theme song,\"Without Us\" (credited in Season One as \"Us\"), was composed by Jeff Barry and Tom Scott in 1982. During the first season, it was originally performed by Dennis Tufano and Mindy Sterling.[9][10] For the rest of the show's run, the song was performed by Deniece Williams and Johnny Mathis." ]
[ "Jeff Barry and Tom Scott" ]
-7958603746168837330
A Walk to Remember (novel)
A Walk to Remember ( novel ) - wikipedia A Walk to Remember ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search A Walk to Remember The cover of the first hardback edition of the novel Author Nicholas Sparks Country United States Language English Genre Drama , romance Publisher Warner Books Publication date October 1999 Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) Pages 240 ISBN 0 - 446 - 60895 - 5 OCLC 44913996 A Walk to Remember is a novel by American writer Nicholas Sparks , released in October 1999 . The novel , set in 1958 -- 1959 in Beaufort , North Carolina , is a story of two teenagers who fall in love with each other despite the disparity of their personalities . A Walk to Remember is adapted in the film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 4 Reception 5 Adaptation 6 See also 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External links Writing ( edit ) Sparks wrote the manuscripts for A Walk to Remember , his third novel , in the summer of 1999 . He wrote it in North Carolina , which is the setting of the novel . Like his first published novel The Notebook , the prologue to A Walk to Remember was written last . The title A Walk to Remember was taken from one of the tail end pages of the novel : `` In every way , a walk to remember . '' The novel is written in first - person , and its narrator is a seventeen - year - old boy , living in the 1950s . The novel was inspired by Sparks ' sister , Danielle Sparks Lewis , who later died of cancer in June 2000 . Although the story is largely fictional , certain parts were based on real experiences . For example , his sister , just like Jamie , was never popular at school and always wore an ugly sweater . And just like Jamie , she always carried the Bible around with her every where she went . And just like Landon and Jamie , never in a thousand years did anyone think someone would ever deeply fall head - over-heels for her . His sister 's husband proposed marriage to her despite her sickness . After her death , Sparks said in the eulogy : `` ... I suppose I wrote this novel not only so that you could get to know my sister , but so that you would know what a wonderful thing it was that her husband once did for her . '' Plot summary ( edit ) The story starts with a prologue from Landon Carter at age 57 . The remainder of the story takes place when Landon is a 17 - year - old high school senior . Landon lives in the small , religious town of Beaufort , North Carolina . His father is a genial , charismatic congressman . His father is not around very much , as he lives in Washington , D.C. Landon is more reclusive , which causes some tension in their relationship . Landon 's father pressures him into running for class president . His best friend , Eric Hunter , who is the most popular boy in school , helps him and , to his surprise , Landon wins the election . As student body president , Landon is required to attend the school dance with a date . He asks many girls , but none are available . That night , he looks through his yearbook , trying to find an acceptable date . Since nobody else seems to be available , Landon reluctantly asks Jamie Sullivan , the daughter of Hegbert Sullivan , the Beaufort church minister , who accepts his invitation . While Jamie is very religious and carries a Bible with her wherever she goes , Landon ( one of the popular students ) is reluctant to go to the dance with someone like her . When Landon is threatened by Lew , Jamie comes to Landon 's aid , to his appreciation . At the end of the night , he admits she was the best date possible . A few days later , Jamie asks Landon to participate in the school 's production of The Christmas Angel . While Landon is not very enthusiastic about participating , he agrees to it anyway . Jamie , on the other hand , could not be happier about her new castmate . Landon knows that if his friends learn about his role in the play , he will be teased relentlessly . One day at rehearsal , Jamie asks if Landon will walk her home , after which it becomes routine . A couple of days later , Eric mocks the couple during their walk home and Landon becomes truly embarrassed to be with Jamie . Meanwhile , Landon continues to learn about all the people and organizations Jamie spends her time helping , including an orphanage . Landon and Jamie visit the orphanage one day to discuss a possible showing of The Christmas Angel , but their proposal is quickly rejected by Mr. Jenkins . When Jamie and Landon were waiting to meet Mr. Jenkins , she tells Landon that all she wants in the future is to get married in a church full of people and to have her father walk her down the aisle . While Landon thinks this is a strange wish , he accepts it . In truth , he is beginning to enjoy his time with her . One day , while they are walking home , Landon yells at Jamie and he tells her that he is not friends with her . The next day at the first show of The Christmas Angel , Jamie enters the stage dressed as the angel , making Landon simply utter his line , `` You 're beautiful '' , meaning it for the first time . Following that , Jamie asks Landon if he would go around town and retrieve the jars containing money collected for the orphans ' Christmas presents . When Landon collects the jars , there is only $55.73 , but when he gives the money to Jamie , there is $247 . Jamie buys gifts for the orphanage , and Landon and Jamie spend Christmas Eve there . Jamie 's Christmas gift to Landon is her deceased mother 's Bible . As they get in the car to go home , Landon realizes his true feelings for her . `` All I could do is wonder how I 'd ever fallen in love with a girl like Jamie Sullivan '' . He invites her to his house for Christmas dinner . The next day Landon visits Jamie at her house , where they share their first kiss on her porch . Afterward , Landon asks Hegbert if they can go to Flavin 's , a local restaurant , on New Year 's Eve . While Hegbert initially refuses , after Landon declares his love for Jamie , Hegbert allows it . On New Year 's Jamie and Landon go to dinner , where they share their first dance . A couple of weeks later , Landon tells Jamie that he is in love with her . To his surprise , Jamie replies by insisting that he can not be . In response , Landon demands an explanation , and Jamie reveals that she is dying of leukemia . The following Sunday , Hegbert announces to his congregation that his daughter is dying . Jamie does not return to school the following Monday and that it is eventually learned that she is too ill and will never return to school . While they are having dinner at Landon 's house , Jamie tells Landon , `` I love you , too '' , for the first time . A couple weeks later , Eric and Margaret visit Jamie 's house , where they apologize for ever being rude to her . Eric gives Jamie the $400 that he collected for the orphanage . Jamie refuses to stay at the hospital , because she wants to die at home . In turn , Landon 's father helps to provide Jamie the best equipment and doctors so she can spend the rest of her life at home . This gesture helps to mend the gap between father and son . One day , while sitting next to Jamie while she sleeps , Landon comes up with an idea . He runs to the church to find Hegbert and asks him for permission to marry Jamie . While Hegbert is reluctant , his refusal to deny Landon 's request is seen by Landon as approval . Landon runs back to Jamie 's side and asks , `` Will you marry me ? '' Landon and Jamie are married in a church full of people . Although she was weak and was in a wheelchair , she insisted on walking down the aisle so that her father could give her away which was part of her dream . Landon remembers thinking `` It was ... the most difficult walk anyone ever had to make . In every way , a walk to remember '' . When they reach the front of the church , Hegbert says , `` I can no more give Jamie away than I can give away my heart . But what I can do is let another share in the joy that she has always given me '' . Hegbert has had to experience so much pain in his life , first losing his wife , now knowing his only child will soon be gone , too . The book ends with Landon 40 years later at age 57 . He still loves Jamie and wears her ring . He finishes the story by saying , `` I now believe , by the way , that miracles can happen '' . Characters ( edit ) Landon Carter is a son of a rich family , the narrator of the novel . Jamie Sullivan is the daughter of the Beaufort church minister Hegbert Sullivan . She is very religious , sweet , and kind . Mr. Carter is the father of Landon Carter . He is a congressman in North Carolina and is gone nine months out of the year because he lives in Washington D.C. Mrs. Carter is the mother of Landon Carter . `` She ( is ) a nice lady , sweet and gentle . '' Hegbert Sullivan is Jamie 's father . He is the Beaufort church minister . His wife died shortly after giving birth to Jamie . He is very old with `` translucent skin '' ; he is often crabby but his daughter describes him as having `` a good sense of humor '' . He wrote the local play , The Christmas Angel but he maintains a strong dislike for Mr. Carter due to his father 's choices . Angela Clark is the first girlfriend of Landon and then begins dating Lew . Carey Denison is the treasurer at Landon 's high school as well as a tuba player . He is unproportional , with short arms , a large stomach , and a squeaky voice . Lew is Angela Clark 's boyfriend , who `` ( is ) twenty years old and ( works ) as a mechanic '' and `` always ( wears ) a white T - shirt with a pack of Camels folded into the sleeve '' . Miss Garber is the drama teacher at Landon 's high - school . `` She ( is ) big , at least 6'2 '' , with flaming red hair and pale skin that ( shows ) her freckles well into her forties . '' Her favorite word is marvelous . Eric Hunter is Landon 's best friend , who does more making fun , than being an actual friend . The popular jock at school , he starts out very crude , but when tragedy strikes his longtime friend , he shows that he is sympathetic . Eddie Jones is not well liked by the drama department . He was scheduled to play the main character in the play , but is demoted to the `` bum '' when Landon steps in . He is extremely apathetic . Jamie 's dead mother is a minor role . Described as `` a wispy little thing '' , she died while giving birth to Jamie , and is greatly missed by Hegbert and Jamie . Margaret , a cheerleader , is Eric 's girlfriend . Reception ( edit ) The novel was published in the fall of October 1999 in hardcover print , and later in paperback edition . It spent nearly six months in the best - seller list on hardcover , and an additional four months on paperback . The novel received mixed reviews from critics . The Sunday New York Post holds that it `` never fails to be interesting , touching , at times riveting ... a book you wo n't soon forget '' . African Sun Times echoes the former 's comments , saying , `` A remarkable love story that , like its predecessors , will touch the hearts of readers everywhere . '' New York Daily News compliments Sparks , commenting that he `` has written a sweet tale of young but everlasting love , and though he 's told us to expect both joy and sadness , the tears will still come '' . Clarissa Cruz of Entertainment Weekly , however , panned the novel , saying , `` With its cliche - riddled prose and plot twists that can be predicted after skimming the prologue , Nicholas Sparks ' latest , A Walk To Remember , reads more like the script for a bad after - school special than anything approaching literature . '' Although the novel is number 12 on their list of 1999 Bestsellers Fiction , Publishers Weekly described it as `` a forced coming of age story '' and `` the author 's most simple , formulaic , and blatantly melodramatic package to date '' . Theresea Parks from Publishers Weekly goes on to say how many will be disappointed stating , `` Readers may be frusturated with the invariable formula that Sparks seems to regurgitate with regularity '' . She also writes that it is especially similar to The Notebook in its `` corny flashback device that mimics The Notebook '' . Overall , Publishers Weekly expressed its disappointment . Adaptation ( edit ) A Walk to Remember was adapted in the film of the same name , becoming Sparks ' second novel adapted to the big screen after Message in a Bottle in 1999 . Sparks sold the film rights to Warner Bros. in December 1998 , months before the publication of the novel . The movie was directed by Adam Shankman and produced by Denise DiNovi and Hunt Lowry for Warner Bros. ; the film premiered on January 25 , 2002 . The film , starring singer and actress Mandy Moore ( Jamie ) and Shane West ( Landon ) , is set in the late 1990s . Sparks and the producer thought that because the film was suitable for teenagers `` because of the message it provided '' , they had to make the adaptation more contemporary . See also ( edit ) Books portal 1990s portal United States portal Novels portal Love Story ( novel ) Bibliography ( edit ) Sparks , Nicholas . A Walk to Remember . Warner Books : New York , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 52553 - 7 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` General Information on A Walk to Remember '' . Nicholassparks.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the Writing of A Walk to Remember '' . Nicholassparks.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Nicholas ( 1999 ) . Jamie Raab , ed . A Walk to Remember . United States : Warner Books . p. 237 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 60895 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions About A Walk to Remember '' . Nicholassparks.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notes on the Writing of A Walk to Remember '' . Nicholassparks.com . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sparks , p. x Jump up ^ Sparks , p. xi Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 1 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Sparks , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Sparks , p. 32 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Sparks , p. 16 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 44 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 56 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 61 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 73 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 77 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 83 Jump up ^ sparks , p. 108 Jump up ^ sparks , p. 120 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 88 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 102 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 99 Jump up ^ Sparks , pp. 124 -- 125 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 134 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 135 Jump up ^ Sparks , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 145 Jump up ^ Sparks , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 153 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 154 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 171 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 180 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 181 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 183 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 188 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 190 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 191 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 193 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 197 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 209 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 211 Jump up ^ Sparks , pp. 212 -- 213 Jump up ^ Sparks , pp. 219 -- 220 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 222 Jump up ^ Sparks , pp. 227 -- 228 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 228 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 229 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 232 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 236 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 239 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 240 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 9 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 12 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 13 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Sparks , p. 3 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 116 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 10 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 32 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 34 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 18 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 19 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 114 Jump up ^ Sparks , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews of A Walk to Remember '' . Nicholassparks.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Clarissa ( 1999 - 10 - 15 ) . `` A WALK TO REMEMBER ( 1999 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Howell , Kevin ( 2008 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Bestselling Books of the Year , 1996 - 2006 '' . Publishers Weekly . Reed Business Information , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial Reviews '' . Publishers Weekly . Reed Business Information , Inc. 1999 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Walk to Remember by Nicholas Sparks '' . Barnes and Nobles . ^ Jump up to : `` Movie Adaptation '' . Nicholassparks.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Official Nicholas Sparks website ( hide ) Nicholas Sparks Novels The Notebook ( 1996 ) Message in a Bottle ( 1998 ) A Walk to Remember ( 1999 ) The Rescue ( 2000 ) A Bend in the Road ( 2001 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2002 ) The Guardian ( 2003 ) The Wedding ( 2003 ) True Believer ( 2005 ) At First Sight ( 2006 ) Dear John ( 2006 ) The Choice ( 2007 ) The Lucky One ( 2008 ) The Last Song ( 2009 ) Safe Haven ( 2010 ) The Best of Me ( 2011 ) The Longest Ride ( 2013 ) See Me ( 2015 ) Two by Two ( 2016 ) Non-fiction Wokini : A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self - Understanding ( 1990 ) Three Weeks with My Brother ( 2004 ) Film adaptations Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) The Last Song ( 2010 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Best of Me ( 2014 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Choice ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Walk_to_Remember_(novel)&oldid=826993300 '' Categories : 1958 in fiction 1959 in fiction 1999 American novels American novels adapted into films American romance novels American young adult novels Novels about cancer Carteret County , North Carolina Novels by Nicholas Sparks Novels set in North Carolina Novels set in the 1950s Warner Books books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Bahasa Melayu नेपाली Polski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 04 : 01 . About Wikipedia
who is the main character in a walk to remember
[ "\nLandon Carter is a son of a rich family, the narrator of the novel.\nJamie Sullivan is the daughter of the Beaufort church minister Hegbert Sullivan. She is very religious, sweet, and kind.\nMr. Carter is the father of Landon Carter. He is a congressman in North Carolina and is gone nine months out of the year because he lives in Washington D.C.[55][56]\nMrs. Carter is the mother of Landon Carter. \"She [is] a nice lady, sweet and gentle.\"[57]\nHegbert Sullivan is Jamie's father. He is the Beaufort church minister.[58] His wife died shortly after giving birth to Jamie. He is very old with \"translucent skin\";[59] he is often crabby but his daughter describes him as having \"a good sense of humor\".[60] He wrote the local play, The Christmas Angel but he maintains a strong dislike for Mr. Carter due to his father's choices.[59][61]\nAngela Clark is the first girlfriend of Landon and then begins dating Lew.[62]\nCarey Denison is the treasurer at Landon's high school as well as a tuba player. He is unproportional, with short arms, a large stomach, and a squeaky voice.[63]\nLew is Angela Clark's boyfriend, who \"[is] twenty years old and [works] as a mechanic\" and \"always [wears] a white T-shirt with a pack of Camels folded into the sleeve\".[11]\nMiss Garber is the drama teacher at Landon's high-school. \"She [is] big, at least 6'2\", with flaming red hair and pale skin that [shows] her freckles well into her forties.\" Her favorite word is marvelous.[64]\nEric Hunter is Landon's best friend, who does more making fun, than being an actual friend.[10] The popular jock at school, he starts out very crude, but when tragedy strikes his longtime friend, he shows that he is sympathetic.[10][65][66]\nEddie Jones is not well liked by the drama department. He was scheduled to play the main character in the play, but is demoted to the \"bum\" when Landon steps in.[67] He is extremely apathetic.\nJamie's dead mother is a minor role. Described as \"a wispy little thing\", she died while giving birth to Jamie, and is greatly missed by Hegbert and Jamie.[13]\nMargaret, a cheerleader, is Eric's girlfriend.\n" ]
[ "Landon Carter" ]
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The Ranch (TV series)
The Ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Ranch ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Ranch Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , and Garth Brooks in part four : the first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him , and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett , a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence for a tryout , but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of jokes from his father and brother , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Iowa Barnstormers , Green Bay Blizzard , Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska , as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career , at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has , however , been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school and current girlfriend . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 -- present ) Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . Beau is a conservative republican . Beau is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He has an estrange relationship with Rooster and Colt . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , was pregnant with their child . Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer , who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest . Special guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Season 2 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Season 2 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Season 2 ) Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Thomas Rhett Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 20 10 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 10 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 1 `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) When Colt Bennett returns home from Canada to try out for a semipro Denver team , he learns that his family 's ranch has fallen on hard times . `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt runs into an ex at Maggie 's bar and reminisces with Rooster over a bottle of whiskey . Getting back in Beau 's good graces is a losing battle . `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) When his inflated ego lands him in hot water , Colt realizes he 's not the big man on campus anymore . Beau 's doctor makes him trade in steak for salad . `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt smooths things over with Abby . When Maggie drags Beau to the Marriott for a romantic evening , the guys have some fun back at the house . 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Rooster and Colt 's long - simmering rivalry comes to a head on the first day of hunting season . But their bickering has an upside for Beau and Maggie . 6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Abby gets a taste of her own medicine after a hazy night of drinking . Beau warms to the idea of mending fences with Maggie . 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt figures out what he wants from Heather . A sick calf gives Beau an excuse to avoid dealing with his feelings -- and creates some unexpected bonds . 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) The ranch 's dwindling finances drive a wedge between Beau and the boys , and Colt goes behind his father 's back to ask Maggie for help . 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Heather sets up Rooster with her sister , but Colt 's afraid he 'll ruin a good thing . Maggie and Beau air their dirty laundry at marriage counseling . 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt and Rooster worry when Beau has a change of heart about the calves . But that 's just the beginning of the surprises that await the Bennett clan . Part 2 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) An angry Beau clears Maggie 's things out of the house . Colt tries to sort out his feelings for Abby and Heather . 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt struggles to keep his relationship with Abby under wraps . The boys make a big purchase and try to sell Beau on a business opportunity . 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau 's depressed over Maggie , so Mary tries to fix him up with a friend . Colt wonders when Abby 's going to follow through on her promise . 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) While Rooster tries to broker peace between Beau and Maggie , Colt apologizes to Heather -- but his timing could n't be worse . 15 5 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau and Maggie come to a decision about their relationship , but they do n't see eye to eye on the ranch . The boys take Kenny out drinking . 16 6 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Rooster and Colt try to prove themselves to Beau , but he does n't have much faith in them . Colt gets jealous when he sees Abby and Kenny together . 17 7 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt plans a special date with Abby . Rooster vents his frustrations to Maggie , while Joanne gives Beau some sage advice . 18 8 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau tries to make amends with the boys , but it may be too little , too late . A job offer drives a wedge between Rooster and Colt . 19 9 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Maggie stands up for Rooster when Beau kicks him out of the house . Meanwhile , Colt is torn between his brother and his father . 20 10 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt realizes what he wants for his future , Beau and Maggie find some closure , and the gang celebrates Christmas at the bar . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 3 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) After Heather drops a bombshell , a visit from Abby 's parents is the last thing Colt needs -- and they all end up at church together on Christmas Eve . 22 `` Things Change '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Heather makes a decision about the pregnancy . Mary reads Rooster the riot act for keeping it a secret , and Colt struggles with how to tell Abby . 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) After a heart - to - heart with Maggie , Colt steps up and supports Heather . Meanwhile , the tension between Rooster and Beau takes a toll on Maggie . 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Abby agrees to give Colt a chance , but her father is n't as forgiving . Beau and Rooster go to a cattle auction . Maggie thinks about selling the bar . 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' David Trainer Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) The guys wind up in hot water after an ice fishing trip . Beau takes Brenda out to dinner , but Maggie 's not far from his mind . 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Max Williger June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Emotions run high when Abby and Heather fight , leaving Colt caught in the middle . Rooster faces the consequences of blowing off work . 27 7 `` One of Those Nights '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) During a snowstorm , Colt and Abby head out of town , Beau and Joanne get cozy at the ranch , and Maggie meets a charming stranger . 28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt gets possessive when Heather starts dating a teacher . Abby gives Beau relationship advice . Maggie has a business proposition for Rooster . 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) As Heather 's medical bills roll in , Colt realizes how expensive it is having a baby . A surprise visitor at the bar sweeps Maggie off her feet . 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt 's new responsibilities keep him away from Abby . After a memorable night , Maggie ponders what she wants for her future . Part 4 31 `` Learning to Live Again '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Colt wants to buy Sam Peterson 's ranch -- with or without his family 's blessing . Colt and Heather have a heart - to - heart about their loss . 32 `` Wrapped Up in You '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Wondering if he 's ready to marry Abby , Colt seeks romantic advice from an unlikely source : Beau . Rooster hires a flaky new waitress . 33 `` Rodeo and Juliet '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau ponders a lucrative business offer . Rooster runs afoul of the liquor board . Colt tries to make peace with Abby 's Dad . 34 `` Much Too Young ( To Feel this Old ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Colt and Abby start planning their wedding , but they do n't see eye to eye . Joanne confesses she still has feelings for Beau . 35 5 `` More Than a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Abby moves in with Colt and Beau when she learns she 's losing her job . Rooster and Jen the engineer bond over getting dumped . 36 6 `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Back in town , Maggie frets about how Rooster 's been running the bar . Abby considers a career change . 37 7 `` Do What You Gotta Do '' David Trainer Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) A job opportunity in Denver threatens to drive a wedge between Colt and Abby . Maggie pushes back about the pipeline . 38 8 `` Big Money '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Maggie takes a stand that lands her in hot water . Colt and Rooster come up with a plan to buy the Peterson ranch , but they need Beau 's buy - in . 39 9 `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau shrugs off the doctor 's orders and resists the family 's efforts to help him . Meanwhile , Colt lashes out at Maggie . 40 10 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau leaves the boys hanging about the Peterson ranch . Rooster takes Jen on a date . Colt and Abby fight about their future . Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has been met with mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 80 % based on 92 reviews , with an average rating of 4.5 / 5 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson Fired From Netflix 's The Ranch Amid Sexual Assault Claims , Vows To Clear His Name `` Once And For All '' `` . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . 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where was the netflix show the ranch filmed
[ "The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson, Debra Winger, Elisha Cuthbert, and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix.[2] The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison, Colorado; detailing the life of the Bennetts, a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers, their rancher father, and his divorced wife and local bar owner.[3] While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray, Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties, The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California.[4] Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts, each containing 10 episodes." ]
[ "on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank, California" ]
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Supporting characters on Will & Grace
Supporting characters on Will & Grace - wikipedia Supporting characters on Will & Grace Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the supporting or recurring characters and guest stars on the NBC situation comedy Will & Grace , with information on each of them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Supporting characters 1.1 Family members 1.1. 1 Grace 's family 1.1. 2 Will 's family 1.1. 3 Karen 's family 1.1. 4 Rosario Inez Consuela Yolanda Salazar 1.1. 5 Jack 's family 1.2 Friends 1.3 Love interests 1.3. 1 Grace 1.3. 2 Will 1.3. 3 Karen 1.3. 4 Jack 1.4 Other supporting characters 2 Guest stars playing one - time characters 3 Guest stars playing themselves 4 References Supporting characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Leigh - Allyn Baker Ellen Tom Gallop Rob Molly Shannon Val Bassett Debbie Reynolds Bobbi Adler Steve Paymer Steve Gregory Hines Ben Doucette Marshall Manesh Mr. Zamir Laura Kightlinger Nurse Sheila Sydney Pollack George Truman Tim Bagley Larry Jerry Levine Joe Sara Rue Joyce Adler Lesley Ann Warren Tina Woody Harrelson Nathan Leslie Jordan Beverley Leslie Blythe Danner Marilyn Truman Eileen Brennan Zandra Charles C. Stevenson Jr . Smitty Rip Torn Lionel Banks Harry Connick , Jr . Dr. Marvin ' Leo ' Markus Minnie Driver Lorraine Finster Jamie Kaler Gary Emily Rutherfurd Joanne Jon Fleming Russell Bobby Cannavale Vince D'Angelo Alec Baldwin Malcolm Widmark Mathew Botuchis Dave Bernadette Peters Gin Family members ( edit ) Grace 's family ( edit ) Dr. Marvin `` Leo '' Markus , portrayed by actor and singer Harry Connick , Jr. , is a Jewish doctor and Grace 's husband from the fifth season . Leo meets Grace Adler in Central Park while she is on her way to be artificially inseminated with gay best friend Will 's baby . After Will finds out that Leo and Grace are dating , they have their biggest fight of the entire series , in which Will tells Grace to move out . Thanks to Jack and Karen 's meddling , they forgive each other and Will accepts Grace 's relationship . In November , 2002 , Grace and Leo are married at a spontaneous group ceremony in Central Park , which was supposed to be broadcast on The Today Show . It was later revealed in the storyline that the ceremony was not legal , but the two officially marry at a ceremony soon after . Leo and Grace 's relationship was a constant source of tension between Will and Grace , although they eventually achieved a certain accord with each other -- Leo even commenting to Will at one point that he considered himself essentially married to both of them due to his ability to accept their close relationship . Leo 's true first name is Marvin , as revealed by his mother at their wedding reception . According to The Nation Magazine , this was the first time in television history that a Jewish protagonist character had married inside the faith . Grace immediately realizes she does not know as much about Leo as she expected . Their marriage fails after less than two years , when Leo reveals that he had a one - night stand while working in Cambodia for Doctors Without Borders . Leo admits his affair to Will first . Will then refuses to help Leo break the news to Grace . After Leo comes clean about his affair , Grace briefly considers continuing their marriage , but quickly decides she wants a divorce . Leo reappears during season eight , a little over a year after the divorce in the storyline , in the episode `` Love Is in the Airplane . '' In the episode , he and Grace have a sexual encounter on an airplane after coincidentally ending up on the same flight to London , though Leo was to continue to Thailand . The result is Grace 's pregnancy , as discovered in the season eight episode `` The Definition of Marriage '' . A couple of months later Grace meets Leo , with the intention of telling him that she is pregnant with his baby , but he informs her that he is engaged to another woman , Kate . Consequently , Grace decides not to tell Leo about the pregnancy . In the series finale ( May 2006 ) Leo tells a heavily pregnant Grace that he loves her . Leo has a job as a hospital researcher in Rome , Italy , and this is where Grace gives birth . After one year in Rome , Leo and Grace move back to Brooklyn , New York , where they raise their daughter , Laila , together . 11 years later in season 9 it was revealed that this was part of Karen 's dream . Bobbi Adler , Grace 's mother , was played by Debbie Reynolds . Bobbi is an actress and singer , although her performances are generally with the Schenectady Players and involve gender changing roles , in plays such as `` Death of a Salesperson '' , `` The Music Person '' and `` Queen Lear '' . She has a constant desire to meddle in the love lives of her daughters , is the creator of the Adler family `` Told you so '' dance , and can always be relied upon to have a song for every occasion . She has , in the past , shown a perfect willingness for Will and Grace to get married . It is mentioned in Season 9 episode `` Rosario 's Quinceañera '' that she died . Martin Adler , Grace 's father , played by Alan Arkin and Robert Klein in Season 9 . Portrayed by his family as the stereotypical Jewish patriarch , Martin shows genuine affection for Grace , although remarks he has made suggest Joyce is his favorite . He has been known to pinpoint Grace 's flaws without looking up from his Kojak and Baretta reruns . Janet Adler , Grace 's older sister , is played by Geena Davis and Mary McCormack in Season 9 . Janet lives in a van and designs jewelry . Her nickname for Grace is `` Smudge '' . It is once implied that she has difficulties with her mother . In the episode `` Lows in the Mid-Eighties '' , Will asks if Grace has another sister named Janet , to which Bobbi , Joyce , and Grace quickly answer `` No ! '' Joyce Adler , Grace 's younger sister , is played by Sara Rue . It is suggested that Grace and Joyce had a not too friendly relationship growing up , and that Joyce was formerly a binge eater . She is often hostile to Grace , but one word from Will and she tends to giggle and act girlishly ; it appears that she , like Grace before her , has a crush on Will . Laila Markus , Grace and Leo 's daughter , is played by Maria Thayer . Laila was conceived by Leo and Grace on an aircraft , during a period where her parents were divorced . She was going to be raised by Will and Grace , but her parents remarried shortly before her birth . She appears on screen only during the series finale . Warren , played by Jesse Fremont Allis , is the imaginary son of Grace and Leo in a dream that Grace has during the last episode of season 8 . Grace and Will raise ' their ' son together . Will 's family ( edit ) Vince D'Angelo , played by Bobby Cannavale . An Italian - American police officer , Vince first met Will after giving Karen a ticket for speeding and they started dating after the subsequent hearing . Vince was friends with Joe and Larry and began Will 's first long - term relationship in the series ' run . Vince broke up with Will , requesting time alone after repeatedly losing his job . He re-encountered Will in season 8 and , during the funeral of Will 's father , they acknowledged their mutual feelings , thus rekindling their romance . In the finale , Will and Vince are shown to raise a son , Ben , together . 11 years later in season 9 it was revealed that this was part of Karen 's dream . Marilyn Truman , Will 's mother , is played by Blythe Danner . A typical WASP , Marilyn regularly drinks , collects Lladró statues and treats them as if they were her children , and put up with her husband 's regular affairs until their ultimate separation . She is not a fan of musical theater -- once claiming that Les Misérables was unrealistic because `` poor people do n't sing that much '' -- but was impressed with Mamma Mia ! . She does not like the jokes Grace and Karen make about Will 's sexuality , saying , `` Is that a gay joke ? I do n't like that . '' George Truman , Will 's father , is played by Sydney Pollack . While he and Will have a close loving relationship , of which both Jack and Grace are envious , it is eventually revealed that he had trouble dealing with telling others of his son 's sexuality , initially telling his friends Will was married to Grace . He dies in season 8 , only days after having a fight with Will in which he admitted he would rather that Will was not gay . Sam Truman , Will 's brother , is played by John Slattery in season one and Steven Weber in season 8 . He had a falling - out with Will over comments Will made about his wife , but reconciled after he had a one - night stand with Grace . He eventually divorced his wife and gained full custody of their two children . Paul Truman , Will 's brother , is played by Jon Tenney . Paul never really came to terms with his brother 's sexuality and often behaved like a childish bully , belittling and insulting Will . Peggy Truman , Paul 's wife and Will 's sister - in - law , is played by Helen Slater . She was only shown in one episode and came off as waspish and suspicious of Grace 's friendly behavior towards her own husband . Tina , George 's mistress , is played by Lesley Ann Warren . She began a relationship with George while he was still married to Marilyn , but was dismayed to learn that George was then seeing his ex-wife behind her back . Ultimately she and Marilyn come to an understanding , that they will share George between them without him knowing what is going on . This arrangement apparently ended not long before George 's death . Jordy Truman , Sam 's son and Will 's nephew , is played by Reed Alexander . Flamboyant Jordan incenses Will , since Marilyn is incredibly accepting of him even though she was not at first accepting of Will . His nickname is Jordy . He is perceived to be gay by the other characters , although he is still a child , because of his flamboyant nature , love of show tunes and musicals , along with his general disposition . Casey Truman , Sam 's daughter and Will 's niece , is played by Kyla Dang . Casey was adopted by Sam and his ex-wife . Ben Truman , Will and Vince 's son , is played by Ben Newmark . Appearing only during the series finale , Ben was apparently born from a surrogate mother using Will 's sperm . Upon going to college , he meets and later marries Grace 's daughter , Laila . Karen 's family ( edit ) Stanley `` Stan '' Walker , Karen 's third husband ( little is known about her first two ) , is a mostly unseen character . He is an obese man , and has worn a toupee since his teens . Stan has two children from a previous marriage to a woman named Kathy . Karen fell in love with him in the 1980s but they did n't marry until 1995 . Stan was jailed for tax evasion in season four , and began an affair with a cafeteria worker named Lorraine ( played by Minnie Driver ) , and -- after his release in season five -- continued the affair , ultimately separating from Karen because of it . He is reported to have died at the end of season five but , at the end of season seven , he reveals to Will that he had faked his own death and is hiding out with the aid of the government . He and Karen reconcile in season 8 , but subsequently faced marital difficulties and divorce . Stan 's popularity with fast food establishments leads to Pizza Hut taking out a full - page ad in the New York Times to congratulate him on his release from prison ; Taco Bell also organize a flyover at his funeral . It is revealed in the series finale that Stan 's riches were actually borrowed and that he had no real money of his own . Mason Walker , Stan 's son , is another unseen character . He is known to Karen as `` the fat one '' . During one episode , Karen visits Mason during a swim try - out . She cheers and applauds and has a conversation with him until , at the end , she realizes she has been conversing with the wrong boy and not Mason after all . Olivia Walker , Stan 's daughter , is played by Hallee Hirsh . Although she has had fun times with Karen , such as sticking food to the floor to see how long Mason will spend trying to eat it , she also has problems with her stepmother . Lois Whitley , Karen 's mother , played by Suzanne Pleshette . A con artist who used Karen in her early schemes . They had been estranged for several years when they reconciled in season 4 , with the help of Jack . Virginia `` Ginny '' Delaney , Karen 's sister , played by Bernadette Peters . In 1963 , as a child , she was injured in a brutal game of Twister played with Karen . Barry , Karen 's cousin , is played by Dan Futterman . Originally a gay bookish homebody , Karen had Will and Jack bring him out of his shell to become an attractive person whom both Will and Jack fall for . Sylvia Walker , Karen 's mother - in - law , is played by Ellen Albertini Dow . She is a woman that ' strikes fear in her heart - facsimile ' . A seemingly kind , but homophobic old woman , Sylvia appears in one episode to accompany Will and Jack to a club . In the beginning neither Will nor Jack wanted to babysit Sylvia , known as `` Syl '' . She had been dumped on them by Karen , who then ditched her . Karen and Syl have a caustic relationship . Sumner , Karen 's nephew , is played by Paul Satterfield . Karen tries to keep him from dating Grace in season 3 . Rosario inez consuela yolanda salazar ( edit ) Karen Walker 's put - upon but faithful maid portrayed by actress Shelley Morrison . In 1985 , Rosario met Karen Walker at a club , while working as a cigarette lady , and went to work for her as a maid , which was where she was working when the series began in 1998 . Rosario and Karen are very close , but their relationship is love - hate . They are notorious for swapping insults . Rosario is just as feisty as Karen , and is one of the few people who manage to go head - to - head with her . A native of El Salvador , Rosario was a school teacher who received a bachelor 's degree in clinical psychology from the University of Texas and who almost got a master 's degree . She also attended business school . At some point , she moved to the Bronx , presumably while studying business ; however , Karen makes a comment that she bought Rosario from Rosario 's parents . While there , she also performed with a then - unknown Jennifer Lopez , including a production of `` Tea for Two '' at the Shalom Retirement Center . At one point , she was also paid to tape pornographic videos for Tommy Lee . Although she had been mentioned by Karen since the pilot episode , Rosario 's first appearance was in the season 1 finale . Due to Karen 's patronizing tone , we 're made to think that Rosario does n't speak English well . Rosario actually speaks English fluently , albeit with a thick accent , but is an illegal alien . To keep her in the country , Karen has her marry Jack McFarland , her gay friend , to get a green card . The marriage was later terminated at the end of season 2 when Rosario asked for a divorce in order to pursue other romantic interests . However , she maintained a close relationship with Jack ( often echoing hers with Karen ) and claimed to still think of him as family . In the series finale , Rosario was shown to have lived with Karen and Jack in the years after the show ended , growing older with them and possibly still working for them despite being in a wheelchair ( though she states that she is only in the wheelchair due to a sprained ankle ) . Jack 's family ( edit ) Judith McFarland , Jack 's mother , is played by Veronica Cartwright . Despite the obvious clues , Judith did not learn about Jack 's sexuality until he was 30 . She was impregnated with Jack while at a swinger 's costume and pool party . Daniel McFarland , Jack 's stepfather , is played by Beau Bridges . Daniel always had trouble relating to Jack , due to his own athleticism and Jack 's lack thereof . Despite Jack 's statements to the contrary , Daniel is shown to be a caring man who is at least recently trying to reconnect with Jack . Joe Black , Jack 's biological father . Never portrayed on screen , Joe was revealed to have attended a swingers costumed pool party during the 60s , where he was dressed as Richard Nixon . During the party he impregnated Judith , who was dressed as the rear end of a horse . He dies several years before Jack discovers that Daniel McFarland is not his biological father . Elliott , Jack 's son , is played by Michael Angarano . Shortly after learning of his biological father 's death , Jack meets Elliott -- his biological son created from sperm Jack donated at the age of 17 . He is described by Will as , `` Polite , sweet , and kind '' which , he says , is the reason Karen initially dislikes him . His relationship with Jack is shown to be very close -- Jack noting in one episode that he wants to avoid being the kind of father he had as he always regretted the fact that they never really connected . However , they have a brief rift when Elliott prepares to leave for college during the last season . Bonnie , Elliott 's mother , is played by Rosie O'Donnell . Initially , Bonnie did not want Jack to be included in Elliott 's life . Bonnie was a lesbian , but was not open about her sexuality to Elliott . She felt jealous that Jack found it easy to be open with Elliott about his sexuality when she did not feel she could be . Friends ( edit ) Rob and Ellen , Will and Grace 's close friends , are played by Tom Gallop and Leigh - Allyn Baker . Ellen and Grace were best friends since college , as were Rob and Will , and the two couples regularly played charades and other games during dinner parties . Grace also sleeps with Rob in season one when they were both going through break - ups and felt emotionally vulnerable , a fact that did n't come up until Rob and Ellen 's wedding some years later . The couple did get married , however , and have since had three children , the youngest named Roman ( which is the name of Debra Messing 's real - life son , born in 2004 ) . Rob and Ellen want to separate , so that they could begin dating other people , and they announce their separation at a dinner date with Will and Grace . Grace makes them realize that they had worked at their marriage and they should remain together ; and also keenly reminded them that no one else would have them . Rob and Ellen decided to give their marriage another chance . Joe and Larry are Will , Jack and Grace 's close friends , and are played by Jerry Levine and Tim Bagley . A gay couple , once party animals , Joe and Larry adopted a baby girl called Hannah in season three . Karen occasionally refers to them as `` Mo and Mary '' , with `` Mo '' being a play on the word `` Homo '' . Val Bassett , a neighbor of Will and Grace , is played by Molly Shannon . Slightly unstable , and alcoholic , Val originally befriends only Will , until Grace eventually discovers some common interests with her . Both of them still consider her unstable , as does Jack , who found her as an uninvited guest in his bedroom . When Grace accidentally attends an AA meeting , she is seen there by Val , who coerces her to stay . Grace pretends to be an alcoholic for the `` free food and therapy '' . Beverley Leslie , played by Leslie Jordan , is an effeminate and very short `` frenemy '' of Karen 's . Having a wealthy spouse , as Karen does , Karen and Beverley routinely find themselves traveling in the same society circle of the wealthy and elite . Their relationship is that of friends and enemies . Beverley 's wife 's name is Crystal and is considerably older than he is . His marriage seems to be held together purely out of his love of Crystal 's money . Karen , Will , Grace , and Jack see Beverley as a closeted gay man . He is often seen with a younger attractive man named Benji who appears to be his lover , but Beverley tries to pass him off as a `` business associate '' . When Beverley appears on screen he often catches the other characters by surprise . Sometimes his appearance comes after a character says something that could be comically associated with him . For instance , whilst discussing a dessert , Jack says , `` I want something small and fruity , with ladyfingers , '' and Beverley enters . Beverley and Karen often trade insults , as Karen enjoys ridiculing him for his height . Whenever he appears on screen he can usually be heard saying ' Well , Well , Well ' in an effeminate way . Crystal later dies and Beverley inherits the fortune . Some years later Karen 's husband Stan loses his fortune , putting Karen 's extravagant lifestyle in jeopardy . Beverley presumably spends several more years with Benji after Crystal 's death , and then begins seeing a reluctant Jack , who only dated Beverley to support Karen 's excessive spending habits , as she had done for him for so many years . During the series finale Beverley is swept off a balcony by a strong gust of wind and dies , leaving his estate in his will to Jack . Rory , Toby , and Josh are friends of Jack who are never seen , but mentioned in various episodes . Early in Season 3 Rory is mentioned as being into Asian men . In Season 4 Josh , Toby and Jack watch a video of Will freezing up on camera talking about Stanley Walker , but Josh and Toby leave before Will gets home . Love interests ( edit ) Grace ( edit ) Nathan , played by Woody Harrelson . Nathan is Grace 's neighbor in season 3 , who becomes her boyfriend . They appear to be a good match , but early in Season 4 he abruptly proposes to her during sex and she becomes distraught at the unromantic nature of his proposal , forcing him to take it back and ask again in a more romantic way . For several days they are awkward around each other and , fearing that their relationship is over , Grace proposes to Nathan who reluctantly refuses and breaks up with her . Ben Doucette , played by Gregory Hines , is introduced in mid-season 2 . Grace sues him after he violates her contract of employment , firing her without reimbursement for expenses she incurred while decorating his house . Although at first he played Grace and Will , who was representing her , he eventually gave her the money voluntarily and hired Will to work at his renowned law firm . Grace and he disliked each other for the rest of the season , until the season finale when Ben showed her his more humane face , when Will invited him to dine with them . They then started a happy , semi-monogamous relationship that lasted for roughly six months , until they broke up early in Season 3 when they realized that they were not in love . Josh , played by Corey Parker . A sweet , romantic New Age - y man whom Grace dates in season 2 . Grace often has issues with him being far too affectionate and nice , to the point of being obnoxious . The two broke up because Jack confessed that he had slept with him . Nick , played by Edward Burns . A greetings - card writer who falls for Grace when he meets her one Valentine 's Day in season 7 , after her divorce from Leo . Nick is the first guy Grace starts dating after her divorce with Leo . They decide to break up when he has to go out of the country to work on a screenplay he wrote . Tom Cassidy , played by Eric Stoltz . An old friend of Grace 's , now married , with whom she reunited briefly at the end of season 7 . He asks her to help design his and his wife 's hotel , yet she still feels chemistry with him and kisses him . She nearly takes it further , but feels guilty and breaks it off with him at the beginning of season 8 . Danny , played by Tom Verica , Grace 's long - term boyfriend from roughly 1995 -- 1998 , whom she nearly marries in the pilot episode . She realizes , after Will advised her against the marriage , that Danny was too immature for her , and practically leaves him at the altar . They reunite at the end of season 1 , much to Will 's dismay . Yet again Grace decides that she does not love him and , after roughly a week ( one episode ) , Grace breaks up with him off - screen . Mark , played by Ken Marino , is another of Grace 's partners in Season 3 , `` Three 's a Crowd , Six is a Freakshow '' . She dumps him because he has 6 toes , although the actual 6th toe was not seen in the episode . Will ( edit ) Barry , played by Dan Futterman . Karen sets up her hopeless cousin Barry with Will , shortly after he comes out . Will and Jack soon undertake a Pygmalion-esque attempt at turning Barry into a more confident gay man , ending when Will falls for Barry though Barry wants to play around before settling down . James Hanson , played by Taye Diggs . Will meets James at a Manhattan theater and the two have an immediate connection . He later runs into James while on a trip to Los Angeles . James has recently discovered he is going to be deported back to Canada . Grace agreed to marry James so that he can acquire a green card in order to remain in the United States , thus giving James and Will 's relationship a chance . However , Will soon discovers James was not who he thought he was , as James began showing himself to be self - centered . Will requests that Grace annul their marriage . Matthew , played by Patrick Dempsey , is a sports reporter Will meets at a Banana Republic store while trying to help Jack woo him . Jack and Matt have little in common and Will instead finds himself in a relationship with him . They date for a while but Matt 's refusal to come out leads to their break - up . Scott , played by Branden Williams , is Will 's 23 - year - old date in two episodes in season 3 , and works at a local video rental shop . Although they get along well together , Will feels self - conscious about dating Scott , who is quite a bit younger than he is . Will agrees to break it off with Scott if Grace agrees to dump Nathan . Grace agrees and Will breaks up with Scott , though Grace keeps on seeing Nathan . Diane , played by Mira Sorvino & Lisa Borgnes , is a woman with whom Will has a drunken one - night stand in order to convince himself he was a 100 % gay after leaving Grace . She is also one of Leo 's exes . Both of these facts make Grace very jealous . Diane states that Will is much better in bed than Leo . Diane was shown briefly ( though she had no lines ) in the season 3 episode titled `` Lows In the Mid-Eighties '' , but was played by a writer 's assistant , Lisa Borgnes . Claire , played by Megyn Price , is Will 's high school friend and girlfriend , the first of the only two women Will has ever dated , the second being Grace . She lives in Paris and asks Will to donate sperm so that she can have a baby , but Will realizes that if he was going to donate sperm he wanted to donate it to Grace . Michael , played by Chris Potter in season 2 and Cheyenne Jackson in season 9 , is a mostly unseen character and is Will 's lover of seven years . When the sitcom first appeared , he and Michael had recently broken up . Michael appears in the episode `` Hey La , Hey La , My Ex-Boyfriend's Back '' , which aired on March 14 , 2000 . He is mentioned occasionally by Will and Grace , and more than once Will refers to him as the love of his life . In the early seasons of the show Will has a hard time letting him go . He and Will begin dating again in season 9 , but Will ends ti when Michael asks for money . Karen ( edit ) Lyle Finster , played by John Cleese . Lyle is the father of Stan 's mistress , Lorraine . He becomes Karen 's fourth husband for about 20 minutes until the couple realize how little they had in common outside of the bedroom . Scott Woolley , played by Jeff Goldblum . Wooley is the man who lost to Karen for Student Body President and has spent his life hatching schemes to ruin her . Sadly , his schemes are often poorly thought out and eventually Grace realises that he does n't hate Karen , he loves her . However , his attempts to woo her are as misguided as his previous ones . Woolley also has a dreadful sense of word - play ( i.e. `` The Scotty Mammoth '' , `` Beam me up , Woolley '' ) . He also changes his first name when using an alias , whereas most people change their last names . Lionel Banks , played by Rip Torn . Banks is a bachelor who falls for Karen , under her alias Anastasia Beaverhausen , while Stan is in jail and tempts her into having an affair . Malcolm Widmark , played by Alec Baldwin . Widmark is a government agent who helps Stan fake his death . He has a brief relationship with Karen before she reconciles with Stan , and Widmark goes on a government mission to Sri Lanka . Malcolm reappears in the final two episodes of season 9 , where it is revealed that he and Karen go on a rendezvous trip every year . However , Malcolm is very tired of having to hide from Stan and pressures Karen into deciding between him and Stan . Though she is reluctant to change their situation and despite both of them being tempted to give in to each other , Karen decides to stay with Stan and she and Malcolm share an awkward goodbye . Jack ( edit ) Stuart Lamarack , played by Dave Foley , is a client of Will 's who becomes Jack 's longest relationship , until Jack cheats on him . Drew , played by Ryan Pinkston , is a police officer , Vince 's co-worker and Jack 's boyfriend for the second half of season 9 . Jack meets him at Vince D'Angelo's wedding in `` The Wedding '' . As Drew is the only cop at the wedding whose favourite show is `` This is Us '' , Jack concludes he must be gay and sleeps with him . This turns out to be the first gay experience for the formerly straight Drew , who reveals he is married , tells Jack he loves him and then introduces him to his wife Angela . Jack is annoyed at that revelation , but later comes to relish it and he and Drew go at it in the bathroom . In the next episode , Jack and Drew start seeing each other secretly and Jack , nervous about screwing things up too soon , advises a reluctant Drew to hold off on coming out to Angela for the time being . He even supports the alibi of them being just guy friends by having Karen pose as his wife . However , Karen , reminded of her mother 's unhappiness in her marriage , outs both Jack and Drew in front of Angela , who is surprisingly supportive and arranges a coming out party for Drew , much to Jack 's distress . Jack admits to Drew that he fears missing out on other great men in his life , but when Karen reminds him of his fear of being old and lonely , which is even worse , he decides to give Drew another chance . In `` One Job '' , after two months of dating , Drew breaks up with Jack , admitting he is not ready for a serious commitment at the moment and wants to see other people . Jack is devastated at the breakup , as he realises that he is now ready to settle down with someone . Jack has countless short - term lovers over the course of the series ( and presumably long before and after ) , although most are never mentioned by name , or mentioned at all ; it is constantly assumed , and not always stated , that he has multiple boyfriends in every episode . Due to Jack 's promiscuity , and his habit of forgetting his boyfriends ' names , it would be literally impossible to list all of his love interests over the course of the show . Will jokes that if he was to avoid every man that Jack has ever slept with , `` that would leave ( him ) with women . '' Grace jokes that if everyone stopped working for every man that broke his heart `` the city would shut down . '' Jack also comments that he goes on thousands of dates a year . Other supporting characters ( edit ) Lorraine Finster , played by Minnie Driver , is Stan 's mistress . She is a slutty prison cafeteria worker ( and , it is implied , prostitute ) who instantly forms a hatred of Karen . She was Karen 's stepdaughter very briefly ( for about 20 minutes ) when Lyle , her father , marries Karen . Lorraine was unable to attend the wedding due to an aggressive strain of herpes that kept her from flying . According to the episode `` The Accidental Tsuris '' she was raised as a girl , despite being genetically male or perhaps a hermaphrodite . It is implied she was estranged from her father for several years and may have been born out of wedlock . Harlin Polk , played by Gary Grubbs , is a major client of Will 's in season one who ultimately fires him . Mrs. Freeman , played by Jo Marie Payton , is an executive assistant at Doucette & Stein , her most commonly uttered phrase is `` Mm - hmm '' which is often said with sass . Zandra Zoggin , played by Eileen Brennan , is Jack 's crusty acting coach and a chain - smoking former Hollywood star . After Jack takes over her class , Zandra loses her interest in life and ends up in an actor 's retirement village . Dr. Jay Markus , played by Tom Skerritt , is Leo 's father and Grace 's eventual father - in - law . She meets him during brunch , thinking he is one of Leo 's `` old friends '' . Eleanor Markus , played by Judith Ivey , is Leo 's mother and a noted author of three books on theatre ; she meets Grace during brunch alongside her husband . She also is the first to tell her new daughter - in - law her son 's actual name , Marvin . Mr. Stein , played by Gene Wilder , is the senior partner at Will 's firm , an eccentric man who takes a liking to Will . He refers to Will as `` Gay Will , '' but without at first realising that Will is actually gay . He and Karen are attracted to each other , but nothing comes of it . He is away from the office for some time prior to season 5 due to a mental breakdown and subsequent incarceration in a mental facility ; having been referred to in the company letter - head as running `` The London Office '' in his absence . Margot , played by Lily Tomlin , is a senior partner at Will 's firm , who apparently takes over after Mr. Stein . She is also quite eccentric and sarcastic . She promotes Will to partner . Dorleen , played by Parker Posey , is Jack 's bitchy , chain - smoking boss during his brief tenure at Barneys New York . Mr. Zamir , played by Marshall Manesh , is an obnoxious tenant in Will and Grace 's building , with a tendency to take off his shirt and to steal Will and Grace 's newspapers . Benji , played by Brian A. Setzer , is Beverley Leslie 's `` business associate '' and boytoy . Joanne , played by Emily Rutherfurd , is a student of Zandra 's acting class who becomes a devoted follower of Jack and his `` McFarland method '' . Russell , played by Jon Fleming , is a handsome , muscular student of Zandra 's acting class who is often asked by Jack to take his shirt off when Jack is teaching the `` McFarland method '' . Julius , played by Neil Vipond , is Bobbi Adler 's close friend and a pianist . Gary , played by Jamie Kaler , is Will 's coworker at Doucette and Stein . Nurse Sheila , played by Laura Kightlinger , is a rather creepy nurse who works at the sperm bank ( where Will visits , intending to donate sperm to his high - school friend Claire ) . She openly admits she is a whore in season 4 ( when Will and Grace are planning to have a baby together ) , and thereafter seems to appear whenever Will goes into a hospital . She is pregnant in season 8 and attends birth - classes alongside Grace . Her brother , a doctor played by guest - star Jack Black ( Kightlinger 's real - life former boyfriend ) , claims he would be `` tappin ' that big time '' if they were n't related . Dave , played by Mathew Botuchis , is the only openly straight worker at OutTV , the gay network where Jack works in the last seasons . Jack is unimpressed with his heterosexuality and instead refers to him as Elizabeth . Jamie , played by John Ducey , is the station manager at OutTV . Tim , played by Mark Harelik , is a member of Senior Management at OutTV . Jimmy , played by Sam Pancake , is a colleague of Jack 's at OutTV . Smitty , played by Charles C. Stevenson Jr , is a bartender who regularly serves Karen at different establishments . She has been known to call other bartenders `` Smitty '' , even when they tell her it is n't their name . If Karen is depressed Smitty will tell her a tragic story about his own life , which she will laugh at thinking it is a joke . Guest stars playing one - time characters ( edit ) Shohreh Aghdashloo , as Pam , an incompetent Iranian hired by Grace who she then fires upon realizing Pam is Jewish and thus she ' does n't owe ( her ) anything ' . Rosanna Arquette , as Julie , a masseuse who lives in the same building as Leo and Grace . Orson Bean , as Professor Joseph Dudley , a gay former literature professor of Will and Grace . Jason Biggs , as Baby Glenn , a former local celebrity and a guest at Will 's auction . Roscoe Lee Browne , as Linus , owner of a landmark gay bookstore about to be turned into a gym . Jack Black ( uncredited ) , as Dr. Isaac Hershberg . He examines Karen and is also the brother of the occasionally seen nurse Sheila , played by show writer and Black 's girlfriend at the time , Laura Kightlinger . Richard Chamberlain , as Clyde , an elderly man who Will brings to game night , much to Grace 's chagrin Glenn Close , as Fannie Lieber ( a play on celebrity photographer Annie Leibovitz ) , a noted photographer who takes Will and Grace 's picture . Joan Collins , as Helena Barnes , a designer with whom Grace competes for a job , and a nemesis of Karen 's . Macaulay Culkin , as Jason Towne , a lawyer representing Karen in her divorce from Stan . Tim Curry , as Marion Finster , Lyle Finster 's brother . Matt Damon , as Owen , Jack 's heterosexual rival , pretending to be gay to vie for a spot in the Manhattan Gay Men 's Chorus . Kristin Davis , as Nadine , Vince 's straight female friend -- the same as Grace is to Will . Ellen DeGeneres , as Sister Louise , a nun to whom Will sells Grace 's uncle 's old car . Michael Douglas , as Gavin Hatch , a somewhat closeted gay police detective who becomes attracted to Will and has issues with seeing food stuck in people 's teeth . Christine Ebersole , as Candy Pruitt , another of Karen 's rivals . Edie Falco , as Deirdre , one of a pair of lesbian real - estate `` flippers '' . Victor Garber , as Peter Bovington , a former actor now working as a doorman . Andy García , as Milo , a restaurateur , and lover of Karen 's , who fails to phone Karen after their date and is confronted by Grace . Sara Gilbert , as Cheryl who , like Will , is a Barry Manilow fanatic , a.k.a. `` fanilow '' . Seth Green , as Randall Finn , a former child star . Clark Gregg , as Cameron , Jack 's wealthy boyfriend who becomes Grace 's client . Neil Patrick Harris , as Bill , the leader of a group of so - called `` former '' lesbians and gays . Alex Kapp Horner , as Alice Robinson , one of Grace 's former classmates . Peter Jacobson , as Paul Budnik , an overbearing guy who Will dates but is more fond of his dog . Kathryn Joosten , as the owner to a cabin Grace finds money in . Stacy Keach , as Wendell Schacter , a former colleague of Jack 's who usurps his acting class . Piper Laurie , as Sharon Timmers , the best friend of Professor Joseph Dudley . Michele Lee , as Lucille , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with both Will & Jack . Hal Linden , as Alan Mills , an elderly gay man who befriends Will and bestows expensive gifts upon him . Natasha Lyonne , as Gillian , Grace 's intern who decides to turn into the spitting image of Karen . Madonna , as Liz , Karen 's roommate . Lee Majors , as Burt Wolfe , a friend of Grace 's father . Camryn Manheim , as Psychic Sue . Jason Marsden , as Kim , a friend of Leo 's . Dylan McDermott , as Tom , a boyfriend of Will 's who is very closely attached to his elderly mother . Michael McDonald , as a Don , a student in a cooking class Will takes and dates his brother . Julian McMahon , guy in an elevator who Grace flirts with . Demi Moore , as Sissy , Jack 's former babysitter . Nick Offerman , as a plumber that Karen has sex with on Thanksgiving when Stan asks her to be sexually active while he is still in jail . Offerman appeared in season 9 as Jackson Boudreaux , a celebrity chef who meets Will and Grace at a cooking class , and begins a sexual relationship with both of them . Sharon Osbourne , as a bartender in No Sex N ' in the City . Peter Paige , as a gay Immigration and Naturalization Service officer whom Jack tries to convince his marriage with Rosario is real . Scott Patterson , as Grace 's former high school crush in `` Das Boob '' . Sara Paxton , as Melanie , the head cheerleader at Elliot 's school . Luke Perry , as Aaron , a `` hot gay nerd '' bird - watcher on whom Jack develops a crush . Jeremy Piven , as Nicholas , Grace 's ex. who asks Grace if she wants to join him in a threesome with his current lover . Chita Rivera , as Lenore , one of the lesbians who ended up dancing with Will & Jack . Brandon Routh , as Sebastian , a stud whom Alan Mills replaces Will with , after the two have a falling out over Will 's misinterpretation of their relationship . Chloë Sevigny , as Monet , a wealthy bisexual real - estate agent who falls for Will . Nicollette Sheridan , as Dr. Danielle Morty , a fellow doctor who wanted Leo sexually . Jamie - Lynn Sigler , as Ro , Vince 's lesbian sister . Britney Spears , as Amber Louise , a conservative Christian and a `` hardcore lesbian '' as she describes herself , and a co-host to Jack on his talk show . Wendie Jo Sperber , as April , Grace 's short - lived housekeeper . Sharon Stone , as Georgia Keller , Will and Grace 's therapist . Larry Sullivan , as Robert , Will 's ballet dancing boyfriend on the holiday episode `` Jingle Balls '' . Wanda Sykes , as Cricket , a woman Karen offers to pay to deliver a child for her . Tamlyn Tomita , as Naomi , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Rip Torn , as Lionel Banks , a man with whom Karen almost cheats on Stan with during his incarceration . Stuart Townsend , as Edward , Karen 's pansexual pastry chef , who ends up `` sexing '' Will , Karen , and Rosario . Tracey Ullman , as Anne , the instructor of a couples cooking class that Will , Jack , and Jack 's boyfriend Stuart attend . Steve Valentine , as Kai , half of the couple that takes Will and Grace out all night . Steven Weber , as Will 's brother Sam . Guest stars playing themselves ( edit ) Kevin Bacon Candice Bergen Sandra Bernhard Cher Katie Couric John Edward Jennifer Lopez Rudy Galindo Hall & Oates Deborah Harry Janet Jackson Elton John James Earl Jones Matt Lauer Stone Phillips Josh Lucas Patti LuPone Barry Manilow Martina Navratilova Bebe Neuwirth Al Roker George Takei Rip Taylor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grace Expectations , Entertainment Weekly , November 3 , 2003 Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Will & Grace Is Recasting Grace 's Dad '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Vince says `` He 's ( Ben ) looking more like you ( Will ) everyday '' during the Finale . ( hide ) Will & Grace Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Will Truman Grace Adler Jack McFarland Karen Walker Rosario Salazar Supporting characters Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Grace , Replaced '' `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' `` A Chorus Lie '' `` Fagel Attraction '' `` Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More '' `` Dolls and Dolls '' `` Back Up , Dancer '' `` Alive and Schticking '' `` Buy , Buy Baby '' `` The Finale '' `` 11 Years Later '' Related Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supporting_characters_on_Will_%26_Grace&oldid=834547849 '' Categories : Will & Grace characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of minor fictional characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 09 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays wills dad in will and grace
[ "\nVince D'Angelo, played by Bobby Cannavale. An Italian-American police officer, Vince first met Will after giving Karen a ticket for speeding and they started dating after the subsequent hearing. Vince was friends with Joe and Larry and began Will's first long-term relationship in the series' run. Vince broke up with Will, requesting time alone after repeatedly losing his job. He re-encountered Will in season 8 and, during the funeral of Will's father, they acknowledged their mutual feelings, thus rekindling their romance. In the finale, Will and Vince are shown to raise a son, Ben, together. 11 years later in season 9 it was revealed that this was part of Karen’s dream.\nMarilyn Truman, Will's mother, is played by Blythe Danner. A typical WASP, Marilyn regularly drinks, collects Lladró statues and treats them as if they were her children, and put up with her husband's regular affairs until their ultimate separation. She is not a fan of musical theater – once claiming that Les Misérables was unrealistic because \"poor people don't sing that much\" – but was impressed with Mamma Mia!. She does not like the jokes Grace and Karen make about Will's sexuality, saying, \"Is that a gay joke? I don't like that.\"\nGeorge Truman, Will's father, is played by Sydney Pollack. While he and Will have a close loving relationship, of which both Jack and Grace are envious, it is eventually revealed that he had trouble dealing with telling others of his son's sexuality, initially telling his friends Will was married to Grace. He dies in season 8, only days after having a fight with Will in which he admitted he would rather that Will was not gay.\nSam Truman, Will's brother, is played by John Slattery in season one and Steven Weber in season 8. He had a falling-out with Will over comments Will made about his wife, but reconciled after he had a one-night stand with Grace. He eventually divorced his wife and gained full custody of their two children.\nPaul Truman, Will's brother, is played by Jon Tenney. Paul never really came to terms with his brother's sexuality and often behaved like a childish bully, belittling and insulting Will.\nPeggy Truman, Paul's wife and Will's sister-in-law, is played by Helen Slater. She was only shown in one episode and came off as waspish and suspicious of Grace's friendly behavior towards her own husband.\nTina, George's mistress, is played by Lesley Ann Warren. She began a relationship with George while he was still married to Marilyn, but was dismayed to learn that George was then seeing his ex-wife behind her back. Ultimately she and Marilyn come to an understanding, that they will share George between them without him knowing what is going on. This arrangement apparently ended not long before George's death.\nJordy Truman, Sam's son and Will's nephew, is played by Reed Alexander. Flamboyant Jordan incenses Will, since Marilyn is incredibly accepting of him even though she was not at first accepting of Will. His nickname is Jordy. He is perceived to be gay by the other characters, although he is still a child, because of his flamboyant nature, love of show tunes and musicals, along with his general disposition.\nCasey Truman, Sam's daughter and Will's niece, is played by Kyla Dang. Casey was adopted by Sam and his ex-wife.\nBen Truman, Will and Vince's son, is played by Ben Newmark. Appearing only during the series finale, Ben was apparently born from a surrogate mother using Will's sperm.[3] Upon going to college, he meets and later marries Grace's daughter, Laila.\n" ]
[ "Sydney Pollack" ]
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Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut - wikipedia Hatshepsut Jump to : navigation , search For other ancient Egyptians called Maatkare , see Maatkare . Hatshepsut Statue of Hatshepsut on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Pharaoh Reign c. 1478 -- 1458 BC ( 18th Dynasty ) Predecessor Thutmose II Successor Thutmose III Royal titulary ( show ) Prenomen ( Praenomen ) Maatkare Truth Ma'at is the Ka of Re Nomen Khnumt - Amun Hatshepsut Joined with Amun , Foremost of Noble Ladies , , Horus name Wesretkau Mighty of Kas Nebty name Wadjrenput Flourishing of years Golden Horus Netjeretkhau Divine of appearance . Consort Thutmose II Children Neferure Father Thutmose I Mother Ahmose c. 1507 BC 1458 BC ( aged 50 ) Burial KV20 ( possibly re-interred in KV60 ) Monuments Temple of Karnak , Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut , Speos Artemidos Chapelle Rouge Hatshepsut ( / hætˈʃɛpsʊt / ; also Hatchepsut ; Egyptian : ḥ3. t - šps. wt `` Foremost of Noble Ladies '' ; 1507 -- 1458 BC ) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt . She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh , the first being Sobekneferu . ( Various other women may have also ruled as pharaohs regnant or at least regents before Hatshepsut , as early as Neithhotep around 1,600 years prior . ) Hatshepsut came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BC . Officially , she ruled jointly with Thutmose III , who had ascended to the throne the previous year as a child of about two years old . Hatshepsut was the chief wife of Thutmose II , Thutmose III 's father . She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs , reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty . According to Egyptologist James Henry Breasted she is also known as `` the first great woman in history of whom we are informed . '' Hatshepsut was the daughter and only child of Thutmose I and his primary wife Ahmose . Her husband Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a secondary wife named Mutnofret , who carried the title King 's daughter and was probably a child of Ahmose I. Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter named Neferure . After having their daughter , Hatshepsut could not birth anymore children . Unable to have a son , Thutmose II fathered Thutmose III with Iset , a secondary wife . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reign 2 Major accomplishments 2.1 Trade routes 2.2 Building projects 3 Comparison with other female rulers 3.1 Official lauding 4 Death , burial , and mummification 5 Changing recognition 5.1 Tyldesley hypothesis 5.2 `` Hatshepsut Problem '' 5.3 Archaeological discoveries 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Reign ( edit ) Jar bearing the cartouche of Hatshepsut . Filled in with cedar resin . Calcite , unfinished . Foundation deposit . 18th Dynasty . From Deir el - Bahari , Egypt . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , London Trade with other countries was re-established ; here trees transported by ship from Punt are shown being moved ashore for planting in Egypt -- relief from Hatshepsut mortuary temple Although contemporary records of her reign are documented in diverse ancient sources , Hatshepsut was thought by early modern scholars as only having served as a co-regent from approximately 1479 to 1458 BC , during years seven to twenty - one of the reign previously identified as that of Thutmose III . Today Egyptologists generally agree that Hatshepsut assumed the position of pharaoh . Hatshepsut was described as having a reign of about 22 years by ancient authors . Josephus and Julius Africanus both quote Manetho 's king list , mentioning a woman called Amessis or Amensis who has been identified ( from the context ) as Hatshepsut . In Josephus ' work , her reign is described as lasting 21 years and nine months , while Africanus stated it was twenty - two years . At this point in the histories , records of the reign of Hatshepsut end , since the first major foreign campaign of Thutmose III was dated to his 22nd year , which also would have been Hatshepsut 's 22nd year as pharaoh . Dating the beginning of her reign is more difficult , however . Her father 's reign began in either 1526 or 1506 BC according to the high and low estimates of her reign , respectively . The length of the reigns of Tuthmosis I and Tuthmosis II , however , can not be determined with absolute certainty . With short reigns , Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after the coronation of Tuthmosis I , her father . Longer reigns would put her ascension 25 years after Tuthmosis I 's coronation . Thus , Hatshepsut could have assumed power as early as 1512 BC , or , as late as 1479 BC . The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in the tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer , where a collection of grave goods contained a single pottery jar or amphora from the tomb 's chamber -- which was stamped with the date Year 7 . Another jar from the same tomb -- which was discovered in situ by a 1935 -- 36 Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition on a hillside near Thebes -- was stamped with the seal of the `` God 's Wife Hatshepsut '' while two jars bore the seal of The Good Goddess Maatkare . The dating of the amphorae , `` sealed into the ( tomb 's ) burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut 's own tomb , '' is undisputed , which means that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as king , and not queen , of Egypt by Year 7 of her reign . Major accomplishments ( edit ) Trade routes ( edit ) A tree in front of Hatshepsut 's temple , claimed to have been brought from Punt by Hatshepsut 's Expedition which is depicted on the Temple walls Hatshepsut established the trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period , thereby building the wealth of the eighteenth dynasty . She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt . This trading expedition to Punt was roughly during Hatshepsut 's ninth year of reign . It set out in her name with five ships , each measuring 70 feet ( 21 m ) long bearing several sails and accommodating 210 men that included sailors and 30 rowers . Many trade goods were bought in Punt , notably frankincense and myrrh . Hatshepsut 's delegation returned from Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees , the roots of which were carefully kept in baskets for the duration of the voyage . This was the first recorded attempt to transplant foreign trees . It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her mortuary temple complex . Egyptians also returned with a number of other gifts from Punt , among which was frankincense . Hatshepsut would grind the charred frankincense into kohl eyeliner . This is the first recorded use of the resin . Hatshepsut had the expedition commemorated in relief at Deir el - Bahri , which is also famous for its realistic depiction of the Queen of the Land of Punt , Queen Ati . The Puntite Queen is portrayed as relatively tall and her physique was generously proportioned , with large breasts and rolls of fat on her body . Due to the fat deposits on her buttocks , it has sometimes been argued that she may have had steatopygia . However , according to the pathologist Marc Armand Ruffer , the main characteristic of a steatopygous woman is a disproportion in size between the buttocks and thighs , which was not the case with Ati . She instead appears to have been generally obese , a condition that was exaggerated by excessive lordosis or curvature of the lower spine . Hatshepsut also sent raiding expeditions to Byblos and Sinai shortly after the Punt expedition . Very little is known about these expeditions . Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful , it is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan . Building projects ( edit ) Djeser - Djeseru is the main building of Hatshepsut 's mortuary temple complex at Deir el - Bahri . Designed by Senemut , her vizier , the building is an example of perfect symmetry that predates the Parthenon , and it was the first complex built on the site she chose , which would become the Valley of the Kings Copper or bronze sheet bearing the name of Hatshepsut . From a foundation deposit in `` a small pit covered with a mat '' found at Deir el - Bahri , Egypt . 18th Dynasty . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , London Hatshepsut was one of the most prolific builders in ancient Egypt , commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt . Arguably , her buildings were grander and more numerous than those of any of her Middle Kingdom predecessors ' . Later pharaohs attempted to claim some of her projects as theirs . She employed the great architect Ineni , who also had worked for her father , her husband , and for the royal steward Senemut . During her reign , so much statuary was produced that almost every major museum with Ancient Egyptian artefacts in the world has Hatshepsut statuary among their collections ; for instance , the Hatshepsut Room in New York City 's Metropolitan Museum of Art is dedicated solely to some of these pieces . Following the tradition of most pharaohs , Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple of Karnak . She also restored the original Precinct of Mut , the ancient great goddess of Egypt , at Karnak that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation . It later was ravaged by other pharaohs , who took one part after another to use in their pet projects and awaits restoration . She had twin obelisks , at the time the tallest in the world , erected at the entrance to the temple . One still stands , as the tallest surviving ancient obelisk on Earth ; the other has broken in two and toppled . Another project , Karnak 's Red Chapel , or Chapelle Rouge , was intended as a barque shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks . It was lined with carved stones that depicted significant events in Hatshepsut 's life . She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her 16th year as pharaoh ; one of the obelisks broke during construction and a third was therefore constructed to replace it . The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan , where it still remains . Known as The Unfinished Obelisk , it demonstrates how obelisks were quarried . Colonnaded design of Hatshepsut temple The Temple of Pakhet was built by Hatshepsut at Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya . The name , Pakhet , was a synthesis that occurred by combining Bast and Sekhmet , who were similar lioness war goddesses , in an area that bordered the north and south division of their cults . The cavernous underground temple , cut into the rock cliffs on the eastern side of the Nile , was admired and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt , known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty . They saw the goddess as akin to their hunter goddess Artemis . The temple is thought to have been built alongside much more ancient ones that have not survived . This temple has an architrave with a long dedicatory text bearing Hatshepsut 's famous denunciation of the Hyksos that has been translated by James P. Allen . They had occupied Egypt and cast it into a cultural decline that persisted until a revival brought about by her policies and innovations . This temple was altered later and some of its inside decorations were usurped by Seti I , in the nineteenth dynasty , attempting to have his name replace that of Hatshepsut . Following the tradition of many pharaohs , the masterpiece of Hatshepsut 's building projects was a mortuary temple . She built hers in a complex at Deir el - Bahri . It was designed and implemented by Senenmut at a site on the West Bank of the Nile River near the entrance to what now is called the Valley of the Kings because of all the pharaohs who later chose to associate their complexes with the grandeur of hers . Her buildings were the first grand ones planned for that location . The focal point was the Djeser - Djeseru or `` the Sublime of Sublimes '' , a colonnaded structure of perfect harmony nearly one thousand years before the Parthenon was built . Djeser - Djeseru sits atop a series of terraces that once were graced with lush gardens . Djeser - Djeseru is built into a cliff face that rises sharply above it . Djeser - Djeseru and the other buildings of Hatshepsut 's Deir el - Bahri complex are considered to be significant advances in architecture . Another one of her great accomplishments is the Hatshepsut needle ( also known as the granite obelisks ) . Comparison with other female rulers ( edit ) Although it was uncommon for Egypt to be ruled by a woman , the situation was not unprecedented . As a regent , Hatshepsut was preceded by Merneith of the first dynasty , who was buried with the full honors of a pharaoh and may have ruled in her own right . Nimaathap of the third dynasty may have been the dowager of Khasekhemwy , but certainly acted as regent for her son , Djoser , and may have reigned as pharaoh in her own right . Nitocris may have been the last pharaoh of the sixth dynasty . Her name is found in the Histories of Herodotus and writings of Manetho , but her historicity is uncertain . Queen Sobekneferu of the twelfth dynasty is known to have assumed formal power as ruler of `` Upper and Lower Egypt '' three centuries earlier than Hatshepsut . Ahhotep I , lauded as a warrior queen , may have been a regent between the reigns of two of her sons , Kamose and Ahmose I , at the end of the seventeenth dynasty and the beginning of Hatshepsut 's own eighteenth dynasty . Amenhotep I , also preceding Hatshepsut in the eighteenth dynasty , probably came to power while a young child and his mother , Ahmose - Nefertari , is thought to have been a regent for him . Other women whose possible reigns as pharaohs are under study include Akhenaten 's possible female co-regent / successor ( usually identified as either Nefertiti or Meritaten ) and Twosre . Among the later , non-indigenous Egyptian dynasties , the most notable example of another woman who became pharaoh was Cleopatra VII , the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt . Perhaps in an effort to ease anxiety over the prospect of a female pharaoh , Hatshepsut claimed a divine right to rule based on the authority of the god Amun . In comparison with other female pharaohs , Hatshepsut 's reign was much longer and more prosperous . She was successful in warfare early in her reign , but generally is considered to be a pharaoh who inaugurated a long peaceful era . She re-established international trading relationships lost during a foreign occupation and brought great wealth to Egypt . That wealth enabled Hatshepsut to initiate building projects that raised the calibre of Ancient Egyptian architecture to a standard , comparable to classical architecture , that would not be rivaled by any other culture for a thousand years . She managed to rule for about 20 years . One of the most famous things that she did was build Hatshepsut 's temple ( see above ) . Official lauding ( edit ) Hyperbole is common to virtually all royal inscriptions of Egyptian history . While all ancient leaders used it to laud their achievements , Hatshepsut has been called the most accomplished pharaoh at promoting her accomplishments . This may have resulted from the extensive building executed during her time as pharaoh , in comparison with many others . It afforded her many opportunities to laud herself , but it also reflected the wealth that her policies and administration brought to Egypt , enabling her to finance such projects . Aggrandizement of their achievements was traditional when pharaohs built temples and their tombs . Large granite sphinx bearing the likeness of the pharaoh Hatshepsut , depicted with the traditional false beard , a symbol of her pharaonic power -- Metropolitan Museum of Art Women had a relatively high status in ancient Egypt and enjoyed the legal right to own , inherit , or will property . A woman becoming pharaoh was rare , however ; only Sobekneferu , Khentkaus I and possibly Nitocris preceded her . The existence of this last ruler is disputed and is probably a mis - translation of a male king . Nefernferuaten and Twosret may have been the only women to succeed her among the indigenous rulers . In Egyptian history , there was no word for a `` queen regnant '' as in contemporary history , `` king '' being the Ancient Egyptian title regardless of gender , and by the time of her reign , pharaoh had become the name for the ruler . Hatshepsut is not unique , however , in taking the title of king . Sobekneferu , ruling six dynasties prior to Hatshepsut , also did so when she ruled Egypt . Hatshepsut had been well trained in her duties as the daughter of the pharaoh . During her father 's reign she held the powerful office of God 's Wife . She had taken a strong role as queen to her husband and was well experienced in the administration of her kingdom by the time she became pharaoh . There is no indication of challenges to her leadership and , until her death , her co-regent remained in a secondary role , quite amicably heading her powerful army -- which would have given him the power necessary to overthrow a usurper of his rightful place , if that had been the case . Hatshepsut assumed all of the regalia and symbols of the pharaonic office in official representations : the Khat head cloth , topped with the uraeus , the traditional false beard , and shendyt kilt . Many existing statues alternatively show her in typically feminine attire as well as those that depict her in the royal ceremonial attire . Statues portraying Sobekneferu also combine elements of traditional male and female iconography and , by tradition , may have served as inspiration for these works commissioned by Hatshepsut . After this period of transition ended , however , most formal depictions of Hatshepsut as pharaoh showed her in the royal attire , with all of the pharaonic regalia . At her mortuary temple , in Osirian statues that regaled the transportation of the pharaoh to the world of the dead , the symbols of the pharaoh as the deity Osiris were the reason for the attire and they were much more important to be displayed traditionally , her breasts are obscured behind her crossed arms holding the regal staffs of the two kingdoms she ruled . This became a pointed concern among writers who sought reasons for the generic style of the shrouded statues and led to misinterpretations . Understanding of the religious symbolism was required to interpret the statues correctly . Interpretations by these early scholars varied and often , were baseless conjectures of their own contemporary values . The possible reasons for her breasts not being emphasized in the most formal statues were debated among some early Egyptologists , who failed to understand the ritual religious symbolism , to take into account the fact that many women and goddesses portrayed in ancient Egyptian art often lack delineation of breasts , and that the physical aspect of the gender of pharaohs was never stressed in the art . With few exceptions , subjects were idealized . Osirian statues of Hatshepsut at her tomb , one stood at each pillar of the extensive structure , note the mummification shroud enclosing the lower body and legs as well as the crook and flail associated with Osiris -- Deir el - Bahri Modern scholars , however , have theorized that by assuming the typical symbols of pharaonic power , Hatshepsut was asserting her claim to be the sovereign rather than a `` King 's Great Wife '' or queen consort . The gender of pharaohs was never stressed in official depictions ; even the men were depicted with the highly stylized false beard associated with their position in the society . Moreover , the Osirian statues of Hatshepsut -- as with other pharaohs -- depict the dead pharaoh as Osiris , with the body and regalia of that deity . All of the statues of Hatshepsut at her tomb follow that tradition . The promise of resurrection after death was a tenet of the cult of Osiris . Since many statues of Hatshepsut depicted in this fashion have been put on display in museums and those images have been widely published , viewers who lack an understanding of the religious significance of these depictions have been misled . Aside from the face depicting Hatshepsut , these statues closely resemble those of other kings as Osiris , following religious traditions . Most of the official statues commissioned of Hatshepsut show her less symbolically and more naturally , as a woman in typical dresses of the nobility of her day . Notably , even after assuming the formal regalia , Hatshepsut still described herself as a beautiful woman , often as the most beautiful of women , and although she assumed almost all of her father 's titles , she declined to take the title `` The Strong Bull '' ( the full title being , The Strong Bull of his Mother ) , which tied the pharaoh to the goddesses Isis , the throne , and Hathor , ( the cow who gave birth to and protected the pharaohs ) -- by being her son sitting on her throne -- an unnecessary title for her , since Hatshepsut became allied with the goddesses , herself , which no male pharaoh could . Rather than the strong bull , Hatshepsut , having served as a very successful warrior during the early portion of her reign as pharaoh , associated herself with the lioness image of Sekhmet , the major war deity in the Egyptian pantheon . Religious concepts were tied into all of these symbols and titles . By the time of Hatshepsut 's reign , the merger of some aspects of these two goddesses provided that they would both have given birth to , and were the protectors of , the pharaohs . They became interchangeable at times . Hatshepsut also traced her lineage to Mut , a primal mother goddess of the Egyptian pantheon , which gave her another ancestor who was a deity as well as her father and grandfathers , pharaohs who would have become deified upon death . While Hatshepsut was depicted in official art wearing regalia of a pharaoh , such as the false beard that male pharaohs also wore , it is most unlikely that she ever wore such ceremonial decorations , just as it is unlikely that the male pharaohs did . Statues such as those at the Metropolitan Museum of Art , depicting her seated wearing a tight - fitting dress and the nemes crown , are thought to be a more accurate representation of how she would have presented herself at court . As a notable exception , only one male pharaoh abandoned the rigid symbolic depiction that had become the style of the most official artwork representing the ruler , Pharaoh Amenhotep IV ( later Akhenaten ) of the same eighteenth dynasty , whose wife , Nefertiti , also may have ruled in her own right following the death of her husband . The Hawk of the Pharaoh , Hatshepsut -- Temple at Luxor One of the most famous examples of the legends about Hatshepsut is a myth about her birth . In this myth , Amun goes to Ahmose in the form of Thutmose I and awakens her with pleasant odors . At this point Amun places the ankh , a symbol of life , to Ahmose 's nose , and Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose . Khnum , the god who forms the bodies of human children , is then instructed to create a body and ka , or corporal presence / life force , for Hatshepsut . Heket , the goddess of life and fertility , and Khnum then lead Ahmose along to a lioness ' bed where she gives birth to Hatshepsut . Reliefs depicting each step in these events are at Karnak and in her mortuary temple . The Oracle of Amun proclaimed that it was the will of Amun that Hatshepsut be pharaoh , further strengthening her position . She reiterated Amun 's support by having these proclamations by the god Amun carved on her monuments : Welcome my sweet daughter , my favorite , the King of Upper and Lower Egypt , Maatkare , Hatshepsut . Thou art the Pharaoh , taking possession of the Two Lands . Hatshepsut claimed that she was her father 's intended heir and that he made her the heir apparent of Egypt . Almost all scholars today view this as historical revisionism , or prolepsis , on Hatshepsut 's part since it was Thutmose II -- a son of Thutmose I by Mutnofret -- who was her father 's heir . Moreover , Thutmose I could not have foreseen that his daughter Hatshepsut would outlive his son within his own lifetime . Thutmose II soon married Hatshepsut and the latter became both his senior royal wife and the most powerful woman at court . Biographer Evelyn Wells , however , accepts Hatshepsut 's claim that she was her father 's intended successor . Once she became pharaoh herself , Hatshepsut supported her assertion that she was her father 's designated successor with inscriptions on the walls of her mortuary temple : Then his majesty said to them : `` This daughter of mine , Khnumetamun Hatshepsut -- may she live ! -- I have appointed as my successor upon my throne ... she shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace ; it is she indeed who shall lead you . Obey her words , unite yourselves at her command . '' The royal nobles , the dignitaries , and the leaders of the people heard this proclamation of the promotion of his daughter , the King of Upper and Lower Egypt , Maatkare -- may she live eternally . American humorist Will Cuppy wrote an essay on Hatshepsut which was published after his death in the book The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody . Regarding one of her wall inscriptions , he wrote , For a general notion of Hatshepsut 's appearance at a certain stage of her career , we are indebted to one of those wall inscriptions . It states that `` to look upon her was more beautiful than anything ; her splendor and her form were divine . '' Some have thought it odd that the female Pharaoh should have been so bold , fiftyish as she was . Not at all . She was merely saying how things were about thirty - five years back , before she had married Thutmose II and slugged it out with Thutmose III . `` She was a maiden , beautiful and blooming '' , the hieroglyphics run , and we have no reason to doubt it . Surely there is no harm in telling the world how one looked in 1515 BCE . Death , burial , and mummification ( edit ) See also : KV20 A stone statue of Hatshepsut Hatshepsut died as she was approaching what we would consider middle age given typical contemporary lifespans , in her twenty - second regnal year . The precise date of Hatshepsut 's death -- and the time when Thutmose III became the next pharaoh of Egypt -- is considered to be Year 22 , II Peret day 10 of her reign , as recorded on a single stela erected at Armant or January 16 , 1458 BC . This information validates the basic reliability of Manetho 's kinglist records since Hatshepsut 's known accession date was I Shemu day 4 ( i.e. : Hatshepsut died nine months into her 22nd year as king , as Manetho writes in his Epitome for a reign of 21 years and nine months ) . No contemporary mention of the cause of her death has survived . If the recent identification of her mummy is correct , however , the medical evidence would indicate that she suffered from diabetes and died from bone cancer which had spread throughout her body while she was in her fifties . It also would suggest that she had arthritis and bad teeth . Hatshepsut had begun construction of a tomb when she was the Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II , but the scale of this was not suitable for a pharaoh , so when she ascended the throne , preparation for another burial started . For this , KV20 , originally quarried for her father , Thutmose I , and probably the first royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings , was extended with a new burial chamber . Hatshepsut also refurbished the burial of her father and prepared for a double interment of both Thutmose I and her within KV20 . It is likely , therefore , that when she died ( no later than the twenty - second year of her reign ) , she was interred in this tomb along with her father . During the reign of Thutmose III , however , a new tomb , ( KV38 ) , together with new burial equipment was provided for Thutmose I , who then was removed from his original tomb and re-interred elsewhere . At the same time Hatshepsut 's mummy might have been moved into the tomb of her nurse , Sitre In , in KV60 . It is possible that Amenhotep II , son to Thutmose III by a secondary wife , was the one motivating these actions in an attempt to assure his own uncertain right to succession . Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Howard Carter 's clearance of the tomb in 1903 , other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found elsewhere , including a lioness `` throne '' ( bedstead is a better description ) , a senet game board with carved lioness - headed , red - jasper game pieces bearing her pharaonic title , a signet ring , and a partial shabti figurine bearing her name . In the Royal Mummy Cache at DB320 , a wooden canopic box with an ivory knob was found that was inscribed with the name of Hatshepsut and contained a mummified liver or spleen as well as a molar tooth . There was a royal lady of the twenty - first dynasty of the same name , however , and for a while it was thought possible that it could have belonged to her instead . In 1903 , Howard Carter had discovered a tomb ( KV60 ) in the Valley of the Kings that contained two female mummies , one identified as Hatshepsut 's wetnurse , and the other unidentified . In the spring of 2007 , the unidentified body was finally removed from the tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and brought to Cairo 's Egyptian Museum for testing . This mummy was missing a tooth , and the space in the jaw perfectly matched Hatshepsut 's existing molar , found in the DB320 `` canopic box '' . Her death has since been attributed to a carcinogenic skin lotion found in possession of the Pharaoh , which led to her having bone cancer . `` There is a lot that speaks for this hypothesis , '' according to Helmut Wiedenfeld of the University of Bonn 's pharmaceutical institute . `` If you imagine that the queen had a chronic skin disease and that she found short - term improvement from the salve , she may have exposed herself to a great risk over the years . '' Changing recognition ( edit ) Toward the end of the reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son , an attempt was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical and pharaonic records . This elimination was carried out in the most literal way possible . Her cartouches and images were chiselled off some stone walls , leaving very obvious Hatshepsut - shaped gaps in the artwork . At the Deir el - Bahari temple , Hatshepsut 's numerous statues were torn down and in many cases , smashed or disfigured before being buried in a pit . At Karnak , there even was an attempt to wall up her obelisks . While it is clear that much of this rewriting of Hatshepsut 's history occurred only during the close of Thutmose III 's reign , it is not clear why it happened , other than the typical pattern of self - promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators , or perhaps saving money by not building new monuments for the burial of Thutmose III and instead , using the grand structures built by Hatshepsut . Amenhotep II , the son of Thutmose III , who became a co-regent toward the end of his father 's reign , is suspected by some as being the defacer during the end of the reign of a very old pharaoh . He would have had a motive because his position in the royal lineage was not so strong as to assure his elevation to pharaoh . He is documented , further , as having usurped many of Hatshepsut 's accomplishments during his own reign . His reign is marked with attempts to break the royal lineage as well , not recording the names of his queens and eliminating the powerful titles and official roles of royal women , such as God 's Wife of Amun . For many years , presuming that it was Thutmose III acting out of resentment once he became pharaoh , early modern Egyptologists presumed that the erasures were similar to the Roman damnatio memoriae . This appeared to make sense when thinking that Thutmose might have been an unwilling co-regent for years . This assessment of the situation probably is too simplistic , however . It is highly unlikely that the determined and focused Thutmose -- not only Egypt 's most successful general , but an acclaimed athlete , author , historian , botanist , and architect -- would have brooded for two decades of his own reign before attempting to avenge himself on his stepmother and aunt . According to renowned Egyptologist Donald Redford : Here and there , in the dark recesses of a shrine or tomb where no plebeian eye could see , the queen 's cartouche and figure were left intact ... which never vulgar eye would again behold , still conveyed for the king the warmth and awe of a divine presence . The erasures were sporadic and haphazard , with only the more visible and accessible images of Hatshepsut being removed ; had it been more complete , we would not now have so many images of Hatshepsut . Thutmose III may have died before these changes were finished and it may be that he never intended a total obliteration of her memory . In fact , we have no evidence to support the assumption that Thutmose hated or resented Hatshepsut during her lifetime . Had that been true , as head of the army , in a position given to him by Hatshepsut ( who was clearly not worried about her co-regent's loyalty ) , he surely could have led a successful coup , but he made no attempt to challenge her authority during her reign and , her accomplishments and images remained featured on all of the public buildings she built for twenty years after her death . Tyldesley hypothesis ( edit ) Writers such as Joyce Tyldesley hypothesized that it is possible that Thutmose III , lacking any sinister motivation , may have decided toward the end of his life , to relegate Hatshepsut to her expected place as the regent -- which was the traditional role of powerful women in Egypt 's court as the example of Queen Ahhotep attests -- rather than king . Tyldesley fashions her concept as , that by eliminating the more obvious traces of Hatshepsut 's monuments as pharaoh and reducing her status to that of his co-regent , Thutmose III could claim that the royal succession ran directly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without any interference from his aunt . The deliberate erasures or mutilations of the numerous public celebrations of her accomplishments , but not the rarely seen ones , would be all that was necessary to obscure Hatshepsut 's accomplishments . Moreover , by the latter half of Thutmose III 's reign , the more prominent high officials who had served Hatshepsut would have died , thereby eliminating the powerful religious and bureaucratic resistance to a change in direction in a highly stratified culture . Hatshepsut 's highest official and closest supporter , Senenmut , seems either to have retired abruptly or died around Years 16 and 20 of Hatshepsut 's reign and , was never interred in either of his carefully prepared tombs . According to Tyldesley , the enigma of Senenmut 's sudden disappearance `` teased Egyptologists for decades '' given the lack of solid archaeological or textual evidence '' and permitted `` the vivid imagination of Senenmut - scholars to run wild '' resulting in a variety of strongly held solutions `` some of which would do credit to any fictional murder / mystery plot . '' In such a scenario , newer court officials , appointed by Thutmose III , also would have had an interest in promoting the many achievements of their master in order to assure the continued success of their own families . Presuming that it was Thutmose III ( rather than his co-regent son ) , Tyldesley also put forth a hypothesis about Thutmose suggesting that his erasures and defacement of Hatshepsut 's monuments could have been a cold , but rational attempt on his part to extinguish the memory of an `` unconventional female king whose reign might possibly be interpreted by future generations as a grave offence against Ma'at , and whose unorthodox coregency '' could `` cast serious doubt upon the legitimacy of his own right to rule . Hatshepsut 's crime need not be anything more than the fact that she was a woman . '' Tyldesley conjectured that Thutmose III may have considered the possibility that the example of a successful female king in Egyptian history could demonstrate that a woman was as capable at governing Egypt as a traditional male king , which could persuade `` future generations of potentially strong female kings '' to not `` remain content with their traditional lot as wife , sister and eventual mother of a king '' and assume the crown . Dismissing relatively recent history known to Thutmose III of another woman who was king , Sobekneferu of Egypt 's Middle Kingdom , she conjectured further that he might have thought that while she had enjoyed a short , approximately four - year reign , she ruled `` at the very end of a fading ( 12th dynasty ) Dynasty , and from the very start of her reign the odds had been stacked against her . She was , therefore , acceptable to conservative Egyptians as a patriotic ' Warrior Queen ' who had failed '' to rejuvenate Egypt 's fortunes . In contrast , Hatshepsut 's glorious reign was a completely different case : she demonstrated that women were as capable as men of ruling the two lands since she successfully presided over a prosperous Egypt for more than two decades . If Thutmose III 's intent was to forestall the possibility of a woman assuming the throne , as proposed by Tyldesley , it was a failure since Twosret and Neferneferuaten ( possibly ) , a female co-regent or successor of Akhenaten , assumed the throne for short reigns as pharaoh later in the New Kingdom . `` Hatshepsut problem '' ( edit ) The erasure of Hatshepsut 's name -- whatever the reason or the person ordering it -- almost caused her to disappear from Egypt 's archaeological and written records . When nineteenth - century Egyptologists started to interpret the texts on the Deir el - Bahri temple walls ( which were illustrated with two seemingly male kings ) their translations made no sense . Jean - François Champollion , the French decoder of hieroglyphs , was not alone in feeling confused by the obvious conflict between words and pictures : If I felt somewhat surprised at seeing here , as elsewhere throughout the temple , the renowned Moeris ( Thutmose III ) , adorned with all the insignia of royalty , giving place to this Amenenthe ( Hatshepsut ) , for whose name we may search the royal lists in vain , still more astonished was I to find upon reading the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this bearded king in the usual dress of the Pharaohs , nouns and verbs were in the feminine , as though a queen were in question . I found the same peculiarity everywhere ... The `` Hatshepsut Problem '' was a major issue in late 19th century and early 20th century Egyptology , centering on confusion and disagreement on the order of succession of early 18th dynasty pharaohs . The dilemma takes its name from confusion over the chronology of the rule of Queen Hatshepsut and Thutmose I , II , and III . In its day , the problem was controversial enough to cause academic feuds between leading Egyptologists and created perceptions about the early Thutmosid family that persisted well into the 20th century , the influence of which still can be found in more recent works . Chronology-wise , the Hatshepsut problem was largely cleared up in the late 20th century , as more information about her and her reign was uncovered . Archaeological discoveries ( edit ) The 2006 discovery of a foundation deposit including nine golden cartouches bearing the names of both Hatshepsut and Thutmose III in Karnak may shed additional light on the eventual attempt by Thutmose III and his son Amenhotep II to erase Hatshepsut from the historical record and the correct nature of their relationships and her role as pharaoh . Sphinx of Hatshepsut with unusual rounded ears and ruff that stress the lioness features of the statue , but with five toes - newel post decorations from the lower ramp of her tomb complex These two statues once resembled each other , however , the symbols of her pharaonic power : the Uraeus , Double Crown , and traditional false beard have been stripped from the left image ; many images portraying Hatshepsut were destroyed or vandalized within decades of her death , possibly by Amenhotep II at the end of the reign of Thutmose III , while he was his co-regent , in order to assure his own rise to pharaoh and then , to claim many of her accomplishments as his . The image of Hatshepsut has been deliberately chipped away and removed - Ancient Egyptian wing of the Royal Ontario Museum Dual stela of Hatshepsut ( centre left ) in the blue Khepresh crown offering wine to the deity Amun and Thutmose III behind her in the hedjet white crown , standing near Wosret - Vatican Museum Hieroglyphs showing Thutmose III on the left and Hatshepsut on the right , she having the trappings of the greater role -- Red Chapel , Karnak A Fallen obelisk of Hatshepsut - Karnak . In popular culture ( edit ) Farah Ali Abd El Bar portrayed her in the Discovery Channel documentary , Secrets of Egypt 's Lost Queen . Sarah Hadland portrayed her in the 2009 TV adaptation of Horrible Histories ( written by Terry Deary ) . An artifact with an origin story based on her was featured in an episode of season 3 of the television series Warehouse 13 . `` The Woman Who Would Be King '' by Kara Cooney , 2014 A reincarnated Hatshepsut is the subject of the Tina Turner song I Might Have Been Queen . Hatshepsut is one of the leaders of Egypt in the fourth installment of the popular game series Civilization Hatshepsut is the subject of the play Pharaoh : The Female King of Egypt . The House of Life Society . 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1365295263 . written by Tim Hogan . Hatshepsut has appeared as a fictional character in many novels . Some of them include : Patricia L. O'Neil - The Hatshepsut Trilogy : Her Majesty the King . New Holland Publishers ( Australia ) . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1921517082 . The Horus Throne . New Holland Publishers ( Australia ) . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1921517105 . The Eye of Re . New Holland Publishers ( Australia ) . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1742571942 . Marek Halter : Zipporah : Wife of Moses . New York : Crown ( 1st US Edition ) . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1400052790 . ( US ) location =| Eloise Jarvis McGraw : Mara : Daughter of the Nile . New York : Puffin. 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0140319293 . Pauline Gedge : Child of the Morning . Macmillan Company of Canada . 1977 . ISBN 978 - 0770515201 . The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Hatshepsut . See also ( edit ) Djehuty , overseer of the treasuries under Hatshepsut 's rule . Honorary male Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Queen Hatshepsut '' . Phouka . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Wilford , John Noble ( June 27 , 2007 ) . `` Tooth May Have Solved Mummy Mystery '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . A single tooth and some DNA clues appear to have solved the mystery of the lost mummy of Hatshepsut , one of the great queens of ancient Egypt , who reigned in the 15th century B.C. Jump up ^ `` Hatshepsut '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Toby ( 2010 ) . The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt . London : Bloomsbury . pp. 181 , 230 . ISBN 9781408810026 . Jump up ^ `` QUEEN HATSHEPSUT ( 1500 BCE ) '' . nbufront.org . Jump up ^ Martin , G. ( 2012 - 12 - 23 ) . African Political Thought . Springer . ISBN 9781137062055 . Jump up ^ Roehig , Catherine ; Dreyfus , Renee ; Keller , Cathleen ( 2015 ) . Hatshepsut : from Queen to Pharaoh . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aidan ; Dyan , Hilton ( 2004 ) . The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05128 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Joann ( 2013 ) . The Search For Nefertiti . Hachette UK . p. 156 . ISBN 9781444780543 . Jump up ^ Stiebing Jr. , William H. ( 2016 ) . Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture . Routledge . p. 177 . ISBN 9781315511160 . Jump up ^ Josephus : PACE : Against Apion , 1. ( ( ( chap ) ) ). ( ( ( sec ) ) ) ( Whiston ) , Perseus Project Ap. 1.15 , . Jump up ^ Steindorff , George ; Seele , Keith ( 1942 ) . When Egypt Ruled the East . University of Chicago . p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Grimal , Nicolas ( 1988 ) . A History of Ancient Egypt . Librairie Arthéme Fayard . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Gabolde , Luc ( 1987 ) , La Chronologie du règne de Tuthmosis II , ses conséquences sur la datation des momies royales et leurs répercutions sur l'histoire du développement de la Vallée des Rois , SAK 14 : pp. 61 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Joyce ( 1996 ) . Hatchepsut : The Female Pharaoh ( hardback ed . ) . Penguin Books . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 024464 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Njoku , Raphael Chijioke ( 2013 ) . The History of Somalia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0313378576 . Jump up ^ Isaac , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Historical Atlas of Oman . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 14 . ISBN 0823945006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joyce Tyldesley , Hatchepsut : The Female Pharaoh , Penguin Books , 1998 paperback , pp. 137 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Ruffer , Marc Armand ( 1921 ) . Studies in the Palaeopathology of Egypt . University of Chicago Press . p. 45 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Margaret Bunson , Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Peter Tyson , The Unfinished Obelisk , NOVA online adventure , March 16 , 1999 . Jump up ^ James P. Allen , `` The Speos Artemidos Inscription of Hatshepsut '' Archived 2007 - 04 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 16 ( 2002 ) , pp. 1 -- 17 , pls. 1 + 2 . Jump up ^ Gray , Martin . `` Obelisk of Queen Hapshetsut , Karnak '' . Places of Peace and Power . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Martin , K.I. ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` Women in Power : BC 4500 - 1000 '' . Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shaw and Nicholson , p. 28 . Jump up ^ John Ray , Reflections of Osiris : Lives from Ancient Egypt ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , 47 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hatshepsut '' . pbs.org . Jump up ^ Nevine El - Aref , `` Back in the limelight '' , Al - Ahram Weekly . Jump up ^ Callender / Shaw , p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` Eternal Egypt '' . eternalegypt.org . Jump up ^ Breasted , James Henry , Ancient Records of Egypt : Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest , The University of Chicago Press , 1906 , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Hatshepsut , Female Pharaoh of Egypt by Caroline Seawright . Jump up ^ Will Cuppy , The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody , New York : Barnes & Noble Books , reprint 1992 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , pp. 210 . Jump up ^ Joyce Tyldesley , Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt , Thames & Hudson , 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ James P. Allen , `` The Military Campaign of Thutmose III '' in Hatshepsut : From Queen to Pharaoh , ed . Catherine Roehrig , The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York , Yale University Press , 2005 , p. 261 . Allen writes here that the Armant stela is considered by scholars to mark the occasion of Thutmose III 's sole reign since he uses the epithet `` Thutmose , Ruler of Maat '' twice on this document for the first time in his reign . This means he was asserting his own claim to the administration of Egypt subsequent to that of Hatshepsut , who by then had probably died Jump up ^ Jürgen von Beckerath , Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten . Mainz , Philipp von Zabern. 1997 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ `` Tooth Clinches Identification of Egyptian Queen '' . Reuters . June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dennis C. Forbes , Maatkare Hatshepset : The Female Pharaoh , KMT , Fall 2005 , pp. 26 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Bickerstaffe , Dylan , `` The Discovery of Hatshepsut 's ' Throne ' '' , KMT , Spring 2002 , pp. 71 -- 77 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Gallery : Mummy of Egypt 's Lost Queen Found '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ Ed Pilkington and Mark Tran ( June 27 , 2007 ) . `` Tooth solves Hatshepsut mummy mystery '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jennie Cohen , `` Did Skin Cream Kill Egypt 's Queen Hatshepsut ? '' , History , August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Alan , Egypt of the Pharaohs , Oxford University Press , 1964 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Redford , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 207 , Tyldesley notes on p. 252 that a detailed discussion of Senenmut 's disappearance and a useful list of other publications on this topic is given in A.R. Schulman 's 1969 -- 70 paper `` Some Remarks on the Alleged ' Fall ' of Senmut , '' JARCE 8 , pp. 29 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , pp. 225 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Champollion le Jeune , Nouvelle Edition , 1868 . `` Thèbes , 18 juin 1829 - Lettres écrites d'Égypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829 '' . gutenberg.org ( in French ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bediz , David . `` The Story of Hatshepsut '' . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mensan , Romain ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Tuthmosid foundation deposits at Karnak '' . Egyptian Archaeology. 30 : 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Baltimore Theater Project . Retrieved on September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Place Settings . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved on August 6 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Brown , Chip ( April 2009 ) . `` The King Herself '' . National Geographic : 88 -- 111 . Fairman , H.W. ; B. Grdseloff ( 1947 ) . `` Texts of Hatshepsut and Sethos I inside Speos Artemidos '' . Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 33 : 12 -- 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 3855434 . Fakhry , Ahmed ( 1939 ) . `` A new speos from the reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmosis III at Beni - Hasan '' . Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 39 : 709 -- 723 . Gardiner , Alan Henderson ( 1946 ) . `` Davies 's copy of the great Speos Artemidos inscription '' . Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 32 : 43 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 3855414 . Harbin , Michael A. ( 2005 ) . The Promise and the Blessing : A Historical Survey of the Old and New Testaments . Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan . ISBN 0 - 310 - 24037 - 9 . Nadig , Peter ( 2014 ) . Hatschepsut . Mainz : von Zabern . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8053 - 4763 - 1 . Redford , Donald B. ( 1967 ) . History and Chronology of the 18th dynasty of Egypt : Seven studies . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Shaw , Ian , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280293 - 3 . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 1996 ) . Hatchepsut : The Female Pharaoh . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 85976 - 1 . Wells , Evelyn ( 1969 ) . Hatshepsut . Garden City , NY : Doubleday . Aldred , Cyril ( 1952 ) . The Development of Ancient Egyptian Art from 3200 to 1315 BC . London : A. Tiranti . Edgerton , William F. ( 1933 ) . The Thutmosid Succession . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Gardiner , Sir Alan ( 1961 ) . Egypt of the Pharaohs . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Hayes , William C. ( 1973 ) . `` Egypt : Internal Affairs from Thuthmosis I to the Death of Amenophis III '' . Cambridge Ancient History : History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region , c. 1800 -- 1380 BC ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Cambridge University Press . Maspero , Gaston ( 1903 -- 1906 ) . History of Egypt , Chaldea , Syria , Babylonia , and Assyria . London : Grolier Society . Nims , Charles F. ( 1965 ) . Thebes of the Pharaohs : Pattern for Every City . New York : Stein and Day . Roehrig , Catharine H. ; Dreyfus , Renée ; Keller , Cathleen A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Hatshepsut : From Queen to Pharaoh . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 1 - 58839 - 172 - 8 . Wilson , John A. ( 1951 ) . The Burden of Egypt . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHatshepsutat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Hatshepsut - Archaeowiki.org Mummy Of Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut Found Interactive , panoramic online view of Hatshepsut 's mortuary temple at Deir el - Bahari , Egypt Video tour the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's gallery of Hatshepsut sculptures Hatshepsut - the fifth ruler of the 18th Dynasty 360 ° Panorama images BBC Radio 4 In Our Time : Hatshepsut ( hide ) Pharaohs Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period ( < 3150 -- 2040 BC ) Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Protodynastic ( pre-3150 BC ) Lower Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Upper Scorpion I Crocodile Iry - Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic ( 3150 -- 2686 BC ) Narmer / Menes Hor - Aha Djer Djet Merneith Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra / Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg - Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth - Peribsen Sekhemib - Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Nebka Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Khaba Qahedjet Huni IV Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah 1 Intermediate ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period ( 2040 -- 1550 BC ) Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1802 BC ) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu 2 Intermediate ( 1802 -- 1550 BC ) XIII Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre ' Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Webenre Nebsenre Sekheperenre Djedkherewre Bebnum ' Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub - Har XV Semqen ' Aper - ' Anati Sakir - Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi XVI Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre - Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose ( hide ) New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period ( 1550 -- 664 BC ) Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain New Kingdom ( 1550 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI 3 Intermediate ( 1069 -- 664 BC ) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Osorkon IV XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Late Period and Hellenistic Period ( 664 -- 30 BC ) Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Late ( 664 -- 332 BC ) XXVI Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II XXX Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III Hellenistic ( 332 -- 30 BC ) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Berenice IV Cleopatra Ptolemy XV Caesarion Dynastic genealogies 11 12 18 19 20 21 to 23 25 26 27 30 31 Ptolemaic List of pharaohs VIAF : 67741469 LCCN : n79075097 ISNI : 0000 0000 9518 9141 GND : 118546732 SUDOC : 027382419 BNF : cb11943631b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&oldid=810230737 '' Categories : Hatshepsut 16th - century BC births 1458 BC deaths Female pharaohs Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ancient Egyptian women in warfare 16th - century BC female rulers 15th - century BC female rulers Historical deletion in ancient Egypt 15th - century BC clergy Ancient Egyptian mummies Androgyny Thutmose I Thutmose II Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 01 : 55 . 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who was one of the few female pharaohs that ruled egypt
[ "Hatshepsut (/hætˈʃɛpsʊt/;[4] also Hatchepsut; Egyptian: ḥ3.t-šps.wt \"Foremost of Noble Ladies\";[5] 1507–1458 BC) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, the first being Sobekneferu.[6] (Various other women may have also ruled as pharaohs regnant or at least regents before Hatshepsut, as early as Neithhotep around 1,600 years prior.) Hatshepsut came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BC. Officially, she ruled jointly with Thutmose III, who had ascended to the throne the previous year as a child of about two years old. Hatshepsut was the chief wife of Thutmose II, Thutmose III’s father. She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty. According to Egyptologist James Henry Breasted she is also known as \"the first great woman in history of whom we are informed.\"[7]" ]
[ "Hatshepsut" ]
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Attack on Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor - wikipedia Attack on Pearl Harbor Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 21 ° 22 ′ N 157 ° 57 ′ W  /  21.367 ° N 157.950 ° W  / 21.367 ; - 157.950 Attack on Pearl Harbor Part of the Asia and the Pacific Theater of World War II Photograph of Battleship Row taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack . The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on USS West Virginia . Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen : one over USS Neosho and one over the Naval Yard . Date December 7 , 1941 ; 75 years ago ( 1941 - 12 - 07 ) Location Primarily Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , U.S. Result Major Japanese tactical victory ; precipitated the entrance of the United States into World War II See consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor Belligerents United States Imperial Japan Commanders and leaders ADM Husband E. Kimmel LTG Walter Short VADM Chūichi Nagumo ADM Isoroku Yamamoto CDR Mitsuo Fuchida Strength 8 battleships 8 cruisers 30 destroyers 4 submarines 1 USCG Cutter 49 other ships ≈ 390 aircraft Mobile Unit : 6 aircraft carriers 2 battleships 2 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 9 destroyers 8 tankers 23 fleet submarines 5 midget submarines 414 aircraft Casualties and losses 4 battleships sunk 4 battleships damaged 2 other ships sunk 3 cruisers damaged 3 destroyers damaged 3 other ships damaged 188 aircraft destroyed 159 aircraft damaged 2,335 killed 1,143 wounded 4 midget submarines sunk 1 midget submarine grounded 29 aircraft destroyed 64 killed 1 sailor captured Civilian casualties 68 killed 35 wounded 3 aircraft shot down Hawaiian Islands Campaign Pearl Harbor Niihau 1st Midway Johnston and Palmyra 2nd Midway 3rd Midway Japanese offensives , 1940 -- 1942 French Indochina Thailand Malaya Borneo Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Guam Wake Dutch East Indies New Guinea Singapore Burma Australia Indian Ocean Solomons Coral Sea North America Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , on the morning of December 7 , 1941 . The attack , also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor , led to the United States ' entry into World War II . The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI , and as Operation Z during its planning . Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S. - held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . The attack commenced at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 18 : 18 UTC ) . The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft ( including fighters , level and dive bombers , and torpedo bombers ) in two waves , launched from six aircraft carriers . All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged , with four sunk . All but the USS Arizona were later raised , and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war . The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers , three destroyers , an anti-aircraft training ship , and one minelayer . One hundred eighty - eight U.S. aircraft were destroyed ; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded . Important base installations such as the power station , dry dock , shipyard , maintenance , and fuel and torpedo storage facilities , as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) , were not attacked . Japanese losses were light : 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost , and 64 servicemen killed . One Japanese sailor , Kazuo Sakamaki , was captured . The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters . The following day , December 8 , the United States declared war on Japan , and several days later , on December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy . Domestic support for non-interventionism , which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940 , disappeared . There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan , but the lack of any formal warning , particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing , led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7 , 1941 , `` a date which will live in infamy '' . Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning , the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to conflict 1.1 Diplomatic background 1.2 Military planning 1.3 Objectives 2 Approach and attack 2.1 Submarines 2.2 Japanese declaration of war 2.3 First wave composition 2.4 Second wave composition 2.5 American casualties and damage 2.6 Japanese losses 2.7 Possible third wave 3 Ships lost or damaged 3.1 Battleships 3.2 Ex-battleship ( target / AA training ship ) 3.3 Cruisers 3.4 Destroyers 3.5 Auxiliaries 4 Salvage 5 Aftermath 5.1 Niihau Incident 5.2 Strategic implications 5.3 Retrospective debate on American intelligence 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background to conflict Main article : Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Diplomatic background War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of ( and developed contingency plans for ) since the 1920s , though tensions did not begin to grow seriously until Japan 's 1931 invasion of Manchuria . Over the next decade , Japan continued to expand into China , leading to all - out war between those countries in 1937 . Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland ; the `` Southern Operation '' was designed to assist these efforts . Pearl Harbor on October 30 , 1941 , looking southwest From December 1937 , events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay , the Allison incident , and the Nanking Massacre ( the International Military Tribunal of the Far East concluded that more than 200,000 Chinese non-combatants were killed in indiscriminate massacres , though other estimates have ranged from 40,000 to more than 300,000 ) swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan . Fearing Japanese expansion , the United States , the United Kingdom , and France provided loan assistance for war supply contracts to China . In 1940 , Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China . The United States halted shipments of airplanes , parts , machine tools , and aviation gasoline to Japan , which was perceived by Japan as an unfriendly act . The U.S. did not stop oil exports to Japan at that time in part because prevailing sentiment in Washington was that such an action would be an extreme step that Japan would likely consider a provocation , given Japanese dependence on U.S. oil . Early in 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet to Hawaii from its previous base in San Diego and ordered a military buildup in the Philippines in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East . Because the Japanese high command was ( mistakenly ) certain that any attack on the UK 's Southeast Asian colonies , including Singapore , would bring the U.S. into war , a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to avoid U.S. naval interference . An invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners . The U.S. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40,000 - man elite force . This was opposed by Douglas MacArthur , who felt that he would need a force ten times that size , and was never implemented . By 1941 , U.S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart , commander of the Asiatic Fleet . The U.S. ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941 , following Japanese expansion into French Indochina after the Fall of France , in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption . This in turn caused the Japanese to proceed with plans to take the Dutch East Indies , an oil - rich territory . On August 17 , Roosevelt warned Japan that the U.S. was prepared to take steps against Japan if it attacked `` neighboring countries '' . The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich , European - controlled colonies of Southeast Asia . Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations . During these negotiations , Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina when peace was made with the Nationalist government , adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact , and not to discriminate in trade provided all other countries reciprocated . Washington rejected these proposals . Japanese Prime Minister Konoye then offered to meet with Roosevelt , but Roosevelt insisted on coming to an agreement before any meeting . The U.S. ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting , warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoye government and peace in the Pacific . His recommendation was not acted upon . The Konoye government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military refused to agree to the withdrawal of all troops from China . Japan 's final proposal , on November 20 , offered to withdraw their forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia provided that the U.S. , the UK , and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counter-proposal of November 26 ( November 27 in Japan ) ( the Hull note ) required Japan to evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . However the day before the Hull Note was delivered , on November 26 in Japan , the main Japanese attack fleet left port for Pearl Harbor . Military planning Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the `` Southern Resource Area '' ( the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally ) had begun very early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , then commanding Japan 's Combined Fleet . He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much contention with Naval Headquarters , including a threat to resign his command . Full - scale planning was underway by early spring 1941 , primarily by Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka , with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda and Yamamoto 's Deputy Chief of Staff , Captain Kameto Kuroshima . The planners studied the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively . Over the next several months , pilots were trained , equipment was adapted , and intelligence was collected . Despite these preparations , Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5 , after the third of four Imperial Conferences called to consider the matter . Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1 , after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the `` Hull Note '' would `` destroy the fruits of the China incident , endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea . '' By late 1941 , many observers believed that hostilities between the U.S. and Japan were imminent . A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52 % of Americans expected war with Japan , 27 % did not , and 21 % had no opinion . While U.S. Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions , U.S. officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target ; instead , they expected the Philippines would be attacked first . This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes , as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south . They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time . Objectives The Japanese attack had several major aims . First , it intended to destroy important American fleet units , thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference . Second , it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson - Walsh Act erased any chance of victory . Third , to deliver a blow to America 's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific , battleships were chosen as the main targets , since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time . Finally , it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale such that the U.S. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests , and would seek a compromise peace with Japan . Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor carried two distinct disadvantages : the targeted ships would be in very shallow water , so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them ; and most of the crews would survive the attack , since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor . A further important disadvantage -- this of timing , and known to the Japanese -- was the absence from Pearl Harbor of all three of the U.S. Pacific Fleet 's aircraft carriers ( Enterprise , Lexington , and Saratoga ) . IJN top command was so imbued with Admiral Mahan 's `` decisive battle '' doctrine -- especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships -- that , despite these concerns , Yamamoto decided to press ahead . Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war also meant other targets in the harbor , especially the navy yard , oil tank farms , and submarine base , were ignored , since -- by their thinking -- the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt . Approach and attack See also : Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor Route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back An Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter on the aircraft carrier Akagi On November 26 , 1941 , a Japanese task force ( the Striking Force ) of six aircraft carriers -- Akagi , Kaga , Sōryū , Hiryū , Shōkaku , and Zuikaku -- departed Hittokapu Bay on Kasatka ( now Iterup ) Island in the Kurile Islands , en route to a position northwest of Hawaii , intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor : 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol ( CAP ) , including nine fighters from the first wave . The first wave was to be the primary attack , while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second , with battleships as the third target . The first wave carried most of the weapons to attack capital ships , mainly specially adapted Type 91 aerial torpedoes which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water . The aircrews were ordered to select the highest value targets ( battleships and aircraft carriers ) or , if these were not present , any other high value ships ( cruisers and destroyers ) . First wave dive bombers were to attack ground targets . Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not get into the air to intercept the bombers , especially in the first wave . When the fighters ' fuel got low they were to refuel at the aircraft carriers and return to combat . Fighters were to serve CAP duties where needed , especially over U.S. airfields . Before the attack commenced , two reconnaissance aircraft launched from cruisers Chikuma and Tone were sent to scout over Oahu and Maui and report on U.S. fleet composition and location . Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the U.S. , and were not necessary . U.S. fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor was already known due to the reports of the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa . A report of the absence of the U.S. fleet in Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the fleet submarine I - 72 . Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force ( the Kidō Butai ) and Niihau , to detect any counterattack . Submarines Fleet submarines I - 16 , I - 18 , I - 20 , I - 22 , and I - 24 each embarked a Type A midget submarine for transport to the waters off Oahu . The five I - boats left Kure Naval District on November 25 , 1941 . On December 6 , they came to within 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) of the mouth of Pearl Harbor and launched their midget subs at about 01 : 00 on December 7 . At 03 : 42 Hawaiian Time , the minesweeper Condor spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer Ward . The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor . However , Ward sank another midget submarine at 06 : 37 in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater . A midget submarine on the north side of Ford Island missed the seaplane tender Curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer Monaghan with her other one before being sunk by Monaghan at 08 : 43 . A third midget submarine , Ha - 19 , grounded twice , once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu , where it was captured on December 8 . Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki swam ashore and was captured by Hawaii National Guard Corporal David Akui , becoming the first Japanese prisoner of war . A fourth had been damaged by a depth charge attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes . Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00 : 41 on December 8 claiming damage to one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor . In 1992 , 2000 , and 2001 , Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory 's submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor . The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus U.S. equipment was dumped after the war , including vehicles and landing craft . Both of its torpedoes were missing . This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser St. Louis at 10 : 04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor , and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer Helm at 08 : 21 . Japanese declaration of war See also : Japanese war crimes The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan , but this was not Admiral Yamamoto 's intention . He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end . However , the attack began before the notice could be delivered . Tokyo transmitted the 5000 - word notification ( commonly called the `` 14 - Part Message '' ) in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington . Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it on schedule ; in the event , it was not presented until more than an hour after the attack began . ( In fact , U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it . ) The final part is sometimes described as a declaration of war . While it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment , it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations . A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan 's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 , but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack . For decades , conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington . In 1999 , however , Takeo Iguchi , a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo , discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how , and indeed whether , to notify Washington of Japan 's intention to break off negotiations and start a war , including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying , `` ( O ) ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success . '' Of this , Iguchi said , `` The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war , or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed . '' In any event , even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14 - Part Message before the beginning of the attack , it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war . The final two paragraphs of the message read : Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese - American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost . The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it can not but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations . First wave composition The Japanese attacked in two waves . The first wave was detected by U.S. Army radar at 136 nautical miles ( 252 km ) , but was misidentified as USAAF bombers arriving from the American mainland Top : A. Ford Island NAS B. Hickam Field C. Bellows Field D. Wheeler Field E. Kaneohe NAS F. Ewa MCAS R - 1 . Opana Radar Station R - 2 . Kawailoa RS R - 3 . Kaaawa RS G. Haleiwa H. Kahuku I. Wahiawa J. Kaneohe K. Honolulu 0 . B - 17s from mainland 1 . First strike group 1 - 1 . Level bombers 1 -- 2 . Torpedo bombers 1 -- 3 . Dive bombers 2 . Second strike group 2 - 1 . Level bombers 2 - 1F . Fighters 2 - 2 . Dive bombers Bottom : A. Wake Island B. Midway Islands C. Johnston Island D. Hawaii D - 1 . Oahu 1 . USS Lexington 2 . USS Enterprise 3 . First Air Fleet < 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) 22 -- 23 feet ( 6.7 -- 7.0 m ) 29 feet ( 8.8 m ) 30 -- 32 feet ( 9.1 -- 9.8 m ) 33 -- 34 feet ( 10.1 -- 10.4 m ) 34 -- 35 feet ( 10.4 -- 10.7 m ) 36 -- 37 feet ( 11.0 -- 11.3 m ) 38 -- 39 feet ( 11.6 -- 11.9 m ) 40 -- 41 feet ( 12.2 -- 12.5 m ) 42 -- 48 feet ( 12.8 -- 14.6 m ) > 49 feet ( 14.9 m ) City Army base Navy base Attacked targets : 1 : USS California 2 : USS Maryland 3 : USS Oklahoma 4 : USS Tennessee 5 : USS West Virginia 6 : USS Arizona 7 : USS Nevada 8 : USS Pennsylvania 9 : Ford Island NAS 10 : Hickam field Ignored infrastructure targets : A : Oil storage tanks B : CINCPAC headquarters building C : Submarine base D: Navy Yard The first attack wave of 183 planes was launched north of Oahu , led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida . Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties . It included : 1st Group ( targets : battleships and aircraft carriers ) 49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs , organized in four sections ( 1 failed to launch ) 40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes , also in four sections 2nd Group -- ( targets : Ford Island and Wheeler Field ) 51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs ( 3 failed to launch ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 43 Mitsubishi A6M `` Zero '' fighters for air control and strafing ( 2 failed to launch ) As the first wave approached Oahu , it was detected by the U.S. Army SCR - 270 radar at Opana Point near the island 's northern tip . This post had been in training mode for months , but was not yet operational . The operators , Privates George Elliot Jr. and Joseph Lockard , reported a target . But Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler , a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center , presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six B - 17 bombers from California . The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close ( only a few degrees difference ) to the bombers , and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar , they neglected to tell Tyler of its size . Tyler , for security reasons , could not tell the operators of the six B - 17s that were due ( even though it was widely known ) . As the first wave planes approached Oahu , they encountered and shot down several U.S. aircraft . At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning . Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the attacking planes began bombing and strafing . Nevertheless , it is not clear any warnings would have had much effect even if they had been interpreted correctly and much more promptly . The results the Japanese achieved in the Philippines were essentially the same as at Pearl Harbor , though MacArthur had almost nine hours warning that the Japanese had already attacked Pearl Harbor . The air portion of the attack began at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 3 : 18 a.m. December 8 Japanese Standard Time , as kept by ships of the Kido Butai ) , with the attack on Kaneohe . A total of 353 Japanese planes in two waves reached Oahu . Slow , vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave , exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present ( the battleships ) , while dive bombers attacked U.S. air bases across Oahu , starting with Hickam Field , the largest , and Wheeler Field , the main U.S. Army Air Forces fighter base . The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces ' Bellows Field near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island , and Ford Island . The only aerial opposition came from a handful of P - 36 Hawks , P - 40 Warhawks , and some SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the carrier Enterprise . A destroyed Vindicator at Ewa field , the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor In the first wave attack , about eight of the forty - nine 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets . At least two of those bombs broke up on impact , another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck , and one was a dud . Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships , and four torpedoes hit other ships . Men aboard U.S. ships awoke to the sounds of alarms , bombs exploding , and gunfire , prompting bleary - eyed men to dress as they ran to General Quarters stations . ( The famous message , `` Air raid Pearl Harbor . This is not drill . '' , was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two , the first senior Hawaiian command to respond . ) The defenders were very unprepared . Ammunition lockers were locked , aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage , guns unmanned ( none of the Navy 's 5 `` / 38s , only a quarter of its machine guns , and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action ) . Despite this low alert status , many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack . Ensign Joe Taussig Jr. , aboard Nevada , commanded the ship 's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded , but continued to be on post . Lt. Commander F.J. Thomas commanded Nevada in the captain 's absence and got her under way until the ship was grounded at 9 : 10 a.m. One of the destroyers , Aylwin , got underway with only four officers aboard , all ensigns , none with more than a year 's sea duty ; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard . Captain Mervyn Bennion , commanding West Virginia , led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit Tennessee , moored alongside . Second wave composition The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes : 54 B5Ns , 81 D3As , and 36 A6Ms , commanded by Lieutenant - Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki . Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties . This wave and its targets comprised : 1st Group -- 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) and 132 lb ( 60 kg ) general - purpose bombs 27 B5Ns -- aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe , Ford Island , and Barbers Point 27 B5Ns -- hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field 2nd Group ( targets : aircraft carriers and cruisers ) 78 D3As armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs , in four sections ( 3 aborted ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 35 A6Ms for defense and strafing ( 1 aborted ) The second wave was divided into three groups . One was tasked to attack Kāne ʻohe , the rest Pearl Harbor proper . The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions . American casualties and damage Ninety minutes after it began , the attack was over . 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded ; 218 soldiers and airmen ( who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947 ) were killed and 364 wounded ; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded ; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded . In total , 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded . Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground , including five battleships . All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were non-combatants , given the fact there was no state of war when the attack occurred . USS Arizona during the attack USS Nevada , on fire and down at the bow , attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached Of the American fatalities , nearly half were due to the explosion of Arizona 's forward magazine after it was hit by a modified 16 - inch ( 410 mm ) shell . Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships , Nevada attempted to exit the harbor . She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from 250 lb ( 113 kg ) bombs , which started further fires . She was deliberately beached to avoid blocking the harbor entrance . USS West Virginia was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack California was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes . The crew might have kept her afloat , but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps . Burning oil from Arizona and West Virginia drifted down on her , and probably made the situation look worse than it was . The disarmed target ship Utah was holed twice by torpedoes . West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes , the seventh tearing away her rudder . Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes , the last two above her belt armor , which caused her to capsize . Maryland was hit by two of the converted 16 '' shells , but neither caused serious damage . Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships ( the largest vessels present ) , they did not ignore other targets . The light cruiser Helena was torpedoed , and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer Oglala . Two destroyers in dry dock , Cassin and Downes were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel bunkers . The leaking fuel caught fire ; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise , and both were burned out . Cassin slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against Downes . The light cruiser Raleigh was holed by a torpedo . The light cruiser Honolulu was damaged , but remained in service . The repair vessel Vestal , moored alongside Arizona , was heavily damaged and beached . The seaplane tender Curtiss was also damaged . The destroyer Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine . This message denotes the first U.S. ship , St. Louis to clear Pearl Harbor . ( National Archives and Records Administration ) ( Note that this is in answer to question `` Is channel clear ? '' and faint writing at bottom concerning the answer being held until St. Louis had successfully cleared . ) Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii , 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged , 155 of them on the ground . Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base . Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack : 1st Lt. Lewis M. Sanders , 2nd Lt. Philip M. Rasmussen , 2nd Lt. Kenneth M. Taylor , 2nd Lt. George S. Welch , 2nd Lt. Harry W. Brown , and 2nd Lt. Gordon H. Sterling Jr . Sterling was shot down by Lt. Fujita over Kaneohe Bay and is listed as Body Not Recovered ( not Missing In Action ) . Lt. John L. Dains was killed by friendly fire returning from a victory over Kaawa . Of 33 PBYs in Hawaii , 24 were destroyed , and six others damaged beyond repair . ( The three on patrol returned undamaged . ) Friendly fire brought down some U.S. planes on top of that , including five from an inbound flight from Enterprise . Japanese attacks on barracks killed additional personnel . At the time of the attack , nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor . Of these , three were shot down . Japanese losses Fifty - five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack , and one was captured . Of Japan 's 414 available planes , 29 were lost during the battle ( nine in the first attack wave , 20 in the second ) , with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground . Possible third wave Several Japanese junior officers including Fuchida and Genda urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor 's fuel and torpedo storage , maintenance , and dry dock facilities as possible . Genda , who had unsuccessfully advocated for invading Hawaii after the air attack , believed that without an invasion three strikes were necessary to disable the base as much as possible . The captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike . Military historians have suggested the destruction of these shore facilities would have hampered the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than the loss of its battleships . If they had been wiped out , `` serious ( American ) operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year '' ; according to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet , `` it would have prolonged the war another two years . '' Nagumo , however , decided to withdraw for several reasons : American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike , and two thirds of Japan 's losses were incurred during the second wave . Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike , he would be risking three quarters of the Combined Fleet 's strength to wipe out the remaining targets ( which included the facilities ) while suffering higher aircraft losses . The location of the American carriers remained unknown . In addition , the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land - based bombers . Nagumo was uncertain whether the U.S. had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers . A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time , and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night . At the time , only the Royal Navy had developed night carrier techniques , so this was a substantial risk . The task force 's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer , since he was at the very limit of logistical support . To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel , perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home . He believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission -- the neutralization of the Pacific Fleet -- and did not wish to risk further losses . Moreover , it was Japanese Navy practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy . At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning , Yamamoto supported Nagumo 's withdrawal without launching a third wave . In retrospect , sparing the vital dockyards , maintenance shops , and the oil tank farm meant the U.S. could respond relatively quickly to Japanese activities in the Pacific . Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo 's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike . Ships lost or damaged Seventeen ships were damaged or lost in the attack , of which fourteen were repaired and returned to service . Battleships Arizona ( RADM Kidd 's flagship of Battleship Division One ) : hit by four armor - piercing bombs , exploded ; total loss . 1,177 dead . Oklahoma : hit by five torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 429 dead . West Virginia : hit by two bombs , seven torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service July 1944 . 106 dead . California : hit by two bombs , two torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service January 1944 . 100 dead . Nevada : hit by six bombs , one torpedo , beached ; returned to service October 1942 . 60 dead . Pennsylvania ( ADM Kimmel 's flagship of the United States Pacific Fleet ) : in drydock with Cassin and Downes , hit by one bomb and debris from USS Cassin ; remained in service . 9 dead . Tennessee : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 5 dead . Maryland : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 4 dead ( including floatplane pilot shot down ) . Ex-battleship ( target / aa training ship ) Utah : hit by two torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 64 dead . Cruisers Helena : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service January 1942 . 20 dead . Raleigh : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service February 1942 . Honolulu : Near miss , light damage ; remained in service . Destroyers Cassin : in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania , hit by one bomb , burned ; returned to service February 1944 . Downes : in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania , caught fire from Cassin , burned ; returned to service November 1943 . Shaw : hit by three bombs ; returned to service June 1942 . Auxiliaries Oglala ( minelayer ) : Damaged by torpedo hit on Helena , capsized ; returned to service ( as engine - repair ship ) February 1944 . Vestal ( repair ship ) : hit by two bombs , blast and fire from Arizona , beached ; returned to service by August 1942 . Curtiss ( seaplane tender ) : hit by one bomb , one crashed Japanese aircraft ; returned to service January 1942 . 19 dead . Sotoyomo ( harbor tug ) : damaged by explosion and fires in Shaw ; sunk ; returned to service August 1942 . Salvage Captain Homer N. Wallin ( center ) supervises salvage operations aboard USS California , early 1942 After a systematic search for survivors , formal salvage operations began . Captain Homer N. Wallin , Material Officer for Commander , Battle Force , U.S. Pacific Fleet , was immediately ordered to lead salvage operations . `` Within a short time I was relieved of all other duties and ordered to full time work as Fleet Salvage Officer . '' Around Pearl Harbor , divers from the Navy ( shore and tenders ) , the Naval Shipyard , and civilian contractors ( Pacific Bridge and others ) began work on the ships that could be refloated . They patched holes , cleared debris , and pumped water out of ships . Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships . Within six months , five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair . Intensive salvage operations continued for another year , a total of some 20,000 man - hours under water . Oklahoma , while successfully raised , was never repaired , and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947 . Arizona and the target ship Utah were too heavily damaged for salvage , though much of their armament and equipment was removed and put to use aboard other vessels . Today , the two hulks remain where they were sunk , with Arizona becoming a war memorial . Aftermath Main article : Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing declaration of war against Imperial Japan on December 8 , 1941 In the wake of the attack , 15 Medals of Honor , 51 Navy Crosses , 53 Silver Stars , four Navy and Marine Corps Medals , one Distinguished Flying Cross , four Distinguished Service Crosses , one Distinguished Service Medal , and three Bronze Star Medals were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor . Additionally , a special military award , the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal , was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack . The day after the attack , Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress , calling for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan . Congress obliged his request less than an hour later . On December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the United States , even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it . Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day . The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did , partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya , Singapore and Hong Kong , and partially due to Winston Churchill 's promise to declare war `` within the hour '' of a Japanese attack on the United States . Pennsylvania , behind the wreckage of Downes and Cassin The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater . Further losses compounded the alarming setback . Japan attacked the Philippines hours later ( because of the time difference , it was December 8 in the Philippines ) . Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk off the coast of Malaya , causing British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later to recollect `` In all the war I never received a more direct shock . As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me . There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California . Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked '' . Remember December 7th ! propaganda issued in 1942 Throughout the war , Pearl Harbor was frequently used in American propaganda . One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath ( notably the Niihau incident ) was that Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby Japanese - American internment camps . Within hours of the attack , hundreds of Japanese American leaders were rounded up and brought to high - security camps such as Sand Island at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii . Eventually , more than 110,000 Japanese Americans , nearly all who lived on the West Coast , were forced into interior camps , but in Hawaii , where the 150,000 - plus Japanese Americans composed over one - third of the population , only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned . The attack also had international consequences . The Canadian province of British Columbia , bordering the Pacific Ocean , had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their Japanese Canadian descendants . Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack , leading to a reaction from the Government of Canada . On February 24 , 1942 , Order - in - Council P.C. no . 1486 was passed under the War Measures Act allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia , as well as the prohibiting from them returning to the province . On 4 March , regulations under the Act were adopted to evacuate Japanese - Canadians . As a result , 12,000 were interned in interior camps , 2,000 were sent to road camps and another 2,000 were forced to work in the prairies at sugar beet farms . Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi 's aircraft shown ten days after it crashed Niihau incident Main article : Niihau incident The Japanese planners had determined that some means was required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers . The island of Niihau , only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor , was designated as the rescue point . The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler , so he flew to the rescue point on Niihau . The aircraft was further damaged on landing . Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiians , who , aware of the tension between the United States and Japan , took the pilot 's maps and other documents . The island 's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor . Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese - American residents in an attempt to recover the documents . During the ensuing struggles , Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded ; one collaborator committed suicide , and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison . The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many , and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted . Strategic implications Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying , `` We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war . '' To a similar effect , see Isoroku Yamamoto 's alleged `` sleeping giant '' quote . While the attack accomplished its intended objective , it turned out to be largely unnecessary . Unbeknownst to Yamamoto , who conceived the original plan , the U.S. Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon ' charging ' across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war ( in keeping with the evolution of Plan Orange ) . The U.S. instead adopted `` Plan Dog '' in 1940 , which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia , while the U.S. concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany . Fortunately for the United States , the American aircraft carriers were untouched by the Japanese attack ; otherwise the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more ( given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet ) . As it was , the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to rely on its aircraft carriers and submarines -- the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance . While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service , their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment , and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles ( their only major action being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944 ) . A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships , in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . As a result , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoarded battleships for a `` decisive battle '' that never happened . The Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor 's navy repair yards , oil tank farms , submarine base , and old headquarters building . All of these targets were omitted from Genda 's list , yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war efforts in the Pacific . The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support to the U.S. Navy 's operations , such as the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway . It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy 's heavy ships and brought Japan 's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the transportation of oil and raw materials : by the end of 1942 , import of raw materials was cut to half of what it had been , `` to a disastrous ten million tons '' , while oil import `` was almost completely stopped '' . Lastly , the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the cryptanalytic unit which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force 's success . Retrospective debate on American intelligence Main article : Pearl Harbor advance - knowledge conspiracy theory Ever since the Japanese attack , there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware , and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics . Military officers including Gen. Billy Mitchell had pointed out the vulnerability of Pearl to air attack . At least two naval war games , one in 1932 and another in 1936 , proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack . Admiral James Richardson was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt 's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor . The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings has contributed to conspiracy theories . Several writers , including journalist Robert Stinnett and former United States Rear Admiral Robert Alfred Theobald , have argued that various parties high in the U.S. and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the U.S. into war via the so - called `` back door '' . However , this conspiracy theory is rejected by mainstream historians . In popular culture Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture See also Battle of Taranto Operation K Air warfare of World War II Attack on Howland Island List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor Nagai Kita Edwin T. Layton National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day Pearl Harbor Survivors Association Winds Code References Informational notes Jump up ^ USCGC Taney ( WHEC - 37 ) Jump up ^ Utah and Oglala Jump up ^ Unless otherwise stated , all vessels listed were salvageable . ^ Jump up to : In 1941 , Hawaii was a half - hour different from the majority of other time zones . See UTC − 10 : 30 . Jump up ^ USS Utah ( AG - 16 , formerly BB - 31 ) ; Utah was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier Enterprise which , returning with a task force , had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7 ; delayed by weather , the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day . Jump up ^ After it was announced in September iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited , Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8 , 1940 warning this might be considered an `` unfriendly act '' . Jump up ^ This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference ; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ `` The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto . There is , however , no doubt that they did know , as did the Japanese . Lt. Cdr . Takeshi Naito , the assistant naval attaché to Berlin , flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand , and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Cdr . Mitsuo Fuchida about his observations . Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7 , 1941 . '' Jump up ^ `` A torpedo bomber needed a long , level flight , and when released , its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull . Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet . But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier - based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto . They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal , so they would dive to only 35 feet , and they added a breakaway `` nosecone '' of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water . '' Jump up ^ She was located by a University of Hawaii research submersible on August 28 , 2002 in 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) of water , 6 nmi ( 11 km ) outside the harbor . Jump up ^ While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as Kyūgunshin ( `` The Nine War Heroes '' ) , the news of Sakamaki 's capture , which had been publicized in U.S. news broadcasts , was kept secret . Even after the war , however , he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life . Jump up ^ The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Planning and Execution . First wave : 189 planes , 50 Kates w / bombs , 40 Kates with torpedoes , 54 Vals , 45 Zekes Second wave : 171 planes , 54 Kates w / bombs , 81 Vals , 36 Zekes . The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours , with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks . Jump up ^ In the twenty - five sorties flown , USAF Historical Study No. 85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed : 1st Lt Lewis M. Sanders ( P - 36 ) and 2nd Lts Philip M Rasmussen ( P - 36 ) , Gordon H. Sterling Jr . ( P - 36 , killed in action ) , Harry W. Brown ( P - 36 ) , Kenneth M. Taylor ( P - 40 , 2 ) , and George S. Welch ( P - 40 , 4 ) . Three of the P - 36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval anti-aircraft fire . Jump up ^ Odd though it may sound , `` not '' is correct , in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice . This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate . Jump up ^ The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning , including the first of the attack by Tautog , and Dorie Miller 's Navy Cross-worthy effort . Miller was an African - American cook aboard West Virginia who took over an unattended anti-aircraft gun on which he had no training . He was the first African - American sailor to be awarded the Navy Cross . Jump up ^ The wreck has become a memorial to those lost that day , most of whom remain within the ship . She continues to leak small amounts of fuel oil , over 70 years after the attack . Jump up ^ USAAF pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons , 15th Pursuit Group , claim to have destroyed 10 . Jump up ^ In the event , loss of these might have been a net benefit to the U.S. Blair , passim . Jump up ^ Wallin had been assigned to go to Massawa in East Africa . The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships , which prevented British use of the port . Commander Edward Ellsberg was sent instead . Jump up ^ The pact had one of its objectives limiting U.S. intervention in conflicts involving the three nations . Liddell Hart , B.H. ( 1970 ) History of the Second World War London : Weidenfeld Nicolson . p. 206 Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germsny New York : Simon and Shuster . p. 873 Keegan , John ( 1990 ) The Second World War New York : Viking . p. 130 . ISBN 0670823597 Jump up ^ In less than eleven months , most of Japan 's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles . Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced . Jump up ^ Gordon Prange specifically addresses some revisionist works , including Charles A. Beard . President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941 ; William Henry Chamberlin , America 's Second Crusade ; John T. Flynn , The Roosevelt Myth ; George Morgenstern , Pearl Harbor ; Frederic R. Sanborn , Design for War ; Robert Alfred Theobald , The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ; Harry E. Barnes , ed. , Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace and The Court Historians versus Revisionism ; Husband E. Kimmel , Admiral Kimmel 's Story . '' Citations Jump up ^ `` Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor , 0800 7 December 1941 U.S. Navy Historical Center '' . History.navy.mil . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CinCP report of damage to ships in Pearl Harbor from ibiblio.org/hyperwar . Jump up ^ `` Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack , 7 December 1941 '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2009 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Casualty List '' . USSWestVirginia.org . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conn 2000 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Morison 2001 , pp. 101 , 120 , 250 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. , Goldstein , Donald , & Dillon , Katherine . The Pearl Harbor Papers ( Brassey 's , 2000 ) , p. 17ff ; Google Books entry on Prange et al . Jump up ^ For the Japanese designator of Oahu . Wilford , Timothy . `` Decoding Pearl Harbor '' , in The Northern Mariner , XII , # 1 ( January 2002 ) , p. 32fn81 . Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru , `` Hawaii Operation '' . United States Naval Institute , Proceedings , 81 ( December 1955 ) , pp. 1315 -- 1331 Jump up ^ Gill , G. Hermon ( 1957 ) . Royal Australian Navy 1939 -- 1942 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 2 -- Navy . 1 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . p. 485 . LCCN 58037940 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. December 7 , 1941 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Thomas 2007 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Facts '' . About . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States declares war '' . Abilene Reporter - News . December 8 , 1941 . p. 1 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) . `` How Pearl Harbor Shaped the Modern World '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Braumoeller , Bear F. ( 2010 ) `` The Myth of American Isolationism . '' Foreign Policy Analysis 6 : 349 -- 371 . ^ Jump up to : Yuma Totani ( April 1 , 2009 ) . The Tokyo War Crimes Trial : The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II . Harvard University Asia Center . p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen C. McCaffrey ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Understanding International Law . AuthorHouse . pp. 210 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Barnhart 1987 . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 . Transaction Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 96 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Toland , Japan 's War . Jump up ^ Harper , Tim ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Japan 's gigantic second world war gamble '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 Jump up ^ William Chalek ( 2002 ) , `` 8 . War Plan Orange '' , Guest of the Emperor , iUniverse , pp. 45 -- 52 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 23996 - 2 Jump up ^ Edward S. Miller ( 2007 ) , War Plan Orange : The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan , 1897 -- 1945 , Naval Institute Press , pp. 63 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 500 - 4 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 ; Coox , Kobun . Jump up ^ Chapter IV The Showdown With Japan August -- December 1941 Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare , 1941 -- 1942 Jump up ^ Chapter IV : The Fatal Turn Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ Review of the Diplomatic Conversations REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE PEARL HARBOR ATTACK ( 1946 ) ^ Jump up to : Chapter V : The Decision for War Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 2012 ) . Day of Infamy . Open Road Media . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 4532 - 3842 - 5 . Jump up ^ Borch & Martinez 2005 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Hellions of the Deep : The Development of American Torpedoes in World War II . By Robert Gannon , Published by Penn State Press , 1996 , p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01508 - X Jump up ^ Wetzler 1998 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 417 , citing the Sugiyama memo Jump up ^ The Canadian Institute of Public Opinion ( December 8 , 1941 ) . `` Gallup Poll Found 52 p.c. of Americans Expected War '' . Ottawa Citizen . p. 1 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Noted by Arthur MacArthur in the 1890s . Manchester , William . American Caesar Jump up ^ Peattie & Evans , Kaigun ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru . Shikan : Shinjuwan Kogeki ( Tokyo , 1955 ) , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Alan Zimm , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Kaigun ; Wilmott , Barrier and the Javelin ; Blair , Silent Victory ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Peattie 2001 p. 145 . Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , pp. 173 , 174 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Tony DiGiulian . `` Order of Battle -- Pearl Harbor -- December 7 , 1941 '' . Navweaps.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , A.J. , Lieutenant Commander , USN . `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , United States Naval Institute Proceedings , December 1974 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Stewart , p. 56 Jump up ^ Goldstein 2000 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Stewart , `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , p. 57 Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , p. 58 Jump up ^ `` Japanese Midget Submarine '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Stewart , Those Mysterious Midgets , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Ofstie , R.A. , Rear Admiral , USN . The Campaigns of the Pacific War ( United States Government Printing Office , 1946 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , pp. 330 -- 341 Jump up ^ Toland , Infamy Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , and Dillon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 424 and 475 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , and Dillon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 493 -- 494 Jump up ^ Declaration of War handout Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Howard W. French ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kawabata , Tai , `` Historian seeks to clear embassy of Pearl Harbor ' sneak attack ' infamy '' , Japan Times , December 10 , 2014 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Japanese ' Fourteen Part ' Message of December 7 , 1941 '' HyperWar Jump up ^ Shinsato , Douglas and Tadanori Urabe , For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , Chapters 19 and 20 , eXperience , inc. , Kamuela , Hawaii , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft Attack Organization '' . Ibiblio.org . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : NavSource 2003 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept . pages 730 -- 31 ' Short mishandled radar ... ' In his ( Short 's ) words ' ... more for training than any idea it would be real ' Jump up ^ Evans , Harold . The American Century London : Jonathan Cape , 1998 . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Prange 1988 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. , At Dawn We Slept , p. 500 - 501 . Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. The Battle Of Midway , ( Oxford University Press , 2011 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Hone , Thomas C. ( 1977 ) . `` The Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor '' . Proceedings . United States Naval Institute . 103 ( 12 ) : 56&57 . ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 293 Jump up ^ Bonner , Kermit . Final Voyages p. 105 Jump up ^ Aylwin , Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Watson ( December 1 , 2007 ) . Watson 's Really Big WWII Almanac , Volume 2 : July to December . Xlibris Corporation . p. 592 . Jump up ^ GPO 1946 , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Dennis W. Shepherd ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Returning Son : From Baghdad , Kentucky to Baghdad , Iraq ( and back ) . AuthorHouse . p. 57 . Jump up ^ USS Shaw ( DD - 373 ) Jump up ^ Dorr , Robert F. ; Fred L. Borch . `` Pyjama - clad pilot took on Japanese at Pearl Harbor '' . Army Times . United States Army . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : 7 December 1941 : The Air Force Story ( Chapter 4 ) '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Potter , Lt Col Joseph V. ( Winter 1982 ) . `` A Handful of Pilots '' ( PDF ) . JOURNAL . American Aviation Historical Society . pp. 282 -- 285 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofstie 1946 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Caravaggio , Angelo N. ( Winter 2014 ) . `` '' Winning '' the Pacific War `` . Naval War College Review . 67 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 118 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horn , Steve . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K and Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II ( Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2005 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 ; Blair , Silent Victory . Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money & Power , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 79932 - 0 p. 327 ^ Jump up to : Hoyt 2000 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Hoyt 2000 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Stephen , Martin ; Grove , Eric ( Ed ) ( 1988 ) , Sea Battles in Close - up : World War 2 , Volume 1 , Shepperton , Surrey : Ian Allan , pp. 34 -- 38 , ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1596 - 1 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Prange 1988 ^ Jump up to : Gailey 1997 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Courtney , Will Sabel ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` These 13 U.S. Navy Ships Rose from the Dead After Pearl Harbor '' . The Drive . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept page 49 Jump up ^ Wallin , Homer . Pearl Harbor : Why , How Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal . Naval History Division , 1968 Jump up ^ Commander Edward Ellsberg , O.B.E. Under the Red Sea Sun Dodd , Mead , and Co. , 1946 . Jump up ^ Raymer , E.C. Descent Into Darkness . Presidio Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Post-attack ship salvage 1942 -- 1944 '' . Geocities . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. At War , The Last Stage '' . Time . December 15 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ; Martin Gilbert ( 2001 ) , `` December 1941 '' , The Churchill War Papers : The Ever - Widening War , Volume 3 : 1941 , London , New York : W.W. Norton , pp. 1593 -- 1594 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 01959 - 4 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p. 257 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ `` World War II Internment in Hawai'i '' . Education through Cultural & Historical Organizations . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , E. ( 1995 ) . A Fence Away from Freedom : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Pearl Harbor Oahu website , retrieved on November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniels , R. ( 1972 ) . Concentration camps USA : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Office of the State Historian -- people '' . Jump up ^ Regulations made 4 March 1942 Jump up ^ War Measures Act Conference ( 1977 : McMaster University ) . ( 1978 ) . The Japanese Canadian experience : the October crisis ( proceedings ) . Wilfrid Laurier University Book Shelves : London , Ontario : P. Anas Pub . pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Douglas Shinsato , Translator / Publisher of For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , 2011 , pp. 293 -- 294 Jump up ^ Haufler , Herve . Codebreaker 's Victory : How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II ( New York : NAL , 2003 ) , quoted p. 127 . Jump up ^ Hakim 1995 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , War Plan Orange Jump up ^ `` Attack on Pearl Harbor Nihon Kaigun '' . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor vet remembers Dec. 7 , 1941 , sneak attack '' . The Kalona News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , p. 360 , 816 Jump up ^ Rehearsals for Pearl Harbor Jump up ^ Wallin , Vice Admiral , Homer N. ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' . Hyperwar . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Donald M. Goldstein ; Katherinve V. Dillon ( 1991 ) . Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140159097 . Jump up ^ Prados , John ( 1995 ) . Combined Fleet Decoded : The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 161 -- 177 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 431 - 8 . Jump up ^ Budiansky , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Battle of Wits : The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II . Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0743217347 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard W. `` New Light Shed on Churchill and Pearl Harbor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1991 ) . At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor . New York : Penguin Books . p. 867 . ISBN 9780140157345 . Bibliography Books Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) , Japan prepares for total war : the search for economic security , 1919 -- 1941 , Cornell University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1915 - 7 Bix , Herbert P. ( 2000 ) , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , Diane Pub Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7567 - 5780 - 9 Borch , Frederic L. ; Martinez , Daniel ( 2005 ) , Kimmel , Short , and Pearl Harbor : the final report revealed , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 090 - 0 Conn , Stetson ; Fairchild , Byron ; Engelman , Rose C. ( 2000 ) , `` 7 -- The Attack on Pearl Harbor '' , Guarding the United States and Its Outposts , Washington D.C. : Center of Military History United States Army Gailey , Harry A. ( 1997 ) , War in the Pacific : From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay , Presidio , ISBN 0 - 89141 - 616 - 1 Gilbert , Martin ( 2009 ) , The Second World War , Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2676 - 8 Goldstein , Donald M. ( 2000 ) , Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. , eds. , The Pearl Harbor papers : inside the Japanese plans , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 222 - 3 Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) , A History of US : Book 9 : War , Peace , and All that Jazz , Oxford University Press , U.S. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509514 - 2 Hixson , Walter L. ( 2003 ) , The American Experience in World War II : The United States and the road to war in Europe , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94029 - 0 Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2000 ) , Pearl Harbor , G.K. Hall , ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9303 - 5 Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2001 ) , History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The rising sun in the Pacific , 1931 -- April 1942 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06973 - 0 Ofstie , Ralph , A. , RADM USN , Naval Analysis Division , United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Pacific ) ( 1946 ) , The Campaigns of the Pacific War , United States Government Printing Office Peattie , Mark R. ; Evans , David C. ( 1997 ) , Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 0 - 87021 - 192 - 7 Peattie , Mark R. ( 2001 ) , Sunburst : The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power , 1909 -- 1941 , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 1 - 59114 - 664 - X Parillo , Mark ( 2006 ) , `` The United States in the Pacific '' , in Higham , Robin ; Harris , Stephen , Why Air Forces Fail : the Anatomy of Defeat , The University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2374 - 5 Prange , Gordon William ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1988 ) . December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050682 - 4 . Smith , Carl ( 1999 ) , Pearl Harbor 1941 : The Day of Infamy ; Osprey Campaign Series # 62 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 798 - 8 Stille , Mark E. ( 2011 ) , Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! : Pearl Harbor 1941 ; Osprey Raid Series # 26 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 509 - 0 Thomas , Evan ( 2007 ) , Sea of Thunder : Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941 -- 1945 , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5222 - 5 Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) , The barrier and the javelin : Japanese and Allied Pacific strategies , February to June 1942 , Naval Institute Press Zimm , Alan D. ( 2011 ) , Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions , Havertown , Pennsylvania : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 010 - 7 U.S. government documents `` Document text '' , U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor , United States National Archives , Modern Military Branch , 1942 , archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 , retrieved December 25 , 2007 `` Document text '' , Peace and War , United States Foreign Policy 1931 -- 1941 , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1943 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 `` Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack '' , Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1946 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 Magazine articles Rodgaard , John ; Peter Hsu ; Carroll Lucas & Captain Andrew Biach ( December 1999 ) , `` Pearl Harbor -- Attack from Below '' , Naval History , United States Naval Institute , 13 ( 6 ) , archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 ( requires subscription ) Wetzler , Peter ( 1998 ) , Hirohito and war : imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1925 - 5 Online sources Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7 , 1941 , NavSource Naval History , 2003 , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 USS Shaw , destroyerhistory.org , archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 , retrieved January 5 , 2017 Homer N. Wallin , `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' , Hyperwar , ibiblio.org , retrieved October 10 , 2011 Further reading Edwin T. Layton , Roger Pineau , and John Costello ( 1985 ) , And I Was There : Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets , New York : Morrow . Layton , Kimmel 's Combat Intelligence Officer , says that Douglas MacArthur was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of Purple intelligence . George Edward Morgenstern . Pearl Harbor : The Story of the Secret War . ( The Devin - Adair Company , 1947 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 299 - 05736 - 4 . Conspiracy theory . James Dorsey . `` Literary Tropes , Rhetorical Looping , and the Nine Gods of War : ' Fascist Proclivities ' Made Real , '' in The Culture of Japanese Fascism , ed. by Alan Tansman ( Durham & London : Duke UP , 2009 ) , pp. 409 -- 431 . A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor . McCollum memo A 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan , which might lead to war ( declassified in 1994 ) . Gordon W. Prange , At Dawn We Slept ( McGraw - Hill , 1981 ) , Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History ( McGraw - Hill , 1986 ) , and December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor ( McGraw - Hill , 1988 ) . This monumental trilogy , written with collaborators Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , is considered the authoritative work on the subject . Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : An Illustrated History ( NavPublishing , 2004 ) . Using maps , photos , unique illustrations , and an animated CD , this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War II . Walter Lord , Day of Infamy ( Henry Holt , 1957 ) is a very readable , and entirely anecdotal , re-telling of the day 's events . W.J. Holmes , Double - Edged Secrets : U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II ( Naval Institute , 1979 ) contains some important material , such as Holmes ' argument that , had the U.S. Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea , it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster . Michael V. Gannon , Pearl Harbor Betrayed ( Henry Holt , 2001 ) is a recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack . Frederick D. Parker , Pearl Harbor Revisited : United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924 -- 1941 ( Center for Cryptologic History , 1994 ) contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan 's communications prior to Pearl . Henry C. Clausen and Bruce Lee , Pearl Harbor : Final Judgment , ( HarperCollins , 2001 ) , an account of the secret `` Clausen Inquiry '' undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson . Robert A. Theobald , Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1954 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 5503 - 0 ISBN 0 - 317 - 65928 - 6 Foreword by Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey , Jr . Albert C. Wedemeyer , Wedemeyer Reports ! ( Henry Holt Co , 1958 ) ISBN 0 - 89275 - 011 - 1 ISBN 0 - 8159 - 7216 - 4 Hamilton Fish III , Tragic Deception : FDR and America 's Involvement in World War II ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 6917 - 1 John Toland , Infamy : Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath ( Berkley Reissue edition , 1986 ISBN 0 - 425 - 09040 - X ) . Mary Ellen Condon - Rall , `` The U.S. Army Medical Department and the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( The Journal of Medical History , January 1989 ) . PMID 11617401 . This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack , and the post-attack response by medical personnel . Robert Stinnett , Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor ( Free Press , 1999 ) A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0129 - 9 Edward L. Beach , Jr. , Scapegoats : A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor ISBN 1 - 55750 - 059 - 2 Andrew Krepinevich . `` Lighting the Path Ahead : Field Exercises and Transformation ( 186 KB ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ) contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack , as well as reference citations . Roberta Wohlstetter , Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision , ( Stanford University Press : 1962 ) . Regarded by many as the most important work in the attempt to understand the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor . Her introduction and analysis of the concept of `` noise '' persists in understanding intelligence failures . John Hughes - Wilson , Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover - Ups . Robinson , 1999 ( revised 2004 ) . Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures , and broader overview of what causes them . Douglas T. Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe , `` For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( eXperience : 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 Horn , Steve ( 2005 ) . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 388 - 8 . Seki , Eiji. ( 2006 ) . Mrs. Ferguson 's Tea - Set , Japan and the Second World War : The Global Consequences Following Germany 's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940 . London : Global Oriental . ISBN 1 - 905246 - 28 - 5 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 905246 - 28 - 1 ( cloth ) Published by BRILL / Global Oriental , 2006 . Previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy : A New Interpretation . Daniel Madsen , Resurrection - Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor . U.S. Naval Institute Press . 2003 . Highly readable and thoroughly researched account of the aftermath of the attack and the salvage efforts from December 8 , 1941 through early 1944 . Takeo , Iguchi , Demystifying Pearl Harbor : A New Perspective From Japan , I - House Press , 2010 , ASIN : B003RJ1AZA . Haynok , Robert J. ( 2009 ) . How the Japanese Did It . Naval History Magazine . 23 . United States Naval Institute . Melber , Takuma , Pearl Harbor . Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA . C.H. Beck , München 2016 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 69818 - 7 . A concise introduction with a good focus oo what came before the attack and on the Japanese perspective . Moorhead , John J. 1942 `` Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor '' , The Journal of the American Medical Association . An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Attack on Pearl Harbor '' dated 2006 - 01 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pearl Harbor attack . Library resources about Attack on Pearl Harbor Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Navy History Heritage Command Official Overview History.com Account With Video About Education Account `` Remembering Pearl Harbor : The USS Arizona Memorial '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Hawaii War Records Depository , Archives & Manuscripts Department , University of Hawaii at Manoa Library 7 December 1941 , The Air Force Story The `` Magic '' Background ( PDFs or readable online ) The Congressional investigation Accounts Guarding The United States And Its Outposts , in Guarding the United States and Its Outposts Official U.S. Army history of Pearl Harbor by the United States Army Center of Military History War comes to Hawaii Honolulu Star - Bulletin , Monday , September 13 , 1999 Media Video of first Newsreel from December 23 , 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor Bombing of Pearl Harbour -- 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor 1 , Nippon News , No. 82 . in the official website of NHK . Attack on Pearl Harbor 2 , Nippon News , No. 84 . in the official website of NHK . Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7 , 1941 Historical documents WW2DB : U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor Second World War -- USA Declaration of War on Japan . 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what kind of bomb did japan drop on pearl harbor
[ "\n1st Group (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers)[78]\n\n49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg (1760 lb) armor-piercing bombs, organized in four sections (1 failed to launch)\n40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections\n\n\n2nd Group – (targets: Ford Island and Wheeler Field)\n\n51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general-purpose bombs (3 failed to launch)\n\n\n3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)\n\n43 Mitsubishi A6M \"Zero\" fighters for air control and strafing[77] (2 failed to launch)\n\n\n", "\n1st Group (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers)[78]\n\n49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg (1760 lb) armor-piercing bombs, organized in four sections (1 failed to launch)\n40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections\n\n\n2nd Group – (targets: Ford Island and Wheeler Field)\n\n51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general-purpose bombs (3 failed to launch)\n\n\n3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)\n\n43 Mitsubishi A6M \"Zero\" fighters for air control and strafing[77] (2 failed to launch)\n\n\n", "\n1st Group (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers)[78]\n\n49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg (1760 lb) armor-piercing bombs, organized in four sections (1 failed to launch)\n40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections\n\n\n2nd Group – (targets: Ford Island and Wheeler Field)\n\n51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general-purpose bombs (3 failed to launch)\n\n\n3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)\n\n43 Mitsubishi A6M \"Zero\" fighters for air control and strafing[77] (2 failed to launch)\n\n\n" ]
[ "800 kg (1760 lb) armor-piercing bombs", "Type 91 torpedoes", "550 lb (249 kg) general-purpose bombs" ]
-2866522849330949731
America's Got Talent (season 11)
America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent Season 11 Broadcast from May 31 -- September 14 , 2016 Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Grace Vanderwaal Origin United States Genre ( s ) Singer Runner - up The Clairvoyants Chronology ◀ 2016 ▶ Season eleven of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on September 1 , 2015 . The season premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 31 , 2016 . Nick Cannon returned for his eighth and final season as host . Howie Mandel returned for his seventh season as a judge , while Mel B and Heidi Klum returned for their fourth season . Simon Cowell replaced Howard Stern as the fourth judge . The live shows began on July 26 , at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles instead of Radio City Music Hall in New York from previous years . Due to the 2016 Summer Olympics broadcast schedule on NBC , the show took a hiatus from August 9 -- 17 . Dunkin ' Donuts sponsored the show for a second season , and this season again featured the golden buzzer for each judge and Cannon . Four guest judges joined the panel for the judge 's cuts : George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne - Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . Each judge was given a golden buzzer . Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14 , 2016 , making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1 . Mentalist duo , The Clairvoyants , placed second , marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions . Magician Jon Dorenbos , an NFL long snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles , placed third . Contents 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Round 1 3.2 Round 2 3.3 Round 3 3.4 Round 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( July 26 -- 27 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 2 -- 3 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 23 -- 24 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( August 30 -- 31 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 6 -- 7 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 International broadcasts 11 References 12 External links Season changes ( edit ) Season 11 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Nick Cannon On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . This season will be the first time in the American version where the host , Nick Cannon , will also have the opportunity to use the golden buzzer . This is similar to the UK version of the series , Britain 's Got Talent , where together the co-hosts are also allowed to press the golden buzzer for an act . The position the judges sit at the judging table was flipped . From left to right ( as seen from the live audience 's perspective ) , the order is : Simon Cowell , Heidi Klum , Mel B and Howie Mandel . This is likely because of the fact that Simon , who joined this season , has always been on the farthest left ( from the live audience 's perspective ) whenever he 's on the judging panel . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The premiere aired on May 31 , 2016 . The season had preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York City , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants could also submit online auditions . Golden buzzer ( edit ) This season again featured the golden buzzer , which allowed each judge ( and host Nick Cannon ) to send an act straight to the live shows . Mel B was the first judge to press it , using it for 13 - year - old opera singer Laura Bretan , who performed `` Nessun dorma '' . Howie Mandel was second to use it , for 12 - year - old singer / songwriter / ukelele player Grace VanderWaal , after she performed an original song titled `` I Do n't Know My Name '' in the third episode of auditions , Heidi Klum used her golden buzzer for 20 - year - old singer / crooner Sal Valentinetti , who performed `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra . Simon Cowell used his golden buzzer for 16 - year - old Calysta Bevier , who performed `` Fight Song '' by Rachel Platten . All of the golden buzzers had been used for a singer until week 6 of auditions , when Cannon used his golden buzzer for Dorothy Williams , a 90 - year - old burlesque dancer . This was the first season in which Cannon was given a golden buzzer . This was the first time that an act who got a golden buzzer in the auditions round won a season . Judge Cuts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Judge Cuts began on Tuesday , July 12 , 2016 and ended on Wednesday , July 20 , 2016 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the one that received the guest judge 's golden buzzer . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were George Lopez , Reba McEntire , Ne - Yo , and Louis Tomlinson . This season , there were two Judge Cuts shows per week , on Tuesdays and Wednesdays . Consequently , the Judge Cuts ended in two weeks rather than the four weeks they have taken in earlier seasons . This change was made to avoid competition with NBC 's upcoming Olympic Games broadcast . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were selected to compete in the live shows : FLIP , Steven Brundage and Sila Sveta ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Wild Card Round 1 ( edit ) Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : July 12 , 2016 This was the first Judge Cuts not to feature any acts getting four red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Mel B Mandel Hara Illusionist Advanced Philippe and Marie - Lee Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Edgar Band Advanced Miniotics Dance Group Eliminated Jumpers in Command 5 Acrobatic Jump Rope Team Eliminated Christopher 6 Dancing Puppeteer Eliminated Brennley Brown 7 Singer Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez 8 Comedian Advanced John Ferraro 9 Danger Act Eliminated Jon Call 10 Strongman Eliminated Duo Guerrero 11 Tightrope Duo Eliminated Jon Dorenbos 12 Magician Advanced Immediately The Passing Zone 13 Juggling Duo Advanced Julian Davis and the Hayburners 14 Bluegrass Band Eliminated Raii and Whitney Smith 15 Singing Duo Eliminated Ronee Martin 16 Singer Advanced Cory Kahaney 17 Comedian Eliminated Axel Perez 18 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Rory Freeman 19 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Linkin ' Bridge 20 A Cappella Group Advanced ^ 1 Although Hara is a multimedia illusionist , his act he performed did not include any multimedia . Round 2 ( edit ) Guest judge : Reba McEntire Date : July 13 , 2016 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum McEntire Mel B Mandel Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer And Guitarist Advanced Vello Vaher Contortionist Advanced House of Lewis Hip Hop Band Eliminated Zach Sherwin Comedic Rapper Eliminated Skylar Katz 5 Rapper Eliminated Erik Cavanaugh 6 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Sofie Dossi 7 Contortionist Advanced Immediately Moya Angela 8 Singer Advanced Parker Garrison 9 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated Youngster 10 Dance Group Eliminated Cody Carter 11 Baton Twirler Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett 12 Illusionists Advanced Adam Grabowski 13 Comedian Eliminated Julia Scotti 14 Comedian Advanced OneVoice 15 Singing Group Eliminated RL Bell 16 Singer Eliminated Cecile and Mighty 17 Singing Illusionists Eliminated Steven Brundage 18 Rubik 's Cube Magician Wild Card Gary Sladek and Jim 19 Trampolinists style = `` text - align : center ; '' style = `` text - align : center ; '' style = `` text - align : center ; '' Eliminated Deadly Games 20 Extreme Knife Throwers Advanced Round 3 ( edit ) Guest judge : George Lopez Date : July 19 , 2016 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Lopez Mel B Mandel José and Carrie Dancing Dog Act Eliminated Daniel Joyner Singer Advanced Ilan & Josh Beatboxers Eliminated The Finest Family Dance Group Eliminated Blake Vogt 5 Magician Advanced Alla and Daniel 6 Ballroom Dancing Duo Advanced Charles & Rose 7 Singing Duo Eliminated Mason Bumba 8 Martial Artist Eliminated Tape Face 9 Mime Advanced Good Girl 10 R&B Vocal Group Eliminated Dominique Dy 11 Singer And Pianist Eliminated Madison Watkins 12 Singer Eliminated Charlie Plaças 13 Aerialist Eliminated Malevo 14 Malambo Group Advanced Immediately Ian Stewart 15 Crossbow Act Eliminated Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 16 Sideshow Act Advanced Al Ducharme 17 Comedian Eliminated Ryan Beard 18 Comedic Singer Eliminated Sam Morril 19 Comedian Eliminated Brian Justin Crum 20 Singer Advanced Round 4 ( edit ) Guest judge : Louis Tomlinson Date : July 20 , 2016 This was the only episode of Judge Cuts this season in which acts received four red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Tomlinson Mel B Mandel ThroWings Extreme Acrobats Advanced Campbell Walker Fields Singer And Pianist Eliminated FLIP Dance Group Wild Card Shane and Shannon Jessen Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Outlawz 5 Dance Group Advanced Ary Hill 6 Singer Eliminated Avonlea Martin 7 Singer Eliminated Jayna Brown 8 Singer Advanced Immediately John Hetlinger 9 Rock Singer Eliminated Nathan Bockstahler 10 Comedian Eliminated Viktor Kee 11 Juggler Advanced Sos and Victoria 12 Quick Change Duo Advanced Jon Bernhardt 13 Musician Eliminated Immediately Jonathan Nosan 14 Contortionist Eliminated The Amazing Armando 15 Magician Eliminated Immediately Musicality 16 A Cappella Group Advanced Oksana Grishina 17 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated The Baron of the Universe 18 Strongman Eliminated D.J. Demers 19 Comedian Eliminated The Clairvoyants 20 Mentalists Advanced Note ^ 1 Because Mel B was on stage during Armando 's act , Tomlinson pressed her buzzer . Quarterfinals ( edit ) The live quarterfinals were held at the Dolby Theatre , starting on July 26 , 2016 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 acts passed through during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week . Seven acts made it through to the semi-finals , while five were eliminated . Outlawz , ThroWings , Vello Vaher , and Alla and Daniel received an `` X '' in the live shows . Key Buzzed Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( July 26 -- 27 ) ( edit ) Guests : Mat Franco , Paul Zerdin Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Jayna Brown Singer Advanced Hara Multimedia Illusionist Eliminated Outlawz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Musicality A Capella Group Advanced Lori Mae Hernandez 5 Comedian Dunkin ' Save Deadly Games 6 Extreme Knife Throwers Judges ' Choice Jon Dorenbos 7 Magician Advanced Daniel Joyner 8 Singer Eliminated Tape Face 9 Mime Advanced Dorothy Williams 10 Burlesque Dancer Eliminated Sila Sveta 11 Videomapping Dance Duo Eliminated Laura Bretan 12 Opera Singer Advanced ^ 1 After Mandel 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Deadly Games was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Hara , and advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 In the middle of the Dunkin ' Save vote during the results show , Deadly Games 's picture was portrayed as Daniel Joyner , bringing Deadly Games 's voting percentage to 0 % . It was later fixed . Week 2 ( August 2 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Guests : Fitz and The Tantrums featuring Team iLuminate Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel FLIP Dance Group Eliminated Moya Angela Singer Eliminated Viktor Kee Juggler Advanced Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer And Guitarist Judges ' Choice Ryan Stock and AmberLynn 5 Sideshow Act Eliminated Calysta Bevier 6 Singer Advanced Sofie Dossi 7 Contortionist Advanced The Clairvoyants 8 Mentalists Advanced Sal Valentinetti 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save ThroWings 10 Extreme Acrobats Eliminated Steven Brundage 11 Rubik 's Cube Magician Advanced Sos and Victoria 12 Quick Change Duo Eliminated ^ 1 After Cowell 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Kadie Lynn Roberson was announced to have received more of America 's vote than ThroWings , and advanced to the semifinals . ^ 2 AmberLynn accidentally shot Ryan in the chest , but he was declared okay . ^ 3 Cowell pressed his buzzer after his comments on ThroWings . He later stated that he pressed the buzzer after the performance due to safety reasons . However , he did apologize for his actions publicly during the results . Week 3 ( August 23 -- 24 ) ( edit ) Guests : Recycled Percussion , Michael Phelps Act Order Act Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Vello Vaher Contortionist Eliminated Ronee Martin Singer Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett Illusionists Advanced Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group Judges ' Choice Alla and Daniel 5 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Blake Vogt 6 Magician Advanced Edgar 7 Family Band Advanced Julia Scotti 8 Comedian Eliminated Brian Justin Crum 9 Singer Advanced Malevo 10 Malambo Group Dunkin ' Save The Passing Zone 11 Juggling Duo Wild Card Grace VanderWaal 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player Advanced Semifinals ( edit ) The live semifinals started on August 30 , 2016 . They feature the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts will perform . Five will go through , while six will be eliminated . No acts got buzzed . Key Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( August 30 -- 31 ) ( edit ) Guests : The Illusionists Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Sal Valentinetti Singer , performed `` That 's Life '' by Frank Sinatra . Advanced Blake Vogt Magician , performed a trick in which he tore off a piece of a card that Simon chose , and made it reappear in the empty card box . Vogt then got on a scissor lift and covered himself with a large cloth , only to disappear upon dropping the cloth and reappearing on one of the theater 's balconies . Eliminated Edgar Family Band , performed `` Bless the Broken Road '' by Rascal Flatts . Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez Comedian , performed a routine in which she joked about the U.S Olympic team , her barbie doll collection , and Nick and the judges . Eliminated Musicality 5 Capella Group , performed `` Born This Way '' by Lady Gaga . Eliminated Deadly Games 6 Extreme Knife Throwers , performed a routine consisting of Alfredo using a whip to cut a rose off of a stem in Anna 's mouth , throwing knives at Anna while she was obscured by a long white canvas , and shooting a crossbow at her whilst holding balloons with her mouth / hands . Eliminated Tape Face 7 Mime , performed a routine in which he brought an audience member to the stage to `` duel '' with him using staple guns and balloons under both men 's armpits and between their legs . Dunkin ' Save Jon Dorenbos 8 Magician , performed a trick in which he made the judges throw a football at a U.S. map , then proceeded to reveal 4 quarters in a locked chest that represented the states the judges threw their footballs at . Dorenbos also revealed a hidden map to the judges that predicted the locations of the judges ' throws . Advanced Grace VanderWaal 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player , performed her original song , `` Light the Sky '' . Advanced Malevo 10 Malambo Group , performed an Argentine folk dance routine with elements such as water and percussion incorporated . Eliminated Laura Bretan 11 Opera Singer , performed Andrew Lloyd Webber 's `` Pie Jesu '' . Judges ' Choice Week 2 ( September 6 -- 7 ) ( edit ) Guests : Andra Day , Blue Journey Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Jayna Brown Singer , performed `` Rise '' by Katy Perry . Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett Illusionists , performed a trick in which they made all of their classmates appear out of a cardboard schoolhouse . Eliminated Kadie Lynn Roberson Singer , performed `` I Hope You Dance '' by Lee Ann Womack . Eliminated Viktor Kee Juggler , performed a routine consisting of emerging out of a treasure chest , levitating a ball , and then juggling four balls in a variety of ways . Judges ' Choice Linkin ' Bridge 5 A Cappella Group , performed `` 7 Years '' by Lukas Graham . Advanced The Passing Zone 6 Juggling Duo , performed a routine in which they juggled flaming torches around Cowell . Eliminated Calysta Bevier 7 Singer , performed `` Human '' by Christina Perri . Eliminated Steven Brundage 8 Rubik 's Cube Magician , performed a routine in which he asked Cannon to choose a card with a celebrity 's name on it while the judges were mixing Rubik 's cubes , followed by asking Cannon to place the mixed cubes on a board , followed by revealing the chosen celebrity on the board . Eliminated Sofie Dossi 9 Contortionist , performed a routine in which she balanced and rotated on a platform using her hands while contorting her body , followed by a performance on a suspended hoop . Dunkin ' Save The Clairvoyants 10 Mentalists , performed a routine in which they asked for Mandel to ask Cowell a question , asked Mel B for an influence , asked Klum to name a kiss location , named the time on a clock correctly , and correctly named what the judges wrote . Advanced Brian Justin Crum 11 Singer , performed `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' by Tears for Fears . Advanced ^ 1 After Mandel 's vote tied the Judges ' Choice , Viktor Kee was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Steven Brundage , and advanced to the finals . Finals ( edit ) The performances took place on September 13 , 2016 , where 10 acts performed . Every performance received a standing ovation from every judge . No acts were buzzed . The season finale took place on September 14 , 2016 . During the finale results , the top 5 acts were revealed first ; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place . Grace VanderWaal was announced the winner at the end of the finale . She won the million - dollar prize and was set to headline at the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on October 27 - 30 , 2016 . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Guests : Pitbull , LunchMoney Lewis , Paula Abdul , Stevie Nicks , Il Volo Act Order Performance description Ranking Sal Valentinetti Singer , performed `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin . Advanced Sofie Dossi Contortionist , performed a compilation act , including a fast back - flip sequence and an aerial ring routine . Top 10 Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group , performed `` See You Again '' by Charlie Puth . Top 10 Laura Bretan Opera Singer , performed `` O mio babbino caro '' , by Giacomo Puccini . Top 10 The Clairvoyants 5 Mentalists , performed an act where they compiled their previous performances together , naming a man 's birthday from the crowd , naming the expiration date and the last four numbers of Simon 's credit card while Amelie was submerged underwater , and naming the Howie - flavored jelly bean that Mel B described inside of a pendant . Advanced Brian Justin Crum 6 Singer , Performed `` Man in the Mirror '' by Michael Jackson . Advanced Tape Face 7 Mime , performed an act with horse puppets to the tune of `` William Tell Overture '' , featuring Mel B with a toilet seat around her neck as he fired a plunger at the toilet seat in a parody of the William Tell legend . Top 10 Viktor Kee 8 Juggler , performed with several different juggling methods , including one with a flaming ball . Top 10 Jon Dorenbos 9 Magician , told an inspirational story while manipulating cards the judges signed . Advanced Grace VanderWaal 10 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player , sang an original song called `` Clay '' with an anti-bullying message . Advanced Finale ( edit ) The following chart describes the performances each act did that was televised for the finale . Act ( s ) Performance Description Valentinetti Singer ; Guest Performers : Jersey Boys . Sang `` Oh What a Night '' together . Dossi , Bretan & Kee Contortionist , Opera Singer and Juggler ; Guest Performers : Il Volo . Bretan and II Volo sang a duet of `` Nessun dorma '' , while Dossi swung from a hoop in the air and Kee juggled balls . Linkin ' Bridge A Cappella Group ; Guest Performers : Silhouettes . Sang `` 7 Years '' with Silhouettes shadow dancing in the background . The Clairvoyants & Dorenbos Mentalists ; Guest Performer : Paula Abdul . Thommy handed Heidi a book of celebrities . She called `` stop '' on a photo of Abdul , who joined them on stage carrying a box . A lottery followed ; each judge picked a random number between 1 and 50 . They opened a box that contained a lottery ticket with the numbers each judge chose . They handed Abdul an envelope , and Dorenbos asked Abdul to pick a card from a giant deck of cards . He had her tear the card into four pieces , three of which he put into a paper bag . He made them disappear , and they reappeared in the envelope reassembled . The remaining corner was a perfect match . Crum Singer . Instead of a Guest performer , Crum sang `` Creep '' by Radiohead . Tape Face Mime ; Guest Performers : Jon Dorenbos , Brian Justin Crum , Viktor Kee & Shon China Lacy . Tape Face got them all to sway to `` Lean on Me '' by Bill Withers . Then he sat them in four chairs , with their backs all facing the same direction . He laid them down so that they were leaning on each other and pulled out the chairs , one by one , so that they were , themselves , the chairs . He sat down , read some papers and snapped a selfie , and they were stuck that way until he slid the chairs back so they could de-tangle . VanderWaal Singer - Songwriter / Ukulele Player . Instead of a guest performer , VanderWaal again sang `` I Do n't Know my Name '' . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Grace VanderWaal Winner The Clairvoyants Runner - Up Jon Dorenbos 3rd place Brian Justin Crum 4th place Sal Valentinetti 5th place Top 36 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Grace VanderWaal 12 Singing Singer / Ukuleleist Suffern , New York Winner The Clairvoyants 28 & 29 Magic Mentalist Duo Vienna , Austria Runner - up Jon Dorenbos 35 Magic Magician Philadelphia 3rd Place Brian Justin Crum 28 Singing Singer San Diego , California 4th Place Sal Valentinetti 21 Singing Jazz Singer Bethpage , New York 5th Place Laura Bretan 14 Singing Opera Singer Chicago Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Tape Face 37 Comedy Mime Canterbury , New Zealand Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Sofie Dossi 15 Gymnastics Contortionist / Aerialist Cypress , California Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Linkin ' Bridge 36 -- 41 Singing Vocal Group Louisville , Kentucky Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Viktor Kee 45 Juggling Juggler Priluki , Ukraine Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Steven Brundage 25 Magic Rubik 's Cube Magician Saratoga Springs , New York Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Edgar 15 -- 36 Singing Family Band Toluca Lake , California Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Blake Vogt 27 Magic Magician Lebanon , Indiana Eliminated Calysta Bevier 16 Singing Singer Grand Rapids , Ohio Eliminated Deadly Games 32 & 34 Danger Extreme Knife Throwers Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Jayna Brown 14 Singing Singer Baltimore , Maryland Eliminated Kadan Bart Rockett 10 Magic Illusionists Hollywood , California Eliminated Kadie Lynn Roberson 12 Singing Singer And Guitarist Kemp , Texas Eliminated Lori Mae Hernandez 13 Comedy Comedian Lancaster , California Eliminated Malevo 17 -- 42 Dance Malambo Group Buenos Aires , Argentina Eliminated Musicality 15 -- 18 Singing Vocal Group Chicago Eliminated The Passing Zone 49 Juggling Juggling Duo Hermosa Beach , California Eliminated Hara 25 Magic Magician Japan N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) ThroWings 25 & 29 Acrobatics Acrobat Duo Boston , Massachusetts N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Ronee Martin 62 Singing Singer Columbia , Virginia N / A Eliminated ( lost judges ' vote ) Alla & Daniel 8 & 32 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Upland , California N / A Eliminated Daniel Joyner 17 Singing Singer Alamo , Tennessee N / A Eliminated Dorothy Williams 90 Dance Burlesque Dancer Hilo , Hawaii N / A Eliminated FLIP 14 -- 17 Dance Dance Group Lévis , Canada N / A Eliminated Julia Scotti 63 Comedy Comedienne Whiting , New Jersey N / A Eliminated Moya Angela 32 Singing Singer Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Outlawz 17 -- 20 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Gilbert , Arizona N / A Eliminated Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 34 Danger Sideshow Duo Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Sila Sveta 20 -- 35 Dance Videomapping Dance Duo Los Angeles N / A Eliminated Sos & Victoria 37 & 44 Magic Quick Change Duo Mannheim , Germany N / A Eliminated Vello Vaher 52 Gymnastics Acrobat / Contortionist Tallinn , Estonia N / A Eliminated Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank Auditions Week 1 ( Premiere ) May 31 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 11.67 Auditions Week 2 June 7 , 2016 2.3 8 10.79 Auditions Week 3 June 14 , 2016 2.6 10 11.54 5 Auditions Week 4 June 21 , 2016 2.3 9 11.73 5 Auditions Week 5 June 28 , 2016 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.21 6 Auditions Week 6 July 5 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 10 12.81 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 12 , 2016 2.4 9 11.54 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 13 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.85 9 Judge Cuts 3 July 19 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.10 10 Judge Cuts 4 July 20 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.78 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) July 26 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.47 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) July 27 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 8 9.52 3 ( tie ) 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 2 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.57 4 ( tie ) 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 3 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 7 9.39 1 ( tie ) 8 ( tie ) 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 23 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.26 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 24 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 10.67 1 ( tie ) 2 ( tie ) 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 30 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.28 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 31 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.0 8 10.50 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 6 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.96 6 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 7 , 2016 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.0 7 10.61 9 21 Finals ( Performances ) September 13 , 2016 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 10 13.97 4 ( tie ) 22 Finale September 14 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.8 10 14.41 4 ( tie ) Specials ( edit ) Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank S1 Best of Season 11 Auditions July 6 , 2016 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 7 8.48 5 S2 Quarterfinals Week 3 Recap August 24 , 2016 1.4 6 7.26 13 ( tie ) S3 Semifinals Week 1 Recap August 31 , 2016 7 6.46 16 S4 Holiday Spectacular December 19 , 2016 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 6 9.54 5 ( tie ) Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows ( edit ) The Passing Zone competed in season 1 and finished in the final . Dan Meyer competed in season 3 , but was cut in Vegas . Russian Bar Trio competed in season 3 , but had to withdraw due to injury . Donald Braswell took their place . Diane Barnard competed in season 9 , and was eliminated during auditions in both seasons . Sal Valentinetti appeared on season 14 of American Idol and was cut during Hollywood Week . Cory Kahaney competed in season 1 of Last Comic Standing and finished in the final . She also appeared in season 4 of Food Network Star and was eliminated first . Steven Brundage and Blake Vogt participated on the second season of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , where Brundage successfully fooled Penn & Teller . Pato & Ginger participated on the first season of México Tiene Talento , where they finished runners - up . José and Carrie participated on the ninth season of La France a un incroyable talent and finished as a semifinalist . Laura Bretan won the sixth season of Românii au talent . Will Jay , a contestant who was eliminated in auditions , competed in the fourth season of The Voice of China and was eliminated in the Knockouts . Brennley Brown appeared on Season 12 of The Voice and finished in the Top 6 . International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season of the show has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Judge ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AGT 2016 Vote is now closed ! Please come back Tuesday , July 26 , to cast your first vote . ' '' . Jump up ^ `` AGT '' . NBC . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Kaur , Jaskiran ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) Season 11 ( 2016 ) Winner revealed : Things to know about Grace VanderWaal '' . Yibada ( English ed . ) . New York City . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Eichel , Molly ; Rowan , Tommy ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Dorenbos takes 3rd , Grace VanderWaal wins America 's Got Talent '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cannon , Nick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` I FINALLY GET A GOLDEN BUZZER ! ! ! # AGTPremiere '' . Twitter . Twitter . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . Jump up ^ Justin Harp ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 - 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Got Talent : Laura Bretan Stuns Judges with Opera Singing '' . People.com . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Got Talent crowns Grace VanderWaal as winner '' . CNN . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' lead the week of May 30 - June 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals down but still dominant in week of June 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Maya & Marty ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NBA Finals rule the week of June 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Maya & Marty , ' ' To Tell the Truth ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' leads the week of June 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Zoo ' premiere adjusts down to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Bachelorette ' top the week of June 27 - July 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up to season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent , ' Olympic trials put NBC on top for July 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and MLB All - Star Game adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' wins the week of July 11 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ESPYs , ' Big Brother ' and ' AGT ' adjust up ; ' The Night Shift , ' ' Wayward Pines ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Hotel Hell ' adjust up , final RNC numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' finishes 1 - 2 for July 18 -- 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' AGT ' and ' Bachelorette ' adjust up , ' Zoo , ' ' Coupled ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' remains No. 1 for July 25 -- 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Night Shift ' and ' American Gothic ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Whose Line ' and ' MADtv ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Combined broadcast / cable weekly rankings , Aug. 1 - 7 : Olympics mean smaller cable presence '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : CMA Festival , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Night Shift ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Better Late Than Never , ' everything else unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to a win '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : College football , ' America 's Got Talent ' top the week of Aug. 29 - September 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Night Shift ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : NFL rules the week of Sept. 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Presidential forum , ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' Big Brother ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : Football , finales and Emmys , oh my '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . ( tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/great-christmas-light-fight-finale-adjusts-down-monday-final-ratings/ `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 28 , 2016 ) . ( tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/weekly-ratings/week-14-broadcast-top-25-and-network-rankings-dec-19-25-2016/ `` NFL and NBC dominate the week 14 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 10 ( 2015 ) America 's Got Talent Season 11 ( 2016 ) Succeeded by Season 12 ( 2017 ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Annaliese Nock Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Zurcaroh Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_11)&oldid=854548006 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2016 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 04 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who will be the judges on america's got talent 2016
[ "America's Got TalentSeason 11Broadcast from\nMay 31 – September 14, 2016Judges\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\nHost(s)\nNick CannonBroadcaster\nNBCWinner\nGrace Vanderwaal\n\nOrigin\n United StatesGenre(s)\nSinger\nRunner-up\nThe ClairvoyantsChronology\n◀\n2016\n▶\n", "America's Got TalentSeason 11Broadcast from\nMay 31 – September 14, 2016Judges\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\nHost(s)\nNick CannonBroadcaster\nNBCWinner\nGrace Vanderwaal\n\nOrigin\n United StatesGenre(s)\nSinger\nRunner-up\nThe ClairvoyantsChronology\n◀\n2016\n▶\n", "America's Got TalentSeason 11Broadcast from\nMay 31 – September 14, 2016Judges\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\nHost(s)\nNick CannonBroadcaster\nNBCWinner\nGrace Vanderwaal\n\nOrigin\n United StatesGenre(s)\nSinger\nRunner-up\nThe ClairvoyantsChronology\n◀\n2016\n▶\n", "America's Got TalentSeason 11Broadcast from\nMay 31 – September 14, 2016Judges\n\nHowie Mandel\nMel B\nHeidi Klum\nSimon Cowell\nHost(s)\nNick CannonBroadcaster\nNBCWinner\nGrace Vanderwaal\n\nOrigin\n United StatesGenre(s)\nSinger\nRunner-up\nThe ClairvoyantsChronology\n◀\n2016\n▶\n" ]
[ "Howie Mandel", "Mel B", "Heidi Klum", "Simon Cowell" ]
-8381797017299351291
Basketball court
Basketball court - wikipedia Basketball court Jump to : navigation , search `` Basketball Arena '' redirects here . For the arena in London , see Basketball Arena ( London ) . The home court of the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association In basketball , the basketball court is the playing surface , consisting of a rectangular floor with baskets at either end . In professional or organized basketball , especially when played indoors , it is usually made out of a wood , often maple , and highly polished . Outdoor surfaces are generally made from standard paving materials such as concrete or asphalt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dimensions 1.1 Diagrams 1.2 Table 2 Sections 2.1 Center circle 2.2 Three - point line 2.3 Perimeter 2.4 Low post area 2.5 Key 2.6 Other lines 2.7 FIBA changes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Dimensions ( edit ) Basketball courts come in different sizes . In the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the court is 94 by 50 feet ( 28.7 by 15.2 m ) . Under International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) rules , the court is minutely smaller , measuring exactly 28 by 15 metres ( 91.9 by 49.2 ft ) . In amateur basketball , court sizes vary widely . The baskets are always 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the floor ( except possibly in youth competition ) . Basketball courts have a three - point arc at both baskets . A basket made from behind this arc is worth three points ; a basket made from within this line , or with a player 's foot touching the line , is worth 2 points . The free - throw line , where one stands while taking a foul shot , is located within the three - point arc at 15 feet from the basket . A foul shot is worth 1 point , but if a shot is made from the foul line while in play it is still worth 2 points . Diagrams ( edit ) Composite diagram of a basketball court with FIBA ( top half only ) , NBA ( both halves ) , and NCAA ( men 's & women 's -- bottom half only ) markings The backboard and basket Table ( edit ) Area NBA FIBA WNBA NCAA Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Court length 94 ft 28.65 m 91.86 ft 28 m Same as NBA Court width 50 ft 15.24 m 49.21 ft 15 m Same as NBA Rim height 10 ft 3.05 m Same as NBA Restricted arc radius 4 ft 1.22 m 4.10 ft 1.25 m Same as NBA 3 ft 0.91 m Center circle diameter 12 ft 3.66 m 11.81 ft 3.6 m Same as NBA 3 - point line distance from the basket 23.75 ft 22 ft in corner * 7.24 m 6.70 m in corner * 22.15 ft 21.65 ft in corner † 6.75 m 6.60 m in corner † Same as FIBA 20.75 ft 6.32 m Key ( shaded lane or restricted area ) width 16 ft 4.88 m 16.08 ft 4.9 m Same as NBA 12 ft 3.66 m Free - throw line distance from point on the floor directly below the backboard 15 ft 4.57 m 15.09 ft 4.6 m Same as NBA * The NBA three - point line is 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 23.75 ft ( 7.24 m ) arc . The 22 ft ( 6.70 m ) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket . † The FIBA three - point line is 2.95 ft ( 0.90 m ) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 22.1 ft ( 6.75 m ) arc . The 21.65 ft ( 6.60 m ) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket . Sections ( edit ) Center circle ( edit ) The only two players permitted to enter this area prior to the tipoff are the players contesting the jump ball ( usually but not always centers ) . Both players jump when the referee throws the ball in the air , each attempting to tap the ball into the hands of a player of their own team . Three - point line ( edit ) The three - point line is the line that separates the two - point area from the three - point area ; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points . If the shooting player steps on the line , it is counted as two points . Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three - point line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in , and one if it does . The distance to the three - point line from the center of the basket varies depending on the level or league , and has changed several times . These are the current distances , with the league or level using each distance : 19.75 ft ( 6.02 m ) : High School 20.75 ft ( 6.32 m ) : NCAA 21.65 ft ( 6.60 m ) to 22.15 ft ( 6.75 m ) : WNBA and FIBA 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) to 23.75 ft ( 7.24 m ) : NBA The NBA adopted the three - point line at the start of the 1979 -- 80 season . This is of variable distance , ranging from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) in the corners to 23.75 feet ( 7.24 m ) behind the top of the key . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) around the basket . It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996 -- 97 season . FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three - point line in 1985 . In most high school associations in the United States , the distance is 19.75 feet . This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well . On May 26 , 2007 , the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three - point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men . This rule went into effect for the 2008 -- 2009 season . The three - point line for women ( NCAA ) moved back one foot to 20.75 feet at the start of the 2011 -- 2012 season . The international distance , used in most countries outside the United States and in FIBA and WNBA competition , is currently 6.6 m ( 21.65 ft ) to 6.75 m ( 22.15 ft ) . Perimeter ( edit ) The perimeter is defined as the areas outside the free throw lane and inside the three - point line . Shots converted ( successfully made ) from this area are called `` perimeter shots '' or `` medium - range shots . '' If a player 's foot is on the three - point line , the shot is considered a perimeter shot . Low post area ( edit ) The low post is defined as the areas that are closest to the basket but outside of the free throw lane . This area is fundamental to strategy in basketball . Skilled low post players can score many points per game without ever taking a jump shot . Key ( edit ) The key , free throw lane or shaded lane refers to the usually painted area beneath the basket ; for the NBA it is 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wide , for the NCAA it is 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) wide ; for both instances it extends 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) from the backboard . At the top of the rectangle is the free throw line , behind which players shoot uncontested shots when they 're fouled . A circle is drawn around the free - throw line with a 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) radius ; this is used for jump ball instances , as is done at the center circle . Two 6 - inch hash lines , 3 ft from the free throw lane line and 5 ft 8 in from the free throw line , show the lower defensive box linked to the restricted area . For FIBA tournaments , since October 2010 the key has been a rectangle 4.9 m wide and 5.8 m long . Previously it was a trapezoid 3.7 meters ( 12 ft ) wide at the free - throw line and 6 meters ( 19 feet and 6.25 inches ) at the end line . The key is primarily used to prevent players from staying beneath the basket of the opponents ' team for long periods ( maximum three seconds ) . The restricted area arc is a semi-circular arc drawn around the area directly underneath the basket . With some exceptions , members of the defending team can not draw charging fouls in this area . The restricted arc in all North American rule sets above high school level ( NCAA men 's and women 's , NBA , and WNBA ) has a radius 4 feet ( 1.22 m ) from below the center of the basket . The NCAA restricted area arc was originally established for the 2011 -- 12 men 's and women 's seasons at a 3 - foot ( 0.91 m ) radius from below the center of the basket , and was extended to match the ( W ) NBA radius for the 2015 -- 16 season and beyond . Other lines ( edit ) On NBA floors , two hash marks are drawn at the end lines near the key to mark the area known as the lower defensive box . A defensive player is allowed to draw a charging foul within the restricted arc if the offensive player receives the ball and / or starts his drive within this area . Also , two lines are drawn on each of the sidelines , 28 feet from each of the endlines , which designates the extent of the coaching box and bench . This line marks the farthest extent a coach ( aside from the sidelines ) can stand . Directly behind this area is the team bench . On the half - court line of NBA floors two lines extend outside the playing court , designating the place where substitutes wait before they can enter the playing court ; directly behind this area are the various off - court officials such as the timekeeper and reserve referee . FIBA changes ( edit ) On April 26 , 2008 , FIBA announced several major rules changes involving the court markings . These changes took effect for major international competitions on October 1 , 2010 , after that year 's World Championships for men and women , and became mandatory for other competitions on October 1 , 2012 ( although national federations could adopt the new markings before 2012 ) . The changes were as follows . The shape of the key changed from a trapezoid to a rectangle as it is in the NBA , with NBA dimensions . The three - point line moved back to 6.75 metres ( 22 ft 1.7 in ) from 6.25 metres ( 20 ft 6.1 in ) , compared to 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) for the NBA at the top of the arc . The FIBA adopted the NBA 's restricted area arc with a marginally wider radius of 1.25 metres ( 4 ft 1.2 in ) . See also ( edit ) List of indoor arenas in the United States # Major college indoor arenas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2006 '' ( pdf ) . International Basketball Federation . 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wissel , Hal ( 1994 ) . Basketball : steps to success . United States : Human Kinetics Publishers , Inc . pp. ix . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 5500 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Basketball Court Diagram '' ( pdf ) . NCAA . 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Basketball Glossary Terms , Definition , Lane violation , Low post Archived April 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/nba101/misunderstood_0708.html Jump up ^ `` The FIBA Central Board approves historic rule changes '' ( Press release ) . FIBA. 2008 - 04 - 26 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basketball courts . Free Basketball Court Layout Template FIBA Central Board ( 2010 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 : Basketball Equipment '' ( pdf ) . International Basketball Federation . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 15 . ( hide ) Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basketball_court&oldid=835619157 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Rules of basketball Sports rules and regulations Sports venues by type Playing field surfaces Basketball equipment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Polski Русский Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where do you measure free throw line from
[ "\n\nArea\nNBA\nFIBA\nWNBA\nNCAA[3]\n\n\nImperial\nMetric\nImperial\nMetric\nImperial\nMetric\nImperial\nMetric\n\n\nCourt length\n94 ft\n28.65 m\n91.86 ft\n28 m\nSame as NBA\n\n\nCourt width\n50 ft\n15.24 m\n49.21 ft\n15 m\nSame as NBA\n\n\nRim height\n10 ft\n3.05m\nSame as NBA\n\n\nRestricted arc radius\n4 ft\n1.22 m\n4.10 ft\n1.25 m\nSame as NBA\n3 ft\n0.91 m\n\n\nCenter circle diameter\n12 ft\n3.66 m\n11.81 ft\n3.6 m\nSame as NBA\n\n\n3-point line distance from the basket\n23.75 ft\n22 ft in corner*\n7.24 m\n6.70 m in corner*\n22.15 ft\n21.65 ft in corner†\n6.75 m\n6.60 m in corner†\nSame as FIBA\n20.75 ft\n6.32 m\n\n\nKey (shaded lane or\nrestricted area) width\n16 ft\n4.88 m\n16.08 ft\n4.9 m\nSame as NBA\n12 ft\n3.66 m\n\n\nFree-throw line distance from point on the floor directly below the backboard\n15 ft\n4.57 m\n15.09 ft\n4.6 m\nSame as NBA\n\n" ]
[ "from the basket" ]
848131021332204294
Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8
Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 - wikipedia Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 Jump to : navigation , search Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ( season 8 ) Starring Rohit Shetty Hina Khan Nia Sharma Karan Wahi Lopamudra Raut Rithvik Dhanjani Geeta Phogat Manveer Gurjar Shiny Doshi Shantanu Maheshwari Ravi Dubey Shibani Dandekar Monica Dogra Country of origin India No. of episodes 21 Release Original network Colors TV Original release 22 July ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) -- 30 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 The eighth season of Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi , an Indian reality and stunt television series premiered on 22 July 2017 and is broadcast on Colors TV . The name of the season is Khatron Ke Khiladi : Pain in Spain . It airs on Saturday and Sunday nights at 9 PM . The series is produced by Endemol India of Deepak Dhar . The season , which was filmed in Spain , was hosted by Rohit Shetty . The season ended on 30 September 2017 with Shantanu Maheshwari was declared the winner while popular TV actress Hina Khan became the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Information chart 3 References 4 External links Contestants ( edit ) Contestant Profession Status Notes Shantanu Maheshwari Indian TV actor , dancer and choreographer Winner on 30 September 2017 1st Place Hina Khan Indian TV actress 1st Runner Up 2nd Place Ravi Dubey Indian TV actor 2nd Runner Up 3rd Place Monica Dogra American musician and actress Eliminated on 13 August 2017 returned on 2 September 2017 Eliminated on 30 September 2017 ( Finalist ) 4th place Nia Sharma Indian TV actress Eliminated on 6 August 2017 returned on 12 August 2017 eliminated again on 27 August 2017 returned again on 2 September 2017 Eliminated on 30 September ( Finalist ) 5th place Lopamudra Raut Indian model Eliminated on 24 September 2017 6th place ( semi-finalist ) Rithvik Dhanjani Indian TV actor Eliminated on 24 September 2017 7th place ( semi-finalist ) Karan Wahi Indian TV actor Eliminated on 10 September 2017 8th place Geeta Phogat Wrestler Eliminated on 3 September 2017 9th place Manveer Gurjar Bigg Boss 10 winner Eliminated on 20 August 2017 10th place Shiny Doshi Indian TV actress and model Eliminated on 30 July 2017 11th place Shibani Dandekar Indian TV actress , singer and model Eliminated on 29 July 2017 12th place Information chart ( edit ) Week Contestants Shantanu Maheshwari Hina Khan Ravi Dubey Nia Sharma Monica Dogra Lopamudra Raut Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi Geeta Phogat Manveer Gurjar Shiny Doshi Shibani Dandekar Safe Win Low Low Low Low Win Win Win Safe Win Low Safe Win Win Low Low Win Eliminated Safe Win Safe Win Safe Win Low Low Win Low Low Win Win Low Low Win Eliminated Win Win Low Low Safe Low Win Safe Win Low Win Low Low Win Eliminated Win Win Safe Safe Win Low Win Safe Win Low Safe Safe Safe Win Win Eliminated Win Win Win Safe Win Win Low Low Low Low Win Safe Safe Eliminated 6 Win Win Low Low Low Low Win Win Win Low Low Win Win Win Win Low Low Low Safe Low Win Eliminated Safe Win 7 Safe Safe Safe Wild card Wild card Safe Safe Safe Safe Wild card Win Safe Eliminated Win Win Win Safe Low Low Win Low Low Low Win Win Low Win Eliminated 8 Win Low Win Low Win Safe Safe Low Low Win Safe Win Low Safe Win Win Low Low Safe Win Safe Eliminated 9 Win Low Win Low Win Low Low Low Win Low Low Win Low Win Low Low Low Low Win 10 Low Win Win Ticket to finale Win Low Low Low 2nd finalist Low 3rd finalist Eliminated 5th finalist 4th finalist Eliminated 11 Winner 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up Eliminated Eliminated Win -- Winner of weekly task ( s ) Safe -- Neither top nor bottom WC -- Wild card Low -- Elimination round Eliminated -- Eliminated Ticket to finale Finalist Winner 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up Eliminated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rohit Shetty will host Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 ; Geeta Phogat , Manveer Gurjar to compete '' . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8 begins tonight : Nia Sharma , Rithvik Dhanjani look promising '' . 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spain is calling ! Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8 host Rohit Shetty to begin shooting for reality show ! '' . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shantanu Maheshwari wins Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 '' . The Indian Express . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I do n't mind sporting a bikini in future , but not right now : Hina Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` Marriage is not on the cards for at least two to three years : Hina Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 : Nia Sharma , Hina Khan And Geeta Phogat Leave A Mark In The First Episode '' . 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 : Ravi Dubey , Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Wahi personify bromance . See photos '' . 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 final contestants list : Nia Sharma , Manveer Gurjar , Hina Khan to fight their fears this season '' . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nia Sharma in ' Khatron Ke Khiladi ' '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 6 August 2017 Review : Nia Sharma Gets Eliminated From Rohit Shetty 's Show '' . 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : Bigg Boss 10 contestant Lopamudra Raut to join Rohit Shetty 's show ! '' . 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : REVEALED ! Karan Wahi , Yuvika Chaudhary , Prince Narula may participate '' . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI : Shiny Doshi , Additi Gupta and Mahima Chaudhary head for the show '' . 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI 8 : Shiny Doshi OUT of the show ? '' . 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : Shiny Doshi eliminated ; Manveer Gurjar wins the elimination task '' . 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Shibani Dandekar Confirms Participating in ' Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 8 ' . Check Out the List of Other Confirmed Contestants ! '' . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI 8 : Shibani Dandekar ELIMINATED ? '' . 29 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Bigg Boss 11 Entertainment Ki Raat Weekly drama Chandrakanta Mahakali Drama fiction Dil Se Dil Tak Ishq Mein Marjawan Karamafal Daata Shani Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Laado Veerpur Ki Mardani Sasural Simar Ka Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti Tu Aashiqui Udaan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_8&oldid=813290024 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television seasons 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series Stunts Fear Factor Television series by Endemol Colors ( TV channel ) series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who is the winner of khatron ke khiladi in spain 2017
[ "The season, which was filmed in Spain, was hosted by Rohit Shetty.[1][2][3] The season ended on 30 September 2017 with Shantanu Maheshwari was declared the winner while popular TV actress Hina Khan became the runner-up.[4]" ]
[ "Shantanu Maheshwari" ]
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Payne Stewart
Payne Stewart - wikipedia Payne Stewart Jump to : navigation , search Payne Stewart Stewart in 1998 . Full name William Payne Stewart ( 1957 - 01 - 30 ) January 30 , 1957 Springfield , Missouri October 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 25 ) ( aged 42 ) near Aberdeen , South Dakota Nationality United States Spouse Tracey Ferguson ( m . 1981 -- 99 , his death ) Children Chelsea , William Aaron Career College Southern Methodist University , 1979 Turned professional 1979 Former tour ( s ) PGA Tour Asian Tour Professional wins 24 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 11 European Tour Japan Golf Tour Other 11 Best results in major championships ( wins : 3 ) Masters Tournament T8 : 1986 U.S. Open Won : 1991 , 1999 The Open Championship 2nd / T2 : 1985 , 1990 PGA Championship Won : 1989 Achievements and awards World Golf Hall of Fame 2001 ( member page ) Byron Nelson Award 1989 Bob Jones Award 2014 William Payne Stewart ( January 30 , 1957 -- October 25 , 1999 ) was an American professional golfer who won eleven PGA Tour events , including three major championships in his career , the last of which occurred a few months before he died in an airplane accident at the age of 42 . Stewart gained his first major title at the 1989 PGA Championship . He won the 1991 U.S. Open after a playoff against Scott Simpson . At the 1999 U.S. Open Stewart captured his third major title after holing a 15 - foot ( 5 m ) par putt on the final hole for a one stroke victory . Stewart was a popular golfer with spectators , who responded enthusiastically to his distinctive clothing . He was reputed to have the biggest wardrobe of all professional golfers and was a favorite of photographers because of his flamboyant attire of ivy caps and patterned pants , which were a cross between plus fours and knickerbockers , a throwback to the once - commonplace golf `` uniform '' . Stewart was also admired for having one of the most gracefully fluid and stylish golf swings of the modern era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Career 2.1 Early professional career : 1981 -- 1988 2.2 Major victories : 1989 -- 1999 3 Death 3.1 Legacy 4 Professional wins ( 24 ) 4.1 PGA Tour wins ( 11 ) 4.2 European Tour wins ( 1 ) 4.3 Japan Golf Tour wins ( 1 ) 4.4 Other wins ( 11 ) 5 Major championships 5.1 Wins ( 3 ) 5.2 Results timeline 5.3 Summary 6 U.S. national team appearances 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early years ( edit ) Stewart was born and raised in Springfield , Missouri , and attended Greenwood Laboratory School , a K - 12 school , on the campus of Missouri State University . He played collegiate golf at Southern Methodist University in Dallas , Texas , where he was a member of Phi Gamma Delta and graduated in 1979 . Payne Stewart and Tracy Ferguson met each other in Kuala Lumpur in 1980 while he was playing on the Asian tour . Career ( edit ) Early professional career : 1981 -- 1988 ( edit ) Stewart failed to earn a PGA Tour card at Qualifying School in his graduation year , so he played on the Asian Tour for a couple of years , winning two tournaments in 1981 . Later that year , he earned his PGA Tour card for 1982 and won his first title on the tour at that year 's Quad Cities Open . This win was especially memorable to him because it was the only time his father , Bill , saw him win . Stewart 's father had played in the 1955 U.S. Open , and had introduced his son to the game . In 1983 , Stewart gained his second PGA Tour victory by winning the Walt Disney World Golf Classic by two strokes . At the 1985 Byron Nelson Golf Classic , Stewart came to the 72nd hole with a three - shot lead . Moments after Bob Eastwood birdied the final hole of regulation , Stewart took a double bogey to end the tournament tied for first . Stewart then made another double bogey on the first playoff hole , causing him to lose to Eastwood . Stewart 's 1985 Byron Nelson Classic finish has been called one of the all - time golf blunders . In 1985 , Stewart came close to winning The Open Championship , when he finished one stroke behind the champion Sandy Lyle . Stewart briefly led the U.S. Open in 1986 during the back - nine of the final round at Shinnecock Hills . After birdieing the 11th and 12th , Stewart took a one - shot lead , but he then had bogeys at the 13th and 14th , finishing the tournament tied for sixth place , behind the winner Raymond Floyd . Stewart had four runner - up finishes on the PGA Tour in 1986 . Despite not winning a tournament that year , he had the most top - 10 finishes of any player on the PGA Tour in 1986 , finishing inside the top - 10 sixteen times . Stewart won the Hertz Bay Hill Classic in Orlando , Florida in 1987 , shooting a third round of 63 and a final round of 65 to beat South African David Frost by three shots . The tournament was a two - man duel in the final round , as Frost finished eight shots ahead of the third - place finisher Dan Pohl . Stewart 's victory was a memorable one to him as it came on his home course . His house was situated adjacent to the 12th tee of the Bay Hill Club course in Orlando , Florida . Stewart 's cumulative tournament score of 264 is , to date , still a record for the lowest aggregate score over 72 holes in the event , which later became known as the `` Arnold Palmer Invitational '' held at the same Bay Hill venue . After his 1987 victory at Bay Hill , Stewart donated his $108,000 prize money to a Florida hospital in memory of his father , who died of cancer in 1985 . Stewart had two runner - up finishes on the PGA Tour in 1988 , at The Honda Classic and the Provident Classic . Major victories : 1989 -- 1999 ( edit ) In April 1989 , Stewart won the MCI Heritage Golf Classic by five strokes , with a then tournament - record score of 268 , 16 - under - par . His victory at the Heritage Classic was his 18th top - 10 finish on the PGA Tour since his previous win at the Bay Hill Classic in March 1987 . Stewart was gaining a reputation for being one of the most consistent players on the PGA Tour and one of the best players in the world not yet to have won a major championship at that point . At Kemper Lakes Golf Club , Stewart won the PGA Championship in 1989 , his first major title . At the start of the final round , Stewart was six shots behind the leader Mike Reid . He made up five strokes in the final three holes to overtake Reid and win by a stroke . Stewart 's back - nine of 31 included birdies on four of his last five holes . He was able to gain the lead over Reid , who bogeyed the 16th , double - bogeyed the 17th , and missed a seven - foot ( 2 m ) birdie putt on the 18th , which would have forced a playoff . After the tournament , Stewart said : `` This is a dream I 've been trying to realize for a long time . '' Reid shed tears and said : `` As disappointed as I am , I 'm happy for Payne . '' The following year , Stewart became the first player to win back - to - back titles at the MCI Heritage Golf Classic at Harbour Town Golf Links , winning a playoff against Larry Mize and Steve Jones on the second extra hole with an 18 - foot ( 5 m ) birdie putt . This was his first playoff win on the PGA Tour , having lost all five of his playoffs in the 1980s . In May 1990 , Stewart won his second tournament of the year at the GTE Byron Nelson Golf Classic . At the end of 1990 , Stewart was ranked as the fifth - best golfer in the world on the Official World Golf Ranking . Stewart 's second major title came at the 1991 U.S. Open after an 18 - hole Monday playoff with Scott Simpson on a windblown Hazeltine National Golf Club course in Minnesota . Stewart was two shots behind Simpson going into the final three holes of the playoff . After the 16th hole , the match was squared , as Stewart holed a 20 - foot ( 6 m ) birdie putt and Simpson missed a 3 - foot ( 1 m ) par putt . Stewart 's par on the 18th hole won the playoff by two strokes . The following month , Stewart won the 1991 Heineken Dutch Open by nine shots , which included a course record of 62 in the third round . Stewart won the Hassan II Golf Trophy in Morocco in 1992 and 1993 . In 1993 at Royal St George 's Golf Club in England , Stewart 's fourth round of 63 tied the record for the lowest individual round in The Open Championship . He was one of 10 players , until Branden Grace shot a 62 in 2017 , to hold the record for shooting a 63 at the British Open . In 1995 , Stewart gained his first U.S. PGA Tour win in four years by winning the Shell Houston Open in a playoff over Scott Hoch , who lost a six - shot lead with seven holes to play . Hoch collapsed on the back - nine with three bogeys and a double - bogey on the 17th when his tee shot found water . Stewart won the playoff on the first extra hole . In the 1998 U.S. Open at Olympic Club in San Francisco , Stewart had a four - shot lead going into the final round , but lost to Lee Janzen by a stroke . Stewart missed a 25 - foot birdie putt on the 18th hole of his final round , which would have forced a playoff with Janzen . The following year at the 1999 U.S. Open at Pinehurst Resort , Stewart won his last major title , memorably holing a 15 - foot par putt that defeated Phil Mickelson by a stroke in the final round when Tiger Woods and Vijay Singh were also in contention for the trophy . Stewart credited his winning putt to being more at peace with himself after his strengthened religious belief . A statue of Stewart celebrates his winning putt behind the 18th green of the No. 2 course at Pinehurst Resort . At the time of his death , Stewart was ranked third on the all - time money list and in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking -- he had been ranked in the top 10 for almost 250 weeks from 1986 to 1993 , and again in 1999 . At a time of international domination of the golf scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s , he was often the highest - ranked American player . Stewart represented the United States on five Ryder Cup teams ( 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , and 1999 ) . He also played for the U.S. on three World Cup teams . Stewart was known for his patriotic passion for the Ryder Cup , once saying of his European opponents , `` On paper , they should be caddying for us . '' The United States team was 3 -- 1 -- 1 during the five times he played . He was disappointed to miss out in 1995 and 1997 , when he failed to qualify automatically and was not chosen as a captain 's pick . In the 1999 Ryder Cup , Stewart criticized the heckling of European player Colin Montgomerie . With victory assured for the United States , Stewart conceded a putt ( and his own singles match ) to Montgomerie on the 18th hole . `` This game is about sportsmanship , '' Stewart said afterwards . Stewart was a golfing traditionalist , who once said : `` In the United States , all we do is play the ball in the air . '' He gained an affection for links golf , becoming a popular figure in Ireland after playing on Irish courses to warm up for The Open Championship . After he died in 1999 , Waterville Golf Links in County Kerry , Ireland , commissioned a bronze statue of Stewart to pay tribute to him and his affiliation with Waterville . For a large part of his career , Stewart was known for his National Football League ( NFL ) sponsorship , whereby he wore the team colors of the geographically closest NFL franchise ; the sponsorship ended in May 1995 . Stewart appeared on an episode of the American television sitcom Home Improvement titled `` Futile Attraction '' , which aired on March 10 , 1998 , and featured Stewart as himself . Stewart was also a musician , and played harmonica in the blues rock group Jake Trout and the Flounders , which also included fellow golfers Larry Rinker and Peter Jacobsen . The band released one album , I Love to Play in 1998 . The music video for the title track , a golf - themed parody of Randy Newman 's `` I Love L.A. '' , earned rotation on VH - 1 . Death ( edit ) Main article : 1999 South Dakota Learjet crash On October 25 , 1999 , a month after the American team rallied to win the Ryder Cup and four months after his U.S. Open victory , Stewart was killed in the depressurization of a Learjet . He was flying from his home in Orlando , Florida , to Texas for the year - ending tournament , The Tour Championship , held at Champions Golf Club in Houston . Traveling on a Monday morning , Stewart was planning to stop off in Dallas to discuss building a new home course for the SMU golf program with Dallas - based real estate developer Jeff Blackard . The last communication received from the pilots was at 9 : 27 am EDT , and the aircraft made a right turn at 9 : 30 am EDT that was probably the result of human input . At 9 : 33 am , the pilots did not respond to a call to change radio frequencies , and no further contact from the aircraft was received . The aircraft was apparently still on autopilot and angled off - course , as observed by several U.S. Air Force ( and Air National Guard ) F - 16 fighter aircraft as it continued its flight over the Southern and Midwestern United States . The military pilots observed frost or condensation on the windshield ( consistent with loss of cabin pressure ) which obscured the cockpit , and no motion was visible through the small patch of windshield that was clear . National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) investigators later concluded that the aircraft suffered a loss of cabin pressure and that all on board were incapacitated due to hypoxia as the aircraft passed to the west of Gainesville , Florida . A delay of only a few seconds in donning oxygen masks , coupled with cognitive and motor skill impairment , could have been enough to result in the pilots ' incapacitation . The NTSB report showed that the aircraft had several instances of maintenance work related to cabin pressure in the months leading up to the accident . The NTSB was unable to determine whether they stemmed from a common problem . Replacements and repairs were documented , but not the pilot discrepancy reports that prompted them , or the frequency of such reports . The report gently chides Sunjet Aviation for the possibility that this would have made the problem harder to identify , track , and resolve , and the fact that in at least one instance , the aircraft was flown with an unauthorized maintenance deferral for cabin pressure problems . According to a U.S. Air Force timeline , a series of military aircraft provided an emergency escort to the stricken Lear , beginning with an F - 16 from Eglin Air Force Base , about an hour and 20 minutes ( 9 : 33 EDT to 9 : 52 CDT -- see NTSB report on the crash ) after ground controllers lost contact . The aircraft continued flying on autopilot until it ran out of fuel and crashed into a field near Mina , South Dakota , a town 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Aberdeen , after an uncontrolled descent . The five other people aboard the aircraft included Stewart 's agents Robert Fraley and Van Ardan , pilots Michael Kling and Stephanie Bellegarrigue , and Bruce Borland , a highly regarded golf - course architect with the Jack Nicklaus design company . At the time of his death , Stewart had won $12,673,193 in career earnings . He won over $2 million during the 1999 season , and finished seventh on the year 's money list . Legacy ( edit ) At that week 's tournament , The Tour Championship , Stewart 's good friend , Stuart Appleby , organized a tribute to his friend . With Stewart 's wife 's permission , he wore one of Payne 's own signature outfits for the final round of the tournament on Sunday , and most of the rest of the golfers in the field wore `` short pants '' that day , as well . Statue of Payne Stewart at Waterville Golf Links , Ireland One year after Stewart 's death , his widow Tracey and their two children , and the family of Stewart 's agent , Robert Fraley , who also died on that flight , brought a lawsuit against Learjet , flight operator SunJet Aviation , Inc. , and aircraft owner JetShares One Inc . They alleged that a cracked adapter resulted in an airflow valve detaching from the frame , causing a fatal loss of cabin pressure . They also claimed that the aircraft was severely out of maintenance due to negligence by SunJet . In April 2000 as part of a federal criminal investigation , the Federal Bureau of Investigation raided SunJet and seized its flight logbooks , effectively grounding all of its aircraft . The investigation was dropped in 2002 , but it was too late to save SunJet ; unable to legally operate , it had filed for bankruptcy protection in June 2000 . The case against Learjet went forward in state court in Orlando . In June 2005 , jurors found that the aircraft 's manufacturer had no liability in the deaths of Stewart and Fraley and that no negligence was found in the design or manufacture of the aircraft . The segment of Interstate 44 passing through Springfield , Missouri , was designated the `` Payne Stewart Memorial Highway '' in his memory . He has a street in Fullerton , California , and a `` Payne Stewart Drive '' in Surrey , British Columbia , Canada , leading into Northview golf course designed by Arnold Palmer , named after him . Finally , Payne Stewart Drive in Jacksonville , Florida , houses The First Tee along with a Job Corps center . The communities of Mina and Aberdeen created their own memorial . Jon Hoffman , owner of the property where the aircraft crashed , contacted Stewart 's widow and several family members of other crash victims . All agreed that the memorial would be a rock pulled from the crash site , engraved with the victims ' names and a Bible passage . Hoffman fenced in about an acre ( 4,000 m2 ) of the property surrounding the memorial . In 2000 , the PGA Tour established the Payne Stewart Award , given each year to a player who shows respect for the traditions of the game , commitment to uphold the game 's heritage of charitable support , and professional and meticulous presentation of himself and the sport through his dress and conduct . A bronze statue of Stewart celebrating his winning putt in 1999 at Pinehurst overlooks the 18th green of the No. 2 course . In tribute to Stewart , as well as his southwestern Missouri roots , the Payne Stewart Golf Club was opened in Branson , Missouri , in June 2009 with the approval of Stewart 's widow . Ground - breaking on the $31 million layout took place on July 24 , 2006 . The 7,319 - yard , 18 - hole course was designed by Bobby Clampett and Chuck Smith . Each hole on the course is named for some aspect or notable moment in Stewart 's life . The fifth hole , for example named `` Road Hole '' , recounts the incredible par Stewart made in the first round of the 1990 Open Championship at Old Course at St Andrews when he was forced to knock his third shot against the wall behind the green at the Old Course 's treacherous 17th . His ball finished just on the back fringe from where he chipped in . On the 10th anniversary of Stewart 's death in 2009 , Golf Channel presented a special program to remember the life of the late golfer . It included recorded interviews with family and friends , and archived videos of his golf career . On the first day of the 2014 U.S. Open , Rickie Fowler wore plus fours and argyle socks in tribute to Stewart . The championship was at the Pinehurst Resort where Stewart won his last major championship only a few months before his death . Professional Wins ( 24 ) ( edit ) PGA Tour Wins ( 11 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 3 ) Regular PGA Tour ( 8 ) No . Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Jul 18 , 1982 Miller High Life QCO 66 - 71 - 68 - 63 = 268 − 12 2 strokes Brad Bryant , Pat McGowan Oct 23 , 1983 Walt Disney World Golf Classic 69 - 64 - 69 - 67 = 269 − 19 2 strokes Nick Faldo , Mark McCumber Mar 15 , 1987 Hertz Bay Hill Classic 69 - 67 - 63 - 65 = 264 − 20 3 strokes David Frost Apr 16 , 1989 MCI Heritage Golf Classic 65 - 67 - 67 - 69 = 268 − 16 5 strokes Kenny Perry 5 Aug 13 , 1989 PGA Championship 74 - 66 - 69 - 67 = 276 − 12 1 stroke Andy Bean , Mike Reid , Curtis Strange 6 Apr 15 , 1990 MCI Heritage Golf Classic 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 − 8 Playoff Steve Jones , Larry Mize 7 May 6 , 1990 GTE Byron Nelson Golf Classic 67 - 68 - 67 = 202 ^ − 8 2 strokes Lanny Wadkins 8 Jun 17 , 1991 U.S. Open 67 - 70 - 73 - 72 = 282 − 6 Playoff Scott Simpson 9 Apr 30 , 1995 Shell Houston Open 73 - 65 - 70 - 68 = 276 − 12 Playoff Scott Hoch 10 Feb 7 , 1999 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am 69 - 64 - 73 = 206 ^ − 10 1 stroke Frank Lickliter II 11 Jun 20 , 1999 U.S. Open 68 - 69 - 72 - 70 = 279 − 1 1 stroke Phil Mickelson ^ Tournament reduced to 54 holes due to inclement weather . PGA Tour playoff record ( 3 -- 6 ) No . Year Tournament Opponent ( s ) Result 1984 Colonial National Invitation Peter Jacobsen Lost to birdie on first extra hole 1985 Byron Nelson Golf Classic Bob Eastwood Lost to bogey on first extra hole 1986 Colonial National Invitation Dan Pohl Lost to birdie on first extra hole 1988 Provident Classic Phil Blackmar Lost to birdie on first extra hole 5 1989 Nabisco Championship Tom Kite Lost to par on second extra hole 6 1990 MCI Heritage Golf Classic Steve Jones , Larry Mize Won with birdie on second extra hole Jones eliminated with par on first hole 7 1991 U.S. Open Scott Simpson Won 18 - hole playoff ( Stewart : 75 , Simpson : 77 ) 8 1995 Shell Houston Open Scott Hoch Won with birdie on first extra hole 9 1999 MCI Classic Glen Day , Jeff Sluman Day won with birdie on first extra hole European Tour wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) No . Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runners - up Jul 28 , 1991 Heineken Dutch Open − 21 ( 67 - 68 - 62 - 70 = 267 ) 9 strokes Per - Ulrik Johansson , Bernhard Langer Japan Golf Tour wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) 1985 Jun Classic ( tie with Kazushige Kono and Masahiro Kuramoto ) Other wins ( 11 ) ( edit ) 1981 Indian Open , Indonesia Open 1982 Coolangatta - Tweed Heads Classic ( Australia ) , Magnolia State Classic 1987 Fred Meyer Challenge ( with Isao Aoki ) 1990 World Cup ( individual winner ) 1991 Skins Game 1992 Skins Game , Hassan II Trophy 1993 Skins Game , Hassan II Trophy Major championships ( edit ) Wins ( 3 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1989 PGA Championship 6 shot deficit − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 69 - 67 = 276 ) 1 stroke Andy Bean , Mike Reid , Curtis Strange 1991 U.S. Open Tied for lead − 6 ( 67 - 70 - 73 - 72 = 282 ) Playoff Scott Simpson 1999 U.S. Open ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 1 ( 68 - 69 - 72 - 70 = 279 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson Defeated Simpson in an 18 - hole playoff -- Stewart 75 ( + 3 ) , Simpson 77 ( + 5 ) . Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 Masters Tournament T32 T21 T25 T8 T42 T25 T24 U.S. Open CUT T5 T6 CUT T10 T13 The Open Championship T58 CUT T35 T4 T7 T8 PGA Championship CUT CUT CUT T12 T5 T24 T9 Tournament 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament T36 CUT T9 CUT T41 CUT T52 U.S. Open CUT T51 CUT T21 T27 T28 The Open Championship T2 T32 T34 12 CUT T11 T45 59 T44 T30 PGA Championship T8 T13 T69 T44 T66 T13 T69 T29 CUT T57 Win Top 10 Did not play CUT = missed the half - way cut ( 3rd round cut in 1984 Open Championship ) `` T '' = tied Summary ( edit ) Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 0 0 0 0 6 14 11 U.S. Open 0 5 7 9 16 12 The Open Championship 0 0 5 7 17 15 PGA Championship 0 0 8 18 14 Totals 0 10 18 30 65 52 Most consecutive cuts made -- 11 ( 1987 Open Championship -- 1990 Masters ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 3 ( twice ) U.S. national team appearances ( edit ) Professional Four Tours World Championship : 1986 , 1987 ( winners ) , 1989 ( winners ) , 1990 Ryder Cup : 1987 , 1989 ( tied ) , 1991 ( winners ) , 1993 ( winners ) , 1999 ( winners ) World Cup : 1987 , 1990 Alfred Dunhill Cup : 1993 , 1999 Wendy 's 3 - Tour Challenge ( representing PGA Tour ) : 1996 ( winners ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Golf Hall of Fame Member Profile '' . World Golf Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mell , Randall ( June 21 , 1999 ) . `` Dad 's Bond Strengthens A Champion '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eastwood takes playoff victory Jump up ^ A painful collection of Garrigus - style golf blunders Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( June 23 , 1986 ) . `` Guts , Grit And Grandeur : At 43 , Raymond Floyd fought off a horde of rivals to become the oldest U.S. Open champion ever '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ White Jr. , Gordon S. ( March 16 , 1987 ) . `` Stewart Ends 3 - Year Drought '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Tour Statistics - Top 10 Finishes , 1986 '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Payne Stewart Wins Bay Hill Classic '' . Point Pleasant Register . Point Pleasant , West Virginia . UPI . March 16 , 1987 . p. 6 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : White , Jr. , Gordon S. ( April 17 , 1989 ) . `` Stewart Sets Mark in Victory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( August 21 , 1989 ) . `` Putting On The Style '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Juliano , Joe ( August 14 , 1989 ) . `` Late Rally Wins Pga For Stewart '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stewart Wins Heritage Again '' . The Mount Airy News . Mount Airy , North Carolina . AP . April 16 , 1990 . p. 6 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official World Golf Ranking 1986 - 2000 '' . Golf Today . January 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Jaime ( June 18 , 1991 ) . `` Stewart win U.S. Open title '' . The Dispatch . Lexington , North Carolina . p. 1B . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Open '' . The Gainesville Sun . Gainesville , Florida . AP . July 29 , 1991 . p. 2C . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 63 : Lowest rounds in men 's major championship history '' . Golf News Net . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stewart wins playoff in Houston Open '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Ocala , Florida . AP . May 1 , 1995 . p. 3D . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Markus , Don ( October 26 , 1999 ) . `` First peace , then tragedy '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Janzen denies Stewart a U.S. Open title , again '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Lodi , California . AP . June 22 , 1998 . p. 11 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Doug ( June 19 , 2005 ) . `` Stewart remembered at U.S. Open '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Associated Press . p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Payne Stewart 's son Aaron Stewart playing at Pinehurst in North and South Amateur '' . Golf.com . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 69 Players Who Have Reached The Top - 10 In World Ranking '' ( PDF ) . Official World Golf Ranking . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Apfelbaum , Jim , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Gigantic Book of Golf Quotations . Skyhorse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60239 - 014 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rabun , Mike ( June 8 , 1990 ) . `` Payne pained about golf course design '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Lodi , California . p. 19 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waterville Golf Links '' . Links . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Klancnik , Rudy ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Payne Stewart Award : Honoring one of golf 's true fashion icons '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Overtime In Payne Stewart - NFL Properties Deal '' . Sport Business Daily . Street & Smith . October 30 , 1995 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jacobsen and Stewart : Offbeat yet always on key '' . Golfweek. 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Tracey ; Abraham , Ken . Payne Stewart : The Authorized Biography . B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 9781433670152 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40 reads : Payne Stewart , 42 , dies in plane crash '' . Golfweek . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill , Elizabeth ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` In his father 's footsteps '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Board Meeting : Learjet Model 35 , N47BA , near Aberdeen , South Dakota , October 25 , 1999 . '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A special tribute to Stewart on final day '' . Golf Today . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurors clear Learjet in Payne Stewart crash trial '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 8 , 2005 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barker , Tim ( March 14 , 2002 ) . `` Government Halts SunJet Aviation Investigation '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` New Payne Stewart award announced '' . Golf Today . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Ian ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Fowler 's tribute months in the making '' . ESPN . External Links ( edit ) Payne Stewart at the PGA Tour official site Payne Stewart at the European Tour official site Payne Stewart at the Japan Golf Tour official site Payne Stewart at Find a Grave A biography written when he was inducted into the Hall of Fame Payne Stewart in the Major Championships U.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson † 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson † 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod † 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith † 1911 John McDermott † 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet # † 1914 ‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers # 1916 Chick Evans # 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Walter Hagen † 1920 Ted Ray 1921 ‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones # † 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane † 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 Tommy Armour † 1928 Johnny Farrell † 1929 Bobby Jones # † 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Billy Burke † 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman # 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks , Jr . 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson † 1940 Lawson Little † 1941 Craig Wood 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Lloyd Mangrum † 1947 Lew Worsham † 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan † 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 ‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck † 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer † 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus † 1963 Julius Boros † 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player † 1966 Billy Casper † 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 ‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino † 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham † 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange † 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin † 1991 Payne Stewart † 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els † 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen † 2002 ‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods † 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014 ‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur PGA Championship champions Match play era 1916 Jim Barnes 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Jim Barnes 1920 Jock Hutchison 1921 Walter Hagen 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Gene Sarazen 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Walter Hagen 1926 Walter Hagen 1927 Walter Hagen 1928 Leo Diegel 1929 Leo Diegel 1930 Tommy Armour 1931 Tom Creavy 1932 Olin Dutra 1933 Gene Sarazen 1934 Paul Runyan 1935 Johnny Revolta 1936 Denny Shute 1937 Denny Shute 1938 Paul Runyan 1939 Henry Picard 1940 Byron Nelson 1941 Vic Ghezzi 1942 Sam Snead 1943 Cancelled due to World War II 1944 Bob Hamilton 1945 Byron Nelson 1946 Ben Hogan 1947 Jim Ferrier 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Chandler Harper 1951 Sam Snead 1952 Jim Turnesa 1953 Walter Burkemo 1954 Chick Harbert 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Lionel Hebert Stroke play era 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Bob Rosburg 1960 Jay Hebert 1961 Jerry Barber † 1962 Gary Player 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 ‡ Bobby Nichols 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Al Geiberger 1967 Don January † 1968 Julius Boros 1969 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1970 Dave Stockton 1971 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Gary Player 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Lee Trevino 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Dave Stockton 1977 Lanny Wadkins † 1978 John Mahaffey † 1979 David Graham † 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 Larry Nelson 1982 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1983 ‡ Hal Sutton 1984 Lee Trevino 1985 Hubert Green 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Larry Nelson † 1988 Jeff Sluman 1989 Payne Stewart 1990 Wayne Grady 1991 John Daly 1992 Nick Price 1993 Paul Azinger † 1994 Nick Price 1995 Steve Elkington † 1996 Mark Brooks † 1997 Davis Love III 1998 Vijay Singh 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods † 2001 David Toms 2002 Rich Beem 2003 Shaun Micheel 2004 Vijay Singh † 2005 Phil Mickelson 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Y.E. Yang 2010 Martin Kaymer † 2011 Keegan Bradley † 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Jason Dufner 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jason Day 2016 Jimmy Walker 2017 Justin Thomas † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Payne Stewart in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 1987 Andy Bean Mark Calcavecchia Ben Crenshaw Tom Kite Larry Mize Larry Nelson Dan Pohl Scott Simpson Payne Stewart Curtis Strange Hal Sutton Lanny Wadkins Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13 -- 15 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1989 Paul Azinger Chip Beck Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples Ken Green Tom Kite Mark McCumber Mark O'Meara Payne Stewart Curtis Strange Lanny Wadkins Tom Watson Raymond Floyd ( non-playing captain ) Tied : 14 -- 14 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1991 Paul Azinger Chip Beck Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples Raymond Floyd Hale Irwin Wayne Levi Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Corey Pavin Payne Stewart Lanny Wadkins Dave Stockton ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1993 Paul Azinger Chip Beck John Cook Fred Couples Raymond Floyd Jim Gallagher , Jr . Lee Janzen Tom Kite Davis Love III Corey Pavin Payne Stewart Lanny Wadkins Tom Watson ( non-playing captain ) Won : 15 -- 13 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1999 David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Payne Stewart Hal Sutton Tiger Woods Ben Crenshaw ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 VIAF : 40608032 LCCN : n00086553 SUDOC : 082119686 NDL : 00838425 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payne_Stewart&oldid=802455689 '' Categories : American male golfers SMU Mustangs men 's golfers PGA Tour golfers Winners of men 's major golf championships Ryder Cup competitors for the United States World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Missouri Sportspeople from Springfield , Missouri Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States 1957 births 1999 deaths Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 07 : 09 . 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who was the golfer who died in a plane crash
[ "William Payne Stewart (January 30, 1957 – October 25, 1999) was an American professional golfer who won eleven PGA Tour events, including three major championships in his career, the last of which occurred a few months before he died in an airplane accident at the age of 42." ]
[ "William Payne Stewart" ]
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List of footballers with a Premier League winner's medal
List of footballers with a Premier League winner 's medal - wikipedia List of footballers with a Premier League winner 's medal Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the formation of the FA Premier League in 1992 , only six football teams have won the title -- Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Arsenal , Chelsea , Manchester City and Leicester City . With 13 wins to their name , it is unsurprising that Manchester United players hold the top positions for being in title - winning sides . Currently , a player needs to appear in five matches in a title - winning season to qualify for a medal ( inclusive of matches as a playing substitute ) . This is down from the previous standard of ten matches played beginning in the 2012 -- 13 season . Previously it stated : The League Champions shall further receive 30 commemorative medals to be presented by the Club to its Manager and to such of its Players and Officials as it thinks fit provided , in the case of a Player , that he has that Season played in a minimum of 10 of its League Matches . Additional medals may be presented with the consent of the Board . -- 2012 -- 13 FA Premier League Handbook , Section C , paragraph 10 . p. 93 . This `` special dispensation '' , at the discretion of the Premier League Board , is usually reserved for reserve goalkeepers , and outfield players who have played fewer than 10 games due to injury . For the first season , the players received a miniature version of the trophy rather than a medal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Number of winners by season ; clubs , managers and captains 2 Representation of nationalities 3 Full list of players with a Premier League medal 4 Footnotes 5 References Number of winners by season ; clubs , managers and captains ( edit ) This table details the chronology of the Premier League winners , the respective captains of the sides , and the number of medals awarded to team players in that season . Year Club Manager Captain Number of medals 1992 1992 -- 93 Manchester United Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson Robson , Bryan Bryan Robson 17 1993 1993 -- 94 Manchester United ( 2 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 2 ) Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce 14 1994 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Sherwood , Tim Tim Sherwood 15 1995 1995 -- 96 Manchester United ( 3 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 3 ) Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce ( 2 ) 16 1996 1996 -- 97 Manchester United ( 4 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 4 ) Cantona , Eric Eric Cantona 17 1997 1997 -- 98 Arsenal Wenger , Arsène Arsène Wenger Adams , Tony Tony Adams 20 1998 1998 -- 99 Manchester United ( 5 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 5 ) Keane , Roy Roy Keane 18 1999 1999 -- 00 Manchester United ( 6 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 6 ) Keane , Roy Roy Keane ( 2 ) 17 2000 2000 -- 01 Manchester United ( 7 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 7 ) Keane , Roy Roy Keane ( 3 ) 20 2001 2001 -- 02 Arsenal ( 2 ) Wenger , Arsène Arsène Wenger ( 2 ) Adams , Tony Tony Adams ( 2 ) 22 2002 2002 -- 03 Manchester United ( 8 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 8 ) Keane , Roy Roy Keane ( 4 ) 18 2003 2003 -- 04 Arsenal ( 3 ) Wenger , Arsène Arsène Wenger ( 3 ) Vieira , Patrick Patrick Vieira 20 2004 2004 -- 05 Chelsea Mourinho , José José Mourinho Terry , John John Terry 20 2005 2005 -- 06 Chelsea ( 2 ) Mourinho , José José Mourinho ( 2 ) Terry , John John Terry ( 2 ) 18 2006 2006 -- 07 Manchester United ( 9 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 9 ) Neville , Gary Gary Neville 22 2007 2007 -- 08 Manchester United ( 10 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 10 ) Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs 20 2008 2008 -- 09 Manchester United ( 11 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 11 ) Neville , Gary Gary Neville ( 2 ) 19 2009 2009 -- 10 Chelsea ( 3 ) Ancelotti , Carlo Carlo Ancelotti Terry , John John Terry ( 3 ) 20 2010 2010 -- 11 Manchester United ( 12 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 12 ) Vidic , Nemanja Nemanja Vidić 23 2011 2011 -- 12 Manchester City Mancini , Roberto Roberto Mancini Kompany , Vincent Vincent Kompany 20 2012 2012 -- 13 Manchester United ( 13 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson ( 13 ) Vidic , Nemanja Nemanja Vidić ( 2 ) 24 2013 2013 -- 14 Manchester City ( 2 ) Pellegrini , Manuel Manuel Pellegrini Kompany , Vincent Vincent Kompany ( 2 ) 21 2014 2014 -- 15 Chelsea ( 4 ) Mourinho , José José Mourinho ( 3 ) Terry , John John Terry ( 4 ) 19 2015 2015 -- 16 Leicester City Ranieri , Claudio Claudio Ranieri Morgan , Wes Wes Morgan 20 2016 2016 -- 17 Chelsea ( 5 ) Conte , Antonio Antonio Conte Terry , John John Terry ( 5 ) 21 Representation of nationalities ( edit ) There have been 223 different players to receive a Premier League medal , from 46 different countries ( in 2011 -- 12 , 68 countries in total were represented ) Of these 46 countries , 19 have yielded only one medal winner . Nationality Number First winner Year Algeria Riyad Mahrez 15 -- 16 Argentina 8 Juan Sebastián Verón 02 -- 03 Australia Robbie Slater 94 -- 95 Austria Alex Manninger 97 -- 98 Belgium 5 Vincent Kompany 11 -- 12 Bosnia and Herzegovina Edin Džeko 11 -- 12 Brazil 13 Edu 01 -- 02 Bulgaria Dimitar Berbatov 08 -- 09 Cameroon Lauren 01 -- 02 Colombia Juan Cuadrado 14 -- 15 Czech Republic Karel Poborský 96 -- 97 Ivory Coast Kolo Touré 03 -- 04 Denmark Peter Schmeichel 92 -- 93 Ecuador Antonio Valencia 10 -- 11 England 81 Steve Bruce , Dion Dublin , Paul Ince , Gary Pallister , Paul Parker , Mike Phelan , Bryan Robson , Lee Sharpe 92 -- 93 France 24 Eric Cantona 92 -- 93 Germany Jens Lehmann 03 -- 04 Ghana Michael Essien 05 -- 06 Iceland Eiður Guðjohnsen 04 -- 05 Italy Mario Balotelli 11 -- 12 Jamaica Wes Morgan 15 -- 16 Japan Shinji Kagawa 12 -- 13 Latvia Igors Stepanovs 01 -- 02 Liberia Christopher Wreh 97 -- 98 Mexico Javier Hernández 10 -- 11 Montenegro Stefan Savić 11 -- 12 Netherlands 12 Jordi Cruyff 96 -- 97 Nigeria Nwankwo Kanu 01 -- 02 Northern Ireland Roy Carroll 02 -- 03 Norway Henning Berg 94 -- 95 Poland Tomasz Kuszczak 06 -- 07 Portugal 7 Luís Boa Morte 97 -- 98 Republic of Ireland 5 Denis Irwin 92 -- 93 Romania Costel Pantilimon 13 -- 14 Russia Andrei Kanchelskis 92 -- 93 Scotland Darren Ferguson , Brian McClair 92 -- 93 Serbia 6 Mateja Kežman 04 -- 05 South Africa Quinton Fortune 02 -- 03 South Korea Park Ji - sung 06 -- 07 Spain 13 José Antonio Reyes 03 -- 04 Sweden Jesper Blomqvist 98 -- 99 Switzerland Gökhan Inler 15 -- 16 Trinidad and Tobago Dwight Yorke 98 -- 99 Ukraine Oleh Luzhny 01 -- 02 Uruguay Diego Forlán 02 -- 03 Wales Clayton Blackmore , Ryan Giggs , Mark Hughes 92 -- 93 Full list of players with a Premier League medal ( edit ) Player No . Nat . Pos . Club ( s ) Seasons Notes Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs 13 08 LW Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Highest number of medals for a single player Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes 11 06 CM Manchester United 1995 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Neville , Gary Gary Neville 8 02 RB Manchester United 1995 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 , 06 -- 07 , 08 -- 09 Irwin , Denis Denis Irwin 7 03 LB Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 Keane , Roy Roy Keane 7 04 DM Manchester United 1993 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 Beckham , David David Beckham 6 07 RW Manchester United 1995 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 Butt , Nicky Nicky Butt 6 06 CM Manchester United 1995 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 Neville , Phil Phil Neville 6 02 FB Manchester United 1995 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 Solskjaer , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær 6 10 CF Manchester United 1996 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 , 06 -- 07 Ferdinand , Rio Rio Ferdinand 6 04 CB Manchester United 2002 02 -- 03 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Schmeichel , Peter Peter Schmeichel 5 01 GK Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 More winners medals than any other goalkeeper Cole , Andrew Andrew Cole 5 10 CF Manchester United 1995 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 Brown , Wes Wes Brown 5 04 CB Manchester United 1998 98 -- 99 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 Oshea , John John O'Shea 5 04 D / DM Manchester United 2002 02 -- 03 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney 5 10 CF Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Evra , Patrice Patrice Evra 5 03 LB / LW Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Vidic , Nemanja Nemanja Vidić 5 04 CB Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Fletcher , Darren Darren Fletcher 5 06 M Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Carrick , Michael Michael Carrick 5 06 M Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Terry , John John Terry 5 04 CB Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 , 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Most as captain : 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 , 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Cantona , Eric Eric Cantona 10 CF Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 McClair , Brian Brian McClair 06 CM Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 Pallister , Gary Gary Pallister 04 CB Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 Silvestre , Mikael Mikaël Silvestre 03 LB / CB Manchester United 1999 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 , 06 -- 07 Sar , Edwin van der Edwin van der Sar 01 GK Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 Oldest : 40 years , 205 days Park Ji - sung 09 AM Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 Anderson 06 M Manchester United 2007 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Nani 07 W Manchester United 2007 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba 10 CF Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 , 14 -- 15 Cech , Petr Petr Čech 01 GK Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 , 14 -- 15 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 07 RW Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp 10 CF Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 , 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Keown , Martin Martin Keown 04 CB Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 , 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Parlour , Ray Ray Parlour 07 RW Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 , 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Vieira , Patrick Patrick Vieira 05 DM Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 , 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Cole , Ashley Ashley Cole 03 LB Arsenal , Chelsea 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 , 09 -- 10 Berg , Henning Henning Berg 04 CB / RB Blackburn Rovers , Manchester United 1994 94 -- 95 , 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 First player to win with two different clubs Carvalho , Ricardo Ricardo Carvalho 04 CB Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 Cole , Joe Joe Cole 06 CM Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 Ferreira , Paulo Paulo Ferreira 04 D Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard 06 CM Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce 04 CB Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 Sharpe , Lee Lee Sharpe 08 LW Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 , 95 -- 96 Johnsen , Ronny Ronny Johnsen 05 CB / DM Manchester United 1996 96 -- 97 , 98 -- 99 , 00 -- 01 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham 10 CF Manchester United 1998 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 Stam , Jaap Jaap Stam 04 CB Manchester United 1998 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke 10 CF Manchester United 1998 98 -- 99 , 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 Kuszczak , Tomasz Tomasz Kuszczak 01 GK Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 10 -- 11 Special dispensation ( three times ) Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez 10 CF Manchester United , Manchester City 2007 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 11 -- 12 Evans , Jonny Jonny Evans 04 CB Manchester United 2009 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Clichy , Gael Gaël Clichy 03 LB Arsenal , Manchester City 2003 03 -- 04 , 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Youngest : 18 years , 294 days Rafael 02 RB Manchester United 2009 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Huth , Robert Robert Huth 04 CB Chelsea , Leicester City 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 , 15 -- 16 Ivanovic , Branislav Branislav Ivanović 02 RB Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 , 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Adams , Tony Tony Adams 04 CB Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 , 01 -- 02 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka 10 CF Arsenal , Chelsea 1997 97 -- 98 , 09 -- 10 Seaman , David David Seaman 01 GK Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 , 01 -- 02 Dixon , Lee Lee Dixon 02 RB Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 , 01 -- 02 Grimandi , Gilles Gilles Grimandi 05 DM Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 , 01 -- 02 Pires , Robert Robert Pirès 09 AM / LW Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Ljungberg , Fredrik Fredrik Ljungberg 09 AM Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Wiltord , Sylvain Sylvain Wiltord 10 CF Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Lauren 02 RB Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry 10 CF Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Edu 06 CM Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Campbell , Sol Sol Campbell 04 CB Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Kanu , Nwankwo Nwankwo Kanu 10 CF Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 , 03 -- 04 Duff , Damien Damien Duff 06 M Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 Gallas , William William Gallas 04 CB Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 Geremi 02 RB / DM Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 Gudjohnsen , Eidur Eiður Guðjohnsen 10 CF Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 Makelele , Claude Claude Makélélé 05 DM Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben 08 LW Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 , 05 -- 06 Essien , Michael Michael Essien 06 CM Chelsea 2005 05 -- 06 , 09 -- 10 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes 10 CF Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 Ince , Paul Paul Ince 05 DM Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 Kanchelskis , Andrei Andrei Kanchelskis 07 W Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 Parker , Paul Paul Parker 02 D Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 Robson , Bryan Bryan Robson 056 CM Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 May , David David May 04 CB Manchester United 1995 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 Gouw , Raimond van der Raimond van der Gouw 01 GK Manchester United 1999 99 -- 00 , 00 -- 01 Barthez , Fabien Fabien Barthez 01 GK Manchester United 2000 00 -- 01 , 02 -- 03 Saha , Louis Louis Saha 10 CF Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov 10 CF Manchester United 2009 08 -- 09 , 10 -- 11 Toure , Kolo Kolo Touré 04 CB Arsenal , Manchester City 2003 03 -- 04 , 11 -- 12 Valencia , Antonio Antonio Valencia 07 RW Manchester United 2011 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Smalling , Chris Chris Smalling 04 CB Manchester United 2011 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Hernandez , Javier Javier Hernández 10 CF Manchester United 2011 10 -- 11 , 12 -- 13 Hart , Joe Joe Hart 01 GK Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Zabaleta , Pablo Pablo Zabaleta 02 RB Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Kolarov , Aleksandar Aleksandar Kolarov 03 LB Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Lescott , Joleon Joleon Lescott 04 CB Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Kompany , Vincent Vincent Kompany 04 CB Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Milner , James James Milner 06 CM Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré 06 CM Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Nasri , Samir Samir Nasri 07 RW Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Silva , David David Silva 09 AM Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero 10 CF Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko 10 CF Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 , 13 -- 14 Obi , Mikel John Mikel John Obi 05 DM Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 , 14 -- 15 Zouma , Kurt Kurt Zouma 04 CB Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Oscar 06 CM Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Willian 07 RW Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Cahill , Gary Gary Cahill 04 CB Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Matic , Nemanja Nemanja Matić 05 DM Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Fabregas , Cesc Cesc Fàbregas 06 CM Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Azpilicueta , Cesar César Azpilicueta 03 LB / RB Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Costa , Diego Diego Costa 10 CF Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Courtois , Thibaut Thibaut Courtois 01 GK Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard 08 LW Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 , 16 -- 17 Kante , Ngolo N'Golo Kanté 06 M Leicester City , Chelsea 2015 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 Sherwood , Tim Tim Sherwood 05 M Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Atkins , Mark Mark Atkins 06 CM Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer 10 CF Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Gale , Tony Tony Gale 04 D Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Hendry , Colin Colin Hendry 04 D Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Le Saux , Graeme Graeme Le Saux 03 LB Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Flowers , Tim Tim Flowers 01 GK Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Warhurst , Paul Paul Warhurst 04 D Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton 10 CF Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Ripley , Stuart Stuart Ripley 09 AM Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Pearce , Ian Ian Pearce 04 D Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Wilcox , Jason Jason Wilcox 08 W Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Newell , Mike Mike Newell 10 CF Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Slater , Robbie Robbie Slater 06 M Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Kenna , Jeff Jeff Kenna 03 D Blackburn Rovers 1994 94 -- 95 Special dispensation Winterburn , Nigel Nigel Winterburn 03 LB Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Bould , Steve Steve Bould 04 CB Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Platt , David David Platt 06 CM Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Wright , Ian Ian Wright 10 CF Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Overmars , Marc Marc Overmars 08 LW Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Wreh , Christopher Christopher Wreh 10 CF Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Petit , Emmanuel Emmanuel Petit 05 DM Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Boa Morte , Luis Luís Boa Morte 08 LW Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Garde , Remi Rémi Garde 04 D Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Hughes , Stephen Stephen Hughes 06 M Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Manninger , Alex Alex Manninger 01 GK Arsenal 1997 97 -- 98 Special dispensation Luzhny , Oleh Oleh Luzhny 02 RB Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 Taylor , Stuart Stuart Taylor 01 GK Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 Bronckhorst , Giovanni van Giovanni van Bronckhorst 03 LB Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 Upson , Matthew Matthew Upson 04 CB Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 Wright , Richard Richard Wright 01 GK Arsenal 2001 01 -- 02 Stepanovs , Igors Igors Stepanovs 10 CB Arsenal 2003 01 -- 02 Aliadiere , Jeremie Jérémie Aliadière 10 CF Arsenal 2003 03 -- 04 Lehmann , Jens Jens Lehmann 01 GK Arsenal 2003 03 -- 04 Reyes , Jose Antonio José Antonio Reyes 09 AM Arsenal 2003 03 -- 04 Silva , Gilberto Gilberto Silva 05 DM Arsenal 2003 03 -- 04 Cygan , Pascal Pascal Cygan 04 D Arsenal 2003 03 -- 04 Bridge , Wayne Wayne Bridge 03 LB Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 Smertin , Alexey Alexey Smertin 06 M Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 Tiago 06 M Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 Johnson , Glen Glen Johnson 02 RB Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 Kezman , Mateja Mateja Kežman 10 CF Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 Jarosik , Jiri Jiří Jarošík 10 CM Chelsea 2004 04 -- 05 Crespo , Hernan Hernán Crespo 10 CF Chelsea 2005 05 -- 06 del Horno , Asier Asier del Horno 03 LB Chelsea 2005 05 -- 06 Wright - Phillips , Shaun Shaun Wright - Phillips 07 RW Chelsea 2005 05 -- 06 Ballack , Michael Michael Ballack 09 AM Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 Belletti , Juliano Juliano Belletti 02 RB Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 Alex 04 CB Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 Deco 09 AM Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 Kalou , Salomon Salomon Kalou 10 CF Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 Malouda , Florent Florent Malouda 08 LW Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 Sturridge , Daniel Daniel Sturridge 10 CF Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 Zhirkov , Yuri Yuri Zhirkov 03 LB Chelsea 2009 09 -- 10 Blackmore , Clayton Clayton Blackmore 02 FB / M Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin 10 CF / CB Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 Special dispensation Ferguson , Darren Darren Ferguson 06 M Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 Phelan , Mike Mike Phelan 02 RB / M Manchester United 1992 92 -- 93 Cruyff , Jordi Jordi Cruyff 07 RW Manchester United 1996 96 -- 97 Poborsky , Karel Karel Poborský 08 W Manchester United 1996 96 -- 97 Blomqvist , Jesper Jesper Blomqvist 08 LW Manchester United 1998 98 -- 99 Bosnich , Mark Mark Bosnich 01 GK Manchester United 1999 99 -- 00 Chadwick , Luke Luke Chadwick 06 M Manchester United 2000 00 -- 01 Wallwork , Ronnie Ronnie Wallwork 04 D / DM Manchester United 2000 00 -- 01 Blanc , Laurent Laurent Blanc 04 CB Manchester United 2002 02 -- 03 Carroll , Roy Roy Carroll 01 GK Manchester United 2002 02 -- 03 Fortune , Quinton Quinton Fortune 01 LW Manchester United 2002 02 -- 03 Special dispensation Forlan , Diego Diego Forlán 10 CF Manchester United 2002 02 -- 03 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy 10 CF Manchester United 2002 02 -- 03 Veron , Juan Sebastian Juan Sebastián Verón 06 M Manchester United 2002 02 -- 03 Heinze , Gabriel Gabriel Heinze 03 LB / D Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 Richardson , Kieran Kieran Richardson 06 M Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 Larsson , Henrik Henrik Larsson 10 CF Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 Special dispensation Smith , Alan Alan Smith 10 CF Manchester United 2006 06 -- 07 Special dispensation Hargreaves , Owen Owen Hargreaves 06 M Manchester United 2007 07 -- 08 Pique , Gerard Gerard Piqué 02 RB / CB Manchester United 2007 07 -- 08 Special dispensation Fabio ! Fábio 03 LB Manchester United 2011 10 -- 11 Owen , Michael Michael Owen 10 CF Manchester United 2011 10 -- 11 Gibson , Darron Darron Gibson 06 CM Manchester United 2011 10 -- 11 Richards , Micah Micah Richards 02 RB Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 Savic , Stefan Stefan Savić 04 CB Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 Barry , Gareth Gareth Barry 06 CM Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 de Jong , Nigel Nigel de Jong 06 CM Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 Johnson , Adam Adam Johnson 08 LW Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli 10 CF Manchester City 2012 11 -- 12 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie 01 CF Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 Welbeck , Danny Danny Welbeck 01 CF Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 Kagawa , Shinji Shinji Kagawa 01 CM Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 de Gea , David David de Gea 01 GK Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 Young , Ashley Ashley Young 01 LW Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 Cleverley , Tom Tom Cleverley 01 CM Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 Jones , Phil Phil Jones 01 CM Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 Buttner , Alexander Alexander Büttner 01 LB Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 Lindegaard , Anders Anders Lindegaard 01 GK Manchester United 2012 12 -- 13 Negredo , Alvaro Álvaro Negredo 10 CF Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Garcia , Javi Javi García 05 DM Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Navas , Jesus Jesús Navas 07 RW Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Rodwell , Jack Jack Rodwell 06 CM Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Fernandinho 06 CM Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Demichelis , Martin Martín Demichelis 04 CB Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Pantilimon , Costel Costel Pantilimon 01 GK Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Nastasic , Matija Matija Nastasić 04 CB Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Jovetic , Stevan Stevan Jovetić 10 CF Manchester City 2013 13 -- 14 Remy , Loic Loïc Rémy 10 CF Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 Ramires 06 CM Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 Filipe Luis ! Filipe Luís 03 LB Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 Cuadrado , Juan Juan Cuadrado 07 RW Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 Schurrle , Andre André Schürrle 07 RW Chelsea 2014 14 -- 15 Schmeichel , Kasper Kasper Schmeichel 01 GK Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Schwarzer , Mark Mark Schwarzer 02 GK Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Simpson , Danny Danny Simpson 02 RB Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Fuchs , Christian Christian Fuchs 03 LB Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Morgan , Wes Wes Morgan 04 CB Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 First Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League . Schlupp , Jeffrey Jeffrey Schlupp 04 D Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Drinkwater , Danny Danny Drinkwater 05 DM Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Inler , Gokhan Gökhan Inler 06 CM Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Dyer , Nathan Nathan Dyer 07 W Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 King , Andy Andy King 06 M Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Albrighton , Marc Marc Albrighton 08 LW Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Gray , Demarai Demarai Gray 08 W Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Mahrez , Riyad Riyad Mahrez 07 RW Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Ulloa , Leonardo Leonardo Ulloa 10 CF Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Okazaki , Shinji Shinji Okazaki 10 CF Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Vardy , Jamie Jamie Vardy 10 CF Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Amartey , Daniel Daniel Amartey 04 D / M Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 De Laet , Ritchie Ritchie De Laet 04 D Leicester City 2015 15 -- 16 Alonso , Marcos Marcos Alonso 03 LB Chelsea 2016 16 -- 17 Pedro 07 RW Chelsea 2016 16 -- 17 Luiz , David David Luiz 04 CB Chelsea 2016 16 -- 17 Batshuayi , Michy Michy Batshuayi 10 CF Chelsea 2016 16 -- 17 Loftus - Cheek , Ruben Ruben Loftus - Cheek 06 M Chelsea 2016 16 -- 17 Chalobah , Nathaniel Nathaniel Chalobah 05 DM Chelsea 2016 16 -- 17 Moses , Victor Victor Moses 02 RB Chelsea 2016 16 -- 17 Begovic , Asmir Asmir Begović 01 GK Chelsea 2016 16 -- 17 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2625682/Jack-Rodwell-collects-Premier-League-winners-medal-despite-starting-just-one-game-Manchester-City.html Jump up ^ FA Premier League Handbook 2012 -- 13 Archived 14 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Giggs , Ryan ( February 2005 ) , `` e11evenses '' , The Official Manchester United Magazine , Future , no . 150 , p. 38 , Our first Premiership win in 1992 / 93 was the only time we 've ever received a miniature trophy instead of a medal . Jump up ^ Number of medals awarded to team players in that season , This not include staff ( managers and their assistants ) . Jump up ^ Robson was club captain , although was injured for much of the 1992 -- 93 season , Steve Bruce deputising . Jump up ^ Joint position with Bryan Robson Jump up ^ David Batty was offered a medal under `` special dispensation '' , but refused as he felt his contribution ( 5 games ) was minimal . Jump up ^ Although Gary Neville was still official club captain , he played 0 Premier League games through injury . Giggs was vice-captain . ^ Jump up to : Bumper Go Figure : Season in Numbers , 12 May 2008 , www.football365.com . Retrieved on 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Premier League Medal Winners 1992 -- 93 to 2010 -- 11 Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark and Julian Ley , English players now outnumbered by foreign legion , 13 August 2009 , The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved on 18 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Statistics collated from full list of winners . ^ Jump up to : born in Dakar , Senegal , France international Jump up ^ born in Cape Verde , Portuguese international Jump up ^ born in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now DR Congo ) , France international Jump up ^ born in Ukraine , Russian international Jump up ^ born in Brazil , Spanish international Jump up ^ Jersey born , England international Jump up ^ born in Ormskirk , Lancashire , but Australian international Jump up ^ born in Brazil , Portuguese international Jump up ^ Newcastle United Squad Profile : Alan Smith , nufc.premiumtv.co.uk . Retrieved on 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ born in Calgary , Canada , England international Jump up ^ born in Derry , Northern Ireland , Republic of Ireland international Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Chelsea 's N'Golo Kante should be top contender for Footballer of the Year '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ born in England , Jamaican international Jump up ^ born in Germany , Ghanaian international Jump up ^ born in England , Welsh international Jump up ^ born in France , Algerian international References ( edit ) Statistics for Arsenal players sourced from : `` Season by Season Statistics '' . Gunnermania . Statistics for Chelsea players sourced from : `` Chelsea player appearances '' . Soccerbase . Statistics for Manchester United players sourced from : `` RedStat -- Manchester United Statistics 1970 -- 2007 '' . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Awards in English football All time 100 League Legends Hall of Fame Premier League Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Winner 's Medal Golden Boot Golden Glove 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Football League Football League Awards Championship Top Scorer Golden Glove Manager of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Player of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Young Player of the Month Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Players ' Player of the Year Women 's Players ' Player of the Year Fans ' Player of the Year Young Player of the Year Women 's Young Player of the Year Team of the Year Merit Award Football Supporters ' Federation Player of the Year League Managers Association ( LMA ) Manager of the Year Football Writers ' Association ( FWA ) Footballer of the Year Tribute Award League Football Education ( LFE ) Football League Apprentice of the Year Match of the Day ( BBC Television ) Goal of the Month Goal of the Season British honours system Football personalities with British honours Football players and officials awarded knighthoods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_footballers_with_a_Premier_League_winner%27s_medal&oldid=809718828 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 23 : 17 . 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who has won the premier league with 2 different clubs
[ "\n\nPlayer\nNo.\nNat.\nPos.\nClub(s)\nSeasons\nNotes\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\n13\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\nHighest number of medals for a single player\n\n\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\n11\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNeville, GaryGary Neville\n8\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 08–09\n\n\n\nIrwin, DenisDenis Irwin\n7\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n7\n\n04DM\nManchester United\n199393–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\n6\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nButt, NickyNicky Butt\n6\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nNeville, PhilPhil Neville\n6\n\n02FB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSolskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n6\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\n6\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n5\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99\nMore winners medals than any other goalkeeper\n\n\nCole, AndrewAndrew Cole\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBrown, WesWes Brown\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nOshea, JohnJohn O'Shea\n5\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nEvra, PatricePatrice Evra\n5\n[13]\n03LB/LW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nVidic, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nFletcher, DarrenDarren Fletcher\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nCarrick, MichaelMichael Carrick\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\n5\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\nMost as captain: 04–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\n4\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nMcClair, BrianBrian McClair\n4\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nPallister, GaryGary Pallister\n4\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nSilvestre, MikaelMikaël Silvestre\n4\n\n03LB/CB\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nSar, Edwin van derEdwin van der Sar\n4\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\nOldest: 40 years, 205 days\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n4\n\n09AM\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nAnderson\n4\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNani\n4\n[14]\n07W\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nDrogba, DidierDidier Drogba\n4\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\n4\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\n3\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09\n\n\n\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\n3\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKeown, MartinMartin Keown\n3\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\n3\n\n07RW\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nVieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira\n3\n[13]\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCole, AshleyAshley Cole\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n200101–02, 03–04, 09–10\n\n\n\nBerg, HenningHenning Berg\n3\n\n04CB/RB\nBlackburn Rovers,\nManchester United\n199494–95, 98–99, 99–00\nFirst player to win with two different clubs\n\n\nCarvalho, RicardoRicardo Carvalho\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nFerreira, PauloPaulo Ferreira\n3\n\n04D\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nSharpe, LeeLee Sharpe\n3\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nJohnsen, RonnyRonny Johnsen\n3\n\n05CB/DM\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 00–01\n\n\n\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nStam, JaapJaap Stam\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKuszczak, TomaszTomasz Kuszczak\n3\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 10–11\nSpecial dispensation (three times)[9]\n\n\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United,\nManchester City\n200707–08, 08–09, 11–12\n\n\n\nEvans, JonnyJonny Evans\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nClichy, GaelGaël Clichy\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12, 13–14\nYoungest: 18 years, 294 days\n\n\nRafael\n3\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHuth, RobertRobert Huth\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea,\nLeicester City\n200404–05, 05–06, 15–16\n\n\n\nIvanovic, BranislavBranislav Ivanović\n3\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n199797–98, 09–10\n\n\n\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n2\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nDixon, LeeLee Dixon\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nGrimandi, GillesGilles Grimandi\n2\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nPires, RobertRobert Pirès\n2\n\n09AM/LW\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\n2\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLauren\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nEdu\n2\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCampbell, SolSol Campbell\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nDuff, DamienDamien Duff\n2\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGallas, WilliamWilliam Gallas\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGeremi\n2\n\n02RB/DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen\n2\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nMakelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé\n2\n[15]\n05DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nEssien, MichaelMichael Essien\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200505–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n2\n\n05DM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\n2\n[16]\n07W\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nParker, PaulPaul Parker\n2\n\n02D\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n2\n\n056CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nMay, DavidDavid May\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nGouw, Raimond van derRaimond van der Gouw\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBarthez, FabienFabien Barthez\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200000–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nToure, KoloKolo Touré\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12\n\n\n\nValencia, AntonioAntonio Valencia\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSmalling, ChrisChris Smalling\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHernandez, JavierJavier Hernández\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHart, JoeJoe Hart\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nZabaleta, PabloPablo Zabaleta\n2\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKolarov, AleksandarAleksandar Kolarov\n2\n\n03LB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nLescott, JoleonJoleon Lescott\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKompany, VincentVincent Kompany\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nMilner, JamesJames Milner\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nToure, YayaYaya Touré\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\n2\n\n09AM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nAguero, SergioSergio Agüero\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nObi, Mikel JohnMikel John Obi\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nZouma, KurtKurt Zouma\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nOscar\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nWillian\n2\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCahill, GaryGary Cahill\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nMatic, NemanjaNemanja Matić\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAzpilicueta, CesarCésar Azpilicueta\n2\n\n03LB/RB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\n2\n[17]\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCourtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois\n2\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nHazard, EdenEden Hazard\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nKante, NgoloN'Golo Kanté\n2\n\n06M\nLeicester City,\nChelsea\n201515–16, 16–17\n\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n1\n\n05M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nAtkins, MarkMark Atkins\n1\n\n06CM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nGale, TonyTony Gale\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nHendry, ColinColin Hendry\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nLe Saux, GraemeGraeme Le Saux\n1\n[18]\n03LB\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\n1\n\n01GK\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWarhurst, PaulPaul Warhurst\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nRipley, StuartStuart Ripley\n1\n\n09AM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nPearce, IanIan Pearce\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWilcox, JasonJason Wilcox\n1\n\n08W\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nNewell, MikeMike Newell\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSlater, RobbieRobbie Slater\n1\n[19]\n06M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nKenna, JeffJeff Kenna\n1\n\n03D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nWinterburn, NigelNigel Winterburn\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBould, SteveSteve Bould\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPlatt, DavidDavid Platt\n1\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWright, IanIan Wright\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nOvermars, MarcMarc Overmars\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWreh, ChristopherChristopher Wreh\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBoa Morte, LuisLuís Boa Morte\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nGarde, RemiRémi Garde\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nHughes, StephenStephen Hughes\n1\n\n06M\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nLuzhny, OlehOleh Luzhny\n1\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nTaylor, StuartStuart Taylor\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nBronckhorst, Giovanni vanGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nUpson, MatthewMatthew Upson\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nWright, RichardRichard Wright\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nStepanovs, IgorsIgors Stepanovs\n1\n\n10CB\nArsenal\n200301–02\n\n\n\nAliadiere, JeremieJérémie Aliadière\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nLehmann, JensJens Lehmann\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nReyes, Jose AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\n1\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nSilva, GilbertoGilberto Silva\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nCygan, PascalPascal Cygan\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nBridge, WayneWayne Bridge\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nSmertin, AlexeyAlexey Smertin\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nTiago\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJohnson, GlenGlen Johnson\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nKezman, MatejaMateja Kežman\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJarosik, JiriJiří Jarošík\n1\n\n10CM\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nCrespo, HernanHernán Crespo\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\ndel Horno, AsierAsier del Horno\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nWright-Phillips, ShaunShaun Wright-Phillips\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nBallack, MichaelMichael Ballack\n1\n\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBelletti, JulianoJuliano Belletti\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nAlex\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nDeco\n1\n[20]\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nKalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\n1\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nZhirkov, YuriYuri Zhirkov\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBlackmore, ClaytonClayton Blackmore\n1\n\n02FB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\n1\n\n10CF/CB\nManchester United\n199292–93\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nFerguson, DarrenDarren Ferguson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n1\n\n02RB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nCruyff, JordiJordi Cruyff\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nPoborsky, KarelKarel Poborský\n1\n\n08W\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nBlomqvist, JesperJesper Blomqvist\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199898–99\n\n\n\nBosnich, MarkMark Bosnich\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00\n\n\n\nChadwick, LukeLuke Chadwick\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nWallwork, RonnieRonnie Wallwork\n1\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nBlanc, LaurentLaurent Blanc\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nCarroll, RoyRoy Carroll\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nFortune, QuintonQuinton Fortune\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n200202–03\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nForlan, DiegoDiego Forlán\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nNistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nVeron, Juan SebastianJuan Sebastián Verón\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nHeinze, GabrielGabriel Heinze\n1\n\n03LB/D\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nRichardson, KieranKieran Richardson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nLarsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation[21]\n\n\nHargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves\n1\n[22]\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08\n\n\n\nPique, GerardGerard Piqué\n1\n\n02RB/CB\nManchester United\n200707–08\nSpecial dispensation[9]\n\n\nFabio !Fábio\n1\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nGibson, DarronDarron Gibson\n1\n[23]\n06CM\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\n1\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nSavic, StefanStefan Savić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBarry, GarethGareth Barry\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nde Jong, NigelNigel de Jong\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBalotelli, MarioMario Balotelli\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nPersie, Robin vanRobin van Persie\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nWelbeck, DannyDanny Welbeck\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nKagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nde Gea, DavidDavid de Gea\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nCleverley, TomTom Cleverley\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nJones, PhilPhil Jones\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nButtner, AlexanderAlexander Büttner\n1\n\n01LB\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nLindegaard, AndersAnders Lindegaard\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nNegredo, AlvaroÁlvaro Negredo\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nGarcia, JaviJavi García\n1\n\n05DM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNavas, JesusJesús Navas\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRodwell, JackJack Rodwell\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nFernandinho\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nDemichelis, MartinMartín Demichelis\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nPantilimon, CostelCostel Pantilimon\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNastasic, MatijaMatija Nastasić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nJovetic, StevanStevan Jovetić\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRemy, LoicLoïc Rémy\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nRamires\n1\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nFilipe Luis !Filipe Luís\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nCuadrado, JuanJuan Cuadrado\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, KasperKasper Schmeichel\n1\n\n01GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n1\n\n02GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n[24]\n\n\nSimpson, DannyDanny Simpson\n1\n\n02RB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nFuchs, ChristianChristian Fuchs\n1\n\n03LB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMorgan, WesWes Morgan\n1\n[25]\n04CB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\nFirst Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League.\n\n\nSchlupp, JeffreyJeffrey Schlupp\n1\n[26]\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDrinkwater, DannyDanny Drinkwater\n1\n\n05DM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nInler, GokhanGökhan Inler\n1\n\n06CM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDyer, NathanNathan Dyer\n1\n\n07W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nKing, AndyAndy King\n1\n[27]\n06M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlbrighton, MarcMarc Albrighton\n1\n\n08LW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nGray, DemaraiDemarai Gray\n1\n\n08W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez\n1\n[28]\n07RW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nUlloa, LeonardoLeonardo Ulloa\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nOkazaki, ShinjiShinji Okazaki\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nVardy, JamieJamie Vardy\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAmartey, DanielDaniel Amartey\n1\n\n04D/M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDe Laet, RitchieRitchie De Laet\n1\n\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlonso, MarcosMarcos Alonso\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nPedro\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBatshuayi, MichyMichy Batshuayi\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLoftus-Cheek, RubenRuben Loftus-Cheek\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nChalobah, NathanielNathaniel Chalobah\n1\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nMoses, VictorVictor Moses\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBegovic, AsmirAsmir Begović\n1\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n", "\n\nPlayer\nNo.\nNat.\nPos.\nClub(s)\nSeasons\nNotes\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\n13\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\nHighest number of medals for a single player\n\n\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\n11\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNeville, GaryGary Neville\n8\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 08–09\n\n\n\nIrwin, DenisDenis Irwin\n7\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n7\n\n04DM\nManchester United\n199393–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\n6\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nButt, NickyNicky Butt\n6\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nNeville, PhilPhil Neville\n6\n\n02FB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSolskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n6\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\n6\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n5\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99\nMore winners medals than any other goalkeeper\n\n\nCole, AndrewAndrew Cole\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBrown, WesWes Brown\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nOshea, JohnJohn O'Shea\n5\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nEvra, PatricePatrice Evra\n5\n[13]\n03LB/LW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nVidic, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nFletcher, DarrenDarren Fletcher\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nCarrick, MichaelMichael Carrick\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\n5\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\nMost as captain: 04–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\n4\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nMcClair, BrianBrian McClair\n4\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nPallister, GaryGary Pallister\n4\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nSilvestre, MikaelMikaël Silvestre\n4\n\n03LB/CB\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nSar, Edwin van derEdwin van der Sar\n4\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\nOldest: 40 years, 205 days\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n4\n\n09AM\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nAnderson\n4\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNani\n4\n[14]\n07W\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nDrogba, DidierDidier Drogba\n4\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\n4\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\n3\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09\n\n\n\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\n3\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKeown, MartinMartin Keown\n3\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\n3\n\n07RW\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nVieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira\n3\n[13]\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCole, AshleyAshley Cole\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n200101–02, 03–04, 09–10\n\n\n\nBerg, HenningHenning Berg\n3\n\n04CB/RB\nBlackburn Rovers,\nManchester United\n199494–95, 98–99, 99–00\nFirst player to win with two different clubs\n\n\nCarvalho, RicardoRicardo Carvalho\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nFerreira, PauloPaulo Ferreira\n3\n\n04D\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nSharpe, LeeLee Sharpe\n3\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nJohnsen, RonnyRonny Johnsen\n3\n\n05CB/DM\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 00–01\n\n\n\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nStam, JaapJaap Stam\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKuszczak, TomaszTomasz Kuszczak\n3\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 10–11\nSpecial dispensation (three times)[9]\n\n\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United,\nManchester City\n200707–08, 08–09, 11–12\n\n\n\nEvans, JonnyJonny Evans\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nClichy, GaelGaël Clichy\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12, 13–14\nYoungest: 18 years, 294 days\n\n\nRafael\n3\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHuth, RobertRobert Huth\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea,\nLeicester City\n200404–05, 05–06, 15–16\n\n\n\nIvanovic, BranislavBranislav Ivanović\n3\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n199797–98, 09–10\n\n\n\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n2\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nDixon, LeeLee Dixon\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nGrimandi, GillesGilles Grimandi\n2\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nPires, RobertRobert Pirès\n2\n\n09AM/LW\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\n2\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLauren\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nEdu\n2\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCampbell, SolSol Campbell\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nDuff, DamienDamien Duff\n2\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGallas, WilliamWilliam Gallas\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGeremi\n2\n\n02RB/DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen\n2\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nMakelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé\n2\n[15]\n05DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nEssien, MichaelMichael Essien\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200505–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n2\n\n05DM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\n2\n[16]\n07W\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nParker, PaulPaul Parker\n2\n\n02D\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n2\n\n056CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nMay, DavidDavid May\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nGouw, Raimond van derRaimond van der Gouw\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBarthez, FabienFabien Barthez\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200000–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nToure, KoloKolo Touré\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12\n\n\n\nValencia, AntonioAntonio Valencia\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSmalling, ChrisChris Smalling\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHernandez, JavierJavier Hernández\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHart, JoeJoe Hart\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nZabaleta, PabloPablo Zabaleta\n2\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKolarov, AleksandarAleksandar Kolarov\n2\n\n03LB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nLescott, JoleonJoleon Lescott\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKompany, VincentVincent Kompany\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nMilner, JamesJames Milner\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nToure, YayaYaya Touré\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\n2\n\n09AM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nAguero, SergioSergio Agüero\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nObi, Mikel JohnMikel John Obi\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nZouma, KurtKurt Zouma\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nOscar\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nWillian\n2\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCahill, GaryGary Cahill\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nMatic, NemanjaNemanja Matić\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAzpilicueta, CesarCésar Azpilicueta\n2\n\n03LB/RB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\n2\n[17]\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCourtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois\n2\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nHazard, EdenEden Hazard\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nKante, NgoloN'Golo Kanté\n2\n\n06M\nLeicester City,\nChelsea\n201515–16, 16–17\n\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n1\n\n05M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nAtkins, MarkMark Atkins\n1\n\n06CM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nGale, TonyTony Gale\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nHendry, ColinColin Hendry\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nLe Saux, GraemeGraeme Le Saux\n1\n[18]\n03LB\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\n1\n\n01GK\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWarhurst, PaulPaul Warhurst\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nRipley, StuartStuart Ripley\n1\n\n09AM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nPearce, IanIan Pearce\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWilcox, JasonJason Wilcox\n1\n\n08W\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nNewell, MikeMike Newell\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSlater, RobbieRobbie Slater\n1\n[19]\n06M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nKenna, JeffJeff Kenna\n1\n\n03D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nWinterburn, NigelNigel Winterburn\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBould, SteveSteve Bould\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPlatt, DavidDavid Platt\n1\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWright, IanIan Wright\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nOvermars, MarcMarc Overmars\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWreh, ChristopherChristopher Wreh\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBoa Morte, LuisLuís Boa Morte\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nGarde, RemiRémi Garde\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nHughes, StephenStephen Hughes\n1\n\n06M\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nLuzhny, OlehOleh Luzhny\n1\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nTaylor, StuartStuart Taylor\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nBronckhorst, Giovanni vanGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nUpson, MatthewMatthew Upson\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nWright, RichardRichard Wright\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nStepanovs, IgorsIgors Stepanovs\n1\n\n10CB\nArsenal\n200301–02\n\n\n\nAliadiere, JeremieJérémie Aliadière\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nLehmann, JensJens Lehmann\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nReyes, Jose AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\n1\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nSilva, GilbertoGilberto Silva\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nCygan, PascalPascal Cygan\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nBridge, WayneWayne Bridge\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nSmertin, AlexeyAlexey Smertin\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nTiago\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJohnson, GlenGlen Johnson\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nKezman, MatejaMateja Kežman\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJarosik, JiriJiří Jarošík\n1\n\n10CM\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nCrespo, HernanHernán Crespo\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\ndel Horno, AsierAsier del Horno\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nWright-Phillips, ShaunShaun Wright-Phillips\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nBallack, MichaelMichael Ballack\n1\n\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBelletti, JulianoJuliano Belletti\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nAlex\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nDeco\n1\n[20]\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nKalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\n1\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nZhirkov, YuriYuri Zhirkov\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBlackmore, ClaytonClayton Blackmore\n1\n\n02FB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\n1\n\n10CF/CB\nManchester United\n199292–93\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nFerguson, DarrenDarren Ferguson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n1\n\n02RB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nCruyff, JordiJordi Cruyff\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nPoborsky, KarelKarel Poborský\n1\n\n08W\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nBlomqvist, JesperJesper Blomqvist\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199898–99\n\n\n\nBosnich, MarkMark Bosnich\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00\n\n\n\nChadwick, LukeLuke Chadwick\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nWallwork, RonnieRonnie Wallwork\n1\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nBlanc, LaurentLaurent Blanc\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nCarroll, RoyRoy Carroll\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nFortune, QuintonQuinton Fortune\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n200202–03\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nForlan, DiegoDiego Forlán\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nNistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nVeron, Juan SebastianJuan Sebastián Verón\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nHeinze, GabrielGabriel Heinze\n1\n\n03LB/D\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nRichardson, KieranKieran Richardson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nLarsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation[21]\n\n\nHargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves\n1\n[22]\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08\n\n\n\nPique, GerardGerard Piqué\n1\n\n02RB/CB\nManchester United\n200707–08\nSpecial dispensation[9]\n\n\nFabio !Fábio\n1\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nGibson, DarronDarron Gibson\n1\n[23]\n06CM\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\n1\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nSavic, StefanStefan Savić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBarry, GarethGareth Barry\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nde Jong, NigelNigel de Jong\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBalotelli, MarioMario Balotelli\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nPersie, Robin vanRobin van Persie\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nWelbeck, DannyDanny Welbeck\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nKagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nde Gea, DavidDavid de Gea\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nCleverley, TomTom Cleverley\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nJones, PhilPhil Jones\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nButtner, AlexanderAlexander Büttner\n1\n\n01LB\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nLindegaard, AndersAnders Lindegaard\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nNegredo, AlvaroÁlvaro Negredo\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nGarcia, JaviJavi García\n1\n\n05DM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNavas, JesusJesús Navas\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRodwell, JackJack Rodwell\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nFernandinho\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nDemichelis, MartinMartín Demichelis\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nPantilimon, CostelCostel Pantilimon\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNastasic, MatijaMatija Nastasić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nJovetic, StevanStevan Jovetić\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRemy, LoicLoïc Rémy\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nRamires\n1\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nFilipe Luis !Filipe Luís\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nCuadrado, JuanJuan Cuadrado\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, KasperKasper Schmeichel\n1\n\n01GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n1\n\n02GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n[24]\n\n\nSimpson, DannyDanny Simpson\n1\n\n02RB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nFuchs, ChristianChristian Fuchs\n1\n\n03LB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMorgan, WesWes Morgan\n1\n[25]\n04CB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\nFirst Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League.\n\n\nSchlupp, JeffreyJeffrey Schlupp\n1\n[26]\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDrinkwater, DannyDanny Drinkwater\n1\n\n05DM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nInler, GokhanGökhan Inler\n1\n\n06CM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDyer, NathanNathan Dyer\n1\n\n07W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nKing, AndyAndy King\n1\n[27]\n06M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlbrighton, MarcMarc Albrighton\n1\n\n08LW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nGray, DemaraiDemarai Gray\n1\n\n08W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez\n1\n[28]\n07RW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nUlloa, LeonardoLeonardo Ulloa\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nOkazaki, ShinjiShinji Okazaki\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nVardy, JamieJamie Vardy\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAmartey, DanielDaniel Amartey\n1\n\n04D/M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDe Laet, RitchieRitchie De Laet\n1\n\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlonso, MarcosMarcos Alonso\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nPedro\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBatshuayi, MichyMichy Batshuayi\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLoftus-Cheek, RubenRuben Loftus-Cheek\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nChalobah, NathanielNathaniel Chalobah\n1\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nMoses, VictorVictor Moses\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBegovic, AsmirAsmir Begović\n1\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n", "\n\nPlayer\nNo.\nNat.\nPos.\nClub(s)\nSeasons\nNotes\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\n13\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\nHighest number of medals for a single player\n\n\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\n11\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNeville, GaryGary Neville\n8\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 08–09\n\n\n\nIrwin, DenisDenis Irwin\n7\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n7\n\n04DM\nManchester United\n199393–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\n6\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nButt, NickyNicky Butt\n6\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nNeville, PhilPhil Neville\n6\n\n02FB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSolskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n6\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\n6\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n5\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99\nMore winners medals than any other goalkeeper\n\n\nCole, AndrewAndrew Cole\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBrown, WesWes Brown\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nOshea, JohnJohn O'Shea\n5\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nEvra, PatricePatrice Evra\n5\n[13]\n03LB/LW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nVidic, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nFletcher, DarrenDarren Fletcher\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nCarrick, MichaelMichael Carrick\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\n5\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\nMost as captain: 04–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\n4\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nMcClair, BrianBrian McClair\n4\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nPallister, GaryGary Pallister\n4\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nSilvestre, MikaelMikaël Silvestre\n4\n\n03LB/CB\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nSar, Edwin van derEdwin van der Sar\n4\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\nOldest: 40 years, 205 days\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n4\n\n09AM\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nAnderson\n4\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNani\n4\n[14]\n07W\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nDrogba, DidierDidier Drogba\n4\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\n4\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\n3\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09\n\n\n\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\n3\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKeown, MartinMartin Keown\n3\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\n3\n\n07RW\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nVieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira\n3\n[13]\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCole, AshleyAshley Cole\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n200101–02, 03–04, 09–10\n\n\n\nBerg, HenningHenning Berg\n3\n\n04CB/RB\nBlackburn Rovers,\nManchester United\n199494–95, 98–99, 99–00\nFirst player to win with two different clubs\n\n\nCarvalho, RicardoRicardo Carvalho\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nFerreira, PauloPaulo Ferreira\n3\n\n04D\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nSharpe, LeeLee Sharpe\n3\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nJohnsen, RonnyRonny Johnsen\n3\n\n05CB/DM\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 00–01\n\n\n\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nStam, JaapJaap Stam\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKuszczak, TomaszTomasz Kuszczak\n3\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 10–11\nSpecial dispensation (three times)[9]\n\n\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United,\nManchester City\n200707–08, 08–09, 11–12\n\n\n\nEvans, JonnyJonny Evans\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nClichy, GaelGaël Clichy\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12, 13–14\nYoungest: 18 years, 294 days\n\n\nRafael\n3\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHuth, RobertRobert Huth\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea,\nLeicester City\n200404–05, 05–06, 15–16\n\n\n\nIvanovic, BranislavBranislav Ivanović\n3\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n199797–98, 09–10\n\n\n\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n2\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nDixon, LeeLee Dixon\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nGrimandi, GillesGilles Grimandi\n2\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nPires, RobertRobert Pirès\n2\n\n09AM/LW\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\n2\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLauren\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nEdu\n2\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCampbell, SolSol Campbell\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nDuff, DamienDamien Duff\n2\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGallas, WilliamWilliam Gallas\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGeremi\n2\n\n02RB/DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen\n2\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nMakelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé\n2\n[15]\n05DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nEssien, MichaelMichael Essien\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200505–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n2\n\n05DM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\n2\n[16]\n07W\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nParker, PaulPaul Parker\n2\n\n02D\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n2\n\n056CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nMay, DavidDavid May\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nGouw, Raimond van derRaimond van der Gouw\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBarthez, FabienFabien Barthez\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200000–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nToure, KoloKolo Touré\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12\n\n\n\nValencia, AntonioAntonio Valencia\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSmalling, ChrisChris Smalling\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHernandez, JavierJavier Hernández\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHart, JoeJoe Hart\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nZabaleta, PabloPablo Zabaleta\n2\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKolarov, AleksandarAleksandar Kolarov\n2\n\n03LB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nLescott, JoleonJoleon Lescott\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKompany, VincentVincent Kompany\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nMilner, JamesJames Milner\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nToure, YayaYaya Touré\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\n2\n\n09AM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nAguero, SergioSergio Agüero\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nObi, Mikel JohnMikel John Obi\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nZouma, KurtKurt Zouma\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nOscar\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nWillian\n2\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCahill, GaryGary Cahill\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nMatic, NemanjaNemanja Matić\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAzpilicueta, CesarCésar Azpilicueta\n2\n\n03LB/RB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\n2\n[17]\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCourtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois\n2\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nHazard, EdenEden Hazard\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nKante, NgoloN'Golo Kanté\n2\n\n06M\nLeicester City,\nChelsea\n201515–16, 16–17\n\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n1\n\n05M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nAtkins, MarkMark Atkins\n1\n\n06CM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nGale, TonyTony Gale\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nHendry, ColinColin Hendry\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nLe Saux, GraemeGraeme Le Saux\n1\n[18]\n03LB\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\n1\n\n01GK\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWarhurst, PaulPaul Warhurst\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nRipley, StuartStuart Ripley\n1\n\n09AM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nPearce, IanIan Pearce\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWilcox, JasonJason Wilcox\n1\n\n08W\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nNewell, MikeMike Newell\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSlater, RobbieRobbie Slater\n1\n[19]\n06M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nKenna, JeffJeff Kenna\n1\n\n03D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nWinterburn, NigelNigel Winterburn\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBould, SteveSteve Bould\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPlatt, DavidDavid Platt\n1\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWright, IanIan Wright\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nOvermars, MarcMarc Overmars\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWreh, ChristopherChristopher Wreh\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBoa Morte, LuisLuís Boa Morte\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nGarde, RemiRémi Garde\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nHughes, StephenStephen Hughes\n1\n\n06M\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nLuzhny, OlehOleh Luzhny\n1\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nTaylor, StuartStuart Taylor\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nBronckhorst, Giovanni vanGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nUpson, MatthewMatthew Upson\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nWright, RichardRichard Wright\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nStepanovs, IgorsIgors Stepanovs\n1\n\n10CB\nArsenal\n200301–02\n\n\n\nAliadiere, JeremieJérémie Aliadière\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nLehmann, JensJens Lehmann\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nReyes, Jose AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\n1\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nSilva, GilbertoGilberto Silva\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nCygan, PascalPascal Cygan\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nBridge, WayneWayne Bridge\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nSmertin, AlexeyAlexey Smertin\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nTiago\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJohnson, GlenGlen Johnson\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nKezman, MatejaMateja Kežman\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJarosik, JiriJiří Jarošík\n1\n\n10CM\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nCrespo, HernanHernán Crespo\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\ndel Horno, AsierAsier del Horno\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nWright-Phillips, ShaunShaun Wright-Phillips\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nBallack, MichaelMichael Ballack\n1\n\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBelletti, JulianoJuliano Belletti\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nAlex\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nDeco\n1\n[20]\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nKalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\n1\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nZhirkov, YuriYuri Zhirkov\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBlackmore, ClaytonClayton Blackmore\n1\n\n02FB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\n1\n\n10CF/CB\nManchester United\n199292–93\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nFerguson, DarrenDarren Ferguson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n1\n\n02RB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nCruyff, JordiJordi Cruyff\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nPoborsky, KarelKarel Poborský\n1\n\n08W\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nBlomqvist, JesperJesper Blomqvist\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199898–99\n\n\n\nBosnich, MarkMark Bosnich\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00\n\n\n\nChadwick, LukeLuke Chadwick\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nWallwork, RonnieRonnie Wallwork\n1\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nBlanc, LaurentLaurent Blanc\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nCarroll, RoyRoy Carroll\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nFortune, QuintonQuinton Fortune\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n200202–03\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nForlan, DiegoDiego Forlán\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nNistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nVeron, Juan SebastianJuan Sebastián Verón\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nHeinze, GabrielGabriel Heinze\n1\n\n03LB/D\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nRichardson, KieranKieran Richardson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nLarsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation[21]\n\n\nHargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves\n1\n[22]\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08\n\n\n\nPique, GerardGerard Piqué\n1\n\n02RB/CB\nManchester United\n200707–08\nSpecial dispensation[9]\n\n\nFabio !Fábio\n1\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nGibson, DarronDarron Gibson\n1\n[23]\n06CM\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\n1\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nSavic, StefanStefan Savić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBarry, GarethGareth Barry\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nde Jong, NigelNigel de Jong\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBalotelli, MarioMario Balotelli\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nPersie, Robin vanRobin van Persie\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nWelbeck, DannyDanny Welbeck\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nKagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nde Gea, DavidDavid de Gea\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nCleverley, TomTom Cleverley\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nJones, PhilPhil Jones\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nButtner, AlexanderAlexander Büttner\n1\n\n01LB\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nLindegaard, AndersAnders Lindegaard\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nNegredo, AlvaroÁlvaro Negredo\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nGarcia, JaviJavi García\n1\n\n05DM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNavas, JesusJesús Navas\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRodwell, JackJack Rodwell\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nFernandinho\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nDemichelis, MartinMartín Demichelis\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nPantilimon, CostelCostel Pantilimon\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNastasic, MatijaMatija Nastasić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nJovetic, StevanStevan Jovetić\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRemy, LoicLoïc Rémy\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nRamires\n1\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nFilipe Luis !Filipe Luís\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nCuadrado, JuanJuan Cuadrado\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, KasperKasper Schmeichel\n1\n\n01GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n1\n\n02GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n[24]\n\n\nSimpson, DannyDanny Simpson\n1\n\n02RB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nFuchs, ChristianChristian Fuchs\n1\n\n03LB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMorgan, WesWes Morgan\n1\n[25]\n04CB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\nFirst Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League.\n\n\nSchlupp, JeffreyJeffrey Schlupp\n1\n[26]\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDrinkwater, DannyDanny Drinkwater\n1\n\n05DM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nInler, GokhanGökhan Inler\n1\n\n06CM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDyer, NathanNathan Dyer\n1\n\n07W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nKing, AndyAndy King\n1\n[27]\n06M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlbrighton, MarcMarc Albrighton\n1\n\n08LW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nGray, DemaraiDemarai Gray\n1\n\n08W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez\n1\n[28]\n07RW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nUlloa, LeonardoLeonardo Ulloa\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nOkazaki, ShinjiShinji Okazaki\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nVardy, JamieJamie Vardy\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAmartey, DanielDaniel Amartey\n1\n\n04D/M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDe Laet, RitchieRitchie De Laet\n1\n\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlonso, MarcosMarcos Alonso\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nPedro\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBatshuayi, MichyMichy Batshuayi\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLoftus-Cheek, RubenRuben Loftus-Cheek\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nChalobah, NathanielNathaniel Chalobah\n1\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nMoses, VictorVictor Moses\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBegovic, AsmirAsmir Begović\n1\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n", "\n\nPlayer\nNo.\nNat.\nPos.\nClub(s)\nSeasons\nNotes\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\n13\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\nHighest number of medals for a single player\n\n\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\n11\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNeville, GaryGary Neville\n8\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 08–09\n\n\n\nIrwin, DenisDenis Irwin\n7\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n7\n\n04DM\nManchester United\n199393–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\n6\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nButt, NickyNicky Butt\n6\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nNeville, PhilPhil Neville\n6\n\n02FB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSolskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n6\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\n6\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n5\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99\nMore winners medals than any other goalkeeper\n\n\nCole, AndrewAndrew Cole\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBrown, WesWes Brown\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nOshea, JohnJohn O'Shea\n5\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nEvra, PatricePatrice Evra\n5\n[13]\n03LB/LW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nVidic, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nFletcher, DarrenDarren Fletcher\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nCarrick, MichaelMichael Carrick\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\n5\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\nMost as captain: 04–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\n4\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nMcClair, BrianBrian McClair\n4\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nPallister, GaryGary Pallister\n4\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nSilvestre, MikaelMikaël Silvestre\n4\n\n03LB/CB\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nSar, Edwin van derEdwin van der Sar\n4\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\nOldest: 40 years, 205 days\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n4\n\n09AM\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nAnderson\n4\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNani\n4\n[14]\n07W\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nDrogba, DidierDidier Drogba\n4\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\n4\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\n3\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09\n\n\n\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\n3\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKeown, MartinMartin Keown\n3\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\n3\n\n07RW\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nVieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira\n3\n[13]\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCole, AshleyAshley Cole\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n200101–02, 03–04, 09–10\n\n\n\nBerg, HenningHenning Berg\n3\n\n04CB/RB\nBlackburn Rovers,\nManchester United\n199494–95, 98–99, 99–00\nFirst player to win with two different clubs\n\n\nCarvalho, RicardoRicardo Carvalho\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nFerreira, PauloPaulo Ferreira\n3\n\n04D\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nSharpe, LeeLee Sharpe\n3\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nJohnsen, RonnyRonny Johnsen\n3\n\n05CB/DM\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 00–01\n\n\n\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nStam, JaapJaap Stam\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKuszczak, TomaszTomasz Kuszczak\n3\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 10–11\nSpecial dispensation (three times)[9]\n\n\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United,\nManchester City\n200707–08, 08–09, 11–12\n\n\n\nEvans, JonnyJonny Evans\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nClichy, GaelGaël Clichy\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12, 13–14\nYoungest: 18 years, 294 days\n\n\nRafael\n3\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHuth, RobertRobert Huth\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea,\nLeicester City\n200404–05, 05–06, 15–16\n\n\n\nIvanovic, BranislavBranislav Ivanović\n3\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n199797–98, 09–10\n\n\n\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n2\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nDixon, LeeLee Dixon\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nGrimandi, GillesGilles Grimandi\n2\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nPires, RobertRobert Pirès\n2\n\n09AM/LW\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\n2\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLauren\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nEdu\n2\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCampbell, SolSol Campbell\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nDuff, DamienDamien Duff\n2\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGallas, WilliamWilliam Gallas\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGeremi\n2\n\n02RB/DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen\n2\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nMakelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé\n2\n[15]\n05DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nEssien, MichaelMichael Essien\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200505–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n2\n\n05DM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\n2\n[16]\n07W\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nParker, PaulPaul Parker\n2\n\n02D\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n2\n\n056CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nMay, DavidDavid May\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nGouw, Raimond van derRaimond van der Gouw\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBarthez, FabienFabien Barthez\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200000–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nToure, KoloKolo Touré\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12\n\n\n\nValencia, AntonioAntonio Valencia\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSmalling, ChrisChris Smalling\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHernandez, JavierJavier Hernández\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHart, JoeJoe Hart\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nZabaleta, PabloPablo Zabaleta\n2\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKolarov, AleksandarAleksandar Kolarov\n2\n\n03LB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nLescott, JoleonJoleon Lescott\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKompany, VincentVincent Kompany\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nMilner, JamesJames Milner\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nToure, YayaYaya Touré\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\n2\n\n09AM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nAguero, SergioSergio Agüero\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nObi, Mikel JohnMikel John Obi\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nZouma, KurtKurt Zouma\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nOscar\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nWillian\n2\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCahill, GaryGary Cahill\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nMatic, NemanjaNemanja Matić\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAzpilicueta, CesarCésar Azpilicueta\n2\n\n03LB/RB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\n2\n[17]\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCourtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois\n2\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nHazard, EdenEden Hazard\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nKante, NgoloN'Golo Kanté\n2\n\n06M\nLeicester City,\nChelsea\n201515–16, 16–17\n\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n1\n\n05M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nAtkins, MarkMark Atkins\n1\n\n06CM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nGale, TonyTony Gale\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nHendry, ColinColin Hendry\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nLe Saux, GraemeGraeme Le Saux\n1\n[18]\n03LB\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\n1\n\n01GK\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWarhurst, PaulPaul Warhurst\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nRipley, StuartStuart Ripley\n1\n\n09AM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nPearce, IanIan Pearce\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWilcox, JasonJason Wilcox\n1\n\n08W\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nNewell, MikeMike Newell\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSlater, RobbieRobbie Slater\n1\n[19]\n06M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nKenna, JeffJeff Kenna\n1\n\n03D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nWinterburn, NigelNigel Winterburn\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBould, SteveSteve Bould\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPlatt, DavidDavid Platt\n1\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWright, IanIan Wright\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nOvermars, MarcMarc Overmars\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWreh, ChristopherChristopher Wreh\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBoa Morte, LuisLuís Boa Morte\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nGarde, RemiRémi Garde\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nHughes, StephenStephen Hughes\n1\n\n06M\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nLuzhny, OlehOleh Luzhny\n1\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nTaylor, StuartStuart Taylor\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nBronckhorst, Giovanni vanGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nUpson, MatthewMatthew Upson\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nWright, RichardRichard Wright\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nStepanovs, IgorsIgors Stepanovs\n1\n\n10CB\nArsenal\n200301–02\n\n\n\nAliadiere, JeremieJérémie Aliadière\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nLehmann, JensJens Lehmann\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nReyes, Jose AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\n1\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nSilva, GilbertoGilberto Silva\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nCygan, PascalPascal Cygan\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nBridge, WayneWayne Bridge\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nSmertin, AlexeyAlexey Smertin\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nTiago\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJohnson, GlenGlen Johnson\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nKezman, MatejaMateja Kežman\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJarosik, JiriJiří Jarošík\n1\n\n10CM\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nCrespo, HernanHernán Crespo\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\ndel Horno, AsierAsier del Horno\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nWright-Phillips, ShaunShaun Wright-Phillips\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nBallack, MichaelMichael Ballack\n1\n\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBelletti, JulianoJuliano Belletti\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nAlex\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nDeco\n1\n[20]\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nKalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\n1\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nZhirkov, YuriYuri Zhirkov\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBlackmore, ClaytonClayton Blackmore\n1\n\n02FB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\n1\n\n10CF/CB\nManchester United\n199292–93\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nFerguson, DarrenDarren Ferguson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n1\n\n02RB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nCruyff, JordiJordi Cruyff\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nPoborsky, KarelKarel Poborský\n1\n\n08W\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nBlomqvist, JesperJesper Blomqvist\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199898–99\n\n\n\nBosnich, MarkMark Bosnich\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00\n\n\n\nChadwick, LukeLuke Chadwick\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nWallwork, RonnieRonnie Wallwork\n1\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nBlanc, LaurentLaurent Blanc\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nCarroll, RoyRoy Carroll\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nFortune, QuintonQuinton Fortune\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n200202–03\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nForlan, DiegoDiego Forlán\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nNistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nVeron, Juan SebastianJuan Sebastián Verón\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nHeinze, GabrielGabriel Heinze\n1\n\n03LB/D\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nRichardson, KieranKieran Richardson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nLarsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation[21]\n\n\nHargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves\n1\n[22]\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08\n\n\n\nPique, GerardGerard Piqué\n1\n\n02RB/CB\nManchester United\n200707–08\nSpecial dispensation[9]\n\n\nFabio !Fábio\n1\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nGibson, DarronDarron Gibson\n1\n[23]\n06CM\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\n1\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nSavic, StefanStefan Savić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBarry, GarethGareth Barry\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nde Jong, NigelNigel de Jong\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBalotelli, MarioMario Balotelli\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nPersie, Robin vanRobin van Persie\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nWelbeck, DannyDanny Welbeck\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nKagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nde Gea, DavidDavid de Gea\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nCleverley, TomTom Cleverley\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nJones, PhilPhil Jones\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nButtner, AlexanderAlexander Büttner\n1\n\n01LB\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nLindegaard, AndersAnders Lindegaard\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nNegredo, AlvaroÁlvaro Negredo\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nGarcia, JaviJavi García\n1\n\n05DM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNavas, JesusJesús Navas\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRodwell, JackJack Rodwell\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nFernandinho\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nDemichelis, MartinMartín Demichelis\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nPantilimon, CostelCostel Pantilimon\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNastasic, MatijaMatija Nastasić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nJovetic, StevanStevan Jovetić\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRemy, LoicLoïc Rémy\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nRamires\n1\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nFilipe Luis !Filipe Luís\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nCuadrado, JuanJuan Cuadrado\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, KasperKasper Schmeichel\n1\n\n01GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n1\n\n02GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n[24]\n\n\nSimpson, DannyDanny Simpson\n1\n\n02RB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nFuchs, ChristianChristian Fuchs\n1\n\n03LB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMorgan, WesWes Morgan\n1\n[25]\n04CB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\nFirst Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League.\n\n\nSchlupp, JeffreyJeffrey Schlupp\n1\n[26]\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDrinkwater, DannyDanny Drinkwater\n1\n\n05DM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nInler, GokhanGökhan Inler\n1\n\n06CM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDyer, NathanNathan Dyer\n1\n\n07W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nKing, AndyAndy King\n1\n[27]\n06M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlbrighton, MarcMarc Albrighton\n1\n\n08LW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nGray, DemaraiDemarai Gray\n1\n\n08W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez\n1\n[28]\n07RW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nUlloa, LeonardoLeonardo Ulloa\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nOkazaki, ShinjiShinji Okazaki\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nVardy, JamieJamie Vardy\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAmartey, DanielDaniel Amartey\n1\n\n04D/M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDe Laet, RitchieRitchie De Laet\n1\n\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlonso, MarcosMarcos Alonso\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nPedro\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBatshuayi, MichyMichy Batshuayi\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLoftus-Cheek, RubenRuben Loftus-Cheek\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nChalobah, NathanielNathaniel Chalobah\n1\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nMoses, VictorVictor Moses\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBegovic, AsmirAsmir Begović\n1\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n", "\n\nPlayer\nNo.\nNat.\nPos.\nClub(s)\nSeasons\nNotes\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\n13\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\nHighest number of medals for a single player\n\n\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\n11\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNeville, GaryGary Neville\n8\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 08–09\n\n\n\nIrwin, DenisDenis Irwin\n7\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n7\n\n04DM\nManchester United\n199393–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\n6\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nButt, NickyNicky Butt\n6\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nNeville, PhilPhil Neville\n6\n\n02FB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSolskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n6\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\n6\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n5\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99\nMore winners medals than any other goalkeeper\n\n\nCole, AndrewAndrew Cole\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBrown, WesWes Brown\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nOshea, JohnJohn O'Shea\n5\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nEvra, PatricePatrice Evra\n5\n[13]\n03LB/LW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nVidic, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nFletcher, DarrenDarren Fletcher\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nCarrick, MichaelMichael Carrick\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\n5\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\nMost as captain: 04–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\n4\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nMcClair, BrianBrian McClair\n4\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nPallister, GaryGary Pallister\n4\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nSilvestre, MikaelMikaël Silvestre\n4\n\n03LB/CB\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nSar, Edwin van derEdwin van der Sar\n4\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\nOldest: 40 years, 205 days\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n4\n\n09AM\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nAnderson\n4\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNani\n4\n[14]\n07W\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nDrogba, DidierDidier Drogba\n4\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\n4\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\n3\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09\n\n\n\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\n3\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKeown, MartinMartin Keown\n3\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\n3\n\n07RW\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nVieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira\n3\n[13]\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCole, AshleyAshley Cole\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n200101–02, 03–04, 09–10\n\n\n\nBerg, HenningHenning Berg\n3\n\n04CB/RB\nBlackburn Rovers,\nManchester United\n199494–95, 98–99, 99–00\nFirst player to win with two different clubs\n\n\nCarvalho, RicardoRicardo Carvalho\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nFerreira, PauloPaulo Ferreira\n3\n\n04D\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nSharpe, LeeLee Sharpe\n3\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nJohnsen, RonnyRonny Johnsen\n3\n\n05CB/DM\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 00–01\n\n\n\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nStam, JaapJaap Stam\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKuszczak, TomaszTomasz Kuszczak\n3\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 10–11\nSpecial dispensation (three times)[9]\n\n\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United,\nManchester City\n200707–08, 08–09, 11–12\n\n\n\nEvans, JonnyJonny Evans\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nClichy, GaelGaël Clichy\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12, 13–14\nYoungest: 18 years, 294 days\n\n\nRafael\n3\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHuth, RobertRobert Huth\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea,\nLeicester City\n200404–05, 05–06, 15–16\n\n\n\nIvanovic, BranislavBranislav Ivanović\n3\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n199797–98, 09–10\n\n\n\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n2\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nDixon, LeeLee Dixon\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nGrimandi, GillesGilles Grimandi\n2\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nPires, RobertRobert Pirès\n2\n\n09AM/LW\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\n2\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLauren\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nEdu\n2\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCampbell, SolSol Campbell\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nDuff, DamienDamien Duff\n2\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGallas, WilliamWilliam Gallas\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGeremi\n2\n\n02RB/DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen\n2\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nMakelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé\n2\n[15]\n05DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nEssien, MichaelMichael Essien\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200505–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n2\n\n05DM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\n2\n[16]\n07W\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nParker, PaulPaul Parker\n2\n\n02D\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n2\n\n056CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nMay, DavidDavid May\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nGouw, Raimond van derRaimond van der Gouw\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBarthez, FabienFabien Barthez\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200000–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nToure, KoloKolo Touré\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12\n\n\n\nValencia, AntonioAntonio Valencia\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSmalling, ChrisChris Smalling\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHernandez, JavierJavier Hernández\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHart, JoeJoe Hart\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nZabaleta, PabloPablo Zabaleta\n2\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKolarov, AleksandarAleksandar Kolarov\n2\n\n03LB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nLescott, JoleonJoleon Lescott\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKompany, VincentVincent Kompany\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nMilner, JamesJames Milner\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nToure, YayaYaya Touré\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\n2\n\n09AM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nAguero, SergioSergio Agüero\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nObi, Mikel JohnMikel John Obi\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nZouma, KurtKurt Zouma\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nOscar\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nWillian\n2\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCahill, GaryGary Cahill\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nMatic, NemanjaNemanja Matić\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAzpilicueta, CesarCésar Azpilicueta\n2\n\n03LB/RB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\n2\n[17]\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCourtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois\n2\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nHazard, EdenEden Hazard\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nKante, NgoloN'Golo Kanté\n2\n\n06M\nLeicester City,\nChelsea\n201515–16, 16–17\n\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n1\n\n05M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nAtkins, MarkMark Atkins\n1\n\n06CM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nGale, TonyTony Gale\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nHendry, ColinColin Hendry\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nLe Saux, GraemeGraeme Le Saux\n1\n[18]\n03LB\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\n1\n\n01GK\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWarhurst, PaulPaul Warhurst\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nRipley, StuartStuart Ripley\n1\n\n09AM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nPearce, IanIan Pearce\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWilcox, JasonJason Wilcox\n1\n\n08W\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nNewell, MikeMike Newell\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSlater, RobbieRobbie Slater\n1\n[19]\n06M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nKenna, JeffJeff Kenna\n1\n\n03D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nWinterburn, NigelNigel Winterburn\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBould, SteveSteve Bould\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPlatt, DavidDavid Platt\n1\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWright, IanIan Wright\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nOvermars, MarcMarc Overmars\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWreh, ChristopherChristopher Wreh\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBoa Morte, LuisLuís Boa Morte\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nGarde, RemiRémi Garde\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nHughes, StephenStephen Hughes\n1\n\n06M\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nLuzhny, OlehOleh Luzhny\n1\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nTaylor, StuartStuart Taylor\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nBronckhorst, Giovanni vanGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nUpson, MatthewMatthew Upson\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nWright, RichardRichard Wright\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nStepanovs, IgorsIgors Stepanovs\n1\n\n10CB\nArsenal\n200301–02\n\n\n\nAliadiere, JeremieJérémie Aliadière\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nLehmann, JensJens Lehmann\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nReyes, Jose AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\n1\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nSilva, GilbertoGilberto Silva\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nCygan, PascalPascal Cygan\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nBridge, WayneWayne Bridge\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nSmertin, AlexeyAlexey Smertin\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nTiago\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJohnson, GlenGlen Johnson\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nKezman, MatejaMateja Kežman\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJarosik, JiriJiří Jarošík\n1\n\n10CM\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nCrespo, HernanHernán Crespo\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\ndel Horno, AsierAsier del Horno\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nWright-Phillips, ShaunShaun Wright-Phillips\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nBallack, MichaelMichael Ballack\n1\n\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBelletti, JulianoJuliano Belletti\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nAlex\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nDeco\n1\n[20]\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nKalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\n1\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nZhirkov, YuriYuri Zhirkov\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBlackmore, ClaytonClayton Blackmore\n1\n\n02FB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\n1\n\n10CF/CB\nManchester United\n199292–93\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nFerguson, DarrenDarren Ferguson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n1\n\n02RB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nCruyff, JordiJordi Cruyff\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nPoborsky, KarelKarel Poborský\n1\n\n08W\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nBlomqvist, JesperJesper Blomqvist\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199898–99\n\n\n\nBosnich, MarkMark Bosnich\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00\n\n\n\nChadwick, LukeLuke Chadwick\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nWallwork, RonnieRonnie Wallwork\n1\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nBlanc, LaurentLaurent Blanc\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nCarroll, RoyRoy Carroll\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nFortune, QuintonQuinton Fortune\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n200202–03\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nForlan, DiegoDiego Forlán\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nNistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nVeron, Juan SebastianJuan Sebastián Verón\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nHeinze, GabrielGabriel Heinze\n1\n\n03LB/D\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nRichardson, KieranKieran Richardson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nLarsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation[21]\n\n\nHargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves\n1\n[22]\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08\n\n\n\nPique, GerardGerard Piqué\n1\n\n02RB/CB\nManchester United\n200707–08\nSpecial dispensation[9]\n\n\nFabio !Fábio\n1\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nGibson, DarronDarron Gibson\n1\n[23]\n06CM\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\n1\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nSavic, StefanStefan Savić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBarry, GarethGareth Barry\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nde Jong, NigelNigel de Jong\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBalotelli, MarioMario Balotelli\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nPersie, Robin vanRobin van Persie\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nWelbeck, DannyDanny Welbeck\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nKagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nde Gea, DavidDavid de Gea\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nCleverley, TomTom Cleverley\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nJones, PhilPhil Jones\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nButtner, AlexanderAlexander Büttner\n1\n\n01LB\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nLindegaard, AndersAnders Lindegaard\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nNegredo, AlvaroÁlvaro Negredo\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nGarcia, JaviJavi García\n1\n\n05DM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNavas, JesusJesús Navas\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRodwell, JackJack Rodwell\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nFernandinho\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nDemichelis, MartinMartín Demichelis\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nPantilimon, CostelCostel Pantilimon\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNastasic, MatijaMatija Nastasić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nJovetic, StevanStevan Jovetić\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRemy, LoicLoïc Rémy\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nRamires\n1\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nFilipe Luis !Filipe Luís\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nCuadrado, JuanJuan Cuadrado\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, KasperKasper Schmeichel\n1\n\n01GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n1\n\n02GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n[24]\n\n\nSimpson, DannyDanny Simpson\n1\n\n02RB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nFuchs, ChristianChristian Fuchs\n1\n\n03LB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMorgan, WesWes Morgan\n1\n[25]\n04CB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\nFirst Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League.\n\n\nSchlupp, JeffreyJeffrey Schlupp\n1\n[26]\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDrinkwater, DannyDanny Drinkwater\n1\n\n05DM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nInler, GokhanGökhan Inler\n1\n\n06CM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDyer, NathanNathan Dyer\n1\n\n07W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nKing, AndyAndy King\n1\n[27]\n06M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlbrighton, MarcMarc Albrighton\n1\n\n08LW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nGray, DemaraiDemarai Gray\n1\n\n08W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez\n1\n[28]\n07RW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nUlloa, LeonardoLeonardo Ulloa\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nOkazaki, ShinjiShinji Okazaki\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nVardy, JamieJamie Vardy\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAmartey, DanielDaniel Amartey\n1\n\n04D/M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDe Laet, RitchieRitchie De Laet\n1\n\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlonso, MarcosMarcos Alonso\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nPedro\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBatshuayi, MichyMichy Batshuayi\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLoftus-Cheek, RubenRuben Loftus-Cheek\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nChalobah, NathanielNathaniel Chalobah\n1\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nMoses, VictorVictor Moses\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBegovic, AsmirAsmir Begović\n1\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n", "\n\nPlayer\nNo.\nNat.\nPos.\nClub(s)\nSeasons\nNotes\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\n13\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\nHighest number of medals for a single player\n\n\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\n11\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNeville, GaryGary Neville\n8\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 08–09\n\n\n\nIrwin, DenisDenis Irwin\n7\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n7\n\n04DM\nManchester United\n199393–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\n6\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nButt, NickyNicky Butt\n6\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nNeville, PhilPhil Neville\n6\n\n02FB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSolskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n6\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\n6\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n5\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99\nMore winners medals than any other goalkeeper\n\n\nCole, AndrewAndrew Cole\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBrown, WesWes Brown\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nOshea, JohnJohn O'Shea\n5\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nEvra, PatricePatrice Evra\n5\n[13]\n03LB/LW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nVidic, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nFletcher, DarrenDarren Fletcher\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nCarrick, MichaelMichael Carrick\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\n5\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\nMost as captain: 04–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\n4\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nMcClair, BrianBrian McClair\n4\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nPallister, GaryGary Pallister\n4\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nSilvestre, MikaelMikaël Silvestre\n4\n\n03LB/CB\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nSar, Edwin van derEdwin van der Sar\n4\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\nOldest: 40 years, 205 days\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n4\n\n09AM\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nAnderson\n4\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNani\n4\n[14]\n07W\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nDrogba, DidierDidier Drogba\n4\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\n4\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\n3\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09\n\n\n\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\n3\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKeown, MartinMartin Keown\n3\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\n3\n\n07RW\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nVieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira\n3\n[13]\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCole, AshleyAshley Cole\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n200101–02, 03–04, 09–10\n\n\n\nBerg, HenningHenning Berg\n3\n\n04CB/RB\nBlackburn Rovers,\nManchester United\n199494–95, 98–99, 99–00\nFirst player to win with two different clubs\n\n\nCarvalho, RicardoRicardo Carvalho\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nFerreira, PauloPaulo Ferreira\n3\n\n04D\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nSharpe, LeeLee Sharpe\n3\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nJohnsen, RonnyRonny Johnsen\n3\n\n05CB/DM\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 00–01\n\n\n\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nStam, JaapJaap Stam\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKuszczak, TomaszTomasz Kuszczak\n3\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 10–11\nSpecial dispensation (three times)[9]\n\n\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United,\nManchester City\n200707–08, 08–09, 11–12\n\n\n\nEvans, JonnyJonny Evans\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nClichy, GaelGaël Clichy\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12, 13–14\nYoungest: 18 years, 294 days\n\n\nRafael\n3\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHuth, RobertRobert Huth\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea,\nLeicester City\n200404–05, 05–06, 15–16\n\n\n\nIvanovic, BranislavBranislav Ivanović\n3\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n199797–98, 09–10\n\n\n\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n2\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nDixon, LeeLee Dixon\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nGrimandi, GillesGilles Grimandi\n2\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nPires, RobertRobert Pirès\n2\n\n09AM/LW\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\n2\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLauren\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nEdu\n2\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCampbell, SolSol Campbell\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nDuff, DamienDamien Duff\n2\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGallas, WilliamWilliam Gallas\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGeremi\n2\n\n02RB/DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen\n2\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nMakelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé\n2\n[15]\n05DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nEssien, MichaelMichael Essien\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200505–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n2\n\n05DM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\n2\n[16]\n07W\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nParker, PaulPaul Parker\n2\n\n02D\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n2\n\n056CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nMay, DavidDavid May\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nGouw, Raimond van derRaimond van der Gouw\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBarthez, FabienFabien Barthez\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200000–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nToure, KoloKolo Touré\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12\n\n\n\nValencia, AntonioAntonio Valencia\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSmalling, ChrisChris Smalling\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHernandez, JavierJavier Hernández\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHart, JoeJoe Hart\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nZabaleta, PabloPablo Zabaleta\n2\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKolarov, AleksandarAleksandar Kolarov\n2\n\n03LB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nLescott, JoleonJoleon Lescott\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKompany, VincentVincent Kompany\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nMilner, JamesJames Milner\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nToure, YayaYaya Touré\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\n2\n\n09AM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nAguero, SergioSergio Agüero\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nObi, Mikel JohnMikel John Obi\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nZouma, KurtKurt Zouma\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nOscar\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nWillian\n2\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCahill, GaryGary Cahill\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nMatic, NemanjaNemanja Matić\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAzpilicueta, CesarCésar Azpilicueta\n2\n\n03LB/RB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\n2\n[17]\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCourtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois\n2\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nHazard, EdenEden Hazard\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nKante, NgoloN'Golo Kanté\n2\n\n06M\nLeicester City,\nChelsea\n201515–16, 16–17\n\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n1\n\n05M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nAtkins, MarkMark Atkins\n1\n\n06CM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nGale, TonyTony Gale\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nHendry, ColinColin Hendry\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nLe Saux, GraemeGraeme Le Saux\n1\n[18]\n03LB\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\n1\n\n01GK\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWarhurst, PaulPaul Warhurst\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nRipley, StuartStuart Ripley\n1\n\n09AM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nPearce, IanIan Pearce\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWilcox, JasonJason Wilcox\n1\n\n08W\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nNewell, MikeMike Newell\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSlater, RobbieRobbie Slater\n1\n[19]\n06M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nKenna, JeffJeff Kenna\n1\n\n03D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nWinterburn, NigelNigel Winterburn\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBould, SteveSteve Bould\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPlatt, DavidDavid Platt\n1\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWright, IanIan Wright\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nOvermars, MarcMarc Overmars\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWreh, ChristopherChristopher Wreh\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBoa Morte, LuisLuís Boa Morte\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nGarde, RemiRémi Garde\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nHughes, StephenStephen Hughes\n1\n\n06M\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nLuzhny, OlehOleh Luzhny\n1\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nTaylor, StuartStuart Taylor\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nBronckhorst, Giovanni vanGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nUpson, MatthewMatthew Upson\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nWright, RichardRichard Wright\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nStepanovs, IgorsIgors Stepanovs\n1\n\n10CB\nArsenal\n200301–02\n\n\n\nAliadiere, JeremieJérémie Aliadière\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nLehmann, JensJens Lehmann\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nReyes, Jose AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\n1\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nSilva, GilbertoGilberto Silva\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nCygan, PascalPascal Cygan\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nBridge, WayneWayne Bridge\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nSmertin, AlexeyAlexey Smertin\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nTiago\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJohnson, GlenGlen Johnson\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nKezman, MatejaMateja Kežman\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJarosik, JiriJiří Jarošík\n1\n\n10CM\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nCrespo, HernanHernán Crespo\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\ndel Horno, AsierAsier del Horno\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nWright-Phillips, ShaunShaun Wright-Phillips\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nBallack, MichaelMichael Ballack\n1\n\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBelletti, JulianoJuliano Belletti\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nAlex\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nDeco\n1\n[20]\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nKalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\n1\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nZhirkov, YuriYuri Zhirkov\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBlackmore, ClaytonClayton Blackmore\n1\n\n02FB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\n1\n\n10CF/CB\nManchester United\n199292–93\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nFerguson, DarrenDarren Ferguson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n1\n\n02RB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nCruyff, JordiJordi Cruyff\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nPoborsky, KarelKarel Poborský\n1\n\n08W\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nBlomqvist, JesperJesper Blomqvist\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199898–99\n\n\n\nBosnich, MarkMark Bosnich\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00\n\n\n\nChadwick, LukeLuke Chadwick\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nWallwork, RonnieRonnie Wallwork\n1\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nBlanc, LaurentLaurent Blanc\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nCarroll, RoyRoy Carroll\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nFortune, QuintonQuinton Fortune\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n200202–03\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nForlan, DiegoDiego Forlán\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nNistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nVeron, Juan SebastianJuan Sebastián Verón\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nHeinze, GabrielGabriel Heinze\n1\n\n03LB/D\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nRichardson, KieranKieran Richardson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nLarsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation[21]\n\n\nHargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves\n1\n[22]\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08\n\n\n\nPique, GerardGerard Piqué\n1\n\n02RB/CB\nManchester United\n200707–08\nSpecial dispensation[9]\n\n\nFabio !Fábio\n1\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nGibson, DarronDarron Gibson\n1\n[23]\n06CM\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\n1\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nSavic, StefanStefan Savić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBarry, GarethGareth Barry\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nde Jong, NigelNigel de Jong\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBalotelli, MarioMario Balotelli\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nPersie, Robin vanRobin van Persie\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nWelbeck, DannyDanny Welbeck\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nKagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nde Gea, DavidDavid de Gea\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nCleverley, TomTom Cleverley\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nJones, PhilPhil Jones\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nButtner, AlexanderAlexander Büttner\n1\n\n01LB\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nLindegaard, AndersAnders Lindegaard\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nNegredo, AlvaroÁlvaro Negredo\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nGarcia, JaviJavi García\n1\n\n05DM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNavas, JesusJesús Navas\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRodwell, JackJack Rodwell\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nFernandinho\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nDemichelis, MartinMartín Demichelis\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nPantilimon, CostelCostel Pantilimon\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNastasic, MatijaMatija Nastasić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nJovetic, StevanStevan Jovetić\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRemy, LoicLoïc Rémy\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nRamires\n1\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nFilipe Luis !Filipe Luís\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nCuadrado, JuanJuan Cuadrado\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, KasperKasper Schmeichel\n1\n\n01GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n1\n\n02GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n[24]\n\n\nSimpson, DannyDanny Simpson\n1\n\n02RB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nFuchs, ChristianChristian Fuchs\n1\n\n03LB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMorgan, WesWes Morgan\n1\n[25]\n04CB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\nFirst Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League.\n\n\nSchlupp, JeffreyJeffrey Schlupp\n1\n[26]\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDrinkwater, DannyDanny Drinkwater\n1\n\n05DM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nInler, GokhanGökhan Inler\n1\n\n06CM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDyer, NathanNathan Dyer\n1\n\n07W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nKing, AndyAndy King\n1\n[27]\n06M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlbrighton, MarcMarc Albrighton\n1\n\n08LW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nGray, DemaraiDemarai Gray\n1\n\n08W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez\n1\n[28]\n07RW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nUlloa, LeonardoLeonardo Ulloa\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nOkazaki, ShinjiShinji Okazaki\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nVardy, JamieJamie Vardy\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAmartey, DanielDaniel Amartey\n1\n\n04D/M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDe Laet, RitchieRitchie De Laet\n1\n\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlonso, MarcosMarcos Alonso\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nPedro\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBatshuayi, MichyMichy Batshuayi\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLoftus-Cheek, RubenRuben Loftus-Cheek\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nChalobah, NathanielNathaniel Chalobah\n1\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nMoses, VictorVictor Moses\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBegovic, AsmirAsmir Begović\n1\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n", "\n\nPlayer\nNo.\nNat.\nPos.\nClub(s)\nSeasons\nNotes\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\n13\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\nHighest number of medals for a single player\n\n\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\n11\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNeville, GaryGary Neville\n8\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 08–09\n\n\n\nIrwin, DenisDenis Irwin\n7\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n7\n\n04DM\nManchester United\n199393–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\n6\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nButt, NickyNicky Butt\n6\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nNeville, PhilPhil Neville\n6\n\n02FB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSolskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n6\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\n6\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n5\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99\nMore winners medals than any other goalkeeper\n\n\nCole, AndrewAndrew Cole\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBrown, WesWes Brown\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nOshea, JohnJohn O'Shea\n5\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nEvra, PatricePatrice Evra\n5\n[13]\n03LB/LW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nVidic, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nFletcher, DarrenDarren Fletcher\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nCarrick, MichaelMichael Carrick\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\n5\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\nMost as captain: 04–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\n4\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nMcClair, BrianBrian McClair\n4\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nPallister, GaryGary Pallister\n4\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nSilvestre, MikaelMikaël Silvestre\n4\n\n03LB/CB\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nSar, Edwin van derEdwin van der Sar\n4\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\nOldest: 40 years, 205 days\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n4\n\n09AM\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nAnderson\n4\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNani\n4\n[14]\n07W\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nDrogba, DidierDidier Drogba\n4\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\n4\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\n3\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09\n\n\n\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\n3\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKeown, MartinMartin Keown\n3\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\n3\n\n07RW\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nVieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira\n3\n[13]\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCole, AshleyAshley Cole\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n200101–02, 03–04, 09–10\n\n\n\nBerg, HenningHenning Berg\n3\n\n04CB/RB\nBlackburn Rovers,\nManchester United\n199494–95, 98–99, 99–00\nFirst player to win with two different clubs\n\n\nCarvalho, RicardoRicardo Carvalho\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nFerreira, PauloPaulo Ferreira\n3\n\n04D\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nSharpe, LeeLee Sharpe\n3\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nJohnsen, RonnyRonny Johnsen\n3\n\n05CB/DM\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 00–01\n\n\n\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nStam, JaapJaap Stam\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKuszczak, TomaszTomasz Kuszczak\n3\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 10–11\nSpecial dispensation (three times)[9]\n\n\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United,\nManchester City\n200707–08, 08–09, 11–12\n\n\n\nEvans, JonnyJonny Evans\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nClichy, GaelGaël Clichy\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12, 13–14\nYoungest: 18 years, 294 days\n\n\nRafael\n3\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHuth, RobertRobert Huth\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea,\nLeicester City\n200404–05, 05–06, 15–16\n\n\n\nIvanovic, BranislavBranislav Ivanović\n3\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n199797–98, 09–10\n\n\n\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n2\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nDixon, LeeLee Dixon\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nGrimandi, GillesGilles Grimandi\n2\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nPires, RobertRobert Pirès\n2\n\n09AM/LW\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\n2\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLauren\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nEdu\n2\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCampbell, SolSol Campbell\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nDuff, DamienDamien Duff\n2\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGallas, WilliamWilliam Gallas\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGeremi\n2\n\n02RB/DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen\n2\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nMakelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé\n2\n[15]\n05DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nEssien, MichaelMichael Essien\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200505–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n2\n\n05DM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\n2\n[16]\n07W\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nParker, PaulPaul Parker\n2\n\n02D\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n2\n\n056CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nMay, DavidDavid May\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nGouw, Raimond van derRaimond van der Gouw\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBarthez, FabienFabien Barthez\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200000–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nToure, KoloKolo Touré\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12\n\n\n\nValencia, AntonioAntonio Valencia\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSmalling, ChrisChris Smalling\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHernandez, JavierJavier Hernández\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHart, JoeJoe Hart\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nZabaleta, PabloPablo Zabaleta\n2\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKolarov, AleksandarAleksandar Kolarov\n2\n\n03LB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nLescott, JoleonJoleon Lescott\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKompany, VincentVincent Kompany\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nMilner, JamesJames Milner\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nToure, YayaYaya Touré\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\n2\n\n09AM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nAguero, SergioSergio Agüero\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nObi, Mikel JohnMikel John Obi\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nZouma, KurtKurt Zouma\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nOscar\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nWillian\n2\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCahill, GaryGary Cahill\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nMatic, NemanjaNemanja Matić\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAzpilicueta, CesarCésar Azpilicueta\n2\n\n03LB/RB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\n2\n[17]\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCourtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois\n2\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nHazard, EdenEden Hazard\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nKante, NgoloN'Golo Kanté\n2\n\n06M\nLeicester City,\nChelsea\n201515–16, 16–17\n\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n1\n\n05M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nAtkins, MarkMark Atkins\n1\n\n06CM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nGale, TonyTony Gale\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nHendry, ColinColin Hendry\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nLe Saux, GraemeGraeme Le Saux\n1\n[18]\n03LB\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\n1\n\n01GK\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWarhurst, PaulPaul Warhurst\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nRipley, StuartStuart Ripley\n1\n\n09AM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nPearce, IanIan Pearce\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWilcox, JasonJason Wilcox\n1\n\n08W\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nNewell, MikeMike Newell\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSlater, RobbieRobbie Slater\n1\n[19]\n06M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nKenna, JeffJeff Kenna\n1\n\n03D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nWinterburn, NigelNigel Winterburn\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBould, SteveSteve Bould\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPlatt, DavidDavid Platt\n1\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWright, IanIan Wright\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nOvermars, MarcMarc Overmars\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWreh, ChristopherChristopher Wreh\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBoa Morte, LuisLuís Boa Morte\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nGarde, RemiRémi Garde\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nHughes, StephenStephen Hughes\n1\n\n06M\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nLuzhny, OlehOleh Luzhny\n1\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nTaylor, StuartStuart Taylor\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nBronckhorst, Giovanni vanGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nUpson, MatthewMatthew Upson\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nWright, RichardRichard Wright\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nStepanovs, IgorsIgors Stepanovs\n1\n\n10CB\nArsenal\n200301–02\n\n\n\nAliadiere, JeremieJérémie Aliadière\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nLehmann, JensJens Lehmann\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nReyes, Jose AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\n1\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nSilva, GilbertoGilberto Silva\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nCygan, PascalPascal Cygan\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nBridge, WayneWayne Bridge\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nSmertin, AlexeyAlexey Smertin\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nTiago\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJohnson, GlenGlen Johnson\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nKezman, MatejaMateja Kežman\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJarosik, JiriJiří Jarošík\n1\n\n10CM\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nCrespo, HernanHernán Crespo\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\ndel Horno, AsierAsier del Horno\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nWright-Phillips, ShaunShaun Wright-Phillips\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nBallack, MichaelMichael Ballack\n1\n\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBelletti, JulianoJuliano Belletti\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nAlex\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nDeco\n1\n[20]\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nKalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\n1\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nZhirkov, YuriYuri Zhirkov\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBlackmore, ClaytonClayton Blackmore\n1\n\n02FB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\n1\n\n10CF/CB\nManchester United\n199292–93\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nFerguson, DarrenDarren Ferguson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n1\n\n02RB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nCruyff, JordiJordi Cruyff\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nPoborsky, KarelKarel Poborský\n1\n\n08W\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nBlomqvist, JesperJesper Blomqvist\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199898–99\n\n\n\nBosnich, MarkMark Bosnich\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00\n\n\n\nChadwick, LukeLuke Chadwick\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nWallwork, RonnieRonnie Wallwork\n1\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nBlanc, LaurentLaurent Blanc\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nCarroll, RoyRoy Carroll\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nFortune, QuintonQuinton Fortune\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n200202–03\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nForlan, DiegoDiego Forlán\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nNistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nVeron, Juan SebastianJuan Sebastián Verón\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nHeinze, GabrielGabriel Heinze\n1\n\n03LB/D\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nRichardson, KieranKieran Richardson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nLarsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation[21]\n\n\nHargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves\n1\n[22]\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08\n\n\n\nPique, GerardGerard Piqué\n1\n\n02RB/CB\nManchester United\n200707–08\nSpecial dispensation[9]\n\n\nFabio !Fábio\n1\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nGibson, DarronDarron Gibson\n1\n[23]\n06CM\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\n1\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nSavic, StefanStefan Savić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBarry, GarethGareth Barry\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nde Jong, NigelNigel de Jong\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBalotelli, MarioMario Balotelli\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nPersie, Robin vanRobin van Persie\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nWelbeck, DannyDanny Welbeck\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nKagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nde Gea, DavidDavid de Gea\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nCleverley, TomTom Cleverley\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nJones, PhilPhil Jones\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nButtner, AlexanderAlexander Büttner\n1\n\n01LB\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nLindegaard, AndersAnders Lindegaard\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nNegredo, AlvaroÁlvaro Negredo\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nGarcia, JaviJavi García\n1\n\n05DM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNavas, JesusJesús Navas\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRodwell, JackJack Rodwell\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nFernandinho\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nDemichelis, MartinMartín Demichelis\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nPantilimon, CostelCostel Pantilimon\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNastasic, MatijaMatija Nastasić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nJovetic, StevanStevan Jovetić\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRemy, LoicLoïc Rémy\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nRamires\n1\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nFilipe Luis !Filipe Luís\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nCuadrado, JuanJuan Cuadrado\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, KasperKasper Schmeichel\n1\n\n01GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n1\n\n02GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n[24]\n\n\nSimpson, DannyDanny Simpson\n1\n\n02RB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nFuchs, ChristianChristian Fuchs\n1\n\n03LB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMorgan, WesWes Morgan\n1\n[25]\n04CB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\nFirst Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League.\n\n\nSchlupp, JeffreyJeffrey Schlupp\n1\n[26]\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDrinkwater, DannyDanny Drinkwater\n1\n\n05DM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nInler, GokhanGökhan Inler\n1\n\n06CM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDyer, NathanNathan Dyer\n1\n\n07W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nKing, AndyAndy King\n1\n[27]\n06M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlbrighton, MarcMarc Albrighton\n1\n\n08LW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nGray, DemaraiDemarai Gray\n1\n\n08W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez\n1\n[28]\n07RW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nUlloa, LeonardoLeonardo Ulloa\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nOkazaki, ShinjiShinji Okazaki\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nVardy, JamieJamie Vardy\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAmartey, DanielDaniel Amartey\n1\n\n04D/M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDe Laet, RitchieRitchie De Laet\n1\n\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlonso, MarcosMarcos Alonso\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nPedro\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBatshuayi, MichyMichy Batshuayi\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLoftus-Cheek, RubenRuben Loftus-Cheek\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nChalobah, NathanielNathaniel Chalobah\n1\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nMoses, VictorVictor Moses\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBegovic, AsmirAsmir Begović\n1\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n", "\n\nPlayer\nNo.\nNat.\nPos.\nClub(s)\nSeasons\nNotes\n\n\nGiggs, RyanRyan Giggs\n13\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\nHighest number of medals for a single player\n\n\nScholes, PaulPaul Scholes\n11\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNeville, GaryGary Neville\n8\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 08–09\n\n\n\nIrwin, DenisDenis Irwin\n7\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKeane, RoyRoy Keane\n7\n\n04DM\nManchester United\n199393–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nBeckham, DavidDavid Beckham\n6\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nButt, NickyNicky Butt\n6\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nNeville, PhilPhil Neville\n6\n\n02FB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSolskjaer, Ole GunnarOle Gunnar Solskjær\n6\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nFerdinand, RioRio Ferdinand\n6\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel\n5\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97, 98–99\nMore winners medals than any other goalkeeper\n\n\nCole, AndrewAndrew Cole\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97, 98–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBrown, WesWes Brown\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nOshea, JohnJohn O'Shea\n5\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200202–03, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\n5\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nEvra, PatricePatrice Evra\n5\n[13]\n03LB/LW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nVidic, NemanjaNemanja Vidić\n5\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nFletcher, DarrenDarren Fletcher\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nCarrick, MichaelMichael Carrick\n5\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nTerry, JohnJohn Terry\n5\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\nMost as captain: 04–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\nCantona, EricEric Cantona\n4\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nMcClair, BrianBrian McClair\n4\n\n06CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nPallister, GaryGary Pallister\n4\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nSilvestre, MikaelMikaël Silvestre\n4\n\n03LB/CB\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01, 02–03, 06–07\n\n\n\nSar, Edwin van derEdwin van der Sar\n4\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\nOldest: 40 years, 205 days\n\n\nPark Ji-sung\n4\n\n09AM\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nAnderson\n4\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nNani\n4\n[14]\n07W\nManchester United\n200707–08, 08–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nDrogba, DidierDidier Drogba\n4\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nCech, PetrPetr Čech\n4\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\n3\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 08–09\n\n\n\nBergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp\n3\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKeown, MartinMartin Keown\n3\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nParlour, RayRay Parlour\n3\n\n07RW\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nVieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira\n3\n[13]\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCole, AshleyAshley Cole\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n200101–02, 03–04, 09–10\n\n\n\nBerg, HenningHenning Berg\n3\n\n04CB/RB\nBlackburn Rovers,\nManchester United\n199494–95, 98–99, 99–00\nFirst player to win with two different clubs\n\n\nCarvalho, RicardoRicardo Carvalho\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nCole, JoeJoe Cole\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nFerreira, PauloPaulo Ferreira\n3\n\n04D\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nLampard, FrankFrank Lampard\n3\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nBruce, SteveSteve Bruce\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nSharpe, LeeLee Sharpe\n3\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94, 95–96\n\n\n\nJohnsen, RonnyRonny Johnsen\n3\n\n05CB/DM\nManchester United\n199696–97, 98–99, 00–01\n\n\n\nSheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nStam, JaapJaap Stam\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nYorke, DwightDwight Yorke\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199898–99, 99–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nKuszczak, TomaszTomasz Kuszczak\n3\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08, 10–11\nSpecial dispensation (three times)[9]\n\n\nTevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez\n3\n\n10CF\nManchester United,\nManchester City\n200707–08, 08–09, 11–12\n\n\n\nEvans, JonnyJonny Evans\n3\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nClichy, GaelGaël Clichy\n3\n\n03LB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12, 13–14\nYoungest: 18 years, 294 days\n\n\nRafael\n3\n\n02RB\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHuth, RobertRobert Huth\n3\n\n04CB\nChelsea,\nLeicester City\n200404–05, 05–06, 15–16\n\n\n\nIvanovic, BranislavBranislav Ivanović\n3\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAdams, TonyTony Adams\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nAnelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal,\nChelsea\n199797–98, 09–10\n\n\n\nSeaman, DavidDavid Seaman\n2\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nDixon, LeeLee Dixon\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nGrimandi, GillesGilles Grimandi\n2\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98, 01–02\n\n\n\nPires, RobertRobert Pirès\n2\n\n09AM/LW\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLjungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg\n2\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nWiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nLauren\n2\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nHenry, ThierryThierry Henry\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nEdu\n2\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nCampbell, SolSol Campbell\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nKanu, NwankwoNwankwo Kanu\n2\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200101–02, 03–04\n\n\n\nDuff, DamienDamien Duff\n2\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGallas, WilliamWilliam Gallas\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGeremi\n2\n\n02RB/DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nGudjohnsen, EidurEiður Guðjohnsen\n2\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nMakelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé\n2\n[15]\n05DM\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nRobben, ArjenArjen Robben\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200404–05, 05–06\n\n\n\nEssien, MichaelMichael Essien\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n200505–06, 09–10\n\n\n\nHughes, MarkMark Hughes\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nInce, PaulPaul Ince\n2\n\n05DM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nKanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis\n2\n[16]\n07W\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nParker, PaulPaul Parker\n2\n\n02D\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nRobson, BryanBryan Robson\n2\n\n056CM\nManchester United\n199292–93, 93–94\n\n\n\nMay, DavidDavid May\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n199595–96, 96–97\n\n\n\nGouw, Raimond van derRaimond van der Gouw\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00, 00–01\n\n\n\nBarthez, FabienFabien Barthez\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200000–01, 02–03\n\n\n\nSaha, LouisLouis Saha\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07, 07–08\n\n\n\nBerbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200908–09, 10–11\n\n\n\nToure, KoloKolo Touré\n2\n\n04CB\nArsenal,\nManchester City\n200303–04, 11–12\n\n\n\nValencia, AntonioAntonio Valencia\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nSmalling, ChrisChris Smalling\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHernandez, JavierJavier Hernández\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11, 12–13\n\n\n\nHart, JoeJoe Hart\n2\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nZabaleta, PabloPablo Zabaleta\n2\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKolarov, AleksandarAleksandar Kolarov\n2\n\n03LB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nLescott, JoleonJoleon Lescott\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nKompany, VincentVincent Kompany\n2\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nMilner, JamesJames Milner\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nToure, YayaYaya Touré\n2\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nNasri, SamirSamir Nasri\n2\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nSilva, DavidDavid Silva\n2\n\n09AM\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nAguero, SergioSergio Agüero\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nDzeko, EdinEdin Džeko\n2\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12, 13–14\n\n\n\nObi, Mikel JohnMikel John Obi\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n200909–10, 14–15\n\n\n\nZouma, KurtKurt Zouma\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nOscar\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nWillian\n2\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCahill, GaryGary Cahill\n2\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nMatic, NemanjaNemanja Matić\n2\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nFabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas\n2\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nAzpilicueta, CesarCésar Azpilicueta\n2\n\n03LB/RB\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCosta, DiegoDiego Costa\n2\n[17]\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nCourtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois\n2\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nHazard, EdenEden Hazard\n2\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n201414–15, 16–17\n\n\n\nKante, NgoloN'Golo Kanté\n2\n\n06M\nLeicester City,\nChelsea\n201515–16, 16–17\n\n\n\nSherwood, TimTim Sherwood\n1\n\n05M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nAtkins, MarkMark Atkins\n1\n\n06CM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nShearer, AlanAlan Shearer\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nGale, TonyTony Gale\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nHendry, ColinColin Hendry\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nLe Saux, GraemeGraeme Le Saux\n1\n[18]\n03LB\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nFlowers, TimTim Flowers\n1\n\n01GK\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWarhurst, PaulPaul Warhurst\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSutton, ChrisChris Sutton\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nRipley, StuartStuart Ripley\n1\n\n09AM\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nPearce, IanIan Pearce\n1\n\n04D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nWilcox, JasonJason Wilcox\n1\n\n08W\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nNewell, MikeMike Newell\n1\n\n10CF\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nSlater, RobbieRobbie Slater\n1\n[19]\n06M\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\n\n\n\nKenna, JeffJeff Kenna\n1\n\n03D\nBlackburn Rovers\n199494–95\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nWinterburn, NigelNigel Winterburn\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBould, SteveSteve Bould\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPlatt, DavidDavid Platt\n1\n\n06CM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWright, IanIan Wright\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nOvermars, MarcMarc Overmars\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nWreh, ChristopherChristopher Wreh\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nPetit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nBoa Morte, LuisLuís Boa Morte\n1\n\n08LW\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nGarde, RemiRémi Garde\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nHughes, StephenStephen Hughes\n1\n\n06M\nArsenal\n199797–98\n\n\n\nManninger, AlexAlex Manninger\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n199797–98\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nLuzhny, OlehOleh Luzhny\n1\n\n02RB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nTaylor, StuartStuart Taylor\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nBronckhorst, Giovanni vanGiovanni van Bronckhorst\n1\n\n03LB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nUpson, MatthewMatthew Upson\n1\n\n04CB\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nWright, RichardRichard Wright\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200101–02\n\n\n\nStepanovs, IgorsIgors Stepanovs\n1\n\n10CB\nArsenal\n200301–02\n\n\n\nAliadiere, JeremieJérémie Aliadière\n1\n\n10CF\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nLehmann, JensJens Lehmann\n1\n\n01GK\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nReyes, Jose AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes\n1\n\n09AM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nSilva, GilbertoGilberto Silva\n1\n\n05DM\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nCygan, PascalPascal Cygan\n1\n\n04D\nArsenal\n200303–04\n\n\n\nBridge, WayneWayne Bridge\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nSmertin, AlexeyAlexey Smertin\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nTiago\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJohnson, GlenGlen Johnson\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nKezman, MatejaMateja Kežman\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nJarosik, JiriJiří Jarošík\n1\n\n10CM\nChelsea\n200404–05\n\n\n\nCrespo, HernanHernán Crespo\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\ndel Horno, AsierAsier del Horno\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nWright-Phillips, ShaunShaun Wright-Phillips\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n200505–06\n\n\n\nBallack, MichaelMichael Ballack\n1\n\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBelletti, JulianoJuliano Belletti\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nAlex\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nDeco\n1\n[20]\n09AM\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nKalou, SalomonSalomon Kalou\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nMalouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda\n1\n\n08LW\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nSturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nZhirkov, YuriYuri Zhirkov\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n200909–10\n\n\n\nBlackmore, ClaytonClayton Blackmore\n1\n\n02FB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nDublin, DionDion Dublin\n1\n\n10CF/CB\nManchester United\n199292–93\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nFerguson, DarrenDarren Ferguson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nPhelan, MikeMike Phelan\n1\n\n02RB/M\nManchester United\n199292–93\n\n\n\nCruyff, JordiJordi Cruyff\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nPoborsky, KarelKarel Poborský\n1\n\n08W\nManchester United\n199696–97\n\n\n\nBlomqvist, JesperJesper Blomqvist\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester United\n199898–99\n\n\n\nBosnich, MarkMark Bosnich\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n199999–00\n\n\n\nChadwick, LukeLuke Chadwick\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nWallwork, RonnieRonnie Wallwork\n1\n\n04D/DM\nManchester United\n200000–01\n\n\n\nBlanc, LaurentLaurent Blanc\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nCarroll, RoyRoy Carroll\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nFortune, QuintonQuinton Fortune\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n200202–03\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nForlan, DiegoDiego Forlán\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nNistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nVeron, Juan SebastianJuan Sebastián Verón\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200202–03\n\n\n\nHeinze, GabrielGabriel Heinze\n1\n\n03LB/D\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nRichardson, KieranKieran Richardson\n1\n\n06M\nManchester United\n200606–07\n\n\n\nLarsson, HenrikHenrik Larsson\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation\n\n\nSmith, AlanAlan Smith\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n200606–07\nSpecial dispensation[21]\n\n\nHargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves\n1\n[22]\n06M\nManchester United\n200707–08\n\n\n\nPique, GerardGerard Piqué\n1\n\n02RB/CB\nManchester United\n200707–08\nSpecial dispensation[9]\n\n\nFabio !Fábio\n1\n\n03LB\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nOwen, MichaelMichael Owen\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nGibson, DarronDarron Gibson\n1\n[23]\n06CM\nManchester United\n201110–11\n\n\n\nRichards, MicahMicah Richards\n1\n\n02RB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nSavic, StefanStefan Savić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBarry, GarethGareth Barry\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nde Jong, NigelNigel de Jong\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nJohnson, AdamAdam Johnson\n1\n\n08LW\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nBalotelli, MarioMario Balotelli\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201211–12\n\n\n\nPersie, Robin vanRobin van Persie\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nWelbeck, DannyDanny Welbeck\n1\n\n01CF\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nKagawa, ShinjiShinji Kagawa\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nde Gea, DavidDavid de Gea\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nYoung, AshleyAshley Young\n1\n\n01LW\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nCleverley, TomTom Cleverley\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nJones, PhilPhil Jones\n1\n\n01CM\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nButtner, AlexanderAlexander Büttner\n1\n\n01LB\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nLindegaard, AndersAnders Lindegaard\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester United\n201212–13\n\n\n\nNegredo, AlvaroÁlvaro Negredo\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nGarcia, JaviJavi García\n1\n\n05DM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNavas, JesusJesús Navas\n1\n\n07RW\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRodwell, JackJack Rodwell\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nFernandinho\n1\n\n06CM\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nDemichelis, MartinMartín Demichelis\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nPantilimon, CostelCostel Pantilimon\n1\n\n01GK\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nNastasic, MatijaMatija Nastasić\n1\n\n04CB\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nJovetic, StevanStevan Jovetić\n1\n\n10CF\nManchester City\n201313–14\n\n\n\nRemy, LoicLoïc Rémy\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nRamires\n1\n\n06CM\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nFilipe Luis !Filipe Luís\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nCuadrado, JuanJuan Cuadrado\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchurrle, AndreAndré Schürrle\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201414–15\n\n\n\nSchmeichel, KasperKasper Schmeichel\n1\n\n01GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nSchwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer\n1\n\n02GK\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n[24]\n\n\nSimpson, DannyDanny Simpson\n1\n\n02RB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nFuchs, ChristianChristian Fuchs\n1\n\n03LB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMorgan, WesWes Morgan\n1\n[25]\n04CB\nLeicester City\n201515–16\nFirst Caribbean International to Captain a team in winning the Premier League.\n\n\nSchlupp, JeffreyJeffrey Schlupp\n1\n[26]\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDrinkwater, DannyDanny Drinkwater\n1\n\n05DM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nInler, GokhanGökhan Inler\n1\n\n06CM\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDyer, NathanNathan Dyer\n1\n\n07W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nKing, AndyAndy King\n1\n[27]\n06M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlbrighton, MarcMarc Albrighton\n1\n\n08LW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nGray, DemaraiDemarai Gray\n1\n\n08W\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nMahrez, RiyadRiyad Mahrez\n1\n[28]\n07RW\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nUlloa, LeonardoLeonardo Ulloa\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nOkazaki, ShinjiShinji Okazaki\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nVardy, JamieJamie Vardy\n1\n\n10CF\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAmartey, DanielDaniel Amartey\n1\n\n04D/M\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nDe Laet, RitchieRitchie De Laet\n1\n\n04D\nLeicester City\n201515–16\n\n\n\nAlonso, MarcosMarcos Alonso\n1\n\n03LB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nPedro\n1\n\n07RW\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLuiz, DavidDavid Luiz\n1\n\n04CB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBatshuayi, MichyMichy Batshuayi\n1\n\n10CF\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nLoftus-Cheek, RubenRuben Loftus-Cheek\n1\n\n06M\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nChalobah, NathanielNathaniel Chalobah\n1\n\n05DM\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nMoses, VictorVictor Moses\n1\n\n02RB\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n\nBegovic, AsmirAsmir Begović\n1\n\n01GK\nChelsea\n201616–17\n\n\n" ]
[ "Henning Berg", "Nicolas Anelka", "Ashley Cole", "Gaël Clichy", "Kolo Touré", "Carlos Tevez", "Robert Huth", "N'Golo Kanté" ]
-8019068282227748062
We Were Soldiers
We Were Soldiers - wikipedia We Were Soldiers Jump to : navigation , search We Were Soldiers Theatrical release poster Directed by Randall Wallace Produced by Bruce Davey Stephen McEveety Randall Wallace Screenplay by Randall Wallace Based on We Were Soldiers Once ... And Young by Hal Moore and Joseph L. Galloway Starring Mel Gibson Madeleine Stowe Greg Kinnear Sam Elliott Chris Klein Keri Russell Barry Pepper Music by Nick Glennie - Smith Cinematography Dean Semler Edited by William Hoy Production company Icon Productions Wheelhouse Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 01 ) Running time 138 minutes Country United States Germany Language English Vietnamese French Budget $75 million Box office $115 million We Were Soldiers is a 2002 American war film that dramatizes the Battle of Ia Drang on November 14 , 1965 . The film was directed by Randall Wallace and stars Mel Gibson . It is based on the book We Were Soldiers Once ... And Young ( 1992 ) by Lieutenant General ( Ret . ) Hal Moore and reporter Joseph L. Galloway , both of whom were at the battle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Adaptation from source material 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A French unit on patrol in Vietnam in 1954 , during the final year of the First Indochina War , is ambushed by Viet Minh forces , probably the Battle of Mang Yang Pass . Viet Minh commander Nguyen Huu An orders his soldiers to `` kill all they send , and they will stop coming '' . Eleven years later , the United States is fighting the Vietnam War . U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore ( Mel Gibson ) is chosen to train and lead a battalion . After arriving in Vietnam , he learns that an American base has been attacked , and is ordered to take his 400 men after the enemy and eliminate the North Vietnamese attackers , despite the fact that intelligence has no idea of the number of enemy troops . As the haunting lament `` Sgt . MacKenzie '' plays , Moore leads a newly created air cavalry unit into the Ia Drang Valley . After landing in the `` Valley of Death '' , the soldiers learn that the location they were sent to is actually the base camp for a veteran North Vietnamese army division of 4,000 men . Upon arrival in the area with a platoon of soldiers , 2nd Lt. Henry Herrick spots an enemy scout , runs after him , and orders reluctant soldiers to follow . The North Vietnamese scout lures them into an ambush , resulting in several men being killed , including Lt. Herrick and his subordinates . The surviving platoon members are surrounded with no chance of retreat . Sgt . Savage assumes command , calls in artillery , and uses the cover of night to keep the Vietnamese from overrunning their small defensive position . Meanwhile , with helicopters constantly dropping off units , Lt. Col. Moore manages to secure weak points before the North Vietnamese can take advantage of them . On the second day , despite being trapped and desperately outnumbered , the main U.S. force manages to hold off the North Vietnamese with artillery , mortars , and helicopter airlifts of supplies and reinforcements . Eventually , North Vietnamese commander Nguyen Huu An orders a large - scale attack on the American position . At the point of being overrun by the enemy and with no options left , Moore orders 1st Lt. Charlie Hastings , his Forward Air Controller , to call in `` Broken Arrow '' ( a call for all available combat aircraft to assist and attack enemy positions , even those close to the U.S. troops ' position , because a position is being overrun and can no longer be defended ) . The aircraft attack with bombs , napalm , and machine guns , killing many PAVN and Viet Cong troops ; but a friendly fire incident results in American deaths . The second North Vietnamese attack is repelled , and the surviving U.S. soldiers , led by Sgt . Savage , are rescued . Meanwhile , back in the United States , Julia Moore ( Madeleine Stowe ) has become the leader of the American wives living on the base . When the Army begins to use yellow cab drivers to deliver telegrams notifying the next of kin of soldiers ' deaths in combat , Julia personally assumes that emotional responsibility instead . Moore 's troops regroup , secure the area , and stop at the base of a hill . The North Vietnamese commander plans a final assault on the Americans and sends most of his troops to carry out the attack . The North Vietnamese have set up strong emplacements near the hidden entrance of the underground passage to the command post , spoken of by the scout . Hal and his men charge at them , but before the North Vietnamese can fire , Major Bruce `` Snake '' Crandall and others in helicopter gunships attack the North Vietnamese , destroying the bulk of the enemy force . Nguyen Huu An , the North Vietnamese Commander , is alerted that the Americans have broken through their lines , and there are no soldiers between the Americans and their command post . Since the Commander had deployed his reserve forces to a final offensive , and the base camp has no troops to call upon for defense , the North Vietnamese commander quickly orders the headquarters evacuated . Moore , having achieved his objective , returns to the helicopter landing zone to be picked up . Only after everyone ( including the dead and wounded ) is removed from the battlefield does he fly out of the valley . At the end of the film , it is revealed that the landing zone immediately reverted to North Vietnamese hands after the American troops were airlifted out . Hal Moore continued the battle in a different landing zone , and after nearly a year he returns home safely to Julia and his family . His superiors congratulate him for killing over 1,800 North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong soldiers . An older Moore visits the Vietnam War memorial and sees the names of soldiers who fell at Ia Drang . Cast ( edit ) Mel Gibson as Lieutenant Colonel / Colonel Hal Moore Madeleine Stowe as Julia Moore Greg Kinnear as Major Bruce P. Crandall Sam Elliott as Sergeant Major Basil L. Plumley Chris Klein as 2nd Lieutenant Jack Geoghegan Luke Benward as David Moore Taylor Momsen as Julie Moore Devon Werkheiser as Steve Moore Keri Russell as Barbara Geoghegan Barry Pepper as Joe Galloway Mark McCracken as Captain Ed `` Too Tall '' Freeman Đơn Dương as NVA Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Hữu An Ryan Hurst as Sergeant Ernie Savage Marc Blucas as 2nd Lieutenant Henry Herrick Jsu Garcia as Captain Tony Nadal Jon Hamm as Captain Matt Dillon Clark Gregg as Captain Tom Metsker Blake Heron as Sp4 . Galen Bungum Desmond Harrington as Sp4 . Bill Beck Brian Tee as Pfc . Jimmy Nakayama Robert Bagnell as 1st Lieutenant Charlie Hastings , USAF Bellamy Young as Catherine LaPlante Metsker Adaptation from source material ( edit ) In the source book We Were Soldiers Once ... And Young , Hal Moore complains that `` Every damn Hollywood movie got it wrong '' ; director Randall Wallace has said he was inspired by this comment and became `` determined to get it right this time '' . The film 's final version , though getting many of the facts of the book presented onto film , is not entirely a historically accurate portrayal of the battle , nor is it entirely faithful to the book . For instance , the film depicts a heroic charge under the command of Lt. Col. Hal Moore at the end of the battle that destroys the Vietnamese reserve , ending the battle in an American victory ( a fact that director Randall Wallace noted in the DVD commentary ) ; in fact , there was no heroic final charge in the book , nor were the North Vietnamese forces destroyed , though the American commander Moore reported 834 enemy bodies and 1215 estimated KIA ( one - third of the enemy force ) while the US forces were reduced by 72 out of 395 , with 18 % fatal casualties . Lt. Col. Nguyen Huu An , the Vietnamese commander , did not see the conclusion at LZ X-Ray as the end of combat , and the Battle of Ia Drang continued the next day with combat action at LZ Albany where the 2 / 7th , with A Company 1 / 5th , found themselves in a fight for their lives against Lt. Col. Nguyen Huu An 's reserve . Finally , as the movie notes in a voice over by Joe Galloway ( Barry Pepper ) , the battle continued for over 235 more days . There are many additional historical differences between the book and the movie , presumably made to shorten the length of the movie . Some differences not shown would have demonstrated how desperate the American situation at Ia Drang was . For example , the seriousness of the overrun of C Company under the command of Capt . Robert Edwards and the repulse of the final major North Vietnamese push at LZ X-Ray on the former C Company line , which was then held by B Company 2 / 7th under the command of Capt . Myron Diduryk , the Ukrainian captain who Col. Moore ( Mel Gibson ) seems to claim is attached to the 1 / 7th . Also incorrect is the act of Capt . Ramon Nadal pushing forward and rescuing the stranded platoon of Lt. Henry Herrick , which according to the book was actually done not by one company of the 1 / 7th , but rather by two companies of the 2 / 5th as well as B Company 1 / 7th . Despite the aforementioned differences from the book and departures from historical accuracy , Gen. Moore states in a documentary included in the video versions that this film is the first one `` to get it right '' . Reception ( edit ) The film received mostly positive reviews . Roger Ebert , writing for the Chicago Sun - Times , gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 4 , and praised the movie 's truthful and realistic battle scenes and how the movie follows the characters . `` Black Hawk Down '' was criticized because the characters seemed hard to tell apart . `` We Were Soldiers '' does n't have that problem ; in the Hollywood tradition it identifies a few key players , casts them with stars , and follows their stories . Lisa Schwarzbaum , from Entertainment Weekly , gave the movie a B and noted the film 's fair treatment of both sides . The writer - director bestows honor -- generously , apolitically -- not only on the dead and still living American veterans who fought in Ia Drang , but also on their families , on their Vietnamese adversaries , and on the families of their adversaries too . Rarely has a foe been portrayed with such measured respect for a separate reality , which should come as a relief to critics ( I 'm one ) of the enemy 's facelessness in Black Hawk Down ; vignettes of gallantry among Vietnamese soldiers and such humanizing visual details as a Vietnamese sweetheart 's photograph left behind in no way interfere with the primary , rousing saga of a fine American leader who kept his promise to his men to `` leave no one behind dead or alive . David Sterritt , from the Christian Science Monitor , criticized the movie for giving a more positive image of the Vietnam War that , in his opinion , did not concur with reality . The films about Vietnam that most Americans remember are positively soaked in physical and emotional torment -- from `` Platoon , '' with its grunt 's - eye view of combat , to `` Apocalypse Now , '' with its exploration of war 's dehumanizing insanity . Today , the pendulum has swung back again . If filmmakers with politically twisted knives once sliced away guts - and - glory clichés , their current equivalents hack away all meaningful concern with moral and political questions . `` We Were Soldiers '' is shameless in this regard , filling the screen with square - jawed officers who weep at carnage and fresh - faced GIs who use their last breaths to intone things like , `` I 'm glad I died for my country . Todd McCarthy , from Variety , said the film `` presents the fighting realistically , violently and relatively coherently given the chaotic circumstances ... '' McCarthy further said , `` Mel Gibson has the closest thing to a John Wayne part that anyone 's played since the Duke himself rode into the sunset , and he plays it damn well . '' He summarized with , `` Gibson 's performance anchors the film with commanding star power to burn . This officer truly loves his men , and the credibility with which the actor is able to express Moore 's leadership qualities as well as his sensitive side is genuinely impressive . '' Hal Moore , who had long been critical of many Vietnam War films for their negative portrayals of American servicemen , publicly expressed approval of the film and is featured in segments of the DVD . Some soldiers were less pleased : Retired Col Rick Rescorla , who played an important role in the book and was pictured on the cover ( and later died in the September 11 attacks ) , was disappointed , after reading the script , to learn that he and his unit had been written out of the movie . In one key incident , the finding of a vintage French bugle on a dying Vietnamese soldier , the English - born Rescorla is replaced by a nameless Welsh platoon leader . See also ( edit ) 1st Cavalry Division Ed Freeman Sgt . MacKenzie Basil L. Plumley References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WE WERE SOLDIERS ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 12 , 2002 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` We Were Soldiers '' . IMDB . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Definition of `` Broken Arrow '' in Wiktionary Jump up ^ `` We Were Soldiers Once - Director 's commentary '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Colonel Hieu and LTC Hal Moore re : LZ X-Ray After Action Report ( m ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Getting It Right : Behind the scenes of We Were Soldiers , Bonus Feature '' . We Were Soldiers ( Blu - Ray ed . ) . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` We Were Soldiers '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Were Soldiers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . March 1 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` We Were Soldiers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sterritt , David ( March 1 , 2002 ) . `` A fake picture of war 's stark reality '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 22 , 2002 ) . `` We Were Soldiers '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stewart , James B. ( 2002 ) . Heart of a Soldier . Simon & Schuster : New York , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 20 , 2002 ) . `` BOOKS OF THE TIMES ; One Last Act of Bravery For an Intrepid Adventurer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Rick Rescorla Memorial '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` DHS names citizen resilience award in memory of Rick Rescorla '' . Government Security News . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : We Were Soldiers We Were Soldiers on IMDb We Were Soldiers at AllMovie We Were Soldiers at the TCM Movie Database We Were Soldiers at the American Film Institute Catalog We Were Soldiers at Box Office Mojo We Were Soldiers at Rotten Tomatoes We Were Soldiers at Metacritic ( hide ) Films by Randall Wallace Director The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Secretariat ( 2010 ) Heaven Is for Real ( 2014 ) Producer The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( executive producer , 2001 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Writer Braveheart ( 1995 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Were_Soldiers&oldid=826667161 '' Categories : 2002 films 2000s war films American films American war films Battle of Ia Drang English - language films Films scored by Nick Glennie - Smith Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by Randall Wallace Films produced by Bruce Davey Films set in 1954 Films set in the 1960s Films set in 1965 Films set in the United States Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) French - language films Icon Productions films Paramount Pictures films Vietnam War films Vietnamese - language films War films based on actual events Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 11 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the movie we were soldiers about
[ "We Were Soldiers is a 2002 American war film that dramatizes the Battle of Ia Drang on November 14, 1965. The film was directed by Randall Wallace and stars Mel Gibson. It is based on the book We Were Soldiers Once… And Young (1992) by Lieutenant General (Ret.) Hal Moore and reporter Joseph L. Galloway, both of whom were at the battle." ]
[ "the Battle of Ia Drang" ]
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Dog the Bounty Hunter
Dog the Bounty Hunter - Wikipedia Dog the Bounty Hunter Jump to : navigation , search Dog the Bounty Hunter Genre Reality Starring Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Beth Chapman Leland Chapman Lachlan Bowe Justin Bihag Duane Lee Chapman Jr . Lyssa Chapman Theme music composer Ozzy Osbourne Opening theme `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 246 Production Executive producer ( s ) Daniel Elias David Houts David McKillop Neil A. Cohen Camera setup Multiple Running time 21 minutes ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ; 7 -- 8 ) 42 minutes ( Season 6 ) Production company ( s ) Hybrid Films Distributor A + E Networks Trifecta Entertainment & Media Release Original network A&E Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 2004 - 2010 ) 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2010 - 2012 ) Original release August 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 31 ) -- June 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 23 ) Chronology Related shows Dog and Beth : On the Hunt External links Website www.aetv.com/dog-the-bounty-hunter Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Dog the Bounty Hunter is an American reality television series which aired on A&E and chronicled Duane `` Dog '' Chapman 's experiences as a bounty hunter . With a few exceptions , the series took place in Hawaii or Dog 's home state of Colorado . On May 21 , 2012 , A&E canceled the series after eight seasons . The series began airing in syndication on September 16 , 2013 . Dog and Beth then starred in another series , Dog and Beth : On the Hunt on CMT , before that series ended in August 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 The Chapman family 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Production 2.1 Season 4 hiatus 2.2 Season 6 shooting 2.3 Lawsuit and sons quit 2.4 Music 3 Series overview 4 DVD releases 5 Books 6 Parodies 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) The Chapman family ( edit ) Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Beth Chapman , Dog 's wife Leland Chapman , Dog 's son Tim Chapman , Dog 's `` brother '' not related `` Baby '' Lyssa Rae Chapman , Dog 's daughter ( seasons 2 -- 8 ) Duane Lee Chapman Jr. , Dog 's son ( season 2 -- 8 ) Cecily Barmore - Chapman , Beth 's daughter Justin Bihag ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) , Dog 's `` nephew '' not related Garry Chapman , Beth 's son Bonnie Chapman , Beth 's daughter Supporting cast ( edit ) Sonny , bounty hunter Wesley , office manager Moon , Beth 's best friend , Justin 's mother Richie , bounty hunter Kaleo , bounty Hunter Production ( edit ) The program spun off from Chapman 's appearance on the show Take This Job , a program about people with unusual occupations . Dog the Bounty Hunter captured an audience immediately by drawing viewers into the interaction of Chapman and his family / team , mixing street smarts , romance , arguments , teamwork , adrenaline - laced arrests and a philosophy of hope and second chances . Viewers are taken along as Chapman and his family / team locate and arrest people who have broken the terms of their bail agreements . Bounty hunts and arrests segue into the rides to jail , during which Chapman and his team show compassion and strongly counsel the fugitives to start over , leaving behind drugs and / or crime to become dependable members of their families and society . Rounding out most episodes are scenes featuring Dog , Beth and their large family of children , grandchildren and friends . As the show progressed , viewers were taken further behind the scenes during Baby Lyssa 's training as a licensed bail bondswoman and bounty hunter ; Dog 's capture of Andrew Luster and the ensuing arrests of Chapman , Tim and Leland in Mexico ; the deaths of Beth 's father ( Garry Smith ) and Dog 's oldest daughter ( Barbara Katie Chapman ) ; Chapman and Beth 's 2006 wedding ; Baby Lyssa 's wedding and the birth of her second child ; and the shock and fear of the family after Dog , Tim and Leland were arrested by federal marshals in Hawaii to await possible extradition to Mexico . Chapman and Beth freely invited viewers into their lives , sharing personal stories about Chapman 's 1976 imprisonment ; his ex-wives and custody battles ; While Chapman was serving his sentence , his first wife LaFonda filed for divorce , and married his best friend . Chapman did field work for the prison , in addition to serving as the warden 's barber . When an inmate was attempting to escape , Chapman tackled him , which prevented the escapee from being shot at by guards . This , in addition to Chapman 's overall good behavior , led to him being paroled after only 18 months . Inspired by his tackle , Chapman decided to pursue becoming a bounty hunter once released . Dog was seen in 2016 making an appearance with his wife using a cane , which is surprising for the active bounty hunter we saw for so many years . Season 4 hiatus ( edit ) Production and airing of the show was halted by A&E on November 2 , 2007 , after an audio tape was released , featuring Duane Chapman using the word `` nigger '' repeatedly in a discussion about the word itself with son Tucker regarding Tucker 's black girlfriend 's probable sensitivity to the word . Tucker had sold the tape to the National Enquirer , and it quickly was picked up by numerous print and broadcast media outlets . This media exposure led Duane to make an apology on CNN 's Larry King Live for his lack of sensitivity on the matter , and vowed to educate himself and make amends . On February 19 , 2008 , A&E announced that the show would return . Reruns of Dog the Bounty Hunter , along with never - before - seen episodes from season 4 , began airing on June 25 , 2008 , and the show continued , along with special episodes about the arrest and fallout from the Luster situation . Season 6 shooting ( edit ) On April 21 , 2009 , during filming of Season 6 , Chapman was allegedly shot at with a handgun while his crew , along with bail bondsman Bobby Brown , were attempting to arrest a fugitive named Hoang Nguyen in Colorado Springs , Colorado . The suspect escaped on a motorcycle and was captured by Chapman about six hours later . This is contrary to evidence shown in the A&E airing of the episode titled `` Easy Rider '' , on December 16 , 2009 . According to Chapman 's website and TMZ , Nguyen was arrested and charged with attempted murder related to the shooting attempt of Chapman and the Chapman family . On May 15 , 2009 , the El Paso County , Colorado Assistant District attorney dropped the attempted murder charge against the alleged shooter due to lack of evidence and conflicting statements by Chapman , his son Leland , and bail bondsman Bobby Brown . The prosecutors also state that they have not received the requested video footage from the incident , which was allegedly filmed by the television crew . In March 2011 , Nguyen filed a lawsuit against Chapman , Brown , and Chapman 's sons Duane Chapman II and Leland Chapman . In the lawsuit , Nguyen claims he lost his job as a result of the incident and had to relocate . He also says he was injured by pepper pellets that were allegedly fired at him . Chapman 's attorney , James A. Quadra , told Celebrity Crime Reporter the lawsuit has no basis `` in law or fact '' . The lawsuit was in mediation the first week of March 2011 with a trial date on November 28 , 2011 . Lawsuit and sons quit ( edit ) In 2011 , Leland and Duane Lee quit working with their father and stepmother and severed ties with their family . The March 21 , 2012 episode showed Duane Lee telling Beth `` You want me fired , you got ta fire me , '' and then Leland weighed in , saying `` I quit too . '' In January 2012 , the two brothers confirmed leaving the show . Leland now operates his own bail bond company on the Big Island of Hawaii and heads Bounty Hunter Tactical Supply Co. while Duane Lee moved to Florida . Beth tweeted , `` It will take 6 weeks to get through the whole thing tonight 's jus ( sic ) the beginning . '' In September 2011 Bobby Brown , who appeared in 30 episodes , sued A&E Television Networks , Hybrid Films , and D&D Television Productions in Colorado federal court , claiming he was promised to be a full cast member , but received only $6,000 for his contributions . The lawsuit is for `` the misappropriation of his publicity rights as well as claims of breach of contract and promises . Music ( edit ) Heavy metal artist Ozzy Osbourne sings the show 's theme song , `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' . The song can be heard on Osbourne 's Prince of Darkness box set . Many episodes feature at least one song from a band that is either unsigned or with an independent label , usually played during an action scene . These songs are plugged at the end of each episode , following the closing credits . Several episodes in season three and four have music from New York City - based dub reggae group Subatomic Sound System 's On All Frequencies album . Featured songs include : `` Criminal '' , `` Doin ' It '' , and `` Ghetto Champion '' . Soulja Boy 's music video for `` Yahhh ! '' includes an impersonation of `` Dog Woof Woof '' Series overview ( edit ) The following summarizes the original broadcast presentation : Season No . No. of Episodes Start Date End Date 17 August 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 31 ) January 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 25 ) 23 April 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ) January 31 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 31 ) 27 March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) November 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 28 ) 20 April 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 10 ) October 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 29 ) 5 38 February 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 04 ) September 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) 6 24 December 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 02 ) August 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 11 ) 7 21 October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) April 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 06 ) 8 23 January 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) June 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 23 ) All the hour - long episodes were split into two parts for broadcast syndication . Full episodes are shown on streaming sites and DVD . DVD releases ( edit ) Note that not all episodes have been released on DVD . DVD name No . Release date Additional information The Best of Season 1 7 January 25 , 2005 Features Dog 's episode of Take This Job , cast biographies and promos The Best of Season 2 7 March 29 , 2006 Features cast biographies and a pop - up dog hunting quiz The Wedding Special December 12 , 2006 Features 5 featurettes titled : The Drama of Dog 's Wedding Ring Dance Lessons Shopping with Beth The Bow Wow Vow A Tribute to Dog & Beth The Best of Season 3 8 February 27 , 2007 Features a photo gallery The Arrest September 25 , 2007 Features additional scenes . Also Features The Special Double Episode Year of the Dog The Best of Season 4 8 August 26 , 2008 To Seize and Protect ( The Best of Season 5 ) 8 September 8 , 2009 Crime is on the Run ( The Best of Season 6 ) 8 July 27 , 2010 The Wild Ride Megaset 48 January 11 , 2011 8 - disc collection of previous releases : The Best of Seasons 1 - 6 , The Wedding Special and The Arrest This Family Means Business ( The Best of Season 7 , Part 1 ) 6 June 28 , 2011 Christmas Has Gone to the Dog October 18 , 2011 Contains two Christmas - themed episodes , one from Season 3 and the other from Season 6 Taking It to the Streets ( The Best of Season 7 , Part 2 ) June 12 , 2012 Books ( edit ) The television series led to a 2007 autobiographical book , You Can Run But You Ca n't Hide , which chronicles Chapman 's years before becoming a bounty hunter and some of his more infamous hunts , including the controversial hunt that took him and his team to Mexico to capture serial rapist Andrew Luster . It also delves into his criminal past as well as his family background , imprisonment in Texas , marriages and children . A second book , Where Mercy Is Shown , Mercy Is Given , was published in 2009 . Its title reflects Chapman 's overriding philosophy of second chances , which he writes about at length as he asks the public for a second chance of his own . The book largely deals with the fallout from two factors : the federal marshals ' arrest and the scandal over his use of the word `` nigger '' . Parodies ( edit ) Chapman has been parodied in live action productions : In Season 3 , Episode 13 of Boston Legal , `` Dumping Bella '' , Chapman is referred to by Alan as one of the only two people he truly admires and as such the only candidate besides Shirley herself to be his costume for the party . In Season 3 , Episode 9 of 30 Rock Jenna says `` Now Dog the Bounty Hunter is the second grossest guy I 've been with . '' In Season 2 , Episode 4 of The Eric Andre Show A lookalike of Dog is featured in the episode with an impersonator or George Clooney . Chapman has also been parodied in both animation and print : In the American Dad ! episode `` Joint Custody '' , Roger dresses up as Chapman and tries to hunt down Jeff Fischer . In the Family Guy episode `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , Stewie calls a bounty hunter meeting and Chapman is briefly seen . Chapman and the TV show were both parodied on Cartoon Network 's television program , Mad , as `` Frog the Bounty Hunter '' . In the 2006 season South Park episode `` Miss Teacher Bangs a Boy '' , Eric Cartman dressed up as Chapman and had a TV show filmed of himself , Beth and Chapman 's familiar crew after he was made a school hall monitor . In the Nickelodeon TV series The Mighty B ! , Bessie 's dog Happy dressed up as Chapman and tried to find the person who pulled the fire alarm at the Bee scouts ' troophouse . The song `` Dog Catchers '' on Insane Clown Posse 's The Mighty Death Pop ! is a diss to Dog the Bounty Hunter . The series was parodied in the June 2007 issue of Mad magazine as Dud The Lousy Hunter . In the Squidbillies episode `` Fatal Distraction '' , Early Cuyler acquires a GPS system for his truck , which he attempts to use to hunt down Osama bin Laden . Cuyler briefly dresses as Chapman to pursue bin Laden before `` calling it a night '' and going to a strip club . There 's also an obvious parody to the `` Dog '' character in the Simpsons episode named `` Sex , Pies and Idiot Scrapes '' where a character named `` Wolf , the Bounty Hunter '' is hired by Lucky Jim to hunt down Gil Gunderson . Dog and his show were referred to in a 2015 episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver which was satirically critical of the American bail system . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` A&E Cancels ' Dog the Bounty Hunter ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deluxe Syndication page for Dog the Bounty Hunter '' ( Press release ) . Rohrs Media Group . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sennhauser , Morgan ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) . `` What Happened to Dog the Bounty Hunter - 2017 Updates - The Gazette Review '' . The Gazette Review . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Duane ' The Dog ' Chapman walks with a stick as he makes rare public appearance '' . The Sun . 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bounty Hunter `` Dog '' to return to the air `` . Reuters . February 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dog the Bounty Hunter 's Attorney on Lawsuit : `` The Chapmans Acted Properly '' `` . Celebrity Crime Reporter . March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Deb ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Lawsuit Against ' Dog ' The Bounty Hunter Goes To Mediation '' . KMGH - TV . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Chloe ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dog the Bounty Hunter ' - his sons sever ties jeopardizing next season ? '' . Gather.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dog The Bounty Hunter ' : Did Leland And Duane Lee Quit The Business , Or Were They Fired ? '' . Huffington Post . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Duane Lee Chapman , Leland Chapman , Leave Dog the Bounty Hunter '' . LALate.com . March 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Dog the Bounty Hunter , ' A&E Sued by Bail Bondsman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : September 1 - 7 '' . The Futon Critic . September 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Summer Programming Preview : Unscripted Series '' . The Futon Critic . May 27 , 2005 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : December 15 - 16 '' . The Futon Critic . December 16 , 2005 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dog the Bounty Hunter Returns to A&E for Season 4 of the Hit Real - Life Series '' . The Futon Critic. April 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A&E 's Hit Real - Life Original Series `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Returns for a Brand New Season `` . The Futon Critic . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A&E 's Hit Real - Life Original Series `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Returns for a Brand New Season `` . The Futon Critic . September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dog the Bounty Hunter Season 8 Premiere Reveals Familiar Faces '' . LALATE . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Book On SALE ! `` . Dog The Bounty Hunter Book . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hank , Melissa ( July 10 , 2004 ) . `` Dog : The Bounty Hunter , unleashed '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dog the Bounty Hunter on IMDb Dog the Bounty Hunter at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog_the_Bounty_Hunter&oldid=802649449 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2004 American television series debuts 2010s American television series 2012 American television series endings A&E ( TV channel ) shows American reality television series English - language television programs Television shows filmed in Hawaii Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in Hawaii Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 15 : 22 . About Wikipedia
who sings the theme song to dog bounty hunter
[ "Heavy metal artist Ozzy Osbourne sings the show's theme song, \"Dog the Bounty Hunter\". The song can be heard on Osbourne's Prince of Darkness box set. Many episodes feature at least one song from a band that is either unsigned or with an independent label, usually played during an action scene. These songs are plugged at the end of each episode, following the closing credits. Several episodes in season three and four have music from New York City-based dub reggae group Subatomic Sound System's On All Frequencies album. Featured songs include: \"Criminal\", \"Doin' It\", and \"Ghetto Champion\". Soulja Boy's music video for \"Yahhh!\" includes an impersonation of \"Dog Woof Woof\"" ]
[ "Ozzy Osbourne" ]
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At Home with Amy Sedaris
At Home with Amy Sedaris - wikipedia At Home with Amy Sedaris Jump to : navigation , search At Home with Amy Sedaris Genre Surreal comedy Created by Amy Sedaris Paul Dinello Written by Amy Sedaris Drake von Sedgewynn Cindy Caponera Jodi Lennon Frank Lesser Meredith Scardino Starring Amy Sedaris Composer ( s ) Jon Spurney Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Amy Sedaris Paul Dinello Cindy Caponera Alyson Levy John Lee Vernon Chatman Producer ( s ) Jodi Lennon Ryan Cunningham Daria Scoccimarro Location ( s ) New York City , New York Cinematography Smokey Nelson Editor ( s ) Christein Aromando Camera setup Single - camera Running time 24 - 25 minutes Production company ( s ) PFFR Buck Tooth Productions Release Original network truTV Original release October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) -- present External links Website www.trutv.com/shows/at-home-with-amy-sedaris At Home with Amy Sedaris is an American television series that premiered on October 24 , 2017 on truTV . Hosted by Amy Sedaris playing various characters , the show focuses on the comedienne 's love of entertaining , crafts , and cooking . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Cast 2.1 Starring 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Development ( edit ) Sedaris grew up in the 1960s and 70s in Raleigh , North Carolina and learned to cook at a young age . She frequently watched local hospitality shows like WTVD 's At Home with Peggy Mann and WRAL - TV 's The Bette Elliott Show . These shows inspired the initial concept of the show . Describing Mann 's influence , Sedaris has said , `` She would do cooking and crafting , and she would have local people on to talk about their businesses . It was very boring and I was obsessed with Peggy Mann . I liked the idea of pretending you had a show happening in your home . '' She also researched entertainers like Lawrence Welk and Dinah Shore , as well as vintage educational programs and public access shows , which served as inspiration for the specific tone and off - kilter sensibility of the series . Sedaris conceived the show 20 years ago and eventually developed it into a satire on various famous homemakers including Martha Stewart . Cast ( edit ) Starring ( edit ) Amy Sedaris as herself , Patty Hogg , Ronnie Vino , and Nutmeg Recurring ( edit ) Heather Lawless as Ruth , the Lady Who Lives in the Woods ( 5 episodes ) Ana Fabrega as Esther ( 5 episodes ) Cole Escola as Chassie Tucker ( 5 episodes ) David Pasquesi as Tony , the Knife Guy ( 2 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` TGIF '' Drake von Sedgewynn Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , Frank Lesser , and Meredith Scardino October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 102 0.173 With help from her fisherman ex-boyfriend , the community knife - sharpener , and her energetic neighbor , Amy prepares a fish dinner for a local group of businessmen . Guest Stars : Paul Giamatti as Mr. Olgilvey , Todd Barry as Mr. Handley , and Josh Hamilton as Mr. Steiger `` Cooking for One '' Drake von Sedgewynn Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , Frank Lesser , and Meredith Scardino October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 101 n / a From solo meal preparation to tantalizing techniques for self - pampering , Amy demonstrates the independent bliss of the single - lady lifestyle - until Amy 's first guest , Greek chef Panos Sakos , seduces her with his European charm . Guest Stars : Scott Adsit as Panos Sakos and Paul Dinello as Hercules `` Gift Giving '' Bill Benz Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , Frank Lesser , and Meredith Scardino October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 104 0.193 Amy gives detailed instructions on : gluing things to popsicle sticks , working with pipe cleaners and surviving the craft room , `` the most dangerous room in the house , '' and presents her turtle - sitter with a bevy of handmade gifts . Guest Stars : Nick Kroll as Randy Fingerling , Callie Thorne as Dr. Claire Shanks , John Early as Russell , and Stephen Colbert as himself `` Entertaining for Peanuts '' Paul Briganti Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , Frank Lesser , and Meredith Scardino November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 103 0.180 Amy 's rich uncle is coming to visit , and she 's preparing a dinner fit for a king , until she learns she has the budget of a pauper . Guest Stars : Rachel Dratch as Florence Chervil and Chris Elliott as Rich Uncle 5 `` Grieving '' Bill Benz Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , and Meredith Scardino November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 106 0.263 Amy dedicates this show to entertaining gloomy guests who need a pick - me - up ; then the loss of a beloved pet plunges her into her own dark place . But Patty Hogg takes charge and steers the show into uncharted territory . 6 `` Nature '' Peter Lauer Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , and Meredith Scardino November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 107 0.165 After performing her morning routine of nude outdoor tai chi , Amy gets locked out of her house , but she forages in the woods to put together a magical dinner . Plus , a chance bite by a venomous snake proves to be quite charming . Guest Stars : Jonathan Hadary as Sully and Christopher Meloni as Ranger Russell Biscuit 7 `` Holidays '' Bill Benz Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , Frank Lesser , and Meredith Scardino November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 105 N / A An unforeseen mishap prevents Amy from continuing her celebrity - packed holiday spectacular , but with the help of some otherworldly visitors , Amy recaptures her holiday spirit and puts on a show . Guest Stars : Jane Krakowski as herself , Neil Patrick Harris as himself , Darrell Hammond as Jacob , and David Costabile as Clarence 8 `` Out of This World '' Peter Lauer Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , Frank Lesser , and Meredith Scardino December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 108 N / A Guest Stars : Aidy Bryant as Mulaak , Conner O'Malley as Guanog , and Justin Theroux as Colonel Cary Commander 9 `` Making Love '' Paul Briganti Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , and Meredith Scardino December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 109 TBD Amy dedicates her entire show to the difficult craft of lovemaking . She learns about natural musk , offers viewers advice , and shares tales of romance courtesy of Patty Hogg . Guest Stars : Paul Dinello as Barry Teaberry , Peter Serafinowicz as Turtleneck Man , Dale Soules as Delta Mung , and Sasheer Zamata as Ms. Stern 10 `` Murdercide '' Drake von Sedgewynn Amy Sedaris , Drake von Sedgewynn , Cindy Caponera , Jodi Lennon , and Meredith Scardino December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) 110 TBD On a dark and stormy night , Amy is preparing paella for her book - club meeting when she has a very mysterious unexpected visitor . Guest Stars : Michael Shannon as Julien Penderel , Cindy Caponera as Cop , Michael Stipe as himself , Jackie Hoffman as `` Murder She Cooked '' Narrator , and Brian Stack as Narrator Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) At Home with Amy Sedaris has received positive reviews from critics at launch . On Rotten Tomatoes the first season holds a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.25 out of 10 based on eleven reviews . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the series has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100 , based on 5 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Verne Gay of Newsweek commented , `` Sedaris remains , as ever , hilarious , inventive , unbalanced and deeply , joyously , shamelessly twisted . Her new show 's not bad either . At Home With Amy Sedaris is each of those ( The Frugal Gourmet , Barefoot Contessa , Paula 's Home Cooking , and 30 Minute Meals ) , on acid . '' Danette Chavez of The A.V. Club praised the series when saying , `` Sedaris has an earnest desire to share her unique brand of hospitality . What she mixes up here is cozy and kooky , with a side of depravity . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times said in positive review that , `` each episode is a self - contained distillation of Ms. Sedaris 's talents and HGTV - meets - Adult - Swim sensibility . Even in an age of oddball TV experiments , there really is no place like At Home . '' Ratings ( edit ) The show has been a success in regards to viewer ratings . Since the series premiered , the audience has grown 52 % among people aged 18 to 49 . About a fourth of those people are new viewers to TruTv . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' At Home with Amy Sedaris ' Premieres on TruTv in October '' . Splitsider . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koul , Scaachi . `` Amy Sedaris Is The Weirdo The World Needs Right Now '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Soraya . `` Amy Sedaris 's New Show Is the Anti-Goop '' . New Republic . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At Home With Amy Sedaris : Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . RottenTomatoes.com . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At Home with Amy Sedaris : Season 1 - Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne . `` ' At Home with Amy Sedaris ' : Insane , in a good way '' . Newsday . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette . `` You 'll definitely want to RSVP for At Home With Amy Sedaris '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Review : The Haywire Hospitality of ' At Home With Amy Sedaris ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website At Home with Amy Sedaris on IMDb ( hide ) truTV original programming Former 1999 -- 2007 debuts ( Court TV ) Anatomy of Crime ( 2000 -- 02 ) Bait Car ( 2007 -- 12 ) Disorder in the Court ( 2006 -- 11 ) Dominick Dunne 's Power , Privilege , and Justice ( 2002 -- 09 ) Forensic Files ( 2000 -- 11 ) Haunting Evidence ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hot Pursuit ( 2002 -- 09 ) I , Detective ( 2001 -- 06 ) The Investigators ( 2004 -- 09 ) Inside American Jail ( 2005 -- 10 ) Masterminds ( 2003 -- 11 ) Most Daring ( 2007 -- 10 ) Most Shocking ( 2006 -- 10 ) North Mission Road ( 2003 -- 07 ) Ocean Force ( 2006 -- 07 ) Psychic Detectives ( 2004 -- 08 ) Snap Judgment ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Speeders ( 2007 -- 09 ) Star Jones ( 2007 -- 08 ) Suburban Secrets ( 2007 -- 08 ) Tiger Team ( 2007 ) ' Til Death Do Us Part ( 2007 ) Video Justice ( 2006 -- 07 ) 2008 -- 17 debuts All Worked Up ( 2009 -- 11 ) Almost Genius ( 2015 -- 16 ) Barmageddon ( 2014 -- 15 ) Bear Swamp Recovery ( 2011 ) Billy on the Street ( 2015 - 17 ) Black Gold ( 2008 -- 13 ) Branson Famous ( 2014 -- 15 ) Cash Dome ( 2013 ) Caught Red Handed ( 2012 -- 13 ) Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura ( 2009 -- 12 ) Container Wars ( 2013 ) Fake Off ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Friends of the People ( 2014 -- 15 ) Full Throttle Saloon ( 2009 -- 14 ) Guinness World Records Gone Wild / Unleashed ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hardcore Pawn ( 2010 -- 15 ) It Only Hurts When I Laugh ! ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Killer Karaoke ( 2012 -- 14 ) Las Vegas Jailhouse ( 2010 -- 12 ) Lizard Lick Towing ( 2011 -- 14 ) Ma 's Roadhouse ( 2010 ) Man vs. Cartoon ( 2009 ) Motor City Masters ( 2014 ) NFL Full Contact ( 2010 ) Operation Repo ( 2008 -- 14 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 ) Police POV ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Principal 's Office ( 2008 -- 09 ) Rehab : Party at the Hard Rock Hotel ( 2008 -- 10 ) Six Degrees of Everything ( 2015 ) South Beach Tow ( 2011 -- 14 ) Southern Fried Stings ( 2010 -- 11 ) Speeders Fight Back ( 2008 -- 09 ) Storage Hunters ( 2011 -- 13 ) Street Patrol ( 2008 -- 09 ) Top 20 Most Shocking ( 2009 -- 12 ) Upload with Shaquille O'Neal ( 2013 -- 14 ) Vegas Strip ( 2011 -- 12 ) truTV Presents : World 's Dumbest ... ( 2008 -- 14 ) Top 20 Funniest / truTV Top Funniest ( 2013 -- 15 ) Current Impractical Jokers ( since 2011 ) The Carbonaro Effect ( since 2014 ) Hack My Life ( since 2015 ) Fameless ( since 2015 ) Adam Ruins Everything ( since 2015 ) Those Who Ca n't ( since 2016 ) Impractical Jokers : Inside Jokes ( since 2016 ) Jon Glaser Loves Gear ( since 2016 ) I 'm Sorry ( since 2017 ) The Chris Gethard Show ( since 2017 ) At Home with Amy Sedaris ( since 2017 ) Comedy Knockout ( since 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_Home_with_Amy_Sedaris&oldid=817373668 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2017 American television series debuts American television talk shows American variety television series English - language television programs TruTV shows Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is at home with amy sedaris filmed
[ "\nLocation(s)\nNew York City, New York\n" ]
[ "New York City, New York" ]
2798469908949073594
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate , and with the advice and consent ( confirmation ) of the United States Senate , appoint justices to the Supreme Court . Justices have life tenure , and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulates that the `` judicial power of the United States , shall be vested in one Supreme Court , '' and was organized by the 1st United States Congress . Through the Judiciary Act of 1789 , Congress specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court 2 All justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timeline of justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7004232860000000000 ♠ 63 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7004256950000000000 ♠ 70 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7004312740000000000 ♠ 85 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7004292950000000000 ♠ 80 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7004250480000000000 ♠ 68 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7004235020000000000 ♠ 64 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7004213680000000000 ♠ 58 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7004186890000000000 ♠ 51 Brett Kavanaugh , Associate Justice since October 6 , 2018 Age 7004196170000000000 ♠ 53 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 114 persons have served on the Court . The length of service on the Court for the 105 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas 's 36 years , 211 days to the 163 - day tenure of Thomas Johnson . As of October 29 , 2018 , the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas ' 7003986800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 6 days to Brett Kavanaugh 's 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 days . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : John Rutledge , Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan F. Stone , and William Rehnquist . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY Chief Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC Associate Justice New seat February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD Associate Justice J. Rutledge November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ Associate Justice T. Johnson March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Chief Justice Jay December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD Associate Justice Blair January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT Chief Justice J. Rutledge March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA Associate Justice Wilson December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC Associate Justice Iredell December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA Chief Justice Ellsworth January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC Associate Justice Moore March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY Associate Justice Paterson December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY Associate Justice New seat March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD Associate Justice S. Chase November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA Associate Justice Cushing November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY Associate Justice Livingston December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY Associate Justice Todd May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH Associate Justice Trimble March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA Associate Justice Washington January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA Associate Justice W. Johnson January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD Chief Justice J. Marshall March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA Associate Justice Duvall March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN Associate Justice New seat March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL Associate Justice New seat September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA Associate Justice Barbour March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY Associate Justice Thompson February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH Associate Justice Story January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA Associate Justice Baldwin August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA Associate Justice Woodbury December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL Associate Justice McKinley March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME Associate Justice Curtis January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH Associate Justice McLean January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA Associate Justice Daniel July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL Associate Justice Campbell December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA Associate Justice New seat March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH Chief Justice Taney December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA Associate Justice Grier February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ Associate Justice New seat March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY Associate Justice Nelson December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH Chief Justice S.P. Chase January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY Associate Justice Davis November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA Associate Justice Strong December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH Associate Justice Swayne May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA Associate Justice Clifford December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY Associate Justice Hunt March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS Associate Justice Woods January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL Chief Justice Waite July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS Associate Justice Matthews December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI Associate Justice Miller December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA Associate Justice Bradley July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN Associate Justice L. Lamar February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Associate Justice Blatchford February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY Associate Justice H. Jackson December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA Associate Justice Field January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA Associate Justice Gray December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH Associate Justice Shiras February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA Associate Justice Brown December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN Associate Justice Peckham December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Associate Justice Brewer May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Chief Justice Fuller December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY Associate Justice E.D. White December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA Associate Justice Moody December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ Associate Justice J. Harlan March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN Associate Justice Lurton August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY Associate Justice J. Lamar June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH Associate Justice Hughes July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT Chief Justice E.D. White June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT Associate Justice Clarke September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN Associate Justice Day December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN Associate Justice Pitney January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Associate Justice McKenna February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Chief Justice Taft February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA Associate Justice Sanford May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY Associate Justice Holmes February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL Associate Justice Van Devanter August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY Associate Justice Sutherland January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA Associate Justice Cardozo January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT Associate Justice Brandeis April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI Associate Justice Butler January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Chief Justice Hughes June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC Associate Justice McReynolds June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Stone July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA Associate Justice Byrnes February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH Associate Justice O. Roberts September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY Chief Justice Stone June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX Associate Justice Murphy August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN Associate Justice W. Rutledge October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA Chief Justice Vinson March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY Associate Justice R. Jackson March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ Associate Justice Minton March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO Associate Justice Reed March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH Associate Justice Burton May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO Associate Justice Whittaker April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL Associate Justice Frankfurter September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN Associate Justice Goldberg August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY Associate Justice Clark August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA Chief Justice Warren June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN Associate Justice Fortas May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA Associate Justice Black December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ Associate Justice J. Harlan II December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL Associate Justice Douglas December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ Associate Justice Stewart September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA Chief Justice Burger September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA Associate Justice Rehnquist September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA Associate Justice Powell February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) February 18 , 1988 -- July 31 , 2018 ( Retired ) 7004111210000000000 ♠ 30 years , 163 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH Associate Justice Brennan October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA Associate Justice T. Marshall October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003986800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 6 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY Associate Justice B. White August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003921100000000000 ♠ 25 years , 80 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA Associate Justice Blackmun July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003885300000000000 ♠ 24 years , 87 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD Chief Justice Rehnquist September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003477800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 30 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ Associate Justice O'Connor January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003465400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 271 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Souter August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003336900000000000 ♠ 9 years , 82 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA Associate Justice Stevens August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003300500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 83 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO Associate Justice Scalia April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002567000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 202 days Donald Trump 114 Brett Kavanaugh ( born 1965 ) MD Associate Justice Kennedy October 6 , 2018 ( 50 -- 48 ) October 6 , 2018 -- Incumbent 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 days Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : As of October 29 , 2018 . Timeline of justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons between justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices , which are listed in the table below simply by number . Note that , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the seats chronicled -- `` 5 '' and `` 7 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . See also ( edit ) Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ; Rutkus , Denis Steven ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Supreme Court Nominations , 1789 to 2017 : Actions by the Senate , the Judiciary Committee , and the President '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Article III '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved October 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fram , Alan ; Mascaro , Lisa ; Daly , Matthew . `` Kavanaugh sworn to high court after rancorous confirmation '' . AP . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . 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[ "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nBrett Kavanaugh\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte" ]
[ "John Roberts", "Clarence Thomas", "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "Stephen Breyer", "Samuel Alito", "Sonia Sotomayor", "Elena Kagan", "Neil Gorsuch", "Brett Kavanaugh" ]
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Battle of Bunker Hill
Battle of Bunker Hill - wikipedia Battle of Bunker Hill Jump to : navigation , search For a list of numerous places and things that are named after this battle , see Bunker Hill . Battle of Bunker Hill Part of the American Revolutionary War Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull Date June 17 , 1775 Location Charlestown , Massachusetts 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8 '' W  /  42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W  / 42.376361 ; - 71.060778 Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8 '' W  /  42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W  / 42.376361 ; - 71.060778 Result British victory Territorial changes British capture Charlestown Peninsula Belligerents United Colonies Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Great Britain Commanders and leaders William Prescott Israel Putnam Joseph Warren † John Stark William Howe Thomas Gage Sir Robert Pigot James Abercrombie † Henry Clinton Samuel Graves John Pitcairn † Strength ~ 2,400 3,000 + Casualties and losses 115 killed , 305 wounded , 30 captured ( 20 POWs died ) Total : 450 19 officers killed 62 officers wounded 207 soldiers killed 766 soldiers wounded Total : 1,054 Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17 , 1775 , during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War . The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown , Massachusetts , which was peripherally involved in the battle . It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops , though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed 's Hill . On June 13 , 1775 , the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city , which would give them control of Boston Harbor . In response , 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed 's Hill . During the night , the colonists constructed a strong redoubt on Breed 's Hill , as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula . By daybreak of June 17 , the British became aware of the presence of colonial forces on the Peninsula and mounted an attack against them that day . Two assaults on the colonial positions were repulsed with significant British casualties ; the third and final attack carried the redoubt after the defenders ran out of ammunition . The colonists retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill , leaving the British in control of the Peninsula . The battle was a tactical , though somewhat Pyrrhic victory for the British , as it proved to be a sobering experience for them , involving many more casualties than the Americans had incurred , including a large number of officers . The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle . Subsequently , the battle discouraged the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines . American casualties were comparatively much fewer , although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary , the final casualty of the battle . The battle led the British to adopt a more cautious planning and maneuver execution in future engagements , which was evident in the subsequent New York and New Jersey campaign , and arguably helped rather than hindered the American forces . Their new approach to battle was actually giving the Americans greater opportunity to retreat if defeat was imminent . The costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable Continental Army . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 British planning 3 Prelude to battle 3.1 Fortification of Breed 's Hill 3.2 British preparations 3.3 Colonists reinforce their positions 4 British assault 5 Aftermath 6 Political consequences 7 Analysis 7.1 Disposition of Colonial forces 7.2 Disposition of British forces 8 `` The whites of their eyes '' 9 Notable participants 10 Commemorations 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Geography 1775 map of the Boston area ( contains some inaccuracies ) Boston , situated on a peninsula , was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it , which were dominated by British warships . In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 , the colonial militia , a force of about 15,000 men , had surrounded the town , and effectively besieged it . Under the command of Artemas Ward , they controlled the only land access to Boston itself ( the Roxbury Neck ) , but , lacking a navy , were unable to even contest British domination of the waters of the harbor . The British troops , a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage , occupied the city , and were able to be resupplied and reinforced by sea . In theory , they were thus able to remain in Boston indefinitely . However , the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills , which could be used to advantage . If the militia could obtain enough artillery pieces , these could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered . It was with this in mind that the Knox Expedition , led by Henry Knox , later transported cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to the Boston area . The Charlestown Peninsula , lying to the north of Boston , started from a short , narrow isthmus ( known as the Charlestown Neck ) at its northwest and extended about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) southeastward into Boston Harbor . Bunker Hill , with an elevation of 110 feet ( 34 m ) , lay at the northern end of the peninsula . Breed 's Hill , at a height of 62 feet ( 19 m ) , was more southerly and nearer to Boston . The town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula . At its closest approach , less than 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula , where Copp 's Hill was at about the same height as Breed 's Hill . While the British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown , General Gage , rather than immediately fortifying the hills on the peninsula , had withdrawn those troops to Boston the day after that battle , turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man 's land . The Battle of Bunker Hill , by Howard Pyle , 1897 British planning Throughout May , in response to orders from Gage requesting support , the British received reinforcements , until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men . On May 25 , three generals arrived on HMS Cerberus : William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton . Gage began planning with them to break out of the city , finalizing a plan on June 12 . This plan began with the taking of the Dorchester Neck , fortifying the Dorchester Heights , and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury . Once the southern flank had been secured , the Charlestown heights would be taken , and the forces in Cambridge driven away . The attack was set for June 18 . On June 13 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was notified , by express messenger from the Committee of Safety in Exeter , New Hampshire , that a New Hampshire gentleman `` of undoubted veracity '' had , while visiting Boston , overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown . On June 15 , the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected . General Ward directed General Israel Putnam to set up defenses on the Charlestown Peninsula , specifically on Bunker Hill . Prelude to battle Fortification of Breed 's Hill Array of American forces for the Battle of Bunker Hill On the night of June 16 , colonial Colonel William Prescott led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston . This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott , Putnam ( the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton ) , James Frye , and Ebenezer Bridge . At first , Putnam , Prescott , and their engineer , Captain Richard Gridley , disagreed as to where they should locate their defense . Some work was performed on Bunker Hill , but Breed 's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible . Arguably against orders , they decided to build their primary redoubt there . Prescott and his men , using Gridley 's outline , began digging a square fortification about 130 feet ( 40 m ) on a side with ditches and earthen walls . The walls of the redoubt were about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high , with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over the walls . The works on Breed 's Hill did not go unnoticed by the British . General Clinton , out on reconnaissance that night , was aware of them , and tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight . British sentries were also aware of the activity , but most apparently did not think it cause for alarm . Then , in the early predawn , around 4 a.m. , a sentry on board HMS Lively spotted the new fortification , and notified her captain . Lively opened fire , temporarily halting the colonists ' work . Aboard his flagship HMS Somerset , Admiral Samuel Graves awoke , irritated by the gunfire that he had not ordered . He stopped it , only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning . He ordered all 128 guns in the harbor , as well as batteries atop Copp 's Hill in Boston , to fire on the colonial position , which had relatively little effect . The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt -- it could easily be flanked on either side . He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a breastwork running down the hill to the east , deciding he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt . British preparations When the British generals met to discuss their options , General Clinton , who had urged an attack as early as possible , preferred an attack beginning from the Charlestown Neck that would cut off the colonists ' retreat , reducing the process of capturing the new redoubt to one of starving out its occupants . However , he was outvoted by the other three generals . Howe , who was the senior officer present and would lead the assault , was of the opinion that the hill was `` open and easy of ascent and in short would be easily carried . '' General Burgoyne concurred , arguing that the `` untrained rabble '' would be no match for their `` trained troops '' . Orders were then issued to prepare the expedition . Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights When General Gage surveyed the works from Boston with his staff , Loyalist Abijah Willard recognized his brother - in - law Colonel Prescott . `` Will he fight ? '' asked Gage . `` ( A ) s to his men , I can not answer for them ; '' replied Willard , `` but Colonel Prescott will fight you to the gates of hell . '' Prescott lived up to Willard 's word , but his men were not so resolute . When the colonists suffered their first casualty , Asa Pollard of Billerica , a young private killed by cannon fire , Prescott gave orders to bury the man quickly and quietly , but a large group of men gave him a solemn funeral instead , with several deserting shortly thereafter . It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade . General Howe was to lead the major assault , drive around the colonial left flank , and take them from the rear . Brigadier General Robert Pigot on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt , and Major John Pitcairn led the flank or reserve force . It took several trips in longboats to transport Howe 's initial forces ( consisting of about 1,500 men ) to the eastern corner of the peninsula , known as Moulton 's Point . By 2 p.m. , Howe 's chosen force had landed . However , while crossing the river , Howe noted the large number of colonial troops on top of Bunker Hill . Believing these to be reinforcements , he immediately sent a message to Gage , requesting additional troops . He then ordered some of the light infantry to take a forward position along the eastern side of the peninsula , alerting the colonists to his intended course of action . The troops then sat down to eat while they waited for the reinforcements . The first British attack on Bunker Hill ; shaded areas are hills Colonists reinforce their positions Prescott , seeing the British preparations , called for reinforcements . Among the reinforcements were Joseph Warren , the popular young leader of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety , and Seth Pomeroy , an aging Massachusetts militia leader . Both of these men held commissions of rank , but chose to serve as infantry . Prescott ordered the Connecticut men under Captain Knowlton to defend the left flank , where they used a crude dirt wall as a breastwork , and topped it with fence rails and hay . They also constructed three small v - shaped trenches between this dirt wall and Prescott 's breastwork . Troops that arrived to reinforce this flank position included about 200 men from the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments , under Colonels John Stark and James Reed . Stark 's men , who did not arrive until after Howe landed his forces ( and thus filled a gap in the defense that Howe could have taken advantage of , had he pressed his attack sooner ) , took positions along the breastwork on the northern end of the colonial position . When low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River to the north , they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the water 's edge . Colonel Stark placed a stake about 100 feet ( 30 m ) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the regulars passed it . Just prior to the action , further reinforcements arrived , including portions of Massachusetts regiments of Colonels Brewer , Nixon , Woodbridge , Little , and Major Moore , as well as Callender 's company of artillery . Behind the colonial lines , confusion reigned . Many units sent toward the action stopped before crossing the Charlestown Neck from Cambridge , which was under constant fire from gun batteries to the south . Others reached Bunker Hill , but then , uncertain about where to go from there , milled around . One commentator wrote of the scene that `` it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command . '' While General Putnam was on the scene attempting to direct affairs , unit commanders often misunderstood or disobeyed orders . British assault The second British attack on Bunker Hill By 3 p.m. , the British reinforcements , which included the 47th Foot and the 1st Marines , had arrived , and the British were ready to march . Brigadier General Pigot 's force , gathering just south of Charlestown village , were taking casualties from sniper fire , and Howe asked Admiral Graves for assistance in clearing out the snipers . Graves , who had planned for such a possibility , ordered incendiary shot fired into the village , and then sent a landing party to set fire to the town . The smoke billowing from Charlestown lent an almost surreal backdrop to the fighting , as the winds were such that the smoke was kept from the field of battle . Pigot , commanding the 5th , 38th , 43rd , 47th , and 52nd regiments , as well as Major Pitcairn 's Marines , were to feint an assault on the redoubt . However , they continued to be harried by snipers in Charlestown , and Pigot , when he saw what happened to Howe 's advance , ordered a retreat . General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank , expecting an easy effort against Stark 's recently arrived troops . His light infantry were set along the narrow beach , in column , in order to turn the far left flank of the colonial position . The grenadiers were deployed in the middle . They lined up four deep and several hundred across . As the regulars closed , John Simpson , a New Hampshire man , prematurely fired , drawing an ineffective volley of return fire from the regulars . When the regulars finally closed within range , both sides opened fire . The colonists inflicted heavy casualties on the regulars , using the fence to steady and aim their muskets , and benefit from a modicum of cover . With this devastating barrage of musket fire , the regulars retreated in disarray , and the militia held their ground . The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again . This time , Pigot was not to feint ; he was to assault the redoubt , possibly without the assistance of Howe 's force . Howe , instead of marching against Stark 's position along the beach , marched instead against Knowlton 's position along the rail fence . The outcome of the second attack was much the same as the first . One British observer wrote , `` Most of our Grenadiers and Light - infantry , the moment of presenting themselves lost three - fourths , and many nine - tenths , of their men . Some had only eight or nine men a company left ... '' Pigot did not fare any better in his attack on the redoubt , and again ordered a retreat . Meanwhile , in the rear of the colonial forces , confusion continued to reign . General Putnam tried , with only limited success , to send additional troops from Bunker Hill to Breed 's Hill to support the men in the redoubt and along the defensive lines . The third and final British attack on Bunker Hill The British rear was also in some disarray . Wounded soldiers that were mobile had made their way to the landing areas , and were being ferried back to Boston , and the wounded lying on the field of battle were the source of moans and cries of pain . General Howe , deciding that he would try again , sent word to General Clinton in Boston for additional troops . Clinton , who had watched the first two attacks , sent about 400 men from the 2nd Marines and the 63rd Foot , and then followed himself to help rally the troops . In addition to the new reserves , he also convinced about 200 of the wounded to form up for the third attack . During the interval between the second and third assaults , General Putnam continued trying to direct troops toward the action . Some companies , and leaderless groups of men , moved toward the action ; others retreated . John Chester , a Connecticut captain , seeing an entire company in retreat , ordered his company to aim muskets at that company to halt its retreat ; they turned about and headed back to the battlefield . The third assault , concentrated on the redoubt ( with only a feint on the colonists ' flank ) , was successful , although the colonists again poured musket fire into the British ranks , and it cost the life of Major Pitcairn . The defenders had run out of ammunition , reducing the battle to close combat . The British had the advantage once they entered the redoubt , as their troops were equipped with bayonets on their muskets while most of the colonists were not . Colonel Prescott , one of the last colonists to leave the redoubt , parried bayonet thrusts with his normally ceremonial sabre . It is during the retreat from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed . The retreat of much of the colonial forces from the peninsula was made possible in part by the controlled retreat of the forces along the rail fence , led by John Stark and Thomas Knowlton , which prevented the encirclement of the hill . Their disciplined retreat , described by Burgoyne as `` no flight ; it was even covered with bravery and military skill '' , was so effective that most of the wounded were saved ; most of the prisoners taken by the British were mortally wounded . General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill ; however the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned . The colonists suffered most of their casualties during the retreat on Bunker Hill . By 5 p.m. , the colonists had retreated over the Charlestown Neck to fortified positions in Cambridge , and the British were in control of the peninsula . Aftermath The Bunker Hill Monument Ralph Farnham , one of the last survivors The British had taken the ground but at a great loss ; they had suffered 1,054 casualties ( 226 dead and 828 wounded ) , with a disproportionate number of these officers . The casualty count was the highest suffered by the British in any single encounter during the entire war . General Clinton , echoing Pyrrhus of Epirus , remarked in his diary that `` A few more such victories would have shortly put an end to British dominion in America . '' British dead and wounded included 100 commissioned officers , a significant portion of the British officer corps in North America . Much of General Howe 's field staff was among the casualties . Major Pitcairn had been killed , and Lieutenant Colonel James Abercrombie fatally wounded . General Gage , in his report after the battle , reported the following officer casualties ( listing lieutenants and above by name ) : 1 lieutenant colonel killed 2 majors killed , 3 wounded 7 captains killed , 27 wounded 9 lieutenants killed , 32 wounded 15 sergeants killed , 42 wounded 1 drummer killed , 12 wounded The colonial losses were about 450 , of whom 140 were killed . Most of the colonial losses came during the withdrawal . Major Andrew McClary was technically the highest ranking colonial officer to die in the battle ; he was hit by cannon fire on Charlestown Neck , the last person to be killed in the battle . He was later commemorated by the dedication of Fort McClary in Kittery , Maine . A serious loss to the Patriot cause , however , was the death of Dr. Joseph Warren . He was the President of Massachusetts ' Provincial Congress , and he had been appointed a Major General on June 14 . His commission had not yet taken effect when he served as a volunteer private three days later at Bunker Hill . Only thirty men were captured by the British , most of them with grievous wounds ; twenty died while held prisoner . The colonials also lost numerous shovels and other entrenching tools , as well as five out of the six cannon they had brought to the peninsula . Political consequences When news of the battle spread through the colonies , it was reported as a colonial loss , as the ground had been taken by the enemy , and significant casualties were incurred . George Washington , who was on his way to Boston as the new commander of the Continental Army , received news of the battle while in New York City . The report , which included casualty figures that were somewhat inaccurate , gave Washington hope that his army might prevail in the conflict . We have ... learned one melancholy truth , which is , that the Americans , if they were equally well commanded , are full as good soldiers as ours . A British officer in Boston , after the battle The Massachusetts Committee of Safety , seeking to repeat the sort of propaganda victory it won following the battles at Lexington and Concord , commissioned a report of the battle to send to England . Their report , however , did not reach England before Gage 's official account arrived on July 20 . His report unsurprisingly caused friction and argument between the Tories and the Whigs , but the casualty counts alarmed the military establishment , and forced many to rethink their views of colonial military capability . King George 's attitude toward the colonies hardened , and the news may have contributed to his rejection of the Continental Congress ' Olive Branch Petition , the last substantive political attempt at reconciliation . Sir James Adolphus Oughton , part of the Tory majority , wrote to Lord Dartmouth of the colonies , `` the sooner they are made to Taste Distress the sooner will ( Crown control over them ) be produced , and the Effusion of Blood be put a stop to . '' About a month after receiving Gage 's report the Proclamation of Rebellion would be issued in response ; this hardening of the British position would also lead to a hardening of previously weak support for the rebellion , especially in the southern colonies , in favor of independence . Gage 's report had a more direct effect on his own career . His dismissal from office was decided just three days after his report was received , although General Howe did not replace him until October 1775 . Gage wrote another report to the British Cabinet , in which he repeated earlier warnings that `` a large army must at length be employed to reduce these people '' , that would require `` the hiring of foreign troops '' . Analysis Much has been written in the wake of this battle over how it was conducted . Both sides made strategic and tactical missteps which could have altered the outcome of the battle . While hindsight often gives a biased view , some things seem to be apparent after the battle that might reasonably have been within the reach of the command of the day . Years after the battle , and after Israel Putnam was dead , General Dearborn published an account of the battle in Port Folio magazine , accusing General Putnam of inaction , cowardly leadership and failing to supply reinforcements during the battle , which subsequently sparked a long lasting and major controversy among veterans of the war , various friends , family members and historians . People were shocked by the rancor of the attack , and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam , including such notables as John and Abigail Adams . Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn 's account `` abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination . '' The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of considerable controversy himself . He had been relieved of one of the top commands in the War of 1812 due to his mistakes . He had also been nominated to serve as Secretary of War by President Monroe , but was rejected by the United States Senate ( which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice ) . Disposition of colonial forces A historic map of Bunker Hill featuring military notes The colonial forces , while nominally under the overall command of General Ward , with General Putnam and Colonel Prescott leading in the field , often acted quite independently . This was evident in the opening stages of the battle , when a tactical decision was made that had strategic implications . After deliberating with General Putnam and Colonel Gridley , Colonel Prescott and his staff , apparently in contravention of orders , decided to fortify Breed 's Hill rather than Bunker Hill . The fortification of Breed 's Hill was more provocative ; it would have put offensive artillery closer to Boston . It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped , as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck . If the British had taken that step , they might have had a victory with many fewer casualties . While the front lines of the colonial forces were generally well managed , the scene behind them , especially once the action began , was significantly disorganized , due at least in part to a poor chain of command . Only some of the militias operated directly under Ward 's and Putnam 's authority , and some commanders also disobeyed orders , staying at Bunker Hill rather than joining in the defense on the third British assault . Several officers were subjected to court martial and cashiered . Colonel Prescott was of the opinion that the third assault would have been repulsed , had his forces in the redoubt been reinforced with either more men , or more supplies of ammunition and powder . Disposition of British forces The British leadership , for its part , acted slowly once the works on Breed 's Hill were spotted . It was 2 p.m. when the troops were ready for the assault , roughly ten hours after the Lively first opened fire . This leisurely pace gave the colonial forces time to reinforce the flanking positions that had been poorly defended . Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter , when an encircling move ( gaining control of Charlestown Neck ) , would have given them a more resounding victory . ( This move would not have been without risks of its own , as the colonists could have made holding the Neck expensive with fire from the high ground in Cambridge . ) But the British leadership was excessively optimistic , believing that `` two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province '' . View of the Attack on Bunker 's Hill with the Burning of Charlestown , by Lodge Once in the field , Howe , rather than focusing on the redoubt , opted ( twice ) to dilute the force attacking the redoubt with a flanking maneuver against the colonial left . It was only with the third attack , when the flank attack was merely a feint , and the main force ( now also reinforced with additional reserves ) squarely targeted the redoubt , that the attack succeeded . Following the taking of the peninsula , the British arguably had a tactical advantage that they could have used to press into Cambridge . General Clinton proposed this to Howe ; having just led three assaults with grievous casualties , he declined the idea . The colonial military leaders eventually recognized Howe as a tentative decision - maker , to his detriment ; in the aftermath of the Battle of Long Island ( 1776 ) , he again had tactical advantages that might have delivered Washington 's army into his hands , but again refused to act . Historian John Ferling maintains that had General Gage used the Royal Navy to secure the narrow neck to the Charleston peninsula , cutting the Americans off from the mainland , he could have achieved a far less costly victory , but he was motivated by revenge over patriot resistance at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and relatively heavy British losses , and also felt that the colonial militia were completely untrained and could be overtaken with little effort , opting for a frontal assault . `` The whites of their eyes '' The famous order `` Do n't fire until you see the whites of their eyes '' was popularized in stories about the battle of Bunker Hill . It is uncertain as to who said it there , since various histories , including eyewitness accounts , attribute it to Putnam , Stark , Prescott , or Gridley , and it may have been said first by one , and repeated by the others . It was also not an original statement . The idea dates originally to the general - king Gustavus Adolphus ( 1594 -- 1632 ) who gave standing orders to his musketeers : `` never to give fire , till they could see their own image in the pupil of their enemy 's eye '' . Gustavus Adolphus 's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated . It was used by General James Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham , when his troops defeated Montcalm 's army on September 13 , 1759 . The earliest similar quote came from the Battle of Dettingen on June 27 , 1743 , where Lieutenant - Colonel Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw warned his Regiment , the Royal Scots Fusiliers , not to fire until they could `` see the white of their e'en . '' The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745 , and repeated in 1755 by Frederick the Great , and may have been mentioned in histories the colonial military leaders were familiar with . Whether or not it was actually said in this battle , it was clear that the colonial military leadership were regularly reminding their troops to hold their fire until the moment when it would have the greatest effect , especially in situations where their ammunition would be limited . Notable participants According to the John Trumbull painting , this flag of New England was carried by the colonists during the battle . This flag , known as the Bunker Hill flag , is also associated with the battle . A significant number of notable people fought in this battle . Henry Dearborn and William Eustis , for example , went on to distinguished military and political careers ; both served in Congress , the Cabinet , and in diplomatic posts . Others , like John Brooks , Henry Burbeck , Christian Febiger , Thomas Knowlton , and John Stark , became well known for later actions in the war . Stark became known as the `` Hero of Bennington '' for his role in the 1777 Battle of Bennington . Free African - Americans also fought in the battle ; notable examples include Barzillai Lew , Salem Poor , and Peter Salem . Another notable participant was Daniel Shays , who later became famous for his army of protest in Shays ' Rebellion . Israel Potter was immortalized in Israel Potter : His Fifty Years of Exile , a novel by Herman Melville . Colonel John Paterson commanded the Massachusetts First Militia , served in Shays ' Rebellion , and became a congressman from New York . Lt. Col. Seth Read , who served under John Paterson at Bunker Hill , went on to settle Geneva , New York and Erie , Pennsylvania , and was said to have been instrumental in the phrase E pluribus unum being added to U.S. coins . George Claghorn of the Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the USS Constitution , a.k.a. `` Old Ironsides '' , which is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned and afloat . Commemorations John Trumbull 's painting , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill ( displayed in lede ) , was created as an allegorical depiction of the battle and Warren 's death , not as an actual pictorial recording of the event . The painting shows a number of participants in the battle including a British officer , John Small , among those who stormed the redoubt , yet came to be the one holding the mortally wounded Warren and preventing a fellow redcoat from bayoneting him . He was friends of Putnam and Trumbull . Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle . The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk that stands 221 feet ( 67 m ) high on Breed 's Hill . On June 17 , 1825 , the fiftieth anniversary of the battle , the cornerstone of the monument was laid by the Marquis de Lafayette and an address delivered by Daniel Webster . ( When Lafayette died , he was buried next to his wife at the Cimetière de Picpus under soil from Bunker Hill , which his son Georges sprinkled over him . ) The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge was specifically designed to evoke this monument . There is also a statue of William Prescott showing him calming his men down . Bunker Hill clipper ship The National Park Service operates a museum dedicated to the battle near the monument , which is part of the Boston National Historical Park . A cyclorama of the battle was added in 2007 when the museum was renovated . In nearby Cambridge , a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription : `` Here assembled on the night of June 16 , 1775 , 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott . After prayer by President Langdon , they marched to Bunker Hill . '' See footnote for picture . ( Samuel Langdon , a Congregational minister , was Harvard 's 11th president . ) Another small monument nearby marks the location of the Committee of Safety , which had become the Patriots ' provisional government as Tories left Cambridge . These monuments are on the lawn to the west of Harvard 's Littaeur Center , which is itself the west of Harvard 's huge Science Center . See footnote for map . Statue of William Prescott in Charlestown , Massachusetts Bunker Hill Day , observed every June 17 , is a legal holiday in Suffolk County , Massachusetts ( which includes the city of Boston ) , as well as Somerville in Middlesex County . Prospect Hill , site of colonial fortifications overlooking the Charlestown Neck , is now in Somerville , which was previously part of Charlestown . State institutions in Massachusetts ( such as public institutions of higher education ) in Boston also celebrate the holiday . However , the state 's FY2011 budget requires that all state and municipal offices in Suffolk County be open on Bunker Hill Day and Evacuation Day . On June 16 and 17 , 1875 , the centennial of the battle was celebrated with a military parade and a reception featuring notable speakers , among them General William Tecumseh Sherman and Vice President Henry Wilson . It was attended by dignitaries from across the country . Celebratory events also marked the sesquicentennial ( 150th anniversary ) in 1925 and the bicentennial in 1975 . Over the years the Battle of Bunker Hill has been commemorated on four U.S. Postage stamps . Issue of 1959 Issue of 1975 Issue of 1968 Issue of 1968 Left stamp depicts Battle of Bunker Hill battle flag and Monument Left - center , depicts John Trumbull 's painting of the battle Right - center depicts detail of Trumbull 's painting Right depicts image of Bunker Hill battle flag See also United States Army portal American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War Dr. John Hart , Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott 's Regiment who treated the wounded at Bunker Hill Royal Welch Fusiliers USS Bunker Hill Notes Jump up ^ In 1822 Dearborn wrote an anonymous plea in the Boston Patriot to urge the purchase the site of the Bunker Hill battlefield which was currently listed for sale . References Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 122 counts 1,400 in the night - time fortification work . Frothingham is unclear on the number of reinforcements arriving just before the battle breaks out . In a footnote on p. 136 , as well as on p. 190 , he elaborates the difficulty in getting an accurate count . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 90 says the initial force requested was 1,550 , but Howe requested and received reinforcements before the battle began . Frothingham p. 137 puts the total British contingent likely to be over 3,000 . Furthermore , according to Frothingham p. 148 , additional reinforcements arrived from Boston after the second attack was repulsed . Frothingham , p. 191 notes the difficulty in attaining an accurate count of British troops involved . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 104 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 191 , 194 . Jump up ^ Borneman , Walter R. American Spring : Lexington , Concord , and the Road to Revolution , p. 350 , Little , Brown and Company , New York , Boston , London , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 22102 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 85 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 85 -- 87 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 87 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Clinton , p. 19 . General Clinton 's remark is an echoing of Pyrrhus of Epirus 's original sentiment after the Battle of Heraclea , `` one more such victory and the cause is lost '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bunker Hill '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Although the British eventually won the battle , it was a Pyrrhic victory that lent considerable encouragement to the revolutionary cause . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 94 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ 18th century Boston was a peninsula . Primarily in the 19th century , much land around the peninsula was filled , giving the modern city its present geography . See the history of Boston for details . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 72 New Hampshire 1,200 , Rhode Island 1,000 , Connecticut 2,300 , Massachusetts 11,500 Jump up ^ Alden , p. 178 Jump up ^ Visitors to Boston , upon seeing the nearby hills , may conclude that they are too low . The hills were once higher , but were lowered by excavations to obtain landfill used to expand Boston in the 19th century . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold : Revolutionary Hero . New York : New York University Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 0 . OCLC 36343341 . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 91 has an historic map showing elevations . Jump up ^ French , p. 220 Jump up ^ French , p. 249 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 119 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 47 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ French , p. 255 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 84 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 102 , 245 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 135 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 87 -- 88 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 115 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 125 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 127 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 117 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 120 -- 121 Jump up ^ Wood , p. 54 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Graydon , p. 424 Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Frothingham , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p 143 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 93 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 96 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 147 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 92 -- 93 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 160 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 152 Jump up ^ Fusillers , Mark Urban p38 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 161 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 162 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 146 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 92 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 163 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 164 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 92 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 99 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 150 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 151 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 181 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 145 , 196 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 387 -- 389 lists the officer casualties by name , as well as this summary Jump up ^ Bardwell , p. 76 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 150 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 255 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 94 -- 96 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 207 -- 208 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 209 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 208 -- 209 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 211 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 213 Jump up ^ Scheer , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : Cray , 2001 Jump up ^ Purcell , 2010 , pp. 164 - 168 Jump up ^ Ketchum , Richard M. The Battle for Bunker Hill , p. 178 , The Cresset Press , London , England , 1963 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Harold . Bunker Hill , Notes and Queries on a Famous Battle , Kessinger Publishing , LLC , 2010 . ISBN 1163174912 , Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 191 -- 92 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 131 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 19 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 87 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Frothingham , p. 155 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ French , pp. 274 -- 276 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 153 Jump up ^ French , pp. 263 -- 265 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 156 Jump up ^ French , p. 277 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 148 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 20 Jump up ^ Ferling , 2015 , p. 127 - 129 Jump up ^ Lewis , John E. , ed . The Mammoth Book of How it Happened . London : Robinson , 1998 . Print . P. 179 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 97 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joannis Schefferi , `` Memorabilium Sueticae Gentis Exemplorum Liber Singularis '' ( 1671 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ R. Reilly , The Rest to Fortune : The Life of Major - General James Wolfe ( 1960 ) , p. 324 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 679 Jump up ^ Winsor , p. 85 Jump up ^ French , pp. 269 -- 270 Jump up ^ Abbatt , p. 252 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 132,165 Jump up ^ Woodson , p. 204 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 260 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 95 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 257 Jump up ^ Melville Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of the United States Jump up ^ Buford , 1895 , Preface Jump up ^ Marvin , p. 425 , 436 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Coppers 1787 -- 1788 : Introduction '' . University of Notre Dame . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` e pluribus unum FAQ # 7 '' . www.treas.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , O. Keith ( 30 January 2002 ) . `` Individual Summary for COL . GEORGE CLAGHORN '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades ; however , Victory has been in dry dock since 1922 . `` HMS Victory Service Life '' . HMS Victory website . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bunce , p. 336 Jump up ^ Hayward , p. 322 Jump up ^ Clary Jump up ^ MTA Bridges Jump up ^ Bunker Hill Museum Jump up ^ McKenna Jump up ^ `` Album Archive '' . Picasaweb.google.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Committee of Safety ( American Revolution ) Jump up ^ `` Harvard University Campus Map '' . Map.harvard.edu . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MA List of legal holidays Jump up ^ Somerville Environmental Services Guide Jump up ^ University of Massachusetts , Boston , observed holidays Jump up ^ Bunker Hill Day closings Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Massachusetts FY2011 Budget , Outside Section 5 '' . Mass.gov . July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See the Centennial Book for a complete description of the events . Jump up ^ Sesquicentennial celebration Jump up ^ New York Times , June 15 , 1975 Jump up ^ Scotts 2008 United States stamp catalogue Bibliography Major sources Most of the information about the battle itself in this article comes from the following sources . Brooks , Victor ( 1999 ) . The Boston Campaign . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 007 - 9 . OCLC 42581510 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston . Boston , MA : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1851 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill , Second Edition . Boston , MA : Charles C. Little and James Brown . OCLC 2138693 . French , Allen ( 1911 ) . The Siege of Boston . New York : McMillan . OCLC 3927532 . Ketchum , Richard ( 1999 ) . Decisive Day : The Battle of Bunker Hill . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41897 - 3 . OCLC 24147566 . ( Paperback : ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6099 - 5 ) Philbrick , Nathaniel . Bunker Hill : A City , a Siege , a Revolution ( New York : Viking , 2013 ) Minor sources Specific facts not necessarily covered by the major sources come from the following sources . Buford , Mary Hunter ( 1895 ) . Seth Read , Lieut. - Col. Continental Army ; Pioneer at Geneva , New York , 1787 , and at Erie , Penn. , June , 1795 . His Ancestors and Descendants . Boston , Mass . pp. 167 Pages on CD in PDF Format . Bunce , Oliver Bell ( 1870 ) . The romance of the revolution : being true stories of the adventures , romantic incidents , hairbreath escapes , and heroic exploits of the days of ' 76 . Philadelphia : Porter & Coates . OCLC 3714510 . Abbatt , William ( ed ) ( 1883 ) . The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries , volume 8 . A.S. Barnes . OCLC 1590082 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Alden , John R ( 1989 ) . A History of the American Revolution . Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80366 - 6 . Anderson , William ( 1863 ) . The Scottish Nation : Or , The Surnames , Families , Literature , Honours , and Biographical History of the People of Scotland , volume 2 . Fullarton . OCLC 1290413 . Bardwell , John D ( 2005 ) . Old Kittery . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2476 - 4 . Clinton , Henry ( 1954 ) . Willcox , William B. , ed . The American Rebellion : Sir Henry Clinton 's Narrative of His Campaigns , 1775 -- 1782 . Yale University Press . OCLC 1305132 . Graydon , Alexander ( 1846 ) . Littell , John Stockton , ed . Memoirs of His Own Time : With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution . Philadelphia : Lindsay & Blakiston . OCLC 1557096 . Ferling , John ( 2015 ) . Whirlwind , The American Revolution and the War That Won it . Bloomsbury Press , New York , London . Hayward , John ( 1854 ) . A Gazetteer of the United States of America . self published . OCLC 68756962 . Jackson , Kenneth T ; Dunbar , David S ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3 . Melville , Herman ( 1855 ) . Israel Potter : his fifty years of exile . G. Routledge . OCLC 13065897 . Richards , Leonard L ( 2003 ) . Shays 's Rebellion : The American Revolution 's Final Battle . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1870 - 1 . Scheer , George F ; Rankin , Hugh F ( 1987 ) . Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80307 - 9 . Winsor , Justin ; Jewett , Clarence F ( 1882 ) . The Memorial History of Boston : Including Suffolk County , Massachusetts , 1630 -- 1880 , Volume 3 . James R. Osgood . OCLC 4952179 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2002 ) . The American Revolution : A History . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 1 . Woodson , Carter Godwin ; Logan , Rayford Whittingham ( 1917 ) . The Journal of Negro History , Volume 2 . Association for the Study of Negro Life and History . OCLC 1782257 . Cray , Robert E. ( 2001 ) . Bunker Hill Refought : Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts , 1775 - 1825 ( PDF ) . Historical Journal of Massachusetts . `` Congressional bio of John Patterson '' . Biographical Directory of the United States . Commemorations Various commemorations of the battle are described in the following sources . `` Charles River Bridges '' . Massachusetts Turnpike Authority . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` Massachusetts List of Legal Holidays '' . Massachusetts Secretary of State . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . `` Environmental Guide 2008 '' ( PDF ) . City of Somerville , Massachusetts . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . `` UMass Boston Holidays observed '' . University of Massachusetts , Boston . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . `` Bunker Hill Day Closings '' . Boston Globe . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Winsor , Justin ( 1875 ) . Celebration of the centennial anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill . Boston , MA : Boston City Council . OCLC 2776599 . Celebration of the sesquicentennial anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill , June 17 , 1925 . Boston , MA : City of Boston . 1925 . OCLC 235594934 . `` Bunker Hill Museum '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Clary , David ( 2007 ) . Adopted Son : Washington , Lafayette , and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution . New York City : Bantam Books . pp. 443 -- 448 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80435 - 5 . OCLC 70407848 . Kifner , John ( July 15 , 1975 ) . `` Not Unusual Occurrence : British Take Bunker Hill '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . ( ProQuest document number : 118450359 ) McKenna , Kathleen ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` On Bunker Hill , a boost in La Fayette profile '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Further reading Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) . The real History of the American Revolution . Sterling Publishing Company , New York . Beck , Derek W. ( 2016 ) . The War Before Independence : 1775 - 1776 . Sourcebooks , Inc. , 480 pages Doyle , Peter ( 1998 ) . Bunker Hill . Charlottesville , VA : Providence Foundation . ISBN 1 - 887456 - 08 - 2 . OCLC 42421560 . Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1875 ) . Bunker Hill : the story told in letters from the battle field by British Officers Engaged . Boston : Nichols and Hall . Elting , John R. ( 1975 ) . The Battle of Bunker 's Hill . Monmouth Beach , NJ : Phillip Freneau Press . ISBN 0 - 912480 - 11 - 4 . OCLC 2867199 . Ferling , John ( 2007 ) . Almost a Miracle . Oxford University Press . Fast , Howard ( 2001 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : ibooks inc . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2384 - 4 . OCLC 248511443 . Lanning , Michael Lee ( 2008 ) . The American Revolution 100 . Source Books , Naperville , Illinois . O'Brien , Michael J. ( 1968 ) . The Irish at Bunker Hill : Evidence of Irish Participation in the Battle of 17 June 1775 . Irish University Press . Ristow , W. Walter ( 1979 ) . Cartography of the Battle of Bunker Hill . Swett , S ( 1826 ) . History of Bunker Hill Battle , With a Plan , Second Edition . Boston , MA : Munroe and Francis . OCLC 3554078 . This book contains printings of both Gage 's official account and that of the Massachusetts Congress . Commager , Henry Steele ; Morris , Richard B. ( 1958 ) . The Spirit of 76 . Harper & Row Publishers , New York , London . , eBook , Vol 2 External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bunker Hill . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Bunker Hill . Boston National Historical Park official website Bunker Hill Museum website About the battle Library of Congress page about the battle Bunker Hill Web Exhibit of the Massachusetts Historical Society SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter list of colonial fallen at Bunker Hill SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter description of the battle The Battle of Bunker Hill : Now We Are at War , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan TheAmericanRevolution.org description of the battle BritishBattles.com description of the battle Animated History of the Battle of Bunker Hill `` Bunker Hill '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . About people in the battle Israel Putnam Website Genealogy of Captain Samuel Cherry , who fought at Bunker Hill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bunker_Hill&oldid=843403574 '' Categories : Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States History of Boston Charlestown , Boston Massachusetts in the American Revolution 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 1775 in Massachusetts History of the Royal Marines Military history of New England Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 58 . 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where did the battle of bunker hill take place
[ "The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peripherally involved in the battle. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed's Hill.[5][6]" ]
[ "Breed's Hill" ]
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Scotland Yard
Scotland Yard - wikipedia Scotland Yard Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Scotland Yard ( disambiguation ) . `` NSY '' redirects here . For other uses , see NSY ( disambiguation ) . The sign outside the former New Scotland Yard building , located in Victoria , London . The sign has been relocated to the new location of New Scotland Yard . Scotland Yard ( officially New Scotland Yard ) is a metonym for the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service ( MPS ) , the territorial police force responsible for policing most of London . The name derives from the location of the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place , which had a rear entrance on a street called Great Scotland Yard . The Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station , and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous . The New York Times wrote in 1964 that just as Wall Street gave its name to New York 's financial district , Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London . mmThe force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890 , to a newly completed building on the Victoria Embankment , and the name `` New Scotland Yard '' was adopted for the new headquarters . An adjacent building was completed in 1906 . A third building was added in 1940 . In 1967 , the MPS moved its headquarters from the three - building complex to a tall , newly constructed building on Broadway in Victoria . In summer 2013 , it was announced that the force would move to the Curtis Green Building -- which is the third building of New Scotland Yard 's previous site ( 1890 -- 1967 ) -- and that the headquarters would be renamed Scotland Yard . In November 2016 , MPS moved to its new headquarters , which continues to bear the name of `` New Scotland Yard . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Move to 10 Broadway 1.2 Move back to the Embankment 1.3 Museums 2 See also 3 Notes 4 External links History ( edit ) The original New Scotland Yard , now called the Norman Shaw Buildings ; at the far right is the Curtis Green Building , which became New Scotland Yard in November 2016 The Metropolitan Police Service is responsible for law enforcement within Greater London , excluding the square mile of the City of London , which is covered by the City of London Police . Additionally , the London Underground and National Rail networks are the responsibility of the British Transport Police . The Metropolitan Police was formed by Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act , passed by Parliament in 1829 . Peel , with the help of Eugène - François Vidocq , selected the original site on Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters . The first two commissioners , Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne , along with various police officers and staff , occupied the building . Previously a private house , 4 Whitehall Place ( 51 ° 30 ′ 22 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 34 '' W  /  51.50598 ° N 0.12609 ° W  / 51.50598 ; - 0.12609  ( Original Scotland Yard - 4 Whitehall Place ) ) backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard . By 1887 , the Metropolitan Police headquarters had expanded from 4 Whitehall Place into several neighbouring addresses , including 3 , 5 , 21 and 22 Whitehall Place ; 8 and 9 Great Scotland Yard , and several stables . Eventually , the service outgrew its original site , and new headquarters were built ( 51 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W  /  51.50222 ° N 0.12463 ° W  / 51.50222 ; - 0.12463  ( New Scotland Yard - Norman Shaw North Building ( second location ) ) ) on the Victoria Embankment , overlooking the River Thames , south of what is now the Ministry of Defence 's headquarters . In 1888 , during the construction of the new building , workers discovered the dismembered torso of a female ; the case , known as the ' Whitehall Mystery ' , was never solved . In 1890 , police headquarters moved to the new location , which was named New Scotland Yard . By this time , the Metropolitan Police had grown from its initial 1,000 officers to about 13,000 and needed more administrative staff and a bigger headquarters . Further increases in the size and responsibilities of the force required even more administrators and space . Therefore , new buildings were constructed and completed in 1906 and 1940 , so that New Scotland Yard became a three - building complex . ( 51 ° 30 ′ 07 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 28 '' W  /  51.50183 ° N 0.12446 ° W  / 51.50183 ; - 0.12446  ( Norman Shaw South Building ( extension to New Scotland Yard ) ) ) . The first two buildings are now a Grade I listed structure known as the Norman Shaw Buildings . The original building at 4 Whitehall Place still has a rear entrance on Great Scotland Yard . Stables for some of the mounted branch are still located at 7 Great Scotland Yard , across the street from the first headquarters . Move to 10 Broadway ( edit ) The former New Scotland Yard building in Victoria Street By the 1960s the requirements of modern technology and further increases in the size of the force meant that it had outgrown its three - building complex on Victoria Embankment . In 1967 New Scotland Yard moved to a newly constructed building on Broadway , which was an existing office block acquired under a long - term lease . From 1967 to 2016 , the third building ( then known as the Curtis Green Building ) of the first New Scotland Yard was partly used as the base for the Met 's Territorial Support Group . The Met 's senior management team , who oversee the service , were based at New Scotland Yard at 10 Broadway , close to St. James 's Park station , along with the Met 's crime database . This uses a national computer system developed for major crime enquiries by all British forces , called Home Office Large Major Enquiry System , more commonly referred to by the backronym HOLMES , which recognises the great fictional detective Sherlock Holmes . The training programme is called ' Elementary ' , after Holmes 's well - known , yet apocryphal , phrase `` elementary , my dear Watson '' . Administrative functions are based at the Empress State Building , and communication handling at the three Metcall complexes , rather than at Scotland Yard . During the 2000s , a number of security measures were added to the exterior of New Scotland Yard , including concrete barriers in front of ground - level windows as a countermeasure against car bombing , a concrete wall around the entrance to the building , and a covered walkway from the street to the entrance into the building . Armed officers from the Diplomatic Protection Group patrolled the exterior of the building along with security staff . In 2008 , the Metropolitan Police Authority bought the freehold of the building for around £ 120 million . Move back to the Embankment ( edit ) The current site of New Scotland Yard , formally the Curtis Green Building In May 2013 the Metropolitan Police confirmed that the New Scotland Yard building on Broadway would be sold and the force 's headquarters would be moved back to the Curtis Green Building on the Victoria Embankment , which would be renamed Scotland Yard . A competition was announced for architects to redesign the building prior to the Metropolitan Police moving to it in 2015 . This building housed the Territorial Policing headquarters and is adjacent to the original `` New Scotland Yard '' ( Norman Shaw North Building ) . In December 2014 the MPS sold 10 Broadway to the LuLu group , an Abu Dhabi Financial Group , for £ 370 million . In December 2015 construction work on the exterior of the Curtis Green building was completed . On 31 October 2016 , the Metropolitan Police staff left New Scotland Yard -- when ownership of the building was passed to Abu Dhabi Financial Group -- and moved to their new headquarters . The new New Scotland Yard building was to have been opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 23 March 2017 , but that same day it was announced that the Royal opening would be postponed , due to the preceding day 's terrorist attack at Westminster . Museums ( edit ) The Black Museum ( also known as The Crime Museum of Scotland Yard ) , founded in 1874 , is a collection of criminal memorabilia kept at New Scotland Yard . See also ( edit ) Whitehall 1212 -- famously , for many years , the main public telephone number of Scotland Yard London portal Law enforcement portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Metropolitan Police Service -- History of the Metropolitan Police Service '' . Met.police.uk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clyde H. ( 15 May 1964 ) . `` Move is planned by Scotland Yard '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Metropolitan Police HQ announced as Curtis Green Building '' . BBC News . 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bullen , Jamie ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Metropolitan Police staff move out of New Scotland Yard after 49 years '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The words `` New Scotland Yard '' ( in tall letters ) can be seen in a photograph of the front of the building , atop the glass entrance at the base of the facade . Patel , Salina ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Royal opening of new Met Police HQ postponed following London terrorist attack : The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh were due to visit New Scotland Yard today '' . getwestlondon.co.uk . Trinity Mirror Southern . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Justin Davenport ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` Metropolitan Police to sell New Scotland Yard '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Met confirms Scotland Yard to be sold '' . The Australian . 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Scotland Yard sold to Abu Dhabi investors for £ 370m '' . BBC News . 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Spendelow , Nathan ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` New Met HQ officially completed , with police to move in by end of next year '' . Get West London . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crime Museum '' . Metropolitan Police . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scotland Yard . Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Scotland Yard . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Metropolitan Police Branches Metropolitan Police Specialist & Crime Operations Blumberg , Jess . `` A Brief History of Scotland Yard '' , Smithsonian.com , 28 September 2007 . 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National Ballistics Intelligence Service National Fraud Intelligence Bureau National Police Air Service National Wildlife Crime Unit Intellectual Property Office Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit NPCC ( formerly ACPO ) National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit National Counter Terrorism Security Office National Counter Terrorism Policing Headquarters National Counter Terrorism Policing Operations Centre National Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit Airports Belfast International British Airports Authority Birmingham Liverpool Manchester Ministry of Civil Aviation Markets City of London ( Billingsgate , Smithfields and Spitalfields ) Birmingham Liverpool Miscellaneous Cambridge University Liverpool Cathedral Mersey Tunnels Oxford University Salisbury Cathedral York Minster Northern Ireland Security Guard Service Canterbury Cathedral Close Constables Chester Cathedral Constables Parks London Barking and Dagenham Brent Epping 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structures Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Lambeth Bridge London Bridge Millennium Footbridge Southwark Bridge Tower Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Entertainment venues Cinemas Empire , Leicester Square BFI IMAX Odeon Leicester Square Football stadia Wembley Stadium ( national stadium ) Craven Cottage ( Fulham ) The Den ( Millwall ) Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Loftus Road ( Queens Park Rangers ) Olympic Stadium ( West Ham United ) Selhurst Park ( Crystal Palace ) Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea ) The Valley ( Charlton Athletic ) White Hart Lane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) Other major sports venues All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The Championship Course ( rowing ) Crystal Palace National Sports Centre Lord 's ( cricket ) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park The Oval ( cricket ) Twickenham Stadium ( rugby ) Theatres London Coliseum London Palladium The Old Vic Royal National Theatre Royal Opera House Shakespeare 's 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Nelson 's Column Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ( `` Eros '' ) Thames Barrier Wellington Arch Transport City Airport Heathrow Airport Charing Cross station Clapham Junction station Euston station King 's Cross station Liverpool Street station London Bridge station Paddington station St Pancras station Victoria station Waterloo station Emirates Air Line Victoria Coach Station Other Barbican Estate Battersea Power Station British Library Kew Gardens Lambeth Palace London Zoo Oxo Tower St Bartholomew 's Hospital Smithfield Market Somerset House Parks Royal Parks Bushy Park Green Park Greenwich Park Hampton Court Park Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Regent 's Park Richmond Park St. James 's Park Other Battersea Park Burgess Park Clapham Common College Green Epping Forest Finsbury Park Gunnersbury Park Hampstead Heath Holland Park Mitcham Common Osterley Park Trent Park Victoria Park Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common Squares and public spaces Covent Garden Horse Guards Parade Leicester Square Oxford Circus Parliament Square Piccadilly Circus Sloane Square Trafalgar Square Streets Aldwych Baker Street Bishopsgate Bond Street Cannon Street Carnaby Street Chancery Lane Charing Cross Road Cheapside Cornhill Denmark Street Fenchurch Street Fleet Street Haymarket Jermyn Street Kensington High Street King 's Road Lombard Street The Mall Oxford Street Park Lane Piccadilly Portobello Road Regent Street Shaftesbury Avenue Sloane Street Strand Threadneedle Street Tottenham Court Road Victoria Embankment Whitehall Buildings and structures under construction shown in italics mark danil burnett kemps place 89 flat 20 rackham rd nofrwich norffolk nr3 3jq upds lost gold cards world bank in uk world bank china send gold cards platoinum cards in raf rpoyalkl mail and in ups 12 lost in ups csarer service to my adres pleace get hold ofbups lost cards and hsbc hong kong matercards lost in ups pleace help i am gold awards 2017 bank of england insider pleace in norwich has gold cards still ewhy i have had police man at my adres stolon goild cards billern poundss woch frpom new york times i complaning police in croiime commissner scotland yard full in flat 14 hacker in flat 19 conor hacker rossy hacker my adresw all theft from mark daniel burnett 12 / 07 / 1974 kemps place 89 rackham rd norwich norffolk nr3 3jq mark daniel burnett mi6 mi5 flat 9 flat 19 flat13 flat 14hackers at my adres theft from classifyd data base all them fulled in by police check threr mobile telphon tabers in flat 14 lg mobile telphon in flat 9 mobile flat19 laptop / i need police emergencey haclkerzs theft c. lassifyd data base theft from my bannk of england accounts emergencey crime commissner mi6 mi5 crime commissner scpotland yard spesal branch i am a agent forces in inforcements to come in to , my adresget hold police crime commissner mr green norffolk police right now emergencey i gold cards back 1 billern pounds fromnew york times back ups lost cards to try get hold of the from world bank china hsbc hong kong lost in ups delivdery to my can not find my adres Jump up ^ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotland_Yard&oldid=826733040 '' Categories : 1829 establishments in England Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster Grade I listed buildings in London Grade I listed government buildings Local government buildings in London Metropolitan Police Police headquarters Police stations in London Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 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when did scotland yard become new scotland yard
[ "The name derives from the location of the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place, which had a rear entrance on a street called Great Scotland Yard.[1] The Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous. The New York Times wrote in 1964 that just as Wall Street gave its name to New York's financial district, Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London.[2] mmThe force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890, to a newly completed building on the Victoria Embankment, and the name \"New Scotland Yard\" was adopted for the new headquarters. An adjacent building was completed in 1906. A third building was added in 1940. In 1967, the MPS moved its headquarters from the three-building complex to a tall, newly constructed building on Broadway in Victoria. In summer 2013, it was announced that the force would move to the Curtis Green Building – which is the third building of New Scotland Yard's previous site (1890–1967) – and that the headquarters would be renamed Scotland Yard.[3] In November 2016, MPS moved to its new headquarters, which continues to bear the name of \"New Scotland Yard.\"[4][5]" ]
[ "1890" ]
-1828374277716714216
Pandora Radio
Pandora radio - wikipedia Pandora radio Pandora Type of business Public Available in English Traded as NYSE : P Russell 2000 Component Founded January 2000 ; 18 years ago ( 2000 - 01 ) ( as Savage Beast Technologies ) Oakland , California , U.S. Headquarters Oakland , California , U.S No. of locations 26 Area served United States Founder ( s ) Will Glaser Jon Kraft Tim Westergren Key people Roger J. Lynch ( CEO ) Services Internet radio Revenue $ 1.47 billion ( FY 2017 ) Employees 2,200 + Subsidiaries Rdio ( as of December 22 , 2015 ) , Next Big Sound Website pandora.com Alexa rank 371 ( May 2017 ) Advertising Banner ads , video ads , audio ads Registration Optional ( required to save stations ) Users 71.4 million active ( 2018 ) , 6.0 million subscribers ( 2018 ) Current status Active Native client ( s ) on Universal Windows App , iOS , Android Written in Java App logo of Pandora Pandora Media Inc. ( also known as Pandora Internet Radio or simply Pandora ) is a music streaming and automated music recommendation internet radio service powered by the Music Genome Project . As of August 1 , 2017 , the service , operated by Pandora Media , Inc. , is available only in the United States . The service plays songs that have similar musical traits . The user then provides positive or negative feedback ( as thumbs up or thumbs down ) for songs chosen by the service , and the feedback is taken into account in the subsequent selection of other songs to play . The service can be accessed either through a web browser or with its mobile app . Pandora is a freemium service ; basic features are free with advertisements or limitations , while additional features , such as improved streaming quality , music downloads and offline channels are offered via paid subscriptions . On September 24 , 2018 , Sirius XM Holdings announced its intent to acquire Pandora for $3.5 billion . Contents 1 History 1.1 Acquisitions 2 Features 2.1 Streaming 2.2 Limitations 2.3 Mobile devices 3 Technical information 4 Business model 5 Royalties 6 Reception 7 Advertising 7.1 Revenue 7.2 Pitch to advertisers 7.3 Methods of advertising 7.4 Market segments 8 Internet radio competitors 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) In 2000 , Pandora Media Inc. began as Savage Beast Technologies , and was founded by Will Glaser , Jon Kraft and Tim Westergren . The idea was to create a separate , individualized radio station for each user , with music that the user prefers and without music that they do not prefer . The company quickly ran through its initial $2 million in funding , running out of money by 2001 . Founder Tim Westergren then convinced Pandora 's 50 employees of the company to work for two years without pay . Initially , the company pursued a transitional strategy of technology licensing to third parties including AOL , Best Buy , Barnes & Noble , and Tower Records . In 2004 , the company returned to its initial vision of producing customized radio stations and changed its name to Pandora Media . The website began as a paid service but quickly changed to an advertising service to make it also available free for users . In 2011 , Pandora launched its IPO on the NYSE and is listed as ' P ' . On March 7 , 2013 , Pandora chairman and chief executive Joseph J. Kennedy announced that he would leave the company after nine years . In April 2013 , Pandora announced that their radio streaming service had passed 200 million users , about 70 million of whom were active monthly . By December 2013 , Pandora was noted as accounting for 70 percent of all Internet radio listening in the United States . On September 1 , 2013 , Pandora removed a 40 - hour - per - month limitation for free mobile listening . In December 2013 , iTunes was described as Pandora 's `` biggest existential threat '' . In early 2015 , Pandora removed lyrics from song pages but returned them by July . On April 16 , 2015 , song samples were officially removed . At around the same time , a new feature was introduced to give users the ability to receive notices about their favorite artists through the music player . They also redesigned the thumbs up / down feature to allow the listener to undo their action . By January 2015 , songs played on Pandora had received more than 50 billion thumbs up from users . In early 2017 , Pandora revealed that 56 million of its 81 million active users subscribe to the Today 's Country station and that country music accounted for more than 1.7 billion listening hours on the platform in 2016 . On July 31 , 2017 , Pandora discontinued services in Australia and New Zealand , citing a need to focus solely on the U.S. market only . In September 2017 , Roger Lynch became CEO ; Lynch stated that he wanted to expand the service 's focus on podcasts , with similar discovery features to those for music , as well as new monetization options . On September 24 , 2018 , Sirius XM Holdings announced its intent to acquire Pandora for $3.5 billion . Acquisitions ( edit ) On June 11 , 2013 , Pandora announced it would purchase FM radio station KXMZ in Rapid City , South Dakota . On October 7 , 2015 , Pandora announced it had acquired independent ticketing agency Ticketfly for $450 million . In November 2015 , streaming music service Rdio , founded by Skype co-founders Janus Friis and Niklas Zennstroem , declared bankruptcy and sold its assets to Pandora for $75 million in an all - cash deal . Pandora retained 100 Rdio employees , including Iain Morris and Rich Masio , who joined a growing licensing department in pursuit of direct licenses with labels and publishers . In March 2018 , Pandora announced it would acquire digital audio ad technology firm AdsWizz for $145 million . Features ( edit ) Streaming ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A station is set by specifying an artist or song , or a combination of multiple items of any kind in a single station . Listeners can tune into established genre stations , other users ' stations or create their own stations based on their musical interests . Each track played can be responded to with favorable ( thumbs up ) or unfavorable ( thumbs down ) buttons , which determine if it should be played , and if similarly classified songs should be played in the station . A second negative response to the same artist will ban that artist from the selected station unless the user has marked the artist positively on another occasion or if that artist is listed under the station 's variety . No response is applicable to musical attributes or to albums . An unfavorable response immediately stops play of the track . Clicking the thumbs down or skipping to the next song too many times in a row will result in a short ban of skips . Pandora also utilizes short advertisements between every couple of songs . A menu is provided with options , such as `` I 'm tired of this song '' ( allowing a user to remove a song from the station temporarily , which counts as a skip ) , `` Why was this song selected ? '' ( allowing users to learn more about the composition of each song ) , `` Move song to another station , '' `` New station , '' and `` Bookmark . '' A `` Buy '' button is located at the top of each song block . From there , listeners can click on links to purchase the song from iTunes or Amazon . There is a setting in each member 's account allowing the user to censor songs with explicit lyrics . The censoring option applies exclusively to song versions from albums with a Parental Advisory label , as other songs with censored versions will have that version played . An example is the song Jet Airliner by the Steve Miller Band , which had one word censored for radio play . With explicit lyrics off , that version will play , because the album did not have a PA label . While listening , users are offered the ability to buy the songs or albums at various online retailers . More than 450 musical attributes are considered when selecting the next song . These 450 attributes are combined into larger groups called focus traits . There are 2,000 focus traits . Examples of these are rhythm syncopation , key tonality , vocal harmonies and displayed instrumental proficiency . The service has two subscription plans : a free subscription supported by advertisements , and a fee - based subscription without advertisements . There are advertisements in Pandora Mobile for mobile phones and in the Pandora computer appliance . In October 2014 , less than 5 percent of active listeners were paying subscribers . At the time of Pandora 's IPO in 2011 , Pandora had 800,000 tracks from 80,000 artists in its library and 80 million users . By November 2014 , Pandora had approximately doubled its library size , topping 1.5 million songs . As of end of mid-year 2018 , Pandora had 71.4 million active users . In September 2016 , Pandora announced additional features and subscription options , including a mid-level subscription service known as Pandora Plus that offers advertisement - free streaming , offline playback support using a prediction mechanism and more skips and replays . Users of the free advertisements - included service also were provided more skips and replays in exchange for watching an advertisement . Pandora also announced the launch of an on - demand service similar to competitors such as Apple Music and Spotify . On March 13 , 2017 , Pandora launched Pandora Premium , a new service allowing users to listen to and create playlists of individual songs on demand . Pandora 's suggestions engine suggests and recommends songs and albums , as well as generate playlists based on similar songs . Pandora also emphasized a use of machine learning and manual curation , and that it had filtered `` karaoke tracks , knock - off covers and pet sounds ( but not Pet Sounds ) that slow down other services '' from its library . Limitations ( edit ) To comply with the requirements and protections offered by the DMCA , Pandora serves users only in the United States , using IP addresses to block users from non-complying countries . Rewind is not permitted . Until May 2009 , six skips per station were allowed per hour , further limited to 72 skips every 24 hours . Giving a thumbs - down response , or a `` do n't play for a month '' response count as skips . On May 21 , 2009 , the skip limit was altered such that it counts total skips from all stations with the limitation of twelve total skips every 24 hours . If a listener gives a song a thumbs - down or `` do n't play for a month '' after the limit has been exceeded , the song will continue to play ; it is only after the song has completed that it becomes subject to the listener 's restrictions . Play of a single artist is limited , as Pandora provides similar music , not a play - on - demand service . Initially , users with free accounts could listen to 40 hours of music a month , and could pay $0.99 per month for unlimited streaming . In September 2011 , Pandora removed the 40 - hour listening limit . This 40 - hour limit on free listening was re-introduced in March 2013 for mobile devices . However , this limit was removed once more on September of the same year . Mobile devices ( edit ) Pandora iOS App Pandora is available on iOS devices . It is ad - supported and retains the original skip limits . Pandora is also available on Android ( for tablets and mobile phones ) , and BlackBerry 10 handsets via the Amazon app store . The Pandora for BlackBerry OS ( 7.1 and earlier ) application is limited to AT&T , Sprint , Verizon , T - Mobile , Boost Mobile , and U.S. Cellular carriers , but by visiting the Pandora website directly other BlackBerry users have been successful in downloading and using the application . Technical information ( edit ) The Pandora media player is based on OpenLaszlo . Pandora can also be accessed through many media streaming devices such as Roku , Reciva - based radios ( from companies like Grace Digital , Sanyo , and Sangean ) , Frontier Silicon - based connected audio systems , Slim Devices , Sonos , and HEOS by Denon . product ( s ) . On July 11 , 2008 , Pandora launched a mobile version of their software for the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch through the iTunes App Store . Pandora is also available for Windows Phone , Windows 10 , Android phones , BlackBerry platforms , HP webOS ( used on the Palm Pre , Palm Pixi , Palm Pre 2 , and HP Veer ) . Pandora was the provider for MSN Radio until MSN discontinued their internet radio service on June 18 , 2008 . A modified version of Pandora has been made available for Sprint . Pandora is available on Comcast 's X1 / X2 cable TV products . A GNU / Linux - based application , called Pithos , which is available for accessing Pandora Radio , is available for most distributions via their repositories and is also available to build from source . SoundSpectrum 's iOS - based visualizing application Tunr has native support for Pandora , but requires a ONE subscription . With a subscription to Pandora 's One service , Windows and Mac users can download a desktop application for Pandora that uses the Adobe Air without using a web browser to access Pandora . All the normal functionality is included such as thumbs up / down , skip , pause and access to all channels on a user 's account . Business model ( edit ) Pandora decided to be a consumer - oriented music discovery service , specifically a non-interactive radio station . In the three months that ended October 31 , 2011 , advertising comprised 88 % of Pandora 's total revenues ; a figure of 80 % was reported for this metric in December 2013 . RPM ( revenue per 1000s of hours ) is determined based on CPMs ( cost per thousand impressions ) . CPMs are largely dependent upon network effects and thus increase as a website scales and adds users . As such , Pandora 's strategy in order to allow for widespread distribution was to offer a service unbundled from devices and transport . Pandora is currently working with system - on - chip manufacturers to embed its technologies on the chips they sell to consumer electronics manufacturers like Samsung , Sony , and Panasonic . Pandora 's cost structure is highly variable , with content acquisition costs representing roughly 50 % of total costs . There are three main costs associated with content acquisition . First , SoundExchange collects content fees on behalf of labels or artists on the recording themselves . These are by far the largest content acquisition costs . Second , Pandora pays licensing fees to agencies such as BMI , ASCAP , or SESAC in order to compensate composers , songwriters and publishers . Lastly , Pandora also pays TiVo Corporation for song and artist information ; this has recently been structured as a flat monthly fee . High variable costs mean that Pandora does not have significant operating leverage , and in the next couple years might actually have negative operating leverage due to an unfavorable shift in product mix towards mobile . Pandora is currently estimated to monetize mobile hours at roughly one - ninth the rate of desktop hours . Since Pandora pays the same licensing cost per hour irrespective of the user 's platform , the net contribution to earnings per mobile hour is even more skewed with respect to contribution to earnings from desktop hours . Mobile revenues will improve over time as Pandora shifts from relying on third - party ad networks to selling ad inventory internally at premium rates . In January 2011 , Pandora met with investment banks to consider a possible $100 million IPO . The company filed with the SEC for a $100 mm IPO on February 11 , 2011 and officially began trading on the New York Stock Exchange with ticker symbol `` P '' on June 15 , 2011 at a price of $16 / share . This gave them a valuation of nearly $2.6 billion . Pandora announced $80.8 million in total revenue for their first quarter of fiscal 2012 , which was up 58 % over their previous year Q1 results . Of the $80.8 million , $70.6 million came from advertising , while the other $10.2 million came from subscription . In addition , Pandora has seen a 62 % advertising revenue increase , and a 38 % subscription revenue increase year - over-year . However , the vast majority of Pandora 's users remain on the free , ad - supported model . Royalties ( edit ) In 2007 , a federal panel agreed with a SoundExchange request and ordered a doubling of the per - song performance royalty that Web radio stations pay to performers and record companies . Under this scheme , internet radio would pay double the royalty paid by satellite radio . Because of the passage of DMCA in 1998 that increased fees and asked for licensing guarantees , the Pandora service was only available in Australia , New Zealand and the United States , until service to Australia and New Zealand ceased on 1 August 2017 after `` consideration of external factors '' . These rulings affect all U.S. - based Internet - based radio stations ( terrestrial radio is not affected ) . As of July 2008 , Pandora was in talks with major music labels regarding royalty issues to allow a return to the European market . Costs remain a concern because of European royalty standards and a low demand for paid music services . In 2008 , the founder of Pandora stated that the company may be on the verge of collapse . Royalty fees account for a majority portion of Pandora 's revenues . If an agreement between Pandora and SoundExchange had not been reached , it could have meant the end of Pandora . `` We 're losing money as it is , '' said Tim Westergren . `` The moment we think this problem in Washington is not going to get solved , we have to pull the plug because all we 're doing is wasting money . '' On September 30 , 2008 , a bill was passed by the U.S. House and Senate to allow sites like Pandora to continue negotiations with SoundExchange into 2009 . On July 7 , 2009 , Pandora announced that an agreement had been reached regarding the royalty issue , which would significantly reduce the royalty rate , making it possible for Pandora to stay in business . Also announced was that free listening would be limited to 40 hours per month , but can be extended to unlimited for that month for USD $0.99 . `` The revised royalties are quite high , '' the company 's blog notes , `` higher in fact than any other form of radio '' . The extended listening fee differs from `` upgrading '' , which also disables advertisements , increases the bitrate from 64 to 192 kbps , and provides a dedicated music player ( as opposed to listening through browser ) . This service , known as `` Pandora One '' , costs $36 and is billed annually . Pandora has since introduced an option to purchase Pandora One subscriptions on a monthly basis at a rate of $3.99 per month . Also , in September 2013 , Pandora began working with HitBliss to make Pandora One subscriptions available for HitBliss earned - payment . With an update to the Pandora player in September 2011 , the 40 hour cap was extended to 320 hours . On November 22 , 2011 , Pandora reported its Q3 earnings . Royalty costs accounted for 50 % of revenue , slightly better than expected . Its revenue , most of it from advertising , continues to rise at respectable rates . Not only has Pandora attracted more users but the average number of hours per user have also increased . Pandora now accounts for an estimated 4 % of total US listening hours . As Pandora grows , it hopes to gain leverage on music labels and drive royalty costs down . On December 9 , 2011 , the CEO of Spotify , Daniel Ek , announced Spotify Radio would offer an unlimited number of stations and unlimited skips . Though Pandora 's usage is 70 % mobile , the Spotify Radio app competes against Pandora 's mobile market . Pandora CEO Tim Westergren has supported The Internet Radio Fairness Act or IRFA ( H.R. 6480 / S. 3609 ) , which would reduce the company 's royalty payments to the performers by 80 percent . On November 5 , 2012 , Pandora filed suit in federal district court against ASCAP over royalty fees . In the suit , the company sought to advocate for lower licensing fees on all the songs represented by the ASCAP 's 435,000 members . On February 27 , 2013 , Pandora announced a 40 - hour - per - month limit on free mobile listening . Pandora CEO Tim Westergren cited escalating royalty costs as the reason for the mobile cap . In a ruling made public earlier this year , US District Judge Denise Cote ruled that Pandora 's rate paid to ASCAP should remain the same , 1.85 % . She cited ( p. 97 ) `` troubling coordination '' between two of the biggest publishing companies ( Sony and UMPG ) and ASCAP that alludes to core antitrust concern in the industry . After arguing that both ASCAP and BMI were showing bias towards international broadcasters who own terrestrial radio stations , Pandora announced on June 11 , 2013 that it would attempt to acquire KXMZ , a radio station in South Dakota , under the presumption that doing so would allow it to access the same preferential licensing terms offered to services such as iHeartRadio ( which is owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. , itself America 's largest radio broadcaster ) . The move was criticized by David Israelite , CEO of the National Music Publishers Association , who declared that Pandora was now `` at war with songwriters , '' and had lost its credibility because it was resorting to `` lawsuits and gimmicks '' to make its point . However , a member of Public Knowledge praised the move , by stating that it was `` a perfect example of the twisted incentives and strange results we get from a music licensing system that is based on who wants a license instead of just what they want to do with the music they 're using . '' ASCAP also objected to the deal , filing a petition to deny with the FCC . The organization argued that the acquisition was not in the public interest because of Pandora 's intent to use it as a `` bargaining chip '' for royalty payments . ASCAP also alleged that Pandora did not provide enough information about its ownership structure , failing to prove that less than 25 % of the company was owned by foreign interests . On January 14 , 2014 , the FCC denied the acquisition until Pandora `` demonstrate ( s ) adequate support for its foreign ownership compliance certification . '' On September 1 , 2013 , Pandora removed the 40 - hour - per - month limit on free mobile listening ( originally announced on February 27 , 2013 ) . Pandora stated that it was able to make this change `` thanks to the rapid progress of its mobile advertising . '' In 2014 , Pandora signed an agreement with some music copyright owners for lower royalties in exchange for more frequent streaming of songs . Though not illegal , this practice raised comparisons to payola , which is illegal payment for airplay on terrestrial radio . On September 15 , 2016 , Pandora released `` Pandora Plus '' , a new subscription service to compete with other streaming services ; the price was set at $4.99 and was available in later months . Reception ( edit ) In May 2010 , Pandora was named in Lead411 's 2010 Hottest San Francisco Companies list . In 2013 , Entertainment Weekly compared a number of music services and granted Pandora a `` B - '' , writing , `` Free streaming radio , $36 a year for ad - free . Launched in 2005 , Pandora is available on just about every platform . There 's no on - demand , though , and stations tend to draw from a relatively small pool of albums . '' As of March 2014 , the annual option was eliminated , and the $3.99 monthly plan was the only way to get Pandora One . The price rose to $4.99 a month in July 2014 . The annual subscription was brought back and is now $54.89 a year . Advertising ( edit ) Pandora initially offered a subscription - only service without commercials . However , the idea of paying did not sit well with most U.S. consumers and the company had to consider alternative business models to offer a free service . Then , in December 2005 Pandora sold its first advertisement . In 2015 , Pandora began playing more advertisements per hour in certain geographies and demographics . Pandora normally plays no more than 6 advertisements per hour for free users . Revenue ( edit ) Pandora became fairly popular within just two years . Starting from 2010 to 2012 Pandora 's registered users had increased from 45 million to 125 million . The company 's revenue increased from $55 million to $274 million , in which a majority of it from advertising . In order to appeal to a large audience of consumers , Pandora offers ad - free access for $36 a year . During its 2011 fiscal year , Pandora reported $138 million in revenue with a $1.8 million net loss , excluding the cost of a special dividend associated with the IPO . Overall , Pandora has a 78 % of Internet radio , and it has a 9.3 % share of the U.S. public radio . Finally , in 2013 industry - wide total radio ad revenue increased to $17.6 billion in the U.S. Pitch to advertisers ( edit ) Pandora obtains its advertisers by explaining that the company reaches a narrower audience compared to terrestrial radio . `` Pandora 's pitch to advertisers is that its technology can cater to consumers with far greater precision than radio -- it can pinpoint listeners by age and sex , ZIP code or even musical taste . '' Methods of advertising ( edit ) There are a few different methods of advertising on Pandora . Audio advertising comes in spots of 15 to 30 seconds , and run once every 20 minutes . However , users only encounter ads if they are engaging with the site , like contributing a thumbs up or a thumbs down when changing a song or station . Next , there are banner ads which are featured on the wallpaper of the site . As noted by the New York Times , banner ads are on Pandora in order `` to promote engagement , audio segments can be accompanied by clickable display ads offering coupons or product information . Advertising on Pandora works through a method of collecting data from the users online browsing activity . Once the data is collected , the company uses the data to show the user target ads . This process of advertising is also known as behavioral advertising . Pandora offers its users the option of submitting out of the targeted ads , by an opt - out configuration on its website . Opting - out will only prevent targeted ads , meaning users may continue to see generic ( non-targeted ads ) from these companies after they opt - out . Eventually , Pandora offers either targeted advertisements or generic advertisements for its non-subscribed users . However , Pandora 's advertising does not offer local content such as the local news , weather , traffic , and talk . Market segments ( edit ) Pandora has created two market segments , one for Spanish listeners , and another for English listeners . By creating multiple market segments , Pandora 's advertising is customized to its users ' needs . In order to create the first two market segments , the company cross-referenced its registered user data with U.S. census . Then , the cross reference allows the company to identify zip codes with high populations of Hispanic and Spanish - speaking people , and finally it ran tests overlaying the two data sets to infer which listeners fit into those buckets . Internet radio competitors ( edit ) Starting in the early 2010s , new entrants entered the personalized radio market , such as Grooveshark ( launched 2007 ) , iHeartRadio ( launched 2008 ) , Mog.com , TuneIn ( founded 2002 ) , AccuRadio , Rhapsody ( launched 2001 ) , and Europe 's Spotify , all threatening to use the concept of `` true '' on - demand access to online music as a challenge to Pandora 's personalized radio . Europe 's most popular online streaming music service , Spotify , launched in 2006 and arrived in the U.S. in mid-2011 . As of 2016 , Spotify has a catalogue of over 30 million songs compared to Pandora 's library of around 1.5 -- 2 million . As pointed out by editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele LaMeau , `` Spotify allows users to upload their own songs to the online library . While Pandora allows listeners to connect to the social media site Facebook to see what their friends are listening to , Spotify users can quickly and easily share playlists with their friends through Facebook , Twitter , email , and SMS text messages '' . The second competitor that is targeting Pandora 's personalized radio appeal is iHeartRadio . Editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele LaMeau note `` iHeartRadio is the largest radio operator in the United States with 237 million listeners and 800 stations in 150 markets , iHeartRadio , like Pandora , offers listeners the opportunity to like or dislike a song in order to receive recommendations on other tunes . It also offers custom tools that allow the listener to discover new artists or more songs based on existing choices '' . Sirius XM has also become a competitor in recent years due to online - only accounts and being able to customize stations ; their wide availability in both the new and used car market also gives it an advantage over Pandora . When acquiring XM Satellite Radio in 2007 , Sirius actually accurately predicted that it would be competing against streaming services like Pandora in its argument with the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) over whether the merging of the only two satellite radio companies in North America would cause antitrust issues . As recognized by the Ad Age staff , `` Pandora has about 76 million monthly users , and about a 70 % share of the internet radio market in the U.S. '' Ad Age predicted that competition would likely intensify due to Apple 's acquisition of the Beats Music service , but Apple announced that it would be closing the service on November 30 , 2015 . Yet even with all of its competition , Pandora 's Promoted Stations rely on its core Music Genome Project . Overall , the Music Genome Project of more than 450 attributes assigned to each song with a human - curated database of recorded music gives a big edge over competitors like Spotify and Beats Music . See also ( edit ) List of Internet radio stations List of online music databases List of streaming media systems References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Guglielmo , Connie ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Pandora Plays Nice '' ( paper ) . Forbes . pp. 46 , 48 . Jump up ^ https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/p/financials Jump up ^ `` Pandora.com Site Info '' . Alexa Internet . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://finance.yahoo.com/news/pandora-reports-q2-2018-financial-200100666.html ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora No Longer Available in Australia and New Zealand '' . Pandora Customer Support . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . 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Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Quarterly Results : $80.8 M In Revenue , 52M Active Users & 3.09 B Listening Hours '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Pandora 's Heart ... '' Pandora Blog . May 3 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canada '' . Pandora Blog . May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora UK closes after royalties demands '' . The Register . January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Whoriskey , `` Giant of Internet Radio Nears Its ' Last Stand ' '' , The Washington Post , August 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Pandora : Important update on royalties '' . Blog.pandora.com . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Unlimited ad - free listening for $36 per year , pandora.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pandora One Cost , pandora.com Jump up ^ `` Pandora One Subscriptions via '' . Hitbliss.com . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora Unleashes Redesigned Music Player With No Listening Cap '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pascal - Emmanuel Gobry and Henry Blodget , `` Pandora Still Growing Like Gangbusters -- Now 4 % Of Total US Radio Listening '' Archived January 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Business Insider , November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Blodget and Pascal - Emmanuel Gobry , `` Spotify Announces ' Spotify Radio ' -- Presumably A Pandora - Killer '' Archived December 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Business Insider , December 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ Orlowski , Andrew ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Pandora boss urges 85 % pay cut for musicians '' . Theregister.co.uk . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora sues ASCAP over songwriter fees , asks court to establish ' reasonable ' licensing '' . November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora sues ASCAP Seeking Lower Songwriter Fees '' . Bloomberg . November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Westergren , `` A note to our listeners '' , Pandora.com , February 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , Plaintiff , v. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF COMPOSERS , AUTHORS , AND PUBLISHERS , Defendant. 97 . United States District Court , Southern District of New York . March 18 , 2014 . Title 17 : The S ( c ) ite For Copyright Law . Paul Fakler , March 19 , 2014 . Web . November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CEO of top music publishers ' trade group says Pandora is at war with songwriters '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Jodie . `` Why Internet Radio Royalties Led Pandora to Buy an FM Radio Station '' . Public Knowledge . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FCC Shelves Pandora 's Bid For South Dakota Radio Station '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Music licensor seeks to block Pandora from running a radio station '' . The Register . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora Removes 40 - Hour - Per - Month Limit On Free Mobile Listening '' , Pandora.com , August 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's New Deal : Different Pay , Different Play '' . NPR.org . November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora launches `` Pandora '' Plus replacing Pandora One `` . reuters.com . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lead411 launches `` Hottest Companies in San Francisco '' awards `` . Lead411.com . May 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` What 's the Best Music Service ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc. : 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora Radio / Music Genome Project . '' Innovation Masters : History 's Best Examples of Business Transformation . Ed . Miranda H. Ferrara and Michele P. LaMeau . Detroit : Gale , 2012 . 267 - 270 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilking , Rick . `` Yes , you 're hearing more ads on Pandora these days '' . Quartz . Reuters . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sisario , Ben ; Vega , Tanzina ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` Pandora Courts Local Advertisers by Reaching a Narrow Audience '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Pandora Media , Inc . `` Prospectus , SEC Form S - 1 . '' June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Palazzo , Anthony ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Pandora Can Extend Lead in Online Music , CFO Herring Says '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : Sisario , Ben ; Vega , Tanzina ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` Pandora Courts Local Advertisers by Reaching a Narrow Audience '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Your Advertising Choices '' . Jump up ^ Tim Peterson ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Pandora Looks Past the Tracking Cookie By Mining User Data '' . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt . `` 13 Streaming Music Services Compared by Price , Quality , Catalog Size and More '' . Time.com . Time . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Moritz , `` Justice Department approves XM - Sirius deal , '' Fortune , March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Philip Shenon , `` Justice Dept . Approves XM Merger With Sirius , '' New York Times , March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. to Review Rules Covering Pandora Songwriter Fees -- Media -- Advertising Age '' . June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Variety - YahooPartner , `` Apple To Close Down Beats Music In Two Weeks , '' Yahoo Music , November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Benny ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pandora advertisers hope to turn tunes into dollars '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . External links ( edit ) Official website Pandora featured in Fast Company Inside Pandora : Web Radio That Listens to You ( O'Reilly Digital Media article ) The Flux podcast interview with Tim Westergren , founder of Pandora Pandora feature on WNBC - TV Closing Pandora 's Box : The End of Internet Radio ? , May 3 , 2007 interview with Tim Westergren Pandora adds classical music Interview with Tim Westergren about the Music Genome Project and Pandora Dave Dederer & nuTsie Challenge Pandora Inc. Magazine profile of Tim Westergren New York Times article on Tim Westergren and Pandora Pink Floyd : Pandora 's Internet radio royalty ripoff USA TODAY , 2013 Music digital distribution platforms Digital library Music download Online music store Streaming media Active 7digital 8tracks.com Amazon Music Anghami Apple Music Baidu Music Bandcamp Bandit.fm Beatport Bleep.com Boomplay Music CD Baby Classical Archives Claro Música Deezer Digitally Imported Ditto Music Djshop EmuBands eMusic Gaana.com Google Play Music HDtracks HearYou Music Hoopla Icecast iHeartRadio iTunes Store Jamendo JOOX Juno Records KakaoMusic KKBox KuGou Last.fm Line Music Live365 Magnatune Melon Mixcloud MOOV Murfie MusicStation Music Glue Mziiki Napster NetEase Music Nimbit NoiseTrade ONErpm OverDrive , Inc . Pandora Patari PayPlay.FM PlayStation Music Playster Qobuz QQ Music Raaga.com Radio.com Radical.fm Radionomy RockMyRun ROXI Saavn Sellaband Slacker Spinlet Spotify SoundCloud Shazam Tidal Twine WiMP YouTube Music Discontinued Amie Street Aupeo Beats Music BlackBerry World Blinkbox Music BuyMusic Electric Jukebox GhostTunes GoMusicNow Groove Music Grooveshark Guvera Internet Underground Music Archive imeem iMesh Kazaa Mixcrate Mog MP3.com Music Unlimited Nokia Store MixRadio PlayNow Arena Pono PressPlay Puretracks rara Rdio Simfy Songza Spinner SpiralFrog Stardock Central Streamwaves Style Jukebox Ubetoo Wowloud Yahoo ! Music Radio / LAUNCHcast Yahoo ! Music Unlimited Zune Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandora_Radio&oldid=864864415 '' Categories : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Online music and lyrics databases Internet radio in the United States Android ( operating system ) software BlackBerry software IOS software Streaming music services Windows Phone software Companies based in Oakland , California 2000 establishments in California Recommender systems WatchOS software 2011 initial public offerings Announced mergers and acquisitions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 00 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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how many songs are in pandora's library
[ "Europe's most popular online streaming music service, Spotify, launched in 2006 and arrived in the U.S. in mid-2011. As of 2016, Spotify has a catalogue of over 30 million songs compared to Pandora's library of around 1.5 – 2 million.[87] As pointed out by editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele LaMeau, \"Spotify allows users to upload their own songs to the online library. While Pandora allows listeners to connect to the social media site Facebook to see what their friends are listening to, Spotify users can quickly and easily share playlists with their friends through Facebook, Twitter, email, and SMS text messages\".\n" ]
[ "1.5 – 2 million" ]
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Pretty Little Liars (season 7)
Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10 , 2014 , for two additional seasons , making the show Freeform 's longest running original series . The season consisted of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017 . The season 's premiere aired on June 21 , 2016 , on Freeform . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 , which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17 , 2016 . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1. 1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . While discussing possible suspects , the girls ' suspicion fell on Alison . Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison . Emily finds the jacket in Alison 's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile , Hanna manages to escape . Elliot 's true motive is later revealed to Alison ; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night . She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods . The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer '' on his burner phone . Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill '' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte . Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them . Emily confronts Jenna and Sara . Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte 's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte . Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after . A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave . The Liars find videos in Noel 's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse . Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him does n't work and films an interrogation video . He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school . They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them . In the confrontation , Noel is accidentally killed , and Spencer is shot by A.D. , while Jenna corners Spencer . Jenna prepares to kill Spencer , but is knocked out by Mary . She then reveals that Spencer is her second child . A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer . One week later , Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery , killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school . Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica . Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles . Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her , thus she used his pills to kill Jessica . A.D. then uses Emily 's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison , as a way to further torture the liars . Meanwhile , A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team . Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D. 's new helper , destroying Emison 's baby nursery and leaving an `` A '' message in Spencer 's house , until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects . Mona , who is becoming addicted to the A-game again , reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self - defense . Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica 's murder . A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte 's killer . One year later , Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer , who comes face - to - face with A.D. - Alex Drake , her twin sister . Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley . Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything . She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte 's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life '' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte 's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte 's sister '' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer 's not Spencer '' and alerts Toby who tells the others . Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out . The Liars , Toby , Mona , and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they can not tell them apart , until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer 's favorite poem from a book she gave him . Mona tracked A.D. 's location has a cop arrest her . The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra . Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop '' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse . In the finale moment , a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader , Addison , has just gone missing . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Detective Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Dr. Elliott Rollins / Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Detective Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Lieutenant Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars , Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2M7201 1.43 Whilst searching for Hanna , the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station . They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort . After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna , `` Uber A '' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof . Aria and Ezra search Alison 's house , and are almost caught by Elliott . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison , in a drugged state - of - mind , seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte . After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered , Emily finds the jacket at Alison 's house . Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A ' in order to save Hanna . Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A '' , but manages to escape . However , she later meets Mary . Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte . 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2M7202 1.24 After putting herself in danger , Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake . After Alison calls Emily about her current condition , this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott . Spencer and Caleb 's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him . Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him , he unleashes on Ezra . Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan , and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids . 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2M7203 1.12 Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together . Toby and Yvonne get engaged . Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna . Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina . Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte 's love affair . The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A 's threats . Meanwhile , Alison manages to escape Rollins , who chases her to the woods , where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car . 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2M7204 1.26 After killing Rollins , the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death , but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died : she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott , and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte . Mona intervenes with a cover - up plan to help the girls , for better or worse . Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him . Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott , whose real name is revealed to be Archer . 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2M7205 1.17 Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A ' suspect list . Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake , and finds out that Archer stole all her money . Spencer enlists Hanna 's help to search for Caleb , she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb 's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco , who is revealed to be a detective . Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D '' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A '' saying her friends gave it to them . Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna . 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 2M7206 1.10 The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott 's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead . The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott 's murder altogether , with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth . Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator . Meanwhile , Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra 's proposal because of Elliott 's murder . Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together , and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release . Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up . `` A.D. '' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask . After hearing everything from Aria , Ezra proposes to her again -- and , this time , she says yes . Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer 's grave on their computer . 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2M7207 1.16 Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary . Meanwhile , Noel Kahn 's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby 's house to steal Mary 's Radley file . The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica , leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward 's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley . They then begin to think that this child , a cousin of Alison , may be behind the `` A.D. '' mask , and wanting revenge for something . The cellar explodes right after the girls leave , and someone writes `` I see you '' on the rear window of their car . Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy , but right before they are about to leave , the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' steals the files about Aria and Noel , and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file . 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2M7208 1.11 After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach , Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job . Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald , who warns her about Noel . Meanwhile , Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High , but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her . Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole 's cellphone , and later , with Spencer , visits the doctor who delivered Mary 's baby in order to get answers . Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole , delaying their wedding . After not getting any help from the Liars , Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D. '' is . 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2M7209 1.09 When the typical methods of sleuthing are n't working , Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn ( who she thinks is `` A.D. '' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up ; however , her initial goal fails . Emily turns to Paige for comfort , while her relationship with Sabrina plummets . Jason and Aria look into Mary 's past where they learn that Steven Kahn , Noel and Eric 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Mary 's second child . Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing . At the Kahn 's cabin , Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer 's house . At the end , after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel , Hanna knocks him out from behind . 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2M7210 1.33 The Liars , Alison , Mona , and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna . Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship . Alison reveals to Emily that she 's pregnant . Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood . Aria finds out that Nicole is alive . Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna , armed with a gun , attempts to murder the Liars with Noel . However , Noel , while attacking Hanna and Emily , trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself . Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer . Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer 's biological mother . While leaving town , Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school , and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer . They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D. '' , as they put up their hoodie . 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2M7211 1.33 One week after the events of the last episode , Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered . Ezra arrives and reveals he has n't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married . Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business . Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High . The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D. '' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars . Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary . Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D. '' knows they killed Rollins . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses . She 's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game . `` A.D. '' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap . After reading the top of the first page , Jenna mutters `` end game '' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2M7212 0.92 The Liars question what to do with the board game . Emily refuses to play and leaves . Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again . Meanwhile , Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her . Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley . Jenna , having been in hiding , returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery . She further says Noel wanted it , threatened Jenna , and murdered Sara . Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily . 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2M7213 0.86 Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events . Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D. '' and discover that she is working for `` A.D. '' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna . They realize that `` A.D. '' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney , who claims that `` A.D. '' is simply an anonymous client . Sydney leaves , however , Aria plants a tracking device in her bag . Meanwhile , Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey , while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra , and Hanna 's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for , leading to shocking consequences . 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2M7214 0.91 Ali 's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D '' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room . Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily 's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus , realizing Emily is her child 's mother . Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts . Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige , learning the truth about Ali 's pregnancy . Meanwhile , Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood , but decides against it , resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship . Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole 's arrival and bristles under `` A.D. 's '' taunts . While searching for Mary , wanting answers from her , Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted , who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte 's biological father . He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte 's old childhood friend . Meanwhile , Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team , working with `` A.D. '' . Sydney and `` A.D. '' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team . 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 2M7215 0.85 After being blackmailed by `` A.D. '' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings . Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer 's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer 's death . After some arguing , Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria , while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child . Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child . That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily , while finally making up after years of hate . Realizing that Emily loves Alison , Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good . After learning about Lucas ' relation with Charles , Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent , but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D '' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles , that heavily resembles the `` A '' game . Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them , and in return she is gifted the official `` A '' uniform . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' is busy playing around with Aria 's face that they created during their snapchat videos , while `` A.D. '' , masquerading as Aria , holds a secret file of Aria 's , while they laugh uncontrollably . 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 2M7216 0.90 Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco 's apartment about Lucas ' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed . `` A.D. '' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily 's nursery . In Hanna 's turn at the game , `` A.D. '' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School . The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he did n't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person , or that Charlotte was `` A '' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game . Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery . Meanwhile , Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas 's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up . The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song . Hanna remembers that `` A '' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse . Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has the second comic book . They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book . They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies '' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 2M7217 0.97 With Mona making inroads in the game , Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali 's procedure . Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter , to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder , leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust . Ezra notices Aria 's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her ; and `` A.D. '' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare . 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 2M7218 0.96 The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes . Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner . The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose '' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness . Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from , and later discover that they are being sent from Mona 's house . While leaving to find Spencer , Aria discovers Archer 's corpse is in her car trunk , just as a police car pulls up to confront her . 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2M7219 0.83 The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D. '' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building . Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game . She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it . When Hanna , Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car , the final two puzzle pieces are waiting . Later , the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in . When the pieces are in place , the game says `` Congratulations . Claim the grand prize '' , a picture of Archer . Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol 's house . The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol 's where Archer 's body is found . Mary lies and says she killed Archer , also confessing to Jessica 's murder , saving the Liars from a murder charge . Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her , Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self - defense . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars ' game pieces in a plastic bag . 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2M7220 1.41 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later , Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married . Alison and Emily have twin daughters , named Grace and Lily . Alison proposes to Emily , who accepts . Before their wedding , Ezra suddenly goes missing , so the wedding is postponed . Spencer is kidnapped by Mona , who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D. '' When Spencer awakens , she meets her secret twin sister , Alex Drake , who is revealed as `` A.D. '' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England , where he later introduced her to Charlotte , whom she had a close relationship with . She became `` A.D. '' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren , and turned him into an eternity stone . Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby . With help from Mona , who reveals she 's playing to beat `` A.D. '' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex . Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is , and Alex and Mary are arrested . The Liars are gathered to see Aria off , when Hanna reveals she is pregnant . Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon . The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves . In France , Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse , officially winning the `` A '' game . Meanwhile , Addison 's friends are having a sleepover . When they awaken , they find that Addison has gone missing , with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream '' and the series ends . Specials ( edit ) Special no . Title Narrator ( s ) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers ( million ) `` A-List Wrap Party '' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series ' tightly held secrets , behind - the - scenes insights , and top moments . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10 , 2014 , right before the fifth - season premiere aired , which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series , surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family 's previous longest running original series . The season will consist of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017 . Charlie Craig , who served as writer / consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer / co-showrunner . I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' on Twitter . Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21 , 2016 , the latest for a season premiere in the show 's history . Additionally , series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season . Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season . A promo was released on May 12 , 2016 . Freeform released a promotional poster for the season , on June 7 , 2016 . After the season premiere , Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season . King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual , in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two - hour episode event . It was reported on October 26 , 2016 , that a tell - all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind - the - scenes exclusive . Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons . In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end . But the best part about these last two years is that , because it 's the beginning of the end , we can actually start telling the story I think we 've been waiting to tell for a long time . '' Regarding the show 's ending , Lucy Hale said to E ! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show . '' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7 , and we 're going to let the fans tell us if they 're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters . '' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book . In an interview with Variety regarding the five - year time - jump , King said `` I think that this story when we 're back will end next year at the end of Season 7 '' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season , but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season . Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season . Bellisario 's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016 , that the show was ending in 2017 , as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends . Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7 . '' It was announced on August 29 , 2016 , the day before the mid-season finale would air , that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season . Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 . Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing , with eight of them returning from the previous season , six of which was part of the original cast from the first season . The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A ' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb , while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season . Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam . Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison . Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych - ward . Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side . Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz . Andrea Parker was added as a series regular , playing Jessica DiLaurentis ' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth - season finale , it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake , Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season . Deadline reported on May 10 , 2016 , that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey , a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department . The character was later renamed Det . Marco Furey . Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth - season episode `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' . On June 2 , 2016 , Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season . On June 10 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere . The actress playing Sydney Driscoll , Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media , confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode . On July 28 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season . It was announced on August 8 , 2016 , that Ava Allan will appear on the show , and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison . On August 17 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season . Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.5 1.12 12 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.5 0.91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.7 1.41 721 `` A-List Wrap Party '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . 141 `` Tick - Tok , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets , Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL ' Movie ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` It 's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars ' Postmortem : Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna 's ' Questionable ' Fate in Season 7 ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Here we go . First # PLLTableReAd of seAson 7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , I. Marlene ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock , Bitches '' @ ThexCreator `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rules the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' premieres , NBA Playoffs lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Genius ' premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs rule , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' returns well , ' WWE Smackdown ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' WWE Smackdown ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Haves and The Have Nots ' and ' Queen Sugar ' return , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Pretty Little Liars Tell All , Saving Hope 's Final Season and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Clarissa ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS : Freeform to Air Tell - All Special After Series Finale '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7 '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' SEASON 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Starts Production on Season Seven `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer : Hanna 's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster : The Girls ( Minus Hanna ) Are Dressed to Kill '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED ! '' . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale ' On E ! News '' . YouTube . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars ? ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles ' Transition , Ali 's New Man and the Show 's Future After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Will End After Season 7 , Says Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy , Swift ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars ' ending with Season 7 , reveals how she hopes it ends '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Ending After Season 7 -- It 's ' Coming To An End This Year ' '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ernie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL , CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT ' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` We 're back ! # Prettylittlewriters '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's do this . # Prettylittlewriters # Season7 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood 's Newest Detective '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive : Meet the man who 's going to solve murders in Rosewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 ( ' Be Afraid ' ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Chloe ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Back at it again ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 - 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , June 27 - July 3 : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 4 - 10 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Preacher ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 11 - 17 : ' Mr. Robot , ' ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Major Crimes ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 1 - 7 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 8 - 14 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Ballers , ' ' The Last Ship ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 15 - 21 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 22 - 28 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' racks up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_7)&oldid=802195051 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . 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when is the season finale pretty little liars
[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n141\n1\n\"Tick-Tock, Bitches\"\nRon Lagomarsino\nI. Marlene King\nJune 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)\n2M7201\n1.43[10]\n\n\nWhilst searching for Hanna, the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station. They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort. After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna, \"Uber A\" informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte's real killer or Hanna dies. The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof. Aria and Ezra search Alison's house, and are almost caught by Elliott. At the psychiatric hospital, Alison, in a drugged state-of-mind, seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte. After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered, Emily finds the jacket at Alison's house. Caleb gives the proof to 'Uber A' in order to save Hanna. Hanna is locked up by \"Uber A\", but manages to escape. However, she later meets Mary. Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte.\n\n\n142\n2\n\"Bedlam\"\nTawnia McKiernan\nJoseph Dougherty\nJune 28, 2016 (2016-06-28)\n2M7202\n1.24[11]\n\n\n\nAfter putting herself in danger, Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake. After Alison calls Emily about her current condition, this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott. Spencer and Caleb's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him. Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him, he unleashes on Ezra. Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan, and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company.\n\n\"A.D.\" ending: \"A.D.\" wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids.\n\n\n143\n3\n\"The Talented Mr. Rollins\"\nZetna Fuentes\nJonell Lennon\nJuly 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)\n2M7203\n1.12[12]\n\n\nEmily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together. Toby and Yvonne get engaged. Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna. Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina. Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte's love affair. The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A's threats. Meanwhile, Alison manages to escape Rollins, who chases her to the woods, where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car.\n\n\n144\n4\n\"Hit and Run, Run, Run\"\nMichael Goi\nMaya Goldsmith\nJuly 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)\n2M7204\n1.26[13]\n\n\nAfter killing Rollins, the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death, but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process. At the psychiatric hospital, Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died: she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott, and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte. Mona intervenes with a cover-up plan to help the girls, for better or worse. Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him. Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott, whose real name is revealed to be Archer.\n\n\n145\n5\n\"Along Comes Mary\"\nNorman Buckley\nBryan M. Holdman\nJuly 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)\n2M7205\n1.17[14]\n\n\nJenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the 'Uber A' suspect list. Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake, and finds out that Archer stole all her money. Spencer enlists Hanna's help to search for Caleb, she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco, who is revealed to be a detective. Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be \"A.D\". Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from \"Uber A\" saying her friends gave it to them. Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna.\n\n\n146\n6\n\"Wanted: Dead or Alive\"\nBethany Rooney\nLijah J. Barasz\nAugust 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)\n2M7206\n1.10[15]\n\n\n\nThe Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead. The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott's murder altogether, with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth. Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator. Meanwhile, Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra's proposal because of Elliott's murder. Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together, and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release. Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up. \"A.D.\" unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask. After hearing everything from Aria, Ezra proposes to her again—and, this time, she says yes. Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley.\n\n\"A.D.\" ending: \"A.D.\" watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer's grave on their computer.\n\n\n147\n7\n\"Original G'A'ngsters\"\nMelanie Mayron\nKateland Brown\nAugust 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)\n2M7207\n1.16[16]\n\n\n\nJason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary. Meanwhile, Noel Kahn's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby's house to steal Mary's Radley file. The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica, leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley. They then begin to think that this child, a cousin of Alison, may be behind the \"A.D.\" mask, and wanting revenge for something. The cellar explodes right after the girls leave, and someone writes \"I see you\" on the rear window of their car. Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy, but right before they are about to leave, the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive.\n\n\"A.D.\" ending: \"A.D.\" steals the files about Aria and Noel, and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file.\n\n\n148\n8\n\"Exes and OMGs\"\nKimberly McCullough\nCharlie Craig\nAugust 16, 2016 (2016-08-16)\n2M7208\n1.11[17]\n\n\nAfter receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach, Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job. Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald, who warns her about Noel. Meanwhile, Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High, but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her. Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole's cellphone, and later, with Spencer, visits the doctor who delivered Mary's baby in order to get answers. Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole, delaying their wedding. After not getting any help from the Liars, Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who \"A.D.\" is.\n\n\n149\n9\n\"The Wrath of Kahn\"\nChad Lowe\nJonell Lennon\nAugust 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)\n2M7209\n1.09[18]\n\n\nWhen the typical methods of sleuthing aren't working, Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn (who she thinks is \"A.D.\") and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up; however, her initial goal fails. Emily turns to Paige for comfort, while her relationship with Sabrina plummets. Jason and Aria look into Mary's past where they learn that Steven Kahn, Noel and Eric's father, orchestrated the adoption of Mary's second child. Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing. At the Kahn's cabin, Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer's house. At the end, after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel, Hanna knocks him out from behind.\n\n\n150\n10\n\"The DArkest Knight\"\nArlene Sanford\nI. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith\nAugust 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)\n2M7210\n1.33[19]\n\n\n\nThe Liars, Alison, Mona, and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna. Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship. Alison reveals to Emily that she's pregnant. Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood. Aria finds out that Nicole is alive. Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna, armed with a gun, attempts to murder the Liars with Noel. However, Noel, while attacking Hanna and Emily, trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself. Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer. Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer's biological mother. While leaving town, Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident.\n\n\"A.D.\" ending: \"A.D.\" drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school, and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer. They throw her their mask and she realizes it is \"A.D.\", as they put up their hoodie.\n\n\n151\n11\n\"Playtime\"\nChad Lowe\nAllyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty\nApril 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)\n2M7211\n1.33[20]\n\n\n\nOne week after the events of the last episode, Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered. Ezra arrives and reveals he hasn't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married. Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business. Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High. The Liars are given a interactive board game by \"A.D.\" which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars. Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary. Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that \"A.D.\" knows they killed Rollins.\n\n\"A.D.\" ending: \"A.D.\" has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses. She's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game. \"A.D.\" takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap. After reading the top of the first page, Jenna mutters \"end game\".\n\n\n152\n12\n\"These Boots Were Made for Stalking\"\nRon Lagomarsino\nOliver Goldstick\nApril 25, 2017 (2017-04-25)\n2M7212\n0.92[21]\n\n\nThe Liars question what to do with the board game. Emily refuses to play and leaves. Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again. Meanwhile, Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her. Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley. Jenna, having been in hiding, returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery. She further says Noel wanted it, threatened Jenna, and murdered Sara. Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily.\n\n\n153\n13\n\"Hold Your Piece\"\nMarta Cunningham\nBryan M. Holdman\nMay 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)\n2M7213\n0.86[22]\n\n\nHanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events. Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to \"A.D.\" and discover that she is working for \"A.D.\" after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna. They realize that \"A.D.\" is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney, who claims that \"A.D.\" is simply an anonymous client. Sydney leaves, however, Aria plants a tracking device in her bag. Meanwhile, Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey, while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra, and Hanna's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for, leading to shocking consequences.\n\n\n154\n14\n\"Power Play\"\nRoger Kumble\nLijah J. Barasz\nMay 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)\n2M7214\n0.91[23]\n\n\nAli's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when \"A.D\" reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room. Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus, realizing Emily is her child's mother. Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts. Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige, learning the truth about Ali's pregnancy. Meanwhile, Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood, but decides against it, resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship. Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole's arrival and bristles under \"A.D.'s\" taunts. While searching for Mary, wanting answers from her, Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted, who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte's biological father. He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte's old childhood friend. Meanwhile, Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team, working with \"A.D.\". Sydney and \"A.D.\" offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team.\n\n\n155\n15\n\"In the Eye Abides the Heart\"\nTroian Bellisario\nJoseph Dougherty\nMay 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)\n2M7215\n0.85[24]\n\n\n\nAfter being blackmailed by \"A.D.\", Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings. Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer's death. After some arguing, Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria, while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child. Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child. That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily, while finally making up after years of hate. Realizing that Emily loves Alison, Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good. After learning about Lucas' relation with Charles, Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent, but finds more evidence that he is \"A.D\", when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles, that heavily resembles the \"A\" game. Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help. Meanwhile, \"A.D.\" sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them, and in return she is gifted the official \"A\" uniform.\n\n\"A.D.\" ending: \"A.D.\" is busy playing around with Aria's face that they created during their snapchat videos, while \"A.D.\", masquerading as Aria, holds a secret file of Aria's, while they laugh uncontrollably.\n\n\n156\n16\n\"The Glove That Rocks the Cradle\"\nPaula Hunziker\nMaya Goldsmith\nMay 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)\n2M7216\n0.90[25]\n\n\n\nSpencer steals a flash drive from Marco's apartment about Lucas' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed. \"A.D.\" sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily's nursery. In Hanna's turn at the game, \"A.D.\" makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School. The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he didn’t know Charles and Charlotte were the same person, or that Charlotte was \"A\". A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game. Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery. Meanwhile, Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas’s loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up. The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song. Hanna remembers that \"A\" played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse. Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily.\n\n\"A.D.\" ending: \"A.D.\" has the second comic book. They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book. They draw a gravestone and write \"Here lies\".\n\n\n157\n17\n\"Driving Miss Crazy\"\nOliver Goldstick\nFrancesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick\nJune 6, 2017 (2017-06-06)\n2M7217\n0.97[26]\n\n\nWith Mona making inroads in the game, Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali's procedure. Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter, to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged. Meanwhile, \"A.D.\" sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica's murder, leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust. Ezra notices Aria's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her; and \"A.D.\"'s machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare.\n\n\n158\n18\n\"Choose or Lose\"\nNorman Buckley\nCharlie Craig\nJune 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)\n2M7218\n0.96[27]\n\n\nThe Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes. Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner. The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to \"Choose or Lose\". Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness. Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from, and later discover that they are being sent from Mona's house. While leaving to find Spencer, Aria discovers Archer's corpse is in her car trunk, just as a police car pulls up to confront her.\n\n\n159\n19\n\"Farewell, My Lovely\"\nJoseph Dougherty\nJoseph Dougherty\nJune 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)\n2M7219\n0.83[28]\n\n\n\nThe Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is \"A.D.\". Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building. Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game. She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it. When Hanna, Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car, the final two puzzle pieces are waiting. Later, the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in. When the pieces are in place, the game says \"Congratulations. Claim the grand prize\", a picture of Archer. Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol’s house. The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol's where Archer's body is found. Mary lies and says she killed Archer, also confessing to Jessica's murder, saving the Liars from a murder charge. Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her, Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self-defense.\n\n\"A.D.\" ending: \"A.D.\" drives off into the sunrise with the Liars' game pieces in a plastic bag.\n\n\n160\n20\n\"Till Death Do Us Part\"\nI. Marlene King\nStory by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown\nTeleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith\nJune 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)\n2M7220\n1.41[29]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\nA year later, Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married. Alison and Emily have twin daughters, named Grace and Lily. Alison proposes to Emily, who accepts. Before their wedding, Ezra suddenly goes missing, so the wedding is postponed. Spencer is kidnapped by Mona, who is back on the A-Team and working for \"A.D.\" When Spencer awakens, she meets her secret twin sister, Alex Drake, who is revealed as \"A.D.\" Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England, where he later introduced her to Charlotte, whom she had a close relationship with. She became \"A.D.\" in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren, and turned him into an eternity stone. Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby. With help from Mona, who reveals she's playing to beat \"A.D.\", the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex. Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is, and Alex and Mary are arrested. The Liars are gathered to see Aria off, when Hanna reveals she is pregnant. Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon. The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves. In France, Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse, officially winning the \"A\" game. Meanwhile, Addison's friends are having a sleepover. When they awaken, they find that Addison has gone missing, with Willa saying \"I think I heard a scream\" and the series ends.\n\n" ]
[ "June 27, 2017" ]
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Once Upon a Time in the West (soundtrack)
Once Upon a Time in the West ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Once Upon a Time in the West ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time in the West Soundtrack album by Ennio Morricone Released 1972 ( 1972 ) Genre Contemporary Classical Length 38 : 23 Label RCA Producer Ennio Morricone Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Once Upon a Time in the West is a soundtrack composed by Ennio Morricone , from the 1968 western film of the same name directed by Sergio Leone , released in 1972 . The film score sold about 10 million copies worldwide . The soundtrack features leitmotifs that relate to each of the main characters of the movie ( each with their own theme music ) , as well as to the spirit of the American West . The theme music for the Claudia Cardinale character has wordless vocals by Italian singer Edda Dell'Orso . It was Leone 's desire to have the music available and played during filming . Leone had Morricone compose the score before shooting started and would play the music in the background for the actors on set . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 Original release 1.2 Expanded edition 2 In popular culture 3 References Track listing ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) `` Once Upon a Time in the West '' -- 3 : 46 `` As a Judgment '' -- 3 : 08 `` Farewell to Cheyenne '' -- 2 : 40 `` The Transgression '' -- 4 : 43 `` The First Tavern '' -- 1 : 41 `` The Second Tavern '' - 1 : 34 `` Man with a Harmonica '' -- 3 : 31 `` A Dimly Lit Room '' -- 5 : 09 `` Bad Orchestra '' -- 2 : 25 `` The Man '' -- 1 : 03 `` Jill 's America '' -- 2 : 48 `` Death Rattle '' -- 1 : 45 `` Finale '' -- 4 : 13 Expanded edition ( edit ) An expanded and remastered album was released in Italy , November 2005 . `` Once Upon a Time in the West '' - 3 : 43 `` The Man '' - 1 : 03 `` The Grand Massacre '' - 2 : 40 `` Arrival at the Station '' - 0 : 55 `` Bad Orchestra '' - 2 : 25 `` Jill 's America '' - 2 : 47 `` Harmonica '' - 2 : 27 `` The First Tavern '' - 1 : 39 `` A Bed Too Large '' - 1 : 32 `` Jill '' - 1 : 47 `` Frank '' - 1 : 52 `` Cheyenne '' - 1 : 16 `` The Second Tavern '' - 1 : 33 `` The Third Tavern '' - 1 : 19 `` Epilogue '' - 1 : 14 `` On the Roof of the Train '' - 1 : 19 `` Man with a Harmonica '' - 3 : 30 `` A Dimly Lit Room '' - 5 : 08 `` The Transgression '' - 4 : 41 `` Return to the Train '' - 0 : 40 `` Morton '' - 1 : 36 `` As a Judgment '' - 3 : 08 `` Final Duel '' - 3 : 35 `` Death Rattle '' - 1 : 44 `` Birth of a City '' - 4 : 25 `` Farewell to Cheyenne '' - 2 : 38 `` Finale '' - 4 : 08 In popular culture ( edit ) `` Man with a Harmonica '' was used as the theme for professional fighter Colt ( portrayed by Chuck Norris ) in the Bruce Lee film , Way of the Dragon ( 1972 ) . The theme was part of a Morricone medley in Black Light Orchestra . `` Man with a Harmonica '' was featured in The ' Burbs . `` Man with a Harmonica '' was used as the entrance music for professional wrestler Terry Funk in the NWA in 1989 . It is also the entrance music for K - 1 Kickboxing legend Remy Bonjasky . Sections from `` Man with a Harmonica '' were used in a bonus track from the soundtrack of the n2015 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( film ) , called `` Red Mist '' . `` Once Upon a Time in the West '' acted as the theme music of 1992 film Vizconde Massacre : God Help Us ! . The theme music was also used in its 1994 sequel , The Untold Story : Vizconde Massacre II May The Lord Be With Us . The theme was recorded by English goth rock band Fields of the Nephilim as an intro to their debut album , Dawnrazor ( 1987 ) . Samples of `` Man with a Harmonica '' were often used in early 1990s dance music singles , notably The Orb 's `` Little Fluffy Clouds '' and Beats International 's `` Dub Be Good to Me '' . The theme is also used as the entrance music for indie rock band Hard - Fi , each time they perform live . English rock band Muse have played a cover of the theme as an intro to `` Knights of Cydonia '' ( e.g. at the V2008 Festival ) . The theme was re-orchestrated and heard in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest . Composed by Hans Zimmer under the track titled ' Parlay ' ; it was also used in the sequel At World 's End just before the East India Trading Company goes to war with all the assembled pirates as both sides make terms with each other on a small beach . A remixed version of the theme was used in the CSI : Miami episode `` All In '' . A different remix had previously appeared in the CSI : Crime Scene Investigation episode `` Recipe for Murder . '' The repeated harmonica riff is used by Bruce Springsteen in `` Outlaw Pete '' , the opening track to 2009 album Working on a Dream . In series The Sopranos , the remix `` Man with a Harmonica '' by Apollo 440 is played over the end credits of the season four episode `` Whoever Did This '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic Review Jump up ^ `` Future Legend Records '' . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` De Weekkrant '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Cult Cinema , 2005 Jump up ^ Reviews . `` chokingonpopcorn , October 23rd , 2003 '' . Chokingonpopcorn.com . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kehr , Dave ( 2011 ) . `` Once Upon a Time in the West '' . When movies mattered : reviews from a transformative decade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 42941 - 0 . Jump up ^ Credits music of `` Whoever Did This '' episode in The Sopranos series Jump up ^ The remix `` Man with a Harmonica '' by Apollo 440 ( hide ) Ennio Morricone Soundtracks The Good , the Bad and the Ugly Once Upon a Time in the West La Piovra The Mission The Legend of 1900 Malèna The Hateful Eight Compilations and tribute albums Pearls -- Amii Stewart Sings Ennio Morricone The Big Gundown We All Love Ennio Morricone Yo - Yo Ma Plays Ennio Morricone Paradiso Crime and Dissonance Pieces `` Chi Mai '' `` Gabriel 's Oboe '' `` Nella Fantasia '' `` The Ecstasy of Gold '' `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' `` The Story of a Soldier '' Related articles List of compositions List of concerts Mauro Maur Andrea Morricone ( son ) Spaghetti Western Orchestra Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_in_the_West_(soundtrack)&oldid=801515180 '' Categories : 1972 soundtracks Film soundtracks Ennio Morricone albums RCA Records soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 03 : 46 . About Wikipedia
who sings once upon a time in the west
[ "Once Upon a Time in the West is a soundtrack composed by Ennio Morricone, from the 1968 western film of the same name directed by Sergio Leone, released in 1972. The film score sold about 10 million copies worldwide.[2][3][4][5]" ]
[ "Ennio Morricone" ]
4993688944735933701
Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Skeleton at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Alpensia Sliding Centre Dates 15 -- 17 February No. of events 2 ( 1 men , 1 women ) Competitors 50 from 24 nations ← 2014 2022 → Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification men women Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Sliding Centre near Pyeongchang , South Korea . The events were scheduled to take place between 15 and 17 February 2018 . A total of two skeleton events were held , one each for men and women . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 2 Competition schedule 3 Medal summary 3.1 Medal table 3.2 Events 4 Participating nations 5 References 6 External links Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 50 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games . A maximum 30 men and 20 women could qualify . The qualification was based on the world rankings of 14 January 2018 . Competition schedule ( edit ) The following was the competition schedule for the two skeleton events . All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Event 15 February 10 : 00 Men 's singles runs 1 and 2 16 February 09 : 30 Men 's singles runs 3 and 4 20 : 20 Women 's singles runs 1 and 2 17 February 20 : 20 Women 's singles runs 3 and 4 Medal summary ( edit ) Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 South Korea ( KOR ) 0 0 Germany ( GER ) 0 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 Total 6 Events ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's details Yun Sung - bin South Korea 3.20. 55 Nikita Tregubov Olympic Athletes from Russia 3.22. 18 Dominic Parsons Great Britain 3.22. 20 Women 's details Lizzy Yarnold Great Britain 3 : 27.28 Jacqueline Lölling Germany 3 : 27.73 Laura Deas Great Britain 3 : 27.90 Participating nations ( edit ) A total of 50 athletes from 24 nations ( including the IOC 's designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ) participated . The number of athletes each National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) entered are shown in parentheses . Seven nations made their Winter Olympics debut in the sport : Belgium , China , Ghana , Jamaica , Netherlands , Nigeria and Ukraine . Australia ( 2 ) Austria ( 2 ) Belgium ( 1 ) Canada ( 6 ) China ( 1 ) Germany ( 6 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 4 ) Israel ( 1 ) Italy ( 1 ) Jamaica ( 1 ) Japan ( 3 ) Latvia ( 3 ) Netherlands ( 1 ) New Zealand ( 1 ) Nigeria ( 1 ) Norway ( 1 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 2 ) Romania ( 2 ) South Korea ( 3 ) Spain ( 1 ) Switzerland ( 1 ) Ukraine ( 1 ) United States ( 4 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . POCOG . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Men 's results Jump up ^ Women 's results Jump up ^ `` XXIII Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang 2018 Skeleton - Participation '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Number of Entries by NOC pyeongchang2018.com External links ( edit ) Official Results Book -- Skeleton Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Skeleton at the Winter Olympics 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 -- 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeleton_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=841356039 '' Categories : Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics Skeleton at the Winter Olympics 2018 Winter Olympics events 2018 in skeleton Skeleton competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Interlingue Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 10 : 25 . About Wikipedia
who won the skeleton in the 2018 olympics
[ "\n\nEvent\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\n\n\nMen's[3]\ndetails\nYun Sung-bin\n South Korea\n3.20.55\nNikita Tregubov\n Olympic Athletes from Russia\n3.22.18\nDominic Parsons\n Great Britain\n3.22.20\n\n\nWomen's[4]\ndetails\nLizzy Yarnold\n Great Britain\n3:27.28\nJacqueline Lölling\n Germany\n3:27.73\nLaura Deas\n Great Britain\n3:27.90\n\n", "\n\nEvent\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\n\n\nMen's[3]\ndetails\nYun Sung-bin\n South Korea\n3.20.55\nNikita Tregubov\n Olympic Athletes from Russia\n3.22.18\nDominic Parsons\n Great Britain\n3.22.20\n\n\nWomen's[4]\ndetails\nLizzy Yarnold\n Great Britain\n3:27.28\nJacqueline Lölling\n Germany\n3:27.73\nLaura Deas\n Great Britain\n3:27.90\n\n" ]
[ "Yun Sung-bin", "Lizzy Yarnold" ]
7651789981413543101
The Christmas Card
The Christmas card - wikipedia The Christmas card Jump to : navigation , search The Christmas Card Written by Joany Kane Directed by Stephen Bridgewater Starring John Newton Alice Evans Edward Asner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Robert Halmi Jr . Larry Levinson Michael Moran Running time 84 minutes Distributor Larry Levinson Productions Release Original release December 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 02 ) The Christmas Card is a Hallmark Channel original movie produced by RHI Entertainment . It was released December 2 , 2006 , and was written by Joany Kane and directed by Stephen Bridgewater . The movie was filmed on location in Nevada City , California and in Park City , Utah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Press 4 Reception 5 Award nomination 6 External links 7 References Plot ( edit ) In the midst of war in Afghanistan , U.S. Army Master Sergeant Cody Cullen ( John Newton ) is given a Christmas card from a fellow soldier who had received it from his hometown , Nevada City , California . The card was sent by Faith Spelman ( Alice Evans ) . As months pass , the card never leaves his side . Cody , who has no family , and whose father was killed during the Vietnam War , is deeply affected when the soldier who gave him the card is killed . A few weeks before Christmas , Cody travels to see the soldier 's widow , back in Nevada City . Just ase he is about to leave town , Cody runs into Faith at a local luncheonette , where they happened to have placed identical orders . They part , but on his way out of town , Cody saves Faith 's father , Luke ( Ed Asner ) , from being hit by a speeding car . Luke takes a liking to Cody and convinces him to stay on as temporary help at his family 's logging company . Paul ( Ben Weber ) , Faith 's longtime boyfriend who travels much of the time , and who selfishly wants Faith to move away from her close - knit family in Nevada City , arrives to meet her . Complicating matters , Cody has fallen in love with Faith and despite her attempts to ignore the feeling , they end up sharing a kiss . When Paul unexpectedly asks Faith to marry him , she says yes . Even so , Paul downplays Faith 's wish to stay near her family in the `` boondocks '' . This all comes to a head on Christmas Eve . On the church steps , Cody and Paul meet , and Cody admits that he loves Faith , but accepts that she 's going to marry Paul instead , and hopes that Paul is marrying Faith `` for all the right reasons '' . In church , in spite of the presence of Paul by her side , Faith keeps looking for Cody who has decided to leave . Paul notices and they step out and decide to part ways . Early on Christmas Day , Cody places a Christmas card on the family Christmas tree , which will direct the family to the Christmas present , a wooden bench ( inscribed with `` Where the Magic Begins '' ) that he has been building to mark the family 's favorite spot at a nearby lake where he and Faith first kissed . Cody leaves a Christmas card for Faith with a handwritten note , which she reads aloud . In the note , Cody confesses his love for Faith , and says goodbye . She asks her father whether it was her letter that brought Cody to Nevada City , to which Luke answers : no , you did . In the movie 's final scene , Faith finds Cody at the local Vietnam War veterans ' memorial . She chastises him for not saying goodbye , but before she can complete the sentence he kisses her , and she embraces him . Cast ( edit ) John Haymes Newton as ( Sgt . ) Cody Cullen Alice Evans as Faith Spelman Edward Asner as Luke Spelman Peter Jason as Uncle Richard Lois Nettleton as Rosie Spelman Ben Weber as Paul Andrew Sanford as Sammy Kate Hamon as Selma Glorinda Marie as Molly Charlie Holliday as Reverend Ives Kurt Johnson as Eric Brooke Davis as Liddy Nick Ballard as Jonesy Chad Collins as Lewis Brian Robinson as Edo Press ( edit ) Hallmark Channel collaborated with Operation Dear Abby , who issued a special message in her column : `` This holiday season -- support the troops by sending a message to our servicemembers . '' The network also put together a national Cards for Troops campaign and a partnership with America Supports You to build support of Americans for the men and women of the U.S. Armed Services . Hallmark Channel also set up a satellite link to reunite Jennifer Parsley , a young woman from Porter , Texas who sent thousands of cards to troops through Operation Gratitude and in the process met serviceman Jeremy Harshman , who is deployed overseas . Reception ( edit ) The movie ranked as Hallmark Channel 's highest - ever - rated telecast on the date of its premiere . The network also ranked # 1 in Prime Time that day , making it the most - watched telecast on basic cable for the day . Award nomination ( edit ) For his performance as Luke , Edward Asner was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie in 2007 . External links ( edit ) The Christmas Card on IMDb The Christmas Card at AllMovie The Christmas Card at Hallmark Channel The Christmas Card at RHI Entertainment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release : 11 / 01 / 2006 Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release : 11 / 28 / 2006 Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release : 12 / 05 / 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/shows/christmas-card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Christmas_Card&oldid=816867002 '' Categories : 2006 television films American Christmas films American television films Christmas television films English - language films Hallmark Channel original films American films Sonar Entertainment films 2000s romance films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 07 : 11 . About Wikipedia
who played cody cullen on the christmas card
[ "John Haymes Newton as (Sgt.) Cody Cullen" ]
[ "John Haymes Newton" ]
-1381442945438658949
Ted (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
Ted ( Buffy the vampire Slayer ) - Wikipedia Ted ( Buffy the vampire Slayer ) Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Ted '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Ted '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode Buffy learns that Ted is a robot . Episode no . Season 2 Episode 11 Directed by Bruce Seth Green Written by David Greenwalt Joss Whedon Production code 5V11 Original air date December 8 , 1997 Recurring / Guest appearances John Ritter as Ted Buchanan Kristine Sutherland as Joyce Summers Robia LaMorte as Jenny Calendar James G. MacDonald as Detective Stein Ken Thorley as Neal Jeff Langton as Vampire Episode chronology ← Previous `` What 's My Line '' Next → `` Bad Eggs '' List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes `` Ted '' is episode 11 of season two of Buffy the Vampire Slayer . It was written by David Greenwalt and Joss Whedon , and guest starred John Ritter as Ted . Buffy is unable to warm to her mother 's new boyfriend , Ted . When her escalating conflict has apparently lethal consequences , Buffy 's guilt turns to fear -- Joyce is in far greater danger than anyone could have imagined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Buffy 's mother Joyce introduces her new friend , Ted Buchanan , a salesman . He tells Buffy that he has been seeing Joyce for quite some time now . Buffy becomes uncomfortable with Ted 's 1950s sitcom mannerisms and is not impressed by his offer of miniature golf . That night , Buffy beats a vampire to an unusually bloody pulp before killing it , worrying Giles that something is troubling her . Buffy asks Angel for his take on things . He says that her mother needs a man in her life , and she should give him the benefit of the doubt . The golf outing goes poorly . When Buffy tries to cheat out of sight of the others , Ted notices and threatens her with a slapping . Buffy talks her way into Ted 's workplace where an envious co-worker tells her that he is an unbeatable salesman they have nicknamed `` the machine '' . She also learns that he is making plans for a wedding in two months time . At dinner , Ted denies the engagement , but confesses to Joyce that he has hopes they will . Buffy slips out for some slaying and on her return , finds Ted has read her diary . He threatens to tell Joyce about the ' Slayer ' unless she toes the line . She defies him and is slapped . In the resulting brawl , Ted is kicked down the stairs . Joyce declares him dead when she can not find a pulse . The day after a talk with the police , Buffy is in a haze of guilt . Willow , Xander and Cordelia dig deeper into Ted 's life -- discovering Ted 's cookies are drugged ; Cordelia finds Ted has had four wives since 1957 , all of whom have since disappeared . That night , while Giles patrols , Sunnydale High teacher Jenny Calendar surprises him and apologizes for avoiding him . A vampire attacks and Jenny accidentally shoots Giles with a crossbow . Giles , only slightly injured , takes the shaft out of his own body and uses it to stake the vampire . Buffy finds a reanimated Ted in her room ; they fight again , and upon cutting him Buffy discovers that Ted is a robot . Ted knocks Buffy unconscious and escapes to find Joyce , but the damage he has sustained in the fight has left him erratic . Ted confronts an astonished Joyce , but as he malfunctions he reveals his true intentions ; as Joyce resists , Ted becomes violent and knocks her out . Buffy then awakens , and knocks Ted out with a frying pan killing him . Meanwhile , the Scooby Gang investigates Ted 's bunker which is decorated in 1950s style ; Xander finds Ted 's previous four wives -- all dead . The gang returns to school the next day , with Buffy cleared of all charges , and discuss their discoveries about Ted . Apparently , the real Ted Buchanan was a sickly , but brilliant , inventor in the 1950s whose wife left him . In desperation , he built a robot version of himself . The robot kidnapped Ted 's wife and held her captive in his bunker until she died . The robot then sought out other women resembling Ted 's dead wife and repeated the process until it met Joyce . Production ( edit ) One of Willow 's lines in the teaser was cut : Willow : I 'm just saying that if Tennille were in charge , she would have had the little captain hat . `` Ted '' was shot during the Halloween holiday . Many members of the cast and crew came to the set in costume ; Kristine Sutherland ( Joyce ) wore 1950s clothes like Ted 's first wife , and Sarah Michelle Gellar came as Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz , along with her dog , Toto . During the filming of the final confrontation between Buffy and Ted , both Sarah Michelle Gellar and John Ritter were ill . Gellar had the flu whereas Ritter had food poisoning from the night before . Ritter claimed this episode influenced his understanding of his own stepdaughter . References ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ted ^ Jump up to : Golden , Christopher , and Nancy Holder . The Watcher 's Guide , Vol. 1 . New York : Pocket Books , 1998 . Jump up ^ Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete Second Season on DVD . Perf . John Ritter . DVD . Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment , 2002 . External links ( edit ) `` Ted '' on IMDb `` Ted '' at TV.com ( hide ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes Season 1 `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' `` The Harvest '' `` Witch '' `` Teacher 's Pet '' `` Never Kill a Boy on the First Date '' `` The Pack '' `` Angel '' `` I , Robot ... You , Jane '' `` The Puppet Show '' `` Nightmares '' `` Out of Mind , Out of Sight '' `` Prophecy Girl '' Season 2 `` When She Was Bad '' `` Some Assembly Required '' `` School Hard '' `` Inca Mummy Girl '' `` Reptile Boy '' `` Halloween '' `` Lie to Me '' `` The Dark Age '' `` What 's My Line , Parts One and Two '' `` Ted '' `` Bad Eggs '' `` Surprise '' `` Innocence '' `` Phases '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' `` Passion '' `` Killed by Death '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` Go Fish '' `` Becoming , Parts One and Two '' Season 3 `` Anne '' `` Dead Man 's Party '' `` Faith , Hope & Trick '' `` Beauty and the Beasts '' `` Homecoming '' `` Band Candy '' `` Revelations '' `` Lovers Walk '' `` The Wish '' `` Amends '' `` Gingerbread '' `` Helpless '' `` The Zeppo '' `` Bad Girls '' `` Consequences '' `` Doppelgangland '' `` Enemies '' `` Earshot '' `` Choices '' `` The Prom '' `` Graduation Day , Parts One and Two '' Season 4 `` The Freshman '' `` Living Conditions '' `` The Harsh Light of Day '' `` Fear , Itself '' `` Beer Bad '' `` Wild at Heart '' `` The Initiative '' `` Pangs '' `` Something Blue '' `` Hush '' `` Doomed '' `` A New Man '' `` The I in Team '' `` Goodbye Iowa '' `` This Year 's Girl '' `` Who Are You '' `` Superstar '' `` Where the Wild Things Are '' `` New Moon Rising '' `` The Yoko Factor '' `` Primeval '' `` Restless '' Season 5 `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' `` Real Me '' `` The Replacement '' `` Out of My Mind '' `` No Place Like Home '' `` Family '' `` Fool for Love '' `` Shadow '' `` Listening to Fear '' `` Into the Woods '' `` Triangle '' `` Checkpoint '' `` Blood Ties '' `` Crush '' `` I Was Made to Love You '' `` The Body '' `` Forever '' `` Intervention '' `` Tough Love '' `` Spiral '' `` The Weight of the World '' `` The Gift '' Season 6 `` Bargaining , Parts One and Two '' `` After Life '' `` Flooded '' `` Life Serial '' `` All the Way '' `` Once More , with Feeling '' `` Tabula Rasa '' `` Smashed '' `` Wrecked '' `` Gone '' `` Doublemeat Palace '' `` Dead Things '' `` Older and Far Away '' `` As You Were '' `` Hell 's Bells '' `` Normal Again '' `` Entropy '' `` Seeing Red '' `` Villains '' `` Two to Go '' `` Grave '' Season 7 `` Lessons '' `` Beneath You '' `` Same Time , Same Place '' `` Help '' `` Selfless '' `` Him '' `` Conversations with Dead People '' `` Sleeper '' `` Never Leave Me '' `` Bring On the Night '' `` Showtime '' `` Potential '' `` The Killer in Me '' `` First Date '' `` Get It Done '' `` Storyteller '' `` Lies My Parents Told Me '' `` Dirty Girls '' `` Empty Places '' `` Touched '' `` End of Days '' `` Chosen '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&oldid=800879073 '' Categories : 1997 American television episodes Artificial intelligence in fiction Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( season 2 ) episodes Television episodes written by Joss Whedon Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2011 All articles with topics of unclear notability Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 07 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played ted in buffy the vampire slayer
[ "\"Ted\" is episode 11 of season two of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by David Greenwalt and Joss Whedon, and guest starred John Ritter as Ted." ]
[ "John Ritter" ]
-346169923034175433
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna - wikipedia Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Civilian award for contributions to Sports ( Individual / Team ) Awarded for Highest sports honour in India Sponsored by Government of India Reward ( s ) ₹ 7.5 lakh ( US $10,000 ) First awarded 1991 -- 92 Last awarded 2017 Most recent winner Saikhom Mirabai Chanu Virat Kohli Highlights Total awarded 36 First winner Viswanathan Anand Arjuna Award → The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , officially known as Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in Sports and Games , is the highest sporting honour of the Republic of India . The award is named after Rajiv Gandhi , former Prime Minister of India who served the office from 1984 to 1989 . It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . The recipient ( s ) is / are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and is honoured for their `` spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports over a period of four years '' at international level . As of 2018 , the award comprises a medallion , a certificate , and a cash prize of ₹ 7.5 lakh ( US $10,000 ) . Instituted in 1991 -- 1992 , the award was given for the performance by a sportsperson in a year . Based on the suggestions provided by 2014 award selection committee , the Ministry revised the criteria in February 2015 to consider the performance over a period of four years . The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April with not more than two sportspersons nominated for each sports discipline . A twelve - member committee evaluates the performances of a sportsperson at various International events like Olympic Games , Paralympic Games , Asian Games , and Commonwealth Games . The committee later submits their recommendations to the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval . The first recipient of the award was Chess Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand , who was honoured for the performance in the year 1991 -- 92 . In 2001 , sport shooter Abhinav Bindra , then aged 18 , became the youngest recipient of the award . Usually conferred upon only one sportsperson in a year , a few exceptions have been made ( 1993 -- 1994 , 2002 , 2009 , 2012 , and 2016 -- 2018 ) when multiple recipients were awarded in a year . As of 2018 , there have been thirty - six recipients from fourteen sport disciplines : Athletics , Badminton , Billiards , Boxing , Chess , Cricket , Field hockey , Gymnastics , Shooting , Snooker , Tennis , Wrestling , Weightlifting , and Yacht racing . The most recent recipients of the award are Weightlifter Saikhom Mirabai Chanu and Cricketer Virat Kohli . Contents 1 Nominations 2 Selection process 3 List of recipients 4 Controversies 5 Explanatory notes 6 References 7 External links Nominations ( edit ) The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations , the Indian Olympic Association , the Sports Authority of India ( SAI ) , the Sports Promotion and Control Boards , and the state and the union territory governments with not more than two eligible sportspersons nominated for each sports discipline . In case of cricket , the nominations are received from the Board of Control for Cricket in India and SAI is authorised to submit the nominations on behalf of all the de-recognised or under suspension National Sports Federations . The previous award recipients can also nominate one sportsperson for the discipline for which they themselves were awarded . The Government can nominate up to two sportspersons in deserving cases where no such nominations have been received from the nominating authorities . The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April . Selection process ( edit ) All the received nominations are sent to SAI and National Anti-Doping Agency for the verification against the claimed achievements and doping clearance respectively . Any sportsperson who is either penalised or being enquired for usage of drugs or substances banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency is not eligible for the award . A committee consisting of the Joint Secretary and the Director / Deputy Secretary of Department of Sports , the Secretary and the Executive Director / Director ( TEAMS ) of SAI verify and validate the nominations . The valid nominations are placed before the selection committee constituted by the Government . This twelve member committee consists of a Chairperson nominated by the Ministry , four Olympians or previous recipients of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna or Arjuna Award , three sports journalists / experts / commentators , one sportsperson / expert / administrator associated with parasports , one sports administrator , the Director General of SAI , and the Joint Secretary of Department of Sports , with not more than one sportsperson from a particular discipline included in the committee . When instituted in 1991 -- 92 , the award was given for the performance by a sportsperson in a year . Based on the suggestions provided by 2014 award selection committee headed by Kapil Dev , the Ministry revised the criteria in February 2015 to consider the performance over a period of four years . The medals won in various International championships and events of the disciplines which include Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympics Games , Asian Games , and Commonwealth Games are given 80 % weightage . The remaining 20 % weightage is given to the profile and standard of the events . For any other games not included in Olympic , Asian Games , and Commonwealth Games like cricket and indigenous games , the individuals performance of a sportsperson is taken into consideration . The sportsperson with maximum points is given 80 marks . Rest of the sportspersons are given marks in proportion to the maximum points . For team events , marks are given as per the strength of the team . Following are the points defined for medals at the given events : Points for winning medals for the performance during the last four years Event Medal Gold Silver Bronze Olympic Games / Paralympic Games 80 70 55 World Championship / World Cup 40 30 20 Asian Games 30 25 20 Commonwealth Games 25 20 15 For a given discipline , not more than two sportspersons , one male and one female , are given highest marks . The committee may not recommend the award to the sportsperson with the highest marks across disciplines but can only recommend the recipient of the highest aggregate marks in a particular sports discipline . The recommendations of the selection committee are submitted to the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval . List of recipients ( edit ) Key # Indicates a joint award for the given year The first recipient of the award Viswanathan Anand is country 's first chess Grandmaster and a five time winner of World Chess Championship . Pankaj Advani is the only sportsperson to have won the award for two sports disciplines ; Billiards and Snooker . Awarded in 2018 , Cricketer Virat Kohli is one of the most recent recipients of the award . List of award recipients , showing the year , and discipline ( s ) Year Recipient ( s ) Discipline ( s ) Refs . 1991 -- 1992 Viswanathan Anand Chess 1992 -- 1993 Geet Sethi Billiards 1993 -- 1994 # Homi Motivala Yachting ( Team event ) 1993 -- 1994 # Pushpendra Kumar Garg Yachting ( Team event ) 1994 -- 1995 Karnam Malleswari Weightlifting 1995 -- 1996 Nameirakpam Kunjarani Weightlifting 1996 -- 1997 Leander Paes Tennis 1997 -- 1998 Sachin Tendulkar Cricket 1998 -- 1999 Jyotirmoyee Sikdar Athletics 1999 -- 2000 Dhanraj Pillay Hockey ( Men ) 2000 -- 2001 Pullela Gopichand Badminton Abhinav Bindra Shooting 2002 # K.M. Beenamol Athletics 2002 # Anjali Bhagwat Shooting 2003 Anju Bobby George Athletics Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore Shooting 2005 Pankaj Advani Billiards and Snooker 2006 Manavjit Singh Sandhu Shooting 2007 Mahendra Singh Dhoni Cricket 2008 No award 2009 # Mary Kom Boxing ( Women ) 2009 # Vijender Singh Boxing 2009 # Sushil Kumar Wrestling Saina Nehwal Badminton 2011 Gagan Narang Shooting 2012 # Vijay Kumar Shooting 2012 # Yogeshwar Dutt Wrestling 2013 Ronjan Sodhi Shooting 2014 No award 2015 Sania Mirza Tennis 2016 # P.V. Sindhu Badminton 2016 # Dipa Karmakar Gymnastics 2016 # Jitu Rai Shooting 2016 # Sakshi Malik Wrestling 2017 # Devendra Jhajharia Paralympic athletics 2017 # Sardara Singh Hockey ( Men ) 2018 # Saikhom Mirabai Chanu Weightlifting 2018 # Virat Kohli Cricket Controversies ( edit ) The 2002 selection committee headed by former football player Pradip Kumar Banerjee made twenty one recommendations for the Arjuna Award and two recommendations for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award , athlete K.M. Beenamol and shooter Anjali Bhagwat . The government rejected the recommendations and asked the committee to cut down the list to comply with the award guidelines , where only one sportsperson for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and fifteen sportspersons along with one disabled athlete for the Arjuna Awards could be recommended each year . The committee revised the list to recommend Beenamol for the award over Bhagwat but also put a request `` to consider everyone '' . The decision spurred criticism for ignoring the achievements of the shooter and Bhagwat and the National Rifle Association of India expressed their `` disappointment '' with the decision . Later , the government accepted all the recommendations `` as an exception '' and jointly awarded Beenamol and Bhagwat for the year 2002 . In August 2013 , the selection committee headed by Michael Ferreira recommended sport shooter Ronjan Sodhi for the award , with some committee members questioning the process of selection . A committee member noted that discus thrower Krishna Poonia , and Paralympic athlete H.N. Girisha were shortlisted and Sodhi was not the initial choice . However , Girisha 's name was removed , and the final voting was done between Sodhi and Poonia . Poonia was accused of lobbying for the award by one of the committee member Anjali Bhagwat , but the accused met the then Union Sports Minister Jitendra Singh to promote her case and also rubbished the lobbying allegations . The Ministry conducted a separate enquiry by Secretary of Department of Sports and decided not to increase the number of awards `` to maintain the stature of the awards '' . Following an announcement , in August 2015 , that tennis player Sania Mirza was to be awarded , a Public - Interest Litigation was filed in the Karnataka High Court . The petitioner , Paralympic athlete H.N. Girisha , mentioned that his performance was ignored by the committee . Girisha claimed to be a top contender for the award with 90 points , owing to his silver medal winning act at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the Men 's High Jump F42 event . The petition mentioned that the points for Mirza 's Grand Slam titles from 2011 until 2015 should not be counted as the events were not a part of the list of sports events to be considered for the performance evaluation . The court withheld the conferment and sought replies from the Ministry about the selection process . The Ministry nevertheless presented the award to Mirza on 29 August 2015 amidst the case processing . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The cash prize was revised from ₹ 1 lakh ( US $1,400 ) to ₹ 3 lakh ( US $4,200 ) in 2000 , to ₹ 5 lakh ( US $7,000 ) in 2002 , and to ₹ 7.5 lakh ( US $10,000 ) in 2009 . Jump up ^ For cricket , there is no National Sports Federation recognised by the Government . Jump up ^ A World Championship / World Cup is generally organised every four years . For different cyclicities , proportionate marks are given . Jump up ^ The award for the performance in 2008 is being referred to as award for 2009 . Jump up ^ Mirza has won 2012 French Open -- Mixed Doubles with Mahesh Bhupathi , 2014 US Open -- Mixed Doubles with Bruno Soares , and 2015 US Open -- Women 's Doubles and 2015 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles with Martina Hingis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Scheme for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . 23 February 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sania Mirza conferred with Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . 29 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Ministers of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( India ) . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjun Awards 1998 announced Ms. Jyotirmoyee Sikdar gets Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award 1998 -- 99 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjuna Awards to be presented tomorrow '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 30 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2009 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 August 2002 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Interesting Facts About Abhinav Bindra '' . The Times of India . 23 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Criteria for Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award , Dronacharya Award and Dhyan chand Award '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 3 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards 2014 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 21 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Sports Awards Schemes Revamped '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 23 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Committee for National Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 21 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Viswanathan Anand a chess legend ? '' . NDTVSports. 22 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awards '' . Sports Authority of India . Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . `` List of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Winners '' . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports , India . 30 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards '' . Yachting Association of India . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjuna Awards , Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Dhyan Chand and Dronacharya Awards given away '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 21 September 2004 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award , 2005 , Arjuna awards 2005 , Dhyan Chand awards , 2006 and Dronacharya awards for the year 2005 Announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 23 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna & Arjuna Awards announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 19 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Minister Gives away Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award to Saina Nehwal '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 8 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 18 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and Arjuna Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 19 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Arjuna Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 22 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna 2015 and Arjuna Awards 2015 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 14 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards 2016 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 22 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 22 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards 2018 announced ; Mirabai Chanu and Virat Kohli to get Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 20 September 2018 . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arjuna Awards panel to prune list '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 7 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beenamol to get Khel Ratna '' . Rediff.com. 9 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . `` Beenamol , Anjali to share Khel Ratna '' . The Hindu . 23 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beenamol to get Khel Ratna '' . The Hindu . 10 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . `` Anjali flays awards panel '' . The Tribune . New Delhi . 10 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Srivastava , Abhaya ( 10 August 2003 ) . `` Sidelined , shooter Anjali Bhagwat slams Arjuna award selection '' . Press Trust of India . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 6 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . `` Anjali slams Arjuna Awards committee '' . Rediff.com. 10 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 33 sportspersons honoured : Controversy set aside as stars get their due from the President '' . The Telegraph . 30 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . `` Anjali , Beenamol get Khel Ratna '' . Rediff.com. 22 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronjan Sodhi 's Khel Ratna nomination irks Krishna Poonia '' . New Delhi : India Today . 14 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khel Ratna controversy : Krishna Poonia hits back at Anjali Bhagwat ; says did n't lobby for award '' . New Delhi : NDTV . Press Trust of India . 21 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New twist in Khel Ratna controversy : Anjali Bhagwat claims Poonia lobbied with her '' . Mid-Day . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 21 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards and the controversy thereafter '' . Sportstar. 36 ( 36 ) . 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did n't lobby for award : Krishna Poonia on Khel Ratna controversy '' . New Delhi : India Today . 21 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka HC stays Sania Mirza 's Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award '' . Daily News and Analysis . Mumbai. 26 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girisha Hosanagara Nagarajegowda bags first Paralympic medal for India '' . London : NDTV . Press Trust of India . 4 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sania Mirza profile '' . Women 's Tennis Association . Archived from the original on 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna recipients . `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award '' . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports , India . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) Saikhom Mirabai Chanu and Virat Kohli ( 2018 ) Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Aryabhata Award Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Sportsperson of the Year National Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Canada Marsh ( general ) Conacher ( male ) Rosenfeld ( female ) Springstead ( female ) Croatia Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland India Iran Ireland Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Serbia NOC Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Bragdguldet Jerringpris Idrottsgalan Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Northern Ireland Scotland Wales United States AP ESPY female male Sporting News Sports Illustrated NOC USSR Yugoslavia Sport Sportske novosti Zimbabwe World Laureus Awards BBC Overseas Sports Personality L'Équipe Champion of Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajiv_Gandhi_Khel_Ratna&oldid=861343674 '' Categories : Indian sports trophies and awards National sportsperson - of - the - year trophies and awards Awards established in 1991 Indian sports - related lists 1991 establishments in India Memorials to Rajiv Gandhi Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018 , at 19 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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who get rajiv gandhi khel ratna award 2018
[ "The first recipient of the award was Chess Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand, who was honoured for the performance in the year 1991–92. In 2001, sport shooter Abhinav Bindra, then aged 18, became the youngest recipient of the award.[8] Usually conferred upon only one sportsperson in a year, a few exceptions have been made (1993–1994, 2002, 2009, 2012, and 2016–2018) when multiple recipients were awarded in a year. As of 2018[update], there have been thirty-six recipients from fourteen sport disciplines: Athletics, Badminton, Billiards, Boxing, Chess, Cricket, Field hockey, Gymnastics, Shooting, Snooker, Tennis, Wrestling, Weightlifting, and Yacht racing. The most recent recipients of the award are Weightlifter Saikhom Mirabai Chanu and Cricketer Virat Kohli.\n", "The first recipient of the award was Chess Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand, who was honoured for the performance in the year 1991–92. In 2001, sport shooter Abhinav Bindra, then aged 18, became the youngest recipient of the award.[8] Usually conferred upon only one sportsperson in a year, a few exceptions have been made (1993–1994, 2002, 2009, 2012, and 2016–2018) when multiple recipients were awarded in a year. As of 2018[update], there have been thirty-six recipients from fourteen sport disciplines: Athletics, Badminton, Billiards, Boxing, Chess, Cricket, Field hockey, Gymnastics, Shooting, Snooker, Tennis, Wrestling, Weightlifting, and Yacht racing. The most recent recipients of the award are Weightlifter Saikhom Mirabai Chanu and Cricketer Virat Kohli.\n" ]
[ "Weightlifter Saikhom Mirabai Chanu", "Cricketer Virat Kohli" ]
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Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar - wikipedia Gregorian calendar Jump to : navigation , search For the calendar of religious holidays and periods , see Liturgical year . For this year 's Gregorian calendar , see Common year starting on Sunday . 2017 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 2017 MMXVII Ab urbe condita 2770 Armenian calendar 1466 ԹՎ ՌՆԿԶ Assyrian calendar 6767 Bahá'í calendar 173 -- 174 Balinese saka calendar 1938 -- 1939 Bengali calendar 1424 Berber calendar 2967 British Regnal year 65 Eliz. 2 -- 66 Eliz. 2 Buddhist calendar 2561 Burmese calendar 1379 Byzantine calendar 7525 -- 7526 Chinese calendar 丙 申 年 ( Fire Monkey ) 4713 or 4653 -- to -- 丁酉 年 ( Fire Rooster ) 4714 or 4654 Coptic calendar 1733 -- 1734 Discordian calendar 3183 Ethiopian calendar 2009 -- 2010 Hebrew calendar 5777 -- 5778 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 2073 -- 2074 - Shaka Samvat 1938 -- 1939 - Kali Yuga 5117 -- 5118 Holocene calendar 12017 Igbo calendar 1017 -- 1018 Iranian calendar 1395 -- 1396 Islamic calendar 1438 -- 1439 Japanese calendar Heisei 29 ( 平成 29 年 ) Javanese calendar 1950 -- 1951 Juche calendar 106 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days Korean calendar 4350 Minguo calendar ROC 106 民國 106 年 Nanakshahi calendar 549 Thai solar calendar 2560 Tibetan calendar 阳 火 猴 年 ( male Fire - Monkey ) 2143 or 1762 or 990 -- to -- 阴 火 鸡 年 ( female Fire - Rooster ) 2144 or 1763 or 991 Unix time 1483228800 -- 1514764799 This box : view talk edit The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar . It is named after Pope Gregory XIII , who introduced it in October 1582 . The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0.002 % correction in the length of the year . The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices -- particularly the northern vernal equinox , which helps set the date for Easter . Transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church . The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe . Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time , at least for civil purposes and for the sake of convenience in international trade . The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece , in 1923 . Many ( but not all ) countries that have traditionally used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes . The Gregorian reform contained two parts : a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII 's time and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church , with the Julian calendar , to calculate the date of Easter . The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius . His proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97 , by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years . Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter , solving a long - standing obstacle to calendar reform . The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar 's scheme of leap years as follows : Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year , except for years that are exactly divisible by 100 , but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400 . For example , the years 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 are not leap years , but the year 2000 is . In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days ( 365 days 6 hours ) to 365.2425 days ( 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds ) , a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year , the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths . The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century , when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year 's position in the leap year cycle . As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox , the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March . The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days . To unambiguously specify a date , dual dating or Old Style and New Style dates are sometimes used . Dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date because of differences in the starting date of the year or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates . The `` Old Style '' ( O.S. ) and `` New Style '' ( N.S. ) notations indicate either that the start of the Julian year has ( or has not ) been adjusted to start on 1 January ( even though documents written at the time use a different start of year ) , or that a date conforms to the ( old ) Julian calendar rather than the ( new ) Gregorian . The Gregorian calendar continued to use the previous calendar era ( year - numbering system ) , which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity ( Anno Domini ) , originally calculated in the 6th century by Dionysius Exiguus . This year - numbering system , also known as Dionysian era or Common Era , is the predominant international standard today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Gregorian reform 2.1 Background 2.2 Preparation 2.3 Adoption 3 Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates 4 Beginning of the year 5 Dual dating 5.1 Old Style and New Style dates 6 Proleptic Gregorian calendar 7 Months 8 Weeks 9 Accuracy 9.1 Calendar seasonal error 10 Proposed reforms 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 References 15 External links Description A year is divided into twelve months No . Name Length in days January 31 February 28 ( 29 in leap years ) March 31 April 30 5 May 31 6 June 30 7 July 31 8 August 31 9 September 30 10 October 31 11 November 30 12 December 31 Christopher Clavius ( 1538 -- 1612 ) , one of the main authors of the reform . Pope Gregory XIII in an early 17th - century engraving . The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar . A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days , but as in the Julian calendar , in a leap year , a leap day is added to February . In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years , but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years . In the Julian calendar , this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February , and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day . In the modern period , it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month , and 29 February is often considered as the leap day . Some churches , notably the Roman Catholic Church , delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years . Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers . The cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days , which equals 400 years . Of these 400 years , 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days . A mean calendar year is 365 97 400 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 97 ) ( 400 ) ) ) days = 365.2425 days , or 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes and 12 seconds . A calendar date is fully specified by the year ( numbered by some scheme beyond the scope of the calendar itself ) , the month ( identified by name or number ) , and the day of the month ( numbered sequentially starting at 1 ) . Although the calendar year currently runs from 1 January to 31 December , at previous times year numbers were based on a different starting point within the calendar ( see the `` beginning of the year '' section below ) . Gregorian reform First page of the papal bull Inter gravissimas Detail of the pope 's tomb by Camillo Rusconi ( completed 1723 ) ; Antonio Lilio is genuflecting before the pope , presenting his printed calendar . The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar . It was instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII , after whom the calendar was named , by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 . The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church . Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day , it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria ( see Easter for the issues which arose ) . Background Further information : Computus Because the date of Easter was tied to the Spring Equinox , the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable . The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon ( computed using the Metonic cycle ) that falls on or after the vernal equinox , which they placed on 21 March . However , the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March ( Lady Day ) as the equinox ( until 342 ) , and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon . In the Alexandrian system , since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April . This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April . In Rome , Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April , that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival . The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April . Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon , whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox . Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day . By the 10th century all churches ( except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire ) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter , which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March , although Bede had already noted its drift in 725 -- it had drifted even further by the 16th century . Worse , the reckoned Moon that was used to compute Easter was fixed to the Julian year by a 19 - year cycle . That approximation built up an error of one day every 310 years , so by the 16th century the lunar calendar was out of phase with the real Moon by four days . European scholars had been well aware of the calendar drift since the early medieval period . Bede , writing in the 8th century , showed that the accumulated error in his day was more than three days . Roger Bacon in c. 1200 estimated the error at seven or eight days . Dante , writing c. 1300 , was aware of the need of a calendar reform . The first attempt to go forward with such a reform was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV , who in 1475 invited Regiomontanus to the Vatican for this purpose . However , the project was interrupted by the death of Regiomontanus shortly after his arrival in Rome . The increase of astronomical knowledge and the precision of observations towards the end of the 15th century made the question more pressing . Numerous publications over the following decades called for a calendar reform , among them a paper sent to the Vatican by the University of Salamanca in 1515 , but the project was not taken up again until the 1540s , and implemented only under Pope Gregory XIII ( r . 1572 -- 1585 ) . Preparation In 1545 , the Council of Trent authorized Pope Paul III to reform the calendar , requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift . This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter . In 1577 , a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments . Some of these experts , including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto , believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon , rather than using a tabular method , but these recommendations were not adopted . The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) . Lilius 's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97 , by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years . He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter , solving a long - standing obstacle to calendar reform . Ancient tables provided the sun 's mean longitude . Christopher Clavius , the architect of the Gregorian calendar , noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year . Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies . The Gregorian leap year rule ( 97 leap years in 400 years ) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560 . He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus ( De revolutionibus ) and Reinhold ( Prutenic tables ) . The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days ( the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude ) were 14 , 33 , 9 , 57 ( Alphonsine ) , 14 , 33 , 11 , 12 ( Copernicus ) and 14 , 33 , 9 , 24 ( Reinhold ) . All values are the same to two places ( 14 : 33 ) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year . Thus Pitatus ' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers . Lilius 's proposals had two components . Firstly , he proposed a correction to the length of the year . The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long . As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days , the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year . The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years . Lilius 's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days ( see Accuracy ) . At the time of Gregory 's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea , resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March , and if unreformed it would drift further . Lilius proposed that the 10 - day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years , thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March . Lilius 's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued , 800 - page volume . He would later defend his and Lilius 's work against detractors . Clavius 's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move , and it was this advice which prevailed with Gregory . The second component consisted of an approximation which would provide an accurate yet simple , rule - based calendar . Lilius 's formula was a 10 - day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea , and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4 . The proposed rule was that years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well . The 19 - year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years ( 8 times in 2500 years ) along with corrections for the years that are no longer leap years ( i.e. , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , etc . ) . In fact , a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced . When the new calendar was put in use , the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days . The Julian calendar day Thursday , 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar , Friday , 15 October 1582 ( the cycle of weekdays was not affected ) . Adoption Main article : Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Although Gregory 's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church , the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States . The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar , over which he had no authority . They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect . The bull Inter gravissimas became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582 , but it was not recognised by Protestant Churches , Orthodox Churches , and a few others . Consequently , the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged . A month after having decreed the reform , the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio , the brother of Luigi Lilio , the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years . The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti , one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform , notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio ( Con licentia delli Superiori ... et permissu Ant ( onii ) Lilij ) . The papal brief was later revoked , on 20 September 1582 , because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies . On 29 September 1582 , Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar . This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe , as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy . In these territories , as well as in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( ruled by Anna Jagiellon ) and in the Papal States , the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull , with Julian Thursday , 4 October 1582 , being followed by Gregorian Friday , 15 October 1582 . The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication . Many Protestant countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation ; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold . Britain and the British Empire ( including the eastern part of what is now the United States ) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752 . Sweden followed in 1753 . Prior to 1917 , Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes . The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year ( see Rumi calendar ) . As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of `` escape years '' every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump . From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian , rather than Julian . On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries . Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1582 : Spain , Portugal , France , Poland , Italy , Catholic Low Countries , Luxemburg , and colonies 1610 : Prussia 1700 : ' Germany ' , Swiss Cantons , Protestant Low Countries , Norway , Denmark 1873 : Japan 1912 : China , Albania 1584 : Kingdom of Bohemia 1648 : Alsace 1752 : Great Britain and colonies 1875 : Egypt 1915 : Latvia , Lithuania 1682 : Strasbourg 1753 : Sweden and Finland 1896 : Korea 1916 : Bulgaria 1918 : USSR , Estonia 1919 : Romania , Yugoslavia ( 1923 : Greece 1926 : Turkey Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates . Gregorian range Julian range Difference From 15 October 1582 to 28 February 1700 From 5 October 1582 to 18 February 1700 10 days From 1 March 1700 to 28 February 1800 From 19 February 1700 to 17 February 1800 11 days From 1 March 1800 to 28 February 1900 From 18 February 1800 to 16 February 1900 12 days From 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100 From 17 February 1900 to 15 February 2100 13 days From 1 March 2100 to 28 February 2200 From 16 February 2100 to 14 February 2200 14 days Since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar , the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates has increased by three days every four centuries ( all date ranges are inclusive ) : This section always places the intercalary day on 29 February even though it was always obtained by doubling 24 February ( the bissextum ( twice sixth ) or bissextile day ) until the late Middle Ages . The Gregorian calendar is proleptic before 1582 ( assumed to exist before 1582 ) . The following equation gives the number of days ( actually , dates ) that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar , called the secular difference between the two calendars . A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar . D = ⌊ Y / 100 ⌋ − ⌊ Y / 400 ⌋ − 2 ( \ displaystyle D = \ left \ lfloor ( Y / 100 ) \ right \ rfloor - \ left \ lfloor ( Y / 400 ) \ right \ rfloor - 2 ) where D ( \ displaystyle D ) is the secular difference and Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) is the year using astronomical year numbering , that is , use ( year BC ) − 1 for BC years . ⌊ x ⌋ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ lfloor ( x ) \ right \ rfloor ) means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer . Thus during the 1900s , 1900 / 400 = 4 , while during the − 500s , − 500 / 400 = − 2 . The general rule , in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian , is as follows : Up to 28 February in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value . Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into . When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful , when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of 29 February ( Julian ) , to remember that 29 February is discounted . Thus if the calculated value is − 4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February . Beginning of the year Country Start numbered year on 1 January Adoption of Gregorian calendar Denmark Gradual change from 13th to 16th centuries 1700 Venice 1522 1582 Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic states ) 1544 1583 Spain , Poland , Portugal 1556 1582 Holy Roman Empire ( Protestant states ) 1559 1700 Sweden 1559 1753 France 1564 1582 Southern Netherlands 1576 1582 Lorraine 1579 1682 Dutch Republic 1583 1582 Scotland 1600 1752 Russia 1700 1918 Tuscany 1721 1750 Great Britain and the British Empire except Scotland 1752 1752 The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year , which began on the day when consuls first entered office -- probably 1 May before 222 BC , 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC . The Julian calendar , which began in 45 BC , continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year . Even though the year used for dates changed , the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present . During the Middle Ages , under the influence of the Catholic Church , many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals -- 25 December ( supposed Nativity of Jesus ) , 25 March ( Annunciation ) , or Easter ( France ) , while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September . In common usage , 1 January was regarded as New Year 's Day and celebrated as such , but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ( Lady Day ) . So , for example , the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 ( as the year did not end until 24 March ) , although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649 . Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar . For example , Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 ( this means that 1599 was a short year ) . England , Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 ( so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days ) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March ( O.S. ) , 5 April ( N.S. ) till 1800 , when it moved to 6 April . Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies ( see the section Adoption ) . These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 . In some countries , an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January . For such countries a specific year when a 1 January - year became the norm can be identified . In other countries the customs varied , and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs . Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date , though it is implied by two tables of saint 's days , one labelled 1582 which ends on 31 December , and another for any full year that begins on 1 January . It also specifies its epact relative to 1 January , in contrast with the Julian calendar , which specified it relative to 22 March . The old date was derived from the Greek system : the earlier Supputatio Romana specified it relative to 1 January . Jump up ^ In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the French Republican Calendar . This change was reverted in 1805 . Dual dating Main article : Dual dating During the period between 1582 , when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar , and 1923 , when the last European country adopted it , it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar , for example , `` 10 / 21 February 1750 / 51 '' , where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date . Even before 1582 , the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries . Woolley , writing in his biography of John Dee ( 1527 -- 1608 / 9 ) , notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers `` customarily '' used `` two dates '' on their letters , one OS and one NS . Old Style and New Style dates Main articles : Old Style and New Style dates and Dual dating `` Old Style '' ( OS ) and `` New Style '' ( NS ) are sometimes added to dates to identify which calendar reference system is used for the date given . In Britain and its Colonies , where the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year , and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar , there is some confusion as to what these terms mean . They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January ( NS ) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year ( OS ) ; or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar ( OS ) , formerly in use in many countries , rather than the Gregorian calendar ( NS ) . Proleptic Gregorian calendar Main article : Proleptic Gregorian calendar Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar , which should be used with some caution . For ordinary purposes , the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar , with the year starting on 1 January , and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents . For example , the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin 's Day . Usually , the mapping of new dates onto old dates with a start of year adjustment works well with little confusion for events that happened before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar . But for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752 , there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains in English language histories . Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar . For example , the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704 . Confusion occurs when an event affects both . For example , William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November 1688 ( Julian calendar ) , after setting sail from the Netherlands on 11 November 1688 ( Gregorian calendar ) . Shakespeare and Cervantes seemingly died on exactly the same date ( 23 April 1616 ) , but Cervantes predeceased Shakespeare by ten days in real time ( as Spain used the Gregorian calendar , but Britain used the Julian calendar ) . This coincidence encouraged UNESCO to make 23 April the World Book and Copyright Day . Astronomers avoid this ambiguity by the use of the Julian day number . For dates before the year 1 , unlike the proleptic Gregorian calendar used in the international standard ISO 8601 , the traditional proleptic Gregorian calendar ( like the Julian calendar ) does not have a year 0 and instead uses the ordinal numbers 1 , 2 , ... both for years AD and BC . Thus the traditional time line is 2 BC , 1 BC , AD 1 , and AD 2 . ISO 8601 uses astronomical year numbering which includes a year 0 and negative numbers before it . Thus the ISO 8601 time line is − 0001 , 0000 , 0001 , and 0002 . Months The Gregorian calendar continued to employ the Julian months , which have Latinate names and irregular numbers of days : January ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iānuārius , `` Month of Janus '' , the Roman god of gates , doorways , beginnings and endings February ( 28 days in common and 29 in leap years ) , from Latin mēnsis Februārius , `` Month of the Februa '' , the Roman festival of purgation and purification , cognate with fever , the Etruscan death god Februus ( `` Purifier '' ) , and the PIE word for sulfur March ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Mārtius , `` Month of Mars '' , the Roman war god April ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Aprīlis , of uncertain meaning but usually derived from some form of the verb aperire ( `` to open '' ) or the name of the goddess Aphrodite May ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Māius , `` Month of Maia '' , a Roman vegetation goddess whose name is cognate with Latin magnus ( `` great '' ) and English major June ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iūnius , `` Month of Juno '' , the Roman goddess of marriage , childbirth , and rule July ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iūlius , `` Month of Julius Caesar '' , the month of Caesar 's birth , instituted in 44 BC as part of his calendrical reforms August ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Augustus , `` Month of Augustus '' , instituted by Augustus in 8 BC in agreement with July and from the occurrence during the month of several important events during his rise to power September ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis september , `` seventh month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC October ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis octōber , `` eighth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC November ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis november , `` ninth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC December ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis december , `` tenth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC Europeans sometimes attempt to remember the number of days in each month by memorizing some form of the traditional verse `` Thirty Days Hath September '' . It appears in Latin , Italian , and French , and belongs to a broad oral tradition but the earliest currently attested form of the poem is the English marginalia inserted into a calendar of saints c. 1425 : Thirti dayes hath novembir April june and Septembir . Of xxviij is but oon And alle the remenaunt xxx and j Thirty days have November , April , June , and September . Of 28 is but one And all the remnant 30 and 1 . The knuckle mnemonic for the days of the months of the year Variations appeared in Mother Goose and continue to be taught at schools . The unhelpfulness of such involved mnemonics has been parodied as `` Thirty days hath September / But all the rest I ca n't remember '' but it has also been called `` probably the only sixteenth - century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart '' . A common nonverbal alternative is the knuckle mnemonic , considering the knuckles of one 's hands as months with 31 days and the lower spaces between them as the months with fewer days . Using two hands , one may start from either pinkie knuckle as January and count across , omitting the space between the index knuckles ( July and August ) . The same procedure can be done using the knuckles of a single hand , returning from the last ( July ) to the first ( August ) and continuing through . A similar mnemonic is to move up a piano keyboard in semitones from an F key , taking the white keys as the longer months and the black keys as the shorter ones . Weeks Main article : Seven - day week In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks . A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday , and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month . Calculating the day of the week is not very simple , because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system . When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country , the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted . For example , in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar 's adoption , Friday , 15 October 1582 , the preceding date was Thursday , 4 October 1582 ( Julian calendar ) . Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week . ISO 8601 , in common use worldwide , starts with Monday = 1 ; printed monthly calendar grids often list Mondays in the first ( left ) column of dates and Sundays in the last . Software often starts with Sunday = 0 , which places Sundays in the left column of a monthly calendar page . Accuracy The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years , giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long . This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,030 years with respect to the current value of the mean tropical year . However , because of the precession of the equinoxes , which is not constant , and the movement of the perihelion ( which affects the Earth 's orbital speed ) the error with respect to the astronomical vernal equinox is variable ; using the average interval between vernal equinoxes near 2000 of 365.24237 days implies an error closer to 1 day every 7,700 years . By any criterion , the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar ( average year 365.25 days ) . In the 19th century , Sir John Herschel proposed a modification to the Gregorian calendar with 969 leap days every 4000 years , instead of 970 leap days that the Gregorian calendar would insert over the same period . This would reduce the average year to 365.24225 days . Herschel 's proposal would make the year 4000 , and multiples thereof , common instead of leap . While this modification has often been proposed since , it has never been officially adopted . On time scales of thousands of years , the Gregorian calendar falls behind the astronomical seasons because the slowing down of the Earth 's rotation makes each day slightly longer over time ( see tidal acceleration and leap second ) while the year maintains a more uniform duration . Calendar seasonal error This image shows the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the astronomical seasons . The y - axis is the date in June and the x-axis is Gregorian calendar years . Each point is the date and time of the June solstice in that particular year . The error shifts by about a quarter of a day per year . Centurial years are ordinary years , unless they are divisible by 400 , in which case they are leap years . This causes a correction in the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . For instance , these corrections cause 23 December 1903 to be the latest December solstice , and 20 December 2096 to be the earliest solstice -- about 2.35 days of variation compared with the seasonal event . Proposed reforms The following are proposed reforms of the Gregorian calendar : Holocene calendar International Fixed Calendar ( also called the International Perpetual calendar ) World Calendar World Season Calendar Leap week calendars Pax Calendar Symmetry454 Hanke -- Henry Permanent Calendar See also Christianity portal Calendar reform Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars Doomsday rule French revolutionary calendar Hebrew calendar Islamic calendar Inter gravissimas in English -- Wikisource Julian day calculation History of calendars List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar per country List of calendars Old Calendarists Greek Old Calendarists Revised Julian calendar ( Milanković ) -- used in Eastern Orthodoxy Precursors of the Gregorian reform Johannes de Sacrobosco , De Anni Ratione ( `` On reckoning the years '' ) , c. 1235 Roger Bacon , Opus Majus ( `` Greater Work '' ) , c. 1267 Notes Jump up ^ The international standard for the representation of dates and times , ISO 8601 , uses the Gregorian calendar . Section 3.2. 1 . Jump up ^ In Great Britain and its colonies , `` Old Style '' typically implies that the date is given in the Julian calendar with the year beginning on 25 March , whereas `` New Style '' implies use of the Gregorian calendar with years beginning 1 January . Jump up ^ The first known occurrence of Common Era in English dates to 1708 . Years before the beginning of the era are abbreviated in English as either BC for `` Before Christ '' , or as BCE for `` Before the Common Era '' . Two era names occur within the bull Inter gravissimas itself , anno Incarnationis dominicæ ( `` in the year of the Incarnation of the Lord '' ) for the year it was signed , and anno à Nativitate Domini nostri Jesu Christi ( `` in the year from the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ '' ) for the year it was printed . Jump up ^ The cycle described applies to the solar , or civil , calendar . If one also considers the ecclesiastical lunar rules , the lunisolar Easter computus cycle repeats only after 5,700,000 years of 2,081,882,250 days in 70,499,183 lunar months , based on an assumed mean lunar month of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2 49928114 70499183 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 49928114 ) ( 70499183 ) ) ) seconds . ( Seidelmann ( 1992 ) , p. 582 ) ( To properly function as an Easter computus , this lunisolar cycle must have the same mean year as the Gregorian solar cycle , and indeed that is exactly the case . ) Jump up ^ The extreme length of the Gregorian Easter computus is due to its being the product of the 19 - year Metonic cycle , the thirty different possible values of the epact , and the least common multiple ( 10,000 ) of the 400 - year and 2,500 - year solar and lunar correction cycles . Jump up ^ The same result is obtained by summing the fractional parts implied by the rule : 365 + ⁄ − ⁄ + ⁄ = 365 + 0.25 − 0.01 + 0.0025 = 365.2425 Jump up ^ The last major Christian region to accept the Alexandrian rules was the Carolingian Empire ( most of Western Europe ) during 780 -- 800 . The last monastery in England to accept the Alexandrian rules did so in 931 , and a few churches in southwest Asia beyond the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire continued to use rules that differed slightly , causing four dates for Easter to differ every 532 years . Jump up ^ Pattie reports that mobs rioted at the time of adoption , crying `` Give us back our eleven days '' . He attributes this to irrational resentment of `` black magic '' . However , the mobs were not irrational . Many contracts , such as for rents , ran on a quarterly basis and the law shortened a quarter , in effect defrauding renters of 11 days of lodging that they had paid for . Jump up ^ 1919 in the regions comprising the former Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro ( present - day Kosovo , Montenegro , Serbia and Macedonia ) . The western and northern regions of what became Yugoslavia were already using the Gregorian calendar . For example , most of Slovenia adopted the Gregorian calendar at the same time as Austria in 1583 . Coastal Croatia , which was at the time ruled by Venice , adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582 . Inland Croatia , ruled by the Habsburgs , adopted it in 1587 along with Hungary . The Gregorian calendar was used in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the 16th century by the Catholic population and was formally adopted for government use in 1878 following occupation by Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ In Scotland the legal start of year had been moved to 1 January in 1600 ( Mike Spathaky. Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar ) . Citations Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars . United States Naval Observatory . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Calendars Archived 1 April 2004 at the Wayback Machine . by L.E. Doggett . Section 2 . ^ Jump up to : See Wikisource English translation of the ( Latin ) 1582 papal bull Inter gravissimas . ^ Jump up to : Moyer ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars. ( 15 May 2013 ) . United States Naval Observatory . Jump up ^ Ziggelaar ( 1983 ) , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Nineteen - Year Cycle of Dionysius . Introduction and first argumentum . Jump up ^ Les canons of Les textes fondateurs du calendrier grégorien ( in Latin ) ( in French ) Jump up ^ Richards , p. 101 Jump up ^ Clause 3.2. 1 ISO 8601 Jump up ^ Walker ( 1945 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Pedersen ( 1983 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ For example , in the Julian calendar , at Rome in 1550 , the March equinox occurred at 11 Mar 6 : 51 AM local mean time . `` Seasons calculator '' , Time and Date AS , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ari Ben - Menahem , Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences vol. 1 ( 2009 ) , p. 863 . Jump up ^ Ziggelaar ( 1983 ) , pp. 211 , 214 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Tabule illustrissimi principis regis alfonsii , Prague 1401 − 4 ( Latin ) . A full set of Alphonsine Tables ( including tables for mean motions , conjunctions of sun and moon , equation of time , spherical astronomy , longitudes and latitudes of cities , star tables , eclipse tables ) . Jump up ^ For an example of the information provided see Jacques Cassini , Tables astronomiques du soleil , de la lune , des planetes , des etoiles fixes , et des satellites de Jupiter et de Saturne , Paris 1740 , available at ( 1 ) ( go forward ten pages to Table III on p. 10 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer , JLE ( 2014 ) . Tycho Brahe . Cambridge . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 06871 - 0 . He remarks that both the Alphonsine and the Prutenic Tables are several hours wrong with regard to the time of the equinoxes and solstices . Jump up ^ North , J ( 1989 ) . The Universal frame : historical essays in astronomy , natural philosophy and scientific method . London . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 907628 - 95 - 8 . He noted on one occasion that the Alphonsine tables differed from the Prutenic by nineteen hours as to the time of the vernal equinox of 1588 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Meeus and Savoie ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Mezzi , E. , and Vizza , F. , Luigi Lilio Medico Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò , Laruffa Editore , Reggio Calabria , 2010 , p. 14 ; p. 52 , citing as primary references : Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale die Firenze , Magl. 5.10. 5 / a , ASV A.A. , Arm . I ‐ XVII , 5506 , f. 362r . Jump up ^ Kamen , Henry ( 1998 ) . Philip of Spain . Yale University Press . p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` Pragmatica '' on the Ten Days of the Year World Digital Library , the first known South American imprint , produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo , of a four - page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582 , decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar . Jump up ^ Pattie ( 1976 ) , pp. 27 - 28 . Jump up ^ A more extensive list is available at Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens ( 1999 ) , p. 788 . Jump up ^ James Evans , The history and practice of ancient astronomy ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) 169 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509539 - 1 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to The Astronomical Ephemeris and The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac ( London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1961 ) 417 . Jump up ^ Herluf Nielsen : Kronologi ( 2nd ed. , Dansk Historisk Fællesforening , Copenhagen 1967 ) , pp. 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Le calendrier grégorien en France ( in French ) Jump up ^ Per decree of 16 June 1575 . Hermann Grotefend , `` Osteranfang '' ( Easter beginning ) , Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit ( Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times ) ( 1891 -- 1898 ) ^ Jump up to : Blackburn & Holford - Strevens ( 1999 ) , p. 784 . Jump up ^ John James Bond , Handy - book of rules and tables for verifying dates with the Christian era Scottish decree on pp. xvii -- xviii . Jump up ^ Roscoe Lamont , The reform of the Julian calendar , Popular Astronomy 28 ( 1920 ) 18 -- 32 . Decree of Peter the Great is on pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Dates : Eponymous Years '' . Tyndalehouse.com . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Spathaky Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar : A summary for genealogists Jump up ^ S.I. Seleschnikow : Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr ? ( Aulis - Verlag , Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1981 , p. 149 ) , which is a German translation of С . И . Селешников : История календаря и хронология ( Издательство `` Наука '' , Moscow 1977 ) . The relevant chapter is available online here : История календаря в России и в СССР ( Calendar history in Russia and the USSR ) . Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from 1 March 1492 to 31 August 1492 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Tuesday 31 December 1661 , The Diary of Samuel Pepys `` I sat down to end my journell for this year , ... '' Jump up ^ Nørby , Toke . The Perpetual Calendar : What about England Version 29 February 2000 Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Journal Volume 8 , 9 June 1660 ( Regicides ) '' . British History Online . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Death warrant of Charles I web page of the UK National Archives . A demonstration of New Style meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment . Jump up ^ Nørby , Toke . The Perpetual Calendar Jump up ^ Benjamin Woolley , The Queen 's Conjurer : The science and magic of Dr. John Dee , adviser to Queen Elizabeth I ( New York : Henry Holt , 2001 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Spathaky , Mike Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar . `` increasingly parish registers , in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing , for example ' 1733 ' , had another heading at the end of the following December indicating ' 1733 / 4 ' . This showed where the New Style 1734 started even though the Old Style 1733 continued until 24th March ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms . It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745 , for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Old or the New Style reckoning . The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS ( if indeed it was Old Style ) or as 20th January 1745 / 6 . The hyphen ( 1745 - 6 ) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time . '' Jump up ^ The October ( November ) Revolution Britannica encyclopaedia , A demonstration of New Style meaning the Gregorian calendar . Jump up ^ Stockton , J.R. Date Miscellany I : The Old and New Styles `` The terms ' Old Style ' and ' New Style ' are now commonly used for both the ' Start of Year ' and ' Leap Year ' ( ( Gregorian calendar ) ) changes ( England & Wales : both in 1752 ; Scotland : 1600 , 1752 ) . I believe that , properly and historically , the ' Styles ' really refer only to the ' Start of Year ' change ( from March 25th to January 1st ) ; and that the ' Leap Year ' change should be described as the change from Julian to Gregorian . '' Jump up ^ `` January , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` February , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Liberman , Anatoly ( 7 March 2007 ) , `` On a Self - Congratulatory Note '' , Oxford Etymologist Archives , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` March , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` April , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ It 's not unusual for month names to be based on natural descriptions but this etymology is sometimes doubted since no other Roman months have such names . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Numa , Ch . xix . Jump up ^ Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 10 . Jump up ^ This derivation was apparently a popular one in ancient Rome , given by Plutarch but rejected by Varro and Cincius . ^ Jump up to : `` May , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` June , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` July , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` August , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : `` September , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` October , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` November , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` December , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Ballew , Pat ( 1 September 2015 ) , `` On This Day in Math '' , Pat 's Blog . Jump up ^ Anianus , Computus Metricus Manualis , Strasbourg . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Onofri , Francesca Romana ; et al. ( 2012 ) , Italian for Dummies , Berlitz , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Bond , Otto Ferdinand ; et al. ( 1918 ) , Military Manual of Elementary French , Austin : E.L. Steck , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Misstear , Rachael ( 16 January 2012 ) , `` Welsh Author Digs Deep to Find Medieval Origins of Thirty Days Hath Verse '' , Wales Online , Media Wales . ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Roger ( 30 October 2011 ) , `` The Oldest Rhyme in the Book '' , The Times , London : Times Newspapers . Jump up ^ `` Memorable Mnemonics '' , Today , London : BBC Radio 4 , 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The Cincinnati Enquirer , Cincinnati , 20 September 1924 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Holland , Norman N. ( 1992 ) , The Critical I , New York : Columbia University Press , p. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Seidelmann ( 1992 ) , pp. 580 -- 581 . Jump up ^ Using value from Richards ( 2013 , p. 587 ) for tropical year in mean solar days , the calculation is 1 / ( 365.2425 - 365.24217 ) Jump up ^ Meeus and Savoie ( 1992 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ John Herschel , Outlines of Astronomy , 1849 , p. 629 . Jump up ^ Steel , Duncan ( 2000 ) . Marking Time : The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar . John Wiley & Sons . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 29827 - 1 . References Blackburn , B. & Holford - Strevens , L. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Blackburn , B. & Holford - Strevens , L. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year : An exploration of calendar customs and time - reckoning , Oxford University Press . Coyne , G.V. , Hoskin , M.A. , Pedersen , O. ( Eds . ) ( 1983 ) . Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary , 1582 -- 1982 . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Vatican Observatory ( Pontificia Academia Scientarum , Specola Vaticana ) . Borkowski , K.M. , ( 1991 ) . `` The tropical calendar and solar year '' , J. Royal Astronomical Soc. of Canada 85 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 130 . Barsoum , Ignatius A. ( 2003 ) . The Scattered Pearls . Piscataway : Georgias Press . Duncan , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Calendar : Humanity 's Epic Struggle To Determine A True And Accurate Year . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780380793242 . Gregory XIII. ( 2002 ( 1582 ) ) . Inter Gravissimas ( subscription required ) ( W. Spenser & R.T. Crowley , Trans . ) . International Organization for Standardization . Meeus , J. & Savoie , D. ( 1992 ) . The history of the tropical year . Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 102 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 42 . Morrison , L.V. & Stephenson , F.R. ( 2004 ) . Historical values of the Earth 's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses . Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 35 , Part 3 , No. 120 , pp. 327 -- 336 . Moyer , Gordon ( May 1982 ) . `` The Gregorian Calendar '' . Scientific American , pp. 144 -- 152 . Moyer , Gordon ( 1983 ) . `` Aloisius Lilius and the Compendium Novae Rationis Restituendi Kalendarium '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( 1983 ) , pp. 171 -- 188 . Pattie , T.S. ( 1976 ) `` An unexpected effect of the change in calendar in 1752 '' . British Library Journal . Pedersen , O. ( 1983 ) . `` The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( eds ) , Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Specolo Vaticano , pp. 17 -- 74 . Richards , E.G. ( 1998 ) . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History . Oxford U. Press . Richards , E.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Calendars '' . In S.E. Urban and P.K. Seidelmann ( eds . ) , Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac ( pp. 585 -- 624 ) . Mill Valley CA : University Science Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 85 - 6 Seidelmann , P.K. ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Sausalito , CA : University Science Books . Swerdlow , N.M. ( 1986 ) . The Length of the Year in the Original Proposal for the Gregorian Calendar . Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 17 , No. 49 , pp. 109 -- 118 . Walker , G.W. `` Easter Intervals '' . Popular Astronomy June 1945 , Vol. 53 , pp. 162 -- 178 , 218 -- 232 . Ziggelaar , A. ( 1983 ) . `` The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( eds ) , Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Specolo Vaticano , pp. 201 -- 239 . External links Gregorian calendar on In Our Time at the BBC . Calendar Converter Inter Gravissimas ( Latin and French plus English ) History of Gregorian Calendar The Perpetual Calendar Gregorian Calendar adoption dates for many countries . 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when did the us adopt the gregorian calendar
[ "\n1584: Kingdom of Bohemia\n1648: Alsace\n1752: Great Britain and colonies\n1875: Egypt\n1915: Latvia, Lithuania\n" ]
[ "1752" ]
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Monsignor
Monsignor - wikipedia Monsignor Jump to : navigation , search `` Mgr . '' redirects here . For the academic degree , see Magister ( degree ) . For the 1982 film , see Monsignor ( film ) . Part of a series on the Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Saint Peter Ecclesiastical titles ( order of precedence ) Pope Cardinal Cardinal Vicar Moderator of the curia Chaplain of His Holiness Papal legate Papal majordomo Apostolic Nuncio Apostolic Delegate Apostolic Syndic Apostolic visitor Vicar Apostolic Apostolic Exarch Apostolic Prefect Assistant at the Pontifical Throne Eparch Metropolitan Patriarch Bishop Archbishop Bishop Emeritus Diocesan bishop Major archbishop Primate Suffragan bishop Titular bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Territorial prelate Territorial abbot Liturgical titles ( show ) Acolyte Consecrator Lector Reader Subdeacon Administrative and pastoral titles ( show ) Auditor Brother Chancellor Chaplain Military chaplain Military ordinary Coarb Confessor Consultor Curate Deacon Defender of the Bond Definitor Devil 's advocate Diocesan administrator Ecclesiastical judge Episcopal vicar Exorcist Judicial vicar Lay brother Lay cardinal Monsignor Officialis Pastor Assistant pastor Personal prelate Preacher Prefect Presbyter Priest Protonotary Apostolic Saint Blessed Venerable Seminarian Vicar forane Vicar general Consecrated and professed titles ( show ) Abbess Abbot Consecrated virgin Corrector Custos Friar Dean Grand Master Hermit Master general Master of novices Monk Novice Nun Postulant Oblate Prior Provincial superior Rector Religious Superior general Additional titles ( show ) Almoner Altar server Archimandrite Archpriest Archdeacon Canon Chorbishop Commissary Apostolic Datarius Honorary Prelate Minor canon Notarius Ostiarius Peritus Postulator Precentor Prince - bishop Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodeacon Protosyncellus Regionarius Organization titles ( show ) Grand Master Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of the Holy Sepulchre Teutonic Knights Catholicism portal Monsignor ( / mɒnˈsiːnjər / ) is an honorific form of address for those members of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church including bishops , honorary prelates and canons . In some cases , these ecclesiastical honorific titles derive from the pope , but in other cases it is simply a customary or honorary style belonging to a prelate or honorary prelate . These are granted to individuals who have rendered valuable service to the Church , or who provide some special function in Church governance , or who are members of bodies such as certain chapters . The title is never bestowed on those classified as religious in Catholicism . Although in some languages the word is used as a form of address for bishops , which is indeed its primary use in those languages , this is not customary in English . Monsignor is the apocopic form of the Italian monsignore , from the French mon seigneur , meaning `` my lord '' . It is abbreviated Mgr , Msgr , or Mons . `` Monsignor '' is a form of address , not an appointment : properly speaking , one can not be `` made a monsignor '' or be `` the monsignor of a parish '' . The title or form of address is associated with certain papal awards , which Pope Paul VI reduced to three classes : those of Protonotary Apostolic , Honorary Prelate , and Chaplain of His Holiness . Apart from those working in the Roman Curia and the diplomatic service of the Holy See , it is usually on the proposal of the local bishop that the Pope grants this title to Catholic diocesan clergy . The grant is subject to criteria of the Holy See that include a minimum age . Soon after his election in March 2013 , Pope Francis suspended the granting of the honorific title of Monsignor except to members of the Holy See 's diplomatic service . In December of the same year he communicated his definitive decision to accept no further requests from bishops for appointments to any class but that of Chaplain of His Holiness , the lowest of the three classes , and that candidates presented must be at least 65 years old . He himself , during his 15 years as archbishop of Buenos Aires , never asked that any of his priests receive the title , and he was understood to associate it with clerical `` careerism '' . Grants already made were not revoked . Appointments to all three classes of awards continue to be granted to officials of the Roman Curia and the diplomatic service of the Holy See , and there was no revocation of privileges granted to certain bodies such as chapters of canons whereby all their members or some of them have the rank of Protonotary Apostolic , Honorary Prelate or Chaplain of His Holiness . Also unaffected is the association of the style with the office of vicar general , an appointment made by the bishop of the diocese , not by the Pope . Without necessarily being a protonotary apostolic , a diocesan priest has that titular rank as long as he remains in office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title and forms of address 2 Classes of monsignori 3 Ecclesiastical dress 4 Other monsignori 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography Title and forms of address ( edit ) Although in some languages , `` Monsignore '' , `` Monseigneur '' , `` Monsenyor '' , `` Monseñor '' , and the like are normal forms of address for all higher prelates of the Catholic Church below the rank of cardinal or patriarch , including bishops and archbishops , in English bishops are not usually addressed as `` Monsignor '' , a title reserved in English for diocesan priests who have received certain specific honorary awards or who hold certain offices . The written form of address for such a priest is Monsignor ( first name ) ( last name ) or The Reverend Monsignor ( first name ) ( last name ) . The spoken form of address is Monsignor ( last name ) . Before the simplification of ecclesiastical titles in 1969 , those of the lowest class were addressed in English as The Very Reverend Monsignor ( in Latin , Reverendissimus Dominus ; in Italian , Reverendissimo Monsignore ) and those belonging to the higher classes were addressed as The Right Reverend Monsignor ( in Latin , Illustrissimus et Reverendissimus Dominus ; in Italian , Illustrissimo e Reverendissimo Monsignore ) . The 1969 Instruction of the Secretariat of State indicated that the title of `` Monsignor '' may be used for bishops . This is normal practice in Italian , French , Catalan , and Spanish , but not in English . The same instruction indicated that , in the case of bishops , `` Reverendissimus '' ( usually translated in this case as `` Most Reverend '' , rather than `` Very Reverend '' ) , may be added to the word `` Monsignor '' , as also in the case of prelates without episcopal rank who head offices of the Roman Curia , judges of the Rota , the Promotor General of Justice and the Defender of the Bond of the Apostolic Signatura , the Protonotaries Apostolic `` de numero '' , and the four Clerics of the Camera . The ( in meaning identical ) predicate `` His Lordship '' or `` Your Lordship '' is , in English , used as a clerical title only for bishops . Classes of monsignori ( edit ) Until 1968 there were at least 14 different grades , including domestic prelates , four kinds of protonotaries apostolic , four kinds of papal chamberlains , and at least five types of papal chaplains . Pope Paul VI in his motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968 reduced the grades to three . Since then , protonotaries apostolic have been classified either de numero or supernumerary . Most of the former classes of chamberlains and chaplains were abolished , leaving only a single class of `` Chaplains of His Holiness '' , a specifically priestly - sounding category . The three ranks established by Pope Paul VI are , in descending order of precedence : Protonotary Apostolic , of which two types were retained : de numero ( the higher and less common form , customarily only seven ) supernumerary ( the highest grade of monsignor found outside Rome ) Honorary Prelate of His Holiness ( formerly `` Domestic Prelate '' ) Chaplain of His Holiness ( formerly `` Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain '' ) Before 1968 the appointment of a Privy Chamberlain expired at the death of the Pope who granted it . This no longer holds . Those listed in the index of the Annuario Pontificio as Chaplains of His Holiness continue to be listed in the edition that follow the death of the Pope , as after the deaths of Popes Paul VI and John Paul I in 1978 and after that of Pope John Paul II in 2005 . In 2014 , Pope Francis abolished the practice of granting priests under the age of 65 the title of `` monsignor '' . However , existing members of all three ranks established by Pope Paul VI retain their membership . Higher ranks are still attained by virtue of membership of certain chapters of canons or because of being a vicar general , and new appointments continue to be made for officials of the Roman Curia and the diplomatic service of the Holy See . Generic coat of arms of a protonotary apostolic : amaranth galero with 12 scarlet tassels Generic coat of arms of an honorary prelate : amaranth galero with 12 violet tassels Generic coat of arms of a Chaplain of His Holiness : black galero with 12 violet tassels Ecclesiastical dress ( edit ) The 1969 Instruction of the Secretariat of State also simplified the dress of monsignori . Chaplains of His Holiness use a purple - trimmed black cassock with purple sash for all occasions . Honorary Prelates use a red - trimmed black cassock with purple sash for all occasions . The red is the same shade as that used by bishops . They may use a purple cassock as their choir dress for liturgical events of special solemnity . Supernumerary Protonotaries Apostolic dress the same as Honorary Prelates . As an additional privilege , they have the option of also using a purple ferraiuolo , a silk cape worn with the red - trimmed black cassock for non-liturgical events of special solemnity ( for instance , graduations and commencements ) . Protonotaries Apostolic de numero ( and other superior prelates of the offices of the Roman curia who are not bishops and who , as indicated above , may be addressed as Most Reverend Monsignor ) have the same dress as other Protonotaries Apostolic , but wear the mantelletta in choir and a black biretta with a red tuft . They are thus called prelati di mantelletta ( prelates of the mantelletta ) because of this distinctive item of dress . Other monsignori ( edit ) Under legislation of Pope Pius X , vicars general and vicars capitular ( the latter are now called diocesan administrators ) are titular ( not actual ) Protonotaries durante munere , i.e. as long as they hold those offices , and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor . The only privileges of dress that Pope Pius X granted them were a black silk fringed sash ( fascia ) , black piping on the biretta with a black tuft , and a black mantelletta . As a result of this they were in some countries referred to as `` black protonotaries '' . However , Pontificalis domus of Paul VI removed this position ( titular protonotaries ) from the Papal Household , even though the title of `` monsignor '' , which is to be distinguished from a prelatial rank , has not been withdrawn from vicars general , as can be seen , for instance , from the placing of the abbreviated title `` Mons . '' before the name of every member of the secular ( diocesan ) clergy listed as a vicar general in the Annuario Pontificio . ( Honorary titles such as that of `` Monsignor '' are not considered appropriate for religious . ) Under Paul VI , the Secretariat of State set minimum qualifications of age and priesthood for the appointment of Chaplains of His Holiness ( 35 years of age and 10 of priesthood ) , Honorary Prelates ( 45 of age and 15 of priesthood ) and Protonotaries Apostolic Supernumerary ( 55 of age and 20 of priesthood ) . However , it waived the minimum age limit for vicars general proposed for appointment as Honorary Prelates , in view of the fact that , as long as they hold the office of vicar general , they also held the still higher rank of Protonotary Apostolic Supernumerary . For the same reason , the Secretariat of State did not consider it appropriate that someone who was already a vicar general be appointed only a Chaplain of His Holiness . All these criteria have been superseded by the 2013 decision of Pope Francis to grant only the title of Chaplain of His Holiness and to require even for this a minimum age of 65 years . See also ( edit ) Catholic Church hierarchy Milord Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Especially in the United States e.g. Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas , Diocese of Miami , Diocese of Tyler . Jump up ^ E.g. Diocese of Derry , Parish of Zejtun , Malta . This is the regular abbreviation in Italian . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catholic Education Resource Center , `` ow to Address Church Officials '' Jump up ^ The New York Times , ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The Rt Rev Mgr Graham Leonard '' , The Telegraph ( obituary ) , UK . Jump up ^ Deceased clergy , Australian Catholic Directory . Jump up ^ Clergy within Diocese , UK : Romanist catholic Diocese of Paisley , archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Catholic Dallas , archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bulletin ( PDF ) , Miami Archdiocese , 2009 - 03 - 09 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Office directory , Diocese of Tyler , archived from the original on September 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ Contacts , Derry diocese , archived from the original on November 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ Zejtun parish , Malta , archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Il Messaggero ( PDF ) , Fine settimana , 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pope scales back honorifics '' , The Tablet , Rorate Cæli , Sep 2013 , archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Gerard ( 4 January 2014 ) . `` Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65 '' . Vatican Insider . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pope limits ' monsignor ' honor for diocesan priests '' , Catholic News Service , archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pope Francis reforms ecclesiastical honours '' , Vatican Radio , 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio , Vaticana , 2013 , pp. 1846 -- 48 , ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 9070 - 1 . Jump up ^ Secretary of State 2000 : `` 26 . For Supernumerary Apostolic Protonotaries , Prelates of Honour and Chaplains of His Holiness there may be used the title ' Monsignor ' , preceded , where appropriate , by ' Reverend ' '' . Jump up ^ Secretary of State 2000 , 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Galles 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Annuario Pontificio 2012 , p. 1853 Jump up ^ Pope Pius X ( 21 February 1905 ) , Inter multiplices curas , 62 , Pariter , qui vicarii generalis aut etiam capitularis munere fungitur , hoc munere dumtaxat perdurante , erit protonotarius titularis . Jump up ^ `` Super habitu quotidiano , occasione solemnis conventus , audientiae et similium ... zonam tantum sericam nigram , cum laciniis item nigris , gestare poterunt , cum pileo chordula ac floccis nigris ornato '' ( Inter multiplices curas , 67 ) . Jump up ^ Noonan 1996 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baumgarten , Paul Maria ( 1913 ) . `` Monsignor '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Boudinhon , A. ( 1913 ) . `` Monseigneur '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Galles , Duane LCM ( March 19 , 1999 ) , Chaplains of His Holiness , St. Joseph Foundation , archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 , retrieved 2006 - 09 - 01 Heim , Bruno Bernard ( 1978 ) . Heraldry in the Catholic Church . Humanities Press . ISBN 0 - 391 - 00873 - 0 . Kirsch , J.P. ( 1913 ) . `` Prothonotary Apostolic '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Secretary of State , Cardinal ( 2000 ) ( 28 March 1969 ) , Miranda , Salvador , ed. , `` Instruction on the dress , titles and coat - of - arms of cardinals , bishops and lesser prelates '' , L'Osservatore Romano , The Vatican , II , p. 4 , retrieved 2006 - 09 - 01 Latin text of the Instruction , with an unofficial English translation . Noonan , James - Charles jr ( 1996 ) , The Church Visible : The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church , Viking , pp. 315 -- 16 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 86745 - 4 Montini , Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria ( 28 March 1968 ) , Pontificalis domus ( On the Papal Household , Reform of the Use of Pontifical Insignia , Simplification of Pontifical Rites and Insignia ) ( in Latin ) , Washington , D.C. : United States Catholic Conference , Italian -- -- -- ( 21 June 1968 ) , Pontificalis insignia ( Pontifical insignia ) ( in Latin ) , Rome , IT : The Vatican , Italian Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monsignor&oldid=835369842 '' Categories : Papal chamberlains Catholic priesthood Ecclesiastical titles Holy See Italian words and phrases Styles ( manners of address ) Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing more detailed references CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 08 : 38 . 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what does the title monsignor mean in the catholic church
[ "Monsignor (/mɒnˈsiːnjər/) is an honorific form of address for those members of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church including bishops, honorary prelates and canons. In some cases, these ecclesiastical honorific titles derive from the pope, but in other cases it is simply a customary or honorary style belonging to a prelate or honorary prelate. These are granted to individuals who have rendered valuable service to the Church, or who provide some special function in Church governance, or who are members of bodies such as certain chapters. The title is never bestowed on those classified as religious in Catholicism. Although in some languages the word is used as a form of address for bishops, which is indeed its primary use in those languages, this is not customary in English.[1] Monsignor is the apocopic form of the Italian monsignore, from the French mon seigneur, meaning \"my lord\". It is abbreviated Mgr,[2][3][4][5] Msgr,[a] or Mons.[b]" ]
[ "honorific form of address for those members of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church including bishops, honorary prelates and canons" ]
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Tang dynasty
Tang dynasty - wikipedia Tang dynasty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tang dynasty ( disambiguation ) . Tang 唐 618 -- 907 690 -- 705 : Zhou dynasty Tang dynasty c. 700 Capital Chang'an ( 618 -- 684 and 705 -- 904 ) Luoyang ( 684 -- 705 and 904 -- 907 ) Languages Middle Chinese Religion Chinese Buddhism Taoism Chinese folk religion Nestorianism Manichaeism Zoroastrianism Government Monarchy Emperor 618 -- 626 ( first ) Emperor Gaozu 626 -- 649 Emperor Taizong 712 -- 756 Emperor Xuanzong 904 -- 907 ( last ) Emperor Ai History Established June 18 , 618 Usurped by Wu Zetian 690 -- 705 An Lushan Rebellion 755 -- 763 Abdication in favour of the Later Liang June 1 , 907 Area 715 5,400,000 km ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) Population 7th century est . 50 million 9th century est . 80 million Currency Chinese coin Chinese cash Preceded by Succeeded by Sui dynasty Eastern Turkic Khaganate Western Turkic Khaganate Goguryeo Later Liang Wu Wuyue Min Former Shu Khitans October 8 , 690 -- March 3 , 705 . December 16 , 755 -- February 17 , 763 . Tang dynasty `` Tang dynasty '' in Han characters Chinese 唐 朝 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Táng cháo Gwoyeu Romatzyh Tarng chaur Wade -- Giles T'ang ch'ao IPA ( thǎŋ ʈʂhǎu ) Wu Romanization Dáõn záu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Tong chiu IPA ( thɔ̏ːŋ tshȉːu ) Jyutping Tong ciu Southern Min Tâi - lô Tông tiâu Middle Chinese Middle Chinese dang djew History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BC Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BC Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BC Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BC Han dynasty 206 BC -- 220 AD Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire ( Chinese : 唐 朝 ) was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . It is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization , and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture . Its territory , acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers , rivaled that of the Han dynasty , and the Tang capital at Chang'an ( present - day Xi'an ) was the most populous city in the world . The dynasty was founded by the Lǐ family ( 李 ) , who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire . The dynasty was briefly interrupted when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne , proclaiming the Second Zhou dynasty ( 690 -- 705 ) and becoming the only Chinese empress regnant . In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries , the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million people . Yet , even when the central government was breaking down and unable to compile an accurate census of the population in the 9th century , it is estimated that the population had grown by then to about 80 million people . With its large population base , the dynasty was able to raise professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers in dominating Inner Asia and the lucrative trade routes along the Silk Road . Various kingdoms and states paid tribute to the Tang court , while the Tang also conquered or subdued several regions which it indirectly controlled through a protectorate system . Besides political hegemony , the Tang also exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring East Asian states such as those in Japan and Korea as well as Vietnam . The Tang dynasty was largely a period of progress and stability in the first half of the dynasty 's rule , until the An Lushan Rebellion and the decline of central authority in the later half of the dynasty . Like the previous Sui dynasty , the Tang dynasty maintained a civil service system by recruiting scholar - officials through standardized examinations and recommendations to office . This civil order was undermined by the rise of regional military governors known as jiedushi during the 9th century . Chinese culture flourished and further matured during the Tang era ; it is considered the greatest age for Chinese poetry . Two of China 's most famous poets , Li Bai and Du Fu , belonged to this age , as did many famous painters such as Han Gan , Zhang Xuan , and Zhou Fang . There was a rich variety of historical literature compiled by scholars , as well as encyclopedias and geographical works . The adoption of the title Tängri Qaghan by the Tang Emperor Taizong in addition to his title as emperor was eastern Asia 's first `` simultaneous kingship '' . There were many notable innovations during the Tang , including the development of woodblock printing . Buddhism became a major influence in Chinese culture , with native Chinese sects gaining prominence . However , Buddhism would later be persecuted by the state , subsequently declining in influence . Although the dynasty and central government were in decline by the 9th century , art and culture continued to flourish . The weakened central government largely withdrew from managing the economy , though the country 's mercantile affairs stayed intact and commercial trade continued to thrive regardless , at least until agrarian rebellions in the latter half of the 9th century brought the dynasty to its knees , resulting in damaging atrocities such as the Guangzhou Massacre . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Wu Zetian 's usurpation 1.3 Emperor Xuanzong 's reign 1.4 An Lushan Rebellion and catastrophe 1.5 Rebuilding and recovery 1.6 End of the dynasty 2 Administration and politics 2.1 Initial reforms 2.2 Imperial examinations 2.3 Religion and politics 2.4 Taxes and the census 3 Military and foreign policy 3.1 Protectorates and tributaries 3.2 Soldiers and conscription 3.3 Turkic and Western regions 3.4 East Asia 4 Economy 4.1 Silk Road 4.2 Seaports and maritime trade 5 Culture and society 5.1 Leisure 5.2 Chang'an , the Tang capital 5.3 Literature 5.4 Religion and philosophy 5.5 Position of women 5.6 Cuisine 6 Science and technology 6.1 Engineering 6.2 Woodblock printing 6.3 Medicine 6.4 Cartography 6.5 Alchemy , gas cylinders , and air conditioning 7 Historiography 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of the Tang dynasty Establishment ( edit ) Main article : Transition from Sui to Tang Portrait painting of Emperor Yang of Sui , commissioned in 643 by Taizong , painted by Yan Liben ( 600 -- 673 ) The Li family belonged to the northwest military aristocracy prevalent during the Sui dynasty and claimed to be paternally descended from the Daoist founder , Laozi ( whose personal name was Li Dan or Li Er ) , the Han dynasty General Li Guang , and Western Liang ruler Li Gao . This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ( 隴西 李 氏 ) , which includes the Tang poet Li Bai . The Tang emperors also had Xianbei maternal ancestry , from Emperor Gaozu of Tang 's Xianbei mother , Duchess Dugu . Li Yuan was Duke of Tang and governor of Taiyuan during the Sui dynasty 's collapse , which was caused in part by the Sui failure to conquer the northern part of the Korean peninsula during the Goguryeo -- Sui War . He had prestige and military experience , and was a first cousin of Emperor Yang of Sui ( their mothers were sisters ) . Li Yuan rose in rebellion in 617 , along with his son and his equally militant daughter Princess Pingyang ( d . 623 ) , who raised and commanded her own troops . In winter 617 , Li Yuan occupied Chang'an , relegated Emperor Yang to the position of Taishang Huang or retired emperor , and acted as regent to the puppet child - emperor , Emperor Gong of Sui . On the news of Emperor Yang 's murder by General Yuwen Huaji on June 18 , 618 , Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty , the Tang . Li Yuan , known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang , ruled until 626 , when he was forcefully deposed by his son Li Shimin , the Prince of Qin . Li Shimin had commanded troops since the age of 18 , had prowess with bow and arrow , sword and lance and was known for his effective cavalry charges . Fighting a numerically superior army , he defeated Dou Jiande ( 573 -- 621 ) at Luoyang in the Battle of Hulao on May 28 , 621 . In a violent elimination of royal family due to fear of assassination , Li Shimin ambushed and killed two of his brothers , Li Yuanji ( b . 603 ) and Crown prince Li Jiancheng ( b . 589 ) , in the Xuanwu Gate Incident on July 2 , 626 . Shortly thereafter , his father abdicated in his favor and Li Shimin ascended the throne . He is conventionally known by his temple name Taizong . Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) receives Gar Tongtsen Yülsung , ambassador of the Tibetan Empire , at his court ; painted in 641 by Yan Liben ( 600 -- 673 ) Although killing two brothers and deposing his father contradicted the Confucian value of filial piety , Taizong showed himself to be a capable leader who listened to the advice of the wisest members of his council . In 628 , Emperor Taizong held a Buddhist memorial service for the casualties of war , and in 629 he had Buddhist monasteries erected at the sites of major battles so that monks could pray for the fallen on both sides of the fight . This was during the Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks , a Turkic Khaganate that was destroyed after the capture of its ruler , Illig Qaghan , by the famed Tang military officer Li Jing ( 571 -- 649 ) , who later became a Chancellor of the Tang dynasty . With this victory , the Turks accepted Taizong as their khagan , a title rendered as Tian Kehan in addition to his rule as emperor of China under the traditional title `` Son of Heaven '' . Wu Zetian 's usurpation ( edit ) Palace ladies in a garden from a mural of Prince Li Xian 's tomb in the Qianling Mausoleum , where Wu Zetian was also buried in 706 Main article : Zhou dynasty ( 690 -- 705 ) Although she entered Emperor Gaozong 's court as the lowly consort Wu Zhao , Wu Zetian rose to the highest seat of power in 690 , establishing the short - lived Wu Zhou . Empress Wu 's rise to power was achieved through cruel and calculating tactics : a popular conspiracy theory stated that she killed her own baby girl and blamed it on Gaozong 's empress so that the empress would be demoted . Emperor Gaozong suffered a stroke in 655 , and Wu began to make many of his court decisions for him , discussing affairs of state with his councilors , who took orders from her while she sat behind a screen . When Empress Wu 's eldest son , the crown prince , began to assert his authority and advocate policies opposed by Empress Wu , he suddenly died in 675 . Many suspected he was poisoned by Empress Wu . Although the next heir apparent kept a lower profile , in 680 he was accused by Wu of plotting a rebellion and was banished . ( He was later obliged to commit suicide . ) In 683 , Emperor Gaozong died . He was succeeded by Emperor Zhongzong , his eldest surviving son by Wu . Zhongzong tried to appoint his wife 's father as chancellor : after only six weeks on the throne , he was deposed by Empress Wu in favor of his younger brother , 12 - year - old Emperor Ruizong . This provoked a group of Tang princes to rebel in 684 ; Wu 's armies suppressed them within two months . She proclaimed the Tianshou era of Wu Zhou on October 16 , 690 , and three days later demoted Emperor Ruizong to crown prince . He was also forced to give up his father 's surname Li in favor of the empress 's Wu . She then ruled as China 's only empress . A palace coup on February 20 , 705 , forced her to yield her position on February 22 . The next day , her son Zhongzong was restored to power ; the Tang was formally restored on March 3 . She died soon after . To legitimize her rule , she circulated a document known as the Great Cloud Sutra , which predicted that a reincarnation of the Maitreya Buddha would be a female monarch who would dispel illness , worry , and disaster from the world . She even introduced numerous revised written characters to the written language , which reverted to the originals after her death . Arguably the most important part of her legacy was diminishing the power of the northwest aristocracy , allowing people from other clans and regions of China to become more represented in Chinese politics and government . Emperor Xuanzong 's reign ( edit ) The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda , Chang'an ( modern - day Xi'an ) , built in 652 , repaired by Empress Wu Zetian in 704 . There were many prominent women at court during and after Wu 's reign , including Shangguan Wan'er ( 664 -- 710 ) , a poet , writer , and trusted official in charge of Wu 's private office . In 706 the wife of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang , Empress Wei ( d . 710 ) , persuaded her husband to staff government offices with his sister and her daughters , and in 709 requested that he grant women the right to bequeath hereditary privileges to their sons ( which before was a male right only ) . Empress Wei eventually poisoned Zhongzong , whereupon she placed his fifteen - year - old son upon the throne in 710 . Two weeks later , Li Longji ( the later Emperor Xuanzong ) entered the palace with a few followers and slew Empress Wei and her faction . He then installed his father Emperor Ruizong ( r . 710 -- 712 ) on the throne . Just as Emperor Zhongzong was dominated by Empress Wei , so too was Ruizong dominated by Princess Taiping . This was finally ended when Princess Taiping 's coup failed in 712 ( she later hanged herself in 713 ) and Emperor Ruizong abdicated to Emperor Xuanzong . During the 44 - year reign of Emperor Xuanzong , the Tang dynasty reached its height , a golden age with low economic inflation and a toned down lifestyle for the imperial court . Seen as a progressive and benevolent ruler , Xuanzong even abolished the death penalty in the year 747 ; all executions had to be approved beforehand by the emperor himself ( these were relatively few , considering that there were only 24 executions in the year 730 ) . Xuanzong bowed to the consensus of his ministers on policy decisions and made efforts to staff government ministries fairly with different political factions . His staunch Confucian chancellor Zhang Jiuling ( 673 -- 740 ) worked to reduce deflation and increase the money supply by upholding the use of private coinage , while his aristocratic and technocratic successor Li Linfu ( d . 753 ) favored government monopoly over the issuance of coinage . After 737 most of Xuanzong 's confidence rested in his long - standing chancellor Li Linfu , who championed a more aggressive foreign policy employing non-Chinese generals . This policy ultimately created the conditions for a massive rebellion against Xuanzong . An Lushan rebellion and catastrophe ( edit ) Main article : An Lushan Rebellion The Leshan Giant Buddha , 71 m ( 233 ft ) high ; begun in 713 , completed in 803 The Tang Empire was at its height of power up until the middle of the 8th century , when the An Lushan Rebellion ( December 16 , 755 -- February 17 , 763 ) destroyed the prosperity of the empire . An Lushan was a half - Sogdian , half - Turk Tang commander since 744 , had experience fighting the Khitans of Manchuria with a victory in 744 , yet most of his campaigns against the Khitans were unsuccessful . He was given great responsibility in Hebei , which allowed him to rebel with an army of more than one hundred thousand troops . After capturing Luoyang , he named himself emperor of a new , but short - lived , Yan state . Despite early victories scored by Tang General Guo Ziyi ( 697 -- 781 ) , the newly recruited troops of the army at the capital were no match for An Lushan 's die - hard frontier veterans , so the court fled Chang'an . While the heir apparent raised troops in Shanxi and Xuanzong fled to Sichuan province , they called upon the help of the Uyghur Khaganate in 756 . The Uyghur khan Moyanchur was greatly excited at this prospect , and married his own daughter to the Chinese diplomatic envoy once he arrived , receiving in turn a Chinese princess as his bride . The Uyghurs helped recapture the Tang capital from the rebels , but they refused to leave until the Tang paid them an enormous sum of tribute in silk . Even Abbasid Arabs assisted the Tang in putting down An Lushan 's rebellion . The Tibetans took hold of the opportunity and raided many areas under Chinese control , and even after the Tibetan Empire had fallen apart in 842 ( and the Uyghurs soon after ) the Tang were in no position to reconquer Central Asia after 763 . So significant was this loss that half a century later jinshi examination candidates were required to write an essay on the causes of the Tang 's decline . Although An Lushan was killed by one of his eunuchs in 757 , this time of troubles and widespread insurrection continued until rebel Shi Siming was killed by his own son in 763 . Nanchan Temple ( Wutai ) , built during the late 8th century One of the legacies that the Tang government left since 710 was the gradual rise of regional military governors , the jiedushi , who slowly came to challenge the power of the central government . After the An Lushan Rebellion , the autonomous power and authority accumulated by the jiedushi in Hebei went beyond the central government 's control . After a series of rebellions between 781 and 784 in today 's Hebei , Shandong , Hubei and Henan provinces , the government had to officially acknowledge the jiedushi 's hereditary ruling without accreditation . The Tang government relied on these governors and their armies for protection and to suppress locals that would take up arms against the government . In return , the central government would acknowledge the rights of these governors to maintain their army , collect taxes and even to pass on their title to heirs . As time passed , these military governors slowly phased out the prominence of civil officials drafted by exams , and became more autonomous from central authority . The rule of these powerful military governors lasted until 960 , when a new civil order under the Song dynasty was established . Also , the abandonment of the equal - field system meant that people could buy and sell land freely . Many poor fell into debt because of this , forced to sell their land to the wealthy , which led to the exponential growth of large estates . With the breakdown of the land allocation system after 755 , the central Chinese state barely interfered in agricultural management and acted merely as tax collector for roughly a millennium , save a few instances such as the Song 's failed land nationalization during the 13th - century war with the Mongols . With the central government collapsing in authority over the various regions of the empire , it was recorded in 845 that bandits and river pirates in parties of 100 or more began plundering settlements along the Yangtze River with little resistance . In 858 , enormous floods along the Grand Canal inundated vast tracts of land and terrain of the North China Plain , which drowned tens of thousands of people in the process . The Chinese belief in the Mandate of Heaven granted to the ailing Tang was also challenged when natural calamities occurred , forcing many to believe the Heavens were displeased and that the Tang had lost their right to rule . Then in 873 a disastrous harvest shook the foundations of the empire ; in some areas only half of all agricultural produce was gathered , and tens of thousands faced famine and starvation . In the earlier period of the Tang , the central government was able to meet crises in the harvest , as it was recorded from 714 -- 719 that the Tang government responded effectively to natural disasters by extending the price - regulation granary system throughout the country . The central government was able then to build a large surplus stock of foods to ward off the rising danger of famine and increased agricultural productivity through land reclamation . In the 9th century , however , the Tang government was nearly helpless in dealing with any calamity . Eighty Seven Celestials , draft painting of a fresco by Wu Daozi ( c. 685 -- 758 ) Rebuilding and recovery ( edit ) Xumi Pagoda , built in 636 Although these natural calamities and rebellions stained the reputation and hampered the effectiveness of the central government , the early 9th century is nonetheless viewed as a period of recovery for the Tang dynasty . The government 's withdrawal from its role in managing the economy had the unintended effect of stimulating trade , as more markets with less bureaucratic restrictions were opened up . By 780 , the old grain tax and labor service of the 7th century was replaced by a semiannual tax paid in cash , signifying the shift to a money economy boosted by the merchant class . Cities in the Jiangnan region to the south , such as Yangzhou , Suzhou , and Hangzhou prospered the most economically during the late Tang period . The government monopoly on the production of salt , weakened after the An Shi Rebellion , was placed under the Salt Commission , which became one of the most powerful state agencies , run by capable ministers chosen as specialists . The commission began the practice of selling merchants the rights to buy monopoly salt , which they would then transport and sell in local markets . In 799 salt accounted for over half of the government 's revenues . S.A.M. Adshead writes that this salt tax represents `` the first time that an indirect tax , rather than tribute , levies on land or people , or profit from state enterprises such as mines , had been the primary resource of a major state . '' Even after the power of the central government was in decline after the mid 8th century , it was still able to function and give out imperial orders on a massive scale . The Tangshu ( Old Book of Tang ) compiled in the year 945 recorded that in 828 the Tang government issued a decree that standardized irrigational square - pallet chain pumps in the country : In the second year of the Taihe reign period ( 828 ) , in the second month ... a standard model of the chain pump was issued from the palace , and the people of Jingzhao Fu ( d footnote : the capital ) were ordered by the emperor to make a considerable number of machines , for distribution to the people along the Zheng Bai Canal , for irrigation purposes . Painting of the scholar Fu Sheng , by the Tang poet , musician , and painter Wang Wei ( 701 -- 761 ) The last great ambitious ruler of the Tang dynasty was Emperor Xianzong ( r . 805 -- 820 ) , whose reign was aided by the fiscal reforms of the 780s , including a government monopoly on the salt industry . He also had an effective well trained imperial army stationed at the capital led by his court eunuchs ; this was the Army of Divine Strategy , numbering 240,000 in strength as recorded in 798 . Between the years 806 and 819 , Emperor Xianzong conducted seven major military campaigns to quell the rebellious provinces that had claimed autonomy from central authority , managing to subdue all but two of them . Under his reign there was a brief end to the hereditary jiedushi , as Xianzong appointed his own military officers and staffed the regional bureaucracies once again with civil officials . However , Xianzong 's successors proved less capable and more interested in the leisure of hunting , feasting , and playing outdoor sports , allowing eunuchs to amass more power as drafted scholar - officials caused strife in the bureaucracy with factional parties . The eunuchs ' power became unchallenged after Emperor Wenzong 's ( r . 826 -- 840 ) failed plot to have them overthrown ; instead the allies of Emperor Wenzong were publicly executed in the West Market of Chang'an , by the eunuchs ' command . However , the Tang did manage to restore at least indirect control over former Tang territories as far west as the Hexi Corridor and Dunhuang in Gansu . In 848 the ethnic Han Chinese general Zhang Yichao ( 799 - 872 ) managed to wrestle control of the region from the Tibetan Empire during its civil war . Shortly afterwards Emperor Xuānzong of Tang ( r . 846 - 859 ) acknowledged Zhang as the protector ( 防禦 使 , Fangyushi ) of Sha Prefecture and jiedushi military governor of the new Guiyi Circuit . End of the dynasty ( edit ) In addition to natural calamities and jiedushi amassing autonomous control , the Huang Chao Rebellion ( 874 -- 884 ) resulted in the sacking of both Chang'an and Luoyang , and took an entire decade to suppress . Although the rebellion was defeated by the Tang , it never recovered from that crucial blow , weakening it for the future military powers to take over . There were also large groups of bandits , in the size of small armies , that ravaged the countryside in the last years of the Tang , who smuggled illicit salt , ambushed merchants and convoys , and even besieged several walled cities . Zhu Wen , originally a salt smuggler who had served under the rebel Huang , surrendered to Tang forces . By helping to defeat Huang , he was granted a series of rapid military promotions . In 907 the Tang dynasty was ended when Zhu Wen , now a military governor , deposed the last emperor of Tang , Emperor Ai of Tang , and took the throne for himself ( known posthumously as Emperor Taizu of Later Liang ) . He established the Later Liang , which inaugurated the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . A year later Zhu Wen had the deposed Emperor Ai poisoned to death . Administration and politics ( edit ) See also : Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty Initial reforms ( edit ) A Tang sancai - glazed carved relief showing horseback riders playing polo Taizong set out to solve internal problems within the government which had constantly plagued past dynasties . Building upon the Sui legal code , he issued a new legal code that subsequent Chinese dynasties would model theirs upon , as well as neighboring polities in Vietnam , Korea , and Japan . The earliest law code to survive was the one established in the year 653 , which was divided into 500 articles specifying different crimes and penalties ranging from ten blows with a light stick , one hundred blows with a heavy rod , exile , penal servitude , or execution . The legal code distinguished different levels of severity in meted punishments when different members of the social and political hierarchy committed the same crime . For example , the severity of punishment was different when a servant or nephew killed a master or an uncle than when a master or uncle killed a servant or nephew . The Tang Code was largely retained by later codes such as the early Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) code of 1397 , yet there were several revisions in later times , such as improved property rights for women during the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . The Tang had three departments ( Chinese : 省 ; pinyin : shěng ) , which were obliged to draft , review , and implement policies respectively . There were also six ministries ( Chinese : 部 ; pinyin : bù ) under the administrations that implemented policy , each of which was assigned different tasks . These Three Departments and Six Ministries included the personnel administration , finance , rites , military , justice , and public works -- an administrative model which would last until the fall of the Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) . Tang era gilt - gold bowl with lotus and animal motifs Although the founders of the Tang related to the glory of the earlier Han dynasty ( 3rd century BC -- 3rd century AD ) , the basis for much of their administrative organization was very similar to the previous Northern and Southern dynasties . The Northern Zhou ( 6th century ) fubing system of divisional militia was continued by the Tang , along with farmer - soldiers serving in rotation from the capital or frontier in order to receive appropriated farmland . The equal - field system of the Northern Wei ( 4th -- 6th centuries ) was also kept , although there were a few modifications . Although the central and local governments kept an enormous number of records about land property in order to assess taxes , it became common practice in the Tang for literate and affluent people to create their own private documents and signed contracts . These had their own signature and that of a witness and scribe in order to prove in court ( if necessary ) that their claim to property was legitimate . The prototype of this actually existed since the ancient Han dynasty , while contractual language became even more common and embedded into Chinese literary culture in later dynasties . The center of the political power of the Tang was the capital city of Chang'an ( modern Xi'an ) , where the emperor maintained his large palace quarters and entertained political emissaries with music , sports , acrobatic stunts , poetry , paintings , and dramatic theater performances . The capital was also filled with incredible amounts of riches and resources to spare . When the Chinese prefectural government officials traveled to the capital in the year 643 to give the annual report of the affairs in their districts , Emperor Taizong discovered that many had no proper quarters to rest in and were renting rooms with merchants . Therefore , Emperor Taizong ordered the government agencies in charge of municipal construction to build every visiting official his own private mansion in the capital . Imperial examinations ( edit ) Main article : Imperial examination Further information : Imperial examination in Chinese mythology Tang statue of a civil official dressed in Hanfu , made of sancai glazed earthenware ; he wears a tall hat , wide - sleeved outer garment tied at the waist with a wide belt , and rectangular `` kerchief '' in front . A white inner gown hangs over his square shoes . He holds a tablet to his chest , preparing to provide a report to his superiors . Students of Confucian studies were potential candidates for the imperial examinations , the graduates of which could be appointed as state bureaucrats in the local , provincial , and central government . There were two types of exams that were given , mingjing ( ' illuminating the classics examination ' ) and jinshi ( ' presented scholar examination ' ) . The mingjing was based upon the Confucian classics and tested the student 's knowledge of a broad variety of texts . The jinshi tested a student 's literary abilities in writing essay - style responses to questions on matters of governance and politics , as well as their skills in composing poetry . Candidates were also judged on their skills of deportment , appearance , speech , and level of skill in calligraphy , all of which were subjective criteria that allowed the already wealthy members of society to be chosen over ones of more modest means who were unable to be educated in rhetoric or fanciful writing skills . There was a disproportionate number of civil officials coming from aristocratic as opposed to non-aristocratic families . The exams were open to all male subjects whose fathers were not of the artisan or merchant classes , although having wealth or noble status was not a prerequisite in receiving a recommendation . In order to promote widespread Confucian education , the Tang government established state - run schools and issued standard versions of the Five Classics with selected commentaries . This competitive procedure was designed to draw the best talent into government . But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers , aware that imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and warlords would have destabilizing consequences , was to create a body of career officials having no autonomous territorial or functional power base . The Tang law code ensured equal division of inherited property amongst legitimate heirs , allowing a bit of social mobility and preventing the families of powerful court officials from becoming landed nobility through primogeniture . As it turned out , these scholar - officials acquired status in their local communities and in family ties , while they also shared values that connected them to the imperial court . From Tang times until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912 , scholar - officials functioned often as intermediaries between the grassroots level and the government . Yet the potential of a widespread examination system was not fully realized until the Song dynasty , when the merit - driven scholar official largely shed his aristocratic habits and defined his social status through the examination system . As historian Patricia Ebrey states of the Song period scholar - officials : The examination system , used only on a small scale in Sui and Tang times , played a central role in the fashioning of this new elite . The early Song emperors , concerned above all to avoid domination of the government by military men , greatly expanded the civil service examination system and the government school system . Religion and politics ( edit ) Emperor Xuanzong of Tang wearing the robes and the hat of a scholar From the outset , religion played a role in Tang politics . In his bid for power , Li Yuan had attracted a following by claiming descent from the Daoist sage Laozi ( fl . 6th century BC ) . People bidding for office would have monks from Buddhist temples pray for them in public in return for cash donations or gifts if the person was selected . Before the persecution of Buddhism in the 9th century , Buddhism and Daoism were accepted side by side , and Emperor Xuanzong ( r . 712 -- 56 ) invited monks and clerics of both religions to his court . At the same time Xuanzong exalted the ancient Laozi by granting him grand titles , wrote commentary on the Daoist Laozi , set up a school to prepare candidates for examinations on Daoist scriptures , and called upon the Indian monk Vajrabodhi ( 671 -- 741 ) to perform Tantric rites to avert a drought in the year 726 . In 742 Emperor Xuanzong personally held the incense burner during a ceremony led by Amoghavajra ( 705 -- 74 , patriarch of the Shingon school ) reciting `` mystical incantations to secure the victory of Tang forces . '' While religion played a role in politics , politics also played a role in religion . In the year 714 , Emperor Xuanzong forbade shops and vendors in the city of Chang'an to sell copied Buddhist sutras , instead giving the Buddhist clergy of the monasteries the sole right to distribute sutras to the laity . In the previous year of 713 , Emperor Xuanzong had liquidated the highly lucrative Inexhaustible Treasury , which was run by a prominent Buddhist monastery in Chang'an . This monastery collected vast amounts of money , silk , and treasures through multitudes of anonymous people 's repentances , leaving the donations on the monastery 's premise . Although the monastery was generous in donations , Emperor Xuanzong issued a decree abolishing their treasury on grounds that their banking practices were fraudulent , collected their riches , and distributed the wealth to various other Buddhist monasteries and Daoist abbeys , and to repair statues , halls , and bridges in the city . Taxes and the census ( edit ) A Man Herding Horses , by Han Gan ( 706 -- 783 ) , a court artist under Xuanzong The Tang dynasty government attempted to create an accurate census of the size of their empire 's population , mostly for effective taxation and matters of military conscription for each region . The early Tang government established both the grain tax and cloth tax at a relatively low rate for each household under the empire . This was meant to encourage households to enroll for taxation and not avoid the authorities , thus providing the government with the most accurate estimate possible . In the census of 609 , the population was tallied by efforts of the government at a size of 9 million households , or about 50 million people . The Tang census of 742 again approximated the size of China 's population at about 50 million people . Patricia Ebrey writes that even if a rather significant number of people had avoided the registration process of the tax census , the population size during the Tang had not grown significantly since the earlier Han dynasty ( the census of the year 2 recording a population of roughly 58 million people in China ) . S.A.M. Adshead disagrees , estimating that there were about 75 million people by 750 . In the Tang census of the year 754 , there were 1,859 cities , 321 prefectures , and 1,538 counties throughout the empire . Although there were many large and prominent cities during the Tang , the rural and agrarian areas comprised the majority of China 's population at some 80 to 90 % . There was also a dramatic migratory shift of the population from northern to southern China , as the North held 75 % of the overall population at the dynasty 's inception , but by its end was reduced to 50 % . Chinese population size would not dramatically increase until the Song dynasty period , when the population doubled to 100 million people because of extensive rice cultivation in central and southern China , coupled with rural farmers holding more abundant yields of food that they could easily provide to the growing market . Military and foreign policy ( edit ) Main articles : Military history of China before 1911 , Naval history of China , and Jimi system Further information : Imperial Guards ( Tang dynasty ) An 8th - century silk wall scroll from Dunhuang , showing the paradise of Amitabha Protectorates and tributaries ( edit ) The 7th and first half of the 8th century are generally considered to be the era in which the Tang reached the zenith of its power . In this period , Tang control extended further west than any previous dynasty , stretching from north Vietnam in the south , to a point north of Kashmir bordering Persia in the west , to northern Korea in the north - east . Some of the kingdoms paying tribute to the Tang dynasty included Kashmir , Nepal , Khotan , Kucha , Kashgar , Korea , Champa , and kingdoms located in Amu Darya and Syr Darya valley . Turkic nomads addressed the Emperor of Tang China as Tian Kehan . After the widespread Göktürk revolt of Shabolüe Khan ( d . 658 ) was put down at Issyk Kul in 657 by Su Dingfang ( 591 -- 667 ) , Emperor Gaozong established several protectorates governed by a Protectorate General or Grand Protectorate General , which extended the Chinese sphere of influence as far as Herat in Western Afghanistan . Protectorate Generals were given a great deal of autonomy to handle local crises without waiting for central admission . After Xuanzong 's reign , military governors ( jiedushi ) were given enormous power , including the ability to maintain their own armies , collect taxes , and pass their titles on hereditarily . This is commonly recognized as the beginning of the fall of Tang 's central government . A Tang pottery warrior from Duan 's Tomb , Shaanxi . Military Museum : Ancient Weapons special exhibit Soldiers and conscription ( edit ) By the year 737 , Emperor Xuanzong discarded the policy of conscripting soldiers that were replaced every three years , replacing them with long - service soldiers who were more battle - hardened and efficient . It was more economically feasible as well , since training new recruits and sending them out to the frontier every three years drained the treasury . By the late 7th century , the fubing troops began abandoning military service and the homes provided to them in the equal - field system . The supposed standard of 100 mu of land allotted to each family was in fact decreasing in size in places where population expanded and the wealthy bought up most of the land . Hard - pressed peasants and vagrants were then induced into military service with benefits of exemption from both taxation and corvée labor service , as well as provisions for farmland and dwellings for dependents who accompanied soldiers on the frontier . By the year 742 the total number of enlisted troops in the Tang armies had risen to about 500,000 men . Turkic and western regions ( edit ) Main articles : Protectorate General to Pacify the West , Protectorate General to Pacify the North , and Inner Asia during the Tang dynasty Further information : Shule Kingdom , Kingdom of Khotan , Kingdom of Qocho , Shanshan , and Turks in the Tang military A Tang dynasty painted warrior and armored horse figurine similar to the one unearthed from the tomb of Crown Prince Li Chongrun . The Sui and Tang carried out very successful military campaigns against the steppe nomads . Chinese foreign policy to the north and west now had to deal with Turkic nomads , who were becoming the most dominant ethnic group in Central Asia . To handle and avoid any threats posed by the Turks , the Sui government repaired fortifications and received their trade and tribute missions . They sent four royal princesses to form marriage alliances with Turkic clan leaders , in 597 , 599 , 614 , and 617 . The Sui stirred trouble and conflict amongst ethnic groups against the Turks . As early as the Sui dynasty , the Turks had become a major militarized force employed by the Chinese . When the Khitans began raiding northeast China in 605 , a Chinese general led 20,000 Turks against them , distributing Khitan livestock and women to the Turks as a reward . On two occasions between 635 and 636 , Tang royal princesses were married to Turk mercenaries or generals in Chinese service . Throughout the Tang dynasty until the end of 755 , there were approximately ten Turkic generals serving under the Tang . While most of the Tang army was made of fubing Chinese conscripts , the majority of the troops led by Turkic generals were of non-Chinese origin , campaigning largely in the western frontier where the presence of fubing troops was low . Some `` Turkic '' troops were nomadisized Han Chinese , a desinicized people . A tomb guard ( wushi yong ) , terracotta sculpture , Tang dynasty , early 8th century Civil war in China was almost totally diminished by 626 , along with the defeat in 628 of the Ordos Chinese warlord Liang Shidu ; after these internal conflicts , the Tang began an offensive against the Turks . In the year 630 , Tang armies captured areas of the Ordos Desert , modern - day Inner Mongolia province , and southern Mongolia from the Turks . After this military victory , Emperor Taizong won the title of Great Khan amongst the various Turks in the region who pledged their allegiance to him and the Chinese empire ( with several thousand Turks traveling into China to live at Chang'an ) . On June 11 , 631 , Emperor Taizong also sent envoys to the Xueyantuo bearing gold and silk in order to persuade the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners who were captured during the transition from Sui to Tang from the northern frontier ; this embassy succeeded in freeing 80,000 Chinese men and women who were then returned to China . While the Turks were settled in the Ordos region ( former territory of the Xiongnu ) , the Tang government took on the military policy of dominating the central steppe . Like the earlier Han dynasty , the Tang dynasty ( along with Turkic allies ) conquered and subdued Central Asia during the 640s and 650s . During Emperor Taizong 's reign alone , large campaigns were launched against not only the Göktürks , but also separate campaigns against the Tuyuhun , the oasis city - states , and the Xueyantuo . Under Emperor Gaozong , a campaign led by the general Su Dingfang was launched against the Western Turks ruled by Ashina Helu . The Tang Empire competed with the Tibetan Empire for control of areas in Inner and Central Asia , which was at times settled with marriage alliances such as the marrying of Princess Wencheng ( d . 680 ) to Songtsän Gampo ( d . 649 ) . A Tibetan tradition mentions that Chinese troops captured Lhasa after Songtsän Gampo 's death , but no such invasion is mentioned in either Chinese annals or the Tibetan manuscripts of Dunhuang . There was a long string of conflicts with Tibet over territories in the Tarim Basin between 670 -- 692 , and in 763 the Tibetans even captured the capital of China , Chang'an , for fifteen days during the An Shi Rebellion . In fact , it was during this rebellion that the Tang withdrew its western garrisons stationed in what is now Gansu and Qinghai , which the Tibetans then occupied along with the territory of what is now Xinjiang . Hostilities between the Tang and Tibet continued until they signed a formal peace treaty in 821 . The terms of this treaty , including the fixed borders between the two countries , are recorded in a bilingual inscription on a stone pillar outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa . A bas - relief of a soldier and the emperor 's horse , Autumn Dew , with elaborate saddle and stirrups , designed by Yan Liben , from the tomb of Emperor Taizong c. 650 During the Islamic conquest of Persia ( 633 -- 656 ) , the son of the last ruler of the Sassanid Empire , Prince Pirooz , fled to Tang China . According to the Old Book of Tang , Pirooz was made the head of a Governorate of Persia in what is now Zaranj , Afghanistan . During this conquest of Persia , the Rashidun Islamic Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan ( r . 644 -- 656 ) sent an embassy to the Tang court at Chang'an . By the 740s , the Arabs of Khurasan had established a presence in the Ferghana basin and in Sogdiana . At the Battle of Talas in 751 , Qarluq mercenaries under the Chinese defected , helping the Arab armies of the Islamic Caliphate to defeat the Tang force under commander Gao Xianzhi . Although the battle itself was not of the greatest significance militarily , this was a pivotal moment in history ; it marks the spread of Chinese papermaking into regions west of China as captured Chinese soldiers revealed secrets of Chinese papermaking to the Arabs . These techniques ultimately reached Europe by the 12th century through Arab - controlled Spain . Although they had fought at Talas , on June 11 , 758 , an Abbasid embassy arrived at Chang'an simultaneously with the Uyghur Turks bearing gifts for the Tang Emperor . In 788 -- 9 the Chinese concluded a military alliance with the Uighur Turks who twice defeated the Tibetans , in 789 near the town of Gaochang in Dzungaria , and in 791 near Ningxia on the Yellow River . Illustration of the Byzantine embassy to Tang Taizong in 643 CE Joseph Needham writes that a tributary embassy came to the court of Emperor Taizong in 643 from the Patriarch of Antioch . However , Friedrich Hirth and other sinologists identified Fu lin ( 拂 菻 ) in the Old and New Book of Tang as the Byzantine Empire , which those histories directly associated with Daqin ( i.e. the Roman Empire ) . The embassy sent in 643 by Boduoli ( 波多 力 ) was identified as Byzantine ruler Constans II Pogonatos and further embassies were recorded as being sent into the 8th century . Furthermore , the Old and New Book of Tang also provide a description of the Byzantine capital Constantinople and how it was besieged by the Da shi ( 大 食 , i.e. Umayyad Caliphate ) forces of Muawiyah I , who forced them to pay tribute to the Arabs . The 7th - century Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta wrote about the reunification of northern and southern China by the Sui dynasty ( dating this to the time of Emperor Maurice ) ; the capital city Khubdan ( from Old Turkic Khumdan , i.e. Chang'an ) ; the basic geography of China including its previous political division around the Yangzi River ; the name of China 's ruler Taisson meaning `` Son of God '' , but possibly derived from the name of the contemporaneous ruler Emperor Taizong . East Asia ( edit ) See also : Protectorate General to Pacify the East A clay haniwa model of a ship , from Japan 's Kofun period ( 250 -- 538 ) In East Asia , Tang Chinese military campaigns were less successful elsewhere than in previous imperial Chinese dynasties . Like the emperors of the Sui dynasty before him , Taizong established a military campaign in 644 against the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo in the Goguryeo -- Tang War ; however , this led to its withdrawal in the first campaign because they failed to overcome the successful defense led by General Yeon Gaesomun . Allying with the Korean Silla Kingdom , the Chinese fought against Baekje and their Yamato Japanese allies in the Battle of Baekgang in August 663 , a decisive Tang -- Silla victory . The Tang dynasty navy had several different ship types at its disposal to engage in naval warfare , these ships described by Li Quan in his Taipai Yinjing ( Canon of the White and Gloomy Planet of War ) of 759 . The Battle of Baekgang was actually a restoration movement by remnant forces of Baekje , since their kingdom was toppled in 660 by a joint Tang -- Silla invasion , led by Chinese general Su Dingfang and Korean general Kim Yushin ( 595 -- 673 ) . In another joint invasion with Silla , the Tang army severely weakened the Goguryeo Kingdom in the north by taking out its outer forts in the year 645 . With joint attacks by Silla and Tang armies under commander Li Shiji ( 594 -- 669 ) , the Kingdom of Goguryeo was destroyed by 668 . A 10th - century mural painting in the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang showing monastic architecture from Mount Wutai , Tang dynasty ; Japanese architecture of this period was influenced by Tang Chinese architecture Although they were formerly enemies , the Tang accepted officials and generals of Goguryeo into their administration and military , such as the brothers Yeon Namsaeng ( 634 -- 679 ) and Yeon Namsan ( 639 -- 701 ) . From 668 to 676 , the Tang Empire would control northern Korea . However , in 671 Silla began fighting the Tang forces there . At the same time the Tang faced threats on its western border when a large Chinese army was defeated by the Tibetans on the Dafei River in 670 . By 676 , the Tang army was driven out of Korea by Unified Silla . Following a revolt of the Eastern Turks in 679 , the Tang abandoned its Korean campaigns . Although the Tang had fought the Japanese , they still held cordial relations with Japan . There were numerous Imperial embassies to China from Japan , diplomatic missions that were not halted until 894 by Emperor Uda ( r . 887 -- 897 ) , upon persuasion by Sugawara no Michizane ( 845 -- 903 ) . The Japanese Emperor Tenmu ( r . 672 -- 686 ) even established his conscripted army on that of the Chinese model , his state ceremonies on the Chinese model , and constructed his palace at Fujiwara on the Chinese model of architecture . Many Chinese Buddhist monks came to Japan to help further the spread of Buddhism as well . Two 7th - century monks in particular , Zhi Yu and Zhi You , visited the court of Emperor Tenji ( r . 661 -- 672 ) , whereupon they presented a gift of a south - pointing chariot that they had crafted . This 3rd century mechanically driven directional - compass vehicle ( employing a differential gear ) was again reproduced in several models for Tenji in 666 , as recorded in the Nihon Shoki of 720 . Japanese monks also visited China ; such was the case with Ennin ( 794 -- 864 ) , who wrote of his travel experiences including travels along China 's Grand Canal . The Japanese monk Enchin ( 814 -- 891 ) stayed in China from 839 to 847 and again from 853 to 858 , landing near Fuzhou , Fujian and setting sail for Japan from Taizhou , Zhejiang during his second trip to China . Economy ( edit ) A Tang period gilt - silver jar , shaped in the style of northern nomad 's leather bag decorated with a horse dancing with a cup of wine in its mouth , as the horses of Emperor Xuanzong were trained to do . Through use of the land trade along the Silk Road and maritime trade by sail at sea , the Tang were able to gain many new technologies , cultural practices , rare luxury , and contemporary items . From the Middle East , India , Persia , and Central Asia the Tang were able to acquire new ideas in fashion , new types of ceramics , and improved silver - smithing . The Chinese also gradually adopted the foreign concept of stools and chairs as seating , whereas the Chinese beforehand always sat on mats placed on the floor . To the Middle East , the Islamic world coveted and purchased in bulk Chinese goods such as silks , lacquerwares , and porcelain wares . Songs , dances , and musical instruments from foreign regions became popular in China during the Tang dynasty . These musical instruments included oboes , flutes , and small lacquered drums from Kucha in the Tarim Basin , and percussion instruments from India such as cymbals . At the court there were nine musical ensembles ( expanded from seven in the Sui dynasty ) representing music from throughout Asia . There was great contact and interest in India as a hub for Buddhist knowledge , with famous travelers such as Xuanzang ( d . 664 ) visiting the South Asian subcontinent . After a 17 - year - long trip , Xuanzang managed to bring back valuable Sanskrit texts to be translated into Chinese . There was also a Turkic -- Chinese dictionary available for serious scholars and students , while Turkic folksongs gave inspiration to some Chinese poetry . In the interior of China , trade was facilitated by the Grand Canal and the Tang government 's rationalization of the greater canal system that reduced costs of transporting grain and other commodities . The state also managed roughly 32,100 km ( 19,900 mi ) of postal service routes by horse or boat . Silk Road ( edit ) Although the Silk Road from China to the West was initially formulated during the reign of Emperor Wu ( 141 -- 87 BC ) during the Han , it was reopened by the Tang in 639 when Hou Junji ( d . 643 ) conquered the West , and remained open for almost four decades . It was closed after the Tibetans captured it in 678 , but in 699 , during Empress Wu 's period , the Silk Road reopened when the Tang reconquered the Four Garrisons of Anxi originally installed in 640 , once again connecting China directly to the West for land - based trade . A Tang dynasty tri-color glazed figurine of a horse The Tang captured the vital route through the Gilgit Valley from Tibet in 722 , lost it to the Tibetans in 737 , and regained it under the command of the Goguryeo - Korean General Gao Xianzhi . When the An Lushan Rebellion ended in 763 , the Tang Empire had once again lost control over its western lands , as the Tibetan Empire largely cut off China 's direct access to the Silk Road . An internal rebellion in 848 ousted the Tibetan rulers , and Tang China regained its northwestern prefectures from Tibet in 851 . These lands contained crucial grazing areas and pastures for raising horses that the Tang dynasty desperately needed . Despite the many western travelers coming into China to live and trade , many travelers , mainly religious monks , recorded the strict border laws that the Chinese enforced . As the monk Xuanzang and many other monk travelers attested to , there were many Chinese government checkpoints along the Silk Road that examined travel permits into the Tang Empire . Furthermore , banditry was a problem along the checkpoints and oasis towns , as Xuanzang also recorded that his group of travelers were assaulted by bandits on multiple occasions . The Silk Road also affected Tang dynasty art . Horses became a significant symbol of prosperity and power as well as an instrument of military and diplomatic policy . Horses were also revered as a relative of the dragon . Seaports and maritime trade ( edit ) Chinese envoys had been sailing through the Indian Ocean to India since perhaps the 2nd century BC , yet it was during the Tang dynasty that a strong Chinese maritime presence could be found in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea , into Persia , Mesopotamia ( sailing up the Euphrates River in modern - day Iraq ) , Arabia , Egypt , Aksum ( Ethiopia ) , and Somalia in the Horn of Africa . Tomb Figure of a Sogdian merchant , 7th - century A gilt Buddhist reliquary with decorations of armored guards , from Silla , 7th - century During the Tang dynasty , thousands of foreign expatriate merchants came and lived in numerous Chinese cities to do business with China , including Persians , Arabs , Hindu Indians , Malays , Bengalis , Sinhalese , Khmers , Chams , Jews and Nestorian Christians of the Near East , among many others . In 748 , the Buddhist monk Jian Zhen described Guangzhou as a bustling mercantile center where many large and impressive foreign ships came to dock . He wrote that `` many big ships came from Borneo , Persia , Qunglun ( Indonesia / Java ) ... with ... spices , pearls , and jade piled up mountain high '' , as written in the Yue Jue Shu ( Lost Records of the State of Yue ) . During the An Lushan Rebellion Arab and Persian pirates burned and looted Guangzhou in 758 , and foreigners were massacred at Yangzhou in 760 . The Tang government reacted by shutting the port of Canton down for roughly five decades , and foreign vessels docked at Hanoi instead . However , when the port reopened it continued to thrive . In 851 the Arab merchant Sulaiman al - Tajir observed the manufacturing of Chinese porcelain in Guangzhou and admired its transparent quality . He also provided a description of Guangzhou 's mosque , its granaries , its local government administration , some of its written records , the treatment of travelers , along with the use of ceramics , rice - wine , and tea . However , in another bloody episode at Guangzhou in 879 , the Chinese rebel Huang Chao sacked the city , and purportedly slaughtered thousands of native Chinese , along with foreign Jews , Christians , Zoroastrians , and Muslims in the process . Huang 's rebellion was eventually suppressed in 884 . Vessels from Silla , Balhae and Hizen Province of Japan were all involved in the Yellow Sea trade , which Silla dominated . After Silla and Japan reopened renewed hostilities in the late 7th century , most Japanese maritime merchants chose to set sail from Nagasaki towards the mouth of the Huai River , the Yangzi River , and even as far south as the Hangzhou Bay in order to avoid Korean ships in the Yellow Sea . In order to sail back to Japan in 838 , the Japanese embassy to China procured nine ships and sixty Korean sailors from the Korean wards of Chuzhou and Lianshui cities along the Huai River . It is also known that Chinese trade ships traveling to Japan set sail from the various ports along the coasts of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces . The Chinese engaged in large - scale production for overseas export by at least the time of the Tang . This was proven by the discovery of the Belitung shipwreck , a silt - preserved shipwrecked Arabian dhow in the Gaspar Strait near Belitung , which had 63,000 pieces of Tang ceramics , silver , and gold ( including a Changsha bowl inscribed with a date : `` 16th day of the seventh month of the second year of the Baoli reign '' , or 826 , roughly confirmed by radiocarbon dating of star anise at the wreck ) . Beginning in 785 , the Chinese began to call regularly at Sufala on the East African coast in order to cut out Arab middlemen , with various contemporary Chinese sources giving detailed descriptions of trade in Africa . The official and geographer Jia Dan ( 730 -- 805 ) wrote of two common sea trade routes in his day : one from the coast of the Bohai Sea towards Korea and another from Guangzhou through Malacca towards the Nicobar Islands , Sri Lanka and India , the eastern and northern shores of the Arabian Sea to the Euphrates River . In 863 the Chinese author Duan Chengshi ( d . 863 ) provided a detailed description of the slave trade , ivory trade , and ambergris trade in a country called Bobali , which historians suggest was Berbera in Somalia . In Fustat ( old Cairo ) , Egypt , the fame of Chinese ceramics there led to an enormous demand for Chinese goods ; hence Chinese often traveled there ( this continued into later periods such as Fatimid Egypt ) . From this time period , the Arab merchant Shulama once wrote of his admiration for Chinese seafaring junks , but noted that their draft was too deep for them to enter the Euphrates River , which forced them to ferry passengers and cargo in small boats . Shulama also noted that Chinese ships were often very large , with capacities up to 600 -- 700 passengers . Culture and society ( edit ) See also : Tang dynasty art A Tang sancai - glazed lobed dish with incised decorations , 8th century Tang dynasty Kai Yuan Tong Bao ( 開元 通 寳 ) coin , first minted in 621 in Chang'an , a model for the Japanese 8th - century Wadōkaichin Both the Sui and Tang Dynasties had turned away from the more feudal culture of the preceding Northern Dynasties , in favor of staunch civil Confucianism . The governmental system was supported by a large class of Confucian intellectuals selected through either civil service examinations or recommendations . In the Tang period , Daoism and Buddhism reigned as core ideologies as well , and played a large role in people 's daily lives . The Tang Chinese enjoyed feasting , drinking , holidays , sports , and all sorts of entertainment , while Chinese literature blossomed and was more widely accessible with new printing methods . Leisure ( edit ) Much more than earlier periods , the Tang era was renowned for the time reserved for leisure activity , especially for those in the upper classes . Many outdoor sports and activities were enjoyed during the Tang , including archery , hunting , horse polo , cuju football , cockfighting , and even tug of war . Government officials were granted vacations during their tenure in office . Officials were granted 30 days off every three years to visit their parents if they lived 1,000 mi ( 1,600 km ) away , or 15 days off if the parents lived more than 167 mi ( 269 km ) away ( travel time not included ) . Officials were granted nine days of vacation time for weddings of a son or daughter , and either five , three , or one days / day off for the nuptials of close relatives ( travel time not included ) . Officials also received a total of three days off for their son 's capping initiation rite into manhood , and one day off for the ceremony of initiation rite of a close relative 's son . Traditional Chinese holidays such as Chinese New Year , Lantern Festival , Cold Food Festival , and others were universal holidays . In the capital city of Chang'an there was always lively celebration , especially for the Lantern Festival since the city 's nighttime curfew was lifted by the government for three days straight . Between the years 628 and 758 , the imperial throne bestowed a total of sixty - nine grand carnivals nationwide , granted by the emperor in the case of special circumstances such as important military victories , abundant harvests after a long drought or famine , the granting of amnesties , the installment of a new crown prince , etc . For special celebration in the Tang era , lavish and gargantuan - sized feasts were sometimes prepared , as the imperial court had staffed agencies to prepare the meals . This included a prepared feast for 1,100 elders of Chang'an in 664 , a feast for 3,500 officers of the Divine Strategy Army in 768 , and a feast for 1,200 women of the palace and members of the imperial family in the year 826 . Drinking wine and alcoholic beverages was heavily ingrained into Chinese culture , as people drank for nearly every social event . A court official in the 8th century allegedly had a serpentine - shaped structure called the ' Ale Grotto ' built with 50,000 bricks on the groundfloor that each featured a bowl from which his friends could drink . Chang'an , the Tang capital ( edit ) Main article : Chang'an A mural depicting a corner tower , most likely one of Chang'an , from the tomb of Prince Yide ( d . 701 ) at the Qianling Mausoleum , dated 706 Map of Chang'an in Tang Dynasty Although Chang'an was the capital of the earlier Han and Jin dynasties , after subsequent destruction in warfare , it was the Sui dynasty model that comprised the Tang era capital . The roughly square dimensions of the city had six miles ( 10 km ) of outer walls running east to west , and more than five miles ( 8 km ) of outer walls running north to south . The royal palace , the Taiji Palace , stood north of the city 's central axis . From the large Mingde Gates located mid-center of the main southern wall , a wide city avenue stretched from there all the way north to the central administrative city , behind which was the Chentian Gate of the royal palace , or Imperial City . Intersecting this were fourteen main streets running east to west , while eleven main streets ran north to south . These main intersecting roads formed 108 rectangular wards with walls and four gates each , and each ward filled with multiple city blocks . The city was made famous for this checkerboard pattern of main roads with walled and gated districts , its layout even mentioned in one of Du Fu 's poems . During the Heian period , the city of Heian kyō ( present - day Kyoto ) of Japan like many cities was arranged in the checkerboard street grid pattern of the Tang capital and in accordance with traditional geomancy following the model of Chang'an . Of these 108 wards in Chang'an , two of them ( each the size of two regular city wards ) were designated as government - supervised markets , and other space reserved for temples , gardens , ponds , etc . Throughout the entire city , there were 111 Buddhist monasteries , 41 Daoist abbeys , 38 family shrines , 2 official temples , 7 churches of foreign religions , 10 city wards with provincial transmission offices , 12 major inns , and 6 graveyards . Some city wards were literally filled with open public playing fields or the backyards of lavish mansions for playing horse polo and cuju football . In 662 , Emperor Gaozong moved the imperial court to the Daming Palace , which became the political center of the empire and served as the royal residence of the Tang emperors for more than 220 years . The bronze Jingyun Bell cast 711 , height 247 cm high , weight 6,500 kg , now in the Xi'an Bell Tower The Tang capital was the largest city in the world at its time , the population of the city wards and its suburban countryside reaching 2 million inhabitants . The Tang capital was very cosmopolitan , with ethnicities of Persia , Central Asia , Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Tibet , India , and many other places living within . Naturally , with this plethora of different ethnicities living in Chang'an , there were also many different practiced religions , such as Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Manichaeism , Zoroastrianism , Judaism , and Islam being practiced within . With widely open access to China that the Silk Road to the west facilitated , many foreign settlers were able to move east to China , while the city of Chang'an itself had about 25,000 foreigners living within . Exotic green - eyed , blonde - haired Tocharian ladies serving wine in agate and amber cups , singing , and dancing at taverns attracted customers . If a foreigner in China pursued a Chinese woman for marriage , he was required to stay in China and was unable to take his bride back to his homeland , as stated in a law passed in 628 to protect women from temporary marriages with foreign envoys . Several laws enforcing segregation of foreigners from Chinese were passed during the Tang dynasty . In 779 the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced Uighurs in the capital , Chang'an , to wear their ethnic dress , stopped them from marrying Chinese females , and banned them from passing off as Chinese . Chang'an was the center of the central government , the home of the imperial family , and was filled with splendor and wealth . However , incidentally it was not the economic hub during the Tang dynasty . The city of Yangzhou along the Grand Canal and close to the Yangtze River was the greatest economic center during the Tang era . Spring Outing of the Tang Court , by Zhang Xuan ( 713 -- 755 ) Yangzhou was the headquarters for the Tang 's government monopoly on salt , and the greatest industrial center of China ; it acted as a midpoint in shipping of foreign goods that would be organized and distributed to the major cities of the north . Much like the seaport of Guangzhou in the south , Yangzhou boasted thousands of foreign traders from all across Asia . There was also the secondary capital city of Luoyang , which was the favored capital of the two by Empress Wu . In the year 691 she had more than 100,000 families ( more than 500,000 people ) from around the region of Chang'an move to populate Luoyang instead . With a population of about a million , Luoyang became the second largest city in the empire , and with its close proximity to the Luo River it benefited from southern agricultural fertility and trade traffic of the Grand Canal . However , the Tang court eventually demoted its capital status and did not visit Luoyang after the year 743 , when Chang'an's problem of acquiring adequate supplies and stores for the year was solved . As early as 736 , granaries were built at critical points along the route from Yangzhou to Chang'an , which eliminated shipment delays , spoilage , and pilfering . An artificial lake used as a transshipment pool was dredged east of Chang'an in 743 , where curious northerners could finally see the array of boats found in southern China , delivering tax and tribute items to the imperial court . Literature ( edit ) Main articles : Chinese literature and Tang poetry Calligraphy of Emperor Taizong on a Tang stele The Tang period was a golden age of Chinese literature and art . There are over 48,900 poems penned by some 2,200 Tang authors that have survived until modern times . Skill in the composition of poetry became a required study for those wishing to pass imperial examinations , while poetry was also heavily competitive ; poetry contests amongst guests at banquets and courtiers were common . Poetry styles that were popular in the Tang included gushi and jintishi , with the renowned poet Li Bai ( 701 -- 762 ) famous for the former style , and poets like Wang Wei ( 701 -- 761 ) and Cui Hao ( 704 -- 754 ) famous for their use of the latter . Jintishi poetry , or regulated verse , is in the form of eight - line stanzas or seven characters per line with a fixed pattern of tones that required the second and third couplets to be antithetical ( although the antithesis is often lost in translation to other languages ) . Tang poems remained popular and great emulation of Tang era poetry began in the Song dynasty ; in that period , Yan Yu ( 嚴 羽 ; active 1194 -- 1245 ) was the first to confer the poetry of the High Tang ( c. 713 -- 766 ) era with `` canonical status within the classical poetic tradition . '' Yan Yu reserved the position of highest esteem among all Tang poets for Du Fu ( 712 -- 770 ) , who was not viewed as such in his own era , and was branded by his peers as an anti-traditional rebel . The Classical Prose Movement was spurred in large part by the writings of Tang authors Liu Zongyuan ( 773 -- 819 ) and Han Yu ( 768 -- 824 ) . This new prose style broke away from the poetry tradition of the piantiwen ( 騙 體 文 , `` parallel prose '' ) style begun in the Han dynasty . Although writers of the Classical Prose Movement imitated piantiwen , they criticized it for its often vague content and lack of colloquial language , focusing more on clarity and precision to make their writing more direct . This guwen ( archaic prose ) style can be traced back to Han Yu , and would become largely associated with orthodox Neo-Confucianism . Short story fiction and tales were also popular during the Tang , one of the more famous ones being Yingying 's Biography by Yuan Zhen ( 779 -- 831 ) , which was widely circulated in his own time and by the Yuan dynasty ( 1279 -- 1368 ) became the basis for plays in Chinese opera . Timothy C. Wong places this story within the wider context of Tang love tales , which often share the plot designs of quick passion , inescapable societal pressure leading to the abandonment of romance , followed by a period of melancholy . Wong states that this scheme lacks the undying vows and total self - commitment to love found in Western romances such as Romeo and Juliet , but that underlying traditional Chinese values of inseparableness of self from one 's environment ( including human society ) served to create the necessary fictional device of romantic tension . Small Wild Goose Pagoda , built by 709 , was adjacent to the Dajianfu Temple in Chang'an , where Buddhist monks from India and elsewhere gathered to translate Sanskrit texts into Chinese There were large encyclopedias published in the Tang . The Yiwen Leiju encyclopedia was compiled in 624 by the chief editor Ouyang Xun ( 557 -- 641 ) as well as Linghu Defen ( 582 -- 666 ) and Chen Shuda ( d . 635 ) . The encyclopedia Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era was fully compiled in 729 by Gautama Siddha ( fl . 8th century ) , an ethnic Indian astronomer , astrologer , and scholar born in the capital Chang'an . Chinese geographers such as Jia Dan wrote accurate descriptions of places far abroad . In his work written between 785 and 805 , he described the sea route going into the mouth of the Persian Gulf , and that the medieval Iranians ( whom he called the people of Luo - He - Yi ) had erected ' ornamental pillars ' in the sea that acted as lighthouse beacons for ships that might go astray . Confirming Jia 's reports about lighthouses in the Persian Gulf , Arabic writers a century after Jia wrote of the same structures , writers such as al - Mas'udi and al - Muqaddasi . The Tang dynasty Chinese diplomat Wang Xuance traveled to Magadha ( modern northeastern India ) during the 7th century . Afterwards he wrote the book Zhang Tianzhu Guotu ( Illustrated Accounts of Central India ) , which included a wealth of geographical information . Many histories of previous dynasties were compiled between 636 and 659 by court officials during and shortly after the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang . These included the Book of Liang , Book of Chen , Book of Northern Qi , Book of Zhou , Book of Sui , Book of Jin , History of Northern Dynasties and the History of Southern Dynasties . Although not included in the official Twenty - Four Histories , the Tongdian and Tang Huiyao were nonetheless valuable written historical works of the Tang period . The Shitong written by Liu Zhiji in 710 was a meta - history , as it covered the history of Chinese historiography in past centuries until his time . The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions , compiled by Bianji , recounted the journey of Xuanzang , the Tang era 's most renowned Buddhist monk . Other important literary offerings included Duan Chengshi 's ( d . 863 ) Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang , an entertaining collection of foreign legends and hearsay , reports on natural phenomena , short anecdotes , mythical and mundane tales , as well as notes on various subjects . The exact literary category or classification that Duan 's large informal narrative would fit into is still debated amongst scholars and historians . Religion and philosophy ( edit ) Main articles : Religion in China and Chinese philosophy See also : Islam during the Tang dynasty and Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution A Tang dynasty sculpture of a Bodhisattva Since ancient times , the Chinese believed in a folk religion and Taoism that incorporated many deities . The Chinese believed Tao and the afterlife was a reality parallel to the living world , complete with its own bureaucracy and afterlife currency needed by dead ancestors . Funerary practices included providing the deceased with everything they might need in the afterlife , including animals , servants , entertainers , hunters , homes , and officials . This ideal is reflected in Tang dynasty art . This is also reflected in many short stories written in the Tang about people accidentally winding up in the realm of the dead , only to come back and report their experiences . Taoism was the official religion of the Tang . Buddhism , originating in India around the time of Confucius , continued its influence during the Tang period and was accepted by some members of imperial family , becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture . In an age before Neo-Confucianism and figures such as Zhu Xi ( 1130 -- 1200 ) , Buddhism had begun to flourish in China during the Northern and Southern dynasties , and became the dominant ideology during the prosperous Tang . Buddhist monasteries played an integral role in Chinese society , offering lodging for travelers in remote areas , schools for children throughout the country , and a place for urban literati to stage social events and gatherings such as going - away parties . Buddhist monasteries were also engaged in the economy , since their land property and serfs gave them enough revenues to set up mills , oil presses , and other enterprises . Although the monasteries retained ' serfs ' , these monastery dependents could actually own property and employ others to help them in their work , including their own slaves . The prominent status of Buddhism in Chinese culture began to decline as the dynasty and central government declined as well during the late 8th century to 9th century . Buddhist convents and temples that were exempt from state taxes beforehand were targeted by the state for taxation . In 845 Emperor Wuzong of Tang finally shut down 4,600 Buddhist monasteries along with 40,000 temples and shrines , forcing 260,000 Buddhist monks and nuns to return to secular life ; this episode would later be dubbed one of the Four Buddhist Persecutions in China . Although the ban would be lifted just a few years after , Buddhism never regained its once dominant status in Chinese culture . This situation also came about through new revival of interest in native Chinese philosophies , such as Confucianism and Daoism . Han Yu ( 786 -- 824 ) -- who Arthur F. Wright stated was a `` brilliant polemicist and ardent xenophobe '' -- was one of the first men of the Tang to denounce Buddhism . Although his contemporaries found him crude and obnoxious , he would foreshadow the later persecution of Buddhism in the Tang , as well as the revival of Confucian theory with the rise of Neo-Confucianism of the Song dynasty . Nonetheless , Chán Buddhism gained popularity amongst the educated elite . There were also many famous Chan monks from the Tang era , such as Mazu Daoyi , Baizhang , and Huangbo Xiyun . The sect of Pure Land Buddhism initiated by the Chinese monk Huiyuan ( 334 -- 416 ) was also just as popular as Chan Buddhism during the Tang . A timber hall built in 857 , located at the Buddhist Foguang Temple of Mount Wutai , Shanxi Rivaling Buddhism was Daoism , a native Chinese philosophical and religious belief system that found its roots in the book of the Daodejing ( attributed to a 6th - century BC figure named Laozi ) and the Zhuangzi . The ruling Li family of the Tang dynasty actually claimed descent from the ancient Laozi . On numerous occasions where Tang princes would become crown prince or Tang princesses taking vows as Daoist priestesses , their lavish former mansions would be converted into Daoist abbeys and places of worship . Many Daoists were associated with alchemy in their pursuits to find an elixir of immortality and a means to create gold from concocted mixtures of many other elements . Although they never achieved their goals in either of these futile pursuits , they did contribute to the discovery of new metal alloys , porcelain products , and new dyes . The historian Joseph Needham labeled the work of the Daoist alchemists as `` proto - science rather than pseudo-science . '' However , the close connection between Daoism and alchemy , which some sinologists have asserted , is refuted by Nathan Sivin , who states that alchemy was just as prominent ( if not more so ) in the secular sphere and practiced more often by laymen . The Tang dynasty also officially recognized various foreign religions . The Assyrian Church of the East , otherwise known as the Nestorian Christian Church , was given recognition by the Tang court . In 781 , the Nestorian Stele was created in order to honor the achievements of their community in China . A Christian monastery was established in Shaanxi province where the Daqin Pagoda still stands , and inside the pagoda there is Christian - themed artwork . Although the religion largely died out after the Tang , it was revived in China following the Mongol invasions of the 13th century . Although the Sogdians had been responsible for transmitting Buddhism to China from India during the 2nd to 4th centuries , soon afterwards they largely converted to Zoroastrianism due to their links to Sassanid Persia . Sogdian merchants and their families living in cities such as Chang'an , Luoyang , and Xiangyang usually built a Zoroastrian temple once their local communities grew larger than 100 households . Sogdians were also responsible for spreading Manichaeism in Tang China and the Uyghur Khaganate . The Uyghurs built the first Manichaean monastery in China in 768 , yet in 843 the Tang government ordered that the property of all Manichaean monasteries be confiscated in response to the outbreak of war with the Uyghurs . With the blanket ban on foreign religions two years later , Manichaeism was driven underground and never flourished in China again . Position of women ( edit ) Main article : Women in ancient and imperial China § Tang dynasty Beauties Wearing Flowers , by Zhou Fang , 8th - century Concepts of women 's social rights and social status during the Tang era were notably liberal - minded for the period . However , this was largely reserved for urban women of elite status , as men and women in the rural countryside labored hard in their different set of tasks ; with wives and daughters responsible for more domestic tasks of weaving textiles and rearing of silk worms , while men tended to farming in the fields . There were many women in the Tang era who gained access to religious authority by taking vows as Daoist priestesses . The head mistresses of the bordellos in the North Hamlet of the capital Chang'an acquired large amounts of wealth and power . Their high - class courtesans , who likely influenced the Japanese geishas , were well respected . These courtesans were known as great singers and poets , supervised banquets and feasts , knew the rules to all the drinking games , and were trained to have the utmost respectable table manners . Woman playing polo , 8th - century Although they were renowned for their polite behavior , the courtesans were known to dominate the conversation amongst elite men , and were not afraid to openly castigate or criticize prominent male guests who talked too much or too loudly , boasted too much of their accomplishments , or had in some way ruined dinner for everyone by rude behavior ( on one occasion a courtesan even beat up a drunken man who had insulted her ) . When singing to entertain guests , courtesans not only composed the lyrics to their own songs , but they popularized a new form of lyrical verse by singing lines written by various renowned and famous men in Chinese history . It was fashionable for women to be full - figured ( or plump ) . Men enjoyed the presence of assertive , active women . The foreign horse - riding sport of polo from Persia became a wildly popular trend amongst the Chinese elite , and women often played the sport ( as glazed earthenware figurines from the time period portray ) . The preferred hairstyle for women was to bunch their hair up like `` an elaborate edifice above the forehead '' , while affluent ladies wore extravagant head ornaments , combs , pearl necklaces , face powders , and perfumes . A law was passed in 671 which attempted to force women to wear hats with veils again in order to promote decency , but these laws were ignored as some women started wearing caps and even no hats at all , as well as men 's riding clothes and boots , and tight - sleeved bodices . There were some prominent court women after the era of Empress Wu , such as Yang Guifei ( 719 -- 756 ) , who had Emperor Xuanzong appoint many of her relatives and cronies to important ministerial and martial positions . Cuisine ( edit ) A terracotta sculpture of a woman , 7th - to 8th - century ; during the Tang era , female hosts prepared feasts , tea parties , and played drinking games with their guests . During the earlier Northern and Southern dynasties ( 420 -- 589 ) , and perhaps even earlier , the drinking of tea ( Camellia sinensis ) became popular in southern China . Tea was viewed then as a beverage of tasteful pleasure and with pharmacological purpose as well . During the Tang dynasty , tea became synonymous with everything sophisticated in society . The poet Lu Tong ( 790 -- 835 ) devoted most of his poetry to his love of tea . The 8th - century author Lu Yu ( known as the Sage of Tea ) even wrote a treatise on the art of drinking tea , called The Classic of Tea . Although wrapping paper had been used in China since the 2nd century BC , during the Tang dynasty the Chinese were using wrapping paper as folded and sewn square bags to hold and preserve the flavor of tea leaves . Indeed , paper found many other uses besides writing and wrapping during the Tang era . Earlier , the first recorded use of toilet paper was made in 589 by the scholar - official Yan Zhitui ( 531 -- 591 ) , and in 851 an Arab Muslim traveler commented on how he believed the Tang era Chinese were not careful about cleanliness because they did not wash with water ( as was his people 's habit ) when going to the bathroom ; instead , he said , the Chinese simply used paper to wipe themselves . In ancient times , the Chinese had outlined the five most basic foodstuffs known as the five grains : sesamum , legumes , wheat , panicled millet , and glutinous millet . The Ming dynasty encyclopedist Song Yingxing ( 1587 -- 1666 ) noted that rice was not counted amongst the five grains from the time of the legendary and deified Chinese sage Shennong ( the existence of whom Yingxing wrote was `` an uncertain matter '' ) into the 2nd millenniums BC , because the properly wet and humid climate in southern China for growing rice was not yet fully settled or cultivated by the Chinese . A page of Lu Yu 's The Classic of Tea During the Tang , the many common foodstuffs and cooking ingredients in addition to those already listed were barley , garlic , salt , turnips , soybeans , pears , apricots , peaches , apples , pomegranates , jujubes , rhubarb , hazelnuts , pine nuts , chestnuts , walnuts , yams , taro , etc . The various meats that were consumed included pork , chicken , lamb ( especially preferred in the north ) , sea otter , bear ( which was hard to catch , but there were recipes for steamed , boiled , and marinated bear ) , and even Bactrian camels . In the south along the coast meat from seafood was by default the most common , as the Chinese enjoyed eating cooked jellyfish with cinnamon , Sichuan pepper , cardamom , and ginger , as well as oysters with wine , fried squid with ginger and vinegar , horseshoe crabs and red swimming crabs , shrimp and pufferfish , which the Chinese called `` river piglet '' . Some foods were also off - limits , as the Tang court encouraged people not to eat beef ( since the bull was a valuable working animal ) , and from 831 to 833 Emperor Wenzong of Tang even banned the slaughter of cattle on the grounds of his religious convictions to Buddhism . From the trade overseas and over land , the Chinese acquired peaches from Samarkand , date palms , pistachios , and figs from Greater Iran , pine nuts and ginseng roots from Korea and mangoes from Southeast Asia . In China , there was a great demand for sugar ; during the reign of Harsha over North India ( r . 606 -- 647 ) , Indian envoys to the Tang brought two makers of sugar who successfully taught the Chinese how to cultivate sugarcane . Cotton also came from India as a finished product from Bengal , although it was during the Tang that the Chinese began to grow and process cotton , and by the Yuan dynasty it became the prime textile fabric in China . Methods of food preservation were important , and practiced throughout China . The common people used simple methods of preservation , such as digging deep ditches and trenches , brining , and salting their foods . The emperor had large ice pits located in the parks in and around Chang'an for preserving food , while the wealthy and elite had their own smaller ice pits . Each year the emperor had laborers carve 1000 blocks of ice from frozen creeks in mountain valleys , each block with the dimension of 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) by 3 ft by 3.5 ft ( 1.1 m ) . Frozen delicacies such as chilled melon were enjoyed during the summer . Science and technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology of the Tang dynasty Further information : History of science and technology in China , List of Chinese inventions , and List of Chinese discoveries Engineering ( edit ) Wooden statues of tomb guardians ; mechanical - driven wooden statues served as cup - bearers , wine - pourers , dancers , and others in this age . A square bronze mirror with a phoenix motif of gold and silver inlaid with lacquer , 8th - century Technology during the Tang period was built also upon the precedents of the past . Advancements in clockworks and timekeeping included the mechanical gear systems of Zhang Heng ( 78 -- 139 ) and Ma Jun ( fl . 3rd century ) gave the Tang engineer , astronomer , and monk Yi Xing ( 683 -- 727 ) inspiration when he invented the world 's first clockwork escapement mechanism in 725 . This was used alongside a clepsydra clock and waterwheel to power a rotating armillary sphere in representation of astronomical observation . Yi Xing 's device also had a mechanically timed bell that was struck automatically every hour , and a drum that was struck automatically every quarter - hour ; essentially , a striking clock . Yi Xing 's astronomical clock and water - powered armillary sphere became well known throughout the country , since students attempting to pass the imperial examinations by 730 had to write an essay on the device as an exam requirement . However , the most common type of public and palace timekeeping device was the inflow clepsydra . Its design was improved c. 610 by the Sui - dynasty engineers Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai . They provided a steelyard balance that allowed seasonal adjustment in the pressure head of the compensating tank and could then control the rate of flow for different lengths of day and night . There were many other mechanical inventions during the Tang era . This included a 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) tall mechanical wine server of the early 8th century that was in the shape of an artificial mountain , carved out of iron and rested on a lacquered - wooden tortoise frame . This intricate device used a hydraulic pump that siphoned wine out of metal dragon - headed faucets , as well as tilting bowls that were timed to dip wine down , by force of gravity when filled , into an artificial lake that had intricate iron leaves popping up as trays for placing party treats . Furthermore , as the historian Charles Benn describes it : Midway up the southern side of the mountain was a dragon ... the beast opened its mouth and spit brew into a goblet seated on a large ( iron ) lotus leaf beneath . When the cup was 80 % full , the dragon ceased spewing ale , and a guest immediately seized the goblet . If he was slow in draining the cup and returning it to the leaf , the door of a pavilion at the top of the mountain opened and a mechanical wine server , dressed in a cap and gown , emerged with a wooden bat in his hand . As soon as the guest returned the goblet , the dragon refilled it , the wine server withdrew , and the doors of the pavilion closed ... A pump siphoned the ale that flowed into the ale pool through a hidden hole and returned the brew to the reservoir ( holding more than 16 quarts / 15 liters of wine ) inside the mountain . Yet the use of a teasing mechanical puppet in this wine - serving device was n't exactly a novel invention of the Tang , since the use of mechanical puppets in China date back to the Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 207 BC ) . In the 3rd century Ma Jun had an entire mechanical puppet theater operated by the rotation of a waterwheel . There was also an automatic wine - server known in the ancient Greco - Roman world , a design of the Greek inventor Heron of Alexandria that employed an urn with an inner valve and a lever device similar to the one described above . There are many stories of automatons used in the Tang , including general Yang Wulian 's wooden statue of a monk who stretched his hands out to collect contributions ; when the amount of coins reached a certain weight , the mechanical figure moved his arms to deposit them in a satchel . This weight - and - lever mechanism was exactly like Heron 's penny slot machine . Other devices included one by Wang Ju , whose `` wooden otter '' could allegedly catch fish ; Needham suspects a spring trap of some kind was employed here . In the realm of structural engineering and technical Chinese architecture , there were also government standard building codes , outlined in the early Tang book of the Yingshan Ling ( National Building Law ) . Fragments of this book have survived in the Tang Lü ( The Tang Code ) , while the Song dynasty architectural manual of the Yingzao Fashi ( State Building Standards ) by Li Jie ( 1065 -- 1101 ) in 1103 is the oldest existing technical treatise on Chinese architecture that has survived in full . During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ( 712 -- 756 ) there were 34,850 registered craftsmen serving the state , managed by the Agency of Palace Buildings ( Jingzuo Jian ) . Woodblock printing ( edit ) Main articles : Woodblock printing , Playing cards , and Chinese playing cards The Diamond Sutra , printed in 868 , is the world 's first widely printed book to include a specific date of printing . Woodblock printing made the written word available to vastly greater audiences . One of the world 's oldest surviving printed documents is a miniature Buddhist dharani sutra unearthed at Xi'an in 1974 and dated roughly from 650 to 670 . The Diamond Sutra is the first full - length book printed at regular size , complete with illustrations embedded with the text and dated precisely to 868 . Among the earliest documents to be printed were Buddhist texts as well as calendars , the latter essential for calculating and marking which days were auspicious and which days were not . With so many books coming into circulation for the general public , literacy rates could improve , along with the lower classes being able to obtain cheaper sources of study . Therefore , there were more lower - class people seen entering the Imperial Examinations and passing them by the later Song dynasty . Although the later Bi Sheng 's movable type printing in the 11th century was innovative for his period , woodblock printing that became widespread in the Tang would remain the dominant printing type in China until the more advanced printing press from Europe became widely accepted and used in East Asia . The first use of the playing card during the Tang dynasty was an auxiliary invention of the new age of printing . Medicine ( edit ) The Chinese of the Tang era were also very interested in the benefits of officially classifying all of the medicines used in pharmacology . In 657 , Emperor Gaozong of Tang ( r . 649 -- 683 ) commissioned the literary project of publishing an official materia medica , complete with text and illustrated drawings for 833 different medicinal substances taken from different stones , minerals , metals , plants , herbs , animals , vegetables , fruits , and cereal crops . In addition to compiling pharmacopeias , the Tang fostered learning in medicine by upholding imperial medical colleges , state examinations for doctors , and publishing forensic manuals for physicians . Authors of medicine in the Tang include Zhen Chuan ( d . 643 ) and Sun Simiao ( 581 -- 682 ) , the former who first identified in writing that patients with diabetes had an excess of sugar in their urine , and the latter who was the first to recognize that diabetic patients should avoid consuming alcohol and starchy foods . As written by Zhen Chuan and others in the Tang , the thyroid glands of sheep and pigs were successfully used to treat goiters ; thyroid extracts were not used to treat patients with goiter in the West until 1890 . The use of the dental amalgam , manufactured from tin and silver , was first introduced in the medical text Xinxiu Bencao written by Su Gong in 659 . Cartography ( edit ) The Dunhuang map , a star map showing the North Polar region . circa 700 . The whole set of star maps contains over 1,300 stars . In the realm of cartography , there were further advances beyond the map - makers of the Han dynasty . When the Tang chancellor Pei Ju ( 547 -- 627 ) was working for the Sui dynasty as a Commercial Commissioner in 605 , he created a well - known gridded map with a graduated scale in the tradition of Pei Xiu ( 224 -- 271 ) . The Tang chancellor Xu Jingzong ( 592 -- 672 ) was also known for his map of China drawn in the year 658 . In the year 785 the Emperor Dezong had the geographer and cartographer Jia Dan ( 730 -- 805 ) complete a map of China and her former colonies in Central Asia . Upon its completion in 801 , the map was 9.1 m ( 30 ft ) in length and 10 m ( 33 ft ) in height , mapped out on a grid scale of one inch equaling one hundred li ( Chinese unit of measuring distance ) . A Chinese map of 1137 is similar in complexity to the one made by Jia Dan , carved on a stone stele with a grid scale of 100 li . However , the only type of map that has survived from the Tang period are star charts . Despite this , the earliest extant terrain maps of China come from the ancient State of Qin ; maps from the 4th century BC that were excavated in 1986 . Alchemy , gas cylinders , and air conditioning ( edit ) A rounded ceramic plate with `` three colors '' ( sancai ) glaze design , 8th - century Chinese scientists of the Tang period employed complex chemical formulas for an array of different purposes , often found through experiments of alchemy . These included a waterproof and dust - repelling cream or varnish for clothes and weapons , fireproof cement for glass and porcelain wares , a waterproof cream applied to silk clothes of underwater divers , a cream designated for polishing bronze mirrors , and many other useful formulas . The vitrified , translucent ceramic known as porcelain was invented in China during the Tang , although many types of glazed ceramics preceded it . Ever since the Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Chinese had drilled deep boreholes to transport natural gas from bamboo pipelines to stoves where cast iron evaporation pans boiled brine to extract salt . During the Tang dynasty , a gazetteer of Sichuan province stated that at one of these 182 m ( 600 ft ) ' fire wells ' , men collected natural gas into portable bamboo tubes which could be carried around for dozens of km ( mi ) and still produce a flame . These were essentially the first gas cylinders ; Robert Temple assumes some sort of tap was used for this device . This Tang yellow - glazed pottery horse includes a carefully sculpted saddle , which is decorated with leather straps and ornamental fastenings featuring eight - petalled flowers and apricot leaves . The inventor Ding Huan ( fl. 180 AD ) of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning , with seven wheels 3 m ( 10 ft ) in diameter and manually powered . In 747 , Emperor Xuanzong had a `` Cool Hall '' built in the imperial palace , which the Tang Yulin ( 唐語林 ) describes as having water - powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains . During the subsequent Song dynasty , written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography The first classic work about the Tang is the Old Book of Tang by Liu Xu ( 887 -- 946 ) et al. of the Later Jin , who redacted it during the last years of his life . This was edited into another history ( labelled the New Book of Tang ) in order to distinguish it , which was a work by the Song historians Ouyang Xiu ( 1007 -- 1072 ) , Song Qi ( 998 -- 1061 ) , et al. of the Song dynasty ( between the years 1044 and 1060 ) . Both of them were based upon earlier annals , yet those are now lost . Both of them also rank among the Twenty - Four Histories of China . One of the surviving sources of the Old Book of Tang , primarily covering up to 756 , is the Tongdian , which Du You presented to the emperor in 801 . The Tang period was again placed into the enormous universal history text of the Zizhi Tongjian , edited , compiled , and completed in 1084 by a team of scholars under the Song dynasty Chancellor Sima Guang ( 1019 -- 1086 ) . This historical text , written with 3 million Chinese characters in 294 volumes , covered the history of China from the beginning of the Warring States ( 403 BC ) until the beginning of the Song dynasty ( 960 ) . See also ( edit ) Di Renjie Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup Yijing ( monk ) Kaiyuan Za Bao ( government newspaper for officials ) List of emperors of the Tang dynasty The family tree of the Tang dynasty emperors List of tributaries of Imperial China Nine Pinnacle Pagoda Qianling Mausoleum Tang dynasty in Inner Asia Tang poetry Wei Zheng Yan Zhenqing Taxation in premodern China Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The polite form Dà Táng ( 大 唐 `` Great Tang '' ) was often used , e.g. in the names of books of the period . Jump up ^ During the reign of the Tang the world population grew from about 190 million to approximately 240 million , a difference of 50 million . See also medieval demography . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( December 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 222 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Jump up ^ Taagepera , Rein ( 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 475 -- 504 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . JSTOR 2600793 . p. 492 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2013 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2012 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey , Walthall & Palais 2006 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Ebrey 1999 , pp. 111 , 141 . Jump up ^ Du 1998 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Yu 1998 , pp. 73 -- 87 . 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Jump up ^ Needham 1986b , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Denis Crispin Twitchett ( 1992 ) . The Writing of Official History Under the T'ang ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 41348 - 0 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Works cited ( edit ) Adshead , S.A.M. ( 2004 ) , T'ang China : The Rise of the East in World History , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 1 - 4039 - 3456 - 8 Andrew , Anita N. ; Rapp , John A. ( 2000 ) , Autocracy and Cina 's Rebel Founding Emperors : Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu , Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9580 - 8 Bai , Shouyi ( 2003 ) , A History of Chinese Muslim ( Vol. 2 ) , Beijing : Zhonghua Book Company , ISBN 7 - 101 - 02890 - X Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 1987 ) , The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia , Princeton : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 02469 - 3 Benn , Charles ( 2002 ) , China 's Golden Age : Everyday Life in the Tang dynasty , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 517665 - 0 Bernhardt , Kathryn ( July 1995 ) , `` The Inheritance Right of Daughters : the Song Anomaly ? '' , Modern China : 269 -- 309 Bowman , John S. ( 2000 ) , Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture , New York : Columbia University Press Brook , Timothy ( 1998 ) , The Confusions of Pleasure : Commerce and Culture in Ming China , Berkeley : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 22154 - 0 Chen , Yan ( 2002 ) , Maritime Silk Route and Chinese - Foreign Cultural Exchanges , Beijing : Peking University Press , ISBN 7 - 301 - 03029 - 0 Cui , Mingde ( 2005 ) , The History of Chinese Heqin , Beijing : Renmin Chubanshe , ISBN 7 - 01 - 004828 - 2 Drompp , Michael Robert ( 2005 ) . Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire : a documentary history . Volume 13 of Brill 's Inner Asian library ( illustrated ed . ) . BRILL . p. 126 . ISBN 9004141294 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Du , Wenyu ( 1998 ) , `` Tang Song Jingji Shili Bijiao Yanjiu '' ( Comparative Study of Tang and Song Dynasty 's Economic Strength ) , Researches in Chinese Economic History , 1998 ( 4 ) , ISSN 1002 - 8005 Eberhard , Wolfram ( 2005 ) , A History of China , New York : Cosimo , ISBN 1 - 59605 - 566 - 9 Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 1999 ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of China , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X ( paperback ) . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 Fairbank , John King ; Goldman , Merle ( 2006 ) ( 1992 ) , China : A New History ( 2nd enlarged ed . ) , Cambridge : MA ; London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01828 - 1 Forte , Antonio ( 1988 ) , Mingtang and Buddhist Utopias in the History of the Astronomical Clock : the Tower , Statue , and Armillary Sphere Constructed by Empress Wu , École française d'Extrême - Orient Gascoigne , Bamber ; Gascoigne , Christina ( 2003 ) , The Dynasties of China : A History , New York : Carroll and Graf Publishers , an imprint of Avalon Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1219 - 8 Gernet , Jacques ( 1962 ) , Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion , 1250 -- 1276 , translated by H.M. Wright , Stanford : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0720 - 0 -- -- ( 1996 ) , A History of Chinese Civilization ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : Cambridge University Press , doi : 10.2277 / 0521497817 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 49781 - 7 Graff , David Andrew ( 2000 ) , `` Dou Jiande 's dilemma : Logistics , strategy , and state '' , in van de Ven , Hans , Warfare in Chinese History , Leiden : Koninklijke Brill , pp. 77 -- 105 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 11774 - 1 -- -- ( 2002 ) , Medieval Chinese Warfare , 300 -- 900 , New York , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 23954 - 0 -- -- ( 2008 ) , `` Provincial Autonomy and Frontier Defense in Late Tang : The Case of the Lulong Army '' , in Wyatt , Don J. , Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period , New York : Palgrave MacMillan , pp. 43 -- 58 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 Graff , David Andrew ( 2016 ) , The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh - Century China and Byzantium , New York , London : Routledge , ISBN 9781315627120 Guo , Qinghua ( 1998 ) , `` Yingzao Fashi : Twelfth - Century Chinese Building Manual '' , Architectural History , 41 : 1 -- 13 , doi : 10.2307 / 1568644 Harper , Damian ( 2005 ) , China , Footscray , Victoria : Lonely Planet , ISBN 1 - 74059 - 687 - 0 Hsu , Mei - ling ( 1988 ) , `` Chinese Marine Cartography : Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China '' , Imago Mundi , 40 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 112 , doi : 10.1080 / 03085698808592642 -- -- ( 1993 ) , `` The Qin Maps : A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development '' , Imago Mundi , 45 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 100 , doi : 10.1080 / 03085699308592766 Huters , Theodore ( June 1987 ) , `` From Writing to Literature : The Development of Late Qing Theories of Prose '' , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies : 51 -- 96 Kang , Jae - eun ( 2006 ) , The Land of Scholars : Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism , translated by Suzanne Lee , Paramus : Homa & Sekey Books , ISBN 1 - 931907 - 37 - 4 Kiang , Heng Chye ( 1999 ) , Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats : The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes , Singapore : Singapore University Press , ISBN 9971 - 69 - 223 - 6 Kitagawa , Hiroshi ; Tsuchida , Bruce T. ( 1975 ) , The Tale of the Heike , Tokyo : University of Tokyo Press Latourette , Kenneth Scott ( 1934 ) . The Chinese : their history and culture , Volume 1 ( 2 ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 191 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Levathes , Louise ( 1994 ) , When China Ruled the Seas , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 70158 - 4 Lewis , Mark Edward ( 2012 ) , China 's Cosmopolitan Empire : The Tang Dynasty , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03306 - 1 ( excerpt ) Liu , Pean ( 1991 ) , `` Viewing Chinese ancient navigation and shipbuilding through Zheng He 's ocean expeditions '' , Proceedings of the International Sailing Ships Conference in Shanghai Liu , Xinru ( 2001 ) , `` The Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia '' , in Michael Adas , Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History , Philadelphia : American Historical Association , Temple University Press , pp. 151 -- 179 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 832 - 9 Liu , Zhaoxiang ( 2000 ) , History of Military Legal System , et al. , Beijing : Encyclopedia of China Publishing House , ISBN 7 - 5000 - 6303 - 2 Mair , Victor H. ; Steinhardt , Nancy Shatzman ; Goldin , Paul Rakita ( 2005 ) . Victor H. Mair ; Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt ; Paul Rakita Goldin , eds . Hawai'i reader in traditional Chinese culture ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Hawai'i Press . p. 376 . ISBN 0824827856 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Marlowe , Britt ( 2008 ) , Empress Wu Zhao , Son of Heaven : Uses of Religious Patronage and Propaganda to Secure Support and Quell Dissension during the Tang Dynasty , University of Colorado Needham , Joseph ( 1986a ) , Science and Civilization in China : Volume 3 , Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth , Taipei : Caves Books -- -- ( 1986b ) , Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Engineering , Part 2 , Mechanical Engineering , Taipei : Caves Books -- -- ( 1986c ) , Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Technology , Part 3 , Civil Engineering and Nautics , Taipei : Caves Books -- -- ( 1986d ) , Science and Civilization in China : Volume 5 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology , Part 1 , Paper and Printing , Taipei : Caves Books -- -- ( 1986e ) , Science and Civilization in China : Volume 5 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology , Part 4 , Spagyrical Discovery and Invention : Apparatus , Theories and Gifts , Taipei : Caves Books Nishijima , Sadao ( 1986 ) , `` The Economic and Social History of Former Han '' , in Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael , Cambridge History of China : Volume I : the Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 545 -- 607 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24327 - 0 Ouyang , Xiu ( 5 April 2004 ) . Historical Records of the Five Dynasties . Richard L. Davis , translator . Columbia University Press . pp. 76 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50228 - 3 . Pan , Jixing ( 1997 ) , `` On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries '' , Chinese Science Bulletin , 42 ( 12 ) : 976 -- 981 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02882611 , ISSN 1001 - 6538 Reed , Carrie E. ( January -- March 2003 ) , `` Motivation and Meaning of a ' Hodge - podge ' : Duan Chengshi 's ' Youyang zazu ' '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society : 121 -- 145 Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1940 ) , `` Notes on T'ang Dynasty Sea Routes '' , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 5 ( 2 ) : 142 -- 164 , doi : 10.2307 / 2718022 , JSTOR 2718022 Richardson , H.E. ( 1985 ) , A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions , Royal Asiatic Society , Hertford : Stephen Austin and Sons Schafer , Edward H. ( 1985 ) ( 1963 ) , The Golden Peaches of Samarkand : A study of T'ang Exotics ( 1st paperback ed . ) , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 05462 - 8 Sen , Tansen ( 2003 ) , Buddhism , Diplomacy , and Trade : The Realignment of Sino - Indian Relations , 600 -- 1400 , Manoa : Asian Interactions and Comparisons , a joint publication of the University of Hawaii Press and the Association for Asian Studies , ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2593 - 4 Shen , Fuwei ( 1996 ) , Cultural flow between China and the outside world , Beijing : Foreign Languages Press , ISBN 7 - 119 - 00431 - X Hirth , Friedrich ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) . Jerome S. Arkenberg , ed . `` East Asian History Sourcebook : Chinese Accounts of Rome , Byzantium and the Middle East , c. 91 B.C.E. - 1643 C.E '' . Fordham.edu . Fordham University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Howard , Michael C. ( 2012 ) , Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies , the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel , Jefferson : McFarland & Company Skaff , Jonathan Karem ( 2009 ) . Nicola Di Cosmo , ed . Military Culture in Imperial China . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03109 - 8 . Jonathan Karam Skaff ( 6 July 2012 ) . Sui - Tang China and Its Turko - Mongol Neighbors : Culture , Power , and Connections , 580 - 800 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 999627 - 8 . Song , Yingxing ( 1966 ) , T'ien - Kung K'ai - Wu : Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century , translated with preface by E-Tu Zen Sun and Shiou - Chuan Sun , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press Stein , R.A. ( 1972 ) ( 1962 ) , Tibetan Civilization ( 1st English ed . ) , Stanford : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0806 - 1 Steinhardt , Nancy Shatzman ( 2004 ) , `` The Tang Architectural Icon and the Politics of Chinese Architectural History '' , The Art Bulletin , 86 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 254 , doi : 10.2307 / 3177416 , JSTOR 3177416 Sun , Guangqi ( 1989 ) , History of Navigation in Ancient China , Beijing : Ocean Press , ISBN 7 - 5027 - 0532 - 5 Taenzer , Gertraud ( 2016 ) , `` Changing Relations between Administration , Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia : a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang , 8th - 11th Centuries '' , in Carmen Meinert , Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks ( 7th to 13th Centuries ) , Leiden , Boston : Brill , pp. 19 -- 56 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 30741 - 4 Tang , Zhiba ( 1991 ) , `` The influence of the sail on the development of the ancient navy '' , Proceedings of the International Sailing Ships Conference in Shanghai Temple , Robert ( 1986 ) , The Genius of China : 3,000 Years of Science , Discovery , and Invention , with a foreword by Joseph Needham , New York : Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 62028 - 2 Togan , Isenbike ( 11 August 2011 ) . Jeroen Duindam ; Tülay Artan ; Metin Kunt , eds . Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires : A Global Perspective . BRILL . pp. 177 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 20622 - 1 . Twitchett , Denis ( 2000 ) , `` Tibet in Tang 's Grand Strategy '' , in van de Ven , Hans , Warfare in Chinese History , Leiden : Koninklijke Brill , pp. 106 -- 179 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 11774 - 1 Wang , Yongxing ( 2003 ) , Draft Discussion of Early Tang Dynasty 's Military Affairs History , Beijing : Kunlun Press , ISBN 7 - 80040 - 669 - 5 Whitfield , Susan ( 2004 ) , The Silk Road : Trade , Travel , War and Faith , Chicago : Serindia , ISBN 978 - 1 - 932476 - 13 - 2 Wilkinson , Endymion ( 2013 ) , Chinese History : A New Manual , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06715 - 8 Wood , Nigel ( 1999 ) , Chinese Glazes : Their Origins , Chemistry , and Recreation , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3476 - 6 Woods , Frances ( 1996 ) , Did Marco Polo go to China ? , United States : Westview Press , ISBN 0 - 8133 - 8999 - 2 Wong , Timothy C. ( 1979 ) , `` Self and Society in Tang Dynasty Love Tales '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , 99 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 100 , doi : 10.2307 / 598956 , JSTOR 598956 Wright , Arthur F. ( 1959 ) , Buddhism in Chinese History , Stanford : Stanford University Press Xi , Zezong ( 1981 ) , `` Chinese Studies in the History of Astronomy , 1949 -- 1979 '' , Isis , 72 ( 3 ) : 456 -- 470 , doi : 10.1086 / 352793 Xu , Daoxun ( 1993 ) , The Biography of Tang Xuanzong , et al. , Beijing : People 's Press , ISBN 7 - 01 - 001210 - 5 Xue , Zongzheng ( 1992 ) , Turkic peoples ( 突厥 史 ) , Beijing : 中国 社会 科学 出版 社 , ISBN 7 - 5004 - 0432 - 8 Yu , Pauline ( 1998 ) , `` Charting the Landscape of Chinese Poetry '' , Chinese Literature : Essays , Articles , Reviews ( CLEAR ) , 20 : 71 -- 87 , JSTOR 495264 Yule , Henry ( 1915 ) , Henri Cordier , ed. , Cathay and the Way Thither : Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China , Vol I : Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route , 1 , London : London : Hakluyt Society , retrieved 21 September 2016 Further reading ( edit ) Abramson , Marc S. ( 2008 ) , Ethnic Identity in Tang China , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4052 - 8 Barrett , Timothy Hugh ( 2008 ) , The Woman Who Discovered Printing , Great Britain : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12728 - 7 Cotterell , Arthur ( 2007 ) , The Imperial Capitals of China : An Inside View of the Celestial Empire , London : Pimlico , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5 de la Vaissière , E. ( 2005 ) , Sogdian Traders . A History , Leiden : Brill , ISBN 90 - 04 - 14252 - 5 Schafer , Edward H. ( 1967 ) , The Vermilion Bird : T'ang Images of the South , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press Wang , Zhenping ( 2013 ) , Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia : A History of Diplomacy and War , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3644 - 3 The History of Relationship Development Between Imperial China and Tibetan Regime In Tang and Song Dynasty External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tang Dynasty . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Art of the Tang dynasty . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article T'ang . The Tang Dynasty at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Home of 300 Tang Poems , University of Virginia Tang art with video commentary , from the Minneapolis Institute of Arts Paintings of Sui and Tang dynasties Zizhi Tongjian , vols. 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 . Preceded by Sui dynasty Dynasties in Chinese history 618 -- 907 Succeeded by Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Tang dynasty topics History Timeline of the Tang dynasty Transition from Sui to Tang Xuanwu Gate Incident Tang -- Eastern Turks War Tang -- Xueyantuo War Goguryeo -- Tang War Baekje -- Tang War Silla -- Tang War Tang - Tibetan relations Tang -- Western Turks War oasis states Karakhoja Karasahr Kucha Conquest Battle of Talas An Lushan Rebellion Niu -- Li factional strife Sweet Dew Incident Huang Chao Rebellion Society and culture Art Poetry Three Hundred Tang Poems Poets Official headwear Old Book of Tang New Book of Tang Li Bai Du Fu Islam during the Tang dynasty Government Emperor List Family tree Three Departments and Six Ministries Imperial guards Administrative divisions Jimi system Jiedushi Four Garrisons of Anxi Imperial examinations Turkic generals Military expansion Protectorate General to Pacify the West Protectorate General to Pacify the North Protectorate General to Pacify the East Protectorate General to Pacify the South Beiting Protectorate Ungjin Commandery Gyerim Territory Area Command Tang dynasty in Inner Asia Science and technology Flying cash Woodblock printing Yi Xing Economy Salt Industry Commission Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers History of Imperial China portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tang_dynasty&oldid=825753179 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in East Asia Former empires States and territories established in the 610s States and territories disestablished in 907 Tang dynasty Dynasties in Chinese history Imperial China Medieval Asia 7th century in China 8th century in China 9th century in China 10th century in China 618 establishments 907 disestablishments 7th - century establishments in China 10th - century disestablishments in China Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - 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the capital of the tang dynasty and the largest city in the world at the time was
[ "The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire (Chinese: 唐朝[a]) was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.[4] Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty, and the Tang capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) was the most populous city in the world." ]
[ "Chang'an" ]
273697878513289249
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
President pro tempore of the United States Senate - wikipedia President pro tempore of the United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search President pro tempore of the United States Senate Incumbent Orrin Hatch ( R ) since January 6 , 2015 Legislative branch of the U.S. government Senate of the United States Style Mr. President ( Informal and within the Senate ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Status Deputy presiding officer of one chamber in a bicameral legislature Member of United States Senate Residence United States Capitol Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Elected by the U.S. Senate Term length At the pleasure of the Senate , and until another is elected or their term of office as a Senator expires Constituting instrument United States Constitution Inaugural holder John Langdon April 6 , 1789 Formation March 4 , 1789 Succession Third Deputy Any senator , typically a member of the majority party , designated by the President pro tempore Website senate.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President pro tempore of the United States Senate ( also president pro tem ) is the second - highest - ranking official of the United States Senate . Article One , Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the Vice President of the United States is , despite not being a U.S. Senator , the President of the Senate , and mandates that the Senate must choose a President pro tempore to act in the Vice President 's absence . Unlike the Vice President , the President pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate , able to speak or vote on any issue . Selected by the Senate at large , the President pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers . During the Vice President 's absence , the President pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions . In practice , neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore usually presides ; instead , the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. Senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure . Since 1890 , the most senior U.S. Senator in the majority party has generally been chosen to be President pro tempore and holds the office continuously until the election of another . This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949 . Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947 , the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency , after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State . The automatic line of succession applies only to the presidency ; the office of Vice President remains vacant until an appointment is made as provided in the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the Constitution . The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch . Elected on January 6 , 2015 , he is the 90th person to serve in this office . On January 2 , 2018 , Hatch announced his pending retirement from the Senate , effective January 3 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Power and responsibilities 2 History 3 Related officials 3.1 Acting president pro tempore 3.1. 1 Permanent acting president pro tempore 3.2 Deputy president pro tempore 3.3 President pro tempore emeritus 4 Salary 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Power and responsibilities ( edit ) The office of president pro tempore is created by Article I , Section 3 of the Constitution : The Senate shall choose their other Officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States . John Tyler is the only Senate president pro tempore to also become President of the United States . Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives , the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited . In the Senate , most power rests with party leaders and individual senators , but as the chamber 's presiding officer , the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the absence of the vice president , including ruling on points of order . Additionally , under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution , the president pro tempore and the speaker are the two authorities to whom declarations must be transmitted that the president is unable to perform the duties of the office , or is able to resume doing so . The president pro tempore is third in the line of presidential succession , following the vice president and the speaker . Additional duties include appointment of various congressional officers , certain commissions , advisory boards , and committees and joint supervision of the congressional page school . The president pro tempore is the designated legal recipient of various reports to the Senate , including War Powers Act reports under which he or she , jointly with the speaker , may have the president call Congress back into session . The officeholder is an ex officio member of various boards and commissions . With the secretary and sergeant at arms , the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol and Senate buildings . History ( edit ) Benjamin Wade came within one vote of being the first president pro tempore to succeed to the presidency after the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868 The office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789 . The first president pro tempore , John Langdon , was elected on April 6 the same year . Originally , the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate . Until the 1960s , it was common practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions , so the president pro tempore rarely presided unless the vice presidency became vacant . Until 1891 , the president pro tempore served only until the return of the vice president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress . Between 1792 and 1886 , the president pro tempore was second in the line of presidential succession following the vice president and preceding the speaker , but as is the case today , the president pro tempore would not assume the vice presidency if it became vacant . Before the ratification of the Twenty - fifth Amendment in 1967 , a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled only by a regular election . There has never been a legal office of Acting Vice President . On three occasions during the 19th century , the Senate was without both a president and a president pro tempore : July 9 -- 11 , 1850 , following Millard Fillmore 's accession to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor , until William R. King was elected president pro tempore ; September 19 -- October 10 , 1881 , following Chester Arthur 's accession to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield , until Thomas F. Bayard was elected president pro tempore ; November 25 -- December 7 , 1885 , following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks , until John Sherman was elected president pro tempore . President pro tempore Robert Byrd and House Speaker Dennis Hastert presided over a special joint session following the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . Here President Bush shakes hands with Byrd . When President Andrew Johnson , who had no vice president , was impeached and tried in 1868 , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Franklin Wade was next in line to the presidency . Wade 's radicalism is thought by many historians to be a major reason why the Senate , which did not want to see Wade in the White House , acquitted Johnson . The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the presidential line of succession in 1886 . Both were restored to it in 1947 , though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker . William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 ( 54th -- 62nd Congress ) , a tenure longer than anyone else . He resigned from the position due to ill health a couple of months before his death . Electing his successor proved difficult , as Senate Republicans , then in the majority , were split between progressive and conservative factions , each promoting its own candidate . Likewise , the Democrats proposed their own candidate . As a result of this three - way split , no individual received a majority vote . It took four months for a compromise solution to emerge : Democrat Augustus Bacon would serve for a single day , August 14 , 1911 , during the vice president 's absence . Thereafter , Bacon and four Republicans -- Charles Curtis , Jacob Gallinger , Henry Cabot Lodge , and Frank Brandegee -- would alternate as president pro tempore for the remainder of the Congress . In January 1945 , the 79th Congress elected Kenneth McKellar , who at the time was the Senator with the longest continuous service , to be President pro tempore . Since then , it has become customary for the majority party 's senior member to hold this position . Arthur Vandenberg ( in 1947 -- 1949 ) was the last president pro tempore not to be the senior member of the majority party , aside from the single day accorded Milton Young ( in December 1980 ) , who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party , which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress . Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President : John Tyler , William R. King and Charles Curtis . Tyler is the only one to become president ( in April 1841 , following the death of William Henry Harrison ) . Related officials ( edit ) Acting president pro tempore ( edit ) President pro tempore Carl Hayden seated to the left of House Speaker John W. McCormick during a 1963 speech by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a joint session of Congress . While the president pro tempore does have other official duties , the holders of the office have , like the vice president , over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis , owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position . Furthermore , as the president pro tempore is now usually the most senior senator of the majority party , he or she most likely also chairs a major Senate committee and has other significant demands on his or her time . Therefore , the president pro tempore has less time now than in the past to preside daily over the Senate . Instead , junior senators from the majority party are designated acting president pro tempore to preside over the Senate . This allows junior senators to learn proper parliamentary procedure . The acting president pro tempore is usually reappointed daily by the president pro tempore . Permanent acting president pro tempore ( edit ) In June 1963 , because of the illness of president pro tempore Carl Hayden , Senator Lee Metcalf was designated permanent acting president pro tempore . No term was imposed on this designation , so Metcalf retained it until he died in office in 1978 . Deputy president pro tempore ( edit ) Hubert Humphrey ( D - Minnesota ) was the first Deputy President pro tempore in 1977 -- 1978 The ceremonial post of deputy president pro tempore was created for Hubert Humphrey , a former vice president , in 1977 following his losing bid to become the Senate majority leader . The Senate resolution creating the position stated that any former president or former vice president serving in the Senate would be entitled to this position , though none has served since Humphrey 's death in 1978 , and former vice president Walter Mondale , who sought his former Senate seat in Minnesota in 2002 , is the only one to have tried . Andrew Johnson is the only former president to have subsequently served in the Senate . George J. Mitchell was elected deputy president pro tempore in 1987 , because of the illness of president pro tempore John C. Stennis , similar to Metcalf 's earlier designation as permanent acting president pro tempore . The office has remained vacant since 1989 and no senator other than Humphrey and Mitchell has held it since its creation . Mitchell is the only person to have served as deputy president pro tempore who was neither a former president nor former vice president of the United States . The post is largely honorary and ceremonial , but comes with a salary increase . By statute , the compensation granted to the position holder equals the rate of annual compensation paid to the president pro tempore , majority leader , and minority leader . ( See 2 U.S.C. § 6112 . ) President pro tempore emeritus ( edit ) Patrick Leahy ( D - Vermont ) , former president pro tempore , and current president pro tempore emeritus . Since 2001 , the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore . The position has been held by Strom Thurmond ( R - South Carolina ) ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , Robert Byrd ( D - West Virginia ) ( 2003 -- 2007 ) , Ted Stevens ( R - Alaska ) ( 2007 -- 2009 ) and Patrick Leahy ( D - Vermont ) ( 2015 -- present ) . From 2009 to 2015 , no senator met the requirements for the position . The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001 . With the change in party control , Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore , reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001 . Thurmond 's retirement from the Senate on January 3 , 2003 , coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control , making Stevens president pro tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus . Byrd returned as president pro tempore , and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus , when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007 . While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties , he is entitled to an increase in staff and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate . The office 's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress , shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years . Quoted in CQ Roll Call , Leahy commented , `` ( The Republicans ) did n't keep their commitment . They want to treat us differently than we treated them , and so they 've got that right . It seems kind of petty , but it really does n't matter to me . I 've got plenty of funding , plenty of good staff . '' Salary ( edit ) The salary of the president pro tempore for 2012 was $193,400 , equal to that of the majority leaders and minority leaders of both houses of Congress . If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president , then the salary would be the same as that of the vice president , $230,700 . See also ( edit ) List of Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Seniority in the United States Senate Acting Vice President of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office ; With a preface by Senator Robert C. Byrd , President pro tempore ( 2008 ) . Erickson , Nancy ( Secretary of the Senate ) , ed . Pro Tem : Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 079984 - 6 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hillary takes Senate gavel -- for an hour '' . CNN . January 24 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Christopher M. ( December 20 , 2012 ) . The President Pro Tempore of the Senate : History and Authority of the Office ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mount , Steve . `` Constitutional Topic : Presidential Line of Succession '' . USConstitution.net . Steve Mount . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burr , Thomas ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Hatch now third in line for presidency as Senate president pro tem '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Scherer , Michael ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah will retire , opening door for a Romney candidacy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kathy Gill . `` US Senate Organization '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Pro Tempore '' . United States Senate . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sachs , Richard C. ( January 22 , 2003 ) . `` The President Pro Tempore of the Senate : History and Authority of the Office '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Berg - Andersson ( June 7 , 2001 ) . `` A Brief History of Congressional Leadership '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene ( 1977 ) . High Crimes and Misdemeanors : The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson . William Morrow & Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03072 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gold , Martin B. ; Gupta , Dimple . `` The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures : A Majoritarian Means to Over Come the Filibuster * '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy . 28 ( 1 ) : 211 . Jump up ^ `` APPOINTMENT OF A SENATOR TO THE CHAIR - Rules of the Senate - United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hubert H. Humphrey '' . virtualology.com . Evisum Inc. 2000 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ S. Res. 103 , adopted , June 6 , 2001 . `` Thanking and Electing Strom Thurmond President pro tempore emeritus . '' Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 32b Jump up ^ Lesniewski , Niels ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Leahy : ' Kind of Petty ' Not to Fund Emeritus Office in ' Cromnibus ' '' . CQ Roll Call . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` President pro tempore '' . Official website of the United States Senate . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan 3rd in line Succeeded by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Langdon Lee Langdon Izard H Tazewell Livermore Bingham Bradford Read Sedgwick Laurance Ross Livermore Tracy Howard Hillhouse Baldwin Bradley Brown Franklin Anderson Smith Bradley Milledge Gregg Gaillard Pope Crawford Varnum Gaillard Barbour Gaillard Macon Smith L Tazewell White Poindexter Tyler WR King Southard Mangum Sevier Atchison WR King Atchison Cass Bright Stuart Bright Mason Rusk Fitzpatrick Bright Fitzpatrick Foot Clark Foster Wade Anthony Carpenter Anthony Ferry Thurman Bayard Davis Edmunds Sherman Ingalls Manderson Harris Ransom Harris Frye Bacon / Curtis / Gallinger / Brandegee / Lodge Clarke Saulsbury Cummins Moses Pittman WH King Harrison Glass McKellar Vandenberg McKellar Bridges George Hayden Russell Ellender Eastland Magnuson Young Magnuson Thurmond Stennis Byrd Thurmond Byrd Thurmond Byrd Stevens Byrd Inouye Leahy Hatch United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history , and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - 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born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=841979780 '' Categories : Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Legislative deputy speakers United States Senate Senior legislators Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 11 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does the president pro tempore replace in the senate
[ "The President pro tempore of the United States Senate (also president pro tem) is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Article One, Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the Vice President of the United States is, despite not being a U.S. Senator, the President of the Senate, and mandates that the Senate must choose a President pro tempore to act in the Vice President's absence. Unlike the Vice President, the President pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate, able to speak or vote on any issue. Selected by the Senate at large, the President pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers.[2] During the Vice President's absence, the President pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore usually presides; instead, the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. Senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure.[3]" ]
[ "Vice President of the United States" ]
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Cat's in the Cradle
Cat 's in the Cradle - wikipedia Cat 's in the Cradle For the CSI episode , see Cats in the Cradle ( CSI ) . Not to be confused with Cat 's cradle ( disambiguation ) . `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' Side - A label of the U.S. vinyl single Single by Harry Chapin from the album Verities & Balderdash B - side `` Vacancy '' Released October 1 , 1974 Format 7 '' vinyl , CD Recorded 1973 Genre Folk rock , soft rock Length 3 : 44 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Harry Chapin Sandra Chapin Producer ( s ) Paul Leka Harry Chapin singles chronology `` WOLD '' ( 1973 ) `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' ( 1974 ) `` What Made America Famous ? '' ( 1974 ) `` WOLD '' ( 1973 ) `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' ( 1974 ) `` What Made America Famous ? '' ( 1974 ) `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' is a 1974 folk rock song by Harry Chapin from the album Verities & Balderdash . The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1974 . As Chapin 's only No. 1 hit song , it became the best known of his work and a staple for folk rock music . Chapin 's recording of the song was nominated for the 1975 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Ugly Kid Joe version 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Other uses 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The song 's lyrics began as a poem written by Harry 's wife , Sandra `` Sandy '' Gaston ; the poem itself was inspired by the awkward relationship between her first husband , James Cashmore , and his father , John , a politician who served as Brooklyn borough president . She was also inspired by a country music song she had heard on the radio . Chapin also said the song was about his own relationship with his son , Josh , admitting , `` Frankly , this song scares me to death . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peak position Australia 6 Canada Top Singles Canada Adult Contemporary 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 6 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 U.K. Singles Chart 53 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 99 Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Australia 51 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 38 Ugly Kid Joe version ( edit ) `` Cats in the Cradle '' Single by Ugly Kid Joe from the album America 's Least Wanted Released March 25 , 1993 Recorded Genre Hard rock , soft rock Length 4 : 01 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Harry Chapin Sandra Chapin Producer ( s ) Mark Dodson Ugly Kid Joe singles chronology `` So Damn Cool '' ( 1992 ) `` Cats in the Cradle '' ( 1993 ) `` Busy Bee '' ( 1993 ) `` So Damn Cool '' ( 1992 ) `` Cats in the Cradle '' ( 1993 ) `` Busy Bee '' ( 1993 ) In 1992 , the hard rock band Ugly Kid Joe included a cover of the song , renamed `` Cats in the Cradle '' , on their debut album America 's Least Wanted . The cover was issued as a single in 1993 and peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 , the group 's highest ever position on that chart . The song also peaked at number three on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . The single sold 500,000 copies domestically , earning a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America . In Chapin 's version , the chorus changes from `` when you coming home , dad ? '' to `` when you coming home , son ? '' , as the child grows up , and the situation changes from a busy father neglecting his son to a busy son neglecting his father . In Ugly Kid Joe 's version , all the choruses use the same words with a subtle change from `` When you coming home ? Son , I do n't know when '' , to `` When you coming home , son ? I do n't know when . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6 UK 7 Germany 10 Austria 7 Switzerland 5 Dutch Top 40 12 Belgium 20 France 28 Sweden Norway Australia New Zealand Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 79 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 24 Other uses ( edit ) Johnny Cash made his own version in his album Boom Chika Boom ( 1989 ) . In 1993 a version of the song was used in an anti-paramilitary advert commissioned by the Northern Ireland Office titled `` I Wanna Be Like You '' . A version of this song was recorded as `` Just Like Me '' by DMC featuring Sarah McLachlan . This version used the same melody and almost the same chorus lyrics , but with entirely revised lyrics in the verses so as to make the song about DMC 's adoption and feelings towards his birth mother . The recording appeared on DMC 's 2006 album Checks Thugs and Rock n Roll as well as McLachlan 's 2008 compilation Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 . Donkey sings this to Shrek in Shrek the Third after Shrek learns he 's going to be a father . The song is also used in the enhanced version of the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V in the songlist for the game 's Los Santos Rock Radio station . The titles of the Boy Meets World episodes `` I 'm Gonna be Like You , Dad '' and `` We 'll Have a Good Time Then '' quote from the song . Quitline uses the song to enforce the notion of premature death of parents because of their smoking habits . A version by singer Joseph Angel is used for a 2017 TV commercial for TD Ameritrade . In the episode `` St. Patrick 's Day '' ( S6E19 ) of The Office ( US ) , Dwight Schrute uses the song to lay a guilt trip on Jim Halpert for returning to work while his wife and newborn are at home . The song is central to the theme of The Goldbergs episode , `` In Conclusion -- Thanksgiving '' . In S5E9 ( 2013 ) of `` The Middle `` Mike tells his son Axl about `` this song from the 70s `` and its content when Axl is home from college over Christmas break and prefers a party over quality time with his family on Christmas Eve . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum.com . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Pop Solo Performance '' . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame List '' . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Grayeb . `` Behind the Song : Cats in the Cradle '' . Harrychapin.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chapin 's opening commentary at Soundstage and live performance of the song : `` Cat 's In The Cradle '' `` . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Item : 7096 - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1974 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Search for `` ugly kid joe '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Ugly Kid Joe -- Cats in the Cradle '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Cats In The Cradle von Ugly Kid Joe '' . Chartsurfer.de . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1993 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HardyzGuy25 ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) , Cat 's In The Cradle - Johnny Cash , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ Rutherford , Adrian ( 30 January 2016 ) . `` Eerily prophetic Troubles ad that shocked us in 1993 gets 500,000 views in one day '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Doherty , Malachi ( 30 January 2016 ) . `` Landmark in NIO propaganda that showed us how bad Troubles were '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Matt ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Here 's all 162 new songs in the refreshed GTA 5 soundtrack '' . VG247.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Youtube : Quitline '' . 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TD Ameritrade TV Commercial , ' Cat 's in the Cradle ' Song by Joseph Angel '' . 11 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at The Harry Chapin Archive Guitar Tabs and Chords at Fretbase Harry Chapin Ron Palmer Tim Scott John Wallace Stephen Chapin Tom Chapin Mike Masters Doug Walker Howie Fields Ron Evanuik Kim Scholes Yvonne Cable Studio albums Heads & Tales Sniper and Other Love Songs Short Stories Verities & Balderdash Portrait Gallery On the Road to Kingdom Come Dance Band on the Titanic Living Room Suite Sequel Live albums Greatest Stories Live Legends of the Lost and Found Posthumously Produced Harry Chapin Tribute The Last Protest Singer The Bottom Line Encore Collection Compilations Remember When the Music The Gold Medal Collection Story of a Life DVDs Rockpalast Live Remember When : The Anthology Singles `` Taxi '' `` Sunday Morning Sunshine '' `` WOLD '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` I Wanna Learn a Love Song '' `` Dreams Go By '' `` Flowers Are Red '' `` Sequel '' Other songs `` 30,000 Pounds of Bananas '' `` A Better Place to Be '' `` Corey 's Coming '' `` Halfway to Heaven '' `` The Mayor of Candor Lied '' `` Mr. Tanner '' `` Six String Orchestra '' `` Sniper '' Related articles Discography The Night That Made America Famous Ricky Skaggs Studio albums That 's It Sweet Temptation Waitin ' for the Sun to Shine Family & Friends Highways & Heartaches Do n't Cheat in Our Hometown Country Boy Love 's Gonna Get Ya ! Comin ' Home to Stay Kentucky Thunder My Father 's Son Solid Ground Life Is a Journey Big Mon : The Songs of Bill Monroe Ricky Skaggs and Friends Sing the Songs of Bill Monroe Solo ( Songs My Dad Loved ) Mosaic Country Hits Bluegrass Style Collaborative albums Second Generation Bluegrass One Way Track Skaggs & Rice Bluegrass Rules ! Ancient Tones Soldier of the Cross History of the Future The Three Pickers Brand New Strings Instrumentals Ricky Skaggs & Bruce Hornsby Salt of the Earth Honoring the Fathers of Bluegrass : Tribute to 1946 and 1947 Music to My Ears Hearts Like Ours Live albums Live in London Live at the Charleston Music Hall Cluck Ol ' Hen Compilation albums Favorite Country Songs Super Hits Notable singles `` You May See Me Walkin ' '' `` Crying My Heart Out Over You '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` Heartbroke '' `` I Would n't Change You If I Could '' `` Highway 40 Blues '' `` You 've Got a Lover '' `` Do n't Cheat in Our Hometown '' `` Honey ( Open That Door ) '' `` Uncle Pen '' `` Something in My Heart '' `` Country Boy '' `` You Make Me Feel Like a Man '' `` Cajun Moon '' `` I 've Got a New Heartache '' `` Love 's Gonna Get You Someday '' `` Love Ca n't Ever Get Better Than This '' ( with Sharon White ) `` Thanks Again '' `` Lovin ' Only Me '' `` Let It Be You '' `` Heartbreak Hurricane '' `` Hummingbird '' `` He Was On to Somethin ' ( So He Made You ) '' `` Life 's Too Long ( To Live Like This ) '' `` Same Ol ' Love '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' Related articles Discography Mark O'Connor `` Make You Mine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat%27s_in_the_Cradle&oldid=849579338 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1993 singles Harry Chapin songs Ugly Kid Joe songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs written by Harry Chapin 1974 songs Elektra Records singles Mercury Records singles Songs about parenthood Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Song recordings produced by Paul Leka Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 23 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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who did the song cat's in the cradle
[ "\"Cat's in the Cradle\" is a 1974 folk rock song by Harry Chapin from the album Verities & Balderdash. The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1974. As Chapin's only No. 1 hit song, it became the best known of his work and a staple for folk rock music. Chapin's recording of the song was nominated for the 1975 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2011.[2][3]\n" ]
[ "Harry Chapin" ]
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Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi
Veera Narayana temple , Belavadi - wikipedia Veera Narayana temple , Belavadi Veera Narayana Temple , Belavadi Location in Karnataka , India Geography Coordinates 13 ° 16 ′ 57 '' N 75 ° 59 ′ 50 '' E  /  13.282594 ° N 75.99726 ° E  / 13.282594 ; 75.99726 Coordinates : 13 ° 16 ′ 57 '' N 75 ° 59 ′ 50 '' E  /  13.282594 ° N 75.99726 ° E  / 13.282594 ; 75.99726 Country India State Karnataka District Chikkamagaluru Culture Major festivals Narasinha Jayanthi Architecture Architecture Mandir Number of temples + 91 9035041518 History Date built 1200 CE Creator Veera Ballala II A profile of Veera Narayana temple at Belavadi The Veera Narayana temple is located in Belavadi , a village in the Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka state , India . The temple was built during the rule of the Hoysala Empire . Known to legend as Ekachakranagara , Belavadi is said to be the place mentioned in Mahabharatha where Pandava prince Bheema killed the demon Bakasura and protected the village and its people . Belavadi is 29 km southeast of Chikmagalur town on the Chikmagalur - Javagal highway . It is a short distance from the famous temple towns of Belur and Halebidu , and a visit to this town is a rewarding experience . Contents 1 Architecture 2 Gallery 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Architecture ( edit ) This ornate trikuta ( three shrined ) temple was built in 1200 C.E. by Hoysala Empire King Veera Ballala II . The material used is Soapstone . Each of the three shrines has a complete superstructure ( tower on top of shrine ) and is one of the largest temples built by the Hoysala kings . While the famous temples at Belur and Halebidu are known for their intricate sculptures , this temple is known for its architecture . The plan of the temple is unique in that two of the shrines face each other and are located on either side of a wide and spacious open mantapa ( hall ) containing thirty seven bays . The temple complex has two closed mantapas , one with thirteen bays and another with nine bays , at the end of which is a central shrine . This third shrine is an older construction and exhibits a standard architectural idiom containing all the basic elements of a Hoysala temple . The inner walls of the older shrine are plain , but its roof is well decorated . In all , the temple complex has fifty nine bays ( hence it has many pillars ) , most of which are lathe - turned and bell shaped , while a few have decorative carvings on them . According to Foekema , the outer wall of the temple is of the `` old style '' , with one eaves running around the temple where the superstructure meets the wall of the shrine . Below this are miniature decorative towers on pilasters ( aedicule ) . This is followed by a second eves . A panel of Hindu deities and their attendants ( frieze ) are below this eves followed by a set of five moldings that form the base of the wall . Lathe turned pillars of the mantapa between the Venugopala and Yoga Narasimha shrines of the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi Domical bay ceiling art in outer mantapa of the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi The two newer shrines have different plans . One shrine is square in shape while the other is star shaped ( stellate ) . The tower of the shrine has an apex called the kalasha ( decorative water - pot like structure ) below which are three tiers of decorated miniature roofs . The superstructure over each of three shrines is connected to a low protrusion tower called Sukanasi ( tower over the vestibule , called `` nose '' of the main tower ) The Sukanasi consist of two tiers of decorated miniature roofs . In all other aspects the two shrines are identical . All shrines have sculptured decoration on the towers , and the sculptures on the walls are bold and are visible from a distance . However , they are not sharp and impressive from close quarters unlike in other Hoysala temples . The important sculptures with fine finish are that of the Hindu god Krishna dancing on the head of Kalia the serpent , and the Garuda ( eagle ) . This is a Vaishnava temple and all three shrines have images of the Hindu god Vishnu , though in different forms ( avatar ) . The central shrine ( older shrine ) has an 8 ft ( 2.4 m ) tall image of Narayana with four hands and is considered one of the best examples of Hoysala art . It is well elaborated with ornamentation and stands on a padmasana ( lotus seat ) . The southern shrine has an 8 ft ( 2.4 m ) tall image of Venugopala ( the god Krishna playing a flute ) including a garuda pedestal and the northern shrine has a 7 ft ( 2.1 m ) tall image of Yoganarasimha , sitting in a yoga posture . Decorative sculptures such as kirtimukhas ( gargoyles ) are used to make the shrine ( vimana ) towers ornate . Gallery ( edit ) Outer mantapa ( hall ) at Veera Narayana temple in Belavadi Inner mantapa ( hall ) in Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi Close up view of Vimana ( shrine and tower over it ) in Veera Narayana temple at Belavadi Parapet wall relief sculpture in the Veera Narayana temple at Belavadi The Veera Narayana temple at Belavadi is one of the Hoysala architectural marvels Profile of rear shrine in the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi Profile of rear shrine in the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi View of front right shrine with rear shrine in the background in the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi View of the front left shrine with rear shrine in the background in the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi Profile of the outer mantapa and a shrine in the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi Lintel decoration at entrance into inner closed mantapa in the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi Domical bay ceiling art in outer mantapa of the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi Ornate Vimana of the YogaNarasimha shrine in the Veeranarayana temple at Belavadi South Western View of Sri Veera Narayana Temple , Belavadi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p136 . Quote : `` The Western Chalukya carvings were done on green schist ( Soapstone ) . This technique was adopted by the Hoysalas '' , Takeo Kamiya . `` Architecture of the Indian subcontinent , 20 September 1996 '' . Gerard da Cunha - Architecture Autonomous , Bardez , Goa , India . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Foekema ( 1996 ) , p53 Jump up ^ Quote : `` A bay is a square or rectangular compartment in the hall '' , Foekema ( 1996 ) , p93 Jump up ^ Quote : `` This is a common feature of Western Chalukya - Hoysala temples '' , Kamath ( 2001 ) , p117 Jump up ^ Quote : `` An eaves is a projecting roof , overhanging the wall '' , Foekema ( 1996 ) , p93 Jump up ^ Quote : `` The Kalasha is the water pot like structure at the peak of the tower '' , Foekema ( 2001 ) , p27 Jump up ^ Quote : `` Tower on top of vestibule connecting hall and shrine '' , Foekema ( 1996 ) , p22 ^ Jump up to : Foekema ( 1996 ) , pp54 - 55 . Jump up ^ I Sesunathan . `` Belavadi exudes Hoysala 's beauty '' . Spectrum , Deccan Herald , Tuesday , May 9 , 2006 . Decan Herald . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 ... References ( edit ) Gerard Foekema , A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples , Abhinav , 1996 ISBN 81 - 7017 - 345 - 0 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath , A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present , Jupiter books , 2001 , MCC , Bangalore ( Reprinted 2002 ) `` Belavadi exudes Hoysala 's beauty '' . Spectrum , Deccan Herald , May 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . `` Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veera Narayana Temple , Belavadi . 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where is the veera narayana temple built during the hoysala empire located
[ "Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi\n\nLocation in Karnataka, IndiaGeographyCoordinates\n13°16′57″N 75°59′50″E / 13.282594°N 75.99726°E / 13.282594; 75.99726Coordinates: 13°16′57″N 75°59′50″E / 13.282594°N 75.99726°E / 13.282594; 75.99726Country\nIndiaState\nKarnatakaDistrict\nChikkamagaluruCultureMajor festivals\nNarasinha JayanthiArchitectureArchitecture\nMandirNumber of temples\n+91 9035041518HistoryDate built\n1200 CECreator\nVeera Ballala II" ]
[ "13°16′57″N 75°59′50″E / 13.282594°N 75.99726°E" ]
-4989017415059672585
Ed O'Neill
Ed O'Neill - wikipedia Ed O'Neill Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Ed O'Neill , see Ed O'Neill ( disambiguation ) . Ed O'Neill O ' Neill at the 2015 PaleyFest for Modern Family Edward Leonard O'Neill ( 1946 - 04 - 12 ) April 12 , 1946 ( age 71 ) Youngstown , Ohio , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California Nationality American Occupation Actor , comedian Years active 1967 -- present Known for Married ... with Children Modern Family Spouse ( s ) Catherine Rusoff ( m . 1986 ) Children Edward Leonard `` Ed '' O'Neill ( born April 12 , 1946 ) is an American actor and comedian . He is best known for playing Al Bundy on the Fox Network sitcom Married ... with Children , for which he was nominated for two Golden Globes ; and playing patriarch Jay Pritchett on the award - winning ABC sitcom Modern Family , a role for which he has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and won four Screen Actors Guild Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) O'Neill was born into an Irish American Catholic family in Youngstown , Ohio . His mother , Ruth Ann ( née Quinlan ) , was a homemaker and social worker , and his father , Edward Phillip O'Neill , was a steel mill worker and truck driver . O'Neill attended Ursuline High School before transferring to Worthington High School and winning a state championship earning the name Ed O'Winner and won a football scholarship to Ohio University , where he majored in history , also having joined the Mu chapter of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity . O'Neill left Ohio after his sophomore year ; he spent more time playing sports and partying than studying and also feuded with his coach . He transferred to Youngstown State University ( YSU ) , where he was a defensive lineman . While an undergraduate , O'Neill pledged Delta Sigma Phi and was initiated into the Delta Sigma chapter there . Rumors abound that he was an avid partier . O'Neill was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1969 but was cut in training camp . Later , on Married ... with Children , O'Neill played a former high - school football star who had failed to make it big and constantly reminisced about his `` glory days '' at Polk High ( `` I once scored four touchdowns in a single game '' ) . As part of this theme , former Pittsburgh Steelers great and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Terry Bradshaw also made two guest appearances on the show . O'Neill was also a substitute social studies teacher at Ursuline High School before becoming an actor . Career ( edit ) O'Neill re-enrolled at YSU after being cut by the Pittsburgh Steelers and was one of the first students at the school 's then new theater program . In 1979 , he played a boxer opposite Danny Aiello in the Broadway play Knockout . It was there that he was seen by director William Friedkin and landed his first movie role , as a police detective in Cruising , starring Al Pacino . In 1985 , O'Neill appeared alongside Jeff Kinsland in a Red Lobster commercial and made a brief guest appearance in The Equalizer . In 1986 , he was cast as the character of NYPD Police Detective Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle for the planned television series Popeye Doyle . The Popeye Doyle character originally appeared in the motion picture The French Connection ( played by Gene Hackman ) . The two - hour made - for - television movie / pilot was filmed and shown on network television . O'Neill received good reviews for his performance , and the pilot received good ratings , but the series was not picked up for production . In 1986 , while playing the role of Lennie in a stage production of John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men at the Hartford Theater in Hartford , Connecticut , he was seen by a casting agent from the Fox television network and he was asked to audition for the role of Al Bundy in Married ... with Children , an American sitcom about a dysfunctional family living in Chicago . It was the series that led off the first night of Fox 's primetime lineup on April 5 , 1987 , concluding after 11 seasons on June 9 , 1997 . During and following the success of Married ... with Children , O'Neill appeared in several movies , including The Bone Collector , Little Giants , and Dutch . He also had small parts in Wayne 's World and Wayne 's World 2 , and appeared as Relish the Troll King in The 10th Kingdom . O'Neill made a brief appearance on the comedy variety show In Living Color , playing the `` Dirty Dozens '' champion who defeats the challenger , played by Jamie Foxx . He also made a cameo on the sitcom 8 Simple Rules as the ex-boyfriend of Cate S. Hennessy ( played by Katey Sagal , who portrayed O'Neill's TV wife Peg Bundy on Married ... with Children ) . He appeared in the movie The Adventures of Ford Fairlane with Andrew Dice Clay and in Cruising with Al Pacino . During the mid-1990s , he had a long string of appearances in commercials for 1 - 800 - COLLECT . Law & Order franchise creator Dick Wolf cast O'Neill as Sgt . Joe Friday in his 2003 remake of Jack Webb 's classic TV crime series Dragnet . The series was canceled by ABC in its second season . O'Neill went on to appear as Governor Eric Baker , a recurring character on NBC 's The West Wing . O'Neill also played Bill on HBO 's television series John From Cincinnati . In 2008 , O'Neill appeared in an advertisement for then - presidential candidate Barack Obama as `` Al the Shoesalesman '' . In January 2009 , O'Neill reunited with David Faustino ( Bud Bundy from Married ... with Children ) for two episodes of Faustino 's show Star - ving . O'Neill also appeared with the entire cast of Married ... with Children again when they were honored at the 7th Annual TV Land Award show in 2009 . Since 2009 , O'Neill has played the role of Jay Pritchett on the ABC sitcom Modern Family , a role that earned him three Primetime Emmy Award nominations in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . Since 2012 , O'Neill has done voice - overs in TV advertisements for the over-the - counter form of Zyrtec , along with Walmart 's store - branded mobile phone service , Straight Talk . In 2016 , O'Neill starred as Hank the Octopus in the highly successful Pixar animated film Finding Dory . According to O'Neill , he did n't realize at first that he had a starring role in the film . As his voice recording sessions continued and most of his interactions turned out to be with Dory , he finally began to suspect that Hank was a major character in the film . Personal life ( edit ) O'Neill is married to actress Catherine Rusoff . As of 2016 they have two daughters and live in Los Angeles . After being introduced to Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu by his friend writer / director John Milius , O'Neill has trained in the martial art for 22 years under the mentoring of Rorion Gracie . In December 2007 , O'Neill received his black belt . In the 2012 TV documentary I Am Bruce Lee , O'Neill states that he considers getting his black belt `` the greatest achievement of my life , apart from my children . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 Cruising Detective Schreiber 1980 The Dogs of War Terry 1980 The Day the Women Got Even Ed 1982 Farrell for the People Detective Jay Brennan When Your Lover Leaves Mack Sher 1986 A Winner Never Quits Whitey Wyshner 1986 The Three Little Pigs Elvis Presley Right to Die 1988 Police Story : Gladiator School Sergeant Stanley Bivens 1990 A Very Retail Christmas Max Crandall 1989 Disorganized Crime George Denver 1989 K - 9 Sergeant Brannigan 1990 The Adventures of Ford Fairlane Lieutenant Amos 1990 Sibling Rivalry Wilbur Meany 1991 Dutch Dutch Dooley 1991 The Whereabouts of Jenny Jimmy O'Meara 1992 Wayne 's World Glen 1993 Wayne 's World 2 Glen 1993 Nick 's Game Ron Hawthorne 1994 Blue Chips Ed 1994 Little Giants Kevin O'Shea 1995 W.E.I.R.D. World Dr. Monochian 1997 Prefontaine Bill Dellinger 1997 The Spanish Prisoner FBI team leader 1999 The Bone Collector Detective Paulie Sellitto 2000 Lucky Numbers Dick Simmons 2001 Nobody 's Baby Norman Pinkney Spartan Burch 2005 Steel Valley Congressman Cardone Short film 2008 Redbelt Hollywood producer Lost Masterpieces of Pornography Chief Justice Renato Corona Short film 2012 Wreck - It Ralph Mr. Litwak Voice only 2015 Entourage Himself Cameo 2016 Finding Dory Hank Voice only 2017 Sun Dogs Bob Garrity Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1970 All My Children Unknown episodes 1984 Miami Vice Arthur Lawson / Artie Rollins Episode : `` Heart of Darkness '' 1985 Moonlighting Taxi driver Episode : `` Pilot '' 1985 Hunter Dan Colson Episode : `` The Garbage Man '' 1985 Braker Danny Buckner 1985 The Equalizer Doctor Episode : `` The Children 's Song '' 1985 Spenser : For Hire Buddy Almeida Episode : `` Widow 's Walk '' 1986 Popeye Doyle James `` Popeye '' Doyle TV Pilot film 1987 -- 1997 Married ... with Children Al Bundy 259 Episodes 1988 Midnight Caller Hank Episode : `` Twelve Gauge '' 1990 Saturday Night Live Guest host January 13 , 1990 1990 The Earth Day Special Al Bundy 1991 Top of the Heap Al Bundy Episode : `` Top of the Heap '' 1994 In Living Color Himself Episode : `` The Dirty Dozens Tournament of Champions '' 2000 The 10th Kingdom Relish the Troll King 2001 Big Apple Detective Michael Mooney 8 episodes 2003 -- 2004 L.A. Dragnet Lieutenant Joe Friday 22 episodes In the Game Buzz TV pilot 2004 -- 2005 The West Wing Governor Eric Baker 4 episodes 2005 8 Simple Rules Al Bundy Episode : `` Old Flame '' 2005 In the Game Buzz 2006 Inseparable Alan 2006 Twenty Good Years Brock Manley Episode : `` Between Brock and a Hard Place '' 2006 The Unit William Partch Episode : `` Silver Star '' 2007 John from Cincinnati Bill Jacks 10 episodes 2009 WordGirl Panicking Man ( Uncredited ) Episode : `` The Wrong Side the Law '' 2009 -- present Modern Family Jay Pritchett Main Role 2011 Handy Manny Mayor Thompson Episode : `` Great Garage Rescue '' 2011 Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil Grandpa Episode : `` Truth or Daredevil '' 2012 The Penguins of Madagascar Hunter 's father Episode : `` Operation : Antarctica '' 2013 Real Husbands of Hollywood Himself Episode : `` Thicke and Tired '' 2015 Family Guy Bud Swanson Episode : `` Papa Has a Rollin ' Son '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) O'Neill received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on August 30 , 2011 . Year Award Title Result 1992 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy / Musical Married ... with Children Nominated 1993 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy / Musical Married ... with Children Nominated 2009 TV Land Award Innovator Award Married ... with Children Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated 2011 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Won 2011 Golden Nymph Award Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated 2011 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated 2011 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated 2012 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Won 2012 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated 2013 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Won 2013 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated 2014 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated See also ( edit ) List of Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu practitioners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ed O'Neill ( April 3 , 2013 ) . Ed O'Neill Interview Part 1 of 3 - EMMYTVLEGENDS.ORG ( Interview ) . Beverly Hills , CA : Archive of American Television . Jump up ^ Romero , Frances ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Ed O'Neill : From Al Bundy to Jay Pritchett '' . Top 10 TV Character Chameleons . Time Magazine . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pallante , Sally ; Scotty Hanahan ; Jim Dunn ; Paul Miller ; Martin Pallante ; Terry Dunn ( 2004 ) . Irish in Youngstown and the Greater Mahoning Valley . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing . p. 105 . ISBN 0738532185 . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed O'Neill : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed O'Neill - Biography '' . Biography.com . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stated on Inside the Actors Studio , 2011 Jump up ^ `` It 's Evening in America '' . Vanity Fair . May 2012 . Page 156 . Jump up ^ `` Red Lobster Commercial with Ed O'Neil '' . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Ed O'Neil '' . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Al the Shoesalesman Gets a Tax Cut on YouTube Jump up ^ Faustino , David ( 2009 ) . Star - ving : The Complete First Season ( NTSC ) . Sony Pictures . ASIN B002HMDSOY . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed O'Neill '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Snubs , surprises and favorites for Emmy gold '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Finally , Emmy jackpot for Ed O'Neill ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Other works for Ed O'Neill ( I ) . imdb.com Jump up ^ Snetiker , Mark ( 17 June 2016 ) . `` Finding Dory : Ed O'Neill did n't know he was a lead '' . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed O'Neill '' . Biography.com . A&E Television Networks . April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Al Bundy Gets Black Belt on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Ed O'Neill Practices Jiu - Jitsu With Billy Bush ! '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 13 celebrities who fight fat with martial arts '' . Men 's Fitness . the greatest achievement of my life , apart from my children . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2016/06/sun-dogs-movie-melissa-benoist-michael-angarano-jennifer-morrison-anthony-tambakis-1201765191/ Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' Modern Family 's ' Ed O'Neill Gets Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Ed O'Neill gets Walk of Fame star '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Ed O'Neill on IMDb Ed O'Neill interview video at the Archive of American Television Married ... with Children Seasons 3 ( `` I 'll See You in Court '' ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Other Characters Al Bundy Terry Rakolta Top of the Heap Vinnie & Bobby Remakes Casados con Hijos ( Argentina ) Casados con hijos ( Colombia ) Happy Together ( Russia ) Married for Life ( United Kingdom ) Jack Webb / Mark VII Limited Television series Dragnet Noah 's Ark Pete Kelly 's Blues GE True 77 Sunset Strip Adam - 12 The D.A. O'Hara , U.S. Treasury Emergency ! Emergency + 4 Hec Ramsey Escape Chase Sierra Mobile One Project U.F.O. 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Stop and identify statutes
Stop and identify statutes - wikipedia Stop and identify statutes Jump to : navigation , search States ( colored red ) in which Stop and Identify statutes are in effect as of February 20th , 2013 . `` Stop and identify '' statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime . If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , is being committed , or is about to be committed , an individual is not required to provide identification , even in `` Stop and ID '' states . In the case of Utah v. Strieff ( 2016 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer 's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law , but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant . Therefore , the pre-existing warrant `` attenuated '' the unlawful stop - and - identify . The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) established that it is constitutionally permissible for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , and to conduct a search for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed . The question whether it is constitutionally permissible for the police to demand that a detainee provide his or her name was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 ( 2004 ) , which held that the name disclosure did not violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures . The Hiibel Court also held that , because Hiibel had no reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him , the name disclosure did not violate the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination ; however , the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment right might apply in situations where there was a reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating . The Court accepted the Nevada supreme court interpretation of the Nevada statute that a detained person could satisfy the Nevada law by simply stating his name . The Court did not rule on whether particular identification cards could be required , though it did mention one state law requiring `` credible and reliable '' identification had been struck down for vagueness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Police -- citizen encounters 1.1 Consensual 1.2 Reasonable Suspicion 1.3 Arrest 2 Obligation to identify 2.1 Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws 2.2 Interaction with other laws 2.3 Interpretation by courts 2.4 Recommendations of legal - aid organizations 3 Other countries 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Police -- citizen encounters ( edit ) In the United States , interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories : consensual ( `` contact '' or `` conversation '' ) , detention ( often called a Terry stop , after Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) ) , or arrest . `` Stop and identify '' laws pertain to detentions . Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles , who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver 's license to police upon request . Consensual ( edit ) At any time , police may approach a person and ask questions . The objective may simply be a friendly conversation ; however , the police also may suspect involvement in a crime , but lack `` specific and articulable facts '' that would justify a detention or arrest , and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning . The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions , and may leave at any time . Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business ; however , a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking , `` Am I free to go ? '' Reasonable suspicion ( edit ) A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave . Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed , is committing , or is about to commit a crime . Many state laws explicitly grant this authority . In Terry v. Ohio , the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons ( known as a `` frisk '' ) if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous . Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop , but in general , the detainee is not required to answer . However , many states have `` stop and identify '' laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police , and in some cases , provide additional information . Before Hiibel , it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name . Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal , and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question . In Hiibel , the Court held , in a 5 -- 4 decision , that a Nevada `` stop and identify '' law did not violate the United States Constitution . The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification , but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name . Some `` stop and identify '' laws do not require that a detainee identify himself , but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest . In some states , providing a false name is an offense . As of February 2011 , the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name , however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name . Arrest ( edit ) Main article : Arrest A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity . However , to make an arrest , an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime . Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest . But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest . After making an arrest , police may search a person , his or her belongings , and his or her immediate surroundings . Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs . If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him , they are required to inform the person of his Fifth - Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning . However , Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking . It is not clear whether a `` stop and identify '' law could compel giving one 's name after being arrested , although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information , and some state courts have held that refusal to give one 's name constitutes obstructing a public officer . As a practical matter , an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release . Obligation to identify ( edit ) States with `` stop and identify '' laws Alabama Ala . Code § 15 - 5 - 30 Arizona Ari. Rev. Stat . Tit. 13 , § 2412 ( enacted 2005 ) & Tit. 28 , § 1595 Arkansas Ark . Code Ann . ( 1 ) § 5 - 71 - 213 - Loitering Colorado Colo . Rev. Stat. § 16 - 3 - 103 ( 1 ) Delaware Del . Code Ann. , Tit. 11 , § § 1902 , 1321 ( 6 ) Florida Fla . Stat . § 901.151 ( Stop and Frisk Law ) ; § 856.021 ( 2 ) ( loitering and prowling ) Georgia Ga . Code Ann . § 16 - 11 - 36 ( b ) ( loitering ) Illinois Ill . Comp . Stat. , ch. 725 , § 5 / 107 - 14 Indiana Indiana Code § 34 - 28 - 5 - 3.5 Kansas Kan . Stat . Ann . § 22 - 2402 ( 1 ) Louisiana La . Code Crim . Proc. Ann. , Art . 215.1 ( A ) ; La . Rev. Stat. 14 : 108 ( B ) ( 1 ) ( c ) Missouri ( Kansas City Only ) Mo . Rev. Stat. § 84.710 ( 2 ) Montana Mont . Code Ann . § 46 - 5 - 401 Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29 - 829 Nevada Nev . Rev. Stat . § 171.123 New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 594 : 2 , § 644 : 6 New Mexico N.M. Stat . Ann . § 30 - 22 - 3 New York N.Y. Crim . Proc. Law § 140.50 North Dakota N.D. Cent . Code § 29 - 29 - 21 ( PDF ) Ohio Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.29 ( enacted 2006 ) Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws § 12 - 7 - 1 Utah Utah Code Ann . § 77 - 7 - 15 Vermont Vt . Stat . Ann. , Tit. 24 , § 1983 Wisconsin Wis . Stat . § 968.24 States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers . Some states listed have `` Stop and ID '' laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention . While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to `` demand '' ID , there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to , hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state ( Henes v. Morrissey ) . Annotations for Wisconsin § 968.24 , however , state `` The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so '' , citing Hiibel as authority . Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that `` A crime is made up of two parts : proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty . `` The former without the latter is no crime ... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer , and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself . This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled `` Commencement of Criminal Proceedings . By its very terms sec . 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question `` in the vicinity where the person was stopped . '' The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest . '' Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name is n't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self is n't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty . Neither is Illinois , since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez , 2011 IL App ( 2d ) 100473 , which specifically states that section 107 - 14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 , not the Criminal Code of 1961 , and governs the conduct of police officers . The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself . By contrast , in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 , 181 ( 2004 ) , a Nevada statute ( Nev . Rev. Stat. § 171.123 ( 2003 ) ) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop `` shall identify himself . '' The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional . As of February 2011 , there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop , but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws , provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement , and 24 states have done so . The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional `` stop and identify '' laws listed are obligated to identify themselves , and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not . The issue may not be that simple , however , for several reasons : The wording of `` stop and identify '' laws varies considerably from state to state . Noncompliance with a `` stop and identify '' law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . State courts have made varying interpretations of both `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws . Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws ( edit ) Four states ' laws ( Arizona , Indiana , Louisiana , and Nevada ) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information . Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions , with varying wording , but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond : In Montana , police `` may request '' identifying information ; In Ohio , identifying information may be required `` when requested '' ; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing , has committed , or is about to commit a criminal offense , is witness to a felony offense , or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a felony offense ; In 12 states ( Alabama , Delaware , Illinois , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Utah , Wisconsin ) , police `` may demand '' identifying information . Of note , though , in New Hampshire for example ( RSA 594 : 2 ) , statutory language authorizing a ' demand ' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity ( ID ) , or even a requirement to respond in the first place . Further , a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such ' demand ' only of individuals for `` whom he has reason to suspect is committing , has committed or is about to commit a crime . '' Identifying information varies , but typically includes Name , address , and an explanation of the person 's actions ; In some cases it also includes the person 's intended destination , the person 's date of birth ( Indiana and Ohio ) , or written identification if available ( Colorado ) . Ohio does not require the person 's intended destination . Ohio requires only name , address , or date of birth . Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime ( such as underage drinking , curfew violation , etc ... ) that the person is reasonably suspected of . Indiana requires either name , address , and date of birth , or driver 's license , if on the person 's possession , and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation . Arizona law , apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel , requires a person 's `` true full name '' . Nevada law , which requires a person to `` identify himself or herself '' , apparently requires only that the person state his or her name . Texas law requires a person to provide their name , residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police . ( A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information , however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name . ) In four states ( Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , and Rhode Island ) , failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest . In all but Rhode Island , the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling . Seven states ( Arizona , Florida , Indiana , Louisiana , New Mexico , Ohio , and Vermont ) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself . As of February 2011 , the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court . Interaction with other laws ( edit ) In states whose `` stop and identify laws '' do not directly impose penalties , a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . For example , the Nevada `` stop and identify '' law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply , but the Justice Court of Union Township , Nevada , determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself constituted a violation of Nevada `` obstructing '' law . A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) . Interpretation by courts ( edit ) `` Stop and identify '' laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts . For example , California `` stop and identify '' law , Penal Code § 647 ( e ) had wording similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel , but a California appellate court , in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) , 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 construed the law to require `` credible and reliable '' identification that carries a `` reasonable assurance '' of its authenticity . Using this construction , the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) . Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond . Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply . Wording and interpretation by state courts of `` obstructing '' laws also varies ; for example , New York `` obstructing '' law apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction ; likewise , a violation of the Colorado `` obstructing '' law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force . However , the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People , No. 04SC362 ( 2005 ) ( PDF ) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the `` totality of the circumstances '' that could constitute obstructing an officer , even when actual physical interference was not employed . Utah `` obstructing '' law does not require a physical act , but merely a failure to follow a `` lawful order ... necessary to effect the ... detention '' ; a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law . It is not universally agreed that , absent a `` stop and identify law '' , there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself . For example , as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel , California `` stop and identify '' statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson . But in People v. Long , decided four years after Kolender , a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer 's demand for written identification from a detainee . The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant 's wallet , so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed ; however , the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest . Nonetheless , some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer . Others disagree , and maintain that persons detained by police in California can not be compelled to identify themselves . Some courts , e.g. , State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and People v. Loudermilk ( Calif. 1987 ) have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it ; a later California decision , People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) strongly disagreed . Recommendations of legal - aid organizations ( edit ) Some legal organizations , such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California , recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a `` stop and identify '' law : And in any state , police do not always follow the law , and refusing to give your name may make them suspicious and lead to your arrest , so use your judgment . If you fear that your name may be incriminating , you can claim the right to remain silent , and if you are arrested , this may help you later . Giving a false name could be a crime . In a more recent pamphlet , the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further , recommending that a person detained by police should : ... give your name and the information on your drivers ' license . If you do n't , you may be arrested , even though the arrest may be illegal . Other countries ( edit ) Main article : List of national identity card policies by country Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any . Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards , which have the identity information the police would want to know , including citizenship . Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times . In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted . For example , in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times . This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information , id number , social security number , fiscal information , place of birth , etc . Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime . A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations . If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy , the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained . See also ( edit ) Brown v. Texas Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada Kolender v. Lawson Miranda v. Arizona Loitering Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although police and police officer are used throughout this article , most `` stop and identify '' laws use the term peace officer ( or sometimes law enforcement officer ) . In general , peace officers are state civil officers charged with preserving the public peace and granted the authority to do so . Peace officers normally include police officers , sheriffs and sheriffs ' deputies , marshals , constables , and often many other persons ; those included vary among the states . Jump up ^ In upholding Hiibel 's conviction , the Court noted , In this case petitioner 's refusal to disclose his name was not based on any articulated real and appreciable fear that his name would be used to incriminate him ... As best we can tell , petitioner refused to identify himself only because he thought his name was none of the officer 's business . -- 542 U.S. at 190 But the Court did leave open the possibility of different circumstances : Still , a case may arise where there is a substantial allegation that furnishing identity at the time of a stop would have given the police a link in the chain of evidence needed to convict the individual of a separate offense . In that case , the court can then consider whether the privilege applies , and , if the Fifth Amendment has been violated , what remedy must follow . We need not resolve those questions here . -- 542 U.S. at 191 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , Justice Kennedy stated , Here the Nevada statute is narrower and more precise . The statute in Kolender had been interpreted to require a suspect to give the officer `` credible and reliable '' identification . In contrast , the Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted NRS § 171.123 ( 3 ) to require only that a suspect disclose his name . -- 542 U.S. at 184 -- 185 Justice Kennedy continued , As we understand it , the statute does not require a suspect to give the officer a drivers license or any other document . Provided that the suspect either states his name or communicates it to the officer by other means -- a choice , we assume , that the suspect may make -- the statute is satisfied and no violation occurs . -- 542 U.S. at 185 Writing for the Nevada Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , Chief Justice Young said , The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background , but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists . -- 118 Nev . 868 at 875 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Terry v. Ohio , Chief Justice Warren stated , And in justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which , taken together with rational inferences from those facts , reasonably warrant that intrusion . -- 392 U.S. at 21 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Florida v. Royer 460 U.S. 491 ( 1983 ) , Justice White stated , The person approached , however , need not answer any question put to him ; indeed , he may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way . -- 460 U.S. at 497 -- 498 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated , Our conclusion that no seizure occurred is not affected by the fact that the respondent was not expressly told by the agents that she was free to decline to cooperate with their inquiry , for the voluntariness of her responses does not depend upon her having been so informed . -- 446 U.S. at 555 Jump up ^ The ACLU publication Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement states , You can say , `` I do not want to talk to you '' and walk away calmly . Or , if you do not feel comfortable doing that , you can ask if you are free to go . If the answer is yes , you can consider just walking away . Do not run from the officer . If the officer says you are not under arrest , but you are not free to go , then you are being detained . Jump up ^ If the encounter is consensual , a person approached need not actually leave to terminate the encounter , but may simply ignore police . In Michigan v. Chesternut , 486 U.S. 567 ( 1988 ) , Justice Blackmun explained the Court 's holding that Chesternut had not been detained , stating that the police conduct `` would not have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business . '' -- 486 U.S. at 569 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated : We conclude that a person has been `` seized '' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if , in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident , a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave . -- 446 U.S. at 554 Jump up ^ In a concurring opinion in Terry v. Ohio , Justice White stated that a person detained can be questioned but is `` not obliged to answer , answers may not be compelled , and refusal to answer furnishes no basis for an arrest . '' This opinion , in turn , was cited in many later cases , including Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ In describing the split authority among the federal appellate court circuits in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court stated : In Oliver v. Woods , ( 209 F. 3d 1179 , 1190 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) ) the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a Utah statute that requires individuals to produce identification to an officer during an investigatory stop . However , in Carey v. Nevada Gaming Control Board ( 279 F. 3d 873 , 881 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ) , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that NRS 171.123 ( 3 ) violates the Fourth Amendment because `` ' the serious intrusion on personal security outweighs the mere possibility that identification ( might ) provide a link leading to arrest . ' '' Jump up ^ In Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court noted that the U.S. Supreme Court declined to address the issue of identification in Brown v. Texas , 443 U.S. 47 ( 1979 ) , at 53 n. 3 ( `` We need not decide whether an individual may be punished for refusing to identify himself in the context of a lawful investigatory stop which satisfies Fourth Amendment requirements . '' ) ; and Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) , 361 -- 62 n. 10 ( holding that a California statute was unconstitutional on vagueness grounds , but refusing to consider whether the statute violated the Fourth Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Texas does not require a detainee to identify himself unless he has been lawfully arrested , but does make it a crime to provide a false name . Texas Penal Code § 38.02 reads , in relevant part , ( b ) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has : ( 1 ) lawfully arrested the person ; ( 2 ) lawfully detained the person ; or ( 3 ) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense . Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 841 , states , in relevant part , The person making the arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him , of the cause of the arrest , and the authority to make it ... Jump up ^ In Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S. 582 ( 1990 ) , the Court cited the Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 12 quoting United States v. Horton , 873 F. 2d 180 , 181 , n . 2 ( CA8 1989 ) ) , the questions fall within a `` routine booking question '' exception which exempts from Miranda coverage questions to secure the `` ' biographical data necessary to complete booking or pretrial services . ' '' -- 496 U.S. at 601 -- 602 Jump up ^ The Fifth Amendment prohibits only communication that is testimonial , incriminating , and compelled ; see United States v. Hubbell , 530 U.S. 27 ( 2000 ) , at 34 -- 38 . Hiibel held that , in the circumstances of the case , a person 's name is not incriminating , and consequently is not protected by the Fifth - Amendment privilege against self - incrimination. -- 530 U.S. at 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Texas Penal Code , Title 8 , § 38.02 ( a ) , reads A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information . Giving false information is a related , and usually more serious offense ( under Subsection ( b ) , noted above ) , and applies to detainees as well as arrestees . Jump up ^ In People v. Quiroga ( 1993 ) 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , the Court held that refusal to disclose one 's identity following a felony arrest constituted obstructing an officer : These statutory provisions lead to the conclusion that a refusal to disclose personal identification following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction can not constitute a violation of ( California ) Penal Code section 148 ... Section 148 can reasonably be construed as applying to nondisclosure of identity following arrest for felonies , but not minor offenses , if this exception applies to the provisions cited above dealing with arrests for minor offenses. -- 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , 970 Similar refusal following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction did not violate the statute because the Legislature had `` established other ways of dealing with such nondisclosure '' . Jump up ^ In Burkes v. State ( Fla. 2d DCA 1998 ) , Case No. 97 - 00552 , the Court , in affirming the appellant 's conviction for violation of § 843.02 , Florida Statutes , `` Resisting officer without violence to his or her person '' , stated : The most compelling argument we discern for answering this question in the affirmative is that the right to remain silent means just that and has no exceptions . We , nevertheless , conclude that after an individual has been lawfully arrested , he must provide his name or otherwise identify himself when asked by law enforcement officers . Jump up ^ http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/opinions/AppellateCourt/2011/2ndDistrict/December/2100473.pdf Jump up ^ The Hiibel Court held , `` The principles of Terry permit a State to require a suspect to disclose his name in the course of a Terry stop . '' -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ The opinion in Hiibel included a list of 21 states with `` stop and identify '' laws . For some reason , the Indiana law was not included in the list ; the Arizona and Ohio laws have been enacted since Hiibel was decided . The Texas law only applies to arrested persons . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional '' means that the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . See Hiibel . Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` the source of the legal obligation ( to identify oneself ) arises from Nevada state law '' . -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ In Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` In other States , a suspect may decline to identify himself without penalty . '' -- 542 U.S. at 183 Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC - 2921.29 Failure to disclose personal information '' . State of Ohio Codes . Jump up ^ Assembly , Indiana General . `` Indiana Code 2016 - Indiana General Assembly , 2016 Session '' . Jump up ^ The opinion noted that Hiibel was asked to provide identification , which the Court understood as a request to produce a driver 's license or some other form of written identification , 11 different times ; however , it did not indicate that Hiibel was ever asked simply to identify himself . Jump up ^ NRS § 199.280 provides a penalty for a person who `` willfully resists , delays or obstructs a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office '' Jump up ^ California stop - and - identify law in Penal Code § 647 ( e ) was repealed several years after 1983 and the sub-sections re-lettered , so the current Penal Code § 647 ( e ) is what used to be Penal Code § 647 ( f ) . Also , do not confuse Penal Code § 647 ( e ) with Penal Code § 647e . Jump up ^ ( voided in Kolender v. Lawson ) , read , in relevant part , Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct , a misdemeanor : ... ( e ) who loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business and who refuses to identify himself and to account for his presence when requested by any peace officer so to do , if the surrounding circumstances are such as to indicate to a reasonable man that the public safety demands such identification . Jump up ^ In voiding California Penal Code § 647 ( e ) in Kolender v. Lawson , Justice O'Connor , writing for the Court , noted that Section 647 ( e ) , as presently drafted and as construed by the state courts , contains no standard for determining what a suspect has to do in order to satisfy the requirement to provide a `` credible and reliable '' identification . As such , the statute vests virtually complete discretion in the hands of the police to determine whether the suspect has satisfied the statute . -- 461 U.S. at 358 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in People v. Love , 318 Ill. App. 3d 534 ( 2000 ) , rev 'd on other grounds , People v. Love , No. 90806 ( 2002 ) , Justice O'Brien stated , The State next argues that the officer 's order was a justifiable means of compelling defendant to state her name pursuant to section 107 - 14 , which provides that an officer making a Terry stop may `` demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of his actions . '' 725 ILCS 5 / 107 - 14 ( West 1992 ) . However , while section 107 - 14 states that an officer may `` demand '' the defendant 's name , it does not provide that the officer may compel a response . Further , the United States Supreme Court has stated in the context of a Terry stop : `` ( T ) he officer may ask the detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer 's suspicions . But the detainee is not obliged to respond . '' ( Emphasis added . ) Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 , 438 , 82 L. Ed . 2d 317 , 334 , 104 S. Ct. 3138 , 3150 ( 1984 ) . Noting Berkemer v. McCarty ( and Justice White 's concurring opinion in Terry that Berkemer quoted ) , the Hiibel Court stated , `` We do not read these statements as controlling '' ( 542 U.S. at 187 ) , so Love is probably weakened to the extent that it relies on Berkemer . Jump up ^ In Cady v. Sheahan ( 7th Cir. 2006 ) , the Court stated , In Hiibel , the Supreme Court held that states are permitted to statutorily authorize the demand for identification during a Terry stop , and to require compliance with such demand . 542 U.S. at 188 , 124 S. Ct. 2451 . Cady 's identity was relevant to the purpose of the stop and the officers did not exceed the scope of the stop by requesting identification . ( footnotes omitted ) ^ Jump up to : Writing for the Court in Oliver v. Woods , 209 F. 3d 1179 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) , Judge Brorby stated , Section 76 - 8 - 305 does not require the use of force ; mere refusal to perform any act required by a lawful order necessary to effect the detention is sufficient to constitute a violation of § 76 - 8 - 305 . Moreover , an individual who merely refuses to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention violates this section ... Thus , Officer Woods gave a lawful order when he told Mr. Oliver to present identification and to remain in the parking lot while he conducted the investigation . By refusing to present identification , Mr. Oliver refused to perform an act required by lawful order , necessary to effect the detention . Jump up ^ New Yorks `` obstructing '' law , NY Consolidated Laws Penal ( PEN ) § 195.05 , reads , in relevant part , A person is guilty of obstructing governmental administration when he intentionally obstructs , impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function , or prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from performing an official function , by means of intimidation , physical force or interference , or by means of any independently unlawful act Jump up ^ In People v. Offen , 408 N.Y.S. 2d 914 , 96 Misc. 2d 147 ( 1978 ) , Judge Hertz stated , An essential element of the crime of obstructing governmental administration , to be charged in an information , must be an act of either ( 1 ) intimidation or ( 2 ) physical force or interference or ( 3 ) an independently unlawful act . Plainly , ignoring an officer 's request for identification is not a crime , nor does that act supply any such element . Though it is clear that such conduct risks pursuit and arrest , no crime has been charged here . -- 96 Misc. 2d at 150 Jump up ^ See When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? under External links for an analysis of New York `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws by Just Cause Law Collective lawyer Katya Komisaruk . Jump up ^ Colorado `` obstructing '' law , Colorado Revised Statutes § 18 - 8 - 104 ( 1 ) , reads , in relevant part , A person commits obstructing a peace officer ... when by using or threatening to use violence , force , physical interference , or an obstacle , such person knowingly obstructs , impairs , or hinders the enforcement of the penal law or the preservation of the peace by a peace officer , acting under color of his or her official authority . Jump up ^ Utah `` obstructing '' law , Utah Code § 76 - 8 - 305 , reads as follows : Interference with arresting officer . A person is guilty of a class B misdemeanor if he has knowledge , or by the exercise of reasonable care should have knowledge , that a peace officer is seeking to effect a lawful arrest or detention of that person or another and interferes with the arrest or detention by : ( 1 ) use of force or any weapon ; ( 2 ) the arrested person 's refusal to perform any act required by lawful order : ( a ) necessary to effect the arrest or detention ; and ( b ) made by a peace officer involved in the arrest or detention ; or ( 3 ) the arrested person 's or another person 's refusal to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention . Jump up ^ In People v. Long ( 1987 ) 189 Cal. App. 3d 77 , Justice Agliano wrote , The voluntary display of identification is a routine experience for most of us . Measured against the obvious and substantial need for police recording the identity of a person suspected of having committed a crime , we find reasonable the minimal intrusion involved here in requiring the production of identification . In addition , defendant 's oral statement of his name was suspect when he insisted he had no identification while appearing to carry a wallet and , in addition , he seemed intoxicated. -- 189 Cal. App. 3d at 88 Jump up ^ In In re Gregory S. ( 1980 ) , 112 Cal. App. 3d 764 , Justice Agliano wrote We find no authority to support the court 's legal conclusion that a person who merely refuses to identify himself or to answer questions in a context similar to that before us thereby violates Penal Code section 148 or otherwise furnishes ground for arrest . The Legislature has required citizen self - identification in prescribed situations . Vehicle Code section 40302 calls for the production of a driver 's license or identification upon arrest for a violation of that code ; Vehicle Code section 12951 requires production of a driver 's license by the driver of a motor vehicle upon the request of an officer . Penal Code section 647 , subdivision ( e ) imposes a duty to identify oneself when such person loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business , and the surrounding circumstances reasonably indicate that the public safety demands identification . Section 647 , subdivision ( e ) was held valid in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 ( 108 Cal. Rptr. 867 ) , in which strong consideration was given to the legislatively declared governmental purpose to be served by identification when the conditions described in the statute exist . ( Id , at p. 436 ; see also California v. Byers ( 1971 ) 402 U.S. 424 ( 29 L. Ed. 2d 9 , 91 S. Ct. 1535 ) . ) None of the statutory conditions requiring identification existed in this case . -- 112 Cal. App. 3d at 779 Note : Penal Code 647 , subdivision ( e ) was voided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Shortly after Hiibel was decided , the Alameda County ( California ) District Attorney 's Office provided a case analysis ( PDF ) maintaining that refusal to identify oneself and provide written identification ( if available ) constitutes a violation of Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing an officer . The topic is further discussed in the 2010 edition of Point of View . Jump up ^ The California Peace Officers Legal Sourcebook ( `` CPOLS '' ; written by the office of the California Attorney General ) maintains that failure to identify oneself does not constitute a violation of California Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing a peace officer : Unlike Nevada and other states , California does not have a statute mandating that a detainee identify himself , and that obligation can not be read into Penal Code section 148 ... Hiibel does not provide a means of arresting someone for failing or refusing to identify himself . ( Revision 176 , 9 / 15 / 2014 , p. 2.14 a ; page last revised 1 / 10 ) Jump up ^ In State v. Flynn ( 1979 ) 92 Wis. 2d 427 ( 285 N.W. 2d 710 , 718 ) , cert. den . 449 U.S. 846 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the Terry limitation of a search `` to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns , knives , clubs , or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer . '' ( 392 U.S. at 29 ) was limited to the specific circumstances of Terry . Chief Justice Beilfuss wrote , It is clear from the language itself that the court 's holding in Terry was limited to the precise situation before it . The court did not say that the sole justification for any search on less than probable cause is the protection of the police officer and others , but that that was the sole justification of the search in the situation then before it . The situation before us is significantly different . Jump up ^ In People v. Loudermilk ( 1987 ) 195 Cal. App. 3d 996 , Justice Low stated , Neither case ( Kolender v. Lawson or Brown v. Texas ) could be interpreted to prevent a police officer from demanding that a Terry suspect produce proof of identification . Further , nothing in those or other cases cited by defendant prevents an officer from seizing a wallet found during a lawful patdown search after that suspect has lied to the officer that he had no identification . -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1003 Justice Low noted the similarity to Flynn , and continued , We must emphasize that we do not hold that a suspect may be detained and searched merely because he either refused to identify himself or refused to produce proof of identification . Nor do we hold that each time an officer conducts a Terry stop he may immediately conduct a search for identification . The rule we announce does not provide officers with unfettered discretion and does not open citizens to harassment. -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1004 Jump up ^ In People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) 145 Cal. App. 4th 782 , Justice Yegan , noting State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and State v. Wilcox ( N.J. 1981 ) , stated , We need not look to other jurisdictions to decide this case . We would have to indulge in legal legerdemain to justify a patdown search for identification . In fact , it would require a rewriting of Terry v. Ohio , supra , which we could not and would not undertake even if we were so inclined . Here , the record is devoid of any concern that appellant was armed and dangerous . The sole reason for the patdown was to gather evidence of identification . A fair reading of Terry v. Ohio , and its reference to the lower court opinion in State v. Terry show that the `` frisk '' allowable upon a proper showing was `` ' ... only a `` frisk '' for a dangerous weapon . It by no means authorizes a search for contraband , evidentiary material , or anything else in the absence of reasonable grounds to arrest . Such a search is controlled by requirements of the Fourth Amendment , and probable cause is essential . ' `` ( Terry v. Ohio , supra , 392 U.S. at p. 16 , fn. 12 ( 20 L. Ed . 2d at p. 903 , fn. 12 . ) Our own Supreme Court has unanimously so held . ( People v. Lawler ( 1973 ) 9 Cal. 3d 156 , 161 ( pat - down search `` only '' for weapons ) . ) If stare decisis means anything ( and it does ) and if the word only means only ( and it does ) , the trial court was required to grant this suppression motion as a matter of law . ( Auto Equity Sales , Inc. v. Superior Court ( 1962 ) 57 Cal. 2d 450 . ) -- 145 Cal. App. 4th at 788 Jump up ^ `` Know Your Rights ! What to Do if Questioned by Police , FBI , Customs Agents or Immigration Officers '' ( pdf ) . National Lawyers Guild , S.F. Bay Area Chapter ; ACLU of Northern California ; American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee . August 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights and the Police '' . ACLU of Northern California . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ www.view.pt ) , VIEW . ( [email protected] - . `` Um cidadão traz habitualmente consigo apenas uma fotocópia do cartão de cidadão ou do bilhete de identidade . Se a autoridade lhe exigir a identificação , pode estar descansado ? - Direitos e Deveres dos Cidadãos '' . External links ( edit ) ACLU `` Bust Card '' What To Do If You 're Stopped By The Police ACLU Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement 10 Rules for Dealing with Police from FlexYourRights.org , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) educational nonprofit organization . California Codes Colorado Revised Statutes Nevada Revised Statutes New York Legislature Source for New York State Laws Stop - and - Identify Laws from Police Chief magazine Suspects Who Refuse to Identify Themselves from Police Chief magazine The Identity Project : Hiibel When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? An analysis of New York 's `` stop and identify '' law . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_and_identify_statutes&oldid=815799145 '' Categories : U.S. state criminal law Search and seizure case law United States Fourth Amendment case law United States Fifth Amendment self - incrimination case law Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when do you have to show police id
[ "\"Stop and identify\" statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police[1] to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime. If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed, an individual is not required to provide identification, even in \"Stop and ID\" states. In the case of Utah v. Strieff (2016), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law, but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant. Therefore, the pre-existing warrant \"attenuated\" the unlawful stop-and-identify." ]
[ "suspect of having committed a crime" ]
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The Lorax (film)
The Lorax ( film ) - wikipedia The Lorax ( film ) This article is about the 2012 film . For other uses , see Lorax ( disambiguation ) . The Lorax Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Renaud Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Screenplay by Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Based on The Lorax by Dr. Seuss Starring Danny DeVito Ed Helms Zac Efron Taylor Swift Rob Riggle Jenny Slate Betty White Music by John Powell Edited by Ken Schretzmann Claire Dodgson Steven Liu Production company Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $348.8 million The Lorax ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ) is a 2012 American 3D computer - animated musical fantasy -- comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment and based on Dr. Seuss 's children 's book of the same name . The film was released by Universal Pictures on March 2 , 2012 , on what it would be the 108th birthday of Dr. Seuss . The second adaptation of the book ( following the 1972 animated television special ) , the film builds on the book by expanding the story of the Lorax and Ted , the previously unnamed boy who visits the Once - ler . The cast includes Danny DeVito as the Lorax , Ed Helms as the Once - ler and Zac Efron as Ted . New characters introduced in the film are Audrey , Ted 's love interest ( voiced by Taylor Swift ) , Aloysius O'Hare ( Rob Riggle ) , Mrs. Wiggins , Ted 's mother ( Jenny Slate ) , and Grammy Norma , Ted 's grandmother ( Betty White ) . The film received mixed reviews from critics , but it was a box office success , grossing $348.8 million worldwide based on a $70 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing controversy 4.2 Home media 4.2. 1 Mini-movies 4.3 Video game 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Music 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Ted Wiggins is a 12 - year - old boy , who lives in Thneedville , a walled city that , aside from the human citizens , is completely artificial ; everything is made of plastic , metal , or synthetics with no living plants . Ted has a crush on local environmentalist Audrey , who wants to see a `` real tree '' more than anything in the world , so he decides to find one in order to impress her . His energetic Granny Norma secretly tells Ted the legend of the Once - ler , who will tell anyone about trees if they bring him fifteen cents , a nail , and a shell of a great - great - great grandfather snail . When Ted leaves Thneedville in search of the Once - ler , he discovers that the outside world is a contaminated , empty , barren wasteland . Once the boy finds him , the Once - ler agrees to tell Ted about the trees on the condition that he listens to the story over multiple visits . Ted agrees , but on his next trip , he encounters the mayor of Thneedville , Aloysius O'Hare , who is also the proprietor of a company that sells bottled oxygen ( `` fresh air '' ) to Thneedville residents . O'Hare explains to Ted that trees produce oxygen free of charge , and therefore , he considers them and / or people talking about them to be a threat to his business . After revealing that he has `` security camera eyes '' all over the city , O'Hare pressures Ted to stay in town . However , Ted continues to sneak out of O'Hare's sight with his grandmother 's encouragement and learns more of the trees ' history . Over Ted 's various visits , the Once - ler recounts the story that when he was a young man , he departed his family to find good material for his Thneed invention and make a business . The Once - ler meets the guardian of the forest , the Lorax , after cutting down a Truffula tree in a lush Truffula tree forest valley . The Lorax urges the Once - ler to leave the forest , but the Once - ler refuses . Eventually , the Once - ler promises not to chop another tree down , and the two seem to begin a friendship of sorts . Then , the young businessman 's Thneed invention becomes a major success and the Once - ler 's family arrives to participate in the business . At first keeping his promise , the Once - ler continues Thneed production by harvesting the Truffula tree tufts in a slow , but sustainable manner . However , his greedy and lazy relatives soon convince him to resume chopping down the trees . Overtime , the Once - ler 's deforestation spirals into a mass overproduction . Flushed with wealth , the Once - ler rationalizes his short - sighted needs into arrogant self - righteousness , and the Lorax 's helpless protests do not stop him . The Once - ler pollutes the sky , river , and landscape , until the very last Truffula tree falls . With no further chance of business , he is left broken and his money - broke mother disowns him . With the region uninhabitable because of the pollution and deforestation from the Once - ler 's business , the Lorax sends the animals off to find a new place to live before the Once - ler sees him depart into the sky , leaving only a stone - cut word : `` Unless '' . Distraught and ruined , the Once - ler becomes a recluse . After he finishes telling his story , the Once - ler finally understands the meaning behind the Lorax 's last message , and gives Ted the last Truffula seed in hopes that he can use it to regrow the forest and make others care about real trees once more . Ted 's desire to impress Audrey therefore becomes a personal mission to remind his town of the importance of nature . O'Hare , still determined not to have trees undercut his business , takes heavy - handed steps such as covering Audrey 's nature paintings , closing off the door that Ted uses to see the Once - ler , and forcibly searching Ted 's room for the seed , which has begun to grow after coming into contact with some water from Ted 's falling bottle . Ted enlists his family and Audrey to help plant the seed . O'Hare and his two henchmen pursue the dissidents until they manage to elude him and reach the town center . When Ted finally attempts to plant the seed , he is interrupted by O'Hare , who rallies the population to stop them by telling the people that trees are extremely dangerous and filthy . To convince them otherwise , Ted takes an earthmover and rams down a section of the city wall to reveal the environmental destruction outside , thereby showing them what happened to the trees and what O'Hare is encouraging . Horrified at the sight and inspired by Ted 's conviction ( as though a part of the Lorax is within him ) , the crowd turns against O'Hare when they discover his true nature , with his own henchmen expelling him from the town with his jet pack - like helmet , and the seed is finally planted . Time passes and the land starts to recover ; new trees sprout , the animals begin to return , and the redeemed , now - mustached Once - ler happily reunites with the Lorax . Voice cast ( edit ) Danny DeVito as The Lorax Ed Helms as The Once - ler . Neither the book nor the TV special reveal the Once - ler 's face , but instead throughout the book , the Once - ler is pictured by what appears to be green arms and yellow eyes . The filmmakers used that as the basis for the Once - ler 's character design . They interpreted the Once - ler as a human , and also featured his green gloves and showed his face for the first time in this film . Zac Efron as Ted Wiggins , an idealistic 12 - year - old boy . He is named after the author of the book , Dr. Seuss ( Theodor Geisel ) . Taylor Swift as Audrey , Ted 's love interest . She is named after Audrey Geisel , Dr. Seuss ' wife . Betty White as Grammy Norma , Ted 's wise - cracking grandmother . Rob Riggle as Aloysius O'Hare , the greedy mayor of Thneedville and head of the `` O'Hare Air '' company that supplies fresh air to Thneedville residents . Jenny Slate as Mrs. Wiggins , Ted 's neurotic mother . Nasim Pedrad as The Once - ler 's Mother . Stephen Tobolowsky as Uncle Ubb , the Once - ler 's uncle . Elmarie Wendel as Aunt Grizelda , the Once - ler 's aunt . Danny Cooksey as Brett and Chet , the Once - ler 's twin brothers . Fletcher Sheridan ( uncredited ) as Cy , the O'Hare Air delivery guy Chris Renaud as Assorted forest animals Production ( edit ) The film is the fourth feature film based on a book by Dr. Seuss , the second fully computer - animated adaptation ( the first one being Horton Hears a Who ! ) , and the first to be released in 3 - D . The Lorax was also Illumination 's first film presented in IMAX 3D ( known as `` IMAX Tree - D '' in publicity for the film ) . The idea for the film was initiated by Audrey Geisel , Dr. Seuss ' wife , who had an established partnership with Chris Meledandri , the producer of the film , from a collaboration on Horton Hears a Who ! . Geisel approached Meledandri when he launched Illumination Entertainment , saying `` This is the one I want to do next '' . The film was officially announced in July 2009 , with Meledandri attached as the producer and Geisel as the executive producer . Chris Renaud and Kyle Balda were announced as the director and co-director of the film , while Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , the duo who wrote the script for Horton Hears a Who ! , were set to write the screenplay . In 2010 , it was announced that Danny DeVito would be voicing the titular character . The film was fully produced at the French studio `` Illumination Mac Guff '' , which was the animation department of Mac Guff which was acquired by Illumination Entertainment in the summer of 2011 . DeVito reprised his role in five different languages , including the original English audio , and also for the Spanish , Italian , German , and Russian language dub editions . Universal added an environmental message to the film 's website after a fourth - grade class in Brookline , Massachusetts launched a successful petition through Change.org . Release ( edit ) The film was released on March 2 , 2012 in the United States and Canada and was released on July 27 , 2012 in the United Kingdom . Marketing controversy ( edit ) Mazda used the likeness of The Lorax 's setting and characters in an advertisement for their CX - 5 SUV . This was seen by some as the complete opposite of the work 's original meaning . In response , Stephanie Sperber , president of Universal partnerships and licensing , said Universal chose to partner with the Mazda CX - 5 because it is `` a really good choice for consumers to make who may not have the luxury or the money to buy electric or buy hybrid . It 's a way to take the better environmental choice to everyone . '' The film has also been used to sell Seventh Generation disposable diapers . In total , Illumination Entertainment struck more than 70 different product integration deals for the film . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on August 7 , 2012 . Mini-movies ( edit ) Three mini-movies were released on the Lorax Blu - ray / DVD Combo Pack on August 7 , 2012 : Serenade , Wagon Ho ! , and Forces of Nature . Serenade Lou wants to impress a girl Barbaloot , but he has some competition . Wagon Ho ! The Once - ler arrives with his wagon and Melvin . Then Pipsqueak and Lou arrive . The Once - ler tells them not to have joyrides . When the Once - ler goes inside his house , Pipsqueak and Lou start cranking up the wagon , but Melvin refuses to pull it because he is angry that they whipped the reins . So Pipsqueak hangs a Truffula fruit in front of Melvin as an incentive . However , Melvin gets exhausted going up a steep hill . Then the wagon gets unhooked from Melvin , and it rolls downhill backwards while Pipsqueak and Lou scream in terror . Melvin chases the runaway wagon . Lou tries to stop the wagon by stabbing a stick in one of its wheels , but he gets stuck on the wheel instead . Finally , he lands back on the seat next to Pipsqueak , who hugs him happily . The wagon hits a rock and is propelled downhill even faster . When it approaches a cliff , Pipsqueak panics and grabs the wagon canopy , which flies off -- only to be held in place by Lou . The wagon flies off the cliff , but the canopy acts as a parachute and they make their descent calmly , landing in the same place they left . Melvin appears shortly after . The Once - ler comes out of the house and is surprised to see them . He expresses surprise that they listened to instructions , but just when it seems like they fooled him , Lou sneezes and the wagon falls apart . Melvin hides beneath his hooves and Lou and Pipsqueak curl up into a ball . The Once - ler looks annoyed and makes a small , disgruntled `` Grr '' sound , causing Lou and Pipsqueak to run away into the trees . Forces of Nature The Lorax makes Pipsqueak an Honorary Lorax and team up to scare the Once - ler by using two sticks that looks like a monster 's hand to freak him out . The Once - ler finds out it is fake and sprays water on the Lorax , which makes his fur puff up . When the Lorax tells Pipsqueak that he is going to turn out like him , Pipsqueak gets scared and runs away . The short ends with the Lorax telling Pipsqueak that he has lost his Honorary Lorax title . Video game ( edit ) Blockdot created a mobile puzzle game based on the film , titled Truffula Shuffula . The game was released on February 1 , 2012 , for iOS and Android platforms . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film earned a rating of 54 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 151 reviews and an average rating of 5.9 / 10 , with the critical consensus saying , `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax is cute and funny enough , but the moral simplicity of the book gets lost with the zany Hollywood production values . '' It also has a score of 46 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . New York magazine film critic David Edelstein on NPR 's All Things Considered strongly objected to the movie , arguing that the Hollywood animation and writing formulas washed out the spirit of the book . `` This kind of studio 3 - D feature animation is all wrong for the material , '' he wrote . Demonstrating how the book 's text was used in the movie in this excerpt from the review , Edelstein discusses Audrey describing the truffula trees to Ted : `` the touch of their tufts was much softer than silk and they had the sweet smell of fresh butterfly milk -- and ( in the movie ) Ted says , `` Wow , what does that even mean ? '' and Audrey says , `` I know , right ? '' So one of the only lines that is from the book , that does have Dr. Seuss ' sublime whimsy , is basically made fun of , or at least , dragged down to Earth . '' Lou Dobbs , the host of Lou Dobbs Tonight on the Fox Business Network , has criticized the film as being `` insidious nonsense from Hollywood '' , and accused Hollywood of `` trying to indoctrinate children '' . The film also garnered some positive reviews from critics such as Richard Roeper , who called it a `` solid piece of family entertainment '' . Roger Moore of the Pittsburgh Tribune called the film `` a feast of bright , Seuss colors , and wonderful Seuss design '' , and supported its environmentalist message . Box Office ( edit ) The film has grossed $214 million in North America , and $134.8 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $348.8 million . The film topped the North American box office with $17.5 million on its opening day ( Friday , March 2 , 2012 ) . During the weekend , it grossed $70.2 million , easily beating the other new nationwide release , Project X ( $21 million ) , and all other films . This was the biggest opening for an Illumination Entertainment film , and for a feature film adaptation of a book by Dr. Seuss , as well as the second - largest for an environmentalist film . It also scored the third - best debut for a film opening in March , and the eighth - best of all time for an animated film . The Lorax stayed at # 1 the following weekend , dropping 45 % to $38.8 million and beating all new nationwide releases , including Disney 's John Carter ( second place ) . On April 11 , 2012 , it became the first animated film in nearly a year to gross more than $200 million in North America , since Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Tangled . Music ( edit ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax : Original Motion Picture Score Film score by John Powell Released March 6 , 2012 Genre Score Length 45 : 51 Label Varèse Sarabande All tracks composed by John Powell No . Title Length 1 . `` Ted , Audrey and the Trees '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Granny to the Edge '' 2 : 33 3 . `` Wasteland '' 2 : 17 4 . `` Truffula Valley Fantasy ( featuring The Lorax Humming Fish ) '' 5 : 00 5 . `` Once - ler & Lorax Meet '' 2 : 35 6 . `` O'Hare Warns Ted '' 3 : 21 7 . `` The River Bed '' 4 : 03 8 . `` Houseguests '' 3 : 12 9 . `` Valley Exodus '' 4 : 54 10 . `` The Last Seed '' 4 : 54 11 . `` Thneedville Chase '' 5 : 04 12 . `` At the Park '' 3 : 12 13 . `` Funeral For a Tree '' 2 : 10 Total length : 45 : 51 Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax : Original Songs from the Motion Picture Film score by John Powell and Cinco Paul Released February 28 , 2012 Genre Soundtrack Length 34 : 00 Label Interscope , Geffen All tracks written by John Powell and Cinco Paul . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Let It Grow ( Celebrate the World ) '' Ester Dean 3 : 39 2 . `` Thneedville '' Fletcher Sheridan , Antonio Sol , Beth Anderson , Oliver Powell , Edie Lehmann Boddicker , Missi Hale , and Rob Riggle 2 : 44 3 . `` This is the Place '' Ed Helms 2 : 24 4 . `` Everybody Needs a Thneed '' Ed Helms , Randy Crenshaw , Fletcher Sheridan , Edie Lehmann Boddicker , Monique Donnelly , Ty Taylor , and The 88 1 : 31 5 . `` How Bad Can I Be ? '' Ed Helms and Kool Kojak 2 : 52 6 . `` Let It Grow '' Fletcher Sheridan , Dan Navarro , Edie Lehmann Boddicker , Jenny Slate , Claira Titman , Betty White , Rob Riggle , and Ed Helms 3 : 17 7 . `` Let It Grow Gospel Ending ( Original Demo ) '' Jenny Slate 0 : 52 8 . `` Thneedville ( Original Demo ) '' Fletcher Sheridan 3 : 58 9 . `` The Once - ler 's Traveling Madness ( Original Demo ) '' Ed Helms 1 : 35 10 . `` I Love Nature ( Original Demo ) '' Randy Crenshaw 2 : 43 11 . `` You Need a Thneed ( Original Demo ) '' Keith Slettedahl and The 88 featuring Antonio Sol , Fletcher Sheridan , and Taylor Graves 1 : 32 12 . `` Nobody Needs a Thneed ( Original Demo ) '' Fletcher Sheridan and Randy Crenshaw 1 : 52 13 . `` Biggering ( Original Demo ) '' Gabriel Mann , Randy Crenshaw , and The 88 5 : 01 Total length : 34 : 00 See also ( edit ) List of films based on Dr. Seuss books References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Taylor Swift Joins Voice Cast of THE LORAX ; New Image Released '' . Collider . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DR . SEUSS ' THE LORAX ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lorax '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` First look : Danny DeVito will stump for trees in 3 - D ' Lorax ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sharlette ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` CINEMA WITH SHARLETTE : ' THE LORAX ' '' . ETonline.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . In the 3D - CG version of Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax , we focus on Ted Wiggins , a 12 - year - old boy in search of a living tree for the girl he adores . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` 10 Things to Know About DR . SEUSS ' THE LORAX From Our Editing Room Visit ; Plus an Interview with Producer Chris Meledandri '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sytsma , Alan ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Jenny Slate Throws Epic Engagement Parties , Starts Every Morning With Coffee in Bed '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax : An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` U , Illumination to light up ' Lorax ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Danny DeVito Will Speak For the Trees as The Lorax '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ILLUMINATION MAC GUFF '' . Societe . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Q&A : Danny DeVito speaks for ' The Lorax ' ( in five languages ! ) -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` After Recess : Change the World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda C5 - X and Dr Seuss ' The Lorax '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Are You Shitting Me ? : The Lorax Used to Sell SUVs '' . Badass Digest . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Lorax ' targeted for its green credentials '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Marketing The Lorax and Disposable Diapers Really ? ? '' . DirtyDiaperLaundry . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fake Lorax Twitter Mocks the Film 's Many Marketing Tie - ins '' . Jump up ^ `` From Universal Studios Home Entertainment : Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax '' . PR Newswire . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blockdot ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Blockdot Launches Game for Universal Pictures ' Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax '' . PRLog . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lorax '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lorax '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David . `` ' The Lorax ' : A Campy And Whimsical Seussical '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Secret World of Arrietty , ' ' The Lorax ' Are Further Examples of Left - Wing Propaganda , Says Lou Dobbs ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax Review '' . Richard Roeper & The Movies . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ' a feast of bright colors , design '' . Pittsburgh Tribune . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Report : ' The Lorax ' Gets the Message Out on Friday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Little ' Lorax ' Is Box Office Giant '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Illumination Entertainment '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss Showdown '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Environmentalist '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lorax ' Defeats Disappointing ' John Carter ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weekend Report ( cont . ) : ' Titanic 3D ' Does n't Sink or Sail Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) - Daily Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax '' . Varèse Sarabande . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( Original Songs From The Motion Picture ) '' . Interscope . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lorax ( film ) Official website The Lorax on IMDb The Lorax at Box Office Mojo The Lorax at Rotten Tomatoes The Lorax at Metacritic Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television series The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Television specials Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Films directed by Chris Renaud No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Despicable Me ( 2010 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Illumination Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff List of unproduced Universal Pictures animated projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lorax_(film)&oldid=855963002 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2012 3D films 2012 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical comedy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American fantasy - comedy films American musical comedy films American musical fantasy films Dystopian films American films Animated films based on children 's books Animated comedy films Animated musical films Environmental films Fictional endangered and extinct species Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Nonlinear narrative films Illumination Entertainment animated films IMAX films Universal Pictures animated films Films scored by John Powell Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Svenska Türkçe 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 00 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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voice of the once ler in the lorax
[ "The second adaptation of the book (following the 1972 animated television special), the film builds on the book by expanding the story of the Lorax and Ted, the previously unnamed boy who visits the Once-ler. The cast includes Danny DeVito as the Lorax, Ed Helms as the Once-ler and Zac Efron as Ted. New characters introduced in the film are Audrey, Ted's love interest (voiced by Taylor Swift), Aloysius O'Hare (Rob Riggle), Mrs. Wiggins, Ted's mother (Jenny Slate), and Grammy Norma, Ted's grandmother (Betty White).[4]\n" ]
[ "Ed Helms" ]
-5050483673244276042
The Lost World: Jurassic Park
The Lost World : Jurassic Park - wikipedia The Lost World : Jurassic Park This article is about the 1997 film . For spin - offs and other items related to it , see Lost World : Crichton novel and adaptations . The Lost World : Jurassic Park Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Gerald R. Molen Colin Wilson Screenplay by David Koepp Based on The Lost World by Michael Crichton Starring Jeff Goldblum Julianne Moore Pete Postlethwaite Arliss Howard Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 19 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 23 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $73 million Box office $618.6 million The Lost World : Jurassic Park is a 1997 American science fiction adventure film and the second installment in the Jurassic Park film series . A sequel to 1993 's Jurassic Park , the film was directed by Steven Spielberg and written by David Koepp , loosely based on Michael Crichton 's 1995 novel The Lost World . The film was produced by Gerald R. Molen and Colin Wilson . Actor Jeff Goldblum returns as the chaos - theorist and eccentric mathematician Ian Malcolm , leading a cast that includes Julianne Moore , Pete Postlethwaite , Vince Vaughn , Vanessa Lee Chester , and Arliss Howard . Goldblum is the only actor from the previous film to return with a major role . Cameos feature return appearances by Richard Attenborough as John Hammond and a brief appearance by Joseph Mazzello and Ariana Richards as Hammond 's grandchildren Tim and Lex . The story is set four years after the events of the original film and centers around the fictional Central American island of Isla Sorna , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , where the cloned dinosaurs made by John Hammond 's InGen have been roaming free in their own ecosystem . Learning that his nephew , who took control of InGen , is planning to capture the Isla Sorna dinosaurs and bring them to the mainland , Hammond sends an expedition led by Dr. Ian Malcolm to arrive there before InGen 's squad . The two groups confront each other in the face of extreme danger and then team up in order to survive . After the original book 's release and the first film 's success , Crichton was pressured by fans for a novel sequel . After the book was published in 1995 , production began on a film sequel . Filming occurred from September to December 1996 , primarily in California , while also including a shoot in Kauai , Hawaii , where the previous film was shot . The Lost World 's plot and imagery is substantially darker than the previous film , and the film has more extensive usage of computer - generated imagery to depict the dinosaurs , along with life - sized animatronics . The film received mixed reviews and grossed over $618 million worldwide . A sequel , Jurassic Park III , was released on July 18 , 2001 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Creatures on screen 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing and promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On Isla Sorna , an island off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , a young girl named Cathy Bowman wanders around during a family vacation , and survives an attack by a swarm of Compsognathus . Her parents file a lawsuit against the genetics company InGen , now headed by John Hammond 's nephew , Peter Ludlow , who plans to use Isla Sorna to alleviate the financial losses imposed by the incident that occurred at Jurassic Park four years earlier . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm meets Hammond at his mansion . Hammond explains that Isla Sorna , abandoned years earlier during a hurricane , is where InGen created their dinosaurs before moving them to Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar . Hammond hopes to stop InGen by sending a team to Isla Sorna to document the dinosaurs , thus causing public support against human interference on the island . Ian , who survived the Jurassic Park disaster , is reluctant . After learning that his girlfriend , paleontologist Dr. Sarah Harding , is part of the team and is already on Isla Sorna , Ian agrees to go to the island , but only to retrieve her . Ian meets his teammates , Eddie Carr , an equipment specialist and engineer , and Nick Van Owen , a video documentarian and activist . After arriving on the island , they locate Sarah and discover that Ian 's daughter , Kelly , had stowed away in a trailer being used as a mobile base . They then watch as another InGen team -- consisting of mercenaries , hunters , paleontologist Robert Burke , and Ludlow -- arrive to capture several dinosaurs , led by big game hunter Roland Tembo , his second - in - command Dieter Stark , and Roland 's hunting partner and friend Ajay Sidhu . Roland hopes to capture a male Tyrannosaurus rex by luring it to the cries of its injured infant . That night , Ian 's team sneak into the InGen camp and learn the captured dinosaurs will be brought to a newly proposed theme park in San Diego that was abandoned for the islands . This prompts Nick and Sarah to free the caged dinosaurs , wreaking havoc upon the camp . Nick also frees the infant T. rex and takes it to the trailer to mend its broken leg . After securing Kelly with Eddie , Ian realizes the infant 's parents are searching for it and rushes to the trailer . As soon as Ian arrives , the infant 's parents emerge on both sides of the trailer . The infant is released to the adult T. rexes , which then attack the trailer , pushing it over the edge of a nearby cliff . Eddie soon arrives , but as he tries to pull the trailer back over the edge with an SUV , the adult T. rexes return and devour him . The trailer and the SUV plummet off the cliff . Ian , Sarah , and Nick are rescued by the InGen team , along with Kelly . With both groups ' communications equipment and vehicles destroyed , they team up to search for the old InGen compound 's radio station on foot . Dieter , after being lost in the forest , is killed by a pack of Compsognathus . The next night , the two adult T. rexes find the group 's camp , as they had followed the infant 's blood scent on Sarah 's jacket . The female T. rex chases the group to a waterfall cave and devours Burke , while Roland tranquilizes the male . Ajay and much of the remaining InGen team is killed by Velociraptors while fleeing through an elephant grass field . Nick runs ahead to the communications center at the InGen Worker 's Village to call for rescue . After Ian , Sarah and Kelly reach the village , they evade raptors until a helicopter arrives and transports them , along with Nick , off the island . A freighter ship transports the male T. rex to San Diego , but crashes into the dock . After finding the ship 's crew killed , a guard opens the cargo hold , accidentally releasing the T. rex , which escapes into the city and goes on a destructive rampage . Ian and Sarah retrieve the infant T. rex from InGen 's unfinished Jurassic Park San Diego facility , and use it to lure the adult back to the ship . Ludlow tries to intervene , but is trapped in the cargo hold by the adult T. rex and is subsequently mauled to death by the infant . Before the adult can escape again , Sarah tranquilizes it while Ian closes the cargo hold doors . The T. rexes are escorted back to Isla Sorna , and Hammond says that the American and Costa Rican governments have agreed to declare the island a nature preserve , securing the island from any human interference . While Ian sits safe at home with his family , the T. rexes are seen grazing with their infant as Hammond affirms `` life will find a way '' . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm , a mathematician and chaos theorist , and a survivor of the events on Isla Nublar from the first film . Julianne Moore as Dr. Sarah Harding , a behavioral paleontologist and Ian 's girlfriend . Pete Postlethwaite as Roland Tembo , a big - game hunter from Kenya and the leader of the second InGen team . Arliss Howard as Peter Ludlow , InGen 's current CEO and Hammond 's conniving and greedy nephew . He is the main antagonist of the film . Richard Attenborough as John Hammond , InGen 's former CEO and the park 's original visionary . Vince Vaughn as Nick Van Owen , a well - traveled and experienced documentarian and environmentalist . Vanessa Lee Chester as Kelly Curtis , Ian 's teenage daughter from a failed relationship . Peter Stormare as Dieter Stark , the InGen team 's second - in - command , under Roland Tembo . Harvey Jason as Ajay Sidhu , Roland 's immensely loyal and long - time best friend and hunting partner from India . Richard Schiff as Eddie Carr , a timid and sardonic field equipment expert . Thomas F. Duffy as Dr. Robert Burke , the InGen team 's dinosaur expert . Thomas Rosales Jr. as Carter , an InGen hunter . Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy , John Hammond 's grandson , Lex 's younger brother and a survivor of the events on Isla Nublar . Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy , John Hammond 's granddaughter , Tim 's older sister and a survivor of the events on Isla Nublar . Camilla Belle as Cathy Bowman , a girl attacked by Compsognathus . Robin Sachs as Paul Bowman , the father of Cathy Bowman . Creatures on screen ( edit ) See also : List of cloned animals in Jurassic Park While Jurassic Park featured mostly the animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston 's team , The Lost World had a higher emphasis on the computer - generated imagery of Industrial Light & Magic . This led to the film featuring larger shots that offered plenty of space for the digital artists to add the dinosaurs . Although technology had not advanced much since the release of the first film , Spielberg noted that `` the artistry of the creative computer people '' had advanced : `` There 's better detail , much better lighting , better muscle tone and movement in the animals . When a dinosaur transfers weight from his left side to his right , the whole movement of fat and sinew is smoother , more physiologically correct . '' Winston said , `` I wanted to show the world what they did n't see in ' Jurassic Park ' : more dinosaurs and more dinosaur action . ' More , bigger , better ' was our motto . '' Some of the animatronics cost $1 million and weighed nine and a half tons . Michael Lantieri , the special effects supervisor , said , `` The big T. rex robot can pull two Gs of force when it 's moving from right to left . If you hit someone with that , you 'd kill them . So , in a sense , we did treat the dinosaurs as living , dangerous creatures . '' Compsognathus , nicknamed `` Compies '' by Stan Winston 's crew , are a small carnivorous theropod which attacks in packs . Visual effects supervisor Dennis Muren considered them the most complex digital dinosaur , given their small size meant the Compys had their whole body visible and thus needed a higher sense of gravity and weight . A simple puppet Compsognathus was featured in the opening scene , and the part where Dieter Stark was killed by the pack had Peter Stormare wearing a jacket onto which various rubber Compies were attached . Gallimimus was shown fleeing from the InGen Hunters . Mamenchisaurus was shown in the game trail scene where an InGen hunter drove his motorcycle in - between the sauropod 's legs . Pachycephalosaurus was shown being hunted down by the InGen hunters . Parasaurolophus was shown being hunted down by the InGen hunters . Stegosaurus was , according to Spielberg , included `` by popular demand '' . Stan Winston 's team built full - sized versions of both the infant and adult Stegosaurus , but Spielberg eventually opted to employ a digital version for the adults so they could be more mobile . Triceratops was shown being hunted down by the InGen hunters . The T. rex wreaking havoc in San Diego . Tyrannosaurus is featured as a whole family , with two adults and an infant . Featuring two practical T. rexes required double the work and puppeteers , and also to have the sets built around the animatronics so they would not need to leave the soundstage . The baby T. rex had two different practical versions , a `` fully contained '' remote controlled version the actors could carry , and a hybrid operated by both hydraulics and cables which lay on the operating table , and had the added complexity of moving as Vince Vaughn held its head . Velociraptor had a mechanical version which depicted the upper half of its body , and a digital full - motion computer raptor . Pteranodon makes a brief appearance at the film 's end . Production ( edit ) Pre-Production ( edit ) After the release of the novel Jurassic Park in 1990 , Michael Crichton was pressured by fans for a sequel novel . Having never written a sequel , he initially refused . While filming the novel 's film adaptation , Jurassic Park , director Steven Spielberg believed that if a sequel film were made , it would involve the retrieval of a canister that contained dinosaur DNA and that was lost during the events of the first film . Discussions about a sequel film began after the 1993 release of Jurassic Park , which became a financial success . Spielberg held discussions with David Koepp and Crichton -- who both wrote the previous film -- to discuss possible ideas for a sequel film . The production schedule for a second Jurassic Park film was dependent on whether Crichton would write a sequel to the first novel . In March 1994 , Crichton said there would probably be a sequel novel and sequel film , stating that he had a story idea for another novel , which would then be adapted into a film sequel . By that time , Spielberg had not committed to directing the new novel 's film adaptation , as he planned to take a year off from directing . In March 1995 , Crichton announced that he was nearly finished writing the novel sequel , scheduled for release later that year , although he declined to specify its title or plot . At the time of the announcement , Spielberg had signed on to produce the film adaptation , with filming to begin in summer 1996 for release in 1997 . Spielberg , who was busy with his new DreamWorks studio , had not yet decided if he would direct the film , stating , `` I 'd love to direct it , but I just have to see . My life is changing . '' Joe Johnston , who offered to direct the sequel , later directed the next film , Jurassic Park III . A production team was assembled in spring 1995 , as Crichton was finishing the second novel , titled The Lost World ; simultaneously , Spielberg and Koepp were developing ideas for the screenplay . Crichton 's novel was published in September 1995 , while Spielberg was announced as director for the film adaptation in November 1995 . Production designer Rick Carter traveled to the Caribbean , New Zealand , and Central America to scout possible locations for filming . By February 1996 , northern New Zealand had been chosen as a filming location rather than Kauai , Hawaii , where the previous film was shot , as the filmmakers desired to shoot the new film in a different location that would not be recognized from its predecessor . New Zealand was also chosen because it was believed to have better represented an actual dinosaur environment . Crichton had wished for the film to be shot on Kauai . In August 1996 , it was announced that Humboldt County , California had been chosen as a filming location instead of New Zealand , where filming would have been too costly . Humboldt County was chosen because of financial incentives that would keep the film 's production costs low . Other locations that had been considered were Costa Rica and Oregon . Filming locations in Humboldt County were to include the redwood forests of Eureka , California . The location was picked because research indicated dinosaurs did not inhabit tropical habitats , but forests like the ones in Eureka . Writing ( edit ) The plot for Crichton 's Lost World novel involved a second island of dinosaurs , with no reference to the canister of dinosaur DNA ( the canister was later used as a plot aspect in a rejected early draft for Jurassic Park IV ) . After the novel was finished , Crichton was not consulted about the sequel , and it was not until he declined to approve certain merchandising rights that he received a copy of the script . Kathleen Kennedy , the film 's executive producer who previously produced Jurassic Park , said , `` In the same way Michael does n't see writing as a collaboration , Steven went off and did his own movie . When Michael turned the book over to Steven , he knew his work was finished . '' Spielberg and Koepp discarded much of the novel 's scenes and ideas , choosing to devise a new story instead while including the two ideas from the novel that Spielberg liked : a second island populated with dinosaurs , and a scene in which a trailer dangles from a cliff after being attacked by T. rexes . To prepare for writing the script , Spielberg was more insistent on having Koepp watch the 1925 film , The Lost World , than he was on having him read Crichton 's novel , which Koepp also did . During an early meeting with Koepp , Spielberg determined that while the primary conflict of the original film involved herbivorous dinosaurs vs. carnivorous dinosaurs , the script for the new film should involve humans who are `` gatherers '' ( observers of the dinosaurs ) and `` hunters '' ( who capture the dinosaurs for a zoo ) . Koepp said the plot of the 1962 film Hatari ! -- about African animals being captured for zoos -- had `` a big influence '' on The Lost World 's script . Koepp named the characters of Roland Tembo and Nick Van Owen as a reference to one of his favorite songs , `` Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner '' , by Warren Zevon . Koepp said `` since Roland is a mercenary in the song , that seemed like a good name for the hunter - for - hire in our movie . While I was at it , I thought it would be fun to make his nemesis ' last name Van Owen , like in the song . '' Crichton 's novel revolves around Malcolm 's team and a rival team led by InGen 's corporate rival , Biosyn , which was written out of the film adaptation in favor of two competing InGen teams . Several characters from the novel were excluded from the film adaptation , including Lewis Dodgson , the leader of the Biosyn team ; and field equipment engineer Doc Thorne , whose characteristics were partially implemented into the film 's version of Eddie . Spielberg regretted excluding a scene from the script that would have depicted characters on motorcycles attempting to flee velociraptors , similar to a sequence in the novel . An alternate version of the scene was later added into the 2015 film , Jurassic World . Dieter 's death scene was ultimately inspired by John Hammond 's death in the first novel , in which Procompsognathus kill him . The film 's opening scene was also inspired by an early chapter in the first novel that was ultimately excluded from its film adaptation , in which a girl on a beach is bitten by a Procompsognathus . The first novel also included a scene in which characters hide behind a waterfall from a T. rex ; this scene was briefly excluded from the first film as well , and was ultimately added into The Lost World : Jurassic Park . According to paleontologist Jack Horner , the film 's technical advisor , part of the waterfall scene was written in as a favor for him by Spielberg . Burke greatly resembles Horner 's rival Robert Bakker . In real life , Bakker argues for a predatory T. rex while Horner views it as primarily a scavenger . Spielberg had Burke written into this part to have him killed by the T. rex as a favor for Horner . After the film came out , Bakker , who recognized himself in Burke and loved it , actually sent Horner a message saying , `` See , I told you T. rex was a hunter ! '' In the original script , the film would briefly end with an aerial battle , where Pteranodons attack the helicopter trying to escape Isla Sorna . Three weeks before filming began , Spielberg ultimately suggested to instead have the T. rex 's attack through San Diego , as he was interested in seeing dinosaurs attacking the mainland . Spielberg had initially wanted such a scene to be saved for a third film , but later decided to add it into the second film after realizing that he would probably not direct another film in the series . The sequence was inspired by a similar attack scene involving a Brontosaurus in London in the 1925 version of The Lost World , which was adapted from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1912 novel of the same name , both of which inspired the title for Crichton 's novel . Koepp wrote a total of nine drafts for the film . Casting ( edit ) In November 1994 , Richard Attenborough said that he would reprise his role as John Hammond from the previous film . In 1995 , Spielberg met Vanessa Lee Chester at the premiere of A Little Princess , in which she appeared . Chester later recalled , `` As I was signing an autograph for him , he told me one day he 'd put me in a film . '' Spielberg met with Chester the following year to discuss The Lost World : Jurassic Park before ultimately casting her as Malcolm 's daughter , Kelly . In April 1996 , Julianne Moore was in discussions to star in the film alongside Jeff Goldblum . Spielberg had admired Moore 's performance in The Fugitive . In June 1996 , Peter Stormare was in final negotiations to join the cast . In August 1996 , Vince Vaughn was announced to have joined the cast . Spielberg was impressed with Vaughn 's performance in the film Swingers , which he saw after the filmmakers requested his permission to use music from his earlier film , Jaws . After meeting with Spielberg , Vaughn was subsequently cast without having to do a screen test . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on September 5 , 1996 , at Fern Canyon , a part of California 's Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park . Filming continued for two weeks in other state parks and on private land in northern California , including Eureka . Throughout the fall of 1996 , filming continued on stages at Universal Studios Hollywood . The Site B workers village was constructed there and left intact after filming to become a part of the theme park tour . For the scene where a trailer dangles from a cliff , a whole mountainside was built over the structure of Universal 's multi-storey car park . In October 1996 , it was announced that filming would take place over five days in December at New Zealand 's Fiordland National Park , where the film 's opening sequence was to be shot . Scenes involving Hammond 's residence were shot during the final week of filming , at Mayfield Senior School in Pasadena , California . Also shot in Pasadena was a scene in which Vaughn 's character emerges from a lake . In early December 1996 , plans to film in Fiordland were abruptly cancelled . Principal photography concluded ahead of schedule on December 11 , 1996 . However , in mid-December 1996 , plans were approved to shoot the opening sequence on a beach in Kauai after the cancellation of the New Zealand shoot . Filming in Kauai was underway on December 20 , 1996 , with plans to conclude two days later . Although Spielberg was in Kauai at the time and had visited the production , the opening sequence was filmed by a second unit crew . The film was shot on a budget of $73 million . The Mercedes - Benz W163 used in the film , on display at the Mercedes - Benz Museum in Germany Although the T. rex 's rampage takes place in San Diego , only one scene is actually shot there , where the InGen helicopter flies over the wharf and banks towards the city . The other sequences were all shot in Burbank , California . Scenes set in San Diego were shot behind barricades to maintain secrecy ; Spielberg noted that , `` It looked like road - repair work was going on . '' Various members of the film crew were featured running from the Tyrannosaurus , with screenwriter David Koepp playing the `` Unlucky Bastard '' who gets eaten during a scene set in San Diego . Inspired by how Jurassic Park featured the Ford Explorer , Mercedes - Benz signed an endorsement deal to introduce in the film its first sports utility vehicle , the M320 . Spielberg did not allow for rehearsals among the cast , stating , `` You want to capture the actors when they taste the words for the first time , when they look at each other for the first time -- that 's the sort of magic you can only get on a first or second take . '' Cinematographer Janusz Kamiński , who had worked with Spielberg in Schindler 's List , was brought onto the project to give a darker , more artistic look to the film , leading to a `` more elegant and rich '' approach focused on contrast and shadow . Music ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2015 ) Main article : The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( film score ) For the sequel , composer John Williams avoided using most of the previous film 's main themes , writing a more action oriented score . The soundtrack was released on May 20 , 1997 . It , along with the soundtrack to the first movie , was re-released and remastered on November 29 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park premiered on May 19 , 1997 , at a Cineplex Odeon theater in Universal City , California . The Los Angeles Times called the premiere `` low - key '' . The film received a wider release on May 23 , 1997 . Fox Network paid $80 million for the broadcasting rights of The Lost World , which debuted on November 1 , 1998 . The television version was expanded with deleted scenes , that included John Hammond 's ouster by InGen executives . Marketing and promotion ( edit ) Both covers for the first issue of Topps Comics adaptation . On February 10 , 1997 , Universal announced a $250 million marketing campaign with 70 promotional partners . The marketing campaign was even more extensive than with Jurassic Park . The leading partners were Burger King , whose promotion was concurrent with one for another Universal dinosaur - based franchise , The Land Before Time ; JVC and Mercedes - Benz , whose products are featured in the movie ; and Timberland Co. , making its first film tie - in . Another partner was a then - sister company of Universal under Seagram , Tropicana Products . Other promotional partners included Hamburger Helper and Betty Crocker , while General Mills introduced Jurassic Park Crunch cereal . Derivative works included various video games , including both a pinball machine and an arcade game by Sega , and a four - part comic series released by Topps Comics . Other promotional items included a toy line of action figures by Kenner and remote - controlled vehicles by Tyco , as well as a board game by Milton Bradley Company . Also produced were Hershey 's chocolate bars that featured holographic dinosaur patterns . Universal hoped for promotional profits to exceed $1 billion . In December 1996 , a special version of the film 's teaser trailer debuted at 42 theaters in the United States and Canada , at a cost of $14,000 for each theater ; the trailer made use of synchronized strobe lights that mimicked lightning during a rain scene . The film 's first trailer was aired on January 26 , 1997 , during Super Bowl XXXI . A detailed website for the film was also created , and provided backstory for characters and events that were not referenced in the film . Shortly after the film 's release , hackers broke into the website and briefly changed the film 's logo to feature a duck instead of a T. rex . The film 's title in the logo was also changed to The Duck World : Jurassic Pond . Universal denied that the hacking was a publicity stunt to promote the film , stating that it was traced to a `` 16 - year - old hacker kid from back East . '' The website was still online as of 2018 . Home media ( edit ) The film made its VHS and LaserDisc debut on October 21 , 1997 . The DVD was first released on October 10 , 2000 , and also made available in a package with predecessor Jurassic Park . The films were also featured in a deluxe limited edition box set featuring both the DVDs and soundtrack albums of the two films , two lenticulars , stills from both films , and a certificate of authenticity signed by all three producers of the set , all inside a collector case . After the release of sequel Jurassic Park III , box sets including all three movies were also made available , as Jurassic Park Trilogy on December 11 , 2001 , and as the Jurassic Park Adventure Pack on November 29 , 2005 . The Lost World was first made available on Blu - ray on October 25 , 2011 as part of a trilogy release . The entire Jurassic Park film series was released on 4K UHD Blu - Ray on May 22 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Lost World took in $72.1 million on its opening weekend ( $92.6 million for the four - day Memorial Day holiday ) in the U.S. , which was the biggest opening weekend at the time , surpassing the previous record - holder Batman Forever at $52.8 million . It held onto this record for four and a half years , until the release of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone in November 2001 . The Lost World took the record for highest single - day box office take of $26.1 million on May 25 , a record held until the release of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . It also became the fastest film to pass the $100 million mark , achieving the feat in just six days . However , despite these records , its total box office gross fell below the total of the original film . It grossed $229.1 million in the U.S. and $389.5 million internationally , for a total of $618.6 million worldwide , becoming the second highest - grossing film of 1997 behind Titanic . The film sold an estimated 49,910,000 tickets in North America . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 53 % based on 68 reviews and an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Lost World demonstrates how far CG effects have come in the four years since Jurassic Park ; unfortunately , it also proves how difficult it can be to put together a truly compelling sequel . '' On Metacritic , the film has an average rating of 59 / 100 based on reviews from 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert , who gave the first film three stars , gave The Lost World only two , writing that `` It can be said that the creatures in this film transcend any visible signs of special effects and seem to walk the earth , but the same realism is n't brought to the human characters , who are bound by plot conventions and action formulas . '' Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune also gave the film two stars and said , `` I was disappointed as much as I was thrilled because ' The Lost World ' lacks a staple of Steven Spielberg 's adventure films : exciting characters . ( ... ) Even in the original ' Jurassic Park , ' the dinosaurs -- not to mention the human beings -- had more distinct personalities than they have here . Save for superior special effects , ' The Lost World ' comes off as recycled material . '' Conversely , Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times saw improved character development over the original , saying , `` It seemed such a mistake in Jurassic Park to sideline early on its most interesting character , the brilliant , free - thinking and outspoken theorist Ian Malcolm ( Jeff Goldblum ) with a broken leg , but in its most inspired stroke , The Lost World brings back Malcolm and places him front and center , '' calling it `` a pleasure to watch such wily pros as Goldblum and Attenborough spar with each other with wit and assurance '' . The dinosaurs were even more developed as characters , with Stephen Holden of The New York Times saying , `` The Lost World , unlike Jurassic Park , humanizes its monsters in a way that E.T. would understand . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade ; he remarked , `` Mr. T - Rex was cool in the first Spielberg flick , sure , but it was n't until ( it was in ) San Diego that things got crazy - cool . It 's the old ' tree falling in the woods ' conundrum : Unless your giant monster is causing massive property damage , can you really call it a giant monster ? '' Spielberg confessed that during production he became increasingly disenchanted with the film , admitting , `` I beat myself up ... growing more and more impatient with myself ... It made me wistful about doing a talking picture , because sometimes I got the feeling I was just making this big silent - roar movie ... I found myself saying , ' Is that all there is ? It 's not enough for me . ' '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards March 23 , 1998 Best Visual Effects Dennis Muren , Stan Winston , Randal M. Dutra and Michael Lantieri Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Awards March 10 , 1998 Favorite Actor -- Sci - Fi Jeff Goldblum Nominated Favorite Actress -- Sci - Fi Julianne Moore Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards March 22 , 1998 Worst Remake or Sequel Nominated Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property Nominated Worst Screenplay David Koepp , based on the book by Michael Crichton Nominated Grammy Awards February 25 , 1998 Best Instrumental Composition John Williams Nominated Image Awards February 13 -- 14 , 1998 Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress Vanessa Lee Chester Nominated MTV Movie Awards May 30 , 1998 Best Action Sequence T - Rex attacks San Diego Nominated Rembrandt Awards 1998 Best Director Steven Spielberg Won Satellite Awards February 22 , 1998 Best Motion Picture -- Animated or Mixed Media Nominated Saturn Awards June 10 , 1998 Best Special Effects Dennis Muren , Stan Winston , Randal M. Dutra and Michael Lantieri Nominated Best Supporting Actor Pete Postlethwaite Nominated Best Young Actress Vanessa Lee Chester Nominated Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best DVD Collection Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Stinkers Bad Movie Awards 1998 Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100 Million Worldwide Using Hollywood Math Nominated Worst Sequel Nominated See also ( edit ) List of films featuring dinosaurs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World -- Jurassic Park '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Holden ( 1997 - 05 - 23 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 6 , 1997 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park review '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( 2015 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Ranking Every Jurassic Park Dino - Death , from Lamest to Coolest '' . Paste . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jost , Elise ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Death By Dinosaur : The Dumbest Decisions Ever Made By Jurassic Park Characters '' . Movie Pilot . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Grubbs , Jefferson ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` 12 Un-Adapted Scenes From Michael Crichton 's Novels That Should Totally Be In ' Jurassic World ' '' . Bustle . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Jurassic Park : Finding The Lost World '' , The Lost World : Jurassic Park Blu - Ray ^ Jump up to : Ressner , Jeffrey ( 1997 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Cinema : I Wanted to See a T. rex Stomping Down a Street '' . Time . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Crisafulli , Chuck ( 1997 - 05 - 11 ) . `` How to Build a Better Dino '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Jurassic Park : Something Survived '' , The Lost World : Jurassic Park Blu - Ray ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost World '' . MichaelCrichton.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Spielberg ( director ) ( October 25 , 2011 ) . The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( `` Return to Jurassic Park : Finding The Lost World '' segment ) ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Universal . ^ Jump up to : `` Encore section '' . www.Lost-World.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Susan ( 1994 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Crichton is plotting ' Jurassic 2 ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Susan ( 1995 - 03 - 22 ) . `` ' Jurassic ' sequel in sight : Crichton says book will be out this year '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji 's Joe Johnston Joins Jurassic '' . www.About.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pre-Production section '' . www.Lost-World.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( 1995 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Spielberg Signs On to Direct Sequel to ' Jurassic Park ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Harada , Wayne ( 1996 - 02 - 08 ) . `` ' Jurassic ' sequel to pass up Kauai '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ TenBruggencate , Jan ( 1996 - 03 - 11 ) . `` ' World ' may have been lost , but films still come to Kauai '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii wo n't get a part in ' Jurassic ' follow - up '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . 1996 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Wartzman , Rick ( 1996 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Multimedia spins out '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Brode , Douglas ( 2000 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Citadel Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0806519517 . Jump up ^ Lamble , Ryan ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Examining the Jurassic Park 4 script that was never filmed '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( 1997 - 06 - 08 ) . `` The First ' Lost World ' ( Page 2 of 2 ) '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Smith , Steven ( 1997 - 05 - 29 ) . `` In ' The Lost World ' , Bits of Old Movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1998 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Movie Answer Man '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Nick ( September 2013 ) . `` Jurassic Park 20th Anniversary : When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth '' ( PDF ) . Empire . p. 3 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg speaks at USC ! Updates on Indy 4 , Jurassic Park 4 and a remake of one of his own films '' . AintItCool.com. 2005 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Interview : Producer Frank Marshall Talks ' Jurassic World , ' ' Indiana Jones 5 , ' and ' Back to the Future ' '' . / Film . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Vlastelica , Ryan ( 2015 - 06 - 04 ) . `` In Jurassic Park , Spielberg made a family favorite from an adult book '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gritton , Lance . Personal interview . 14 Apr 2007 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . `` The Lost World '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( 1997 - 06 - 08 ) . `` The First ' Lost World ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Srcherd , Army ( 1994 - 11 - 14 ) . `` South African welcomes Attenborough -- this time '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park 's Kelly Explains How She Landed The Role 20 Years Ago '' . MTV . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment News '' . St. Petersburg Times . 1996 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 -- via NewsBank . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's The Lost World : Jurassic Park Viewer 's Guide '' . Empire . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Stormare May Speak Up '' . Rocky Mountain News . 1996 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Woodson , Michelle ( 1996 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Vince Vaughn is starring in `` Lost World '' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Out of Nowhere : Vince Vaughn in Swingers '' . Movieline . 1997 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview -- Vince Vaughn '' . GamesRadar. 2005 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Schruers , Fred ( 1997 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Vince Vaughn : He takes on Dinosaurs in the sequel to ' Jurassic Park ' , but in the bruising world of Hollywood , the new star gives as good as he gets '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production section '' . www.Lost-World.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Francesca ( October 18 , 1996 ) . `` Fergie Casting About For A Midwest Pad ? '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Scene Is Set For ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . Sun - Sentinel . October 25 , 1996 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : TenBruggencate , Jan ( 1996 - 12 - 20 ) . `` ' Jurassic ' sequel films on Kauai '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kauai is last - minute location for ' Lost World ' picnic scene '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . 1996 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` A ' World ' Apart '' . Premiere . May 1997 . Archived from the original on 1999 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mercedes is going ' Jurassic ' Jump up ^ `` The Lizard King '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1997 - 05 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Audissino , Emilio ( 2014 ) . John Williams 's film music : Jaws , Star Wars , Raiders of the Lost Ark , and the return of the classical Hollywood music style . University of Wisconsin Pres . p. 215 . ISBN 0299297330 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unreleased Music Set to be Released in New John Williams 4 CD Set '' Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Premiere of ' The Lost World : Jurassic Park ' '' . Getty Images . 1997 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lost World ' Premiere '' . Jet. 1997 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( 1997 - 08 - 26 ) . `` You and a Guest Are Not Invited '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . In May , the premiere for `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' was held in similar low - key style at Universal City 's Cineplex Odeon theaters . Lots of stars turned out anyway , and the film made a record - breaking $90.2 million on its opening four - day weekend and went on to become one of the year 's biggest hits to date . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( 1998 - 11 - 04 ) . `` TV Notes ; Jurassic Banquet Or Just a Snack ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gross , Darren . `` Lost World : Found Footage ! '' Video Watchdog # 49 , January / February 1999 ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( 1997 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park . '' ' Jurassic ' Sequel Set to be Promo Monster : ' Lost World ' Gains $250 Mil in Support , Including BK , JVC `` . Advertising Age . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Robert ( 1997 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Universal Plans a Mammoth ' Lost World ' Marketing Blitz '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 1997 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Promo Partners of ' Lost World ' Stress Own Brands : Multiple Efforts Seek to Marry New Movie to Marketing Base '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( 1997 - 10 - 09 ) . `` The Art of the Tie - In '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( 1997 - 06 - 09 ) . `` The battle of summer blockbusters extends from theaters to fast - food chains to grocery aisles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creature Features '' . Supermarket News . 1997 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Galindo , Brian ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) . `` 26 Cereals From The ' 90s You 'll Never Be Able To Eat Again '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures and Sega bring The Lost World : Jurassic Park to Sega Saturn , Sega Genesis , Game Gear and the arcade '' . Sega of America ( press release ) . 1997 - 06 - 19 . Archived from the original on 1998 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park comics '' . Jurassic Park Legacy . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . Comic Vine . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merchandise '' . Dan 's Lost World Page . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World '' . JPToys.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World Jurassic Park Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey 's dinosaur holograms roam the market '' . Packaging World . 1997 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hindes , Andrew ( 1996 - 12 - 18 ) . `` DTS F / X Out of This ' World ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mirapaul , Matthew ( 1997 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Click , Click , Bang , Bang : The Summer Movie Wrap - Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` The ' Jurassic Park II ' Website From The ' 90s Still Exists '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers fowl up ' Lost World ' site '' . CNN . 1997 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Karen ( 1997 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Hunting the Hypeosaurus : Some Say Defacing of ' Lost World ' Web Site Looks Like a PR Stunt '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Brett ( 1997 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Enter - Active '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ IGN staff ( 2000 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Jurassic Park '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park / The Lost World : The Collection '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com ( 2005 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Jurassic Park / The Lost World limited boxset -- Amazon.com '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park Trilogy '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ IGN DVD ( 2005 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Jurassic Park Adventure Pack '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` JURASSIC PARK Trilogy Hits Blu - ray October 25th , Trailer Released '' . Collider . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jurassic Park Collection 4K Blu - ray , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo. 1997 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in a Single Day at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Movies to $100 m '' . The Numbers. 2007 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster / Warner Bros. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( May 30 , 1997 ) . `` Characters Extinct In ' Lost World ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kevin Thomas ( 1997 - 05 - 23 ) . `` The Lost World : Jurassic Park '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marc Bernadin ( 2008 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Attack of the Giant Movie Monsters ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Joseph McBride ( 2011 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography ( Second ed . ) . The University Press of Mississippi . p. 455 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 837 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` THE 70TH ACADEMY AWARDS 1998 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Nominees Announced '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Archive '' . Golden Raspberry Awards . Archived from the original on 2001 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams '' . Recording Academy . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( December 12 , 1997 ) . `` '' Bayou , '' Badu , Babyface Top Image Noms `` . E ! Online . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katz , Richard ( 1998 - 04 - 14 ) . `` MTV - watchers pick their pix '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Winners by Category '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 20th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards '' . Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lost World : Jurassic Park Official website Jurassic Park & The Lost World official website The Lost World : Jurassic Park on IMDb The Lost World : Jurassic Park at AllMovie The Lost World : Jurassic Park at Rotten Tomatoes The Lost World : Jurassic Park at Box Office Mojo The Lost World : Jurassic Park at Metacritic The Lost World : Jurassic Park navigation boxes Films produced by Gerald R. 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Molen Screenplays by David Koepp Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles to be expanded from June 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 16 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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who did vince vaughn play in jurassic park
[ "Vince Vaughn as Nick Van Owen,[5] a well-traveled and experienced documentarian and environmentalist." ]
[ "Nick Van Owen" ]
5859413258919157682
Laver Cup
Laver Cup - wikipedia Laver Cup Jump to : navigation , search Laver Cup Tournament information Founded 2017 ( 2017 ) Editions 1 ( 2017 ) Location Location rotating each year Venue United Center ( 2018 ) Surface Hard indoor Draw 2 Teams ( Team Europe vs Team World ) Website https://lavercup.com/ The Laver Cup is an international indoor hard court men 's tennis tournament between two teams : Team Europe and Team World , the latter of which is composed of players from non-European countries . Held annually ( except for Summer Olympic years ) , the tournament takes place two weeks after the US Open , with the location rotating . In addition to the guaranteed participation fees which are based upon the players ' ATP rankings , each member of the winning team gets $250,000 in prize money , but the tournament itself does not count towards the players ' point totals in the ATP world tour for that year , at least not as of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2017 : Inaugural edition 2 Records & statistics 2.1 Tournament editions 2.2 Participating nations 2.3 Player statistics 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The O2 Arena in Prague during the first Laver Cup , with an entirely black center court . The tournament is named after Australian tennis legend Rod Laver , a tennis player widely regarded as the greatest in the history of the sport . Roger Federer 's management company , TEAM8 , Brazilian businessman and former Davis Cup player Jorge Paulo Lemann , and Tennis Australia partnered to create the Laver Cup . The competition pits six top European players against six of their counterparts from the rest of the world . There are 12 matches played over three days ( nine singles and three doubles ) , with the number of points awarded for victories increasing each day . Each player takes the court once or twice for singles , with at least four of the six taking part in doubles . All matches are played as best - of - three , with a 10 - point tiebreaker if play goes to a third set . Former rivals Björn Borg of Sweden ( Europe ) and John McEnroe of the United States ( World team ) will serve as captains for the first three editions . 2017 : inaugural edition ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Laver Cup The first edition was held in Prague from 22 -- 24 September 2017 , at the O2 Arena . Team Europe Captain : Björn Borg Vice-captain : Thomas Enqvist Player Rank Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Alexander Zverev Marin Čilić 5 Dominic Thiem 7 Tomáš Berdych 19 Team World Captain : John McEnroe Vice-captain : Patrick McEnroe Player Rank Sam Querrey 16 John Isner 17 Nick Kyrgios 20 Jack Sock 21 Denis Shapovalov 51 Frances Tiafoe 72 Records & statistics ( edit ) Tournament editions ( edit ) Year Winner Score Runner - up Venue Location Europe captain World captain 2017 Team Europe 15 -- 9 Team World O2 Arena Prague , Czech Republic Björn Borg John McEnroe 2018 United Center Chicago , United States Björn Borg John McEnroe Participating nations ( edit ) Nations represented 2017 App . Australia Austria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Germany Spain Switzerland United States Total Players 12 Player statistics ( edit ) Nat . Player Team First year Laver Cups Matches Points Win -- Loss Totals Singles Doubles Totals Singles Doubles Kyrgios , Nick Nick Kyrgios World 2017 3 -- 3 2 -- 3 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Thiem , Dominic Dominic Thiem Europe 2017 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 Shapovalov , Denis Denis Shapovalov World 2017 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 Cilic , Marin Marin Čilić Europe 2017 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 Berdych , Tomáš Tomáš Berdych Europe 2017 0 -- 6 0 -- 2 0 -- 4 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 Zverev , Alexander Alexander Zverev Europe 2017 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Europe 2017 4 -- 4 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Europe 2017 7 -- 0 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 Isner , John John Isner World 2017 6 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Querrey , Sam Sam Querrey World 2017 0 -- 7 0 -- 5 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 Sock , Jack Jack Sock World 2017 4 -- 4 0 -- 2 4 -- 2 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 Tiafoe , Frances Frances Tiafoe World 2017 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category : Laver Cup . Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In Laver Cup 's Debut , Europe Towers Over the World '' . New York Times . 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) . `` A Promising Debut for the Laver Cup , Buoyed by Two Timeless Stars '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking the boundaries : Laver Cup embraces innovation Laver Cup '' . Laver Cup . 2017 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamic Doubles Duo : Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal to team up in inaugural Laver Cup '' . Tennis.com. 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Laver Cup , why are Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal playing and how excited should we be about it ? '' . The Telegraph . 2017 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League International Premier Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laver_Cup&oldid=817995858 '' Categories : Laver Cup Tennis tournaments Hard court tennis tournaments Recurring sporting events established in 2017 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 21 : 53 . About Wikipedia
where is the rod laver cup being played
[ "\n\nLaver Cup\n\n\n\n\n\nTournament information\n\n\nFounded\n2017 (2017)\n\n\nEditions\n1 (2017)\n\n\nLocation\nLocation rotating each year\n\n\nVenue\nUnited Center (2018)\n\n\nSurface\nHard indoor\n\n\nDraw\n2 Teams (Team Europe vs Team World)\n\n\nWebsite\nhttps://lavercup.com/\n\n" ]
[ "United Center" ]
3411933438938860645
Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)
Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 film ) - wikipedia Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark Theatrical release poster Directed by Troy Nixey Produced by Guillermo del Toro Mark Johnson Stephen Jones Written by Guillermo del Toro Matthew Robbins Based on Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark by Nigel McKeand Starring Katie Holmes Guy Pearce Bailee Madison Jack Thompson Alan Dale Garry McDonald Julia Blake Music by Marco Beltrami Buck Sanders Cinematography Oliver Stapleton Production company Necropia Gran Via Distributed by FilmDistrict Miramax Films Release date November 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 06 ) ( Virginia Film Festival ) August 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Australia Mexico Language English Budget $25 million Box office $36 million Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark is a 2010 dark fantasy horror film written by Matthew Robbins and Guillermo del Toro and directed by comic book artist Troy Nixey . An international co-production between the United States , Australia , and Mexico , it was filmed at the Drusilla Mansion in Mount Macedon , Victoria and Melbourne , Australia . The film stars Katie Holmes , Guy Pearce , and Bailee Madison , as a family moving into a 19th - century Rhode Island mansion , where the withdrawn daughter ( Madison ) begins to witness malevolent creatures that emerge from a sealed ash pit in the basement of the house . It is a remake of the 1973 ABC made - for - television horror film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Influences 4 Release 5 Home media 6 Reception 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) At Blackwood Manor in Providence County , Rhode Island , renowned wildlife painter Lord Blackwood summons his housekeeper into the basement where he reluctantly kills her with a hammer and chisel . He removes her teeth , as well as his own , and offers them to mysterious creatures down an ash pit within an old fireplace ; all of a sudden , the creatures demand the teeth of children . Blackwood begs for them to give back his kidnapped son , only to be dragged down the ash pit by the creatures . In the present day , 8 - year old Sally Hurst arrives in Rhode Island to live with her father Alex and his girlfriend Kim , both restoring Blackwood Manor to put it on the market for their client Mr. Jacoby . Sally is depressed due to her mother forcefully putting her in Alex 's care and giving her copious amounts of Adderall . On the first night of her stay , the melodious tune from a carousel - styled nightlight awakens the creatures in the ash pit . The next day , Sally wanders the grounds and finds the hidden basement 's skylight . One of the workmen restoring the house , Mr. Harris , warns her , Alex and Kim not to venture into the basement , although they do regardless . Sally takes interest in the sealed fireplace where she hears the creatures calling her name and follows the mysterious voices . `` BE AFRAID '' is written in runes above it . Sally opens the fireplace to meet the creatures and finds one of the old housekeeper 's teeth . The creatures quickly prove to be hostile , stealing Alex 's razor and shredding Kim 's clothes . Alex immediately blames Sally and finds a 19th - century silver coin in her possession , which she found under her pillow after the tooth disappeared . Alex and Kim head into town on a business trip and Sally sneaks to the basement to talk with the creatures , but Harris sends her away and tries to seal the fireplace . The creatures emerge and brutally wound him with his own tools and he is hospitalized . Sally 's increasingly frightening encounters with the creatures prompt Alex to call a therapist to talk to Sally , who draws a sketch of one of the creatures that attacked her under her bedsheets . Kim visits Harris in the hospital , who tells her to find the unpublished artwork of Lord Blackwood in the local library . The librarian reveals the artwork , one of which is of a creature whom he describes as being like tooth fairies , which every now and again turns a human into one of their own . Kim races home as Sally is attacked again by the creatures while having a bath , the lead creature being a transformed Lord Blackwood who proclaims the creatures will make Sally one of their own . Kim finds an undiscovered mural painted by Lord Blackwood in the basement , depicting his son being taken below ground by the creatures . Kim confronts Alex who is more interested in hosting a dinner for Mr. Jacoby and friends . However , he finally realizes what is happening when Sally is trapped in the library by the creatures , but she fends them off by using her camera flash to distract them . Alex and Kim decide to flee the house with Sally , but both are ambushed by the creatures and knocked out , Sally tries to wake Kim up but also gets ambushed by the creatures and is knocked unconscious . When Sally wakes up , her feet have been tied up with rope , and the creatures are starting to drag her to the basement for her transformation . Kim awakens and goes to the basement to confront the creatures , cutting the rope around Sally 's feet but only to get herself in the ropes and her leg broken by it as she struggles to get free . The creatures drag Kim into the fireplace , as a distraught Sally crushes the creature who used to be Lord Blackwood to death with a large flashlight . Alex arrives just as Kim disappears , and the father and daughter mourn their loss . Some time later , both return to the abandoned mansion to leave a drawing of Kim there . After they leave a strong draft pulls the drawing into the creatures ' lair ; the entrance now bolted with metal . A transformed Kim is heard convincing the creatures to stay in hiding -- for ( people ) will forget in time , and others will come -- and they `` have all the time in the world '' . Cast ( edit ) Bailee Madison as Sally Hurst Katie Holmes as Kim Raphael Guy Pearce as Alex Hurst Jack Thompson as William Harris Alan Dale as Charles Jacoby Julia Blake as Mrs. Underhill Garry McDonald as Emerson Blackwood Nicholas Bell as Psychiatrist Trudy Hellier as Evelyn Jacoby James Mackay as Librarian Terry Kenwrick as Bill Emelia Burns as Caterer Eddie Ritchard as Housekeeper Libby Gott as Nurse Lance Drisdale as Policeman Carolyn Shakespeare - Allen as Airport Cart Driver Bruce Gleeson as Buggy Driver David Tocci as Workman Abbe Holmes as Joanne Hurst ( Voice ) Grant Piro , Todd Macdonald , Angus Smallwood , Dylan Young and Guillermo del Toro as The Creature Voices Production ( edit ) Del Toro chose Troy Nixey to direct the film after seeing Nixey 's short film Latchkey 's Lament . For the design of the creatures in the film , Nixey drew inspiration from pictures of mole rats . Influences ( edit ) Del Toro has attributed the idea of giving the creatures in the film a fairy origin to the work of the writer Arthur Machen , saying in an interview : `` I love the Welsh author Arthur Machen and his idea that fairy lore comes from a dark place , that it 's derived from little , pre-human creatures who are really , really nasty vermin but are magical in a way , living as they do for hundreds of years . His books are what compelled me to do this . '' Machen 's stories are specifically mentioned in the film by the librarian character . Del Toro is a long - standing admirer of Machen and said his work was also an influence on El Laberinto Del Fauno ( Pan 's Labyrinth ) and Hellboy II : The Golden Army both of which also feature fairy creatures . The name of `` Emerson Blackwood '' , the character who built the mansion in the film , is a tribute to Algernon Blackwood , another writer of supernatural horror stories . Release ( edit ) This picture , which was developed with Miramax in the wake of the division 's closure and sale , was released by FilmDistrict , and was rated R despite filmmaker ambitions to the contrary . `` We originally thought we could shoot it as PG - 13 without compromising the scares , '' Del Toro said . `` And then the MPAA came back and gave us a badge of honor . They gave us an R for ' Violence and Terror . ' We asked them if there was anything we could do , and they said , ' Why ruin a perfectly scary movie ? ' '' Troy Nixey narrated the film at a screening at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . The initial release date was scheduled for January 21 , 2011 . Due to the sale of Miramax by Disney on December 3 , 2010 ( but Disney kept the pre-2010 Miramax Films library ) , the release was put on hold until the sale was finalized . The film was released on August 26 , 2011 . Home media ( edit ) It was released on DVD and Blu - ray on January 3 , 2012 and February 20 , 2012 in the UK . Reception ( edit ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark has received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 58 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 163 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states that `` While it 's pleasantly atmospheric and initially quite scary , the film ultimately fails to deliver the skin - crawling chills of the original '' . Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 56 / 100 based on 35 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 31⁄2 stars out of 4 , calling it `` a very good haunted house film '' and adding that it `` milks our frustration deliciously . '' Bailee Madison 's acting was generally well received by critics , who have also praised the idea of turning the protagonist into a little girl , as opposed to an adult in the original film . See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' The Help ' to brush off the competition again '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark -- Box Office Data -- BoxOfficeMojo '' . BoxOfficeMojo . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' . The Age . Melbourne . November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Dark ' days for Katie Holmes '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Pick : Do n't Be Afraid Of The Dark '' . planetsmag.com. 2011 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dark Deeds : An Interview with Guillermo del Toro and Guy Pearce by Robert Cashill '' . www.cineaste.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Guillermo del Toro is n't afraid of ... Much of anything latimes Jump up ^ Preview Review at the LA Times . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( July 2010 , 16 ) . `` Tiny Images From ' Walking Dead , ' ' Let Me In , ' ' Saw 3D ' & ' Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro 's Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark Gets a Release Date '' . Dread Central . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Do n't Be Afraid Of The Dark delayed '' . TotalFilm.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Do n't Be Afraid Of The Dark -- Official website Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/dont-be-afraid-of-the-dark Jump up ^ `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' . Chicago Sun - Times . External links ( edit ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark at AllMovie Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark at Box Office Mojo Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark on IMDb Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Guillermo del Toro Filmography Unrealized projects Awards and nominations Films directed Doña Lupe ( short ; 1985 ) Geometria ( short ; 1987 ) Cronos ( 1993 ) Mimic ( 1997 ) The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) Blade II ( 2002 ) Hellboy ( 2004 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Films written Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Films produced Crónicas ( 2004 ) Insignificant Things ( 2008 ) Rudo y Cursi ( 2008 ) Julia 's Eyes ( 2010 ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) Mama ( 2013 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Pacific Rim : Uprising ( 2018 ) Novels The Strain ( 2009 ) The Fall ( 2010 ) The Night Eternal ( 2011 ) Trollhunters ( 2015 ) Television `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV '' ( 2013 ; opening sequence ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) `` Night Zero '' DreamWorks Trollhunters ( 2016 -- present ) Video games Hellboy : The Science of Evil ( 2008 ) P.T. ( 2014 ) Death Stranding ( TBA ) Sundown ( canceled ) Insane ( canceled ) Silent Hills ( canceled ) Related articles Cha Cha Cha Films Mirada Studios The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Be_Afraid_of_the_Dark_(2010_film)&oldid=800249863 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 horror films American films American horror films Mexican fantasy films Mexican films Mexican horror films Gothic horror films Films set in Rhode Island Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro Screenplays by Matthew Robbins Films produced by Guillermo del Toro American film remakes Horror film remakes Film scores by Marco Beltrami Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 10 : 17 . 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don't be afraid of the dark creatures origin
[ "Del Toro has attributed the idea of giving the creatures in the film a fairy origin to the work of the writer Arthur Machen, saying in an interview: \"I love the Welsh author Arthur Machen and his idea that fairy lore comes from a dark place, that it’s derived from little, pre-human creatures who are really, really nasty vermin but are magical in a way, living as they do for hundreds of years. His books are what compelled me to do this.\" Machen's stories are specifically mentioned in the film by the librarian character. Del Toro is a long-standing admirer of Machen and said his work was also an influence on El Laberinto Del Fauno (Pan's Labyrinth) and Hellboy II: The Golden Army both of which also feature fairy creatures.[6] The name of \"Emerson Blackwood\", the character who built the mansion in the film, is a tribute to Algernon Blackwood, another writer of supernatural horror stories." ]
[ "a fairy origin" ]
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Origins of the American Civil War
Origins of the American Civil War - wikipedia Origins of the American Civil War Jump to : navigation , search For events following South Carolina 's declaration of secession from the Union , see Battle of Fort Sumter and American Civil War . The Battle of Fort Sumter was a Confederate attack on a U.S. fort in South Carolina in April 1861 . It was the opening battle of the war . Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Historians debating the origins of the American Civil War focus on the reasons why seven Southern states declared their secession from the United States ( the Union ) , why they united to form the Confederate States of America ( or simply known as the `` Confederacy '' ) , and why the North refused to let them go . While most historians agree that conflicts over slavery caused the war , they disagree sharply regarding which kinds of conflict -- ideological , economic , political , or social -- were most important . The primary catalyst for secession was slavery , especially Southern political leaders ' resistance to attempts by Northern antislavery political forces to block the expansion of slavery into the western territories . Another explanation for secession , and the subsequent formation of the Confederacy , was white Southern nationalism . The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union , a cause based on American nationalism . Most of the debate is about the first question , as to why some southern states decided to secede . Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election without being on the ballot in ten Southern states . His victory triggered declarations of secession by seven slave states of the Deep South , whose riverfront or coastal economies were all based on cotton cultivated using slave labor . They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected , but before he took office . Nationalists ( in the North and `` Unionists '' in the South ) refused to recognize the declarations of secession . No foreign country 's government ever recognized the Confederacy . The U.S. government under President James Buchanan refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy . The war itself began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter , a major U.S. fortress in the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina . As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011 , `` while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion , it was disunion itself that sparked the war . '' Pulitzer Prize winning author David Potter wrote , `` The problem for Americans who , in the age of Lincoln , wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite , but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value : they wanted the Constitution , which protected slavery , to be honored , and the Union , which had fellowship with slaveholders , to be preserved . Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled . '' Other important factors were partisan politics , abolitionism , nullification vs secession , Southern nationalism , Northern nationalism , expansionism , economics and modernization in the Antebellum period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and demographics 2 Historical tensions and compromises 2.1 Early Republic 2.2 Missouri Compromise 2.3 Nullification Crisis 2.4 Gag Rule debates 2.5 Antebellum South and the Union 2.5. 1 Southern culture 2.5. 2 Militant defense of slavery 2.5. 3 Abolitionism 2.5. 4 Southern fears of modernization 2.5. 5 Southern fears of modernity 2.6 Sectional tensions and the emergence of mass politics 2.7 Economics 2.7. 1 Economic value of slavery to the South 2.7. 2 Regional economic differences 2.7. 3 Free labor vs. pro-slavery arguments 2.8 Religious conflict over the slavery question 2.9 The Territorial Crisis and the United States Constitution 3 Abolitionism 3.1 Arguments for and against slavery 3.2 `` Free soil '' movement 4 Slavery question in territories acquired from Mexico 5 States ' rights 5.1 States ' rights and slavery 5.2 States ' rights and minority rights 6 The Compromise of 1850 6.1 Fugitive Slave Law issues 7 Kansas -- Nebraska Act ( 1854 ) 7.1 Founding of the Republican Party ( 1854 ) 8 Fragmentation of the American party system 8.1 `` Bleeding Kansas '' and the elections of 1856 8.2 Dred Scott decision ( 1857 ) and the Lecompton Constitution 8.3 Buchanan , Republicans and anti-administration Democrats 8.4 Honor 8.4. 1 Assault on Sumner ( 1856 ) 9 Emergence of Lincoln 9.1 Republican Party structure 9.2 Sectional battles over federal policy in the late 1850s 9.2. 1 Lincoln -- Douglas Debates 9.2. 2 Background 9.2. 3 Panic of 1857 and sectional realignments 9.2. 4 Southern response 9.3 John Brown and Harpers Ferry ( 1859 ) 9.4 Elections of 1860 9.4. 1 Result and Impact of the Election of 1860 9.5 Split in the Democratic Party 9.6 Southern secession 9.7 Other issues 10 Fort Sumter 11 Onset of the Civil War and the question of compromise 11.1 Needless war argument 11.2 Irrepressible conflict argument 11.3 Revisionists 12 Contemporaneous explanations 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 16.2 `` Needless war '' school 16.3 Economic causation and modernization 16.4 Nationalism and culture 16.5 Slavery as cause 17 External links Geography and demographics ( edit ) The United States had become a nation of two distinct regions . The free states in New England , the Northeast , and the Midwest had a rapidly growing economy based on family farms , industry , mining , commerce and transportation , with a large and rapidly growing urban population . Their growth was fed by a high birth rate and large numbers of European immigrants , especially British , Irish and Germans . The South was dominated by a settled plantation system based on slavery ; there was some rapid growth taking place in the Southwest ( e.g. , Texas ) , based on high birth rates and high migration from the Southeast ; there was also immigration by Europeans , but in much smaller number . The heavily rural South had few cities of any size , and little manufacturing except in border areas such as St. Louis and Baltimore . Slave owners controlled politics and the economy , although about 75 % of white Southern families owned no slaves . 1861 United States Secession Crisis map . Legend : States that seceded before April 15 , 1861 States that seceded after April 15 , 1861 States that permitted slavery , but did not secede States of the Union that banned slavery U.S. territories , under Union Army control Overall , the Northern population was growing much more quickly than the Southern population , which made it increasingly difficult for the South to continue to influence the national government . By the time the 1860 election occurred , the heavily agricultural southern states as a group had fewer Electoral College votes than the rapidly industrializing northern states . Abraham Lincoln was able to win the 1860 Presidential election without even being on the ballot in ten Southern states . Southerners felt a loss of federal concern for Southern pro-slavery political demands , and their continued domination of the Federal government was threatened . This political calculus provided a very real basis for Southerners ' worry about the relative political decline of their region due to the North growing much faster in terms of population and industrial output . In the interest of maintaining unity , politicians had mostly moderated opposition to slavery , resulting in numerous compromises such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 under the presidency of James Monroe . After the Mexican -- American War of 1846 to 1848 , the issue of slavery in the new territories led to the Compromise of 1850 . While the compromise averted an immediate political crisis , it did not permanently resolve the issue of the Slave Power ( the power of slaveholders to control the national government on the slavery issue ) . Part of the Compromise of 1850 was the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 , which many Northerners found to be extremely offensive , and required that Northerners assist Southerners in reclaiming fugitive slaves . Amid the emergence of increasingly virulent and hostile sectional ideologies in national politics , the collapse of the old Second Party System in the 1850s hampered politicians ' efforts to reach yet another compromise . The compromise that was reached ( the 1854 Kansas -- Nebraska Act ) outraged many Northerners , and led to the formation of the Republican Party , the first major party that was almost entirely Northern - based . The industrializing North and agrarian Midwest became committed to the economic ethos of free - labor industrial capitalism . Arguments that slavery was undesirable for the nation had long existed , and early in U.S. history were made even by some prominent Southerners . After 1840 , abolitionists denounced slavery as not only a social evil but a moral wrong . Activists in the new Republican Party , usually Northerners , had another view : they believed the Slave Power conspiracy was controlling the national government with the goal of extending slavery . Southern defenders of slavery , for their part , increasingly came to contend that black people benefited from slavery . Historical tensions and compromises ( edit ) Early republic ( edit ) See also : Three - fifths compromise and Hartford Convention At the time of the American Revolution , the institution of slavery was firmly established in the American colonies . It was most important in the six southern states from Maryland to Georgia , but the total of a half million slaves were spread out through all of the colonies . In the South , 40 % of the population was made up of slaves , and as Americans moved into Kentucky and the rest of the southwest , one - sixth of the settlers were slaves . By the end of the war , the New England states provided most of the American ships that were used in the foreign slave trade while most of their customers were in Georgia and the Carolinas . During this time many Americans found it difficult to reconcile slavery with their interpretation of Christianity and the lofty sentiments that flowed from the Declaration of Independence . A small antislavery movement , led by the Quakers , had some impact in the 1780 's and by the late 1780 's all of the states except for Georgia had placed some restrictions on their participation in slave trafficking . Still , no serious national political movement against slavery developed , largely due to the overriding concern over achieving national unity . When the Constitutional Convention met , slavery was the one issue `` that left the least possibility of compromise , the one that would most pit morality against pragmatism . In the end , while many would take comfort in the fact that the word slavery never occurs in the Constitution , critics note that the three - fifths clause provided slaveholders with extra representatives in Congress , the requirement of the federal government to suppress domestic violence would dedicate national resources to defending against slave revolts , a twenty - year delay in banning the import of slaves allowed the South to fortify its labor needs , and the amendment process made the national abolition of slavery very unlikely in the foreseeable future . With the outlawing of the African slave trade on January 1 , 1808 , many Americans felt that the slavery issue was resolved . Any national discussion that might have continued over slavery was drowned out by the years of trade embargoes , maritime competition with Great Britain and France , and , finally , the War of 1812 . The one exception to this quiet regarding slavery was the New Englanders ' association of their frustration with the war with their resentment of the three - fifths clause that seemed to allow the South to dominate national politics . During and in the aftermath of the American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , the northern states ( north of the Mason -- Dixon line separating Pennsylvania from Maryland and Delaware ) abolished slavery by 1804 , although in some states existing slaves were not liberated immediately . In the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , Congress ( still under the Articles of Confederation ) barred slavery from the Midwestern territory north of the Ohio River , but when Congress organized the southern territories acquired through the Louisiana Purchase , the ban on slavery was omitted . Missouri Compromise ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Compromise In 1819 Congressman James Tallmadge , Jr. of New York initiated an uproar in the South when he proposed two amendments to a bill admitting Missouri to the Union as a free state . The first barred slaves from being moved to Missouri , and the second would free all Missouri slaves born after admission to the Union at age 25 . With the admission of Alabama as a slave state in 1819 , the U.S. was equally divided with 11 slave states and 11 free states . The admission of the new state of Missouri as a slave state would give the slave states a majority in the Senate ; the Tallmadge Amendment would give the free states a majority . The Tallmadge amendments passed the House of Representatives but failed in the Senate when five Northern Senators voted with all the Southern senators . The question was now the admission of Missouri as a slave state , and many leaders shared Thomas Jefferson 's fear of a crisis over slavery -- a fear that Jefferson described as `` a fire bell in the night '' . The crisis was solved by the Compromise of 1820 , which admitted Maine to the Union as a free state at the same time that Missouri was admitted as a slave state . The Compromise also banned slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north and west of the state of Missouri along the line of 36 -- 30 . The Missouri Compromise quieted the issue until its limitations on slavery were repealed by the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 . In the South , the Missouri crisis reawakened old fears that a strong federal government could be a fatal threat to slavery . The Jeffersonian coalition that united southern planters and northern farmers , mechanics and artisans in opposition to the threat presented by the Federalist Party had started to dissolve after the War of 1812 . It was not until the Missouri crisis that Americans became aware of the political possibilities of a sectional attack on slavery , and it was not until the mass politics of Andrew Jackson 's administration that this type of organization around this issue became practical . Nullification crisis ( edit ) President Andrew Jackson viewed South Carolina 's attempts to nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 as being tantamount to treason . The issue of states ' rights would play a large role leading up to the Civil War near to 30 years later . Main article : Nullification Crisis The American System , advocated by Henry Clay in Congress and supported by many nationalist supporters of the War of 1812 such as John C. Calhoun , was a program for rapid economic modernization featuring protective tariffs , internal improvements at Federal expense , and a national bank . The purpose was to develop American industry and international commerce . Since iron , coal , and water power were mainly in the North , this tax plan was doomed to cause rancor in the South where economies were agriculture - based . Southerners claimed it demonstrated favoritism toward the North . The nation suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s , and South Carolina was particularly affected . The highly protective Tariff of 1828 ( called the `` Tariff of Abominations '' by its detractors ) , designed to protect American industry by taxing imported manufactured goods , was enacted into law during the last year of the presidency of John Quincy Adams . Opposed in the South and parts of New England , the expectation of the tariff 's opponents was that with the election of Andrew Jackson the tariff would be significantly reduced . By 1828 South Carolina state politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue . When the Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns , the most radical faction in the state began to advocate that the state declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina . In Washington , an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and his vice-president John C. Calhoun , the most effective proponent of the constitutional theory of state nullification through his 1828 `` South Carolina Exposition and Protest '' . Congress enacted a new tariff in 1832 , but it offered the state little relief , resulting in the most dangerous sectional crisis since the Union was formed . Some militant South Carolinians even hinted at withdrawing from the Union in response . The newly elected South Carolina legislature then quickly called for the election of delegates to a state convention . Once assembled , the convention voted to declare null and void the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 within the state . President Andrew Jackson responded firmly , declaring nullification an act of treason . He then took steps to strengthen federal forts in the state . Violence seemed a real possibility early in 1833 as Jacksonians in Congress introduced a `` Force Bill '' authorizing the President to use the Federal army and navy in order to enforce acts of Congress . No other state had come forward to support South Carolina , and the state itself was divided on willingness to continue the showdown with the Federal government . The crisis ended when Clay and Calhoun worked to devise a compromise tariff . Both sides later claimed victory . Calhoun and his supporters in South Carolina claimed a victory for nullification , insisting that it had forced the revision of the tariff . Jackson 's followers , however , saw the episode as a demonstration that no single state could assert its rights by independent action . Calhoun , in turn , devoted his efforts to building up a sense of Southern solidarity so that when another standoff should come , the whole section might be prepared to act as a bloc in resisting the federal government . As early as 1830 , in the midst of the crisis , Calhoun identified the right to own slaves -- the foundation of the plantation agricultural system -- as the chief southern minority right being threatened : I consider the tariff act as the occasion , rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things . The truth can no longer be disguised , that the peculiar domestick ( sic ) institution of the Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry , has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union , against the danger of which , if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel , or , submit to have their paramount interests sacrificed , their domestic institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes , and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness . On May 1 , 1833 , Jackson wrote of this idea , `` the tariff was only the pretext , and disunion and southern confederacy the real object . The next pretext will be the negro , or slavery question . '' The issue appeared again after 1842 's Black Tariff . A period of relative free trade followed 1846 's Walker Tariff , which had been largely written by Southerners . Northern industrialists ( and some in western Virginia ) complained it was too low to encourage the growth of industry . Gag rule debates ( edit ) Main article : Gag rule § Anti-slavery petitions in the United States Congress in 1831 -- 1844 From 1831 to 1836 William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society ( AA - SS ) initiated a campaign to petition Congress in favor of ending slavery in the District of Columbia and all federal territories . Hundreds of thousands of petitions were sent with the number reaching a peak in 1835 . The House passed the Pinckney Resolutions on May 26 , 1836 . The first of these resolutions stated that Congress had no constitutional authority to interfere with slavery in the states and the second that it `` ought not '' do so in the District of Columbia . The third resolution , known from the beginning as the `` gag rule '' , provided that : All petitions , memorials , resolutions , propositions , or papers , relating in any way , or to any extent whatsoever , to the subject of slavery or the abolition of slavery , shall , without being either printed or referred , be laid on the table and that no further action whatever shall be had thereon . The first two resolutions passed by votes of 182 to 9 and 132 to 45 . The gag rule , supported by Northern and Southern Democrats as well as some Southern Whigs , was passed with a vote of 117 to 68 . Former President John Quincy Adams , who was elected to the House of Representatives in 1830 , became an early and central figure in the opposition to the gag rules . He argued that they were a direct violation of the First Amendment right `` to petition the Government for a redress of grievances '' . A majority of Northern Whigs joined the opposition . Rather than suppress anti-slavery petitions , however , the gag rules only served to offend Americans from Northern states , and dramatically increase the number of petitions . Since the original gag was a resolution , not a standing House Rule , it had to be renewed every session and the Adams ' faction often gained the floor before the gag could be imposed . However in January 1840 , the House of Representatives passed the Twenty - first Rule , which prohibited even the reception of anti-slavery petitions and was a standing House rule . Now the pro-petition forces focused on trying to revoke a standing rule . The Rule raised serious doubts about its constitutionality and had less support than the original Pinckney gag , passing only by 114 to 108 . Throughout the gag period , Adams ' `` superior talent in using and abusing parliamentary rules '' and skill in baiting his enemies into making mistakes , enabled him to evade the rule and debate the slavery issues . The gag rule was finally rescinded on December 3 , 1844 , by a strongly sectional vote of 108 to 80 , all the Northern and four Southern Whigs voting for repeal , along with 55 of the 71 Northern Democrats . Antebellum South and the Union ( edit ) There had been a continuing contest between the states and the national government over the power of the latter -- and over the loyalty of the citizenry -- almost since the founding of the republic . The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 , for example , had defied the Alien and Sedition Acts , and at the Hartford Convention , New England voiced its opposition to President James Madison and the War of 1812 , and discussed secession from the Union . Southern culture ( edit ) Picking cotton in Georgia . See also : Slavery in the United States Although a 26 % of families in the 15 slave states owned slaves , free Southerners of all classes nevertheless defended the institution of slavery -- threatened by the rise of free labor abolitionist movements in the Northern states -- as the cornerstone of their social order . Based on a system of plantation slavery , the social structure of the South was far more stratified and patriarchal than that of the North . In the 15 slave states by 1860 , while the top 3 % of slaveholders , owning ≥ 50 slaves , owned 25 % of all slaves , the bottom 82 % of slaveholders , owning ≤ 14 slaves , owned 38 % of all slaves , a substantial amount . This shows that Slavery was more evenly distributed than claimed by some . Based on the data of the 1860 census , the distribution of slaveholder / slaves by the amount of slaves owned is as follows : Slave States = 15 total Slaves per Slaveholder 1 to 14 15 to 49 ≥ 50 Slaveholders 82 % 15 % 3 % Slaves 38 % 37 % 25 % Confederate States = 11 total Slaves per Slaveholder 1 to 14 15 to 49 ≥ 50 Slaveholders 80 % 17 % 3 % Slaves 34 % 38 % 28 % In 1850 there were around 350,000 slaveholders in a total free Southern population of about six million . Among slaveholders , the concentration of slave ownership was unevenly distributed . Perhaps around 7 percent of slaveholders owned roughly three - quarters of the slave population . The largest slaveholders , generally owners of large plantations , represented the top stratum of Southern society . They benefited from economies of scale and needed large numbers of slaves on big plantations to produce cotton , a highly profitable labor - intensive crop . In the 1850s , as large plantation owners outcompeted smaller farmers , more slaves were owned by fewer planters . Yet poor whites and small farmers generally accepted the political leadership of the planter elite . Several factors helped explain why slavery was not under serious threat of internal collapse from any move for democratic change initiated from the South . First , given the opening of new territories in the West for white settlement , many non-slaveowners also perceived a possibility that they , too , might own slaves at some point in their life . Violent repression of slaves was a common theme in abolitionist literature in the North . Above , this famous 1863 photo of a slave , Gordon , deeply scarred from whipping by an overseer , was distributed by abolitionists to illustrate what they saw as the barbarism of Southern society . Second , small free farmers in the South often embraced racism , making them unlikely agents for internal democratic reforms in the South . The principle of white supremacy , accepted by almost all white southerners of all classes , made slavery seem legitimate , natural , and essential for a civilized society . White racism in the South was sustained by official systems of repression such as the `` slave codes '' and elaborate codes of speech , behavior , and social practices illustrating the subordination of blacks to whites . For example , the `` slave patrols '' were among the institutions bringing together southern whites of all classes in support of the prevailing economic and racial order . Serving as slave `` patrollers '' and `` overseers '' offered white southerners positions of power and honor . Slave `` patrollers '' and `` overseers '' also won prestige in their communities . Policing and punishing blacks who transgressed the regimentation of slave society was a valued community service in the South , where the fear of free blacks threatening law and order figured heavily in the public discourse of the period . Third , many small farmers with a few slaves and yeomen were linked to elite planters through the market economy . In many areas , small farmers depended on local planter elites for vital goods and services including ( but not limited to ) access to cotton gins , access to markets , access to feed and livestock , and even for loans ( since the banking system was not well developed in the antebellum South ) . Southern tradesmen often depended on the richest planters for steady work . Such dependency effectively deterred many white non-slaveholders from engaging in any political activity that was not in the interest of the large slaveholders . Furthermore , whites of varying social class , including poor whites and `` plain folk '' who worked outside or in the periphery of the market economy ( and therefore lacked any real economic interest in the defense of slavery ) might nonetheless be linked to elite planters through extensive kinship networks . Since inheritance in the South was often unequitable ( and generally favored eldest sons ) , it was not uncommon for a poor white person to be perhaps the first cousin of the richest plantation owner of his county and to share the same militant support of slavery as his richer relatives . Finally , there was no secret ballot at the time anywhere in the United States -- this innovation did not become widespread in the U.S. until the 1880s . For a typical white Southerner , this meant that so much as casting a ballot against the wishes of the establishment meant running the risk of being socially ostracized . Thus , by the 1850s , Southern slaveholders and non-slaveholders alike felt increasingly encircled psychologically and politically in the national political arena because of the rise of free soilism and abolitionism in the Northern states . Increasingly dependent on the North for manufactured goods , for commercial services , and for loans , and increasingly cut off from the flourishing agricultural regions of the Northwest , they faced the prospects of a growing free labor and abolitionist movement in the North . Historian William C. Davis refutes the argument that Southern culture was different from that of Northern states or that it was a cause of the war , stating that `` Socially and culturally the North and South were not much different . They prayed to the same deity , spoke the same language , shared the same ancestry , sang the same songs . National triumphs and catastrophes were shared by both . '' He stated that culture was not the cause of the war , but rather , slavery was : `` For all the myths they would create to the contrary , the only significant and defining difference between them was slavery , where it existed and where it did not , for by 1804 it had virtually ceased to exist north of Maryland . Slavery demarked not just their labor and economic situations , but power itself in the new republic . '' Militant defense of slavery ( edit ) With the outcry over developments in Kansas strong in the North , defenders of slavery -- increasingly committed to a way of life that abolitionists and their sympathizers considered obsolete or immoral -- articulated a militant pro-slavery ideology that would lay the groundwork for secession upon the election of a Republican president . Southerners waged a vitriolic response to political change in the North . Slaveholding interests sought to uphold their constitutional rights in the territories and to maintain sufficient political strength to repulse `` hostile '' and `` ruinous '' legislation . Behind this shift was the growth of the cotton textile industry in the North and in Europe , which left slavery more important than ever to the Southern economy . Abolitionism ( edit ) Southern spokesmen greatly exaggerated the power of abolitionists , looking especially at the great popularity of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) , the novel and play by Harriet Beecher Stowe ( whom Abraham Lincoln reputedly called `` the little woman that started this great war '' ) . The saw a vast growing abolitionist movement after the success of The Liberator in 1831 by William Lloyd Garrison ) . The fear was a race war by blacks that would massacre whites especially in Black Belt counties where whites were a small minority . The South reacted with an elaborate intellectual defense of slavery . J.D.B. DeBow of New Orleans established De Bow 's Review in 1846 , which quickly grew to become the leading Southern magazine , warning about the dangers of depending on the North economically . De Bow 's Review also emerged as the leading voice for secession . The magazine emphasized the South 's economic inequality , relating it to the concentration of manufacturing , shipping , banking and international trade in the North . Searching for Biblical passages endorsing slavery and forming economic , sociological , historical and scientific arguments , slavery went from being a `` necessary evil '' to a `` positive good '' . Dr. John H. Van Evrie 's book Negroes and Negro slavery : The First an Inferior Race : The Latter Its Normal Condition -- setting out the arguments the title would suggest -- was an attempt to apply scientific support to the Southern arguments in favor of race - based slavery . Latent sectional divisions suddenly activated derogatory sectional imagery which emerged into sectional ideologies . As industrial capitalism gained momentum in the North , Southern writers emphasized whatever aristocratic traits they valued ( but often did not practice ) in their own society : courtesy , grace , chivalry , the slow pace of life , orderly life and leisure . This supported their argument that slavery provided a more humane society than industrial labor . In his Cannibals All ! , George Fitzhugh argued that the antagonism between labor and capital in a free society would result in `` robber barons '' and `` pauper slavery '' , while in a slave society such antagonisms were avoided . He advocated enslaving Northern factory workers , for their own benefit . Abraham Lincoln , on the other hand , denounced such Southern insinuations that Northern wage earners were fatally fixed in that condition for life . To Free Soilers , the stereotype of the South was one of a diametrically opposite , static society in which the slave system maintained an entrenched anti-democratic aristocracy . Southern fears of modernization ( edit ) According to the historian James M. McPherson , exceptionalism applied not to the South but to the North after the North ended slavery and launched an industrial revolution that led to urbanization , which in turn led to increased education , which in its own turn gave ever - increasing strength to various reform movements but especially abolitionism . The fact that seven immigrants out of eight settled in the North ( and the fact that most immigrants viewed slavery with disfavor ) , compounded by the fact that twice as many whites left the South for the North as vice versa , contributed to the South 's defensive - aggressive political behavior . The Charleston Mercury read that on the issue of slavery the North and South `` are not only two Peoples , but they are rival , hostile Peoples . '' As De Bow 's Review said , `` We are resisting revolution ... We are not engaged in a Quixotic fight for the rights of man ... We are conservative . '' Southern fears of modernity ( edit ) Allan Nevins argued that the Civil War was an `` irrepressible '' conflict , adopting a phrase from Senator William H. Seward . Nevins synthesized contending accounts emphasizing moral , cultural , social , ideological , political , and economic issues . In doing so , he brought the historical discussion back to an emphasis on social and cultural factors . Nevins pointed out that the North and the South were rapidly becoming two different peoples , a point made also by historian Avery Craven . At the root of these cultural differences was the problem of slavery , but fundamental assumptions , tastes , and cultural aims of the regions were diverging in other ways as well . More specifically , the North was rapidly modernizing in a manner threatening to the South . Historian McPherson explains : When secessionists protested in 1861 that they were acting to preserve traditional rights and values , they were correct . They fought to preserve their constitutional liberties against the perceived Northern threat to overthrow them . The South 's concept of republicanism had not changed in three - quarters of a century ; the North 's had ... The ascension to power of the Republican Party , with its ideology of competitive , egalitarian free - labor capitalism , was a signal to the South that the Northern majority had turned irrevocably towards this frightening , revolutionary future . Harry L. Watson has synthesized research on antebellum southern social , economic , and political history . Self - sufficient yeomen , in Watson 's view , `` collaborated in their own transformation '' by allowing promoters of a market economy to gain political influence . Resultant `` doubts and frustrations '' provided fertile soil for the argument that southern rights and liberties were menaced by Black Republicanism . J. Mills Thornton III , explained the viewpoint of the average white Alabamian . Thornton contends that Alabama was engulfed in a severe crisis long before 1860 . Deeply held principles of freedom , equality , and autonomy , as expressed in Republican values appeared threatened , especially during the 1850s , by the relentless expansion of market relations and commercial agriculture . Alabamians were thus , he judged , prepared to believe the worst once Lincoln was elected . Sectional tensions and the emergence of mass politics ( edit ) The cry of Free Man was raised , not for the extension of liberty to the black man , but for the protection of the liberty of the white . Frederick Douglass The politicians of the 1850s were acting in a society in which the traditional restraints that suppressed sectional conflict in the 1820s and 1850s -- the most important of which being the stability of the two - party system -- were being eroded as this rapid extension of democracy went forward in the North and South . It was an era when the mass political party galvanized voter participation to 80 % or 90 % turnout rates , and a time in which politics formed an essential component of American mass culture . Historians agree that political involvement was a larger concern to the average American in the 1850s than today . Politics was , in one of its functions , a form of mass entertainment , a spectacle with rallies , parades , and colorful personalities . Leading politicians , moreover , often served as a focus for popular interests , aspirations , and values . Historian Allan Nevins , for instance , writes of political rallies in 1856 with turnouts of anywhere from twenty to fifty thousand men and women . Voter turnouts even ran as high as 84 % by 1860 . An abundance of new parties emerged 1854 -- 56 , including the Republicans , People 's party men , Anti-Nebraskans , Fusionists , Know - Nothings , Know - Somethings ( anti-slavery nativists ) , Maine Lawites , Temperance men , Rum Democrats , Silver Gray Whigs , Hindus , Hard Shell Democrats , Soft Shells , Half Shells and Adopted Citizens . By 1858 , they were mostly gone , and politics divided four ways . Republicans controlled most Northern states with a strong Democratic minority . The Democrats were split North and South and fielded two tickets in 1860 . Southern non-Democrats tried different coalitions ; most supported the Constitutional Union party in 1860 . Many Southern states held constitutional conventions in 1851 to consider the questions of nullification and secession . With the exception of South Carolina , whose convention election did not even offer the option of `` no secession '' but rather `` no secession without the collaboration of other states '' , the Southern conventions were dominated by Unionists who voted down articles of secession . Economics ( edit ) Historians today generally agree that economic conflicts were not a major cause of the war . While an economic basis to the sectional crisis was popular among the `` Progressive school '' of historians from the 1910s to the 1940s , few professional historians now subscribe to this explanation . According to economic historian Lee A. Craig , `` In fact , numerous studies by economic historians over the past several decades reveal that economic conflict was not an inherent condition of North - South relations during the antebellum era and did not cause the Civil War . '' When numerous groups tried at the last minute in 1860 -- 61 to find a compromise to avert war , they did not turn to economic policies . The three major attempts at compromise , the Crittenden Compromise , the Corwin Amendment and the Washington Peace Conference , addressed only the slavery - related issues of fugitive slave laws , personal liberty laws , slavery in the territories and interference with slavery within the existing slave states . Economic value of slavery to the South ( edit ) Historian James L. Huston emphasizes the role of slavery as an economic institution . In October 1860 William Lowndes Yancey , a leading advocate of secession , placed the value of Southern - held slaves at $2.8 billion . Huston writes : Understanding the relations between wealth , slavery , and property rights in the South provides a powerful means of understanding southern political behavior leading to disunion . First , the size dimensions of slavery are important to comprehend , for slavery was a colossal institution . Second , the property rights argument was the ultimate defense of slavery , and white southerners and the proslavery radicals knew it . Third , the weak point in the protection of slavery by property rights was the federal government ... Fourth , the intense need to preserve the sanctity of property rights in Africans led southern political leaders to demand the nationalization of slavery -- the condition under which slaveholders would always be protected in their property holdings . The cotton gin greatly increased the efficiency with which cotton could be harvested , contributing to the consolidation of `` King Cotton '' as the backbone of the economy of the Deep South , and to the entrenchment of the system of slave labor on which the cotton plantation economy depended . Any chance that the South would industrialize was over . The tendency of monoculture cotton plantings to lead to soil exhaustion created a need for cotton planters to move their operations to new lands , and therefore to the westward expansion of slavery from the Eastern seaboard into new areas ( e.g. , Alabama , Mississippi , and beyond to East Texas ) . Regional economic differences ( edit ) An animation showing the free / slave status of U.S. states and territories , 1789 -- 1861 . The South , Midwest , and Northeast had quite different economic structures . They traded with each other and each became more prosperous by staying in the Union , a point many businessmen made in 1860 -- 61 . However Charles A. Beard in the 1920s made a highly influential argument to the effect that these differences caused the war ( rather than slavery or constitutional debates ) . He saw the industrial Northeast forming a coalition with the agrarian Midwest against the Plantation South . Critics challenged his image of a unified Northeast and said that the region was in fact highly diverse with many different competing economic interests . In 1860 -- 61 , most business interests in the Northeast opposed war . After 1950 , only a few mainstream historians accepted the Beard interpretation , though it was accepted by libertarian economists . As Historian Kenneth Stampp -- who abandoned Beardianism after 1950 , sums up the scholarly consensus : `` Most historians ... now see no compelling reason why the divergent economies of the North and South should have led to disunion and civil war ; rather , they find stronger practical reasons why the sections , whose economies neatly complemented one another , should have found it advantageous to remain united . '' Free labor vs pro-slavery arguments ( edit ) Historian Eric Foner argued that a free - labor ideology dominated thinking in the North , which emphasized economic opportunity . By contrast , Southerners described free labor as `` greasy mechanics , filthy operators , small - fisted farmers , and moonstruck theorists '' . They strongly opposed the homestead laws that were proposed to give free farms in the west , fearing the small farmers would oppose plantation slavery . Indeed , opposition to homestead laws was far more common in secessionist rhetoric than opposition to tariffs . Southerners such as Calhoun argued that slavery was `` a positive good '' , and that slaves were more civilized and morally and intellectually improved because of slavery . Religious conflict over the slavery question ( edit ) Led by Mark Noll , a body of scholarship has highlighted the fact that the American debate over slavery became a shooting war in part because the two sides reached diametrically opposite conclusions based on reading the same authoritative source of guidance on moral questions : the King James Version of the Bible . After the American Revolution and the disestablishment of government - sponsored churches , the U.S. experienced the Second Great Awakening , a massive Protestant revival . Without centralized church authorities , American Protestantism was heavily reliant on the Bible , which was read in the standard 19th - century Reformed hermeneutic of `` common sense '' , literal interpretation as if the Bible were speaking directly about the modern American situation instead of events that occurred in a much different context , millennia ago . By the mid-19th century this form of religion and Bible interpretation had become a dominant strand in American religious , moral and political discourse , almost serving as a de facto state religion . The Bible , interpreted under these assumptions , seemed to clearly suggest that slavery was Biblically justified : The pro-slavery South could point to slaveholding by the godly patriarch Abraham ( Gen 12 : 5 ; 14 : 14 ; 24 : 35 -- 36 ; 26 : 13 -- 14 ) , a practice that was later incorporated into Israelite national law ( Lev 25 : 44 -- 46 ) . It was never denounced by Jesus , who made slavery a model of discipleship ( Mk 10 : 44 ) . The Apostle Paul supported slavery , counseling obedience to earthly masters ( Eph 6 : 5 -- 9 ; Col 3 : 22 -- 25 ) as a duty in agreement with `` the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ and the teaching which accords with godliness '' ( 1 Tim 6 : 3 ) . Because slaves were to remain in their present state unless they could win their freedom ( 1 Cor 7 : 20 -- 24 ) , he sent the fugitive slave Onesimus back to his owner Philemon ( Phlm 10 -- 20 ) . The abolitionist north had a difficult time matching the pro-slavery south passage for passage . ( ... ) Professor Eugene Genovese , who has studied these biblical debates over slavery in minute detail , concludes that the pro-slavery faction clearly emerged victorious over the abolitionists except for one specious argument based on the so - called Curse of Ham ( Gen 9 : 18 -- 27 ) . For our purposes , it is important to realize that the South won this crucial contest with the North by using the prevailing hermeneutic , or method of interpretation , on which both sides agreed . So decisive was its triumph that the South mounted a vigorous counterattack on the abolitionists as infidels who had abandoned the plain words of Scripture for the secular ideology of the Enlightenment . Protestant churches in the U.S. , unable to agree on what God 's Word said about slavery , ended up with schisms between Northern and Southern branches : the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1844 , the Baptists in 1845 , and the Presbyterian Church in 1857 . These splits presaged the subsequent split in the nation : `` The churches played a major role in the dividing of the nation , and it is probably true that it was the splits in the churches which made a final split of the national inevitable . '' The conflict over how to interpret the Bible was central : The theological crisis occasioned by reasoning like ( conservative Presbyterian theologian James H . ) Thornwell 's was acute . Many Northern Bible - readers and not a few in the South felt that slavery was evil . They somehow knew the Bible supported them in that feeling . Yet when it came to using the Bible as it had been used with such success to evangelize and civilize the United States , the sacred page was snatched out of their hands . Trust in the Bible and reliance upon a Reformed , literal hermeneutic had created a crisis that only bullets , not arguments , could resolve . The result : The question of the Bible and slavery in the era of the Civil War was never a simple question . The issue involved the American expression of a Reformed literal hermeneutic , the failure of hermeneutical alternatives to gain cultural authority , and the exercise of deeply entrenched intuitive racism , as well as the presence of Scripture as an authoritative religious book and slavery as an inherited social - economic relationship . The North -- forced to fight on unfriendly terrain that it had helped to create -- lost the exegetical war . The South certainly lost the shooting war . But constructive orthodox theology was the major loser when American believers allowed bullets instead of hermeneutical self - consciousness to determine what the Bible said about slavery . For the history of theology in America , the great tragedy of the Civil War is that the most persuasive theologians were the Rev. Drs . William Tecumseh Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant . There were many causes of the Civil War , but the religious conflict , almost unimaginable in modern America , cut very deep at the time . Noll and others highlight the significance of the religion issue for the famous phrase in Lincoln 's second inaugural : `` Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God , and each invokes His aid against the other . '' The territorial crisis and the United states Constitution ( edit ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation and conquest . Of the states carved out of these territories by 1845 , all had entered the union as slave states : Louisiana , Missouri , Arkansas , Florida and Texas , as well as the southern portions of Alabama and Mississippi . And with the conquest of northern Mexico , including California , in 1848 , slaveholding interests looked forward to the institution flourishing in these lands as well . Southerners also anticipated garnering slaves and slave states in Cuba and Central America . Northern free soil interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave soil . It was these territorial disputes that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided over . The existence of slavery in the southern states was far less politically polarizing than the explosive question of the territorial expansion of the institution in the west . Moreover , Americans were informed by two well - established readings of the Constitution regarding human bondage : that the slave states had complete autonomy over the institution within their boundaries , and that the domestic slave trade -- trade among the states -- was immune to federal interference . The only feasible strategy available to attack slavery was to restrict its expansion into the new territories . Slaveholding interests fully grasped the danger that this strategy posed to them . Both the South and the North believed : `` The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself . '' By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed to be sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly . Two of the `` conservative '' doctrines emphasized the written text and historical precedents of the founding document , while the other two doctrines developed arguments that transcended the Constitution . Author of the Crittenden Compromise bill , December 18 , 1860 One of the `` conservative '' theories , represented by the Constitutional Union Party , argued that the historical designation of free and slave apportionments in territories should be become a Constitutional mandate . The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view . The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence , championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance -- that slavery could be excluded altogether in a territory at the discretion of Congress -- with one caveat : the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment must apply . In other words , Congress could restrict human bondage , but never establish it . The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 . Of the two doctrines that rejected federal authority , one was articulated by northern Democrat of Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas , and the other by southern Democrats Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and Senator John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky . Stephen A. Douglas -- author and proponent of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 Douglas devised the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' sovereignty , which declared that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery -- a purely local matter . Congress , having created the territory , was barred , according to Douglas , from exercising any authority in domestic matters . To do so would violate historic traditions of self - government , implicit in the US Constitution . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine . The fourth in this quartet is the theory of state sovereignty ( `` states ' rights '' ) , also known as the `` Calhoun doctrine '' after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self - government , state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the Federal Union under the US Constitution -- and not merely as an argument for secession . The basic premise was that all authority regarding matters of slavery in the territories resided in each state . The role of the federal government was merely to enable the implementation of state laws when residents of the states entered the territories . Calhoun asserted that the federal government in the territories was only the agent of the several sovereign states , and hence incapable of forbidding the bringing into any territory of anything that was legal property in any state . State sovereignty , in other words , gave the laws of the slaveholding states extra-jurisdictional effect . `` States ' rights '' was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority . As historian Thomas L Krannawitter points out , `` ( T ) he Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power . '' By 1860 , these four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery , the territories and the US Constitution . Abolitionism ( edit ) Platform of the American Anti-Slavery Society , founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan . Main article : Abolitionism Antislavery movements in the North gained momentum in the 1830s and 1840s , a period of rapid transformation of Northern society that inspired a social and political reformism . Many of the reformers of the period , including abolitionists , attempted in one way or another to transform the lifestyle and work habits of labor , helping workers respond to the new demands of an industrializing , capitalistic society . Antislavery , like many other reform movements of the period , was influenced by the legacy of the Second Great Awakening , a period of religious revival in the new country stressing the reform of individuals which was still relatively fresh in the American memory . Thus , while the reform spirit of the period was expressed by a variety of movements with often - conflicting political goals , most reform movements shared a common feature in their emphasis on the Great Awakening principle of transforming the human personality through discipline , order , and restraint . `` Abolitionist '' had several meanings at the time . The followers of William Lloyd Garrison , including Wendell Phillips and Frederick Douglass , demanded the `` immediate abolition of slavery '' , hence the name . A more pragmatic group of abolitionists , like Theodore Weld and Arthur Tappan , wanted immediate action , but that action might well be a program of gradual emancipation , with a long intermediate stage . `` Antislavery men '' , like John Quincy Adams , did what they could to limit slavery and end it where possible , but were not part of any abolitionist group . For example , in 1841 Adams represented the Amistad African slaves in the Supreme Court of the United States and argued that they should be set free . In the last years before the war , `` antislavery '' could mean the Northern majority , like Abraham Lincoln , who opposed expansion of slavery or its influence , as by the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , or the Fugitive Slave Act . Many Southerners called all these abolitionists , without distinguishing them from the Garrisonians . James M. McPherson explains the abolitionists ' deep beliefs : `` All people were equal in God 's sight ; the souls of black folks were as valuable as those of whites ; for one of God 's children to enslave another was a violation of the Higher Law , even if it was sanctioned by the Constitution . '' A woodcut from the abolitionist Anti-Slavery Almanac ( 1839 ) depicts the capture of a fugitive slave by a slave patrol . Stressing the Yankee Protestant ideals of self - improvement , industry , and thrift , most abolitionists -- most notably William Lloyd Garrison -- condemned slavery as a lack of control over one 's own destiny and the fruits of one 's labor . Wendell Phillips , one of the most ardent abolitionists , attacked the Slave Power and presaged disunion as early as 1845 : The experience of the fifty years ... shows us the slaves trebling in numbers -- slaveholders monopolizing the offices and dictating the policy of the Government -- prostituting the strength and influence of the Nation to the support of slavery here and elsewhere -- trampling on the rights of the free States , and making the courts of the country their tools . To continue this disastrous alliance longer is madness. ... Why prolong the experiment ? Abolitionists also attacked slavery as a threat to the freedom of white Americans . Defining freedom as more than a simple lack of restraint , antebellum reformers held that the truly free man was one who imposed restraints upon himself . Thus , for the anti-slavery reformers of the 1830s and 1840s , the promise of free labor and upward social mobility ( opportunities for advancement , rights to own property , and to control one 's own labor ) , was central to the ideal of reforming individuals . Controversy over the so - called Ostend Manifesto ( which proposed the U.S. annexation of Cuba as a slave state ) and the Fugitive Slave Act kept sectional tensions alive before the issue of slavery in the West could occupy the country 's politics in the mid-to - late 1850s . Antislavery sentiment among some groups in the North intensified after the Compromise of 1850 , when Southerners began appearing in Northern states to pursue fugitives or often to claim as slaves free African Americans who had resided there for years . Meanwhile , some abolitionists openly sought to prevent enforcement of the law . Violation of the Fugitive Slave Act was often open and organized . In Boston -- a city from which it was boasted that no fugitive had ever been returned -- Theodore Parker and other members of the city 's elite helped form mobs to prevent enforcement of the law as early as April 1851 . A pattern of public resistance emerged in city after city , notably in Syracuse in 1851 ( culminating in the Jerry Rescue incident late that year ) , and Boston again in 1854 . But the issue did not lead to a crisis until revived by the same issue underlying the Missouri Compromise of 1820 : slavery in the territories . Arguments for and against slavery ( edit ) William Lloyd Garrison , a prominent abolitionist , was motivated by a belief in the growth of democracy . Because the Constitution had a three - fifths clause , a fugitive slave clause and a 20 - year extension of the Atlantic slave trade , Garrison once publicly burned a copy of the U.S. Constitution and called it `` a covenant with death and an agreement with hell '' . In 1854 , he said : `` I am a believer in that portion of the Declaration of American Independence in which it is set forth , as among self - evident truths , `` that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' Hence , I am an abolitionist . Hence , I can not but regard oppression in every form -- and most of all , that which turns a man into a thing -- with indignation and abhorrence . '' Opposite opinions on slavery were expressed by Confederate Vice-President Alexander Stephens in his `` Cornerstone Speech '' . Stephens said : `` ( Thomas Jefferson 's ) ideas , however , were fundamentally wrong . They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races . This was an error ... Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea ; its foundations are laid , its corner - stone rests , upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man ; that slavery -- subordination to the superior race -- is his natural and normal condition . '' `` Free soil '' movement ( edit ) Abolitionist Frederick Douglass . See also : Free Soil Party Opposition to the 1847 Wilmot Proviso helped to consolidate the `` free - soil '' forces . In 1848 Radical New York Democrats known as Barnburners , members of the Liberty Party , and anti-slavery Whigs formed the Free - Soil Party . The party supported former President Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams , Sr. , for President and Vice President . The party opposed the expansion of slavery into territories where it had not yet existed , such as Oregon and the ceded Mexican territory . It had the effect of dividing the Democratic Party in the North , especially in areas of Yankee settlement Eric Foner in Free soil , free labor , free men : The ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ( 1970 ) emphasized the importance of free labor ideology to Northern opponents of slavery , pointing out that the moral concerns of the abolitionists were not necessarily the dominant sentiments in the North . Many Northerners ( including Lincoln ) opposed slavery also because they feared that rich slave owners would buy up the best lands and block opportunity for free white farmers using family and hired labor . Free Soilers joined the Republican party in 1854 , with their appeal to powerful demands in the North through a broader commitment to `` free labor '' principles . Fear of the `` Slave Power '' had a far greater appeal to Northern self - interest than did abolitionist arguments based on the plight of black slaves in the South . Slavery question in territories acquired from Mexico ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Soon after the Mexican War started and long before negotiation of the new US - Mexico border , the question of slavery in the territories to be acquired polarized the Northern and Southern United States in the most bitter sectional conflict up to this time , which lasted for a deadlock of four years during which the Second Party System broke up , Mormon pioneers settled Utah , the California Gold Rush settled California , and New Mexico under a federal military government turned back Texas 's attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande . Eventually the Compromise of 1850 preserved the Union , but only for another decade . Proposals included : The Wilmot Proviso banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico , not including Texas which had been annexed the previous year . Passed by the United States House of Representatives in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate . Later an effort to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also failed . Failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas extending the Missouri Compromise line ( 36 ° 30 ' parallel north ) west to the Pacific , allowing slavery in most of present day New Mexico and Arizona , Las Vegas , Nevada , and Southern California , as well as any other territories that might be acquired from Mexico . The line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850 . Popular sovereignty , developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the eventual Democratic Party position , letting each territory decide whether to allow slavery . William L. Yancey 's `` Alabama Platform '' , endorsed by the Alabama and Georgia legislatures and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia , called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories either by the federal government or by territorial governments before statehood , opposition to any candidates supporting either the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty , and federal legislation overruling Mexican anti-slavery laws . General Zachary Taylor , who became the Whig candidate in 1848 and then President from March 1849 to July 1850 , proposed after becoming President that the entire area become two free states , called California and New Mexico but much larger than the eventual ones . None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory , avoiding the question of slavery in the territories . The Mormons ' proposal for a State of Deseret incorporating most of the area of the Mexican Cession but excluding the largest non-Mormon populations in Northern California and central New Mexico was considered unlikely to succeed in Congress , but nevertheless in 1849 President Zachary Taylor sent his agent John Wilson westward with a proposal to combine California and Deseret as a single state , decreasing the number of new free states and the erosion of Southern parity in the Senate . The Compromise of 1850 , proposed by Henry Clay in January 1850 , guided to passage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition , and enacted September 1850 , admitted California as a free state including Southern California and organized Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty . Texas dropped its claim to the disputed northwestern areas in return for debt relief , and the areas were divided between the two new territories and unorganized territory . El Paso where Texas had successfully established county government was left in Texas . No southern territory dominated by Southerners ( like the later short - lived Confederate Territory of Arizona ) was created . Also , the slave trade was abolished in Washington , D.C. ( but not slavery itself ) , and the Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened . States ' rights ( edit ) Main article : States ' rights States ' rights was an issue in the 19th century for those who felt that the federal government was superseded by the authority of the individual states and was in violation of the role intended for it by the Founding Fathers of the United States . Kenneth M. Stampp notes that each section used states ' rights arguments when convenient , and shifted positions when convenient . For example , the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was enacted by southern representatives to use federal authority to suppress northern states ' rights . The constitution gave federal protection to slave property rights , and slaveholders demanded that this federal power should be strengthened and take precedence over northern state laws . Anti-slavery forces in northern legislatures had resisted this constitutional right in the form of state personal liberty laws that placed state laws above the federal mandate . States ' rights and slavery ( edit ) Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. noted that the states ' rights `` never had any real vitality independent of underlying conditions of vast social , economic , or political significance . '' He further elaborated : From the close of the nullification episode of 1832 -- 1833 to the outbreak of the Civil War , the agitation of state rights was intimately connected with a new issue of growing importance , the slavery question , and the principal form assumed by the doctrine was that of the right of secession . The pro-slavery forces sought refuge in the state rights position as a shield against federal interference with pro-slavery projects ... As a natural consequence , anti-slavery legislatures in the North were led to lay great stress on the national character of the Union and the broad powers of the general government in dealing with slavery . Nevertheless , it is significant to note that when it served anti-slavery purposes better to lapse into state rights dialectic , northern legislatures did not hesitate to be inconsistent . Echoing Schlesinger , Forrest McDonald wrote that `` the dynamics of the tension between federal and state authority changed abruptly during the late 1840s '' as a result of the acquisition of territory in the Mexican War . McDonald states : And then , as a by - product or offshoot of a war of conquest , slavery -- a subject that leading politicians had , with the exception of the gag rule controversy and Calhoun 's occasional outbursts , scrupulously kept out of partisan debate -- erupted as the dominant issue in that arena . So disruptive was the issue that it subjected the federal Union to the greatest strain the young republic had yet known . In a February 1861 speech to the Virginian secession convention , Georgian Henry L. Benning stated the reasoning behind Georgia 's declaring secession from the Union : What was the reason that induced ... secession ? This reason may be summed up in one single proposition . It was a conviction , a deep conviction ... that a separation from the North - was the only thing that could prevent the abolition of ... slavery. ... unless there had been a separation from the North , slavery would be abolished in Georgia ... States ' rights and minority rights ( edit ) States ' rights theories gained strength from the awareness that the Northern population was growing much faster than the population of the South , so it was only a matter of time before the North controlled the federal government . Acting as a `` conscious minority '' , Southerners hoped that a strict , constructionist interpretation of the Constitution would limit federal power over the states , and that a defense of states ' rights against federal encroachments or even nullification or secession would save the South . Before 1860 , most presidents were either Southern or pro-South . The North 's growing population would mean the election of pro-North presidents , and the addition of free - soil states would end Southern parity with the North in the Senate . As the historian Allan Nevins described Calhoun 's theory of states ' rights , `` Governments , observed Calhoun , were formed to protect minorities , for majorities could take care of themselves '' . Until the 1860 election , the South 's interests nationally were entrusted to the Democratic Party . In 1860 , the Democratic Party split into Northern and Southern factions as the result of a `` bitter debate in the Senate between Jefferson Davis and Stephen Douglas '' . The debate was over resolutions proposed by Davis `` opposing popular sovereignty and supporting a federal slave code and states ' rights '' which carried over to the national convention in Charleston . Jefferson Davis defined equality in terms of the equal rights of states , and opposed the declaration that all men are created equal . Jefferson Davis stated that a `` disparaging discrimination '' and a fight for `` liberty '' against `` the tyranny of an unbridled majority '' gave the Confederate states a right to secede . In 1860 , Congressman Laurence M. Keitt of South Carolina said , `` The anti-slavery party contend that slavery is wrong in itself , and the Government is a consolidated national democracy . We of the South contend that slavery is right , and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States . '' Stampp mentioned Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens ' A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States as an example of a Southern leader who said that slavery was the `` cornerstone of the Confederacy '' when the war began and then later switched course in saying that the war was not about slavery but states ' rights after the Confederacy 's defeat . Stampp said that Stephens became one of the most ardent defenders of the Lost Cause . Historian William C. Davis also mentioned inconsistencies in Southern states ' rights arguments . He explained the Confederate Constitution 's protection of slavery at the national level as follows : To the old Union they had said that the Federal power had no authority to interfere with slavery issues in a state . To their new nation they would declare that the state had no power to interfere with a federal protection of slavery . Of all the many testimonials to the fact that slavery , and not states rights , really lay at the heart of their movement , this was the most eloquent of all . W.C. Davis also stated that : In fact , the state rights defense of secession in 1860 -- 1861 did not really appear in force until after 1865 as builders of the Lost Cause myth sought to distance themselves from slavery . Southern historian Gordon Rhea wrote in 2011 that : Tariffs appear nowhere in ... sermons and speeches , and ' states ' rights ' are mentioned only in the context of the rights of states to ... own other humans . The central message was to play on the fear of African barbarians ... The preachers and politicians delivered on their promise . The Confederate States were established explicitly to preserve and expand the institution of slavery . Alexander Stephens , the Confederacy 's vice president , said so himself in 1861 , in unambiguous terms . The Compromise of 1850 ( edit ) Main article : Compromise of 1850 The victory of the United States over Mexico resulted in the addition of large new territories conquered from Mexico . Controversy over whether these territories would be slave or free raised the risk of a war between slave and free states , and Northern support for the Wilmot Proviso , which would have banned slavery in the conquered territories , increased sectional tensions . The controversy was temporarily resolved by the Compromise of 1850 , which allowed the territories of Utah and New Mexico to decide for or against slavery , but also allowed the admission of California as a free state , reduced the size of the slave state of Texas by adjusting the boundary , and ended the slave trade ( but not slavery itself ) in the District of Columbia . In return , the South got a stronger fugitive slave law than the version mentioned in the Constitution . The Fugitive Slave Law would reignite controversy over slavery . Fugitive slave law issues ( edit ) The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 required that Northerners assist Southerners in reclaiming fugitive slaves , which many Northerners found to be extremely offensive . Anthony Burns was among the fugitive slaves captured and returned in chains to slavery as a result of the law . Harriett Beecher Stowe 's best selling novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin greatly increased opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law . Kansas -- Nebraska Act ( 1854 ) ( edit ) Main article : Kansas -- Nebraska Act Most people thought the Compromise had ended the territorial issue , but Stephen A. Douglas reopened it in 1854 , in the name of democracy . Douglas proposed the Kansas -- Nebraska Bill with the intention of opening up vast new high quality farm lands to settlement . As a Chicagoan , he was especially interested in the railroad connections from Chicago into Kansas and Nebraska , but that was not a controversial point . More importantly , Douglas firmly believed in democracy at the grass roots -- that actual settlers have the right to decide on slavery , not politicians from other states . His bill provided that popular sovereignty , through the territorial legislatures , should decide `` all questions pertaining to slavery '' , thus effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise . The ensuing public reaction against it created a firestorm of protest in the Northern states . It was seen as an effort to repeal the Missouri Compromise . However , the popular reaction in the first month after the bill 's introduction failed to foreshadow the gravity of the situation . As Northern papers initially ignored the story , Republican leaders lamented the lack of a popular response . Eventually , the popular reaction did come , but the leaders had to spark it . Chase 's `` Appeal of the Independent Democrats '' did much to arouse popular opinion . In New York , William H. Seward finally took it upon himself to organize a rally against the Nebraska bill , since none had arisen spontaneously . Press such as the National Era , the New York Tribune , and local free - soil journals , condemned the bill . The Lincoln -- Douglas debates of 1858 drew national attention to the issue of slavery expansion . Founding of the Republican Party ( 1854 ) ( edit ) Charles Sumner , the Senate 's leading opponent of slavery . See also : History of the United States Republican Party Convinced that Northern society was superior to that of the South , and increasingly persuaded of the South 's ambitions to extend slave power beyond its existing borders , Northerners were embracing a viewpoint that made conflict likely ; however , conflict required the ascendancy of a political group to express the views of the North , such as the Republican Party . The Republican Party -- campaigning on the popular , emotional issue of `` free soil '' in the frontier -- captured the White House after just six years of existence . The Republican Party grew out of the controversy over the Kansas -- Nebraska legislation . Once the Northern reaction against the Kansas -- Nebraska Act took place , its leaders acted to advance another political reorganization . Henry Wilson declared the Whig Party dead and vowed to oppose any efforts to resurrect it . Horace Greeley 's Tribune called for the formation of a new Northern party , and Benjamin Wade , Chase , Charles Sumner , and others spoke out for the union of all opponents of the Nebraska Act . The Tribune 's Gamaliel Bailey was involved in calling a caucus of anti-slavery Whig and Democratic Party Congressmen in May . Meeting in a Ripon , Wisconsin , Congregational Church on February 28 , 1854 , some thirty opponents of the Nebraska Act called for the organization of a new political party and suggested that `` Republican '' would be the most appropriate name ( to link their cause to the defunct Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson ) . These founders also took a leading role in the creation of the Republican Party in many northern states during the summer of 1854 . While conservatives and many moderates were content merely to call for the restoration of the Missouri Compromise or a prohibition of slavery extension , radicals advocated repeal of the Fugitive Slave Laws and rapid abolition in existing states . The term `` radical '' has also been applied to those who objected to the Compromise of 1850 , which extended slavery in the territories . But without the benefit of hindsight , the 1854 elections would seem to indicate the possible triumph of the Know - Nothing movement rather than anti-slavery , with the Catholic / immigrant question replacing slavery as the issue capable of mobilizing mass appeal . Know - Nothings , for instance , captured the mayoralty of Philadelphia with a majority of over 8,000 votes in 1854 . Even after opening up immense discord with his Kansas -- Nebraska Act , Senator Douglas began speaking of the Know - Nothings , rather than the Republicans , as the principal danger to the Democratic Party . When Republicans spoke of themselves as a party of `` free labor '' , they appealed to a rapidly growing , primarily middle class base of support , not permanent wage earners or the unemployed ( the working class ) . When they extolled the virtues of free labor , they were merely reflecting the experiences of millions of men who had `` made it '' and millions of others who had a realistic hope of doing so . Like the Tories in England , the Republicans in the United States would emerge as the nationalists , homogenizers , imperialists , and cosmopolitans . Those who had not yet `` made it '' included Irish immigrants , who made up a large growing proportion of Northern factory workers . Republicans often saw the Catholic working class as lacking the qualities of self - discipline , temperance , and sobriety essential for their vision of ordered liberty . Republicans insisted that there was a high correlation between education , religion , and hard work -- the values of the `` Protestant work ethic '' -- and Republican votes . `` Where free schools are regarded as a nuisance , where religion is least honored and lazy unthrift is the rule '' , read an editorial of the pro-Republican Chicago Democratic Press after James Buchanan 's defeat of John C. Fremont in the 1856 presidential election , `` there Buchanan has received his strongest support '' . Ethno - religious , socio - economic , and cultural fault lines ran throughout American society , but were becoming increasingly sectional , pitting Yankee Protestants with a stake in the emerging industrial capitalism and American nationalism increasingly against those tied to Southern slave holding interests . For example , acclaimed historian Don E. Fehrenbacher , in his Prelude to Greatness , Lincoln in the 1850s , noticed how Illinois was a microcosm of the national political scene , pointing out voting patterns that bore striking correlations to regional patterns of settlement . Those areas settled from the South were staunchly Democratic , while those by New Englanders were staunchly Republican . In addition , a belt of border counties were known for their political moderation , and traditionally held the balance of power . Intertwined with religious , ethnic , regional , and class identities , the issues of free labor and free soil were thus easy to play on . Events during the next two years in `` Bleeding Kansas '' sustained the popular fervor originally aroused among some elements in the North by the Kansas -- Nebraska Act . Free - State settlers from the North were encouraged by press and pulpit and the powerful organs of abolitionist propaganda . Often they received financial help from such organizations as the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company . Those from the South often received financial contributions from the communities they left . Southerners sought to uphold their constitutional rights in the territories and to maintain sufficient political strength to repulse `` hostile and ruinous legislation '' . While the Great Plains were largely unfit for the cultivation of cotton , informed Southerners demanded that the West be open to slavery , often -- perhaps most often -- with minerals in mind . Brazil , for instance , was an example of the successful use of slave labor in mining . In the middle of the 18th century , diamond mining supplemented gold mining in Minas Gerais and accounted for a massive transfer of masters and slaves from Brazil 's northeastern sugar region . Southern leaders knew a good deal about this experience . It was even promoted in the pro-slavery DeBow 's Review as far back as 1848 . Fragmentation of the American Party system ( edit ) `` Bleeding Kansas '' and the elections of 1856 ( edit ) Radical abolitionist John Brown . Main articles : U.S. presidential election , 1856 and Bleeding Kansas In Kansas around 1855 , the slavery issue reached a condition of intolerable tension and violence . But this was in an area where an overwhelming proportion of settlers were merely land - hungry Westerners indifferent to the public issues . The majority of the inhabitants were not concerned with sectional tensions or the issue of slavery . Instead , the tension in Kansas began as a contention between rival claimants . During the first wave of settlement , no one held titles to the land , and settlers rushed to occupy newly open land fit for cultivation . While the tension and violence did emerge as a pattern pitting Yankee and Missourian settlers against each other , there is little evidence of any ideological divides on the questions of slavery . Instead , the Missouri claimants , thinking of Kansas as their own domain , regarded the Yankee squatters as invaders , while the Yankees accused the Missourians for grabbing the best land without honestly settling on it . However , the 1855 -- 56 violence in `` Bleeding Kansas '' did reach an ideological climax after John Brown -- regarded by followers as the instrument of God 's will to destroy slavery -- entered the melee . His assassination of five pro-slavery settlers ( the so - called `` Pottawatomie massacre '' , during the night of May 24 , 1856 ) resulted in some irregular , guerrilla - style strife . Aside from John Brown 's fervor , the strife in Kansas often involved only armed bands more interested in land claims or loot . His zeal in the cause of freedom was infinitely superior to mine ... Mine was as the taper light ; his was as the burning sun . I could live for the slave ; John Brown could die for him . Frederick Douglass speaking of John Brown Of greater importance than the civil strife in Kansas , however , was the reaction against it nationwide and in Congress . In both North and South , the belief was widespread that the aggressive designs of the other section were epitomized by ( and responsible for ) what was happening in Kansas . Consequently , `` Bleeding Kansas '' emerged as a symbol of sectional controversy . Indignant over the developments in Kansas , the Republicans -- the first entirely sectional major party in U.S. history -- entered their first presidential campaign with confidence . Their nominee , John C. Frémont , was a generally safe candidate for the new party . Although his nomination upset some of their Nativist Know - Nothing supporters ( his mother was a Catholic ) , the nomination of the famed explorer of the Far West and ex-Senator from California with a short political record was an attempt to woo ex-Democrats . The other two Republican contenders , William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase , were seen as too radical . Nevertheless , the campaign of 1856 was waged almost exclusively on the slavery issue -- pitted as a struggle between democracy and aristocracy -- focusing on the question of Kansas . The Republicans condemned the Kansas -- Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery , but they advanced a program of internal improvements combining the idealism of anti-slavery with the economic aspirations of the North . The new party rapidly developed a powerful partisan culture , and energetic activists drove voters to the polls in unprecedented numbers . People reacted with fervor . Young Republicans organized the `` Wide Awake '' clubs and chanted `` Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men , Frémont ! '' With Southern Fire - Eaters and even some moderates uttering threats of secession if Frémont won , the Democratic candidate , Buchanan , benefited from apprehensions about the future of the Union . Millard Fillmore , the candidate of the American Party ( Know - Nothings ) and the Silver Gray Whigs , said in a speech at Albany , New York , that the election of a Republican candidate would dissolve the Union . Abraham Lincoln replied on July 23 in a speech at Galena , Illinois ; Carl Sandburg wrote that this speech probably resembled Lincoln 's Lost Speech : `` This Government would be very weak , indeed , if a majority , with a disciplined army and navy , and a well - filled treasury , could not preserve itself , when attacked by an unarmed , undisciplined , unorganized minority . All this talk about the dissolution of the Union is humbug -- nothing but folly . We wo n't dissolve the Union , and you sha n't . '' Dred Scott decision ( 1857 ) and the Lecompton Constitution ( edit ) Slave Dred Scott . See also : Dred Scott v. Sandford The Lecompton Constitution and Dred Scott v. Sandford ( sic ) -- Sanford : the defendant 's name was misspelled in the reports -- were both part of the Bleeding Kansas controversy over slavery as a result of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , which was Stephen Douglas ' attempt at replacing the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories with popular sovereignty , which meant that the people of a territory could vote either for or against slavery . The Lecompton Constitution , which would have allowed slavery in Kansas , was the result of massive vote fraud by the pro-slavery Border Ruffians . Douglas defeated the Lecompton Constitution because it was supported by the minority of pro-slavery people in Kansas , and Douglas believed in majority rule . Douglas hoped that both South and North would support popular sovereignty , but the opposite was true . Neither side trusted Douglas . The Supreme Court decision of 1857 in Dred Scott v. Sandford added to the controversy . Chief Justice Roger B. Taney 's decision said that blacks were `` so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect '' , and that slavery could spread into the territories even if the majority of people in the territories were anti-slavery . Lincoln warned that `` the next Dred Scott decision '' could impose slavery on Northern states . Buchanan , Republicans and anti-administration Democrats ( edit ) President James Buchanan . See also : Lecompton constitution , Stephen A. Douglas , and James Buchanan President James Buchanan decided to end the troubles in Kansas by urging Congress to admit Kansas as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution . Kansas voters , however , soundly rejected this constitution -- at least with a measure of widespread fraud on both sides -- by more than 10,000 votes . As Buchanan directed his presidential authority to this goal , he further angered the Republicans and alienated members of his own party . Prompting their break with the administration , the Douglasites saw this scheme as an attempt to pervert the principle of popular sovereignty on which the Kansas -- Nebraska Act was based . Nationwide , conservatives were incensed , feeling as though the principles of states ' rights had been violated . Even in the South , ex-Whigs and border states Know - Nothings -- most notably John Bell and John J. Crittenden ( key figures in the event of sectional controversies ) -- urged the Republicans to oppose the administration 's moves and take up the demand that the territories be given the power to accept or reject sovereignty . As the schism in the Democratic party deepened , moderate Republicans argued that an alliance with anti-administration Democrats , especially Stephen Douglas , would be a key advantage in the 1860 elections . Some Republican observers saw the controversy over the Lecompton Constitution as an opportunity to peel off Democratic support in the border states , where Frémont picked up little support . After all , the border states had often gone for Whigs with a Northern base of support in the past without prompting threats of Southern withdrawal from the Union . Among the proponents of this strategy was The New York Times , which called on the Republicans to downplay opposition to popular sovereignty in favor of a compromise policy calling for `` no more slave states '' in order to quell sectional tensions . The Times maintained that for the Republicans to be competitive in the 1860 elections , they would need to broaden their base of support to include all voters who for one reason or another were upset with the Buchanan Administration . Indeed , pressure was strong for an alliance that would unite the growing opposition to the Democratic Administration . But such an alliance was no novel idea ; it would essentially entail transforming the Republicans into the national , conservative , Union party of the country . In effect , this would be a successor to the Whig party . Republican leaders , however , staunchly opposed any attempts to modify the party position on slavery , appalled by what they considered a surrender of their principles when , for example , all the ninety - two Republican members of Congress voted for the Crittenden - Montgomery bill in 1858 . Although this compromise measure blocked Kansas ' entry into the union as a slave state , the fact that it called for popular sovereignty , rather than outright opposition to the expansion of slavery , was troubling to the party leaders . In the end , the Crittenden - Montgomery bill did not forge a grand anti-administration coalition of Republicans , ex-Whig Southerners in the border states , and Northern Democrats . Instead , the Democratic Party merely split along sectional lines . Anti-Lecompton Democrats complained that a new , pro-slavery test had been imposed upon the party . The Douglasites , however , refused to yield to administration pressure . Like the anti-Nebraska Democrats , who were now members of the Republican Party , the Douglasean insisted that they -- not the administration -- commanded the support of most northern Democrats . Extremist sentiment in the South advanced dramatically as the Southern planter class perceived its hold on the executive , legislative , and judicial apparatus of the central government wane . It also grew increasingly difficult for Southern Democrats to manipulate power in many of the Northern states through their allies in the Democratic Party . Honor ( edit ) Historians have emphasized that the sense of honor was a central concern of upper - class white Southerners . The idea of being treated like a second - class citizen was anathema and could not be tolerated by an honorable southerner . The abolitionist position held that slavery was a negative or evil phenomenon that damaged the rights of white men and the prospects of republicanism . To the white South this rhetoric made Southerners second - class citizens because it trampled what they believed was their Constitutional right to take their chattel property anywhere . Assault on Sumner ( 1856 ) ( edit ) Northern image of the 1856 attack on Sumner On May 19 Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner gave a long speech in the Senate entitled `` The Crime Against Kansas '' , which condemned the Slave Power as the evil force behind the nation 's troubles . Sumner said the Southerners had committed a `` crime against Kansas '' , singling out Senator Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina : `` Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin . It is the rape of a virgin Territory , compelling it to the hateful embrace of slavery ; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State , hideous offspring of such a crime , in the hope of adding to the power of slavery in the National Government . '' Sumner famously cast the South Carolinian as having `` chosen a mistress ... who , though ugly to others , is always lovely to him ; though polluted in the sight of the world , is chaste in his sight -- I mean the harlot , slavery ! '' According to Hoffer ( 2010 ) , `` It is also important to note the sexual imagery that recurred throughout the oration , which was neither accidental nor without precedent . Abolitionists routinely accused slaveholders of maintaining slavery so that they could engage in forcible sexual relations with their slaves . '' Three days later , Sumner , working at his desk on the Senate floor , was beaten almost to death by Congressman Preston S. Brooks , Butler 's nephew . Sumner took years to recover ; he became the martyr to the antislavery cause who said the episode proved the barbarism of slave society . Brooks was lauded as a hero upholding Southern honor . Although Representative Anson Burlingame managed to publicly embarrass Brooks in retaliation , the original episode further polarized North and South , strengthened the new Republican Party , and added a new element of violence on the floor of Congress . Emergence of Lincoln ( edit ) Republican Party structure ( edit ) William H. Seward , Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson . Despite their significant loss in the election of 1856 , Republican leaders realized that even though they appealed only to Northern voters , they need win only two more states , such as Pennsylvania and Illinois , to win the presidency in 1860 . As the Democrats were grappling with their own troubles , leaders in the Republican party fought to keep elected members focused on the issue of slavery in the West , which allowed them to mobilize popular support . Chase wrote Sumner that if the conservatives succeeded , it might be necessary to recreate the Free Soil Party . He was also particularly disturbed by the tendency of many Republicans to eschew moral attacks on slavery for political and economic arguments . The controversy over slavery in the West was still not creating a fixation on the issue of slavery . Although the old restraints on the sectional tensions were being eroded with the rapid extension of mass politics and mass democracy in the North , the perpetuation of conflict over the issue of slavery in the West still required the efforts of radical Democrats in the South and radical Republicans in the North . They had to ensure that the sectional conflict would remain at the center of the political debate . William Seward contemplated this potential in the 1840s , when the Democrats were the nation 's majority party , usually controlling Congress , the presidency , and many state offices . The country 's institutional structure and party system allowed slaveholders to prevail in more of the nation 's territories and to garner a great deal of influence over national policy . With growing popular discontent with the unwillingness of many Democratic leaders to take a stand against slavery , and growing consciousness of the party 's increasingly pro-Southern stance , Seward became convinced that the only way for the Whig Party to counteract the Democrats ' strong monopoly of the rhetoric of democracy and equality was for the Whigs to embrace anti-slavery as a party platform . Once again , to increasing numbers of Northerners , the Southern labor system was increasingly seen as contrary to the ideals of American democracy . Republicans believed in the existence of `` the Slave Power Conspiracy '' , which had seized control of the federal government and was attempting to pervert the Constitution for its own purposes . The `` Slave Power '' idea gave the Republicans the anti-aristocratic appeal with which men like Seward had long wished to be associated politically . By fusing older anti-slavery arguments with the idea that slavery posed a threat to Northern free labor and democratic values , it enabled the Republicans to tap into the egalitarian outlook which lay at the heart of Northern society . In this sense , during the 1860 presidential campaign , Republican orators even cast `` Honest Abe '' as an embodiment of these principles , repeatedly referring to him as `` the child of labor '' and `` son of the frontier '' , who had proved how `` honest industry and toil '' were rewarded in the North . Although Lincoln had been a Whig , the `` Wide Awakes '' ( members of the Republican clubs ) , used replicas of rails that he had split to remind voters of his humble origins . In almost every northern state , organizers attempted to have a Republican Party or an anti-Nebraska fusion movement on ballots in 1854 . In areas where the radical Republicans controlled the new organization , the comprehensive radical program became the party policy . Just as they helped organize the Republican Party in the summer of 1854 , the radicals played an important role in the national organization of the party in 1856 . Republican conventions in New York , Massachusetts , and Illinois adopted radical platforms . These radical platforms in such states as Wisconsin , Michigan , Maine , and Vermont usually called for the divorce of the government from slavery , the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Laws , and no more slave states , as did platforms in Pennsylvania , Minnesota , and Massachusetts when radical influence was high . Conservatives at the Republican 1860 nominating convention in Chicago were able to block the nomination of William Seward , who had an earlier reputation as a radical ( but by 1860 had been criticized by Horace Greeley as being too moderate ) . Other candidates had earlier joined or formed parties opposing the Whigs and had thereby made enemies of many delegates . Lincoln was selected on the third ballot . However , conservatives were unable to bring about the resurrection of `` Whiggery '' . The convention 's resolutions regarding slavery were roughly the same as they had been in 1856 , but the language appeared less radical . In the following months , even Republican conservatives like Thomas Ewing and Edward Baker embraced the platform language that `` the normal condition of territories was freedom '' . All in all , the organizers had done an effective job of shaping the official policy of the Republican Party . Southern slave holding interests now faced the prospects of a Republican President and the entry of new free states that would alter the nation 's balance of power between the sections . To many Southerners , the resounding defeat of the Lecompton Constitution foreshadowed the entry of more free states into the Union . Dating back to the Missouri Compromise , the Southern region desperately sought to maintain an equal balance of slave states and free states so as to be competitive in the Senate . Since the last slave state was admitted in 1845 , five more free states had entered . The tradition of maintaining a balance between North and South was abandoned in favor of the addition of more free soil states . Sectional battles over federal policy in the late 1850s ( edit ) Lincoln -- Douglas debates ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln -- Douglas debates of 1858 The Lincoln - Douglas Debates were a series of seven debates in 1858 between Stephen Douglas , United States Senator from Illinois , and Abraham Lincoln , the Republican who sought to replace Douglas in the Senate . The debates were mainly about slavery . Douglas defended his Kansas -- Nebraska Act , which replaced the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory north and west of Missouri with popular sovereignty , which allowed residents of territories such as the Kansas to vote either for or against slavery . Douglas put Lincoln on the defensive by accusing him of being a Black Republican abolitionist , but Lincoln responded by asking Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision . Douglas ' Freeport Doctrine was that residents of a territory could keep slavery out by refusing to pass a slave code and other laws needed to protect slavery . Douglas ' Freeport Doctrine , and the fact that he helped defeat the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution , made Douglas unpopular in the South , which led to the 1860 split of the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern wings . The Democrats retained control of the Illinois legislature , and Douglas thus retained his seat in the U.S. Senate ( at that time United States Senators were elected by the state legislatures , not by popular vote ) ; however , Lincoln 's national profile was greatly raised , paving the way for his election as president of the United States two years later . Background ( edit ) In The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , Charles and Mary Beard argue that slavery was not so much a social or cultural institution as an economic one ( a labor system ) . The Beards cited inherent conflicts between Northeastern finance , manufacturing , and commerce and Southern plantations , which competed to control the federal government so as to protect their own interests . According to the economic determinists of the era , both groups used arguments over slavery and states ' rights as a cover . Recent historians have rejected the Beardian thesis . But their economic determinism has influenced subsequent historians in important ways . Time on the Cross : The Economics of American Negro Slavery ( 1974 ) by Robert William Fogel ( who would win the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ) and Stanley L. Engerman , wrote that slavery was profitable and that the price of slaves would have continued to rise . Modernization theorists , such as Raimondo Luraghi , have argued that as the Industrial Revolution was expanding on a worldwide scale , the days of wrath were coming for a series of agrarian , pre-capitalistic , `` backward '' societies throughout the world , from the Italian and American South to India . But most American historians point out the South was highly developed and on average about as prosperous as the North . Panic of 1857 and sectional realignments ( edit ) `` Vote yourself a farm -- vote yourself a tariff '' : a campaign slogan for Abraham Lincoln in 1860 . A few historians believe that the serious financial panic of 1857 and the economic difficulties leading up to it strengthened the Republican Party and heightened sectional tensions . Before the panic , strong economic growth was being achieved under relatively low tariffs . Hence much of the nation concentrated on growth and prosperity . The iron and textile industries were facing acute , worsening trouble each year after 1850 . By 1854 , stocks of iron were accumulating in each world market . Iron prices fell , forcing many American iron mills to shut down . Republicans urged western farmers and northern manufacturers to blame the depression on the domination of the low - tariff economic policies of southern - controlled Democratic administrations . However the depression revived suspicion of Northeastern banking interests in both the South and the West . Eastern demand for western farm products shifted the West closer to the North . As the `` transportation revolution '' ( canals and railroads ) went forward , an increasingly large share and absolute amount of wheat , corn , and other staples of western producers -- once difficult to haul across the Appalachians -- went to markets in the Northeast . The depression emphasized the value of the western markets for eastern goods and homesteaders who would furnish markets and respectable profits . Aside from the land issue , economic difficulties strengthened the Republican case for higher tariffs for industries in response to the depression . This issue was important in Pennsylvania and perhaps New Jersey . Southern response ( edit ) The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . Meanwhile , many Southerners grumbled over `` radical '' notions of giving land away to farmers that would `` abolitionize '' the area . While the ideology of Southern sectionalism was well - developed before the Panic of 1857 by figures like J.D.B. DeBow , the panic helped convince even more cotton barons that they had grown too reliant on Eastern financial interests . Thomas Prentice Kettell , former editor of the Democratic Review , was another commentator popular in the South to enjoy a great degree of prominence between 1857 and 1860 . Kettell gathered an array of statistics in his book on Southern Wealth and Northern Profits , to show that the South produced vast wealth , while the North , with its dependence on raw materials , siphoned off the wealth of the South . Arguing that sectional inequality resulted from the concentration of manufacturing in the North , and from the North 's supremacy in communications , transportation , finance , and international trade , his ideas paralleled old physiocratic doctrines that all profits of manufacturing and trade come out of the land . Political sociologists , such as Barrington Moore , have noted that these forms of romantic nostalgia tend to crop up whenever industrialization takes hold . Such Southern hostility to the free farmers gave the North an opportunity for an alliance with Western farmers . After the political realignments of 1857 -- 58 -- manifested by the emerging strength of the Republican Party and their networks of local support nationwide -- almost every issue was entangled with the controversy over the expansion of slavery in the West . While questions of tariffs , banking policy , public land , and subsidies to railroads did not always unite all elements in the North and the Northwest against the interests of slaveholders in the South under the pre-1854 party system , they were translated in terms of sectional conflict -- with the expansion of slavery in the West involved . As the depression strengthened the Republican Party , slave holding interests were becoming convinced that the North had aggressive and hostile designs on the Southern way of life . The South was thus increasingly fertile ground for secessionism . The Republicans ' Whig - style personality - driven `` hurrah '' campaign helped stir hysteria in the slave states upon the emergence of Lincoln and intensify divisive tendencies , while Southern `` fire eaters '' gave credence to notions of the slave power conspiracy among Republican constituencies in the North and West . New Southern demands to re-open the African slave trade further fueled sectional tensions . From the early 1840s until the outbreak of the Civil War , the cost of slaves had been rising steadily . Meanwhile , the price of cotton was experiencing market fluctuations typical of raw commodities . After the Panic of 1857 , the price of cotton fell while the price of slaves continued its steep rise . At the 1858 Southern commercial convention , William L. Yancey of Alabama called for the reopening of the African slave trade . Only the delegates from the states of the Upper South , who profited from the domestic trade , opposed the reopening of the slave trade since they saw it as a potential form of competition . The convention in 1858 wound up voting to recommend the repeal of all laws against slave imports , despite some reservations . John Brown and harpers Ferry ( 1859 ) ( edit ) Main article : John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry On October 16 , 1859 , radical abolitionist John Brown led an attempt to start an armed slave revolt by seizing the U.S. Army arsenal at Harper 's Ferry , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) . Brown and twenty followers , both whites ( including two of Brown 's sons ) and blacks ( three free blacks , one freedman , and one fugitive slave ) , planned to seize the armory and use weapons stored there to arm black slaves in order to spark a general uprising by the slave population . Although the raiders were initially successful in cutting the telegraph line and capturing the armory , they allowed a passing train to continue on to Washington , D.C. , where the authorities were alerted to the attack . By October 17 the raiders were surrounded in the armory by the militia and other locals . Robert E. Lee ( then a Colonel in the U.S. Army ) led a company of U.S. Marines in storming the armory on October 18 . Ten of the raiders were killed , including both of Brown 's sons ; Brown himself along with a half dozen of his followers were captured ; four of the raiders escaped immediate capture . Six locals were killed and nine injured ; the Marines suffered one dead and one injured . The local slave population failed to join in Brown 's attack . Brown was subsequently hanged for treason ( against the Commonwealth of Virginia ) , as were six of his followers . The raid became a cause célèbre in both the North and the South , with Brown vilified by Southerners as a bloodthirsty fanatic , but celebrated by many Northern abolitionists as a martyr to the cause of freedom . Elections of 1860 ( edit ) 1860 electoral map . Main article : U.S. presidential election , 1860 Initially , William H. Seward of New York , Salmon P. Chase of Ohio , and Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania , were the leading contenders for the Republican presidential nomination . But Abraham Lincoln , a former one - term House member who gained fame amid the Lincoln -- Douglas Debates of 1858 , had fewer political opponents within the party and outmaneuvered the other contenders . On May 16 , 1860 , he received the Republican nomination at their convention in Chicago , Illinois . The schism in the Democratic Party over the Lecompton Constitution and Douglas ' Freeport Doctrine caused Southern `` fire - eaters '' to oppose front runner Stephen A. Douglas ' bid for the Democratic presidential nomination . Douglas defeated the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas because the majority of Kansans were antislavery , and Douglas ' popular sovereignty doctrine would allow the majority to vote slavery up or down as they chose . Douglas ' Freeport Doctrine alleged that the antislavery majority of Kansans could thwart the Dred Scott decision that allowed slavery by withholding legislation for a slave code and other laws needed to protect slavery . As a result , Southern extremists demanded a slave code for the territories , and used this issue to divide the northern and southern wings of the Democratic Party . Southerners left the party and in June nominated John C. Breckinridge , while Northern Democrats supported Douglas . As a result , the Southern planter class lost a considerable measure of sway in national politics . Because of the Democrats ' division , the Republican nominee faced a divided opposition . Adding to Lincoln 's advantage , ex-Whigs from the border states had earlier formed the Constitutional Union Party , nominating John C. Bell for President . Thus , party nominees waged regional campaigns . Douglas and Lincoln competed for Northern votes , while Bell , Douglas and Breckinridge competed for Southern votes . Result and impact of the election of 1860 ( edit ) Lincoln handily won the electoral votes : Abraham Lincoln : 180 ( 39.7 % of the popular vote ) J.C. Breckinridge : 72 ( 18.2 % of the popular vote ) John Bell : 39 ( 12.6 % of the popular vote ) Stephen A. Douglas : 12 ( 29.5 % of the popular vote ) Voting ( on November 6 , 1860 ) split sharply along sectional lines . Lincoln was elected by carrying the electoral votes of the North ; he had a sweeping majority of 180 electoral votes . Given the vote count in each state , he would still have won the electoral college even if all three opponents had somehow been able to merge their tickets . Split in the Democratic Party ( edit ) The Alabama extremist William Lowndes Yancey 's demand for a federal slave code for the territories split the Democratic Party between North and South , which made the election of Lincoln possible . Yancey tried to make his demand for a slave code moderate enough to get Southern support and yet extreme enough to enrage Northerners and split the party . He demanded that the party support a slave code for the territories if later necessary , so that the demand would be conditional enough to win Southern support . His tactic worked , and lower South delegates left the Democratic Convention at Institute Hall in Charleston , South Carolina and walked over to Military Hall . The South Carolina extremist Robert Barnwell Rhett hoped that the lower South would completely break with the Northern Democrats and attend a separate convention at Richmond , Virginia , but lower South delegates gave the national Democrats one last chance at unification by going to the convention at Baltimore , Maryland before the split became permanent . The end result was that John C. Breckinridge became the candidate of the Southern Democrats , and Stephen Douglas became the candidate of the Northern Democrats . Yancey 's previous 1848 attempt at demanding a slave code for the territories was his Alabama Platform , which was in response to the Northern Wilmot Proviso attempt at banning slavery in territories conquered from Mexico . Justice Peter V. Daniel wrote a letter about the Proviso to former President Martin Van Buren : `` It is that view of the case which pretends to an insulting exclusiveness or superiority on the one hand , and denounces a degrading inequality or inferiority on the other ; which says in effect to the Southern man , ' Avaunt ! you are not my equal , and hence are to be excluded as carrying a moral taint with you . ' Here is at once the extinction of all fraternity , of all sympathy , of all endurance even ; the creation of animosity fierce , implacable , undying . '' Both the Alabama Platform and the Wilmot Proviso failed , but Yancey learned to be less overtly radical in order to get more support . Southerners thought they were merely demanding equality , in that they wanted Southern property in slaves to get the same ( or more ) protection as Northern forms of property . Southern secession ( edit ) The first published Confederate imprint of secession With the emergence of the Republicans as the nation 's first major sectional party by the mid-1850s , politics became the stage on which sectional tensions were played out . Although much of the West -- the focal point of sectional tensions -- was unfit for cotton cultivation , Southern secessionists read the political fallout as a sign that their power in national politics was rapidly weakening . Before , the slave system had been buttressed to an extent by the Democratic Party , which was increasingly seen as representing a more pro-Southern position that unfairly permitted Southerners to prevail in the nation 's territories and to dominate national policy before the Civil War . But Democrats suffered a significant reverse in the electoral realignment of the mid-1850s. 1860 was a critical election that marked a stark change in existing patterns of party loyalties among groups of voters ; Abraham Lincoln 's election was a watershed in the balance of power of competing national and parochial interests and affiliations . Immediately after finding out the election results , a special South Carolina convention declared `` that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the ' United States of America ' is hereby dissolved '' ; by February six more cotton states would follow ( Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Texas ) , forming the Confederate States of America . In 1960 , Lipset examined the secessionist vote in each Southern state in 1860 -- 61 . In each state he divided the counties by the proportion of slaves , low , medium and high . He found that in the 181 high - slavery counties , the vote was 72 % for secession . In the 205 low - slavery counties , the vote was only 37 % for secession and in the 153 middle counties , the vote for secession was at 60 % . Both the outgoing Buchanan administration and the incoming Lincoln administration refused to recognize the legality of secession or the legitimacy of the Confederacy . After Lincoln called for troops , four border states ( that lacked cotton ) seceded ( Virginia , Arkansas , North Carolina , Tennessee ) . The Upper Southern States were in a dilemma , they wanted to retain their slaves but were afraid that if they joined with the lower southern states that were rebelling they would be caught in the middle of a conflict , and their states would be the battle ground . By staying in the Union the Upper Southern states felt that their slave rights would continue to be recognized by the Union . Other issues ( edit ) The tariff issue was and is sometimes cited -- long after the war -- by Lost Cause historians and neo-Confederate apologists . In 1860 -- 61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession brought up the tariff issue as a major issue . Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff , and when some did , for instance , Matthew Fontaine Maury and John Lothrop Motley , they were generally writing for a foreign audience . The tariff in effect prior to the enactment of the Morrill Tariff of 1861 , had been written and approved by the South for the benefit of the South . Complaints came from the Northeast ( especially Pennsylvania ) and regarded the rates as too low . Some Southerners feared that eventually the North would grow so big that it would control Congress and could raise the tariff at will . As for states ' rights , while a state 's right of revolution mentioned in the Declaration of Independence was based on the inalienable equal rights of man , secessionists believed in a modified version of states ' rights that was safe for slavery . These issues were especially important in the lower South , where 47 percent of the population were slaves . The upper South , where 32 percent of the population were slaves , considered the Fort Sumter crisis -- especially Lincoln 's call for troops to march south to recapture it -- a cause for secession . The northernmost border slave states , where 13 percent of the population were slaves , did not secede . Fort Sumter ( edit ) When South Carolina seceded in December 1860 , Major Robert Anderson , a pro-slavery , former slave - owner from Kentucky , remained loyal to the Union . He was the commanding officer of United States Army forces in Charleston , South Carolina -- the last remaining important Union post In the Deep South . Acting upon orders from the War Department to hold and defend the U.S. forts , he moved his small garrison from Fort Moultrie , which was indefensible , to the more modern , more defensible , Fort Sumter in the middle of Charleston Harbor . South Carolina leaders cried betrayal , while the North celebrated with enormous excitement at this show of defiance against secessionism . In February 1861 the Confederate States of America was formed and took charge . Jefferson Davis , the Confederate President , ordered the fort be captured . The artillery attack was commanded by Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard , who had been Anderson 's student at West Point . The attack began April 12 , 1861 , and continued until Anderson , badly outnumbered and outgunned , surrendered the fort on April 14 . The battle began the American Civil War , as an overwhelming demand for war swept both the North and South , with only Kentucky attempting to remain neutral . Robert Anderson 's telegram announcing the surrender of Fort Sumter . According to Adam Goodheart ( 2011 ) , the modern meaning of the American flag was also forged in the defense of Fort Sumter . Thereafter , the flag was used throughout the North to symbolize American nationalism and rejection of secessionism . Before that day , the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory , flown from forts , embassies , and ships , and displayed on special occasions like the Fourth of July . But in the weeks after Major Anderson 's surprising stand , it became something different . Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew -- as it does today , and especially as it did after September 11 -- from houses , from storefronts , from churches ; above the village greens and college quads . For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so , manufacturers could not keep up with demand . As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring , that old flag meant something new . The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing : strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for , and many thousands die for . Onset of the Civil War and the question of Compromise ( edit ) Henry Wilson , author of History of The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America ( 1872 -- 1877 ) . Abraham Lincoln 's rejection of the Crittenden Compromise , the failure to secure the ratification of the Corwin amendment in 1861 , and the inability of the Washington Peace Conference of 1861 to provide an effective alternative to Crittenden and Corwin came together to prevent a compromise that is still debated by Civil War historians . Even as the war was going on , William Seward and James Buchanan were outlining a debate over the question of inevitability that would continue among historians . Needless War argument ( edit ) Two competing explanations of the sectional tensions inflaming the nation emerged even before the war . The first was the `` Needless War '' argument . Buchanan believed the sectional hostility to be the accidental , unnecessary work of self - interested or fanatical agitators . He also singled out the `` fanaticism '' of the Republican Party . Seward , on the other hand , believed there to be an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces . Sheldon argues that , `` Few scholars in the twenty - first century would call the Civil War ' needless , ' as the emancipation of 4 million slaves hinged on Union victory . '' Irrepressible conflict argument ( edit ) The `` Irrepressible Conflict '' argument was the first to dominate historical discussion . In the first decades after the fighting , histories of the Civil War generally reflected the views of Northerners who had participated in the conflict . The war appeared to be a stark moral conflict in which the South was to blame , a conflict that arose as a result of the designs of slave power . Henry Wilson 's History of The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America ( 1872 -- 1877 ) is the foremost representative of this moral interpretation , which argued that Northerners had fought to preserve the union against the aggressive designs of `` slave power '' . Later , in his seven - volume History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Civil War , ( 1893 -- 1900 ) , James Ford Rhodes identified slavery as the central -- and virtually only -- cause of the Civil War . The North and South had reached positions on the issue of slavery that were both irreconcilable and unalterable . The conflict had become inevitable . Revisionists ( edit ) But the idea that the war was avoidable became central among historians in the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s . Revisionist historians , led by James G. Randall ( 1881 -- 1953 ) at the University of Illinois and Avery Craven ( 1885 -- 1980 ) at the University of Chicago , saw in the social and economic systems of the South no differences so fundamental as to require a war . Historian Mark Neely explains their position : Revisionism challenged the view that fundamental and irreconcilable sectional differences made the outbreak of war inevitable . It scorned a previous generation 's easy identification of the Northern cause with abolition , but it continued a tradition of hostility to the Reconstruction measures that followed the war . The Civil War became a needless conflict brought on by a blundering generation that exaggerated sectional differences between North and South . Revisionists revived the reputation of the Democratic party as great nationalists before the war and as dependable loyalists during it . Revisionism gave Lincoln 's Presidency a tragic beginning at Fort Sumter , a rancorous political setting of bitter factional conflicts between radicals and moderates within Lincoln 's own party , and an even more tragic ending . The benevolent Lincoln died at the moment when benevolence was most needed to blunt radical designs for revenge on the South . Randall blamed the ineptitude of a `` blundering generation '' of leaders . He also saw slavery as essentially a benign institution , crumbling in the presence of 19th century tendencies . Craven , the other leading revisionist , placed more emphasis on the issue of slavery than Randall but argued roughly the same points . In The Coming of the Civil War ( 1942 ) , Craven argued that slave laborers were not much worse off than Northern workers , that the institution was already on the road to ultimate extinction , and that the war could have been averted by skillful and responsible leaders in the tradition of Congressional statesmen Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . Two of the key leaders in antebellum politics , Clay and Webster , in contrast to the 1850s generation of leaders , shared a predisposition to compromises marked by a passionate patriotic devotion to the Union . But it is possible that the politicians of the 1850s were not inept . More recent studies have kept elements of the revisionist interpretation alive , emphasizing the role of political agitation ( the efforts of Democratic politicians of the South and Republican politicians in the North to keep the sectional conflict at the center of the political debate ) . David Herbert Donald ( 1920 -- 2009 ) , a student of Randall , argued in 1960 that the politicians of the 1850s were not unusually inept but that they were operating in a society in which traditional restraints were being eroded in the face of the rapid extension of democracy . The stability of the two - party system kept the union together , but would collapse in the 1850s , thus reinforcing , rather than suppressing , sectional conflict . The union , Donald said , died of democracy . Contemporaneous explanations ( edit ) Wikisource has the original text of `` The Barbarism of Slavery '' In December 1860 , amid the secession crisis , president - elect Abraham Lincoln wrote a letter to Alexander Stephens , in which he summarized the cause of the crisis : `` You think slavery is right and should be extended ; while we think slavery is wrong and ought to be restricted . That I suppose is the rub . It certainly is the only substantial difference between us . '' Several months later , on March 21 , 1861 , Alexander Stephens , now the Confederate Vice President , delivered his `` Cornerstone Speech '' in Savannah , Georgia . In the speech , he states that slavery was the cause of the secession crisis , and outlines the principal differences between Confederate ideology and U.S. ideology : `` The new ( Confederate ) Constitution has put at rest forever all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institutions -- African slavery as it exists among us -- the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization . This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution ... ( Jefferson 's ) ideas , however , were fundamentally wrong . They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races . This was an error ... Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea ; its foundations are laid , its cornerstone rests , upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man ; that slavery -- subordination to the superior race -- is his natural and normal condition . '' In July 1863 , as decisive campaigns were fought at Gettysburg and Vicksburg , Republican senator Charles Sumner re-dedicated his speech The Barbarism of Slavery and said that desire to preserve slavery was the sole cause of the war : `` ( T ) here are two apparent rudiments to this war . One is Slavery and the other is State Rights . But the latter is only a cover for the former . If Slavery were out of the way there would be no trouble from State Rights . The war , then , is for Slavery , and nothing else . It is an insane attempt to vindicate by arms the lordship which had been already asserted in debate . With mad - cap audacity it seeks to install this Barbarism as the truest Civilization . Slavery is declared to be the `` corner - stone '' of the new edifice . '' Lincoln 's war goals were reactions to the war , as opposed to causes . Abraham Lincoln explained the nationalist goal as the preservation of the Union on August 22 , 1862 , one month before his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation : `` I would save the Union . I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution . The sooner the national authority can be restored ; the nearer the Union will be `` the Union as it was . '' ... My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union , and is not either to save or to destroy slavery . If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it , and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it ; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that ... I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty ; and I intend no modification of my oft - expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free . '' On March 4 , 1865 , Lincoln said in his Second Inaugural Address that slavery was the cause of the War : `` One - eighth of the whole population were colored slaves , not distributed generally over the Union , but localized in the southern part of it . These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest . All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war . To strengthen , perpetuate , and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war , while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it . '' See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal American Civil War Compensated Emancipation Conclusion of the American Civil War Issues of the American Civil War Slavery in the United States Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aaron Sheehan - Dean , `` A Book for Every Perspective : Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks , '' Civil War History ( 2005 ) 51 # 3 pp 317 -- 324 Jump up ^ John McCardell , The Idea of a Southern Nation : Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism , 1830 -- 1860 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Susan - Mary Grant , North Over South : Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth R. Varon , Bruce Levine , Marc Egnal , and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians , March 17 , 2011 , reported by David A. Walsh `` Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston , Texas '' HNN online Jump up ^ David Potter , The Impending Crisis , page 45 ( This book won the Pulitzer Prize for History ) Jump up ^ The Mason -- Dixon line and the Ohio River were key boundaries . Jump up ^ Paul Boyer ; et al. ( 2010 ) . The Enduring Vision , Volume I : To 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 343 . Jump up ^ Leonard L. Richards , The Slave Power : The Free North and Southern Domination , 1780 -- 1860 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ William E. Gienapp , `` The Republican Party and the Slave Power '' in Michael Perman and Amy Murrell Taylor , eds . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 2010 ) : 74 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher pp. 15 -- 17 . Fehrenbacher wrote , `` As a racial caste system , slavery was the most distinctive element in the southern social order . The slave production of staple crops dominated southern agriculture and eminently suited the development of a national market economy . '' Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher pp. 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Goldstone p. 13 Jump up ^ McDougall p. 318 Jump up ^ Forbes p. 4 Jump up ^ Mason pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Freehling p. 144 Jump up ^ Freehling p. 149 . In the House the votes for the Tallmadge amendments in the North were 86 -- 10 and 80 - 14 in favor , while in the South the vote to oppose was 66 -- 1 and 64 - 2 . Jump up ^ Missouri Compromise Jump up ^ Forbes pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Mason p. 8 Jump up ^ Leah S. Glaser , `` United States Expansion , 1800 -- 1860 '' Jump up ^ Richard J. Ellis , Review of The Shaping of American Liberalism : The Debates over Ratification , Nullification , and Slavery . by David F. Ericson , William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 51 , No. 4 ( 1994 ) , pp. 826 -- 829 Jump up ^ John Tyler , Life Before the Presidency Jump up ^ Jane H. Pease , William H. Pease , `` The Economics and Politics of Charleston 's Nullification Crisis '' , Journal of Southern History , Vol. 47 , No. 3 ( 1981 ) , pp. 335 -- 362 Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v2 pp. 136 -- 137 . Niven pg. 135 -- 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War pg 143 Jump up ^ Craven pg. 65 . Niven pg. 135 -- 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War pg 143 Jump up ^ Ellis , Richard E. The Union at Risk : Jacksonian Democracy , States ' Rights , and the Nullification Crisis ( 1987 ) , page 193 ; Freehling , William W. Prelude to Civil War : The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816 -- 1836 . ( 1965 ) , page 257 Jump up ^ Ellis p. 193 . Ellis further notes that `` Calhoun and the nullifiers were not the first southerners to link slavery with states ' rights . At various points in their careers , John Taylor , John Randolph , and Nathaniel Macon had warned that giving too much power to the federal government , especially on such an open - ended issue as internal improvement , could ultimately provide it with the power to emancipate slaves against their owners ' wishes . '' Jump up ^ Jon Meacham ( 2009 ) , American Lion : Andrew Jackson in the White House , p. 247 ; Correspondence of Andrew Jackson , Vol . V , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War . '' American Historical Review ( 1938 ) 44 # 1 pp : 50 - 55 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Varon ( 2008 ) p. 109 . Wilentz ( 2005 ) p. 451 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1995 ) pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1995 ) pp. 209 -- 210 Jump up ^ Wilentz ( 2005 ) pp. 470 -- 472 Jump up ^ Miller , 112 Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 476 , 479 -- 481 Jump up ^ Huston p. 41 . Huston writes , `` ... on at least three matters southerners were united . First , slaves were property . Second , the sanctity of Southerners ' property rights in slaves was beyond the questioning of anyone inside or outside of the South . Third , slavery was the only means of adjusting social relations properly between Europeans and Africans . '' Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ( 1986 ) . American History : A Survey . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 328 . Jump up ^ Moore , Barrington ( 1966 ) . Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy . New York : Beacon Press . p. 117 . Jump up ^ North , Douglas C. ( 1961 ) . The Economic Growth of the United States 1790 -- 1860 . Englewood Cliffs . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Davis , William C. ( 2002 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : The Free Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2771 - 9 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Inextricably intertwined in the question was slavery , and it only became the more so in the years that followed . Socially and culturally the North and South were not much different . They prayed to the same deity , spoke the same language , shared the same ancestry , sang the same songs . National triumphs and catastrophes were shared by both . For all the myths they would create to the contrary , the only significant and defining difference between them was slavery , where it existed and where it did not , for by 1804 it had virtually ceased to exist north of Maryland . Slavery demarked not just their labor and economic situations , but power itself in the new republic ... ( S ) o long as the number of slave states was the same as or greater than the number of free states , then in the Senate the South had a check on the government . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox - Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese , Slavery in White and Black : Class and Race in the Southern Slaveholders ' New World Order ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Harrold ( 2015 ) . The Abolitionists and the South , 1831 - 1861 . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 45 , 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Sorisio , Carolyn ( 2002 ) . Fleshing Out America : Race , Gender , and the Politics of the Body in American Literature , 1833 -- 1879 . Athens : University of Georgia Press . p. 19 . ISBN 0820326372 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter P. Hinks ; John R. McKivigan ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition . Greenwood . p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : James M. McPherson , `` Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism : A New Look at an Old Question '' , Civil War History 29 ( September 1983 ) Jump up ^ `` Conflict and Collaboration : Yeomen , Slaveholders , and Politics in the Antebellum South '' , Social History 10 ( October 1985 ) : 273 -- 98 . quote at p. 297 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Politics and Power in a Slave Society : Alabama , 1800 -- 1860 ( Louisiana State University Press , 1978 ) Jump up ^ McPherson ( 2007 ) pp. 4 -- 7 . James M. McPherson wrote in referring to the Progressive historians , the Vanderbilt agrarians , and revisionists writing in the 1940s , `` While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups , few historians now subscribe to them . '' Jump up ^ Craig in Woodworth , ed . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research ( 1996 ) , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Donald 2001 pp 134 -- 38 Jump up ^ Huston pp. 24 -- 25 . Huston lists other estimates of the value of slaves ; James D.B. De Bow puts it at $2 billion in 1850 , while in 1858 Governor James Pettus of Mississippi estimated the value at $2.6 billion in 1858 . Jump up ^ Huston , `` Calculating the Value of the Union '' , p. 25 Jump up ^ Soil Exhaustion as a Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland , 1606 -- 1860 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy -- A-D Jump up ^ Woodworth , ed . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research ( 1996 ) , 145 151 505 512 554 557 684 ; Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1969 ) ; for one dissenter see Marc Egnal . `` The Beards Were Right : Parties in the North , 1840 -- 1860 '' . Civil War History 47 , no . 1 . ( 2001 ) : 30 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War ( 1981 ) p 198 Jump up ^ Also from Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union p 198 Most historians ... now see no compelling reason why the divergent economies of the North and South should have led to disunion and civil war ; rather , they find stronger practical reasons why the sections , whose economies neatly complemented one another , should have found it advantageous to remain united . Beard oversimplified the controversies relating to federal economic policy , for neither section unanimously supported or opposed measures such as the protective tariff , appropriations for internal improvements , or the creation of a national banking system ... During the 1850s , Federal economic policy gave no substantial cause for southern disaffection , for policy was largely determined by pro-Southern Congresses and administrations . Finally , the characteristic posture of the conservative northeastern business community was far from anti-Southern . Most merchants , bankers , and manufacturers were outspoken in their hostility to antislavery agitation and eager for sectional compromise in order to maintain their profitable business connections with the South . The conclusion seems inescapable that if economic differences , real though they were , had been all that troubled relations between North and South , there would be no substantial basis for the idea of an irrepressible conflict . Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism : A New Look at an Old Question Civil War History -- Volume 50 , Number 4 , December 2004 , page 421 Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' , The American Historical Review Vol. 44 , No. 1 ( 1938 ) , pp. 50 -- 55 full text in JSTOR Jump up ^ John Calhoun , Slavery a Positive Good , February 6 , 1837 ^ Jump up to : Noll , Mark A. ( 2002 ) . America 's God : From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln . Oxford University Press . p. 640 . Jump up ^ Noll , Mark A. ( 2006 ) . The Civil War as a Theological Crisis . UNC Press . p. 216 . Jump up ^ Noll , Mark A. ( 2002 ) . The US Civil War as a Theological War : Confederate Christian Nationalism and the League of the South . Oxford University Press . p. 640 . Jump up ^ Hull , William E. ( February 2003 ) . `` Learning the Lessons of Slavery '' . Christian Ethics Today . 9 ( 43 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Walter B. Shurden , and Lori Redwine Varnadoe , `` The origins of the Southern Baptist Convention : A historiographical study . '' Baptist History and Heritage ( 2002 ) 37 # 1 pp 71 - 96 . Jump up ^ Gaustad , Edwin S. ( 1982 ) . A Documentary History of Religion in America to the Civil War . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 491 -- 502 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul ( 1976 ) . History of Christianity . Simon & Schuster . p. 438 . Jump up ^ Noll , Mark A. ( 2002 ) . America 's God : From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln . Oxford University Press . pp. 399 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Miller , Randall M. ; Stout , Harry S. ; Wilson , Charles Reagan , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` The Bible and Slavery '' . Religion and the American Civil War . Oxford University Press . p. 62 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , pp. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : McPherson , 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stampp , pp. 190 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter , 2008 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McPherson , 2007 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Miller , 2008 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ McPherson , 2007 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McPherson , 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Bestor , 1964 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Bestor , 1964 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Russell , 1966 , p. 468 - 469 ^ Jump up to : Bestor , 1964 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Russell , 1966 , p. 470 Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Holt , 2004 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ McPherson , 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter , 2008 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Bestor , 1964 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Amistad Case '' . National Portrait Gallery . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Battle Cry p. 8 ; James Brewer Stewart , Holy Warriors : The Abolitionists and American Slavery ( 1976 ) ; Pressly , 270ff Jump up ^ Wendell Phillips , `` No Union With Slaveholders '' , January 15 , 1845 , in Louis Ruchames , ed . The Abolitionists ( 1963 ) , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Mason I Lowance , Against Slavery : An Abolitionist Reader , ( 2000 ) , page 26 Jump up ^ `` Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Admits of No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Alexander Stephen 's Cornerstone Speech , Savannah ; Georgia , March 21 , 1861 Jump up ^ Frederick J. Blue , The Free Soilers : Third Party Politics , 1848 - 54 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Leonard L. Richards , The Slave Power : The Free North and Southern Domination , 1780 -- 1860 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War , page 59 Jump up ^ Schlesinger quotes from an essay `` The State Rights Fetish '' excerpted in Stampp p. 70 Jump up ^ Schlesinger in Stampp pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ McDonald p. 143 ^ Jump up to : Rhea , Gordon ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Why Non-Slaveholding Southerners Fought '' . Civil War Trust . Civil War Trust . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Benning , Henry L. ( February 18 , 1861 ) . `` Speech of Henry Benning to the Virginia Convention '' . Proceedings of the Virginia State Convention of 1861 . pp. 62 -- 75 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War , p. 14 Jump up ^ Nevins , Ordeal of the Union : Fruits of Manifest Destiny 1847 -- 1852 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Donald , Baker , and Holt , p. 117 . Jump up ^ When arguing for the equality of states , he said , `` Who has been in advance of him in the fiery charge on the rights of the States , and in assuming to the Federal Government the power to crush and to coerce them ? Even to - day he has repeated his doctrines . He tells us this is a Government which we will learn is not merely a Government of the States , but a Government of each individual of the people of the United States '' . -- Jefferson Davis ' reply in the Senate to William H. Seward , Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol , February 29 , 1860 , From The Papers of Jefferson Davis , Volume 6 , pp. 277 -- 84 . Jump up ^ When arguing against equality of individuals , Davis said , `` We recognize the fact of the inferiority stamped upon that race of men by the Creator , and from the cradle to the grave , our Government , as a civil institution , marks that inferiority '' . -- Jefferson Davis ' reply in the Senate to William H. Seward , Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol , February 29 , 1860 , -- From The Papers of Jefferson Davis , Volume 6 , pp. 277 -- 84 . Transcribed from the Congressional Globe , 36th Congress , 1st Session , pp. 916 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Jefferson Davis ' Second Inaugural Address , Virginia Capitol , Richmond , February 22 , 1862 , Transcribed from Dunbar Rowland , ed. , Jefferson Davis , Constitutionalist , Volume 5 , pp. 198 -- 203 . Summarized in The Papers of Jefferson Davis , Volume 8 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Keitt , Congressman from South Carolina , in a speech to the House on January 25 , 1860 : Congressional Globe . Jump up ^ Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War , pp. 63 -- 65 Jump up ^ Davis , William C. ( 2002 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Davis , William C. ( 1996 ) . The Cause Lost : Myths and Realities of the Confederacy . Kansas : University Press of Kansas . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Carl Sandburg ( 1954 ) , Abraham Lincoln : The Prairie Years , reprint , New York : Dell , Volume 1 of 3 , Chapter 10 , `` The Deepening Slavery Issue '' , p. ( 221 ) . Jump up ^ The speech was reported by newspapers in Galena and Springfield , IL . Carl Sandburg ( 1954 ) , Abraham Lincoln : The Prairie Years , reprint , New York : Dell , Volume 1 of 3 , Chapter 10 , `` The Deepening Slavery Issue '' , p. 223 . Italics as in Sandburg . Jump up ^ John Vishneski ( 1988 ) , `` What the Court Decided in Scott v. Sandford '' , The American Journal of Legal History , 32 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 390 . Jump up ^ David Potter , The Impending Crisis , page 275 . Jump up ^ First Lincoln Douglas Debate at Ottawa , Illinois August 21 , 1858 Jump up ^ Don E. Fehrenbacher , The Dred Scott Case : Its Significance in American Law and Politics ( 178 ) pp. 445 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , Southern Honor : Ethics and Behavior in the Old South ( 1982 ) pp 22 -- 23 , 363 Jump up ^ Christopher J. Olsen ( 2002 ) . Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 . Oxford University Press . p. 237 . footnote 33 Jump up ^ Lacy Ford , ed. ( 2011 ) . A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction . Wiley . p. 28 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael William Pfau , `` Time , Tropes , and Textuality : Reading Republicanism in Charles Sumner 's ' Crime Against Kansas ' '' , Rhetoric & Public Affairs vol 6 # 3 ( 2003 ) 385 -- 413 , quote on p. 393 online in Project MUSE Jump up ^ In modern terms Sumner accused Butler of being a `` pimp who attempted to introduce the whore , slavery , into Kansas '' says Judith N. McArthur ; Orville Vernon Burton ( 1996 ) . `` A Gentleman and an Officer '' : A Military and Social History of James B. Griffin 's Civil War . Oxford U.P. p. 40 . Jump up ^ Williamjames Hoffer , The Caning of Charles Sumner : Honor , Idealism , and the Origins of the Civil War ( 2010 ) p. 62 Jump up ^ William E. Gienapp , `` The Crime Against Sumner : The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party , '' Civil War History ( 1979 ) 25 # 3 pp. 218 -- 245 doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1979.0005 Jump up ^ Donald , David ; Randal , J.G. ( 1961 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . Boston : D.C. Health and Company . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Allan , Nevins ( 1947 ) . Ordeal of the Union ( vol. 3 ) . III . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Moore , Barrington , p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` 1860 Presidential Election Results '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : William W , Freehling , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant 1854 -- 1861 , pages 271 -- 341 Jump up ^ Don E. Fehrenbacher ( 1978 / 2001 ) , New York : Oxford , Part III , `` Echoes and Consequences '' , Chapter 22 , `` Reasons Why '' ( cf . `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' ) , p. 561 ; Daniel to Van Buren , Nov. 1 , 1847 , Martin Van Buren Papers , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Roy Nichols , The Disruption of American Democracy : A History of the Political Crisis That Led Up To The Civil War ( 1949 ) Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset , Political Man : The Social Bases of Politics ( Doubleday , 1960 ) p. 349 . Jump up ^ Maury Klein , Days of Defiance : Sumter , Secession , and the Coming of the Civil War ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Robert Gray Gunderson , Old Gentleman 's Convention : The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 . ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Jon L. Wakelyn ( 1996 ) . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 - April 1861 . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthew Fontaine Maury ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` Captain Maury 's Letter on American Affairs : A Letter Addressed to Rear - Admiral Fitz Roy , of England '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol . I , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ John Lothrop Motley ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` The Causes of the American Civil War : A Paper Contributed to the London Times '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol. 1 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' , American Historical Review Vol. 44 , No. 1 ( October 1938 ) , pp. 50 -- 55 in JSTOR Jump up ^ William W. Freehling , The Road to Disunion , Secessionists Triumphant : 1854 -- 1861 , pages 345 -- 516 Jump up ^ Daniel Crofts , Reluctant Confederates : Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Adam Goodheart , 1861 : The Civil War Awakening ( 2011 ) ch 2 -- 5 Jump up ^ Adam Goodheart , `` Prologue '' , in 1861 : The Civil War Awakening ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth , ed. , The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research ( 1996 ) pp 131 - 43 Jump up ^ Thomas J. Pressly , Americans Interpret Their Civil War ( 1954 ) pp 127 - 48 Jump up ^ Rachel A. Shelden ( 2013 ) . Washington Brotherhood : Politics , Social Life , and the Coming of the Civil War . U of North Carolina Press . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Pressly , Americans Interpret Their Civil War ( 1954 ) pp 149 - 226 Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely , `` The Lincoln Theme since Randall 's Call : The Promises and Perils of Professionalism . '' Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association 1 ( 1979 ) : 10 - 70 . online Jump up ^ James G. Randall , `` The Blundering Generation . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 27.1 ( 1940 ) : 3 - 28 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Coming of the Civil War ( 1942 ) . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , `` Coming of the War Between the States An Interpretation . '' Journal of Southern History 2 # 3 ( 1936 ) : 303 - 322 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ David H. Donald , `` Died of Democracy . '' in Donald , ed. , Why the North Won the Civil War ( 1960 ) pp : 79 - 90 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( December 22 , 1860 ) . `` To Alexander H. Stephens '' . Civil War Causes . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Letter to Horace Greeley , August 22 , 1862 References ( edit ) Craven , Avery . The Coming of the Civil War ( 1942 ) ISBN 0 - 226 - 11894 - 0 Donald , David Herbert , Baker , Jean Harvey , and Holt , Michael F. The Civil War and Reconstruction. ( 2001 ) Ellis , Richard E. The Union at Risk : Jacksonian Democracy , States ' Rights and the Nullification Crisis. ( 1987 ) Fehrenbacher , Don E. The Slaveholding Republic : An Account of the United States Government 's Relations to Slavery. ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 514177 - 6 Forbes , Robert Pierce . The Missouri Compromise and ItAftermath : Slavery and the Meaning of America . ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3105 - 2 Freehling , William W. Prelude to Civil War : The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816 -- 1836 . ( 1965 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 507681 - 8 Freehling , William W . The Road to Disunion : Secessionists at Bay 1776 -- 1854 . ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 505814 - 3 Freehling , William W. and Craig M. Simpson , eds . Secession Debated : Georgia 's Showdown in 1860 ( 1992 ) , speeches Hesseltine ; William B. ed . The Tragic Conflict : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1962 ) , primary documents Huston , James L. Calculating the Value of the Union : Slavery , Property Rights , and the Economic Origins of the Civil War . ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2804 - 1 Mason , Matthew . Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic . ( 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3049 - 9 McDonald , Forrest . States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio , 1776 -- 1876 . ( 2000 ) McPherson , James M . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . ( 2007 ) Miller , William Lee . Arguing About Slavery : John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States Congress . ( 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 56922 - 9 Niven , John . John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union ( 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1451 - 0 Perman , Michael , ed . Major Problems in Civil War & Reconstruction ( 2nd ed. 1998 ) primary and secondary sources . Remini , Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom , 1822 -- 1832 , v2 ( 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 014844 - 6 Silbey , Joel H. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861 . Wiley . Stampp , Kenneth , ed . The Causes of the Civil War ( 3rd ed 1992 ) , primary and secondary sources . Varon , Elizabeth R. Disunion : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 Wakelyn ; Jon L. ed . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 -- April 1861 ( 1996 ) Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 05820 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Historiography ( edit ) Ayers , Edward L. What Caused the Civil War ? Reflections on the South and Southern History ( 2005 ) . 222 pp . Beale , Howard K. , `` What Historians Have Said About the Causes of the Civil War '' , Social Science Research Bulletin 54 , 1946 . Boritt , Gabor S. ed . Why the Civil War Came ( 1996 ) Childers , Christopher . `` Interpreting Popular Sovereignty : A Historiographical Essay '' , Civil War History Volume 57 , Number 1 , March 2011 pp. 48 -- 70 in Project MUSE Crofts Daniel . Reluctant Confederates : Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis ( 1989 ) , pp 353 -- 82 and 457 - 80 Etcheson , Nicole . `` The Origins of the Civil War '' , History Compass 2005 # 3 ( North America ) Foner , Eric . `` The Causes of the American Civil War : Recent Interpretations and New Directions '' . In Beyond the Civil War Synthesis : Political Essays of the Civil War Era , edited by Robert P. Swierenga , 1975 . Kornblith , Gary J. , `` Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War : A Counterfactual Exercise '' . Journal of American History 90.1 ( 2003 ) : detailed historiography ; online version Pressly , Thomas . Americans Interpret Their Civil War ( 1954 ) , old survey that sorts historians into schools of interpretation ; online SenGupta , Gunja . `` Bleeding Kansas : A Review Essay , '' Kansas History 24 ( Winter 2001 / 2002 ) : 318 -- 341 . online Smith , Stacey L. `` Beyond North and South : Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Civil War Era ( Dec 2016 ) 6 # 4 pp. 566 -- 591 . DOI : 10.1353 / cwe. 2016.0073 excerpt Towers , Frank . `` Partisans , New History , and Modernization : The Historiography of the Civil War 's Causes , 1861 -- 2011 . '' The Journal of the Civil War Era ( 2011 ) 1 # 2 pp : 237 - 264 . Tulloch , Hugh . The Debate On the American Civil War Era ( Issues in Historiography ) ( 2000 ) Woods , Michael E. , `` What Twenty - First - Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion : A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature , '' Journal of American History ( 2012 ) 99 # 2 pp : 415 -- 39 . online Woodworth , Steven E. ed . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research ( 1996 ) , 750 pages of historiography ; see part IV on Causation . `` Needless War '' school ( edit ) Bonner , Thomas N. `` Civil War Historians and the ' Needless War ' Doctrine . '' Journal of the History of Ideas ( 1956 ) : 193 - 216 . in JSTOR Childers , Christopher . `` Interpreting Popular Sovereignty : A Historiographical Essay . '' Civil War History ( 2011 ) 57 # 1 pp : 48 - 70 . online Craven , Avery , The Repressible Conflict , 1830 -- 61 ( 1939 ) The Coming of the Civil War ( 1942 ) `` The Coming of the War Between the States '' , Journal of Southern History 2 ( August 1936 ) : 30 -- 63 ; in JSTOR Donald , David . `` An Excess of Democracy : The Civil War and the Social Process '' in David Donald , Lincoln Reconsidered : Essays on the Civil War Era , 2d ed . ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1966 ) , 209 -- 35 . Holt , Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s. ( 1978 ) emphasis on political parties and voters Randall , James G . `` The Blundering Generation '' , Mississippi Valley Historical Review 27 ( June 1940 ) : 3 -- 28 in JSTOR Randall , James G . The Civil War and Reconstruction. ( 1937 ) , survey and statement of `` needless war '' interpretation Pressly , Thomas J. `` The Repressible Conflict '' , chapter 7 of Americans Interpret Their Civil War ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1954 ) ; online Ramsdell , Charles W . `` The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion '' , Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 16 ( September 1929 ) , 151 -- 71 , in JSTOR ; says slavery had almost reached its outer limits of growth by 1860 , so war was unnecessary to stop further growth . online version without footnotes Economic Causation and modernization ( edit ) Beard , Charles , and Mary Beard . The Rise of American Civilization . Two volumes . ( 1927 ) , says slavery was minor factor ' online Hofstadter , Richard . `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War , '' American Historical Review ( 1938 ) 44 # 1 pp : 50 - 55 . in JSTOR Luraghi , Raimondo , `` The Civil War and the Modernization of American Society : Social Structure and Industrial Revolution in the Old South Before and During the War '' , Civil War History XVIII ( September 1972 ) . in JSTOR McPherson , James M. Ordeal by Fire : the Civil War and Reconstruction. ( 1982 ) , uses modernization interpretation . Moore , Barrington . Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy . ( 1966 ) . modernization interpretation Thornton , Mark ; Ekelund , Robert B. Tariffs , Blockades , and Inflation : The Economics of the Civil War . ( 2004 ) , stresses fear of future protective tariffs Nationalism and culture ( edit ) Crofts Daniel . Reluctant Confederates : Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis ( 1989 ) Current , Richard . Lincoln and the First Shot ( 1963 ) Nevins , Allan , author of most detailed history Ordeal of the Union 2 vols. ( 1947 ) covers 1850 -- 57 . The Emergence of Lincoln , 2 vols. ( 1950 ) covers 1857 -- 61 ; does not take strong position on causation Olsen , Christopher J. Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 '' ( 2000 ) , cultural interpretation Potter , David The Impending Crisis 1848 -- 1861 . ( 1976 ) , Pulitzer Prize - winning history emphasizing rise of Southern nationalism Potter , David M. Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis ( 1942 ) . Miller , Randall M. , Harry S. Stout , and Charles Reagan Wilson , eds . Religion and the American Civil War ( 1998 ) , essays Slavery as cause ( edit ) Ashworth , John Slavery , Capitalism , and Politics in the Antebellum Republic . ( 1995 ) `` Free labor , wage labor , and the slave power : republicanism and the Republican party in the 1850s '' , in Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway ( eds ) , The Market Revolution in America : Social , Political and Religious Expressions , 1800 -- 1880 , pp. 128 -- 46 . ( 1996 ) Donald , David et al . The Civil War and Reconstruction ( latest edition 2001 ) ; 700 - page survey Fellman , Michael et al . This Terrible War : The Civil War and its Aftermath ( 2003 ) , 400 - page survey Foner , Eric Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : the Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War . ( 1970 , 1995 ) stress on ideology Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ( 1981 ) Freehling , William W . The Road to Disunion : Secessionists at Bay , 1776 -- 1854 1991. , emphasis on slavery Gienapp William E. The Origins of the Republican Party , 1852 -- 1856 ( 1987 ) Manning , Chandra . What This Cruel War Was Over : Soldiers , Slavery , and the Civil War . New York : Vintage Books ( 2007 ) . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . ( 1988 ) , major overview , neoabolitionist emphasis on slavery Morrison , Michael . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War ( 1997 ) Morrow , Ralph E. `` The Proslavery Argument Revisited '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 48 , No. 1 . ( June 1961 ) , pp. 79 -- 94 . in JSTOR Oakes , James . The Scorpion 's Sting : Antislavery and the Coming of the Civil War ( New York : Norton , 2014 ) 207 pp . Rhodes , James Ford History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan Campaign of 1896 Volume : 1 . ( 1920 ) , highly detailed narrative 1850 -- 56 . vol 2 1856 -- 60 ; emphasis on slavery Schlesinger , Arthur Jr . `` The Causes of the Civil War '' ( 1949 ) reprinted in his The Politics of Hope ( 1963 ) ; reintroduced new emphasis on slavery Stampp , Kenneth M. America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink ( 1990 ) Stampp , Kenneth M. And the War Came : The North and the Secession Crisis , 1860 -- 1861 ( 1950 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Civil War Civil War and Reconstruction : Jensen 's Guide to WWW Resources Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice State by state popular vote for president in 1860 election Tulane course -- article on 1860 election Tulane course -- article on Fort Sumter Onuf , Peter . `` Making Two Nations : The Origins of the Civil War '' 2003 speech The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History CivilWar.com Many source materials , including states ' secession declarations . Causes of the Civil War Collection of primary documents Declarations of Causes of Seceding States Alexander H. Stephens ' Cornerstone Address An entry from Alexander Stephens ' diary , dated 1866 , reflecting on the origins of the Civil War . The Arguments of the Constitutional Unionists in 1850 -- 51 Shmoop US History : Causes of the Civil War -- study guide , dates , trivia , multimedia , teachers ' guide Booknotes interview with Stephen B. Oates on The Approaching Fury : Voices of the Storm , 1820 -- 1861 , April 27 , 1997 . Was The Civil War About Slavery ? Yes . ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. 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list two of the main causes of the u.s. civil war
[ "The primary catalyst for secession was slavery, especially Southern political leaders' resistance to attempts by Northern antislavery political forces to block the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Another explanation for secession, and the subsequent formation of the Confederacy, was white Southern nationalism.[2] The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on American nationalism.[3] Most of the debate is about the first question, as to why some southern states decided to secede.", "The primary catalyst for secession was slavery, especially Southern political leaders' resistance to attempts by Northern antislavery political forces to block the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Another explanation for secession, and the subsequent formation of the Confederacy, was white Southern nationalism.[2] The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on American nationalism.[3] Most of the debate is about the first question, as to why some southern states decided to secede." ]
[ "slavery", "secession" ]
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Palmerston Forts, Portsmouth
Palmerston forts , Portsmouth - wikipedia Palmerston forts , Portsmouth The Victorian forts of Portsmouth , including those on the Isle of Wight The Palmerston Forts that encircle Portsmouth were built in response to the 1859 Royal Commission dealing with the perceived threat of a French invasion . The forts were intended to defend the Dockyard in Portsmouth . Construction was carried out by the Royal Engineers and civilian contractors ( under Royal Engineer supervision ) . In addition to the newly constructed forts , extensive work was carried out on existing fortifications . The Portsmouth defences can be split into four distinct groups of forts , comprising four sea forts built in the Solent , a group of forts on Portsea Island , a group of forts along Portsdown Hill overlooking Portsmouth , and a group of forts on the Gosport peninsula . As well as these forts surrounding Portsmouth , further protection for Portsmouth was provided by additional Palmerston forts on the Isle of Wight . Contents 1 Solent forts 2 Portsea Island forts 3 Portsdown Hill forts 4 Gosport forts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Solent forts ( edit ) These man - made island forts were originally built to protect the eastern approaches to Portsmouth Harbour from attack by enemy forces . The four armour - plated forts were designed by Captain E.H. Stewart , overseen by Assistant Inspector General of Fortifications , Colonel W.F.D. Jervois . Construction took place between 1865 and 1880 , at a total cost of £ 1,177,805 . By the time the forts had been completed , the threat of invasion had long since passed and although the forts were armed and re-armed as technology advanced , they were never used in anger . They were decommissioned in 1956 and put up for sale the 1960s , although they were not sold until the 1980s . They have now been transformed into luxury hotels and a museum . Spitbank Fort St Helens Fort Horse Sand Fort No Man 's Land Fort Portsea island forts ( edit ) These forts are situated on Portsea Island , the low lying island on which most of the city of Portsmouth is located . None of the forts were originally built as a result of the 1859 Royal Commission , but they did receive improvements because of it . Fort Cumberland Eastney Batteries Lumps Fort Southsea Castle Point Battery Hilsea Lines Portsdown Hill forts ( edit ) These forts are located along Portsdown Hill overlooking Portsmouth , and were a response to advancing weapons technology . This new technology made it possible for shelling accurate over a number of miles to take place . The forts were intended to prevent a hostile force landing further along the coast , approaching Portsmouth from the mainland , taking the tactical high ground to the north of the dockyard . As such , the forts are designed so that all of their main weapons face inland , protecting Portsmouth from the rest of England . Fort Wallington Fort Nelson , Portsmouth Fort Southwick Fort Widley Fort Purbrook Crookhorn Redoubt Farlington Redoubt Gosport forts ( edit ) These are situated on the Gosport peninsula . Again , they were built to prevent an enemy force landing along the coast and approaching Portsmouth from inland , and had their main weaponry facing away from Portsmouth . Fort Monckton Fort Gilkicker Stokes Bay Lines Browndown Battery Fort Fareham Fort Gomer Fort Grange Fort Rowner Fort Brockhurst Fort Elson See also ( edit ) Fortifications of Portsmouth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Solent Forts '' . Royal Naval Museum . Archived from the original on 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Victorian Forts and Batteries Portsmouth forts map on Bing Palmerston Forts Society Royal Engineers Museum Coastal Defence Solentforts site Coordinates : 50 ° 47 ′ N 1 ° 6 ′ W  /  50.783 ° N 1.100 ° W  / 50.783 ; - 1.100 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmerston_Forts,_Portsmouth&oldid=849969353 '' Categories : Forts in Portsmouth Forts in Hampshire Lists of Palmerston Forts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 17 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
how many forts are there in the solent
[ "The Portsmouth defences can be split into four distinct groups of forts, comprising four sea forts built in the Solent, a group of forts on Portsea Island, a group of forts along Portsdown Hill overlooking Portsmouth, and a group of forts on the Gosport peninsula.\n" ]
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The Shining (film)
The Shining ( film ) - wikipedia The Shining ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Shining Theatrical release poster by Saul Bass Directed by Stanley Kubrick Produced by Stanley Kubrick Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick Diane Johnson Based on The Shining by Stephen King Starring Jack Nicholson Shelley Duvall Scatman Crothers Danny Lloyd Music by Wendy Carlos Rachel Elkind Cinematography John Alcott Edited by Ray Lovejoy Production company The Producer Circle Company Peregrine Productions Hawk Films Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date May 23 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) October 2 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 02 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 146 minutes ( Premiere ) 144 minutes ( American ) 119 minutes ( European ) Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $44.4 million ( North America ) The Shining is a 1980 horror film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick and co-written with novelist Diane Johnson . The film is based on Stephen King 's 1977 novel The Shining . The Shining is about Jack Torrance ( Jack Nicholson ) , an aspiring writer and recovering alcoholic , who accepts a position as the off - season caretaker of the isolated historic Overlook Hotel in the Colorado Rockies . Wintering over with Jack is his wife Wendy Torrance ( Shelley Duvall ) and young son Danny Torrance ( Danny Lloyd ) , who possesses `` the shining '' , an array of psychic abilities that allow Danny to see the hotel 's horrific past . The hotel 's current cook , Dick Hallorann ( Scatman Crothers ) , also has this ability and is able to telepathically communicate with Danny . The hotel had a previous winter caretaker who went crazy and killed his wife , two daughters and then himself . After a winter storm leaves the Torrances snowbound , Jack 's sanity deteriorates due to the influence of the supernatural forces that inhabit the hotel , placing his wife and son in danger . Supporting roles are provided by Barry Nelson , Philip Stone , Joe Turkel , Anne Jackson , and Tony Burton . Production took place almost exclusively at EMI Elstree Studios with sets strongly based on real locations . Kubrick often worked with a small crew which allowed him to do many takes , sometimes to the exhaustion of the actors and staff . The new Steadicam was used in several scenes giving it an innovative and immersive look and feel . Because of inconsistencies , ambiguities , symbolism , and differences from the book , there has been much speculation into the meanings and actions in the movie . Unlike Kubrick 's previous works , which developed audiences gradually through word - of - mouth , The Shining was released as a mass - market film , initially opening in two U.S. cities on Memorial Day , then nationwide within a month . The European release of The Shining a few months later was 25 minutes shorter due to Kubrick 's removal of most of the scenes taking place outside the environs of the hotel . Although contemporary responses from critics were mixed , assessment became more favorable in following decades , and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made . American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time . Critics , scholars , and crew members ( such as Kubrick 's producer Jan Harlan ) have discussed the film 's enormous influence on popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Genesis 3.2 Casting 3.3 Shooting 3.3. 1 Interior sets 3.3. 2 Exterior locations 3.3. 3 Shooting 3.3. 4 Steadicam 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Post-release edit 6 European version 7 Home media 8 Reception 8.1 Initial reviews 8.2 Reappraisal 8.3 Analysis of change in perception 8.4 Response by Stephen King 8.5 Awards and nominations 9 Social interpretations 9.1 Native Americans 9.2 Geoffrey Cocks and Kubrick 's concern with the Holocaust 10 Literary allusions 11 Ambiguities in the film 11.1 Ghosts vs. cabin fever 11.2 The two Gradys 11.3 The photograph 11.4 Spatial layout of the Overlook Hotel 12 Comparison with the novel 12.1 Motivation of ghosts 12.2 Room number 12.3 Jack Torrance 12.4 Danny Torrance 12.5 Wendy Torrance 12.6 Stuart Ullman 12.7 Family dynamics 12.8 Plot differences 12.9 Film adaptation commentary 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain - isolated Overlook Hotel , which is twenty - five miles from the closest town , to be interviewed for the position of winter caretaker . Once hired , Jack plans to use the hotel 's solitude to write . The hotel , built on the site of a Native American burial ground , becomes snowed - in during the winter ; it is closed from October to May . Manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker , Charles Grady , developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself . In Boulder , Jack 's son , Danny Torrance , has a terrifying premonition about the hotel , viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door , and then falls into a trance . Jack 's wife , Wendy , tells a doctor that Danny has an imaginary friend named Tony , and that Jack has given up drinking because he dislocated Danny 's shoulder following a binge . The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour . The chef , Dick Hallorann , surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream . Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability , which he calls `` shining '' . Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel , particularly room 237 . Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a `` shine '' to it along with many memories , not all of which are good . He also tells Danny to stay away from room 237 . A month passes ; while Jack 's writing goes nowhere , Danny and Wendy explore the hotel 's hedge maze , and Hallorann goes to Florida . Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall , and Danny has frightening visions . Jack , increasingly frustrated , starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts . Danny 's curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the room 's door open . Later , Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter . After she awakens him , Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny . Danny arrives and is visibly traumatized with a bruise on his neck , causing Wendy to accuse Jack of abusing him . Jack wanders into the hotel 's Gold Room and meets a ghostly bartender named Lloyd . Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage . Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a `` crazy woman in one of the rooms '' attempted to strangle him . Jack investigates room 237 , encountering the ghost of a dead woman , but tells Wendy that he saw nothing . Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room , now filled with ghosts attending a ball . He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must `` correct '' his wife and child and that Danny has reached out to Hallorann using his `` talent '' . Meanwhile , Hallorann grows concerned about what 's going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado . Danny starts calling out `` redrum '' and goes into a trance , referring to himself as `` Tony '' . While searching for Jack , Wendy discovers he has been typing pages of a repetitive manuscript : `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' . She begs Jack to leave the hotel with Danny , but he threatens her before she knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat . She drags him into the kitchen and locks him in the pantry , but she and Danny are both trapped at the hotel : Jack has disabled the hotel 's two - way radio and snowcat . Later , Jack converses through the pantry door with Grady , who unlocks the door . Danny writes `` REDRUM '' on the outside of the bathroom door in the family 's living quarters . When Wendy sees the word reversed in the bedroom mirror , the word is revealed to be `` MURDER '' . Jack begins hacking through the quarters ' main door with a firefighter 's axe . Wendy sends Danny through the bathroom window , but it will not open sufficiently for her to pass . Jack breaks through the bathroom door , shouting `` Here 's Johnny ! '' , but retreats after Wendy slashes his hand with a butcher 's knife . Hearing Hallorann arriving in a snowcat he borrowed , Jack leaves the room . He murders Hallorann with the axe in the lobby and pursues Danny into the hedge maze . Wendy runs through the hotel looking for Danny , encountering ghosts and the cascade of blood Danny envisioned in Boulder . She also finds Hallorann 's corpse in the lobby . Danny lays a false trail to mislead Jack , who is following his footprints , before hiding behind a drift . Danny escapes from the maze and reunites with Wendy ; they escape in Hallorann 's snowcat , while Jack freezes to death in the snow . In a photograph in the hotel hallway dated July 4 , 1921 , Jack Torrance smiles amid a crowd of party revelers . Cast ( edit ) Jack Nicholson as Jack Torrance Shelley Duvall as Wendy Torrance Danny Lloyd as Danny Torrance Scatman Crothers as Dick Hallorann Barry Nelson as Stuart Ullman Philip Stone as ( Delbert ) Grady Joe Turkel as Lloyd Anne Jackson as Doctor Tony Burton as Larry Durkin Lia Beldam as Young Woman In Bath Billie Gibson as Old Woman In Bath Barry Dennen as Bill Watson David Baxt as Forest Ranger # 1 Manning Redwood as Forest Ranger # 2 Lisa Burns as Grady Daughter ( # 1 ) Louise Burns as Grady Daughter ( # 2 ) Robin Pappas as Nurse Alison Coleridge as Secretary ( Susie ) Burnell Tucker as Policeman Jana Sheldon as Stewardess Kate Phelps as Receptionist Norman Gay as Injured guest In the shorter European cut , all of the scenes involving Jackson and Burton are cut ( although their names still appear in the credits ) . Dennen is on - screen in both versions of the film , albeit to a limited degree ( and with no dialogue ) in the shorter cut . The actresses who played the ghosts of the murdered Grady daughters , Lisa and Louise Burns , are identical twins ; however , the characters in the book and film script are merely sisters , not twins . In the film 's dialogue , Mr. Ullman identifies them as `` about eight and ten . '' Nonetheless , they are frequently referred to in discussions about the film as `` the Grady twins . '' The resemblance in the staging of the Grady girls and the `` Twins '' photograph by Diane Arbus has been noted both by Arbus ' biographer , Patricia Bosworth , the Kubrick assistant who cast and coached them , Leon Vitali , and by numerous Kubrick critics . Although Kubrick both met Arbus personally and studied photography under her during his youthful days as photographer for Look magazine , Kubrick 's widow says he did not deliberately model the Grady girls on Arbus ' photograph , in spite of widespread attention to the resemblance . Production ( edit ) Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene of The Shining . Genesis ( edit ) Before making The Shining , Stanley Kubrick had directed the 1975 movie Barry Lyndon , a highly visual period film about an Irish man who attempts to make his way into the British aristocracy . Despite its technical achievements , the film was not a box office success in the United States and was derided by critics for being too long and too slow . Kubrick , disappointed with Barry Lyndon 's lack of success , realized he needed to make a film that would be commercially viable as well as artistically fulfilling . Stephen King was told that Kubrick had his staff bring him stacks of horror books as he planted himself in his office to read them all : `` Kubrick 's secretary heard the sound of each book hitting the wall as the director flung it into a reject pile after reading the first few pages . Finally one day the secretary noticed it had been a while since she had heard the thud of another writer 's work biting the dust . She walked in to check on her boss and found Kubrick deeply engrossed in reading The Shining . '' Speaking about the theme of the film , Kubrick stated that `` there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality . There 's an evil side to it . One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious ; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly '' . Casting ( edit ) Nicholson was Kubrick 's first choice for the role of Jack Torrance ; other actors considered included Robert De Niro ( who claims the film gave him nightmares for a month ) , Robin Williams , and Harrison Ford , all of whom met with Stephen King 's disapproval . In his search to find the right actor to play Danny , Kubrick sent a husband and wife team , Leon and Kersti Vitali , to Chicago , Denver , and Cincinnati to create an interview pool of 5,000 boys over a six - month period . These cities were chosen since Kubrick was looking for a boy with an accent which fell in between Jack Nicholson 's and Shelley Duvall 's speech patterns . Shooting ( edit ) Interior sets ( edit ) The set design for the interior scenes of the Overlook Hotel was modeled in large parts on the Ahwahnee Hotel ( It was renamed Majestic Yosemite Hotel on March 1 , 2016 . ) The Ahwahnee 's lobby was the model for the set of the lobby created at Elstree Studios . Having chosen King 's novel as a basis for his next project , and after a pre-production phase , Kubrick had sets constructed on soundstages at EMI Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , Britain . Some of the interior designs of the Overlook Hotel set were based on those of the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park . To enable him to shoot the scenes in chronological order , he used several stages at EMI Elstree Studios in order to make all sets available during the complete duration of production . The set for the Overlook Hotel was at the time the largest ever built at Elstree , including a life - size re-creation of the exterior of the hotel . In February 1979 , the set at Elstree was badly damaged in a fire , causing a delay in the production . Exterior locations ( edit ) Timberline Lodge in Oregon served as the exterior of the Overlook Hotel . While most of the interior shots , and even some of the Overlook exterior shots , were shot on studio sets , a few exterior shots were shot on location by a second - unit crew headed by Jan Harlan . Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park , Montana was the filming location for the aerial shots of the opening scenes , with the Volkswagen Beetle driving along Going - to - the - Sun Road . The Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was filmed for a few of the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel ; notably absent in these shots is the hedge maze , something the Timberline Lodge does not have . Outtakes of the opening panorama shots were later used by Ridley Scott for the closing moments of the original cut of the film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . Shooting ( edit ) Screenplay from The Shining at LACMA exhibit . William Beutler from Washinton , DC , USA The Shining had a prolonged and arduous production period , often with very long workdays . Principal photography took over a year to complete , due to Kubrick 's highly methodical nature . Actress Shelley Duvall did not get along with Kubrick , frequently arguing with him on set about lines in the script , her acting techniques and numerous other things . Duvall eventually became so overwhelmed by the stress of her role that she became physically ill for months . At one point , she was under so much stress that her hair began to fall out . The shooting script was being changed constantly , sometimes several times a day , adding more stress . Jack Nicholson eventually became so frustrated with the ever - changing script that he would throw away the copies that the production team would give to him to memorize , knowing that it was just going to change anyway . He learned most of his lines just minutes before filming them . Nicholson was living in London with his then - girlfriend Anjelica Huston and her younger sister , Allegra , who testified to his long shooting days . Joe Turkel stated in a 2014 interview that they rehearsed the `` bar scene '' for six weeks , starting at 9 a.m. and finishing at 10 : 30 p.m. each day , with Turkel recollecting that his clothes would be soaked in his own sweat by the end of every day 's shoot . He also added that it was his favorite scene in the film . For the final Gold Room sequence , Kubrick instructed the extras ( via megaphone ) not to talk , `` but to mime conversation to each other . Kubrick knew from years of scrutinizing thousands of films that extras could often mime their business by nodding and using large gestures that look fake . He told them to act naturally to give the scene a chilling sense of time - tripping realism as Jack walks from the seventies into the roaring twenties '' . Original typewriter from the film . For the international versions of the film , Kubrick shot different takes of Wendy reading the typewriter pages in different languages . For each language , a suitable idiom was used : German ( Was du heute kannst besorgen , das verschiebe nicht auf morgen -- `` Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today '' ) , Italian ( Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca -- `` The morning has gold in its mouth '' ) , French ( Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' -- `` One ' here you go ' is worth more than two ' you 'll have it ' '' , the equivalent of `` A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush '' ) , Spanish ( No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano -- `` No matter how early you get up , you ca n't make the sun rise any sooner . '' ) These alternate shots were not included with the DVD release , where only the English phrase `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was used . The door that Jack chops through with the axe near the end of the film was a real door . Kubrick had originally shot this scene with a fake door , but Nicholson , who had worked as a volunteer fire marshal , tore it down too quickly . Jack 's line , `` Heeeere 's Johnny ! '' , is taken from Ed McMahon 's famous introduction to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , and was improvised by Nicholson . Kubrick , who had lived in England for some time , was unaware of the significance of the line , and nearly used a different take . Carson later used the Nicholson clip to open his 1980 anniversary show on NBC . During production , Kubrick screened David Lynch 's Eraserhead ( 1977 ) to the cast and crew , to convey the mood he wanted to achieve for the film . Steadicam ( edit ) Similar 2007 Steadicam and video equipment . The Shining was among the first half - dozen films ( after the 1976 films Bound for Glory , Marathon Man , and Rocky ) , to use the newly developed Steadicam , a stabilizing mount for a motion picture camera , which mechanically separates the operator 's movement from the camera 's , allowing smooth tracking shots while the operator is moving over an uneven surface . It essentially combines the stabilized steady footage of a regular mount with the fluidity and flexibility of a handheld camera . The inventor of the Steadicam , Garrett Brown , was heavily involved with the production of The Shining . Brown has described his excitement taking his first tour of the sets which offered `` further possibilities for the Steadicam '' . This tour convinced Brown to become personally involved with the production . Kubrick was not `` just talking of stunt shots and staircases '' . Rather he would use the Steadicam `` as it was intended to be used -- as a tool which can help get the lens where it 's wanted in space and time without the classic limitations of the dolly and crane '' . Brown used an 18 mm Cooke lens that allowed the Steadicam to pass within an inch of walls and door frames . Brown published an article in American Cinematographer about his experience , and contributed to the audio commentary on the 2007 DVD release . The Overlook Hotel 's Colorado Lounge set was modeled in large parts on the Ahwahnee Hotel 's Great Lounge Kubrick personally aided in modifying the Steadicam 's video transmission technology . Brown states his own abilities to operate the Steadicam were refined by working on Kubrick 's film . For this film , Brown developed a two - handed technique , which enabled him to maintain the camera at one height while panning and tilting the camera . In addition to tracking shots from behind , the Steadicam enabled shooting in constricted rooms without flying out walls , or backing the camera into doors . Brown notes that : One of the most talked - about shots in the picture is the eerie tracking sequence which follows Danny as he pedals at high speed through corridor after corridor on his plastic Big Wheel tricycle . The soundtrack explodes with noise when the wheel is on wooden flooring and is abruptly silent as it crosses over carpet . We needed to have the lens just a few inches from the floor and to travel rapidly just behind or ahead of the bike . This required the Steadicam to be on a special mount modeled on a wheelchair in which the operator sat while pulling a platform with the sound man . The weight of the rig and its occupants proved to be too much for the original tires however , resulting in a blowout one day that almost caused a serious crash . Solid tires were then mounted on the rig . Kubrick also had a highly accurate speedometer mounted on the rig so as to duplicate the exact tempo of a given shot so that Brown could perform take after identical take . Brown also discusses how the scenes in the hedge maze were shot with a Steadicam . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) The stylistically modernist art - music chosen by Kubrick is similar to the repertoire he first explored in 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Although the repertoire was selected by Kubrick , the process of matching passages of music to motion picture was left almost entirely at the discretion of music editor Gordon Stainforth , whose work on this film is known for the attention to fine details and remarkably precise synchronization without excessive splicing . The soundtrack album on LP was withdrawn due to problems with licensing of the music . It remains only available on vinyl ( there has never been a CD release ) and is difficult to find . The LP soundtrack omits some pieces heard in the film , and also includes complete versions of pieces of which only fragments are heard in the film . The non-original music on the soundtrack is as follows : `` Lontano '' by György Ligeti , Ernest Bour conducting the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra ( Wergo Records ) `` Music for Strings , Percussion and Celesta '' by Béla Bartók , Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra ( Deutsche Grammophon ) `` Utrenja '' -- excerpts from the `` Ewangelia '' and `` Kanon Paschy '' movements by Krzysztof Penderecki , Andrzej Markowski conducting the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra ( Polskie Nagrania Records ) `` The Awakening of Jacob '' , `` De Natura Sonoris No. 1 '' ( the latter not on the soundtrack album , Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Henryk Czyż ) and `` De Natura Sonoris No. 2 '' by Krzysztof Penderecki ( Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by Andrzej Markowski , Polskie Nagrania Records ) `` Home '' , performed by Henry Hall and the Gleneagles Hotel Band ( Columbia Records ) `` It 's All Forgotten Now '' by Al Bowlly , performed by Ray Noble and His Orchestra ( not on the soundtrack album ) `` Masquerade '' , performed by Jack Hylton and His Orchestra ( not on soundtrack ) `` Kanon ( for string orchestra ) '' by Krzysztof Penderecki ( not on soundtrack ) `` Polymorphia ( for string orchestra ) '' by Krzysztof Penderecki , Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Henryk Czyż ( not on soundtrack ) `` Midnight , the Stars and You '' by Al Bowlly , performed by Ray Noble and His Orchestra ( not on soundtrack ) Upon their arrival at Elstree Studios , Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind were shown the first version of the film by Kubrick : `` The film was a little on the long side . There were great gobs of scenes that never made it to the film . There was a whole strange and mystical scene in which Jack Nicholson discovers objects that have been arranged in his working space in the ballroom with arrows and things . He walks down and thinks he hears a voice and a ghost throws a ball back to him . None of that made it to the final film . We scored a lot of those . We did n't know what was going to be used for sure '' . Carlos has said that she was so disillusioned by Kubrick 's actions that she vowed never to work with him again . Her own music was released in its near entirety in 2005 as part of her Rediscovering Lost Scores compilation . Post-release edit ( edit ) After its premiere and a week into the general run ( with a running time of 146 minutes ) , Kubrick cut a scene at the end that took place in a hospital . The scene shows Wendy in a bed talking with Mr. Ullman who explains that Jack 's body could not be found ; he then gives Danny a yellow tennis ball , presumably the same one that Jack was throwing around the hotel . This scene was subsequently physically cut out of prints by projectionists and sent back to the studio by order of Warner Bros. , the film 's distributor . This cut the film 's running time to 144 minutes . As noted by Roger Ebert : If Jack did indeed freeze to death in the labyrinth , of course his body was found -- and sooner rather than later , since Dick Hallorann alerted the forest rangers to serious trouble at the hotel . If Jack 's body was not found , what happened to it ? Was it never there ? Was it absorbed into the past and does that explain Jack 's presence in that final photograph of a group of hotel party - goers in 1921 ? Did Jack 's violent pursuit of his wife and child exist entirely in Wendy 's imagination , or Danny 's , or theirs ? ... Kubrick was wise to remove that epilogue . It pulled one rug too many out from under the story . At some level , it is necessary for us to believe the three members of the Torrance family are actually residents in the hotel during that winter , whatever happens or whatever they think happens . European version ( edit ) For its release in Europe , Kubrick cut about 25 minutes from the film . The excised scenes included a longer meeting between Jack and Watson at the hotel , Danny being attended by a doctor ( Anne Jackson ) including references to Tony and how Danny was once injured by Jack in a drunken rage , more footage of Hallorann 's attempts to get to the hotel during the snowstorm including a sequence with a garage attendant ( Tony Burton ) , extended dialogue scenes at the hotel , and a scene where Wendy discovers a group of skeletons in the hotel lobby during the climax . Jackson and Burton are credited in the European print , despite their scenes being excised from the movie . According to Harlan , Kubrick decided to cut some sequences because the film was `` not very well received '' , and after Warner Bros. complained about its ambiguity and length . The scene where Jack writes obsessively on the typewriter `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was shot changing the language of the typescript in Italian , French , Spanish , and German , because the film would be dubbed in these languages in their respective countries : Italian : Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca ( `` The morning has gold in ( its ) mouth '' , the equivalent of the English proverb `` The early bird catches the worm '' ) Spanish : No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano ( `` Waking up earlier wo n't make the dawn come sooner . '' ) German : Was Du heute kannst besorgen , das verschiebe nicht auf Morgen ( `` Do n't put off until tomorrow what you can do today '' ) French : Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' ( `` One ' Yours ' is better than two ' You will have it ' `` ) In the Italian version , Nicholson was dubbed by Giancarlo Giannini ; Kubrick sent him a congratulations letter for his excellent work as voice actor . Two alternative takes were used in a British television commercial . Home media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The U.S. premiere by ABC on May 6 , 1983 started with a placard saying , `` TONIGHT 'S FILM DEALS WITH THE SUPERNATURAL , AS A POSSESSED MAN ATTEMPTS TO DESTROY HIS FAMILY . '' With the movie 's ambiguities , it is not known how Kubrick felt about or if he agreed with this proclamation . The placard also said that the film was edited for television and warned about the content . The U.S. region 1 DVD of the film is the longer ( 144 minute ) edit of the film . The European ( including UK ) region 2 DVD is the shorter ( 119 minute ) version . On British television , the short version played on Channel 4 once and on Sky Movies numerous times in the mid-nineties . All other screenings , before and since these , have been on either ITV or ITV4 and have been the longer U.S. edit . The German DVD shows the short version , as seen in German television screenings . In accordance with stipulations contained in Kubrick 's will , DVD releases show the film in open matte ( i.e. , with more picture content visible than in movie theaters ) . The scene in which Wendy discovers her husband 's work ( consisting only of a simple proverb : `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' repeatedly typed on numerous pages ) was shot with different proverbs in at least five languages ( English , French , Spanish , Italian and German ) . Nevertheless , most DVD releases show the English version , disregarding the dub language . DVDs in both regions contain a candid fly - on - the - wall 33 - minute documentary made by Kubrick 's daughter Vivian ( who was 17 when she filmed it ) entitled Making The Shining , originally shown on British television in 1980 . She also provided an audio commentary track about her documentary for its DVD release . It appears even on pre-2007 editions of The Shining on DVD , although most DVDs of Kubrick films before then were devoid of documentaries or audio commentaries . It has some candid interviews and very private moments caught on set , such as arguments with cast and director , moments of a no - nonsense Kubrick directing his actors , Scatman Crothers being overwhelmed with emotion during his interview , Shelley Duvall collapsing from exhaustion on the set , and Jack Nicholson enjoying playing up to the behind - the - scenes camera . Reception ( edit ) Initial reviews ( edit ) The Shining had a slow start at the box office , but gained momentum , eventually doing well commercially during the summer of 1980 and making Warner Bros. a profit . It opened at first to mixed reviews . Janet Maslin of The New York Times lauded Nicholson 's performance and praised the Overlook Hotel as an effective setting for horror , but wrote that `` the supernatural story knows frustratingly little rhyme or reason ( ... ) Even the film 's most startling horrific images seem overbearing and perhaps even irrelevant . '' Variety was critical , saying , `` With everything to work with , ... Kubrick has teamed with jumpy Jack Nicholson to destroy all that was so terrifying about Stephen King 's bestseller . '' A common initial criticism was the slow pacing , which was highly atypical of horror films of the time . Roger Ebert did not review the film on his television show when first released , and in print complained that it was hard to connect with any of the characters . It was the only one of Kubrick 's last nine films to receive no nominations at all from either the Oscars or Golden Globes , but was nominated for a pair of Razzie Awards , including Worst Director and Worst Actress ( Duvall ) , in the first year that award was given . Reappraisal ( edit ) Tim Cahill of Rolling Stone noted in an interview with Kubrick that by 1987 there was already a `` critical reevaluation of ( The Shining ) in process '' . As with most Kubrick films , more recent analyses have treated the film more favorably . Viewers subsequently decided the slow pacing actually contributes to the film 's hypnotic quality . Film website Rotten Tomatoes , which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics , gives the film a score of 87 % `` Certified Fresh '' . In 2006 , Roger Ebert , who was initially critical of the work , inducted The Shining into his Great Movies series , saying , `` Stanley Kubrick 's cold and frightening The Shining challenges us to decide : Who is the reliable observer ? Whose idea of events can we trust ? ( ... ) It is this elusive open - endedness that makes Kubrick 's film so strangely disturbing . '' Horror film critic Peter Bracke reviewing the Blu - ray release in Hi - Def Digest writes : Just as the ghostly apparitions of the film 's fictional Overlook Hotel would play tricks on the mind of poor Jack Torrance , so too has the passage of time changed the perception of The Shining itself . Many of the same reviewers who lambasted the film for `` not being scary '' enough back in 1980 now rank it among the most effective horror films ever made , while audiences who hated the film back then now vividly recall being `` terrified '' by the experience . The Shining has somehow risen from the ashes of its own bad press to redefine itself not only as a seminal work of the genre , but perhaps the most stately , artful horror ever made . The Shining is widely acclaimed by today 's critics , and has become a staple of pop culture . In 2001 , the film was ranked 29th on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills list and Jack Torrance was named the 25th greatest villain on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains list in 2003 . In 2005 , the quote `` Here 's Johnny ! '' was ranked 68 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes list . It was named the all - time scariest film by Channel 4 , Total Film labeled it the 5th greatest horror film , and Bravo TV named one of the film 's scenes 6th on their list of the 100 Scariest Movie Moments . In addition , film critics Kim Newman and Jonathan Romney both placed it in their top ten lists for the 2002 Sight & Sound poll . Director Martin Scorsese placed The Shining on his list of the 11 scariest horror films of all time . Mathematicians at London 's King 's College used statistical modeling in a study commissioned by Sky Movies to conclude that The Shining was the `` perfect scary movie '' due to a proper balance of various ingredients including shock value , suspense , gore and size of the cast . It was voted the 62nd greatest American film ever made in a 2015 poll conducted by BBC . Analysis of change in perception ( edit ) In 1999 , Jonathan Romney discussed Kubrick 's perfectionism and dispelled others ' initial arguments that the film lacked complexity : `` The final scene alone demonstrates what a rich source of perplexity The Shining offers ( ... ) look beyond the simplicity and the Overlook reveals itself as a palace of paradox '' . Romney further explains : The dominating presence of the Overlook Hotel -- designed by Roy Walker as a composite of American hotels visited in the course of research -- is an extraordinary vindication of the value of mise en scène . It 's a real , complex space that we do n't just see but come to virtually inhabit . The confinement is palpable : horror cinema is an art of claustrophobia , making us loath to stay in the cinema but unable to leave . Yet it 's combined with a sort of agoraphobia -- we are as frightened of the hotel 's cavernous vastness as of its corridors ' enclosure ... The film sets up a complex dynamic between simple domesticity and magnificent grandeur , between the supernatural and the mundane in which the viewer is disoriented by the combination of spaciousness and confinement , and an uncertainty as to just what is real or not . Response by Stephen King ( edit ) Author Stephen King was an executive producer for a faithful 1997 adaptation , and continues to hold mixed feelings regarding Kubrick 's version . Speaking about the theme of the film , Kubrick stated that `` there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality . There 's an evil side to it . One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious ; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly '' . Stephen King has been quoted as saying that although Kubrick made a film with memorable imagery , it was poor as an adaptation and that it is the only adaptation of his novels that he could `` remember hating '' . However , in King 's 1981 nonfiction book Danse Macabre , he listed Kubrick 's film among those he considered to have `` contributed something of value to the ( horror ) genre '' and mentioned it as one of his `` personal favorites '' . Before the 1980 movie King often said he gave little attention to the film adaptations of his work . King himself was suffering from alcoholism at the time he wrote the novel , therefore giving a strong autobiographical element to the story . He has expressed disappointment that his novel 's important themes , such as the disintegration of family and the dangers of alcoholism , are less prevalent in the film . King also viewed the casting of Nicholson as a mistake , arguing it would result in a rapid realization among audiences that Jack would ultimately go mad , due to Nicholson 's famous identification with the character of McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) . King had suggested that a more `` everyman '' - like actor such as Jon Voight , Christopher Reeve , or Michael Moriarty play the role , so that Jack 's subsequent descent into madness would be more unnerving . In an interview with the BBC , King also criticized Shelley Duvall 's performance in the film , stating `` ( S ) he 's basically just there to scream and be stupid , and that 's not the woman that I wrote about . '' Over the years , contradictions have arisen in the discussion of King 's criticisms . The author once suggested that he disliked the film 's downplaying of the supernatural ; King had envisioned Jack as a victim of the genuinely external forces haunting the hotel , whereas King felt Kubrick had viewed the haunting and its resulting malignancy as coming from within Jack himself . In October 2013 , however , journalist Laura Miller wrote that the discrepancy between the two was almost the complete opposite : the Jack Torrance of the novel was corrupted by his own choices -- particularly alcoholism -- whereas in Kubrick 's adaptation the causes are actually more surreal and ambiguous : King is , essentially , a novelist of morality . The decisions his characters make -- whether it 's to confront a pack of vampires or to break 10 years of sobriety -- are what matter to him . But in Kubrick 's The Shining , the characters are largely in the grip of forces beyond their control . It 's a film in which domestic violence occurs , while King 's novel is about domestic violence as a choice certain men make when they refuse to abandon a delusional , defensive entitlement . As King sees it , Kubrick treats his characters like `` insects '' because the director does n't really consider them capable of shaping their own fates . Everything they do is subordinate to an overweening , irresistible force , which is Kubrick 's highly developed aesthetic ; they are its slaves . In King 's `` The Shining '' , the monster is Jack . In Kubrick 's , the monster is Kubrick . King 's oft - cited remark about Kubrick being a man who `` thinks too much and feels too little '' is often misconstrued as a remark on Kubrick 's obsessive and detached approach to directing actors , but it is actually a less disparaging reference to Kubrick 's skepticism regarding the verisimilitude of the supernatural , which emerged in pre-production conversations between King and Kubrick . The full context of King 's well - known quote is : Parts of the film are chilling , charged with a relentlessly claustrophobic terror , but others fall flat . Not that religion has to be involved in horror , but a visceral skeptic such as Kubrick just could n't grasp the sheer inhuman evil of The Overlook Hotel . So he looked , instead , for evil in the characters and made the film into a domestic tragedy with only vaguely supernatural overtones . That was the basic flaw : because he could n't believe , he could n't make the film believable to others . What 's basically wrong with Kubrick 's version of The Shining is that it 's a film by a man who thinks too much and feels too little ; and that 's why , for all its virtuoso effects , it never gets you by the throat and hangs on the way real horror should . Mark Browning , a critic of King 's work , observed that King 's novels frequently contain a narrative closure that completes the story , which Kubrick 's film lacks . Browning has in fact argued that King has exactly the opposite problem of which he accused Kubrick . King , he believes , `` feels too much and thinks too little '' . King was also disappointed by Kubrick 's decision not to film at The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park , Colorado , which inspired the story ( a decision Kubrick made since the hotel lacked sufficient snow and electricity ) . However , King finally supervised the 1997 television adaptation also titled The Shining , filmed at The Stanley Hotel . The animosity of King toward Kubrick 's adaptation has dulled over time . During an interview segment on the Bravo channel , King stated that the first time he watched Kubrick 's adaptation , he found it to be `` dreadfully unsettling '' . Nonetheless , writing in the afterword of Doctor Sleep , King professed continued dissatisfaction with the Kubrick film . He said of it `` ... of course there was Stanley Kubrick 's movie which many seem to remember -- for reasons I have never quite understood -- as one of the scariest films they have ever seen . If you have seen the movie but not read the novel , you should note that Doctor Sleep follows the latter which is , in my opinion , the True History of the Torrance Family . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Razzie Award Worst Actress Shelley Duvall Nominated Worst Director Stanley Kubrick Saturn Award Best Director Best Supporting Actor Scatman Crothers Won Best Horror Film Nominated Best Music Wendy Carlos Rachel Elkind Social interpretations ( edit ) The film 's iconic sequence in which Jack places his head on the broken door and says , `` Here 's Johnny ! '' , echoes scenes in both D.W. Griffith 's Broken Blossoms and the Swedish horror film The Phantom Carriage . Film critic Jonathan Romney writes that the film has been interpreted in many different ways ; as being about the crisis in masculinity , sexism , corporate America , and racism : `` It 's tempting to read The Shining as an Oedipal struggle not just between generations but between Jack 's culture of the written word and Danny 's culture of images ... '' Romney writes , `` Jack also uses the written word to more mundane purpose -- to sign his ' contract ' with the Overlook . ' I gave my word , ' ( ... ) which we take to mean ' gave his soul ' in the ( ... ) Faustian sense . But maybe he means it more literally -- by the end ( ... ) he has renounced language entirely , pursuing Danny through the maze with an inarticulate animal roar . What he has entered into is a conventional business deal that places commercial obligation ( ... ) over the unspoken contract of compassion and empathy that he seems to have neglected to sign with his family . '' These varied interpretations spawned the 2012 documentary Room 237 , directed by Rodney Ascher , which provides an in - depth exploration of various interpretations of , and myths surrounding , the film . Native Americans ( edit ) Among interpreters who see the film reflecting more subtly the social concerns that animate other Kubrick films , one of the earliest and most well - known viewpoints was discussed in an essay by ABC reporter Bill Blakemore entitled `` Kubrick 's ' Shining ' Secret : Film 's Hidden Horror Is The Murder Of The Indian '' , first published in The Washington Post on July 12 , 1987 . He believes that indirect references to American killings of Native Americans pervade the film as exemplified by the Indian logos on the baking powder in the kitchen and Indian artwork that appears throughout the hotel , though no Native Americans are ever seen . Stuart Ullman tells Wendy that when building the hotel a few Indian attacks had to be fended off since it was constructed on an Indian burial ground . Blakemore 's general argument is that the film as a whole is a metaphor for the genocide of Native Americans . He notes that when Jack kills Hallorann , the dead body is seen lying on a rug with an Indian motif . The blood in the elevator shafts is , for Blakemore , the blood of the Indians in the burial ground on which the hotel was built . As such , the fact that the date of the final photograph is July 4 is meant to be deeply ironic . Blakemore writes , As with some of his other movies , Kubrick ends The Shining with a powerful visual puzzle that forces the audience to leave the theater asking , `` What was that all about ? '' The Shining ends with an extremely long camera shot moving down a hallway in the Overlook , reaching eventually the central photo among 21 photos on the wall . The caption reads : `` Overlook Hotel - July 4th Ball - 1921 . '' The answer to this puzzle , is that most Americans overlook the fact that July Fourth was no ball , nor any kind of Independence day , for native Americans ; that the weak American villain of the film is the re-embodiment of the American men who massacred the Indians in earlier years ; that Kubrick is examining and reflecting on a problem that cuts through the decades and centuries . Blakemore also sees this film as similar to other Kubrick films where evil forces get weak men to do their bidding . Film writer John Capo sees the film as an allegory of American imperialism . This is exemplified by many clues ; the closing photo of Jack in the past at a 4th of July party , or Jack 's earlier citation of the Rudyard Kipling poem `` The White Man 's Burden '' . The poem has been interpreted as rationalizing the European colonization of non-white people , while Jack 's line has been interpreted as referring to alcoholism , from which he suffers . Geoffrey Cocks and Kubrick 's concern with the Holocaust ( edit ) Film historian Geoffrey Cocks has extended Blakemore 's idea that the film has a subtext about Native Americans to arguing that the film indirectly reflects Stanley Kubrick 's concerns about the Holocaust ( Both Cocks ' book and Michael Herr 's memoir of Kubrick discuss how he wanted his entire life to make a film dealing directly with the Holocaust , but could never quite get the handle on it that satisfied him ) . Cocks is a cultural historian best known for describing the impact of the Holocaust on subsequent Western culture . Cocks , writing in his book The Wolf at the Door : Stanley Kubrick , History and the Holocaust , proposed a controversial theory that all of Kubrick 's work is informed by the Holocaust ; there is , he says , a strong ( though hidden ) holocaust subtext in The Shining . This , Cocks believes , is why Kubrick 's screenplay goes to emotional extremes , omitting much of the novel 's supernaturalism and making the character of Wendy much more hysteria - prone . Cocks places Kubrick 's vision of a haunted hotel in line with a long literary tradition of hotels in which sinister events occur , from Stephen Crane 's short story `` The Blue Hotel '' ( which Kubrick admired ) to the Swiss Berghof in Thomas Mann 's novel The Magic Mountain , about a snowbound sanatorium high in the Swiss Alps in which the protagonist witnesses a series of events which are a microcosm of the decline of Western culture . In keeping with this tradition , Kubrick 's film focuses on domesticity and the Torrances ' attempt to use this imposing building as a home which Jack Torrance describes as `` homey '' . Cocks claims that Kubrick has elaborately coded many of his historical concerns into the film with manipulations of numbers and colors and his choice of musical numbers , many of which are post-war compositions influenced by the horrors of World War II . Of particular note is Kubrick 's use of Penderecki 's The Awakening of Jacob to accompany Jack Torrance 's dream of killing his family and Danny 's vision of past carnage in the hotel , a piece of music originally associated with the horrors of the Holocaust . As such , Kubrick 's pessimistic ending in contrast to Stephen King 's optimistic one is in keeping with the motifs that Kubrick wove into the story . Cocks ' work has been anthologized and discussed in other works on Stanley Kubrick films , but sometimes with skepticism . In particular , Julian Rice writing in the opening chapter of his book Kubrick 's Hope believes Cocks ' views are excessively speculative and contain too many strained `` critical leaps '' of faith . Rice holds that what went on in Kubrick 's mind can not be replicated or corroborated beyond a broad vision of the nature of good and evil ( which included concern about the Holocaust ) , but Kubrick 's art is not governed by this one single obsession . Diane Johnson , co-screenwriter for The Shining , commented on Cocks ' observations and holds that preoccupation with the Jewish Holocaust on Kubrick 's part could very likely have motivated his decision to place the hotel on a Native American burial ground , although Kubrick never directly mentioned it to her . Literary allusions ( edit ) Geoffrey Cocks notes that the film contains many allusions to fairy tales , both Hansel and Gretel and the Three Little Pigs , with Jack Torrance identified as the Big Bad Wolf , which Bruno Bettelheim interprets as standing for `` all the asocial unconscious devouring powers '' that must be overcome by a child 's ego . The saying `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' appeared first in James Howell 's Proverbs in English , Italian , French and Spanish ( 1659 ) . Ambiguities in the film ( edit ) Roger Ebert notes that the film does not really have a `` reliable observer '' , with the possible exception of Dick Hallorann . Ebert believes various events call into question the reliability of Jack , Wendy , and Danny at various points . This leads Ebert to conclude that : Kubrick is telling a story with ghosts ( the two girls , the former caretaker and a bartender ) , but it is n't a `` ghost story '' , because the ghosts may not be present in any sense at all except as visions experienced by Jack or Danny . Ebert ultimately concludes that `` The movie is not about ghosts but about madness and the energies '' . Likewise , film critic James Berardinelli ( who is generally much less impressed with the film than Ebert ) , notes that `` King would have us believe that the hotel is haunted . Kubrick is less definitive in the interpretations he offers . '' He dubs the film a failure as a ghost story , but brilliant as a study of `` madness and the unreliable narrator . '' Ghosts vs. cabin fever ( edit ) In some sequences , there is a question of whether or not there are ghosts present . In the scenes where Jack sees ghosts he is always facing a mirror , or in the case of his storeroom conversation with Grady , a reflective , highly polished door . Film reviewer James Berardinelli notes `` It has been pointed out that there 's a mirror in every scene in which Jack sees a ghost , causing us to wonder whether the spirits are reflections of a tortured psyche . '' In Hollywood 's Stephen King , Tony Magistrale writes : Kubrick 's reliance on mirrors as visual aids for underscoring the thematic meaning of this film portrays visually the internal transformations and oppositions that are occurring to Jack Torrance psychologically . Through ... these devices , Kubrick dramatizes the hotel 's methodical assault on Torrance 's identity , its ability to stimulate the myriad of self - doubts and anxieties by creating opportunities to warp Torrance 's perspective on himself and ( his family ) . Furthermore the fact that Jack looks into a mirror whenever he `` speaks '' to the hotel means , to some extent , that Kubrick implicates him directly into the hotel 's `` consciousness '' , because Jack is , in effect , talking to himself . Ghosts are the implied explanation for Jack 's escape from the locked storeroom . In an interview by scholar Michel Ciment , Kubrick stated : It seemed to strike an extraordinary balance between the psychological and the supernatural in such a way as to lead you to think that the supernatural would eventually be explained by the psychological : ' Jack must be imagining these things because he 's crazy . ' This allowed you to suspend your doubt of the supernatural until you were so thoroughly into the story that you could accept it almost without noticing ... It 's not until Grady , the ghost of the former caretaker who axed to death his family , slides open the bolt of the larder door , allowing Jack to escape , that you are left with no other explanation but the supernatural . The two gradys ( edit ) Early in the film , Stuart Ullman tells Jack of a previous caretaker , Charles Grady , who , in 1970 , succumbed to cabin fever , murdered his family and then killed himself . Later , Jack meets a ghostly butler named Grady . Jack says he knows about the murders , claiming to recognize Grady from pictures ; however , the butler introduces himself as Delbert Grady . Gordon Dahlquist of The Kubrick FAQ argues that the name change `` deliberately mirrors Jack Torrance being both the husband of Wendy / father of Danny and the mysterious man in the July Fourth photo . It is to say he is two people : the man with choice in a perilous situation and the man who has ' always ' been at the Overlook . It 's a mistake to see the final photo as evidence that the events of the film are predetermined : Jack has any number of moments where he can act other than the way he does , and that his ( poor ) choices are fueled by weakness and fear perhaps merely speaks all the more to the questions about the personal and the political that The Shining brings up . In the same way Charles had a chance -- once more , perhaps -- to not take on Delbert 's legacy , so Jack may have had a chance to escape his role as ' caretaker ' to the interests of the powerful . It 's the tragic course of this story that he chooses not to . '' Dahlquist 's argument is that Delbert Grady , the 1920s butler , and Charles Grady , the 1970s caretaker , rather than being either two different people or the same are two ' manifestations ' of a similar entity ; a part permanently at the hotel ( Delbert ) and the part which is given the choice of whether to join the legacy of the hotel 's murderous past ( Charles ) , just as the man in the photo is not exactly Jack Torrance , but nor is he someone entirely different . Jack in the photo has ' always ' been at the Overlook , Jack the caretaker chooses to become part of the hotel . The film 's assistant editor Gordon Stainforth has commented on this issue , attempting to steer a course between the continuity - error explanation on one side and the hidden - meaning explanation on the other ; `` I do n't think we 'll ever quite unravel this . Was his full name Charles Delbert Grady ? Perhaps Charles was a sort of nickname ? Perhaps Ullman got the name wrong ? But I also think that Stanley did NOT want the whole story to fit together too neatly , so ( it is ) absolutely correct , I think , to say that ' the sum of what we learn refuses to add up neatly ' . '' Kubrick 's other doubling / mirroring effects in the film : `` Jack 's interview with Ullman , whose confident affability contrasts with Jack 's unconvincing nonchalance , pairs off with the meeting between Wendy and a female doctor , whose somber and professional womanhood reacts in stunned disbelief to Wendy 's explanation for an old injury inflicted on Danny by his drunken father . During the interview , Jack and Ullman are joined by a hotel employee named Bill Watson , whose only real distinction ( and function ) is his striking physical resemblance to Jack , especially when seen from behind . The Grady sisters who look like twins but who are actually doubles ( their ages of eight and ten are established in Jack 's interview with Ullman ) . On two occasions Ullman says goodbye to two young female employees . In the Miami bedroom , two paintings showing a black nude woman on opposite walls ( mirroring ) are seen just before Hallorann experiences a `` shining '' . Two versions of the same nude woman inhabit the green bathroom in Room 237 . The film not only contains two mazes ( the hedges outside , which are , appropriately , 13 feet high , and the model inside ) , but the Overlook itself is a maze and , significantly , breaks down into two sections , one old and one remodeled , one past , one present . ( During Wendy 's initial tour of the kitchen with Hallorann she remarks that it is like a maze , and she later characterizes the fast - emptying hotel as `` like a ghost ship '' . ) There are two Jack Torrances , the one who goes mad and freezes to death in present time and the one who appears in a 1921 photograph that hangs on the gold corridor wall inside the Overlook . '' The photograph ( edit ) At the end of the film , the camera moves slowly towards a wall in the Overlook and a 1921 photograph , revealed to include Jack Torrance seen at the middle of a 1921 party . In an interview with Michel Ciment , Kubrick overtly declared that the photograph suggests that Jack was a reincarnation of an earlier official at the hotel . Still , this has not stopped interpreters from developing alternative readings , such as that Jack has been `` absorbed '' into the Overlook Hotel . Film critic Jonathan Romney , while acknowledging the absorption theory , wrote As the ghostly butler Grady ( Philip Stone ) tells him during their chilling confrontation in the men 's toilet , ' You 're the caretaker , sir . You 've always been the caretaker . ' Perhaps in some earlier incarnation Jack really was around in 1921 , and it 's his present - day self that is the shadow , the phantom photographic copy . But if his picture has been there all along , why has no one noticed it ? After all , it 's right at the center of the central picture on the wall , and the Torrances have had a painfully drawn - out winter of mind - numbing leisure in which to inspect every corner of the place . Is it just that , like Poe 's purloined letter , the thing in plain sight is the last thing you see ? When you do see it , the effect is so unsettling because you realise the unthinkable was there under your nose -- overlooked -- the whole time . Spatial layout of the Overlook hotel ( edit ) Screenwriter Todd Alcott has noted : Much has been written , some of it quite intelligent , about the spatial anomalies and inconsistencies in The Shining : there are rooms with windows that should not be there and doors that could n't possibly lead to anywhere , rooms appear to be in one place in one scene and another place in another , wall fixtures and furniture pieces appear and disappear from scene to scene , props move from one room to another , and the layout of the Overlook makes no physical sense . Artist Juli Kearns first identified and created maps of spatial discrepancies in the overall layout of the Overlook Hotel location , the interiors of which were constructed in studios in England . These spatial discrepancies included windows appearing in impossible places , such as in Stuart Ullman 's office which is surrounded by interior hallways , and apartment doorways positioned in places where they can not possibly lead to apartments . Rob Ager is another proponent of this theory . Jan Harlan , an Executive Producer on The Shining , was asked about the discontinuity of sets by Xan Brooks of The Guardian and confirmed the discontinuity was intentional , `` The set was very deliberately built to be offbeat and off the track , so that the huge ballroom would never actually fit inside . The audience is deliberately made not to know where they 're going . People say The Shining does n't make sense . Well spotted ! It 's a ghost movie . It 's not supposed to make sense . '' Harlan further elaborated to Kate Abbot for the same newspaper , `` Stephen King gave him the go - ahead to change his book , so Stanley agreed -- and wrote a much more ambiguous script . It 's clear instantly there 's something foul going on . At the little hotel , everything is like Disney , all kitsch wood on the outside -- but the interiors do n't make sense . Those huge corridors and ballrooms could n't fit inside . In fact , nothing makes sense . '' Comparison with the novel ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film differs from the novel significantly with regard to characterization and motivation of action . The most obvious differences are those regarding the personality of Jack Torrance ( the source of much of author Stephen King 's dissatisfaction with the film ) . Motivation of ghosts ( edit ) In the film , the motive of the ghosts is apparently to `` reclaim '' Jack ( even though Grady expresses an interest in Danny 's `` shining '' ability ) , who seems to be a reincarnation of a previous caretaker of the hotel , as suggested by the 1920s photograph of Jack at the end of the film and Jack 's repeated claims to have `` not just a deja vu '' . The film is even more focused on Jack ( as opposed to Danny ) than the novel . Room number ( edit ) The room number 217 has been changed to 237 . Timberline Lodge , located on Mt . Hood in Oregon , was used for the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel . The Lodge requested that Kubrick not depict Room 217 ( featured in the book ) in The Shining , because future guests at the Lodge might be afraid to stay there , and a nonexistent room , 237 , was substituted in the film . Contrary to the hotel 's expectations , Room 217 is requested more often than any other room at Timberline . There are fringe analyses relating this number change to rumors that Kubrick faked the first moon landing , as there are approximately 237,000 miles between Earth and Moon ( average is 238,855 miles ) and the movie is a subtle confession of his involvement . Another theory is an obsession with the number 42 and its forms in the movie and the product of the digits in 237 is 42 . Jack Torrance ( edit ) The novel presents Jack as initially likable and well - intentioned but haunted by the demons of alcohol and authority issues . Nonetheless , he becomes gradually overwhelmed by the evil forces in the hotel . At the novel 's conclusion , the hotel forces have possessed Jack 's body and proceed to destroy all that is left of his mind during a final showdown with Danny , leaving a monstrous entity that Danny is able to divert while he , Wendy and Dick Halloran escape . The film 's Jack is established as somewhat sinister much earlier in the story and dies in a different manner . Jack actually kills Dick Hallorann in the film , but only wounds him in the novel . King attempted to talk Stanley Kubrick out of casting Jack Nicholson even before filming began , on the grounds that he seemed vaguely sinister from the very beginning of the film , and had suggested Jon Voight among others for the role . Only in the novel does Jack hear the haunting , heavy - handed voice of his father with whom he had a troubled relationship . In both the novel and film , Jack 's encounter with the ghostly bartender is pivotal to Jack 's deterioration . However , the novel gives much more detail about Jack 's problems with drinking and alcohol . The film prolongs Jack 's struggle with writer 's block . Kubrick 's co-screenwriter Diane Johnson believes that in King 's novel , Jack 's discovery of the scrapbook of clippings in the boiler room of the hotel which gives him new ideas for a novel catalyzes his possession by the ghosts of the hotel , while at the same time unblocking his writing . Jack is no longer a blocked writer , but now filled with energy . In her contribution to the screenplay , Johnson wrote an adaptation of this scene , which to her regret Kubrick later excised , as she felt this left the father 's change less motivated . Kubrick showed Jack 's continued blockage quite late in the film with the `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' scene , which does not appear in the novel . Stephen King has openly stated on the DVD commentary of the 1997 mini-series of The Shining that the character of Jack Torrance was partially autobiographical , as he was struggling with both alcoholism and unprovoked rage toward his family at the time of writing . Tony Magistrale wrote about Kubrick 's version of Jack Torrance in Hollywood 's Stephen King : Kubrick 's version of Torrance is much closer to the tyrannical Hal ( from Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey ) and Alex ( from Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange ) than he is to King 's more conflicted , more sympathetically human characterization . From Thomas Allen Nelson 's Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze : `` When Jack moves through the reception area on his way to a ' shining ' over the model maze , he throws a yellow tennis ball past a stuffed bear and Danny 's Big Wheel , which rests on the very spot ( a Navajo circle design ) where Hallorann will be murdered . '' Jack 's tennis ball mysteriously rolls into Danny 's circle of toy cars just before the boy walks through the open door of Room 237 . `` In the film 's opening , the camera from above moves over water and through mountains with the ease of a bird in flight . Below , on a winding mountain road , Jack 's diminutive yellow Volkswagen journeys through a tree - lined maze , resembling one of Danny 's toy cars or the yellow tennis ball seen later outside of Room 237 . '' Danny Torrance ( edit ) Danny Torrance is considerably more open about his supernatural abilities in the novel , discussing them with strangers such as his doctor . In the film , he is quite secretive about them even with his prime mentor Dick Halloran , who also has these abilities . ( The same is true of Dick Halloran , who in his journey back to the Overlook in the book , talks with others with the `` shining '' ability , while in the film he lies about his reason for returning to the Overlook . ) Danny in the novel is generally portrayed as unusually intelligent across the board . In the film , he is more ordinary , though with a preternatural gift . In the novel , Danny is much more bonded to his father than in the film . Although Danny has supernatural powers in both versions , the novel makes it clear that his apparent imaginary friend `` Tony '' really is a projection of hidden parts of his own psyche , though heavily amplified by Danny 's psychic `` shining '' abilities . At the end it is revealed that Danny Torrance 's middle name is `` Anthony '' . Wendy Torrance ( edit ) Wendy Torrance in the film is relatively meek , submissive , passive , gentle , and mousy ; this is shown by the way she defends Jack even in his absence to the doctor examining Danny . It is implied she has perhaps been abused by him as well . In the novel , she is a far more self - reliant and independent personality who is tied to Jack in part by her poor relationship with her parents . In the novel , she never displays hysteria or collapses the way she does in the film , but remains cool and self - reliant . Writing in Hollywood 's Stephen King , author Tony Magistrale writes about the mini-series remake : De Mornay restores much of the steely resilience found in the protagonist of King 's novel and this is particularly noteworthy when compared to Shelley Duvall 's exaggerated portrayal of Wendy as Olive Oyl revisited : A simpering fatality of forces beyond her capacity to understand , much less surmount . Co-screenwriter Diane Johnson stated that in her contributions to the script , Wendy had more dialogue , and that Kubrick cut many of her lines , possibly due to his dissatisfaction with actress Shelley Duvall 's delivery . Johnson believes the earlier draft of the script portrayed Wendy as a more - rounded character . Stuart Ullman ( edit ) In the novel , Jack 's authority issues are triggered by the fact that his interviewer , Ullman , is highly authoritarian , a kind of snobbish martinet . The film 's Ullman is far more humane and concerned about Jack 's well - being , as well as smooth and self - assured . Only in the novel does Ullman state that he disapproves of hiring Jack but higher authorities have asked that Jack be hired . Ullman 's bossy nature in the novel is one of the first steps in Jack 's deterioration , whereas in the film , Ullman serves largely as an expositor . In Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation , author Greg Jenkins writes `` A toadish figure in the book , Ullman has been utterly reinvented for the film ; he now radiates charm , grace and gentility . '' From Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze : Ullman tells Jack that the hotel 's season runs from May 15 to October 30 , meaning the Torrances moved in on Halloween . On Ullmann 's desk next to a small American flag sits a metal cup containing pencils and a pen -- and a miniature replica of an ax . `` When Ullman , himself all smiles , relates as a footnote the story about the former caretaker who ' seemed perfectly normal ' but nevertheless cut up his family with an ax , Jack 's obvious interest ( as if he 's recalling one of his own nightmares ) and his insincere congeniality ( early signs of a personality malfunction ) lead the viewer to believe that the film 's definition of his madness will be far more complex . '' Family dynamics ( edit ) Stephen King provides the reader with a great deal of information about the stress in the Torrance family early in the story , including revelations of Jack 's physical abuse of Danny and Wendy 's fear of Danny 's mysterious spells . Kubrick tones down the early family tension and reveals family disharmony much more gradually than does King . In the film , Danny has a stronger emotional bond with Wendy than with Jack , which fuels Jack 's rather paranoid notion that the two are conspiring against him . Plot differences ( edit ) In the novel Jack recovers his sanity and goodwill through the intervention of Danny while this does not occur in the film . Writing in Cinefantastique magazine , Frederick Clarke suggests `` Instead of playing a normal man who becomes insane , Nicholson portrays a crazy man attempting to remain sane . '' In the novel , Jack 's final act is to enable Wendy and Danny to escape the hotel before it explodes due to a defective boiler , killing him . The film ends with the hotel still standing . More broadly , the defective boiler is a major element of the novel 's plot , entirely missing from the film version . Because of the limitations of special effects at the time , the living topiary animals of the novel were omitted and a hedge maze was added , acting as a final trap for Jack Torrance as well as a refuge for Danny . In the film , the hotel possibly derives its malevolent energy from being built on an Indian burial ground . In the novel , the reason for the hotel 's manifestation of evil is possibly explained by a theme present in King 's previous novel Salem 's Lot as well as Shirley Jackson 's The Haunting of Hill House : a physical place may absorb the evils that transpire there and manifest them as a vaguely sentient malevolence . The film 's Hallorann speaks to Danny about that phenomenon occurring at the Overlook . In the novel , Jack does a great deal of investigation of the hotel 's past through a scrapbook , a subplot almost omitted from the film aside from two touches : a brief appearance of the scrapbook beside the typewriter , and Jack 's statement to the ghost of Grady that he knows his face from an old newspaper article describing the latter 's horrific acts . Kubrick in fact shot a scene where Jack discovers the scrapbook but removed it during post-production , a decision which co-screenwriter Diane Johnson lamented . Some of the film 's most famous iconic scenes , such as the ghost girls in the hallway and the torrent of blood from the elevators , are unique to the film . The most notable of these would be the typewritten pages Wendy discovers on Jack 's desk . Similarly , many of the most memorable lines of dialogue ( `` Words of wisdom '' and `` Here 's Johnny ! '' ) are heard exclusively in the film . Film adaptation commentary ( edit ) Although Stephen King fans were critical of the novel 's adaptation on the grounds that Kubrick altered and reduced the novel 's themes , a defense of Kubrick 's approach was made in Steve Biodrowski 's review of the film . He argues that as in earlier films , Kubrick stripped out the back story of the film , reducing it down to a `` basic narrative line '' , making the characters more like archetypes . His review of the film is one of the few to go into detailed comparison with the novel . He writes , `` The result ... ( is ) a brilliant , ambitious attempt to shoot a horror film without the Gothic trappings of shadows and cobwebs so often associated with the genre . '' In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible , otherwise delete it . ( October 2017 ) Both parodies and homages to The Shining are prominent in UK and U.S. popular culture , particularly in films , TV shows , video games and music . Images and scenes frequently referenced are : the Grady girls in the hallway , the word `` Redrum '' , the blood spilling out of the elevator doors and Jack sticking his head through the hole in the bathroom door , saying , `` Here 's Johnny . '' The tricycle scene in which Danny sees the Grady girls and the `` here 's Johnny '' scene are seen on a drive - in theatre screen in the movie Twister just before a tornado rips the screen down . Director Tim Burton ( who credits Kubrick as an influence ) modeled the characters of Tweedledum and Tweedledee on the Grady girls in his version of Alice in Wonderland ( like so many viewers of the film , Burton identifies the girls as twins in spite of Ullman 's dialogue to the contrary ) . The Simpsons episode `` Treehouse of Horror V '' includes a parody titled `` The Shinning '' . In addition , Sherri and Terri , the twins in Bart 's 4th grade class , are visually similar to the Grady girls . Remington Steele episode `` Etched In Steele '' includes a reference to The Shining when Steele uses one of his customary cinematic references to explain the concept of writer 's block to his colleague Laura Holt . Five episodes of the drama Gilmore Girls reference the film . One episode contains Lorelai 's line `` Well , we like our Internet slow , okay ? We can turn it on , walk around , dance , make a sandwich . With DSL , there 's no dancing , no walking , and we 'd starve . It 'd be all work and no play . Have you not seen The Shining , Mom ? '' Kate Bush 's 1982 album The Dreaming contains the song `` Get Out of My House '' , inspired primarily by the novel . Sound clips of Ullman warning Jack about cabin fever with Jack 's reassurances appear in Swedish goth band Katatonia 's song `` Endtime '' on the album Brave Murder Day . The plot of the film is the basis for the music video for `` The Kill '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars . American heavy metal band Slipknot pay homage to the film in their first music video for their song `` Spit It Out '' , directed by Thomas Mignone . The video consists of conceptual imagery of the bandmembers each portraying characters enacting iconic scenes from the film , with Joey Jordison as Danny Torrance ; Shawn Crahan and Chris Fehn as the Grady twins ; Corey Taylor as Jack Torrance ; Mick Thomson as Lloyd the Bartender ; Craig Jones as Dick Hallorann ; James Root as Wendy Torrance ; Paul Gray as Harry Derwent ; and Sid Wilson as the corpse in the bathtub . The video was banned from MTV for overtly graphic and violent depictions , including Corey Taylor 's smashing through a door with an axe and the scene wherein James Root viciously assaults Corey Taylor with a baseball bat . Mignone and the band eventually re-edited a less violent version , which was subsequently aired on MTV . `` Here 's Johnny ! '' was parodied by British comedian Lenny Henry in a controversial advertisement for Premier Inn . Johnny Cage parodies the `` here 's Johnny '' scene as part of his fatality in Mortal Kombat X where he shoves his hands behind the opponent in which he then says the line by peeping his face through the opened torso . In the Scream Queens episode `` Pumpkin Patch '' , Chanel demands that her pumpkin patch party have an exact replica of the hedge maze which plays a central part of the episode . Also in the episode , Chanel # 5 has two twin boyfriends , Rodger and Dodger . The Little Sisters in the fallen underwater utopia Rapture , introduced in the 2007 video game BioShock , were partly inspired by the Grady twins . The Angry Birds Movie contains a scene with two pigs dressed as the Grady sisters . The song `` Enjoy Your Slay '' by American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills is inspired primarily by the novel as well as the film adaption . The song also features Stanley Kubrick 's grandson Sam Kubrick as guest vocalist . The tv show `` Psych '' has an episode titled `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' in which the plot and characters are based on film . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal United Kingdom portal 1980s portal Horror portal List of ghost films A Nightmare on Face Time , a 2012 episode of South Park parodying the film Room 237 , a 2012 documentary about interpretations of The Shining Treehouse of Horror V , a 1994 episode of The Simpsons that features a sketch parodying the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( May 23 , 1980 ) . `` Nicholson and Shelley Duvall in Kubrick 's ' The Shining ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Derek ( October 2 , 1980 ) . `` From the archive , 2 October 1980 : Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining - review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHINING '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHINING '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent . Stanley Kubrick : A Biography , p. 449 Jump up ^ Martin Scorsese ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) . `` 11 Scariest Horror Movies of All Time '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kubrick # 3 -- The Shining ( 1980 ) The Hollywood Projects '' . Thehollywoodprojects.com. 2010 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Brent Wiese '' . Public.iastate.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ My Movie Mundo ( 2010 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Jan Harlan ( producer ) -- The Shining , Eyes Wide Shut , etc '' . My Movie Mundo . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Those Two Scary Girls from The Shining '' . weht.net . Jump up ^ Bosworth , Patricia ( 255 ) . Diane Arbus : a biography . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31207 - 2 . Jump up ^ Olson , Danel , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Shining : Studies in the Horror Film . Lakewood , CO : Centipede Press . pp. 503 -- 532 . ISBN 978 - 1613470695 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ including Webster , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut . McFarland . p. 115 . ISBN 9780786459162 . and Kolker , Robert ( 2011 ) . A Cinema of Loneliness : Penn , Stone , Kubrick , Scorsese , Spielberg , Altman . Oxford University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973888 - 5 . and several others . Jump up ^ Webster , p. 115 Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent , `` Stanley Kubrick , A Biography , '' ( 1997 ) , p. 412 ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Paul ( 2003 ) , Stanley Kubrick : The Complete Films , Taschen GmbH , p. 9 , ISBN 978 - 3836527750 Jump up ^ Robert De Niro ( speaking about which films scared him ) , B105 FM interview on September 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ Stephen King , B105 FM on November 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 420 Jump up ^ Kubrick 's The Shining - Closing Day idyllopuspress.com Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick on the burned down set of The Shining '' . FilmMaker IQ . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kubrick at Elstree : The fire that almost axed The Shining '' . BBC Arts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott Reveals Stanley Kubrick Gave Him Footage From ' The Shining ' for ' Blade Runner ' Ending '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Huston , Allegra . Love Child , a Memoir of Family Lost and Found . Simon & Schuster ( 2009 ) p. 214 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3B10XziCZU?t=50s Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 437 Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Read the alternative phrases to ' All work and no play makes Jack a '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jack Nicholson in interview with Michel Ciment in Kubrick : The Definitive Edition p. 198 Jump up ^ Roberts , Chris . `` Eraserhead , The Short Films Of David Lynch '' . uncut.co.uk . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Serena Ferrara , Steadicam : Techniques and Aesthetics ( Oxford : Focal Press , 2000 ) , 26 -- 31 . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 426 Jump up ^ Brown , G. ( 1980 ) The Steadicam and The Shining . American Cinematographer . Reproduced at ( 1 ) without issue date or pages given Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 436 Jump up ^ `` Barham , Jeremy . `` Incorporating Monsters : Music as Context , Character and Construction in Kubrick 's The Shining . '' London : Equinox Press. `` . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84553 - 202 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gengaro , Christine Lee ( 2013 ) . Listening to Stanley Kubrick : The Music in His Films . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 190 . ISBN 9780810885646 . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent ( 1999 ) . Listening to Stanley Kubrick : The Music in His Films . Da Capo Press . p. 448 . ISBN 9780306809064 . Jump up ^ Sbravatti , Valerio ( 2010 ) . `` The Music in The Shining '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 447 Jump up ^ http://www.wendycarlos.com/+rls2.html Jump up ^ `` The Shining '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . 47 ( 562 ) : 221 . Nov 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Shine On ... and Out '' . www.visual-memory.co.uk . Jump up ^ Wurm , Gerald . `` Shining ( Comparison : International Version - US Version ) - Movie-Censorship.com '' . movie-censorship.com . Jump up ^ Wigley , Samuel . `` Producing The Shining : Jan Harlan on Kubrick '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shining on exxagon ^ Jump up to : Gerke , Greg ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) . `` On Newfound Footage from Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . BIG OTHER . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( April 30 , 1983 ) . `` This Week 's Movies '' . TV Guide : A5 -- A6 . Jump up ^ `` Opening teaser for the network television airing ... - the - overlook - hotel '' . Jump up ^ Stanley Kubrick ( 1980 ) . The Shining ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . Warner Brothers . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Shining Anniversary : Stanley Kubrick & His Mysterious Classic '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( May 23 , 1980 ) . `` Movie Review : THE SHINING '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Shining -- Excerpt from Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` Blu - ray Review : The Shining ( 1980 ) High - Def Digest '' . Bluray.highdefdigest.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak Previews : Titles and Airdate Guide '' . Epguides.com. 2013 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ DiMare , Philip ( 2011 ) . Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 440 . ISBN 9781598842975 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Quelle horreur ! ' The Shining ' was not only snubbed , it was Razzed ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lindrea , Victoria ( February 25 , 2007 ) . `` Blowing raspberries at Tinseltown '' . BBC News Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Peter ( January 20 , 2005 ) . `` The Morning Read -- So bad , they 're almost good -- A love of movies lies behind the Razzies '' . The Orange County Register : p. 1 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( Associated Press ) ( February 26 , 2005 ) . `` 25 Years of Razzing Hollywood 's Stinkers '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel ( Sun - Sentinel Company ) : p. 7D . Jump up ^ Marder , Jenny ( February 26 , 2005 ) . `` Razzin ' The Dregs of Hollywood Dreck -- Film : Cerritos ' John Wilson Marks His Golden Raspberry Awards ' 25th Year With A Guide To Cinematic Slumming '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram : p . A1 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Tim ( August 27 , 1987 ) . `` The Rolling Stone Interview : Stanley Kubrick in 1987 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Great Movies : The Shining '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures '' . Documentaryfilms.net . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Scary Moments : Channel 4 Film '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jamie Graham ( 2005 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Total Film -- Shock Horror ! '' . Totalfilm.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kim Newman 's choices in the Sound and Sound Top Ten poll 2002 Jump up ^ Jonathan Romney 's choices in the Sound and Sound Top Ten poll 2002 Jump up ^ Scorsese , Martin ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` 11 Scariest Horror Movies of All Time '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shining named perfect scary movie '' . BBC News . 2004 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` King 's College News `` Mathematicians declare The Shining perfect scary movie '' `` . Kcl.ac.uk. 2004 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 greatest American films '' . BBC . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sight & Sound Stanley Kubrick 1928 - 99 Resident Phantoms '' . BFI. 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick FAQ - The Shining '' . Visual-memory.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Rapture : The WD Interview '' , Writer 's Digest , May / June 2009 Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1981 ) . Danse Macabre . Berkley Press . pp. 415 -- 417 . ISBN 0425104338 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick v. King '' . TheIntellectualDevotional.com . October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ BBC News - Stephen King ' nervous ' about reaction to Shining sequel Jump up ^ Stephen King ( interviewee ) , Laurent Bouzerau ( writer , director , producer ) ( 2011 ) . A Night at the Movies : The Horrors of Stephen King ( Television production ) . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` What Stanley Kubrick got wrong about `` The Shining '' `` . Salon . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quoted in '' . Thewordslinger.com. 2008 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stephen King on the big screen by Mark Browning p. 239 Jump up ^ `` Den svenska filmens Guldålder '' ( in Swedish ) Thorellifilm Jump up ^ Original Scene from `` The Phantom Carriage '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Blakemore 's essay has gone on to be discussed in several books on Kubrick particularly Julien Rice 's Kubrick 's Hope as well as a study of Stephen King films Stephen King on the Big Screen by Mark Browning . It is also assigned in many college film courses , and discussed ubiquitously on the Internet Jump up ^ Blakemore is best known as a spearhead for global warming issues and having been ABC News ' Vatican Correspondent since 1970 . Jump up ^ Capo , John ( 2004 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Tailslate.net '' . Tailslate.net . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Cocks ; James Diedrick ; Glenn Perusek , eds. ( 2006 ) . Depth of Field : Stanley Kubrick , Film , and the Uses of History ( 1st ed . ) . Madison , Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0299216146 . Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , ch. 11 . Jump up ^ Rice , Julian ( 2008 ) . Kubrick 's Hope : Discovering Optimism from 2001 to Eyes Wide Shut . Scarecrow Press , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , p. 59 , Writing The Shining , essay by Diane Johnson . Jump up ^ `` James Howell Quotes '' . Famousquotesandauthors.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( June 18 , 2006 ) . `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . REELVIEWS.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollywood 's Stephen King by Tony Magistrale Palgrave Macmillan 2003 pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Kubrick by Michel Ciment , 1983 , Holt Rinehart Winston ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick FAQ - The Shining Part 2 '' . Visual-memory.co.uk. 1921 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen , Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze , p. 206 - 207 Jump up ^ `` The Kubrick Site : Kubrick speaks in regard to ' The Shining ' '' . Visual-memory.co.uk . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Todd Alcott ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Todd Alcott : What Does the Protagonist Want ? '' . Todd Alcott . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 10 Most Outrageous Theories About What The Shining Really Means - Angela Watercutter 29 March 2013 Wired.com Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald ( 1 Aug 2011 ) . `` Spatial Awareness in The Shining '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Duke Nukem finally figures out what 's wrong in The Shining 's Overlook Hotel '' . Joystiq.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brookes , Xan ( 18 Oct 2012 ) . `` Shining a light inside Room 237 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Kate ( 29 Oct 2012 ) . `` How we made Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Movie Junk Archive : Stephen King 's The Shining Jump up ^ TV Guide , April 26 -- May 2 , 1997 Jump up ^ Among many other places , this is suggested in The Modern Weird Tale by S.T. Joshi , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining '' . Timberline Lodge . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jr. , Thomas P. Deering , . `` Deering Thesis : Timberline Lodge Second Floor Plan '' . www.tomdeering.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How far away is the moon ? : : NASA Space Place '' . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Back . But What Does It Mean ? Aide to Kubrick on ' Shining ' Scoffs at ' Room 237 ' Theories '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze . Indiana University Press . p. 325 -- 326 . ISBN 0253213908 . Jump up ^ See Chapter 55 , That Which Was Forgotten . Jump up ^ King discusses this in an interview he gave at the time of the TV remake of The Shining in the New York Daily News `` The Shining By the Book '' . Jump up ^ Creepshows : The Illustrated Stephen King Movie Guide By Stephen Jones Published by Watson - Guptill , 2002 p. 20 Jump up ^ Magistrale , Tony . Stephen King : America 's Storyteller , p. 120 . ABC - CLIO , 2010 . ISBN 9780313352287 . See also novel , Chapter 26 , Dreamland . Jump up ^ Johnson essay 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ DVD of The Shining TV mini-series directed by Mick Garris Studio : Warner Home Video DVD Release Date : January 7 , 2003 Jump up ^ p. 100 of Hollywood 's Stephen King By Tony Magistrale Published by Macmillan , 2003 Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen , Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze p. 203 , 209 , 214 Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Randy . Stanley Kubrick : Seven Films Analyzed p. 233 . McFarland . See novel 's Chapter 17 , The Doctor 's Office , and chapter 20 , Talking with Mr. Ullman Jump up ^ Rasmussen , 233 - 4 . See also novelChapter 16 , Danny . Jump up ^ Tony 's real identity is revealed in Chapter 54 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Dale . American Nightmares : The Haunted House Formula in American Popular Fiction , p. 95 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 9780299268732 . See also the novel Chapter 5 , Phone Booth , and Chapter 6 , Night Thoughts . Jump up ^ Magistrale , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Johnson essay 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Jack 's disdain for Ullman is the main subject of Chapter 1 of the novel , setting up Jack 's authority issues . Jump up ^ p. 74 of Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation : Three Novels , Three Films by Greg Jenkins , published by McFarland , 1997 Jump up ^ Nelson , p. 200 , 206 , 210 Jump up ^ Rasmussen , 233 - 4 . See also novel Chapter 6 , Night Thoughts . ' Jump up ^ Clarke , Frederick ( 1996 ) . `` The Shining '' . Cinefastique. 28 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Dale ( 1999 ) . American nightmares : the haunted house formula in American popular fiction . Popular Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 879727 - 89 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . Pages.prodigy.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick 's -- The Shining -- By Harlan Kennedy '' . Americancinemapapers.homestead.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cinema of the occult : new age , satanism , Wicca , and spiritualism in film , by Carrol Lee Fry , notes similarities to both the Jackson story and Poe 's The Fall of the House of Usher ( p. 230 ) . Jump up ^ The chapter is analyzed at length in Magistrale , Toney ( 1998 ) . Discovering Stephen King 's The shining : . Wildside Press . pp. 39 -- following . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55742 - 133 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining Adapted : An Interview with Diane Johnson '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` KevinBroome.com '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining ( 1980 ) Review '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Biodrowsky is a former editor of the print magazine Cinefantastique Jump up ^ `` ' Secret Window ' achieves horror with suspense , silence '' . Western Herald . 2004 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . `` The Shining '' has cemented a spot in horror pop culture . Jump up ^ Simon Hill . `` The Shining Review '' . Celluloid Dreams . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . This film has embedded itself in popular culture ... Jump up ^ Mark Blackwell ( 2005 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Deep End : Christiane Kubrick '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Images from his films have made an indelible impression on popular culture . Think of ( ... ) Jack Nicholson sticking his head through the door saying ' Here 's Johnny ' in The Shining . Jump up ^ `` Shining tops screen horrors '' . BBC News . 2003 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . The scene in The Shining has become one of cinema 's iconic images ... Jump up ^ `` Stephen Chow 's `` Kungfu Hustle '' salutes to Kubrick 's `` The Shining '' ( in Chinese ) `` . 2004 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( May 10 , 1996 ) . `` Dorothy and Toto Had It Easier '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Mr. de Bont has the gleeful opportunity to stage an elaborate sequence at a drive - in theater playing `` The Shining '' , and then blow Mr. Nicholson 's famously evil grin right off the screen . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton took a ' Shining ' to Tweedledee and Tweedledum '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy by Gary Westfahl states , `` While the scope of reference to fantastic fiction in The Simpsons is vast , there are two masters of the genre whose impact on The Simpson supersedes that of all others : Stanley Kubrick and Edgar Allan Poe . '' p. 1232 Jump up ^ `` The Family Dynamic '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2003 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon ; Travers , Ben . `` 12 Haunting TV Homages to ' The Shining ' IndieWire '' . www.indiewire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Etched in Steele transcription '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Ritch ( 2008 ) . Gilmore girls and the politics of identity : Essays on Family and Feminism in the Television Series . McFarland . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3727 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Gaffaweb - Kate Bush - THE GARDEN - Kate 's KBC article - Issue 12 ( Oct 1982 ) - About The Dreaming '' . Gaffa.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Katatonia -- Brave Murder Day '' . Hailmetal.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Thirty Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie CD / DVD , `` Making of The Kill music video '' -- Jared Leto and Matt Wachter talk about the song 's meaning . Jump up ^ Dirty Horror Spotlight : Slipknot Dirty Horror Posted January 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ 10 Great Pop Culture Homages To The Shining Flavorwire - Posted Sept 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Premier Inn ' horror ' ad banned from children 's network '' . BBC News . 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cage family reunites in Mortal Kombat X '' . Made For Gaming. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scream Queens tries to manufacture camp magic in `` Pumpkin Patch '' `` . www.avclub.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ @ IGLevine ( 29 November 2014 ) . `` RT @ CanadianEm : @ IGLevine Did A Clockwork Orange inspire Bioshock in any way , shape or form ? -- - Not really , but : www.whorange.net/. a / 6a00e5506da997883301901e0ed31c970b - pi '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murthi , Vikram ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Movie : New TV Spot Features Bizarre ' Shining ' Reference We 're Sure Kids Will Understand & Enjoy '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Nine Kills release ' Shining ' - inspired song featuring Sam Kubrick -- listen - News - Alternative Press '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ `` Ice Nine Kills Celebrates The Shining Anniversary With Themed Track That Includes Stanley Kubrick 's Grandson ! - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heeeeere 's Lassie ! Psych 's James Roday Dishes on The Shining Tribute ; Plus , See Carlton Go Cray - Cray '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Psych : `` Heeeeere 's Lassie ! '' `` . 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Shining ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Shining ( film ) . The Shining on IMDb The Shining at the TCM Movie Database The Shining at Box Office Mojo The Shining at Rotten Tomatoes The Shining at Metacritic Stanley Kubrick , which includes `` The Kubrick Site '' and `` The Kubrick FAQ '' Kubrick 's The Shining , a shot - by - shot analysis by Juli Kearns The Overlook Hotel , ephemera related to The Shining Staircases to Nowhere : Making Stanley Kubrick 's ' The Shining ' , an oral history told by several crew members Stephen King 's The Shining Novels The Shining ( 1977 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Characters Jack Torrance Danny Torrance Adaptations The Shining ( 1980 film ) The Shining ( 1997 miniseries ) Other Room 237 Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Creepshow ( 1982 ) Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) The Secretary of Dreams ( 2006 ) The Dark Tower ( 2007 -- ) The Stand ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Talisman ( 2009 -- 10 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) N. ( 2010 ) Road Rage ( 2012 ) The Dark Man ( 2013 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Book Stanley Kubrick Feature films Fear and Desire ( 1953 ) Killer 's Kiss ( 1955 ) The Killing ( 1956 ) Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) Lolita ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1980 ) Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ) Short films Day of the Fight ( 1951 ) Flying Padre ( 1951 ) The Seafarers ( 1953 ) Related films World Assembly of Youth ( 1952 ) Strangers Kiss ( 1983 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures ( 2001 ) Dark Side of the Moon ( 2002 ) Colour Me Kubrick ( 2005 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Boxes ( 2008 ) Room 237 ( 2012 ) S Is for Stanley ( 2016 ) Related topics Archive Bibliography Filmography and awards Influence Interpretations of 2001 Personal life Political and religious beliefs Recurring cast members Unrealized projects People Alan Conway Anthony Frewin Jan Harlan Christiane Kubrick Vivian Kubrick Ruth Sobotka Shirley Jackson 's The Haunting of Hill House ( 1959 ) Films The Haunting ( 1963 ) The Haunting ( 1999 ) TV Rose Red ( 2002 ) Influenced Hell House ( 1971 novel ) / The Legend of Hell House ( 1973 film ) The Shining ( 1977 novel ) / The Shining ( 1980 film ) VIAF : 316751759 GND : 4475809 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shining_(film)&oldid=804130631 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films 1980 horror films 1980s ghost films 1980s psychological films British films British horror films American films American haunted house films American psychological horror films Films directed by Stanley Kubrick Screenplays by Stanley Kubrick Films about domestic violence Films about dysfunctional families Films about writers Films based on works by Stephen King Films set in Colorado Films set in hotels Films shot in California Films shot in Colorado Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in Montana Films shot in Oregon Supernatural horror films Films shot at Elstree Studios Films shot at Pinewood Studios Warner Bros. films Films based on American horror novels Films produced by Stanley Kubrick Uxoricide in fiction Filicide in fiction Telepathy in fiction Film scores by Wendy Carlos Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Articles that may contain original research from October 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles with trivia sections from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 23 : 25 . 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what was the room number in the shining
[ "The room number 217 has been changed to 237. Timberline Lodge, located on Mt. Hood in Oregon, was used for the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel. The Lodge requested that Kubrick not depict Room 217 (featured in the book) in The Shining, because future guests at the Lodge might be afraid to stay there, and a nonexistent room, 237, was substituted in the film. Contrary to the hotel's expectations, Room 217 is requested more often than any other room at Timberline.[113][114]" ]
[ "237" ]
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Tracheotomy
Tracheotomy - wikipedia Tracheotomy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the surgical procedure called a tracheotomy . For a similar procedure , see Cricothyrotomy . Tracheotomy Completed tracheotomy : 1 -- Vocal folds 2 -- Thyroid cartilage 3 -- Cricoid cartilage 4 -- Tracheal rings 5 -- Balloon cuff ICD - 10 - PCS 0B110F4 ICD - 9 - CM 31.1 MeSH D014140 MedlinePlus 002955 ( edit on Wikidata ) Tracheotomy ( US : / ˌtreɪkiˈɒtəmi / tray - kee - AW - tə - mee ) is a surgical procedure which consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea ( windpipe ) . The resulting stoma ( hole ) , or tracheostomy , can serve independently as an airway or as a site for a tracheal tube or tracheostomy tube to be inserted ; this tube allows a person to breathe without the use of the nose or mouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and terminology 2 Indications 2.1 Long term ventilation 2.2 Bypassing upper airway blockages 3 Parts 4 Surgical procedure 4.1 Instruments 4.2 Percutaneous tracheotomy 4.3 The translaryngeal tracheostomy TLT Fantoni method 5 Complications 6 Alternatives 7 Routine care 7.1 Suctioning 8 History 8.1 Prior to 16th century 8.2 16th -- 18th centuries 8.3 19th century 8.4 20th century 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Etymology and terminology ( edit ) The etymology of the word tracheotomy comes from two Greek words : the root tom - ( from Greek τομή tomḗ ) meaning `` to cut '' , and the word trachea ( from Greek τραχεία tracheía ) . The word tracheostomy , including the root stom - ( from Greek στόμα stóma ) meaning `` mouth , '' refers to the making of a semi-permanent or permanent opening , and to the opening itself . Some sources offer different definitions of the above terms . Part of the ambiguity is due to the uncertainty of the intended permanence of the stoma at the time it is created . Indications ( edit ) Long term ventilation ( edit ) Main article : Mechanical ventilation Tracheotomy tubes and endotracheal tubes are often attached to ventilators to assist in breathing . An endotracheal tube ( above ) used in acute settings requires sedation . For longer term settings a tracheostomy tube is used instead . In the chronic ( long term ) setting , indications for tracheotomy include the need for long - term mechanical ventilation and tracheal toilet ( e.g. comatose patients , or extensive surgery involving the head and neck ) . Tracheotomy may result in a significant reduction in the administration of sedatives and vasopressors , as well as the duration of stay in the intensive care unit . In extreme cases , the procedure may be indicated as a treatment for severe obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA ) seen in patients intolerant of continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP ) therapy . The reason tracheostomy works well for OSA is because it is the only surgical procedure that completely bypasses the upper airway . This procedure was commonly performed for obstructive sleep apnea until the 1980s , when other procedures such as the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty , genioglossus advancement , and maxillomandibular advancement surgeries were described as alternative surgical modalities for OSA . Bypassing upper airway blockages ( edit ) In the acute ( short term ) setting , indications for tracheotomy include such conditions as severe facial trauma , tumors of the head and neck ( e.g. , cancers , branchial cleft cysts ) , and acute angioedema and inflammation of the head and neck . In the context of failed orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation , either tracheotomy or cricothyrotomy may be performed . Parts ( edit ) An outer cannula ( top item ) with inflatable cuff ( top right ) , an inner cannula ( center item ) and an obturator ( bottom item ) A tracheostomy tube consists of an outer cannula or main shaft , an inner cannula , and an obturator . The obturator is used when inserting the tracheostomy tube to guide the placement of the outer cannula and is removed once the outer cannula is in place . The outer cannula remains in place but , because of the buildup of secretions , there is an inner cannula that may be removed for cleaning or replaced . Tracheostomy tubes may have cuffs , inflatable balloons at the end of the tube to secure it in place . A tracheostomy tube may be fenestrated with one or several holes to let air through the larynx , allowing speech . Surgical procedure ( edit ) Instruments ( edit ) As with most other surgical procedures , some cases are more difficult than others . Surgery on children is more difficult because of their smaller size . Difficulties such as a short neck and bigger thyroid glands make the trachea hard to open . There are other difficulties with patients with irregular necks , the obese , and those with a large goitre . The many possible complications include hemorrhage , loss of airway , subcutaneous emphysema , wound infections , stomal cellulites , fracture of tracheal rings , poor placement of the tracheostomy tube , and bronchospasm `` . By the late 19th century , some surgeons had become proficient in performing the tracheotomy procedure . The main instruments used were : `` Two small scalpels , one short grooved director , a tenaculum , two aneurysm needles which may be used as retractors , one pair of artery forceps , haemostatic forceps , two pairs of dissecting forceps , a pair of scissors , a sharp - pointed tenotome , a pair of tracheal forceps , a tracheal dilator , tracheotomy tubes , ligatures , sponges , a flexible catheter , and feathers '' . Haemostatic forceps were used to control bleeding from separated vessels that were not ligatured because of the urgency of the operation . Generally , they were used to expose the trachea by clamping the isthmus thyroid gland on both sides . To open the trachea physically , a sharp - pointed tentome allowed the surgeon easily to place the ends into the opening of the trachea . The thin points permitted the doctor a better view of his incision . Tracheal dilators , such as the `` Golding Bird '' , were placed through the opening and then expanded by `` turning the screw to which they are attached . '' Tracheal forceps , as displayed on the right , were commonly used to extract foreign bodies from the larynx . The optimum tracheal tube at the time caused very little damage to the trachea and `` mucus membrane '' . The best position for a tracheotomy was and still is one that forces the neck into the biggest prominence . Usually , the patient was laid on his back on a table with a cushion placed under his shoulders to prop him up . The arms were restrained to ensure they would not get in the way later . The tools and techniques used today in tracheotomies have come a long way . The tracheotomy tube placed into the incision through the windpipe comes in various sizes , thus allowing a more comfortable fit and the ability to remove the tube in and out of the throat without disrupting support from a breathing machine . In today 's world general anesthesia is used when performing these surgeries , which makes it much more tolerable for the patient . Special tracheostomy tube valves ( such as the Passy - Muir valve ) have been created to assist people in their speech . The patient can inhale through the unidirectional tube . Upon expiration , pressure causes the valve to close , redirecting air around the tube , past the vocal folds , producing sound . Significant improvements to surgical instruments for tracheotomy include the direct suction tracheotomy tube invented by Josephine G. Fountain ( RN ) ; she was awarded patent no . 3039469 in 1962 for the direct suction tracheotomy tube , which improved the ways mucus could be cleared from the trachea and increased patient breathing and comfort . Percutaneous tracheotomy ( edit ) While there were some earlier false starts , the first widely accepted percutaneous tracheotomy technique was described by Pat Ciaglia , a New York surgeon , in 1985 . This technique involves a series of sequential dilatations using a set of seven dilators of progressively larger size . The next widely used technique was developed in 1989 by Bill Griggs , an Australian intensive care specialist . This technique involves the use of a specially modified pair of forceps with a central hole enabling them to pass over a guidewire enabling the performance of the main dilation in a single step . Since then a number of other techniques have been described . In 1995 , Fantoni developed a translaryngeal approach of percutaneous tracheostomy which involves passing a guidewire through the larynx and over it railroading a tracheostomy tube with a cone shaped structure . It is also known as the In - and - out procedure . A variant of the original Ciaglia technique , using a single tapered dilator known as a `` blue rhino '' , is the most commonly used of these newer techniques and has largely taken over from the early multiple dilator technique . Ambesh SP ( 2005 ) introduced a T - Trach kit ( T - Dagger ) which contains a T - shaped dilator with an elliptical shaft . The shaft of the dilator is marked in its length according to the sizes of tracheostomy tube to be introduced and has a number of holes . This T - shaped dilator provides better grip during its introduction and its elliptical shaft forms a calibrated tracheal stoma between two tracheal rings and minimizes tracheal ring fracture . The Griggs and Ciaglia Blue Rhino techniques are the two main techniques in current use . A number of comparison studies have been undertaken between these two techniques with no clear differences emerging The translaryngeal tracheostomy tlt fantoni method ( edit ) The translaryngeal tracheostomy is a percutaneous technique characterized by the exclusive procedure to carry out the stoma . A cone of soft plastic material , welded to a flexible cannula , is passed into trachea through the glottis , and then extracted outside of the neck through the pretracheal layers . The direction of this dilational manoeuvre is from the inside of the tracheal lumen to the outside of the neck ( In / Out ) and therefore completely opposite to the Out / In of other traditional percutaneous tracheostomies . The cone is then separated from the cannula , which results in it being positioned in the trachea . This method ensures considerable advantages , two of which are of particular importance : the abolition of the risk of perforation of the posterior wall and the reduction of local trauma to a level that is unlikely to be further lowered . The use of a ventilation catheter during the time of the procedure allows full control of the airway and to extend the indications of the technique to patients with severe respiratory failure . Complications ( edit ) A 2000 Spanish study of bedside percutaneous tracheostomy reported overall complication rates of 10 -- 15 % and a procedural mortality of 0 % , which is comparable to those of other series reported in the literature from the Netherlands and the United States . A 2003 American cadaveric study identified multiple tracheal ring fractures with the Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique as a complication occurring in 100 % of their small series of cases . The comparative study above also identified ring fractures in 9 of 30 live patients while another small series identified ring fractures in 5 of their 20 patients . The long term significance of tracheal ring fractures is unknown . But the main complication of this procedure is obstruction of the hole due to accumulation of mucus produced by respiratory normal flora , which in turn will lead to hypoxia and further complications due to reduced level of oxygen received by lungs . Alternatives ( edit ) Biphasic cuirass ventilation is a form of non-invasive mechanical ventilation that can in many cases allow patients an alternative mode of respiratory support , allowing patients to avoid an invasive tracheostomy and its many complications . While this method has not been proven to help in every case , it has been shown to be an effective alternative for many . Routine care ( edit ) Suctioning ( edit ) Caring for a tracheotomy mostly includes suctioning to prevent occlusions and replacing supplies . Because of the lack of filtering and humidifying by the nose and the ineffective cough mechanism , there is a buildup of secretions . Suctioning is only performed when clinically necessary because there are many potential risks . Risks include hypoxia and so suctioning is limited to 10 to 20 seconds at a time and the patient is hyperoxygenated just before and after suctioning . Risks also include atelectasis , or collapsing lung tissue from high suction pressure , and so pressure is limited to 80 -- 120 mm Hg . Risks also include tissue damage . The suction catheter is inserted no more than 1 cm past the length of the tube to avoid contact with trachea tissue . Suctioning is only done during withdrawing the catheter at least 1 / 2 inch . Risks also include infection . History ( edit ) A tracheostomy from prior to the 20th century Prior to 16th century ( edit ) Tracheotomy was first depicted on Egyptian artifacts in 3600 BC . It was described in the Rigveda , a Sanskrit text , circa 2000 BC . Homerus of Byzantium is said to have written of Alexander the Great saving a soldier from suffocation by making an incision with the tip of his sword in the man 's trachea . Hippocrates condemned the practice of tracheotomy as incurring an unacceptable risk of damage to the carotid artery . Warning against the possibility of death from inadvertent laceration of the carotid artery during tracheotomy , he instead advocated the practice of tracheal intubation . Because surgical instruments were not sterilized at that time , infections following surgery also produced numerous complications , including dyspnea , often leading to death . Despite the concerns of Hippocrates , it is believed that an early tracheotomy was performed by Asclepiades of Bithynia , who lived in Rome around 100 BC . Galen and Aretaeus , both of whom lived in Rome in the 2nd century AD , credit Asclepiades as being the first physician to perform a non-emergency tracheotomy . Antyllus , another Roman physician of the 2nd century AD , supported tracheotomy when treating oral diseases . He refined the technique to be more similar to that used in modern times , recommending that a transverse incision be made between the third and fourth tracheal rings for the treatment of life - threatening airway obstruction . Antyllus ( whose original writings were lost but not before they were preserved by the Greek historian Oribasius ) wrote that tracheotomy was not effective however in cases of severe laryngotracheobronchitis because the pathology was distal to the operative site . In AD 131 , Galen clarified the anatomy of the trachea and was the first to demonstrate that the larynx generates the voice . By AD 700 , the tracheotomy was well described in Indian and Arabian literature , although it was rarely practiced on humans . In 1000 , Abu al - Qasim al - Zahrawi ( 936 -- 1013 ) , an Arab who lived in Arabic Spain , published the 30 - volume Kitab al - Tasrif , the first illustrated work on surgery . He never performed a tracheotomy , but he did treat a slave girl who had cut her own throat in a suicide attempt . Al - Zahrawi ( known to Europeans as Albucasis ) sewed up the wound and the girl recovered , thereby proving that an incision in the larynx could heal . Circa AD 1020 , Avicenna ( 980 -- 1037 ) described tracheal intubation in The Canon of Medicine in order to facilitate breathing . The first correct description of the tracheotomy operation for treatment of asphyxiation was described by Ibn Zuhr ( 1091 -- 1161 ) in the 12th century . According to Mostafa Shehata , Ibn Zuhr ( also known as Avenzoar ) successfully practiced the tracheotomy procedure on a goat , justifying Galen 's approval of the operation . 16th -- 18th centuries ( edit ) The European Renaissance brought with it significant advances in all scientific fields , particularly surgery . Increased knowledge of anatomy was a major factor in these developments . Surgeons became increasingly open to experimental surgery on the trachea . During this period , many surgeons attempted to perform tracheotomies , for various reasons and with various methods . Many suggestions were put forward , but little actual progress was made toward making the procedure more successful . The tracheotomy remained a dangerous operation with a very low success rate , and many surgeons still considered the tracheotomy to be a useless and dangerous procedure . The high mortality rate for this operation , which had not improved , supports their position . From the period 1500 to 1832 there are only 28 known reports of tracheotomy . In 1543 , Andreas Vesalius ( 1514 -- 1564 ) wrote that tracheal intubation and subsequent artificial respiration could be life - saving . Antonio Musa Brassavola ( 1490 -- 1554 ) of Ferrara treated a patient suffering from peritonsillar abscess by tracheotomy after the patient had been refused by barber surgeons . The patient apparently made a complete recovery , and Brassavola published his account in 1546 . This operation has been identified as the first recorded successful tracheostomy , despite many ancient references to the trachea and possibly to its opening . Ambroise Paré ( 1510 -- 1590 ) described suture of tracheal lacerations in the mid-16th century . One patient survived despite a concomitant injury to the internal jugular vein . Another sustained wounds to the trachea and esophagus and died . Hieronymus Fabricius Towards the end of the 16th century , anatomist and surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius ( 1533 -- 1619 ) described a useful technique for tracheotomy in his writings , although he had never actually performed the operation himself . He advised using a vertical incision and was the first to introduce the idea of a tracheostomy tube . This was a straight , short cannula that incorporated wings to prevent the tube from advancing too far into the trachea . He recommended the operation only as a last resort , to be used in cases of airway obstruction by foreign bodies or secretions . He counseled that the operation should be performed only as a last option . Fabricius ' description of the tracheotomy procedure is similar to that used today . Julius Casserius ( 1561 -- 1616 ) succeeded Fabricius as professor of anatomy at the University of Padua and published his own writings regarding technique and equipment for tracheotomy . Casserius recommended using a curved silver tube with several holes in it . Marco Aurelio Severino ( 1580 -- 1656 ) , a skillful surgeon and anatomist , performed multiple successful tracheotomies during a diphtheria epidemic in Naples in 1610 , using the vertical incision technique recommended by Fabricius . He also developed his own version of a trocar . In 1620 the French surgeon Nicholas Habicot ( 1550 -- 1624 ) , surgeon of the Duke of Nemours and anatomist , published a report of four successful `` bronchotomies '' which he had performed . One of these is the first recorded case of a tracheotomy for the removal of a foreign body , in this instance a blood clot in the larynx of a stabbing victim . He also described the first tracheotomy to be performed on a pediatric patient . A 14 - year - old boy swallowed a bag containing 9 gold coins in an attempt to prevent its theft by a highwayman . The object became lodged in his esophagus , obstructing his trachea . Habicot performed a tracheotomy , which allowed him to manipulate the bag so that it passed through the boy 's alimentary tract , apparently with no further sequelae . Habicot suggested that the operation might also be effective for patients suffering from inflammation of the larynx . He developed equipment for this surgical procedure which displayed similarities to modern designs ( except for his use of a single - tube cannula ) . Sanctorius ( 1561 -- 1636 ) is believed to be the first to use a trocar in the operation , and he recommended leaving the cannula in place for a few days following the operation . Early tracheostomy devices are illustrated in Habicot 's Question Chirurgicale and Julius Casserius ' posthumous Tabulae anatomicae in 1627 . Thomas Fienus ( 1567 -- 1631 ) , Professor of Medicine at the University of Louvain , was the first to use the word `` tracheotomy '' in 1649 , but this term was not commonly used until a century later . Georg Detharding ( 1671 -- 1747 ) , professor of anatomy at the University of Rostock , treated a drowning victim with tracheostomy in 1714 . 19th century ( edit ) In the 1820s , the tracheotomy began to be recognized as a legitimate means of treating severe airway obstruction . In 1832 , French physician Pierre Bretonneau employed it as a last resort to treat a case of diphtheria . In 1852 , Bretonneau 's student Armand Trousseau reported a series of 169 tracheotomies ( 158 of which were for croup , and 11 for `` chronic maladies of the larynx '' ) In 1858 , John Snow was the first to report tracheotomy and cannulation of the trachea for the administration of chloroform anesthesia in an animal model . In 1871 , the German surgeon Friedrich Trendelenburg ( 1844 -- 1924 ) published a paper describing the first successful elective human tracheotomy to be performed for the purpose of administration of general anesthesia . In 1880 , the Scottish surgeon William Macewen ( 1848 -- 1924 ) reported on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy to allow a patient with glottic edema to breathe , as well as in the setting of general anesthesia with chloroform . At last , in 1880 Morrell Mackenzie 's book discussed the symptoms indicating a tracheotomy and when the operation is absolutely necessary . 20th century ( edit ) In the early 20th century , physicians began to use the tracheotomy in the treatment of patients afflicted with paralytic poliomyelitis who required mechanical ventilation . However , surgeons continued to debate various aspects of the tracheotomy well into the 20th century . Many techniques were described and employed , along with many different surgical instruments and tracheal tubes . Surgeons could not seem to reach a consensus on where or how the tracheal incision should be made , arguing whether the `` high tracheotomy '' or the `` low tracheotomy '' was more beneficial . The currently used surgical tracheotomy technique was described in 1909 by Chevalier Jackson of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Jackson emphasised the importance of postoperative care , which dramatically reduced the death rate . By 1965 , the surgical anatomy was thoroughly and widely understood , antibiotics were widely available and useful for treating postoperative infections , and other major complications had also become more manageable . In popular culture ( edit ) In 1973 in the 19th television season of Gunsmoke ( episode 598 ) , toward the end of the series , a backwoods community wants to hang part - time deputy and doctor - in - training , Newly O'Brian ( played by Buck Taylor ) for a failed emergency tracheotomy he performed . This fictional event was supposed to have occurred in the U.S. `` Old West '' ( Kansas area ) in the mid to late 1800s . In the 1975 novel Julia by Peter Straub ( and in the subsequent film based on the novel ) , the action is precipitated when the title character attempts an emergency tracheotomy on her choking child . In ninth episode of season five of the M * A * S * H * ( `` Mulcahy 's War '' ) in 1976 , Father Mulcahy ( played by William Christopher ) performs an emergency tracheotomy in the field , guided by Hawkeye Pierce ( played by Alan Alda ) over the army two - way radio . This fictional event was supposed to have occurred during the Korean War in the early 1950s . In the 1991 film Dead Again , retired reporter Gray Baker ( Andy Garcia ) is visited in a nursing home by investigator Mike Church ( Kenneth Brannagh ) . Despite having been told by a nurse that Baker is not allowed to smoke , Church gives Baker a cigarette as a bribe for information , which Baker smokes through his tracheostomy . In the TV Show the X-Files ( 1999 ) the Smoking Man gets a tracheotomy due to throat cancer , smoking his cigarettes through it In the 2008 film Saw V , detective Peter Strahm performs an impromptu tracheotomy on himself with a ballpoint pen , preventing himself from drowning in one of the antagonist 's traps . In the pilot episode of American medical drama House , Dr Robert Chase and Dr. Allison Cameron perform a tracheostomy for a patient whose throat closes up during the MRI due to an allergic reaction to gadolinium . In the season 8 episode Twenty Vicodin ( 2011 ) , the protagonist Dr. Gregory House performs an emergency tracheotomy procedure on another inmate , while in prison , using only a modified ballpoint pen he had in his hand at the time . In the Aussie soap opera Neighbours , Karl Kennedy has to perform an emergency tracheotomy on his son Malcolm , in a 2011 episode when his windpipe is crushed . In 2014 , Karl talks his wife , Susan , through an emergency tracheotomy when Lou Carpenter chokes on a piece of food , while trapped under a fallen beam . In the 2012 Australian film Daddy 's Little Girl , Derek performs a tracheotomy on his brother , Tommy , to prevent him from talking . In the 2013 American comedy film The Heat , Sandra Bullock 's character performs an unnecessary emergency tracheotomy on a choking man . In the second episode of Malcolm in the Middle season 7 , Reese stated that the Richard , the son of a really bad doctor who lets him use his equipment , gave him a tracheotomy with a crazy straw . In the penultimate episode of series 4 of Archer , Sterling tries to give Pam tracheotomy with a crazy straw . In the fifth episode of the 4th series of the British drama Call the Midwife , Dr Turner performs a tracheotomy on a 9 - month pregnant woman who suffered from diphtheria and had her airways almost closed . See also ( edit ) Cricothyrotomy Laryngotomy List of surgeries by type References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Molnar , Heather . `` Types of Tracheostomy Tubes '' . Jump up ^ Romaine F. Johnson ( 6 March 2003 ) . `` Adult Tracheostomy '' . Houston , Texas : Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , Baylor College of Medicine . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Jonathan P Lindman ; Charles E Morgan ( 7 June 2010 ) . `` Tracheostomy '' . emedicine from WebMD . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eberhardt , Lars Karl ( 2008 ) . `` Dilatational Tracheostomy on an Intensive Care Unit '' . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , C.R. , Lillis , C. , LeMone , P. , Lynn , P. ( 2011 ) Fundamentals of nursing : The art and science of nursing care . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , page 1382 - 1383 , 1404 . ^ Jump up to : Wharton , Henry R. ( January 1897 ) . `` Minor Surgery and Bandaging '' . American Journal of the Medical Sciences . 113 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 106 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000441 - 189701000 - 00008 . ^ Jump up to : Alfio Ferlito ; Alessandra Rinaldo ; Ashok R. Shaha ; Patrick J. Bradley ( December 2003 ) . `` Percutaneous Tracheotomy '' . Acta Otolaryngologica. 123 ( 9 ) : 1008 -- 1012 . PMID 14710900 . doi : 10.1080 / 00016480310000485 . Jump up ^ Passy , Victor ; Baydur , A. ; Prentice , W. ; Darnell - Neal , R. ( June 1993 ) . `` Passy - muir ® tracheostomy speaking valve on ventilator - dependent patients '' . Laryngoscope. 103 ( 6 ) : 653 -- 658 . PMID 8502098 . doi : 10.1288 / 00005537 - 199306000 - 00013 . Jump up ^ James H. Cullen ( 1 June 1963 ) . `` An Evaluation of Tracheostomy in Pulmonary Emphysema '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 58 ( 6 ) : 953 -- 960 . PMID 14024192 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 58 - 6 - 953 . Jump up ^ US patent 3039469 Jump up ^ Ciaglia P , Firsching R , Syniec C ( June 1985 ) . `` Elective percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy . A new simple bedside procedure ; preliminary report '' . Chest. 87 ( 6 ) : 715 -- 9 . PMID 3996056 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 87.6. 715 . Jump up ^ Griggs WM , Worthley LI , Gilligan JE , Thomas PD , Myburg JA ( June 1990 ) . `` A simple percutaneous tracheostomy technique '' . Surgery , Gynecology & Obstetrics. 170 ( 6 ) : 543 -- 5 . PMID 2343371 . Jump up ^ Ambesh SP , Tripathi M , Pandey CK , Pant KC , Singh PK ( July 2005 ) . `` Clinical evaluation of the ' T - Dagger ' : a new bedside percutaneous dilational tracheostomy device '' . Anaesthesia. 60 ( 7 ) : 708 -- 11 . PMID 15960723 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2044.2005. 04236. x . ^ Jump up to : Ambesh SP , Pandey CK , Srivastava S , Agarwal A , Singh DK ( December 2002 ) . `` Percutaneous tracheostomy with single dilatation technique : a prospective , randomized comparison of Ciaglia blue rhino versus Griggs ' guidewire dilating forceps '' . Anesthesia and Analgesia. 95 ( 6 ) : 1739 -- 45 , table of contents . PMID 12456450 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000539 - 200212000 - 00050 . Jump up ^ Añón JM , Gómez V , Escuela MP , et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Percutaneous tracheostomy : comparison of Ciaglia and Griggs techniques '' . Critical Care . 4 ( 2 ) : 124 -- 8 . PMC 29040 . PMID 11056749 . doi : 10.1186 / cc667 . Jump up ^ van Heurn LW , van Geffen GJ , Brink PR ( July 1996 ) . `` Clinical experience with percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy : report of 150 cases '' . The European Journal of Surgery . 162 ( 7 ) : 531 -- 5 . PMID 8874159 . Jump up ^ Polderman KH , Spijkstra JJ , de Bree R , et al. ( May 2003 ) . `` Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the ICU : optimal organization , low complication rates , and description of a new complication '' . Chest. 123 ( 5 ) : 1595 -- 602 . PMID 12740279 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 123.5. 1595 . Jump up ^ Hill BB , Zweng TN , Maley RH , Charash WE , Toursarkissian B , Kearney PA ( August 1996 ) . `` Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy : report of 356 cases '' . The Journal of Trauma . 41 ( 2 ) : 238 -- 43 ; discussion 243 -- 4 . PMID 8760530 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005373 - 199608000 - 00007 . Jump up ^ Powell DM , Price PD , Forrest LA ( February 1998 ) . `` Review of percutaneous tracheostomy '' . The Laryngoscope. 108 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 7 . PMID 9473064 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005537 - 199802000 - 00004 . Jump up ^ Hotchkiss KS , McCaffrey JC ( January 2003 ) . `` Laryngotracheal injury after percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in cadaver specimens '' . The Laryngoscope. 113 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 20 . PMID 12514375 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005537 - 200301000 - 00003 . Jump up ^ Byhahn C , Lischke V , Halbig S , Scheifler G , Westphal K ( March 2000 ) . `` Ciaglia Blue Rhino : Ein weiterentwickeltes Verfahren der perkutanen Dilatationstracheotomie '' ( Ciaglia blue rhino : a modified technique for percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy . Technique and early clinical results ) . Der Anaesthesist ( in German ) . 49 ( 3 ) : 202 -- 6 . PMID 10788989 . doi : 10.1007 / s001010050815 . Jump up ^ university of Jordan . Faculty of medicine , department of anesthesia . Jump up ^ Steven E. Sittig ; James E. Pringnitz ( February 2001 ) . `` Tracheostomy : evolution of an airway '' ( PDF ) . AARC Times : 48 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : O. Rajesh ; R. Meher ( 2006 ) . `` Historical Review Of Tracheostomy '' . The Internet Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 4 ( 2 ) . ISSN 1528 - 8420 . doi : 10.5580 / 1178 . Jump up ^ Patricia Skinner ( 2008 ) . `` Unani - tibbi '' . In Laurie J. Fundukian . The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine ( 3rd ed . ) . Farmington Hills , Michigan : Gale Cengage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4144 - 4872 - 5 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mostafa Shehata ( April 2003 ) . `` The Ear , Nose and Throat in Islamic Medicine '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine . 2 ( 3 ) : 2 -- 5 . ISSN 1303 - 667X . ^ Jump up to : Goodall , E.W. ( 1934 ) . `` The story of tracheostomy '' . British Journal of Children 's Diseases . 31 : 167 -- 76 , 253 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Armytage WHG ( 1960 ) . `` Nova et Vetera '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5179 ) : 1129 -- 1130 . PMC 1966956 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5179. 1129 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Habicot ( 1620 ) . Question chirurgicale par laquelle il est démonstré que le Chirurgien doit assurément practiquer l'operation de la Bronchotomie , vulgairement dicte Laryngotomie , ou perforation de la fluste ou du polmon ( in French ) . Paris : Corrozet . p. 108 . Jump up ^ Sanctorii Sanctorii ( 1646 ) . Sanctorii Sanctorii Commentaria in primum fen , primi libri canonis Avicennæ ( in Latin ) . Venetiis : Apud Marcum Antonium Brogiollum . p. 1120 . OL 15197097M . Jump up ^ Julius Casserius ( Giulio Casserio ) and Daniel Bucretius ( 1632 ) . Tabulae anatomicae LXXIIX ... Daniel Bucretius ... XX . que deerant supplevit & omnium explicationes addidit ( in Latin ) . Francofurti : Impensis & coelo Matthaei Meriani . Jump up ^ Cawthorne T , Hewlett AB , Ranger D ( 1959 ) . `` Discussion : Tracheostomy To - Day '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine . 52 ( 6 ) : 403 -- 405 . PMC 1871130 . PMID 13667911 . Jump up ^ Georges Detharding ( 1745 ) . `` De methodo subveniendi submersis per laryngotomiam ( 1714 ) '' . In Von Ernst Ludwig Rathlef ; Gabriel Wilhelm Goetten ; Johann Christoph Strodtmann . Geschichte jetzlebender Gelehrten , als eine Fortsetzung des Jetzlebenden . Zelle : Berlegts Joachim Undreas Deek . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Price JL ( 1962 ) . `` THE EVOLUTION OF BREATHING MACHINES '' . Medical History . 6 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 72 . PMC 1034674 . PMID 14488739 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300026867 . Jump up ^ Wischhusen HG , Schumacher GH ( 1977 ) . `` Curriculum vitae des Rostocker Professors für Anatomie , Botanik und der höheren Mathematik '' ( Curriculum vitae of the professor of anatomy , botany and higher mathematics Georg Detharding ( 1671 -- 1747 ) at the University of Rostock ) . Anatomischer Anzeiger ( in German ) . 142 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 133 -- 40 . PMID 339777 . Jump up ^ Armand Trousseau ( 1833 ) . `` Mémoire sur un cas de tracheotomie pratiquée dans la période extrème de croup '' . Journal des connaissances médico - chirurgicales. 1 ( 5 ) : 41 . Jump up ^ Armand Trousseau ( 1852 ) . `` Nouvelles recherches sur la trachéotomie pratiquée dans la période extrême du croup '' . In Jean Lequime and J. de Biefve . Annales de médecine belge et étrangère . Brussels : Imprimerie et Librairie Société Encyclographiques des Sciences Médicales . pp. 279 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Snow , J ( 1858 ) . `` Fatal cases of inhalation of chloroform , Treatment of suspended animation from chloroform '' . In Richardson , BW . On chloroform and other anaesthetics : their action and administration . London : John Churchill . pp. 120 -- 200 , 251 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Trendelenburg , F ( 1871 ) . `` Beiträge zu den Operationen an den Luftwegen '' ( Contributions to airways surgery ) . Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie ( in German ) . 12 : 112 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Macewen , W ( 1880 ) . `` General Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth , Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy '' . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 1021 ) : 122 -- 4 . PMC 2241154 . PMID 20749630 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.1021. 122 . Jump up ^ Macewen , W ( 1880 ) . `` Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth , Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy '' . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 1022 ) : 163 -- 5 . PMC 2241109 . PMID 20749636 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.1022. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Saw V '' . IFC . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Barbara ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` TV Preview : House , M.D. -- Season Eight Premiere `` Twenty Vicodin '' `` . Blogcritics . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Benjie 's back -- for a bit '' . Channel 5 . 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly storm '' . TV Soap ( 16 ) : 57 . 28 August -- 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Heat ( 2013 ) '' . Dove . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tracheotomy . Look up tracheotomy , pharyngotomy , laryngotomy , or tracheostomy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Plotnikow GA , Roux N , Feld V , et al. ( October 2013 ) . `` Evaluation of tracheal cuff pressure variation in spontaneously breathing patients '' . International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science . 3 ( 4 ) : 262 -- 8 . PMC 3891193 . PMID 24459624 . doi : 10.4103 / 2229 - 5151.124148 . Tracheotomy Info ( A Community For Tracheotomy - wearers and the people who love them ) at tracheotomy.info Tracheostomy Products and Support ( Online resource for tracheostomy products , supplies and support ) at trachs.com Aaron 's tracheostomy page ( Caring for a tracheostomy ) at tracheostomy.com ( Pictures with video clipping ) at drtbalu.com ( 1 ) ( 2 ) `` Tracheotomy '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Smiths Medical Tracheostomy Training Videos A Video of Rescue Breathing for Laryngectomees and Neck Breathers `` Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet '' , is a manuscript from 1497 that discusses tracheotomies Site and blog with information about tracheostomies Global Tracheostomy Collaborative . International collaborative with resources for hospitals , caregivers , and patients about tracheostomies , including international research ( 3 ) Dilatational Tracheostomy On An Intensive Care Unit ( hide ) Tests , surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 21 -- 22 , 30 -- 34 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0B ) Upper RT nose Rhinoplasty Septoplasty Alarplasty Rhinectomy Rhinomanometry sinus Sinusotomy larynx Laryngoscopy Laryngectomy Laryngotomy Thyrotomy Laryngotracheal reconstruction Lower RT trachea Cricothyrotomy Tracheoesophageal puncture Tracheotomy bronchus Bronchoscopy lung Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Wedge resection Lung transplantation Decortication of lung Heart - lung transplant Chest wall , pleura , mediastinum , and diaphragm pleura / pleural cavity Thoracentesis Pleurodesis Thoracoscopy Thoracotomy Chest tube mediastinum Mediastinoscopy Nuss procedure Medical imaging Bronchography CT pulmonary angiogram High - resolution computed tomography Spiral CT Ventilation / perfusion scan CPRs Pneumonia severity index CURB - 65 Lung function test Body plethysmography Spirometry Bronchial challenge test Capnography Diffusion capacity Cytology Sputum culture Bronchoalveolar lavage Respiratory therapy / intubation Artificial respiration CPR Hyperbaric medicine Decompression chamber Heliox Mechanical ventilation Nebulizer Negative pressure ventilator Oxygen therapy Positive pressure ventilation Postural drainage Surgical airway management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracheotomy&oldid=800853615 '' Categories : Emergency medical procedures Otorhinolaryngology Trachea surgery Sleep surgery Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 02 : 27 . 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new opening of the trachea to the outside of the body
[ "Tracheotomy (US: /ˌtreɪkiˈɒtəmi/ tray-kee-AW-tə-mee) is a surgical procedure which consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe). The resulting stoma (hole), or tracheostomy, can serve independently as an airway or as a site for a tracheal tube or tracheostomy tube[1] to be inserted; this tube allows a person to breathe without the use of the nose or mouth." ]
[ "Tracheotomy" ]
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Super Bowl LII
Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 41 33 Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4 , 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota MVP Nick Foles , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Hershel W. Williams , representing Medal of Honor recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record , a year after Dallas did it in 2016 , but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . Foles ' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers . Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First Quarter 4.2 Second Quarter 4.3 Third Quarter 4.4 Fourth Quarter 4.5 Game statistics 4.6 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia . Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks . The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ​ ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ​ ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point . The defense came together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one - game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ​ ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards , 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns . In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ​ ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ​ ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first - round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half . Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game , in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pre-game notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants . Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys ) . Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible . Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities , while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , the Revolution , Morris Day and the Time , and the New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band performed at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time . The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul also included an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . NBC employed 73 cameras within the stadium , and introduced `` volumetric - AR '' graphics featuring 3D body scanning of players . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo ! ; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . As NBC Sports Regional Networks operates regional sports networks in the markets of both teams which participated , the NBC Sports Boston and NBC Sports Philadelphia channels were used to provide additional coverage of the game from a local perspective . Both networks aired coverage from Minneapolis , including pre-game specials focusing on their respective team , followed by a joint broadcast immediately prior to the game . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII . As they began five days after the Super Bowl , NBC offered advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics ( which marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network had aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ) ; the network estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks . Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Rights holder ( s ) Australia The event aired live on the Seven Network and 7mate Brazil The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . France beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . Germany ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . Philippines The 5 Network broadcast the event in the Philippines . United Kingdom As per recent years , Super Bowl LII aired live on BBC One for no additional cost over the license fee . It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . U.S. military bases American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pre-game ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons . Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony . World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half . The Patriots kicked off to the Eagles , who opened the game with a 14 - play , 67 - yard drive that took 7 : 05 off the clock and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later found Torrey Smith for a 15 - yard completion on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , which tied the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point attempt from Elliott was missed wide right , which made the score 9 -- 3 in favor of the Eagles . The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line on their next drive , which was set up by a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . Second quarter ( edit ) With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive . On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed and brought the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown , when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch , and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run . Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point , but the score was now 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning . Two plays later , on third down - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Clement then ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line on the next play . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Third quarter ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 -- 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he threw a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 . The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line . However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail as time expired . The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 , ending what was the third - longest active championship drought in the NFL at 57 years . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards . Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles ( NFC ) 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots ( AFC ) 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run , Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch . Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most points scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most total yards , team ( game ) 613 Most passing yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 or more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most total yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most passing yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most missed PAT attempts , both teams ( game ) Fewest punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest times sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest fumbles lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most missed PAT attempts , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most pass attempts with no interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most field goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most pass attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most touchdown passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest times sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest punt returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest punt return yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46 Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl coin toss salute for Medal of Honor recipients '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWII Medal recipient does Super Bowl LII coin toss '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer . 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SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . 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who is the nfc team in the 2018 superbowl
[ "Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl[10] and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[11] This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season,[12] and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold-weather city.[13]" ]
[ "Philadelphia Eagles" ]
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The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian
The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian - wikipedia The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian Jump to : navigation , search The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian First edition cover Author Sherman Alexie Illustrator Ellen Forney Cover artist Kirk Benshoff Country United States Language English Genre Young adult fiction Publisher Little , Brown and Company Publication date September 12 , 2007 Media type Print ( hardcover & paperback ) Pages 230 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01368 - 0 OCLC 154698238 LC Class PZ7. A382 Ab 2007 The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian is a 2007 novel for young adults written by Sherman Alexie and illustrated by Ellen Forney . The book won several awards , and was the first young adult fiction work by Alexie , a stand - up comedian , screenwriter , film producer , and songwriter who has previously written adult novels , short stories , poems , and screenplays . Alexie stated , `` I did ( write the book ) because so many librarians , teachers , and teenagers kept asking me to write one . '' The Absolutely True Diary is a first - person narrative from the perspective of Native American teenager Arnold Spirit Jr. , also known as `` Junior '' , a 14 - year - old budding cartoonist . The book is a bildungsroman , detailing Junior 's life on the Spokane Indian Reservation , and his decision , upon encouragement from a reservation high school teacher , to go to an all - white public high school in the off - reservation town of Reardan , Washington . The novel has 65 comic illustrations by Forney , which sometimes act as punchlines while also revealing Junior 's character and furthering the plot . The Absolutely True Diary is controversial for its discussion of alcohol , poverty , bullying , violence , and sexuality , as well as for the tragic deaths of characters and for the use of profanity and slurs related to homosexuality and mental disability . As a result , some schools have banned the book from school libraries or inclusion in curricula . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Themes and symbolism 3.1 Hope and dreams 3.2 Bullying 3.3 Violence 3.4 Race 3.5 Alcohol abuse 3.6 Friendship 3.7 Writing and literature 3.8 Oscar 3.9 Basketball 3.10 Family 4 Reception 4.1 Reviews 4.2 Critical Interpretation 4.3 Awards 5 Controversy 5.1 Censorship 5.1. 1 Antioch County , Illinois ( June 2009 ) 5.1. 2 Stockton , Missouri ( April 2010 ) 5.1. 3 Newcastle , Wyoming ( October 2010 ) 5.1. 4 Richland , Washington ( June 2011 ) 5.1. 5 Yakima , Washington ( 2013 ) 5.1. 6 Meridian , Idaho ( April 2014 ) 5.1. 7 Brunswick , North Carolina ( July 2014 ) 6 Sherman Alexie 's biographical background and purpose 7 Historical Trauma of the Spokane Indians 8 Multicultural literature 9 Autobiographical elements 10 Audiobook 11 Film adaptation 12 Educational resources 13 References Plot ( edit ) The book follows one school year in the life of Junior , a fourteen - year - old boy living with his family on the Spokane Indian Reservation near Wellpinit , Washington . It is told in episodic diary style , moving from the start of the school year , through the major holidays , to the beginning of summer . It includes both Junior 's written record of his life and his cartoon drawings , some of them comically commenting on his situations , and others more seriously depicting important people in his life . The current Spokane Indian reservation The Absolutely True Diary begins by introducing Junior 's circumstances , including the fact that he was born with hydrocephalus and therefore is small for his age and suffers from seizures , poor eyesight , stuttering , and lisping . As a result , Junior has always been picked on by other people on the reservation . His family is poor , a condition Junior attributes to being from the reservation and not having opportunities to fulfill their potential ; their poverty is displayed early when Junior 's dog Oscar gets heat stroke and has to be put down by his father because they can not afford to take him to a veterinarian . Junior 's only child friend is Rowdy , a classmate who is abused at home and is known as a bully on the reservation . Despite his intimidating role , Rowdy often stands up for Junior and lets Junior see his vulnerable side , such as his enjoyment of such kids ' comics as Archie and Richie Rich . Diary then moves to Junior 's first day of high school and to the incident that sets up the plot of the book : when his geometry teacher , Mr. P , hands out the textbooks , Junior sees his mother 's maiden name written in his , meaning that the textbook is at least thirty years old . Angered and saddened by the fact that the reservation is so poor that it can not afford new textbooks , Junior violently throws the book , which hits Mr. P 's face , breaking his nose . When he visits Junior at home , Mr. P convinces Junior to transfer to Reardan High School , sensing a degree of precociousness in the young teenager . The town of Reardan is far wealthier than Wellpinit -- Junior is the only Indian at Reardan besides the team mascot . Although Junior 's family is poor , and although the school is 22 miles away and transportation is unreliable , they support him and do what they can to make it possible for him to stay in the new school . Rowdy , however , is upset by Junior 's decision to transfer , and the once - best friends have very little contact during the year . Junior develops a crush on the school 's most popular white girl , Penelope , and becomes study friends with an intelligent student named Gordy . His interactions with the white students give him a better perspective both on white culture and his own . He realizes how much stronger his family ties are than those of his white classmates , noticing that many of the white fathers never come to their children 's school events . Junior also realizes that the white students have different rules than those he grew up with , which is evident when he reacts to an insult from the school 's star athlete , Roger , by punching him in the face . Junior hits him , as he would have been expected to do on the reservation , and he expects Roger to get revenge . But Roger never does ; in fact , Roger and his friends show Junior more respect . Junior also gets closer to Penelope , which makes him more popular with the other girls at the school . Roger suggests that Junior try out for the basketball team , and to Junior 's surprise , he makes the varsity team , which puts him against his former school , Wellpinit , and specifically Rowdy , who is Wellpinit 's star freshman . Their first match demonstrates to Junior just how angry the reservation people are at him for transferring : when he enters the court , they turn their backs on him . During the game , Rowdy elbows Junior in the head and knocks him unconscious . While suffering some injuries from the game , Junior and his coach become closer as Coach tells him that he admires Junior 's commitment to the team . Later on , his grandmother , who Junior looks up to the most on the reservation , is hit and killed by a drunk driver . After his grandmother 's funeral , a family friend , Eugene , is shot in the face by his friend Bobby after fighting over alcohol . After grieving and reflecting on his loved ones ' deaths , Junior plays in his basketball team 's second match against Wellpinit . Reardan wins and Junior gets to block Rowdy . Junior feels triumphant until he sees the Wellpinit players ' faces after their defeat and remembers the difficulties they face at home and their lack of hope for a future ; ashamed , he runs to the locker room , where he vomits and then breaks down in tears . Later , Junior receives news of the death of his sister and her husband who were killed in a fire at their trailer . In the course of the year , Junior and his family suffer many tragedies , all related to alcohol abuse . These events test Junior 's sense of hope for a better future and make him wonder about the darker aspects of reservation culture . But they also help him see how much his family and his new friends love him , and he learns to see himself as both Indian and American . Meanwhile , Rowdy realizes that Junior is the only nomad on the reservation , which makes him more of a `` traditional '' Indian than everyone else in town . In the end , Junior and Rowdy reconcile while playing basketball and resolve to correspond no matter where the future takes them . Characters ( edit ) Arnold Spirit Jr . Nicknamed Junior , Arnold is a fourteen - year - old boy who lives on the Spokane Indian Reservation . He enjoys playing basketball and drawing cartoons in his free time . Junior and his family , along with the others on the reservation , feel the daily effects of poverty and financial shortcomings -- there is often not enough food to eat in their home or enough money to fill the gas tank in the car , forcing him to hitchhike to school or not go at all . He is incredibly smart ; he transfers from the school on the reservation to Reardan , where almost all the students are white . Agnes Adams ( Junior 's Mom ) A Spokane Indian , Agnes has lived on the reservation her entire life . She is a bad liar , likes to read books , and is considered to be very smart by her children . She is a ex-alcoholic and is seen as eccentric by Junior : `` She 's a human tape recorder , '' Junior explains , `` Really , my mom can read the newspaper in fifteen minutes and tell me baseball scores , the location of every war , the latest guy to win the lottery , and the high temperature in Des Moines , Iowa . '' Arnold Spirit Sr. ( Junior 's Dad ) An alcoholic but very supportive . Even he disappears sometimes he try to take care of his family and he often drives Junior the twenty two miles to Rearden . He can also play the piano , the guitar , and saxophone . He could have been a jazz musician if he had more time and money . Mr. P Junior 's white geometry teacher at Wellpinit High School . He mentored Mary , Junior 's older sister , and wants to help Junior leave the reservation . Mr. P regrets the way he treated his students when he was younger . He had been taught to beat the Indian out of the children . He is short and bald . Incredibly absent minded , he often forgets to come to school , but `` he does n't expect much of ( his students ) . '' A major turning point in Diary 's plot occurs when Junior throws his math book at Mr. P after a realization about the reservation 's poverty . Rowdy Rowdy is Junior 's best friend . He is `` long and lean & strong like a snake . '' Throughout the novel , Rowdy 's father abuses him , which leads to his bully - like behavior . He likes reading comics , such as Archie . The comics help him escape the troubles of the real world . Junior and Rowdy have been the best of friends since they were little , and Rowdy has often taken on the role of Junior 's protector . However , as Junior leaves the reservation school , Rowdy feels betrayed by his best friend and turns into Junior 's `` arch nemesis '' during the novel . Even though Rowdy develops a passionate hatred for Junior through the betrayal he felt , they are able to eventually overcome their situation and become friends again by the end of the novel . Mary Junior 's sister . Mary has long hair and is nicknamed `` Mary Runs Away '' . She likes to write romance stories and is considered by Junior to be `` beautiful and strong and funny '' . She was smart , but did not have the skills to get a job . After high school , she did not go to college or get a job ; instead , she moved to Montana with her new husband she met at the reservation casino . Mary and her new husband die of a fire in their trailer - home after a partygoer forgot about a boiling pot of soup . A curtain drifted onto the hot plate and the trailer was quickly engulfed . Junior was told that Mary never woke up because she was too drunk . Roger Roger is a jock at Reardan High School . Upon meeting Junior , Roger uses racial slurs to demean him , and Junior then punches him in the face . Contrary to Junior 's expectations , Roger then begins to respect Junior , and the two gradually become friends . Gordy Gordy is a student who attends Reardan , wears glasses , and does everything in the name of science . Gordy always speaks in a sophisticated and proper manner throughout the novel . He is one of the smartest students at the school and he eventually becomes Junior 's first real friend at Reardan . Gordy also helps Junior with schoolwork and encourages his enjoyment of reading books . Penelope Junior 's crush and good friend from Reardan High . She has blonde hair and Junior thinks that she is very attractive . She enjoys helping others , is bulimic , and has a racist father named Earl . She is popular and plays on the Reardan volleyball team . She is obsessed with leaving the small town behind and traveling the world . Eugene The best friend of Junior 's father . `` Eugene was a nice guy , and like an uncle to me , but he was drunk all the time , '' Junior reveals . He becomes an Emergency Medical Technician ( EMT ) for the tribal ambulance service , and , for a brief time , drives a 1946 Indian Chief Roadmaster . Eugene dies after his close friend Bobby shoots him in the face during a dispute over alcohol . Bobby hangs himself in jail . Grandmother Spirit Junior 's Grandma . She is Junior 's source of advice and support , until she dies after being hit by a drunk driver while walking on the side of the road on her way home after a powwow . Her dying words were `` Forgive him , '' which meant that she wanted her family to forgive the drunk driver , Gerald , for hitting and killing her . Ironically , she never had a drink in her life . She was also extremely tolerant and loving of all people . Junior 's grandma is his favorite person in the world . `` My grandmother 's last act on earth was a call for forgiveness , love , and tolerance , '' Junior recalls on page 157 . Coach The coach of the basketball team at Reardan High School . Unlike the teachers who are apprehensive of Junior 's attendance at Reardan , the coach pays no attention to Junior 's race . He is supportive of Junior both on and off the court . Themes and symbolism ( edit ) Hope and dreams ( edit ) Throughout the novel , Junior shares his dreams with the readers . In the first chapter , he dreams of becoming a cartoon artist in order to get rich and escape the cycles of poverty and abuse on the reservation . The idea that hope exists off the rez is echoed in later chapters , where Junior finds himself caught between home on the reservation and pursuing his dreams in the outside world . Junior asks his parents , `` Who has the most hope ? '' to which they answer `` White people '' . The rez is characterized by lack of opportunity and poor education , the solution to which appears to lie in the Western world . Hence , the novel explores the theme of hope and dreams through Junior 's struggles to find a path to break free of his seemingly doomed fate on the reservation . Bullying ( edit ) Junior admits to being a target of bullying due to his appearance and medical history ( lisp , seizures , water on the brain ) . He reveals this information in a way that is both comical as well as sympathetic ; he invites readers to share and relate to his experience being bullied . After transferring to Reardan High School , Junior must also deal with being the only poor Native American student in a school full of rich white people , and the pressures of keeping up appearances for fear of losing his peers ' social acceptance . Violence ( edit ) Junior lives under the constant threat of physical violence . Although he attempts to assuage the threat through his drawings and light - hearted approach to the problem , he is nevertheless subjected to regular beatings by members of the reservation , including the adults . Violence serves as a form of communication in the reservation ; Junior believes it is the Native Americans ' acknowledgement that they are going nowhere that fuels their violence . Thus , as is true with Rowdy , physical violence is also communicative . Race ( edit ) The novel uses humorous narratives and comics to convey the theme of race . It explores racial issues such as stereotyping of Native and White people , the use of indigenous culture as sports mascots , interracial friendships , and cultural tokenization . For example , Junior notes that the only other `` Indian '' at Reardan was its school mascot , calling attention to the ubiquitous use of indigenous symbols in sports ( see `` List of sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples '' ) . Although Junior often dichotomizes Whites and Indians , Alexie reveals the stereotyping that occurs while still blurring the lines between races . Junior eventually establishes friendship with many of the White Reardan students , who see past race and accept him for his caring nature , his intelligence , and his basketball talents . Alcohol abuse ( edit ) Alcohol abuse is an issue salient to the Spokane reservation . It is directly responsible for the character deaths in the novel and the deaths of most of the Indians on the reservation . The novel highlights the destructive nature of alcohol abuse and its major contribution to the stagnation of progression at the reservation and dysfunction of the family . Junior voices his disapproval for its widespread use and considers it to be directly responsible for much of the disarray in his own family . The portrayal of alcoholism in the novel is representative of the problem Native Americans have with the use of alcohol . Much of Alexie 's desire to explore and address the issue of alcoholism derives from his own experiences with alcohol on the reservation . When asked if he feels the need to address alcoholism as a Native American , he replied `` the whole race is filled with alcoholics . For those Indians who try to pretend it 's a stereotype , they 're in deep , deep denial , '' and by addressing it that `` with the social hope that by writing about it , maybe it 'll help people get sober , and it has . '' Friendship ( edit ) The centerpiece of the novel is the friendship between Junior and Rowdy , which frames the novel . In the first chapter , Junior says , `` Rowdy might be the most important person in my life . Maybe more important than my family . '' In the absence of his drunk , emotionally - distant father and eccentric mother , Junior finds solace in Rowdy . But as the novel progresses , Junior begins to make friends at Reardan High and learns just how crucial it is to build new relationships with different people , as they each serve an important role or function in his life . Writing and literature ( edit ) Writing and literature play important roles in the lives of Junior , Rowdy , and Mary . Rowdy reads comics as a way to escape from his abusive , dysfunctional home : `` He likes to pretend he lives in comic books , '' Alexie reveals . Similarly , Mary reads and writes romance novels in order to escape ( and run away ) from her equally harsh reality . In contrast , Junior draws cartoons and writes because it makes him feel important and is his way of communicating with the world . Alexie furthers the distinction between Junior on Mary on page 46 -- he writes , `` My sister is running away to get lost , but I am running away because I want to find something . '' Alexie 's commentary on Junior 's perspective ( through drawings , dialogue , and Junior 's own views on literature ) highlights Junior 's ambitiousness , curiosity , and drive . In essence , writing , drawing , and reading are activities that are cathartic to Rowdy , Mary , and Junior . These outlets function as coping mechanisms to make the dysfunction , violence , and abuse in the characters ' lives more bearable . Oscar ( edit ) Oscar is Junior 's stray mutt , best friend , and `` the only living thing he can depend on . '' He is euthanized by Junior 's father at the beginning of the novel because they are unable to afford to take him to a vet . Oscar is a symbol of the struggles and consequences of being poor . Junior 's inability to aid his friend reminds him of the poverty he believes he is destined to inherit . However , Oscar 's death is also a turning point for Junior , as it acts as a catalyst for his realization and change . Basketball ( edit ) In the novel , basketball is a symbol of improvement . Before his arrival to Reardan , Junior was , by his own words , `` a decent player . '' While at Reardan , Junior improves because of the expectations set by his coach and teammates , and becomes a valuable asset to the team . By the end of the novel , Junior believes he will be able to beat Rowdy someday . The transformation Junior undergoes through the sport is a testament of his will - power and dedication to better himself . Family ( edit ) Family takes significance part in this book . Even Junior 's family are poor , they always supported him and he mentioned that they are the only people who listen to him . His sister sends letters and give him hope . His dad who is alcoholic saved five dollars for him . Junior knows that it is easy for his father to spend that five dollars on alcohol but the fact that he saved it for him made him feel special . This shows that money is not everything to become happy . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Bruce Barcott of The New York Times said of the novel in a 2007 review , `` For 15 years now , Sherman Alexie has explored the struggle to survive between the grinding plates of the Indian and white worlds . He 's done it through various characters and genres , but The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian may be his best work yet . Working in the voice of a 14 - year - old forces Alexie to strip everything down to action and emotion , so that reading becomes more like listening to your smart , funny best friend recount his day while waiting after school for a ride home . '' The New York Times opined that this was Alexie 's `` first foray into the young adult genre , and it took him only one book to master it . '' The San Francisco Chronicle praised it as `` ( a ) great book full of pain , but luckily , the pain is spiked with joy and humor . '' Reviewers also commented on Alexie 's treatment of difficult issues . Delia Santos , a publisher for the civilrights.org page , noted , `` Alexie fuses words and images to depict the difficult journey many Native Americans face. ... Although Junior is a young adult , he must face the reality of living in utter poverty , contend with the discrimination of those outside of the reservation , cope with a community and a family ravaged and often killed by alcoholism , break cultural barriers at an all - White high school , and maintain the perseverance needed to hope and work for a better future . '' Andrew Fersch , a publisher for Vail Daily , commented , `` most folks block out most of their teenage memory , ( while ) Alexie embraced it with humor . '' In another review published in November 2016 by Dakota Student website , author Breanna Roen says that she has never seen the way that this book , The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian , conveys so much happiness , love , and grief . Alexie 's work in this novel ca n't be compared to other Native American books ; it is `` a whole different ball game , '' Roen asserts . The review continues to state that the theme regarding identity , home , race , poverty , tradition , friendship , hope and success is seen throughout the entire book , leaving the readers on the edge of their seats and wanting more . Roen says that she could hardly put the book down and is avidly looking for something similar . In the review , `` A Brave Life : The Real Struggles of a Native American Boy make an Uplifting Story '' published in The Guardian , author Diane Samuels says that Alexie 's book has a `` combination of drawings , pithy turns of phrase , candor , tragedy , despair and hope ... ( that ) makes this more than an entertaining read , more than an engaging story about a North American Indian kid who makes it out of a poor , dead - end background without losing his connection with who he is and where he 's from . '' In some areas , Samuels criticizes Alexie 's stylistic reliance on the cartoons . However , she continues to say that for the most part , Sherman Alexie has a talent for capturing the details and overview in a well - developed and snappy way . Samuels finishes her review by stating that : `` Opening this book is like meeting a friend you 'd never make in your actual life and being given a piece of his world , inner and outer . It 's humane , authentic and , most of all , it speaks . '' In the review `` Using The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian to Teach About Racial Formation '' , Miami University professor Kevin Talbert says that Alexie chose to narrate the story through the eyes of fourteen - year - old Junior to transport his readers into `` uncomfortable or incongruent spaces . '' He continues to say that the novel 's writing allows for topics about class and racial struggles to be intertwined with more common adolescent struggles like sexual desires , controlling hormones , and managing relationships with friends and family . Furthermore , Talbert believes that , unlike other Young Adult novels , this book captures issues of race and class in a way that reaches a wider audience . The article also states that Junior 's narration in the novel sends a message to society , `` that adolescents have important things to say , that being fourteen years old matters . '' Critical interpretation ( edit ) Dr. Bryan Ripley Crandall , director of the Connecticut Writing Project at Fairfield University , posits in his critical essay `` Adding a Disability Perspective When Reading Adolescent Literature : Sherman Alexie 's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' that the book presents a progressive view of disability . Arnold has what he calls `` water on the brain '' , which would correctly be referred to as hydrocephalus . Crandall points out that Arnold is never held back by his disability , but in fact laughs at himself : `` With my big feet and pencil body , I looked like a capital L walking down the road . '' According to Crandall , the illustrations by Ellen Forney , which are meant to be the cartoons that Arnold draws , represent a new way for the disabled narrator to communicate with the readers : they `` initiate further interpretations and conversations about how students perceive others who are not like them , especially individuals with disabilities . '' Arnold 's hydrocephaly does n't prevent him from becoming a basketball star at his new school . His disability fades as a plot device as the book progresses . David Goldstein , in his paper `` Sacred Hoop Dreams : Basketball in the Work of Sherman Alexie '' , analyses the importance of basketball in the novel . He suggests that it represents `` the tensions between traditional lifeways and contemporary social realities . '' According to Goldstein , Junior / Arnold sees losing at basketball as `` losing at life . '' The Reardan kids are eternal winners because of their victories on the court : `` Those kids were magnificent . '' Goldstein notes how basketball is also a sport of poverty in America -- `` it costs virtually nothing to play , and so is appropriate for the reservation . '' Nerida Weyland 's article , `` Representations of Happiness in Comedic Young Adult Fiction : Happy Are the Wretched '' describes how Junior / Arnold is an example of the complex , not - innocent child often presented in modern young adult literature . As detailed in Alyson Miller 's `` Unsuited to Age Group : The Scandals of Children 's Literature , '' society has created an `` innocence of the idealized child '' ; Alexie 's protagonist is the opposite of this figure . According to Weyland , Alexie does n't play by the rules -- the use of humor in the book is directed at established `` power hierarchies , dominant social ideologies or topics deemed taboo '' . Weyland suggests that the outsized effect of this feature of the book is revealed in the controversy its publication caused , as it was banned and challenged in schools all over the country . Weyland states that Alexie 's book with Forney 's black - comedy illustrations explore themes of `` racial tension , domestic violence , and social injustice '' in a never - before - done way . As an example , Alexie uses the anecdote of the killing of Junior 's dog , Oscar , to expand on the idea of social mobility , or lack thereof -- Junior states that he understood why the dog had to be killed rather than taken to the vet , because his parents were poor and they `` came from poor people who came from poor people who came from poor people , all the way back to the very first poor people . '' Weyland notes how readers are likely to be uncomfortable with Junior / Arnold / Alexie making light of topics of such importance ( racism , poverty , alcoholism ) through the use of dark comedy . Awards ( edit ) Alexie won three major `` year 's best '' awards for Diary , a biannual award for books by and about Native Americans , and a California award that annually covers the last four years . The awards are listed below : 2007 National Book Award for Young People 's Literature . 2008 American Indian Youth Literature Awards . American Indian Library Association Best Young Adult Book . 2008 Boston Globe - Horn Book Award , Fiction and Poetry . 2009 Odyssey Award as the year 's `` best audiobook for children or young adults '' , read by Alexie ( Frederick , MD : Recorded Books , LLC , 2008 , ISBN 1 - 4361 - 2490 - 5 ) . 2010 California Young Reader Medal , Young Adult Book ( eligible to win once during its first four years ) . Diary was also named to several annual lists including three by the United States ' library industry ( not including being banned ) . `` Best Books of 2007 '' , School Library Journal . 2008 `` Top Ten Best Books for Young Adults '' , Young Adult Library Services Association ( YALSA ) . 2009 `` Amazing Audiobooks for Young Adults '' , YALSA . Controversy ( edit ) The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian has been at the center of several controversies regarding the depiction of sex and violence in books written for young adults . For its grappling with these issues , `` some people thought it was the greatest book ever , and some people thought it was the most perverted book ever , '' said Shawn Tobin , a superintendent of a Georgia school district . Alexie responded to complaints in a 2011 Wall Street Journal article entitled `` Why the Best Kids Books Are Written in Blood '' , in which he argues that attempts to prevent school - aged children from learning about the harsher aspects of contemporary life are `` way , way too late '' . He uses his own life as an example : Of course , all during my childhood , would - be saviors tried to rescue my fellow tribal members . They wanted to rescue me . But , even then , I could only laugh at their platitudes . In those days , the cultural conservatives thought that KISS and Black Sabbath were going to impede my moral development . They wanted to protect me from sex when I had already been raped . They wanted to protect me from evil though a future serial killer had already abused me . They wanted me to profess my love for God without considering that I was the child and grandchild of men and women who 'd been sexually and physically abused by generations of clergy . In the same article , Alexie explains that he has visited many classrooms and received numerous letters and messages from students who liked the book , noting that these students have had difficult experiences similar to his own -- `` depression , attempted suicide , gang warfare , sexual and physical abuse , absentee parents , poverty , racism , and learning disabilities '' -- and he notes : I have yet to receive a letter from a child somehow debilitated by the domestic violence , drug abuse , racism , poverty , sexuality , and murder contained in my book . To the contrary , kids as young as ten have sent me autobiographical letters written in crayon , complete with drawings inspired by my book , that are just as dark , terrifying , and redemptive as anything I 've ever read . However , some people argue in favor of the book , stating that the novel shows positive perspectives on life and holds an anti-alcohol message . In a Chicago Tribune article entitled `` Some Parents Seek to Ban The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' , John Whitehurst , an English teacher at Antioch High School , argues that Alexie 's book should still be a part of their school curriculum : While there is graphic language , keep in mind that Arnold ( the main character ) uses this language to express his own feelings to himself or to exchange taunts with his best friend , he never uses this language in front of girls , to his family or to other adults , and he does n't act on such thoughts . He is consistently polite . The controversy at Antioch High School is included in the censorship section below . Censorship ( edit ) The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian has faced removal from libraries and school curricula and exclusion from student reading lists , among other barriers designed to stop students from accessing the book . The National Coalition Against Censorship has called The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian the book it defends more than any other . The topics addressed in the book that have been controversial are its perceived cultural insensitivity , provocative and explicit language , scenes that are sexually explicit or anti-family , and depictions of bullying and violence . Antioch County , illinois ( June 2009 ) ( edit ) In the summer of 2009 , The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian was introduced to Antioch High School 's summer reading list for incoming ninth graders . It was not long before local parents caught wind of the book 's references to alcoholism , sensitive cultural topics , and sexual innuendos : in the beginning of June , seven Antioch parents attended a 117th District School Board meeting to request that the book be removed from the curriculum . John Whitehurst , the chair of the high school 's English department , defended his choice to include Diary in the summer curriculum . He cited exposure to alcohol and the presence of social tension as two relatable and important themes for freshmen to understand before entering high school . He also suggested that since studies indicated teenage males ' lack of interest in reading , a novel with an active male protagonist would be conducive to reversing the negative trend . Jennifer Andersen , one of the parents who attended the board meeting , asserted that the curriculum 's inclusion of foul language would imply that the school condoned the use of profanities . `` I began reading , and I started to cross out sections that I did n't want ( my 14 - year - old son ) to read . Soon I thought , ' Wait , this is not appropriate ; he is not reading this , ' '' Andersen told The Chicago Tribune . She concluded that the most viable solution was a universal `` warning label '' on books for high - schoolers , and proposed this policy to the school board . In contrast with other national book - banning controversies , both the parents and the superintendent told the Tribune that they had read Diary before discussing its potential censorship . In Bless Me , Ultima 's 2005 censorship case in Grand Junction , Colorado , Superintendent Bob Condor admitted to not reading the entire book before banning it . Additionally , a 2011 decision to ban Diary in Richland , Washington was overturned after only month when proponents of the book 's censorship read the entire novel . Unlike Diary 's censorship case in Stockton , Missouri , the novel was not banned from Antioch High School 's curriculum following the controversy . The school did not accept Jennifer Andersen 's proposition , nor did it allow any measure that would hinder students ' access to Diary . Instead , the English Department introduced an alternative option for summer reading -- students who preferred to read John Hart 's Down River were permitted to do so . Stockton , Missouri ( April 2010 ) ( edit ) In April 2010 , Missouri 's Stockton School Board voted 7 - 0 to remove Diary from the school library after a parent complained about its content . The main concerns about the book were its profane language and sexual content . Ken Spurgeon , one of the case board members , said in an article published by CedarRepublican.com , `` We can take this book and we can wrap it in those 20 awards everybody said it won , and you know what , it is still wrong . '' However , people at Stockton who supported the book believed it encouraged high school students , especially boys , to become interested in reading . Kim Jasper , a communication arts teacher at Stockton High School , stated that students `` can recognize themselves in the literature , and yes sometimes books deal with harsh issues ... such literature , even with its harsh issues , tells teens their lives matter , and the issues they face are important , and that they are not alone in the battles they may be fighting . '' The American Library Association ( ALA ) wrote to the school saying that they `` strongly encourage the board to reconsider the removal of this book and to ensure the inclusion of diverse viewpoints in both the library collection and the curriculum . '' On July 21 , the Stockton R - 1 School Board met and voted 7 - 0 to reconsider the motion upheld on April 15 . The decision of the board stated that before the special meeting , the original book review committee would meet and be asked five written questions regarding the suitability of the book . Also , the meeting would be open to the public so citizens could express their opinions regarding the book . In addition , Cheryl Marcum , a resident of Stockton against banning the book requested that the committee answer eight question that would help citizens better understand the rationale behind voting to remove the book . Marcum also asked the committee and school board to consider four requests before the meeting . The demands included allowing The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian to be read in classrooms and checked out from the library with parental permission . In September 2010 , the Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom published the questions that the review book committee was asked by both the school board and Cheryl Marcum . The questions made by the school board read as follows : `` No. 1 . Is the book educationally suitable for use in Stockton High School classrooms ? Please explain the basis for the majority and minority opinions regarding this question . No. 2 . Is there such vulgarity and sexual references in the book as to cause it to be pervasively vulgar or contain content that is sexually inappropriate for high school students in grades 9 - 12 ? No. 3 . If yes , describe the factual basis for such determination . No. 4 . If no , describe the factual basis for this determination . No. 5 . If retention of the book in the school library is recommended by either a majority or minority of the committee with restrictions , explain the specific restrictions that are suggested . '' The special meeting took place on September 9 , and over 200 people attended the forum . After a lengthy discussion from parties both for and against the novel , the School Board voted 7 -- 0 to uphold its banning of the book from the curriculum , and voted 5 - 2 against the request to allow the school library to hold the book with restrictions to accessing it . Newcastle , Wyoming ( October 2010 ) ( edit ) In October 2010 , Wyoming 's Newcastle Middle School attempted to include Diary in its 8th grade English curriculum . At first , the district allowed it under the premise that children who were not allowed to read it would bring a signed paper allowing them to read the alternate book Tangerine . About two weeks after the announcement was made to the 8th graders , the school board banned teaching it in a curriculum , but still allowed it in the library for those who wished to read it . Richland , Washington ( June 2011 ) ( edit ) In 2011 , a ninth - grade Language Arts teacher at the Richland Public High School piloted Diary in his curriculum , and with the help of his students , reported to the school 's board on the book 's place in a high school curriculum . Parents of students in the class were notified ahead of time that the teacher was interested in the book for its `` realistic portrayal of the high school experience and compelling theme of perseverance , '' but also that he was aware of its profanity ; as a result , parents were able to opt their student out of reading the novel . At the end of the course , the students and one parent reviewed the book , with 95 % recommending that the school keep it in its curriculum permanently . At the same time , the school 's Instructional Materials Committee had a split vote on whether or not to allow it . In June 2011 , the school board voted 3 - 2 to remove the book from the school entirely . Board members had not read the book , but cited the split Instructional Materials Committee vote as reason to ban the novel . The board members later learned that some members of the Instructional Materials Committee had not read the book , and so the board members agreed to vote again , but read it for themselves before the vote . On July 11 , 2011 , the school board voted 4 - 1 to reverse its earlier decision . One board member who changed his vote called Diary `` outstanding '' after reading it . Yakima , Washington ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Sherman Alexie 's Diary was challenged in his home state of Washington , only a few hours drive away from where the semi-autobiographical work is set . This means that various people have objected to certain content , theme , or language in this book . The dispute over the book 's appropriateness for high school students took place in the West Valley School District in 2013 . Specifically , many parents claimed that the book contains inappropriate and sexual content and language that are unsuitable for high school students . Alexie 's semi-autobiographical book tells the story of Arnold , a teenage boy who lives on the Spokane Indian reservation , but goes to school outside of the reservation to receive better education . The novel contains themes such alcoholism , poverty , hopelessness , racism , and even bullying . However , Alexie uses humor and cartoons to provide an uplifting approach to these serious issues that arise in the world today . The Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom , which records all instances of challenges to literature in the U.S. , reports that Diary had been approved by the West Valley district 's Instructional Materials Committee for grades 11 and 12 , but was added to the 10th grade curriculum without undergoing the usual procedure . These sophomores studied the book in conjunction with Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird , for a module on racism . The Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom records how this pairing -- -- and the inflammatory language of The Absolutely True Diary -- -- made Alicia Davis , an elementary school teacher with a daughter in the class , uncomfortable . She said that the subject matter of To Kill a Mockingbird ( lynching and Jim Crow ) was enough for one class . Davis understood the need for a different cultural perspective , but argued that such offensive language has no place in a high school class ; she suggested that Alexie 's book be reserved for college classes . The Newsletter adds that Davis 's friend , Katie Birley , joined her in protesting against the book because the school did n't follow proper protocol . However , Josh McKimmy , a 10th grade English teacher at West Valley , spoke up in defense of teaching Alexie 's novel to his sophomore class . `` The book is a gateway for reluctant readers , '' he said . `` It deals with issues ( my ) students are very familiar with as teenagers . They really identify with Junior 's problems ... Kids struggle with identity ; that 's kind of what high school is . '' To McKimmy , the book is a way to educate his students about the modern problems that not only Native Americans , but also teenagers of any ethnicity face today . He claimed that he was not teaching the book to create controversy , but rather to raise awareness of the problems that exist in the world that students may not have been exposed to . Furthermore , some residents of Yakima defended the book 's place in the syllabus . In a letter to the editor of The Yakima Herald , Peggy Haskett voiced her opinion , opposing the censorship of The Absolutely True Diary : `` a book like this begs to be read and discussed . '' Haskett writes that she encouraged her daughters to read the book `` to be exposed to the realities of life for people who grow up in a very different environment . '' As of now , there have been four official complaints about the book that have been recorded . The West Valley district 's assistant superintendent , Peter Finch , admitted that it was an `` honest mistake '' on their part for failing to officially approve of teaching the book in 10th grade classes . Thus , Alexie 's book was removed from 10th grade classes and made supplemental literature for 11th and 12th grades , instead of required reading . Meridian , Idaho ( April 2014 ) ( edit ) In April 2014 , Diary was pulled from the Meridian district 's supplemental reading list after significant parental disapproval of the novel 's subject matter . The book had been a part of its curriculum since 2010 . Students protested to remove the ban but were unsuccessful . Diary has been banned in numerous places across the country due to its explicit descriptions of sexual behavior , racism , and profane language . According to Marshall University Libraries , in 2015 the text was banned from the Meridian ( ID ) school districts ' required texts due to parents complaining that it `` discusses masturbation , contains profanity , and has been viewed as anti-Christian . '' In an attempt to make amends with the parents and their wishes , a committee from the school board decided that the book was not going to be fully banned . In order for 10th grade students to be eligible to read it , they needed a parent - signed permission slip . The Meridian high school superintendent , Linda Clark , was the one who made the executive decision that the book should be fully pulled from the curriculum and replaced with something more age - appropriate . Numerous parents agreed with her actions ; however , there were many adults and students who did not see an issue with the book being taught in a high school setting . There were many student run organizations that provided the school board with arguments as to why they believe the novel should stay in the district 's curriculum . A petition organized by Brady Kissel , a Mountain View High School student , was signed by 350 different students from the Meridian district . It then gave Baker and Lott , two young women from Washington State , an idea that allows the students to have access to the book without it being required . Their thought was that if students are unable to read it in a school setting , it should be accessible outside the classroom . Stacy Lacy , a teacher from Meridian high school , was one of many who spoke out against the decision to ban the novel . She believes that the story of how a young boy is put into a new school environment and is bullied due to his race and ethnicity applies to many teenagers today . To back up her argument , she told a story about a boy she had in one of her classes . At first , the boy was attached to his phone and never read a book in his life , but once he was handed Sherman Alexie 's novel , it changed everything . He read every single page of the book and then passed it on to his classmates . Clay believes that despite the fact it contains profane language and `` inappropriate '' scenes , the book can have a positive impact on young students . Brunswick , North Carolina ( July 2014 ) ( edit ) On July 1 , 2014 , a grandmother in Brunswick , North Carolina , filed a complaint against Diary at Cedar Grove Middle School . Two weeks later , the school 's Media Advisory Committee met and unanimously agreed to keep the book in its curriculum because the committee saw the value in `` the realistic depiction of bullying and racism , as well as a need for tolerance and awareness of cultural differences . '' The grandmother , Frances Wood , appealed the decision , remaining adamant that `` ( t ) his book is not morally acceptable ... Everything in it is degrading . There 's nothing uplifting in it . '' Days after the committee voted to keep the book , Wood appealed the decision to the school 's superintendent , who voted in favor of keeping the book ; Woods then appealed the superintendent 's decision to the school board , whose decision would be final . A few months later , on September 10 , Wood lost her petition to have the book banned when the Brunswick County School Board members voted in favor of keeping it in the school . Though the book will stay in Brunswick County schools , students will now need a note from their parents before they can check it out of the library as a result of the complaint . Wood , however , continued fighting against the book . In April the next year , she filed another complaint -- this time at West Brunswick High School . She claimed , in a letter to the school 's principal and media coordinator , that `` this book is very offensive to any moral person '' because of its mentioning of sexual practices , and allusions to bestiality , which is illegal in North Carolina . She also objected to what she saw as `` negative remarks '' about Christianity and Judaism , as well as `` derogatory remarks '' about blacks and Native Americans , which , according to Wood , `` definitely show racism . '' Wood lost this protest against the book when the principal of West Brunswick High School responded a few days later that the county school board 's policy was that their decision on a book held for all schools in the county , and that those decisions could not be revisited for two years . Sherman Alexie 's biographical background and purpose ( edit ) In `` Healing The Soul Wound , '' Jan Johnson , a writer and literary critic , discusses Sherman Alexie 's purpose in sharing stories of marginalization and oppression in Native American communities . Johnson identifies the `` soul wound , '' a concept that evolved from the historical oppression of Native Americans . This phenomenon is responsible for the characterization of Native Americans as individuals who are constantly suffering , and according to Johnson , this struggle has become a cultural trait . Johnson writes , `` Alexie feels that -- as a result of this grim history -- suffering and trauma are fundamental to the experience of being Native American . Ceaseless suffering attains an epistemological status . '' In Sherman Alexie , A Collection of Critical Essays , critics Jeff Burglund and Jan Roush interpret Jan Johnson 's definition of the soul wound as `` intergenerational suffering . '' On pages 10 and 11 of Diary , Alexie elaborates on the concept of generational poverty when he reveals that Junior 's family is too poor to care for the family 's sick dog : `` My parents came from poor people who came from poor people who came from poor people , all the way back to the very first poor people , '' he writes . Junior is `` wounded , '' which Alexie shows through Junior 's alcoholic father , his misguided sister , and his defeating social life . Through Diary , Alexie aims to make a larger statement about the need for change in both the internal structure and the external perception of Native American communities in the United States . In his own writing , Alexie has explored the concept of upward mobility in Native American life , and unapologetically describes himself as `` kind of mixed up , kind of odd , not traditional . I 'm a rez kid who 's gone urban , and that 's what I write about . I 've never pretended to be otherwise . '' `` A smart Indian is a dangerous person , '' Alexie states in a personal essay , `` ( a smart Indian is ) widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-Indians alike . '' Junior encapsulates this type of experience when he receives strong censure both from his tribal community and from his peers and teachers at his new school , Reardan . In the personal essay , Alexie 's continued explanation of his own experience is reflected in Junior 's . Alexie recalls , `` I fought with my classmates on a daily basis . They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers .... ( W ) e were Indian children who were expected to be stupid . ... ( W ) e were expected to fail in the non-Indian world . '' Through Junior 's success at Reardan and his realizations about life on the reservation , Alexie represents a possibility for the success of Native American children -- by defeating the expectation that he is doomed to fail , Junior crosses social boundaries and defeats unfavorable odds . Alexie 's reflections demonstrate that Junior 's experiences are semi-autobiographical . Historical trauma of the Spokane Indians ( edit ) Sherman Alexie grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation in Wellpinit , Washington . While living on the reservation , he had to make sacrifices and choices that guided the direction of his future . In Diary , he writes a story about his own personal experiences he faced once he left the reservation , and how his decision to go to school for a proper education was quite difficult to adjust to . In Jan Johnson 's article Healing the Soul Wound in Flight and The Absolute True Diary of a Part - Time Indian , she talks about how Junior went from being one of the smartest kids on the reservation , to being a target in his new prominently white school . Johnson explains that behaviors of the characters in Flight is a reflection on the traumas Native American Indians went through . On the other hand , Diary is a possible indication of the healing process from the tragedies and traumas the Spokane Indians faced throughout history . It is important for people to understand how this specific group and other groups of Native Americans were dehumanized and ripped of their cultural values , which is what Johnson considered to be the `` soul wound '' of American Indians . Columbus and his men colonized the new land they encountered in horrid ways that diminished Native people of anything they had . Violent invasions by Columbus and his crew left the Indians with nothing to call their own . Sacred land , animals , plants , and relatives were all lost during the time of what Maria Yellow Brave Heart and Lemyra DeBruyn called the `` American Indian Holocaust . '' The ones that were somewhat fortunate enough to stay alive were brainwashed of everything they knew , and were forced to believe and follow the religious practices of the Christian faith despite the fact it was not what they believed in . The Indians were also forced to relocate and leave everything , which led to many of them dying due to illness or unbearable conditions they had to walk in . Some Native peoples are still affected by this trauma . It is the `` historical unresolved grief '' that is the cause of high crime rates and mental health issues among Native American people today . Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart and Lemyra DeBruyn explain the meaning behind `` historical disenfranchised grief '' and how it is overlooked by Americans . American Indians are experiencing disenfranchised grief because of how this group of people was and still is seen as savage , emotionless , and lacking of right or reason to mourn and grieve . Multicultural literature ( edit ) A textbook called Sherman Alexie in the Classroom was recently published in order to help teachers and educators explore how multicultural texts can impact the learning outcome of students -- -- especially for Native Americans in the modern times . This text explores the significance and the message behind the works of Sherman Alexie , including poetry , novels , films strips , and much more . Sherman Alexie 's novel , The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian , is a multicultural text that many English teachers use in order to educate their students about the Native American heritage . The author , Alexie , himself is of the Spokane heritage . This means that he has had first hand experience of being Native American and facing racism , which gives him the ability to be able to discuss these issues in the context of his ethnicity . As a result , he uses his own background and personal experiences to write this specific novel in a semi-autobiographical format . However , many adults , especially parents , have rejected this book because they claim that the content and language of the novel are unsuitable for high school students . Other adults also claim that the presence of alcohol in the novel forms a mood of despair and sadness , which could influence children in negative ways . However , many teachers argue in defense of the novel . They refer to the textbook , Sherman Alexie in the Classroom , to claim that the book provides an opportunity to educate non-Native American students to `` work through their white guilt and develop anti-racist perspectives . '' Having read and discussed the topics of Alexie 's novel as a multicultural literature , a student named Hannah Wolf also argued in favor of Alexie 's novel . She claimed that the beginning of the book was very depressing and made her cry . However , as she kept reading , she discovered that Junior , the protagonist , started to stand up for himself and build more confidence . This testimony shows that a multicultural text such as this novel not only teaches students of one specific race to stand up for themselves , but also influences students of any race or ethnicity to maintain confidence and stick up for what they believe in . Furthermore , Alexie 's texts encourage educators to initiate discussions in their classrooms about the Native American culture as a whole . Many stereotypes of Native Americans exist in the United States ; therefore , many people have erroneous views of what modern Native Americans ' lives are like . 11th and 12th grade English teacher , Bryan Ripley Crandall , believes that learning about different cultural backgrounds creates a diverse learning environment . Crandall also states that the Native American narrative of Alexie 's book is a way of giving minority students an access to their own background and heritage within an American education . Therefore , Alexie 's multicultural literature of The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian provides an expanded perspective of the daily lives of Native Americans living on the reservation in today 's world . Autobiographical elements ( edit ) Author , Sherman Alexie , at the Texas Book Festival in 2008 The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian is semi-autobiographical . The novel started as a section of Sherman Alexie 's family memoir , but after the persistence of a young adult editor , he decided to use it as a basis for his first young adult novel . Sherman Alexie states , `` If I were to guess at the percentage , it would be about seventy - eight percent true . '' Like Arnold , Sherman Alexie grew up on the Spokane Reservation in Wellpinit with an alcoholic father . He was also born with hydrocephalus , like Arnold , but Alexie did not have any speech impediments . Like Arnold , Alexie was also teased for his government - issued , horn - rimmed glasses and nicknamed `` The Globe '' by fellow students because of his giant head . Another similarity between Alexie and his character is that Alexie also left the reservation to attend high school at Reardan High , but Alexie chose to go to Reardan to achieve the required credits he needed to go to college . Like Arnold , Alexie also became the star player of Reardan 's basketball team , and was the only Indian on the team besides the school 's team mascot . The scene where Arnold finds that he is using the same textbook his mother did thirty years before him is drawn from Alexie 's own experiences . The only difference from Alexie 's life and the novel is that Alexie threw the book against the wall out of anger , and did not hit anyone as Junior did . Audiobook ( edit ) The author Sherman Alexie himself narrates the audiobook of The Absolutely True Diary Of A Part - Time Indian , which has won many awards for its creation of an idiosyncratic , first - person voice . `` Alexie is the perfect choice to read his own story , '' notes critic Kristi Jemtegaard . Alexie is able to convey the messages that the missing cartoons , caricatures , and sketches reveal in the printed text . Alexie is able to do this because of his experience as an orator . He won the Taos Poetry Circus World Heavyweight Championship award three years in a row for his oratorical virtuosity . Film adaptation ( edit ) According to The Hollywood Reporter , in December of 2016 , Fox 2000 studios acquired the rights to produce The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian . The producing team consists of Hugh Jackman , Wyck Godfrey , Isaac Klausner , and Lauren Shuler Donner . The film is currently under development , and a set release date has not been announced as of yet . Educational resources ( edit ) `` The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian data visualization and analysis '' ( online and PDF ) . LitCharts.com . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Scholastic 's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian Teaching Guide . Retrieved 31 May 2017 References ( edit ) Children and Young Adult Literature portal The Absolutely True Diary ^ Jump up to : Alexie , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 179 . Other ^ Jump up to : `` The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 15 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Cline , Lynn ( 2000 ) . `` About Sherman Alexie '' . Ploughshares. 26 ( 4 ) : 197 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews '' . Publishers Weekly . 254 ( 33 ) : 70 -- 71 . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Every Teen 's Struggle '' . Publishers Weekly . 255 ( 7 ) : 160 . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grades 9 - 12 Curriculum Connections '' . School Library Journal . 54 ( 61 ) : 61 . 2008 . Jump up ^ Attenberg , Jami ( 2007 ) . `` Absolutely Fabulous '' . Print . 61 ( 5 ) : 16 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McNamee , Gregory ( 2011 ) . `` Absolutely True Tales of Censorship '' . Kirkus Reviews . 79 ( 16 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Rowdy in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' . www.shmoop.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ DeLaney Hoffman , Elizabeth ( 2012 ) . American Indians and Popular Culture . Santa Barbra : Praeger . pp. 33 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37990 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Michael ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Sherman Alexie at Big Think '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Barcott , Bruce ( November 11 , 2007 ) . `` Off The Rez '' . The New York Times . New York City : New York Times Date = November 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reyhan , Harmanci ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Sherman Alexie 's new novel takes teen off the rez '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco : SFGate . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Book Club : The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' . Civilrights.org . October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Santos , Delia ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fersch , Andrew ( October 20 , 2007 ) . `` Book Review : The Absolutle True diary of a Part time Indian '' . Vail Daily . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roen , Breanna ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` '' The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian `` '' . Dakota Student . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Samuels , Diane ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` A Brave Life : The real struggles of a Native American boy make an uplifting story , writes Diane Samuels '' . Review . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Talbert , Kevin ( 2012 ) . `` Using The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian To Teach About Racial Formation '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Curriculum Theorizing. 28 : 266 -- 271 -- via Project Muse . ^ Jump up to : Crandall , Bryan Ripley ( 2009 ) . `` Adding a Disability Perspective When Reading Adolescent Literature : Sherman Alexie 's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian . '' . ALAN Review . 179 : 71 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , David ( 2009 ) . `` Sacred Hoop Dreams : Basketball in the Work of Sherman Alexie '' . Ethnic Studies Review : The Journal of the National Association for Ethnic Studies . 32 : 77 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Wayland , Nerida . `` Representations of Happiness in Comedic Young Adult Fiction : Happy are the Wretched . '' Jeunesse : Young People , Texts , Cultures 7 ( 2015 ) : 86 + . Literature Resource Center ; Gale . Web Jump up ^ Alexie , Sherman ( 2007 ) . The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian . Little , Brown and Company . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01368 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Book Awards -- 2007 '' . National Book Foundation ( NBF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . ( With acceptance speech by Alexie , interview with Alexie , and other material , partly replicated for all five Young People 's Literature authors and books . ) Jump up ^ http://ailanet.org/activities/american-indian-youth-literature-award/ ^ Jump up to : `` Fiction and Poetry Award Winner : The Absolutely True Diary Of A Part - Time Indian '' . Horn Book Magazine . 85 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 28 . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Odyssey Award winners and honor audiobooks , 2008 - present '' . ALSC . ALA . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Winners '' . California Young Reader Medal . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SLJ 's Best Books of 2007 '' . Schoollibraryjournal.com. 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Best Books for Young Adults '' . Young Adult Library Services . 6 ( 3 ) : 20 -- 22 . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Amazing Audiobooks for Young Adults '' . Young Adult Library Services . 7 ( 3 ) : 30 -- 31 . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dade County removes novel from school library and reading list '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Alexie , Sherman ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Why the Best Kids Books Are Written in Blood '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fuller , Ruth ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` Some Parents Seek to Ban ' The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Sherman Alexie young - adult book banned in Idaho schools '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Schaub , Michael . `` The most banned and challenged books of 2014 '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bain , Roy . `` Banned Book Read at Protest - Norwood Superintendent Explains His Stance to High School Students . '' Daily Sentinel , The ( Grand Junction , CO ) . Access World News . NewsBank , Inc. 1 Feb 05 2005 . Web . 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ^ Jump up to : Penprase , Mike ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Stockton book ban upheld 7 - 0 in packed Public Forum '' . Report -- via Springfield News - Leader . ^ Jump up to : Stillman , Adam ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Absolutely True Diary ... Absolutely Banned '' . Review . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 -- via CedarRepublican.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Censorship Dateline '' . Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom . 59 ( 5 ) : 198 -- 200 . September 1 , 2010 -- via OmniFile Full Text Mega . ^ Jump up to : `` Censorship Dateline '' . Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom . 59 ( 6 ) : 241 . November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://journals.ala.org/nif Jump up ^ `` Weston County School District # 1 '' . Schoolwebpages.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Banning Sherman Alexie Book Does Not Help Students '' . American Civil Liberties Union of Washington . 2011 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Book Ban Reversed : Sherman Alexie Novel Back in Richland Classrooms '' . American Civil Liberties Union of Washington . 2011 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Censorship Dateline '' . Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom . 62 : 51 -- 52 . 2013 -- via EBSCO host . ^ Jump up to : Haskett , Peggy ( 17 January 2013 ) . `` '' Book Has Great Value `` '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Titus , Ron . `` Marshall University Libraries - Banned Book - Sherman Alexie 's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' . www.marshall.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Ada 's Linda Clark resigns , blames trustees ' ' witch hunt ' '' . idahostatesman . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sherman Alexie 's Young Adult Novel Pulled From Curriculum in Idaho Schools '' . BillMoyers.com. 2014 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Book controversy gives way to giveaway '' . Idaho Education News . 2014 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brunswick County school decides against banning book '' . WWAY TV3. 2014 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Woman continues fighting to ban book in Brunswick County '' . WWAY TV3. 2014 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brunswick Co. woman appeals school 's decision to keep book '' . WWAY TV3. 2014 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Challenge to Absolutely True Diary Shut Down in Brunswick , NC '' . National Coalition Against Censorship. 2015 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brunswick Co. grandmother lodges new protest to book at different school '' . WWAY TV3. 2015 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brunswick Co . Schools wo n't consider book challenge '' . WWAY TV3. 2015 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jan . `` Healing the Soul Wound in Flight and The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian . '' Healing the Soul Wound , by Eduardo Duran , Teachers College Press , 2006 , 227 . Jump up ^ Berglund , Jeff and Jan Roush . Sherman Alexie : A Collection of Critical Essays . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press , 2010 . / z - wcorg /. Web , 36 . Jump up ^ Alexie , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Alexie , Sherman . `` The Joy of Reading and Writing : Superman and Me . '' The Most Wonderful Books : Writers on Discovering the Pleasures of Reading. Minneapolis : Milkweed Editions , 1997 . Print , 130 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Nancy J. ( 2009 ) . Conversations with Sherman Alexie. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . p. 58 . ISBN 1604732806 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jan ( 2010 ) . `` Healing the Soul Wound in Flight and The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' . Sherman Alexie : A Collection of Critical Essays : 224 -- 237 -- via ProQuest . ^ Jump up to : Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart ; Lemyra M. DeBruyn ( 1989 ) . `` The American Indian Holocaust : Healing Historical Unresolved Grief '' . American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research . 8 ( 2 ) : 56 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Rave , Jodi ( September 27 , 2008 ) . `` Author Puts Native Life in the Classroom '' . Rapid City Journal . Tucows Domains Inc . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamee , Gregory ( 2011 ) . `` Absolutely True Tales of Censorship '' . Kirkus Reviews . 79 : 1508 -- via EBSCO host . ^ Jump up to : Crandall , Bryan Ripley ( 2009 ) . `` Adding a Disability Perspective When Reading Adolescent Literature : Sherman Alexie 's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian '' . ALAN Review . 36 : 71 -- 78 -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ `` School Library Journal '' . Amazon.com. 2009 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Margolis , Rick ( 2007 ) . `` Song of Myself '' . School Library Journal . 53 ( 8 ) : 29 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Barcott , Bruce ( November 11 , 2007 ) . `` Off the Rez '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` StarTribune Books '' . Startribune.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Jemtegaard , Kristi Elle ( 2008 ) . `` Audiobooks for Youth '' . Booklist. 104 ( 19 / 20 ) : 122 . ( hide ) Fiction by Sherman Alexie The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven ( 1994 ) Reservation Blues ( 1995 ) Indian Killer ( 1996 ) The Toughest Indian in the World ( 2000 ) Ten Little Indians ( 2003 ) Flight ( 2007 ) The Absolutely True Diary of a Part - Time Indian ( 2007 ) War Dances ( 2009 ) Blasphemy ( 2012 ) VIAF : 255332458 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Absolutely_True_Diary_of_a_Part-Time_Indian&oldid=806741873 '' Categories : 2007 American novels American young adult novels Black comedy books Fictional diaries National Book Award for Young People 's Literature winning works Novels by Sherman Alexie Native American novels Novels set in Washington ( state ) Novels about bullying Native American children 's literature American novels adapted into films American bildungsromans Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 21 : 48 . 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who wrote the absolutely true diary of a part-time indian
[ "The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian is a 2007 novel for young adults written by Sherman Alexie and illustrated by Ellen Forney. The book won several awards, and was the first young adult fiction work by Alexie, a stand-up comedian, screenwriter, film producer, and songwriter who has previously written adult novels, short stories, poems, and screenplays.[2][3] Alexie stated, \"I did [write the book] because so many librarians, teachers, and teenagers kept asking me to write one.\" [4]" ]
[ "Sherman Alexie" ]
1384600150538141557
Betty Cooper
Betty Cooper - wikipedia Betty Cooper Not to be confused with Betty ( comic strip ) . Betty Cooper Archie Comics character Betty Cooper in 2010s fashion First appearance Pep Comics # 22 ( Dec. 1941 ) Created by Bob Montana John L. Goldwater Portrayed by Lili Reinhart ( Riverdale ) Lauren Holly ( Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again ) Voiced by Rosemary Rice ( 1943 -- 1953 ) Jane Webb ( 1968 -- 1976 ) Toni Wine ( The Archie Show ; singing ) Lisa Coristine ( 1987 ) America Young ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Hometown Riverdale School Riverdale High Information Significant other ( s ) Archie Andrews Jughead Jones ( Riverdale ) Relatives Chic Cooper ( brother ) Polly Cooper ( sister ) Hal Cooper ( father ) Alice Cooper ( mother ) Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper is one of the main characters appearing in American comic books published by Archie Comics . The character was created by Bob Montana and John L. Goldwater , and first appeared in Pep Comics # 22 ( cover - dated Dec. 1941 ) , on the first page of the first Archie story , serving as a love interest to Archie Andrews . Betty 's infatuation with Archie , which drives her attempts to win his affections by whatever means possible , and her rivalry with her best friend , Veronica Lodge , have been among of the longest - running themes in the comics . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 3 Interests and personality 4 Relationships 5 Reception 6 Riverdale ( TV 2017 - ) 7 Career 8 Other versions 8.1 Jughead : The Hunger 8.2 Life with Archie : The Married Life 9 In other media 9.1 Television 9.1. 1 Animated 9.1. 2 Live - action 9.2 Film 10 References 11 External links Publication history ( edit ) Betty and Me Publication information Publisher Archie Comics Schedule Varied between bimonthly and monthly Format Ongoing series Genre Romantic comedy Publication date Aug. 1965 -- Aug. 1992 No. of issues 200 Main character ( s ) Betty Cooper Betty Publication information Publisher Archie Comics Schedule Varied between bimonthly and monthly Format Ongoing series Genre Romantic comedy Publication date Sept. 1992 -- Jan. 2012 No. of issues 195 Main character ( s ) Betty Cooper Betty was named for , and originally based on , Betty Tokar Jankovich , a Czech immigrant who briefly dated Archie co-creator Bob Montana in 1939 when she was 18 . Created to serve as a love interest for Archie Andrews , she is portrayed as a smart , talented , sweet , tomboyish yet beautiful girl with blonde hair and blue eyes . In addition to appearing in many Archie stories , Betty was the star of two long - running comic book titles published by Archie Comics during the period 1965 -- 2012 : Betty and Me ( later styled as Betty & Me ) , which published 200 issues from Aug. 1965 to Aug. 2012 ; and Betty , which published 195 issues from Sept. 1992 to Jan. 2012 . She also was featured in Betty 's Diary , which published 40 issues from Apr. 1986 -- Apr. 1990 . Currently , Betty is the co-star of Betty and Veronica Digest Magazine , now known as B&V Friends Double Digest , which was launched in Nov. 1980 and has published more than 250 issues ; and Betty and Veronica Double Digest , which has published 250 + issues since June 1987 . She was the co-star of Betty and Veronica , which ran for 347 issues ( and eight annuals ) from March 1950 -- April 1987 . A new Betty and Veronica series published 278 issues from June 1987 -- late 2015 . The limited series Betty and Veronica , taking place in their rebooted New Riverdale universe , was published in 2017 . Betty and Veronica also co-starred in : Betty and Veronica Spectacular ( 90 issues , Oct. 1992 -- July 2009 ) Betty and Veronica Summer Fun ( six annual issues , 1994 -- 1999 ) Fictional character biography ( edit ) Betty Cooper ( Bety Rosas in the Spanish version ) is the third and youngest child and second daughter of Hal Cooper and Alice Cooper . Her older brother Chic Cooper and older sister Polly Cooper have both moved out of Riverdale , their hometown . Chic moved to New York City and Polly to San Francisco , but both occasionally appear in flashbacks to Betty 's childhood , and both occasionally visit their family . The quintessential girl next door , Betty 's middle class upbringing is a world apart from the flashy lifestyle of her wealthy friend , Veronica Lodge . Nowhere is this more evident than when she and Veronica are competing for Archie Andrews ' heart , and yet they remain best friends ( Veronica once told Archie that she and Betty are only rivals in unimportant matters , like boys ) . In the late 1960s , the two girls joined Archie 's band , a garage band appropriately named The Archies . Both sang ( usually backup ) , and Betty played tambourine , while Veronica played organ . This implies that Veronica is more musically talented , but that is not necessarily true . Some stories indicate that Betty is the better vocalist . Additionally , there is little consistency in the instruments she is able to play . Betty has played the recorder , tambourine , maracas , guitar , banjo , keyboard , saxophone , cello , and the bongos . Interests and personality ( edit ) Betty is friends with everybody , and is a loving daughter and sister . She likes to help the homeless , read to the senior citizens , and rescue wounded animals and birds . Betty 's hobbies include playing sports ( particularly baseball ) , cooking , and looking after animals ( she owns a cat , Caramel ) . She is also concerned with the environment and other social issues and encourages the rest of the gang to clean up after themselves . She loves children and sometimes babysits Jellybean with Jughead as well as other children in Riverdale . Occasionally , families hire Betty to keep their elderly members company . Betty is a skilled mechanic who frequently helps Archie with his broken down car Betsy . Betty is also good at skiing and car - racing . She is often said to be the best pitcher in the girls ' baseball team . Betty is a scuba diver , wearing a blue shorty wetsuit , breathing with an air tank she carries on her back and a regulator in her mouth , wears blue fins on her feet and a mask on her face , but she prefers to swim underwater . Contrary to the `` dumb blonde '' - stereotype , Betty actually has an above - average intelligence and is one of the smartest students at Riverdale High School , along with Dilton Doiley . In one story she won an award and was sent to compete in New York and has won numerous academic awards . At one point , she gained ESP when an encyclopedia accidentally fell on her head . This ability took away all hope for the future ; Archie asked Veronica for a date , but Betty knew that Archie would dump Veronica for her . Betty lost her ESP power when a ball that Reggie kicked accidentally hit her ; in her gratefulness , she gave him a thankful kiss . Betty 's many talents and accomplishments often make her friend Veronica jealous , who then tries to sabotage Betty to steal her glory and make her look bad . During a stay at the Lodge mansion , while the family are in Europe , Betty is waited on hand and foot by the servants and , keeping true to her caring , loving , and unselfish nature , she begins to feel guilty about being waited on . Wanting to do something very special for them in appreciation for the tough jobs that they do ( and for what also seems to be a very thankless job in serving someone like Veronica , who tends to be very snobbish towards those who serve her ) , she throws them a pool party which surprises Mr. and Mrs. Lodge , and angers Veronica . In return , Smithers , the butler , and the rest of the staff , who are quite appreciative of what Betty did for them ( since they never seem to get any appreciation from Veronica ) , offer to help Betty with the next party she throws , for free . Mr. Lodge would then lecture Veronica about how servants were people too . Relationships ( edit ) Betty 's best friend is Veronica . Although the two are often involved in disputes over Archie or something else that evokes jealousy , they have remained the best of friends since their childhood . The two have commented that Jughead and Archie 's friendship could not compare to theirs . In many stories , Betty and Veronica team up or help each other despite Veronica 's jealousy and bitterness towards her . Betty 's other female friends include Ethel Muggs , Midge Klump , and Nancy Woods , all of whom share common interests and group activities such as shopping and cheer - leading . Frequently , Betty has been shown to date Reggie Mantle early on in the titles ' runs and occasionally still , more often than not as a casual date when Veronica has Archie take her out . Sometimes , Reggie and Betty are seen to be flirting with each other ; when Betty is feeling sad , Reggie always tells her that she has won a date with the most handsome man in the world . Although Reggie does not appear to admit it , he seems to care about Betty , but his self - image sometimes is more important . Once Betty said that sometimes the way Archie and Reggie fight over her , it sounds like she has the plague . In the Life with Archie magazines that depict a future timeline in which Archie marries Veronica , Betty and Reggie are portrayed as a loving couple . It has been hinted they may be planning to get married . Betty 's relationship with Jughead Jones has mostly been that of close confidant and close friend , as they normally discuss their issues more candidly with each other than anyone else ; Jughead will provide commentary on her feelings for Archie , and Betty will attempt to `` better '' Jughead , by getting rid of his slothful attitude and laziness . Once when she had a sprained ankle , Veronica told both Archie and Jughead to visit her . The four of them were having dinner together when people from the school mistook Jughead as Betty 's boyfriend because he was carrying chocolates to her house . Jughead appears to care more about Betty than other girls and there have been hints of a potential romantic relationship between them . He once accidentally asked her out to a school dance . When he was telling Archie what to do , Betty walked up behind him and thought he was asking her even though he was just demonstrating how to ask Betty to the dance . In one story , Jughead even says that if the time ever comes that he would willingly kiss a girl , it would be Betty . A happy tear is seen sliding down Betty 's face at this comment . She had a friendship with an elderly woman named Lydia Wyndham , whom she found when doing research about World War I. With this acquaintance Betty got to know an accomplished writer and poet with a sharp mind ( and a sad past -- Betty 's research had turned up a beau of Ms. Wyndham 's who was killed in combat ) , but after a while Ms. Wyndham herself died . At times , Betty is seen to have a close friendship with Cheryl Blossom , especially in Cheryl 's own title . However , at other times , Betty and Veronica regard the seductive Cheryl as a threat because she tries to lure Archie away from them , and the two best friends unite against Cheryl to protect their interests . Jason Blossom , Cheryl 's twin brother , is sometimes seen to have genuine interest towards Betty , which makes Archie jealous . In the late 90s , Betty started dating Adam Chisholm . It was thought by some people that Betty had chosen Adam over Archie . This event made Archie jealous and he concentrated his attention on Betty , ignoring Veronica , as he always does when he thinks someone else may take Betty away from him . Though in actuality , Adam has rarely been seen in the stories after that story arc , and Betty has continued to prefer Archie . Reception ( edit ) In 2011 , Betty Cooper was ranked 66th in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Riverdale ( TV 2017 - ) ( edit ) In the CW 's live action drama Riverdale , Betty 's relationships differ from her Comic equivalent . Betty 's best friend , Veronica Lodge , is a new girl who just moved into Riverdale from New York City . She is very kind to Betty and helps her with her longtime crush on childhood best friend , Archie Andrews . However , Veronica betrays that trust by kissing Archie in a game of Seven Minutes in heaven . Betty is heartbroken , but after Veronica apologizes profusely , she accepts the apology and their friendship becomes secure again . Despite one or two conflicts , Betty and Veronica 's friendship is one of the strongest in the show . Betty and Archie are childhood friends . At the start of the series , Betty makes a plan to tell Archie that she wants to take their relationship to a new level , become ' a power couple ' . The arrival of Veronica Lodge throws a wrench in Betty 's plan , as Archie is taken with the new girl . Veronica still encourages Betty to let Archie know how she feels on the night of the dance , but a subsequent kiss between Veronica and Archie sparks a romance that does n't include Betty , and Betty is left heartbroken . Several episodes in , Betty reignites her friendship with another childhood friend , Jughead Jones , by inviting him to write for the school paper , the Blue and Gold . A sleuthing dynamic is quickly born , and the two find that they work ok together . After a joint investigation on the whereabouts of her sister , Jughead and Betty share their first kiss in her bedroom , beginning the relationship fans have decided to call `` Bughead '' . The two would overcome a variety of obstacles over the course of the completed seasons ( including third - party kisses , gang - related violence and a manipulative serial killer ) , with the two making an emotional commitment in the finale , where Betty accepts Jughead 's proposal to be the Serpent Queen to his King . Career ( edit ) Betty enjoys writing and keeps a diary that is featured in the series Betty 's Diary . She wants to be a famous writer someday , an aspiration that her teacher Ms. Grundy approves of . She submits her work to writing magazines and has been published a number of times . She once got to be an intern for a fashion magazine but ended up modeling as well . At the same time , she takes various types of employment , including some work as a mechanic , which is also a career that she is interested in . In some stories she finds employment as an assistant teacher at the local elementary school . Betty is also a well known baby sitter , and baker . Other versions ( edit ) Jughead : the Hunger ( edit ) In Jughead : The Hunger , Betty hails from a long - line of werewolf hunters that have always taken down the Jones werewolves . She only befriended Archie and faked her affections towards him in an effort to get closer to the newest werewolf of Riverdale , Jughead . Archie convinces her to try curing Jughead with wolfsbane , which initially works until it wears off and results in Reggie 's death . Jughead leaves town because he knows Betty wo n't give him a second chance . Betty sets out to find him with the help of Archie and her cousin Bo , with backing by her aunt , the Cooper family matriarch , Elena . Life with Archie : the married Life ( edit ) Betty appears as a main character in Life with Archie : The Married Life . In Archie Loves Veronica , she runs a catering business while her boyfriend , Reggie Mantle , runs a repair shop . They both star in a reality show based on their lives . In Archie Loves Betty , she is an English teacher at Riverdale High . However , in both universes , Betty previously worked as a buyer for Saks Fifth Avenue in New York . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Animated ( edit ) Betty appeared in The Archie Show , a 1968 cartoon series produced by Filmation . She also appeared in the various spin - offs The Archie Comedy Hour , Archie 's Funhouse , Archie 's TV Funnies , The U.S. of Archie and The New Archie and Sabrina Hour produced in the same format . She was voiced by Jane Webb . Betty appeared in The New Archies , a 1987 re-imagining of Archie and the gang . Betty was portrayed as a pre-teen in junior high . She was voiced by Lisa Coristine . Betty appeared in Archie 's Weird Mysteries voiced by America Young . Live - action ( edit ) Lili Reinhart plays Betty on Riverdale . Betty was portrayed by Lauren Holly in the 1990 TV movie Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again . Betty appears in The CW series Riverdale , with Lili Reinhart portraying the character . As in the comics , Betty is a pretty and good - natured girl - next - door who once had a crush on her longtime friend Archie Andrews , . However , when Archie responds he that he does n't feel the same way . She and Jughead form a relationship that is central to the series . Through her mother , Alice , Betty is a legacy member of the South Side Serpents . Film ( edit ) Betty appeared in The Archies in Jugman , voiced by America Young . The direct - to - video film takes place after Archie 's Weird Mysteries . Gerald Peary 's documentary Archie 's Betty . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Rosemary Rice Merrell , 87 , started in TV and radio '' . New Canaan Advertiser. 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gustines , George Gene . `` At 94 , the Real Betty Does n't Regret Dumping a Creator of Archie , ' '' The New York Times ( October 1 , 2015 ) , accessed October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Betty Archived February 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 44 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jughead : The Hunger # 0 , May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jughead : The Hunger # 1 , October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jughead : The Hunger # 3 , February 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` A Search For The Real - Life Archie , Betty And Friends Began In Haverhill '' . www.wbur.org . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` From Haverhill to New Jersey , searching for the inspiration behind Archie Comics ' Betty - The Boston Globe '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Documentary seeks to find the inspiration for the ' Archie ' characters '' . lowellsun.com . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ LaBella , Mike . `` Who are real people behind ' Archie ' comic ? '' . eagletribune.com . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ LaBella , Mike . `` ' Archie ' -- the Haverhill connection '' . eagletribune.com . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Danny Peary ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` Archie 's Betty : My Interview with Gerald Peary , Again '' . The Sag Harbor Express . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ College , Northern Essex Community ( 2 October 2015 ) . `` Archie Returns to Haverhill - Northern Essex '' . mass.edu . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archie 's Betty Trailer 052215 '' . Vimeo . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` Archie 's Betty '' . Retrieved 24 August 2018 -- via imdb.com . Archie Comics characters and fictional elements Archie Characters Main Archie Andrews Cheryl Blossom Chuck Clayton Betty Cooper Dilton Doiley Jughead Jones Kevin Keller Midge Klump Veronica Lodge Reggie Mantle Moose Mason Ethel Muggs Nancy Woods Secondary Families of Archie 's Gang Miss Beazley Mr. Flutesnoot Miss Grundy Mr. Lodge Mr. Svenson Mr. Weatherbee Locations Riverdale Sabrina Salem Saberhagen Hilda Spellman Sabrina Spellman Zelda Spellman Humor Josie and the Pussycats band and cast Superhero The Black Hood Captain Flag The Comet Firefly The Fly Flygirl The Fox The Jaguar The Shield Terrific Three The Web Wizard Licensed characters Sonic the Hedgehog characters ( from Sega ) Mega Man characters ( from Capcom ) See also Alternate universes in Archie Comics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betty_Cooper&oldid=856305169 '' Categories : 1965 comics debuts 1992 comics endings Humor comics Romance comics 1992 comics debuts 2012 comics endings Archie Comics characters Comics characters introduced in 1941 Fictional mechanics Fictional scuba divers Fictional singers Fictional writers Fictional schoolteachers Fictional baseball players Fictional cheerleaders Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles guest characters Animated human characters Female characters in comics Female characters in animation Female characters in television Teenage characters in comics Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Title pop Comics infobox without image Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 08 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does betty cooper end up with riverdale
[ "Several episodes in, Betty reignites her friendship with another childhood friend, Jughead Jones, by inviting him to write for the school paper, the Blue and Gold. A sleuthing dynamic is quickly born, and the two find that they work ok together. After a joint investigation on the whereabouts of her sister, Jughead and Betty share their first kiss in her bedroom, beginning the relationship fans have decided to call \"Bughead\". The two would overcome a variety of obstacles over the course of the completed seasons (including third-party kisses, gang-related violence and a manipulative serial killer), with the two making an emotional commitment in the finale, where Betty accepts Jughead's proposal to be the Serpent Queen to his King.\n" ]
[ "Jughead" ]
-8338565956075868629
Trevi Fountain
Trevi fountain - wikipedia Trevi fountain Jump to : navigation , search Trevi Fountain Italian : Fontana di Trevi Artist Nicola Salvi Year 1762 ( 1762 ) Type Public fountain Medium Stone 26.3 m × 49.15 m ( 86 ft × 161.3 ft ) Location Trevi , Rome , Italy Coordinates 41 ° 54 ′ 3.15 '' N 12 ° 28 ′ 59.4 '' E  /  41.9008750 ° N 12.483167 ° E  / 41.9008750 ; 12.483167 Coordinates : 41 ° 54 ′ 3.15 '' N 12 ° 28 ′ 59.4 '' E  /  41.9008750 ° N 12.483167 ° E  / 41.9008750 ; 12.483167 The Trevi Fountain ( Italian : Fontana di Trevi ) is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome , Italy , designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Pietro Bracci . Standing 26.3 metres ( 86 ft ) high and 49.15 metres ( 161.3 ft ) wide , it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and one of the most famous fountains in the world . The fountain has appeared in several notable films , including Federico Fellini 's La Dolce Vita , the eponymous Three Coins in the Fountain , and The Lizzie McGuire Movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 History before 1629 2 Commission , construction , and design 3 Restoration 4 Iconography 4.1 Coin throwing 5 Trivia 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History before 1629 ( edit ) Trevi Fountain in Rome , Italy . The fountain at the junction of three roads ( tre vie ) marks the terminal point of the `` modern '' Acqua Vergine , the revived Aqua Virgo , one of the aqueducts that supplied water to ancient Rome . In 19 BC , supposedly with the help of a virgin , Roman technicians located a source of pure water some 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) from the city . ( This scene is presented on the present fountain 's façade . ) However , the eventual indirect route of the aqueduct made its length some 22 km ( 14 mi ) . This Aqua Virgo led the water into the Baths of Agrippa . It served Rome for more than 400 years . Commission , construction , and design ( edit ) In 1629 Pope Urban VIII , finding the earlier fountain insufficiently dramatic , asked Gian Lorenzo Bernini to sketch possible renovations , but the project was abandoned when the pope died . Though Bernini 's project was never constructed , there are many Bernini touches in the fountain as it exists today . An early , influential model by Pietro da Cortona , preserved in the Albertina , Vienna , also exists , as do various early 18th century sketches , most unsigned , as well as a project attributed to Nicola Michetti one attributed to Ferdinando Fuga and a French design by Edme Bouchardon . Trevi Fountain at night Competitions had become the rage during the Baroque era to design buildings , fountains and even the Spanish Steps . In 1730 Pope Clement XII organized a contest in which Nicola Salvi initially lost to Alessandro Galilei -- but due to the outcry in Rome over a Florentine having won , Salvi was awarded the commission anyway . Work began in 1732 and the fountain was completed in 1762 , long after Salvi 's death , when Pietro Bracci 's Oceanus ( god of all water ) was set in the central niche . Salvi died in 1751 with his work half finished , but he had made sure a stubborn barber 's unsightly sign would not spoil the ensemble , hiding it behind a sculpted vase , called by Romans the asso di coppe , the `` Ace of Cups '' . The Trevi Fountain was finished in 1762 by Giuseppe Pannini , who substituted the present allegories for planned sculptures of Agrippa and `` Trivia '' , the Roman virgin . It was officially opened and inaugurated on May 22 by Pope Clement XIII . The majority of the piece is made from Travertine stone , quarried near Tivoli , about 35 kilometres ( 22 miles ) east of Rome . Sculptures at night Restoration ( edit ) Trevi Fountain papal coat of arms Trevi Fountain as viewed from the side The fountain was refurbished in 1998 ; the stonework was scrubbed and all cracks and other areas of deterioration were repaired by skilled artisans , and the fountain was equipped with recirculating pumps . In January 2013 , it was announced that the Italian fashion company Fendi would sponsor a 20 - month , 2.2 - million - euro restoration of the fountain ; it was to be the most thorough restoration in the fountain 's history . Restoration work began in June 2014 and was completed in November 2015 . The fountain was reopened with an official ceremony on the evening of November 3 , 2015 . The restoration included the installation of more than 100 LED lights to improve the nighttime illumination of the fountain . Iconography ( edit ) The backdrop for the fountain is the Palazzo Poli , given a new façade with a giant order of Corinthian pilasters that link the two main stories . Taming of the waters is the theme of the gigantic scheme that tumbles forward , mixing water and rockwork , and filling the small square . Tritons guide Oceanus ' shell chariot , taming hippocamps . In the centre a robustly - modelled triumphal arch is superimposed on the palazzo façade . The centre niche or exedra framing Oceanus has free - standing columns for maximal light and shade . In the niches flanking Oceanus , Abundance spills water from her urn and Salubrity holds a cup from which a snake drinks . Above , bas reliefs illustrate the Roman origin of the aqueducts . The tritons and horses provide symmetrical balance , with the maximum contrast in their mood and poses ( by 1730 , rococo was already in full bloom in France and Germany ) . Coin throwing ( edit ) Coins are purportedly meant to be thrown using the right hand over the right shoulder . This was the theme of 1954 's Three Coins in the Fountain and the Academy Award - winning song by that name which introduced the picture . An estimated 3,000 Euros are thrown into the fountain each day . In 2016 , an estimated US $1.5 million was thrown into the fountain . The money has been used to subsidise a supermarket for Rome 's needy ; however , there are regular attempts to steal coins from the fountain although it is illegal to do so . Trivia ( edit ) In 1973 , Italian National Postal Service dedicated a postage stamp to the Trevi Fountain . See also ( edit ) List of fountains in Rome Fountains of Rome References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ `` Trevi Fountain '' . TreviFountain.net . Jump up ^ Though other etymologies have been suggested , this is the straightforward modern etymology adopted by Pinto 1986 and others . Jump up ^ The technical Italian term for such a `` terminal fountain '' is a ( `` display '' ) : Peter J. Aicher , `` Terminal Display Fountains ( '' Mostre `` ) and the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome '' Phoenix 47. 4 ( Winter 1993 : 339 -- 352 ) . Jump up ^ Pintochs. yes I and II . Jump up ^ John A. Pinto , `` An Early Project by Nicola Michetti for the Trevi Fountain '' The Burlington Magazine 119 No. 897 ( December 1977 : 853 -- 857 ) . Jump up ^ Pinto , John ; Elisabeth Kieven ( December 1983 ) . `` An Early Project by Ferdinando Fuga for the Trevi Fountain in Rome '' . The Burlington Magazine . 125 : 746 -- 749 , 751 . Jump up ^ Pinto 1986 . Bouchardon 's drawing is conserved in the Musée Vivènal , Compiègne . Jump up ^ Gross , Hanns ( 1990 ) . Rome in the Age of Enlightenment : the Post-Tridentine syndrome and the ancient regime . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37211 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Trevi Fountain -- The most beautiful fountain in the world '' . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Pullella , Philip ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` Rome Trevi Fountain , symbol of Dolce Vita , to get big facelift '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Torna l'acqua a Fontana di Trevi , dopo il restauro firmato Fendi '' . Roma - La Repubblica. 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` La Fontana di Trevi torna all'antico splendore dopo il restauro '' . rainews. 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` La Fontana di Trevi , applauso e flash salutano il ritorno dell'acqua '' . ANSA.it . ^ Jump up to : `` Trevi coins to fund food for poor '' . BBC News . 26 November 2006 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rome 's Trevi Fountain Holds Nearly $1.5 Million in Loose Change '' . NBC . 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trevi coins row re-surfaces '' . BBC News . 8 October 2003 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trevi fountain ' copycat ' thieves arrested '' . BBC News . 9 August 2002 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Bibliography Pinto , John A. ( 1986 ) . The Trevi Fountain . New Haven : Yale University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trevi Fountain . Wikinews has related news : Man throws red paint in Roman Trevi fountain to protest film festival Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Fountain of Trevi . `` Aerial view of Trevi Fountain '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . The fountain is the blue rounded rectangle in the centre of the photo , just west of the Quirinal Palace . Roman Bookshelf -- Trevi Fountain -- Views from the 18th and 19th centuries Trevi Fountain Virtual 360 ° panorama and photo gallery . Engraving of the fountain 's more modest predecessor . Landmarks of Rome Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Ponte Sisto Basilicas and churches St. Peter 's Basilica Sistine Chapel Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Catacombs Church of the Gesù San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri Santa Maria in Cosmedin Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Prassede Santa Sabina Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza Santa Maria della Vittoria Santa Maria del Popolo San Pietro in Vincoli Roman architecture Villas Villa of Livia Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Temples Pantheon Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta Architecture Altare della Patria Ara Pacis Aurelian Walls Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo Circus Maximus Colosseum Column of Marcus Aurelius Comitium Imperial fora Largo di Torre Argentina Mausoleum of Augustus Obelisks Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Farnese Piazza Navona Pyramid of Cestius Roman Forum Servian Wall Spanish Steps Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Tiber Island Torre dei Capocci Torre delle Milizie Trajan 's Column Trajan 's Market Trevi Fountain Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Parks and gardens Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Piazzas and public spaces Campo de ' Fiori Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Streets Appian Way Clivus Capitolinus Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Museums Vatican Museums Galleria Borghese Doria Pamphilj Gallery Museum of Roman Civilization Capitoline Museums National Roman Museum National Museum of Oriental Art Palaces Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Colonna Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Riario Palazzo Pamphilj Quirinal Palace Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Castello Orsini - Odescalchi Hadrian 's Villa Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Related Vatican City St. Peter 's Square Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trevi_Fountain&oldid=837289754 '' Categories : Fountains in Rome Infrastructure completed in 1762 Sculptures in Italy Baroque architecture in Rome Rome R. II Trevi Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox artwork with the material parameter Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what part of rome is the trevi fountain in
[ "The Trevi Fountain (Italian: Fontana di Trevi) is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Pietro Bracci. Standing 26.3 metres (86 ft) high and 49.15 metres (161.3 ft) wide,[1] it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and one of the most famous fountains in the world. The fountain has appeared in several notable films, including Federico Fellini's La Dolce Vita, the eponymous Three Coins in the Fountain, and The Lizzie McGuire Movie.\n" ]
[ "Trevi district in Rome, Italy" ]
-7501795688741775956
I Can't Tell You Why
I Ca n't Tell You Why - wikipedia I Ca n't Tell You Why Jump to : navigation , search `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Single by Eagles from the album The Long Run B - side `` The Greeks Do n't Want No Freaks '' Released February 8 , 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded March 1978 Genre Blue - eyed soul Length 4 : 30 ( 7 `` ) 4 : 56 ( LP ) Label Asylum Records Songwriter ( s ) Timothy B. Schmit , Glenn Frey , Don Henley Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Eagles singles chronology `` The Long Run '' ( 1979 ) `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' ( 1980 ) `` Seven Bridges Road '' ( 1980 ) `` The Long Run '' ( 1979 ) `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' ( 1980 ) `` Seven Bridges Road '' ( 1980 ) `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' is a song by the American rock band Eagles which appeared on their 1979 album The Long Run . The song was written by band members Timothy B. Schmit , Glenn Frey , and Don Henley . Recorded in March 1978 , it was the first song finished for the album and the first Eagles song to feature Schmit on lead vocals . The studio version became a Billboard Top 10 hit in April 1980 , reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart . It is their last Top Ten hit on the Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Track listing 3 Covers 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Timothy B. Schmit came up with the song title and composed the nucleus of `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' , which he then presented to Glenn Frey and Don Henley and they completed the song together . Henley described the finished song as `` straight Al Green '' , and that Frey , an R&B fan as he came from Detroit and grew up with the music , was responsible for the R&B feel of the song . Frey said to Schmit : `` You could sing like Smokey Robinson . Let 's not do a Richie Furay , Poco - sounding song . Let 's do an R&B song . '' Schmit describes the song as `` loosely based on my own experiences '' . Schmit said : `` I had some writing sessions with Don and Glenn and I threw out a bunch of my ideas and that one ( for `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' ) stuck . I had ( composed ) a pretty good part of it , not a huge part but enough for them to think ' That could be good ' and go with it . So Don , Glenn and I finished it over a few all night sessions . '' `` When it was being developed in the studio ... I knew it was a great song . I ( thought ) ' Yes ! This is an amazing debut for me . ' When we finally mixed it , we had a little listening party at the studio . As people were hearing it , Don turned to me and said , ' There 's your first hit . ' '' Schmit sang the lead vocals on the song , with Frey and Henley singing counterpoint . Schmit also played the bass on the track , which has the distinctive bass riff believed by Schmit to have been devised by Frey . According to Henley , Frey came up with the counterpart on the song , and played the guitar solo on the song . In 1980 the band promoted the song with a music video which featured Schmit on bass guitar accompanied by Frey on the electric piano , although Frey recorded the guitar solos as it is printed on the LP inside sleeve ( Joe Walsh played all the keyboard parts on the actual studio recording ) , with Henley on the drums , Don Felder on the electric guitar , Walsh on the organ and Walsh 's touring sideman Joe Vitale on synthesizer . Live versions of the song were released in the 1980 album Eagles Live and 1994 's Hell Freezes Over . Schmit also performed `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' while on tour as a member of Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band in 1992 . Their performance of the song was included on the 1993 live album Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2 : Live from Montreux . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single ( 45 - 1965 / AS 12.418 / K 12418 / E-46608 ) Side A No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Frey , Henley , Schmit 4 : 30 Side B No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 2 . `` The Greeks Do n't Want No Freaks '' Frey , Henley 2 : 20 7 '' promo ( E-46608 ) Side A No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' ( Mono ) Frey , Henley , Schmit 4 : 30 Side B No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 2 . `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' ( Stereo ) Frey , Henley , Schmit 4 : 30 Covers ( edit ) In 1990 R&B singer Howard Hewett covered `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' which is on his Very Best of Howard Hewett album . It peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks . In 1993 `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' was covered by American country music artist Vince Gill for the Eagles tribute album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles . Schmit sang backing vocals on the recording . This version went to number 51 on the Hot Country Songs chart . In 1995 R&B group Brownstone covered the song on their debut album , From the Bottom Up . Their version reached number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 22 on the Hot R&B chart and number 27 in the UK Top 75 . Alternative rock band Lazlo Bane covered the song for their 2007 cover album Guilty Pleasures . In 2015 Canadian jazz pianist and singer Diana Krall covered the song on her album Wallflower . Her version reached number 10 on the Billboard Smooth Jazz chart . Personnel ( edit ) Timothy B. Schmit : bass guitar , lead vocals Glenn Frey : lead guitar , backing vocals Don Henley : drums , backing vocals Don Felder : rhythm guitar Joe Walsh : Hammond organ , Fender Rhodes electric piano , ARP string synthesizer ( Walsh played all keyboard parts on the studio recording . ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 5 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 49 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 43 US Billboard Hot 100 62 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 0 / 1 : 5 essential Eagles albums - ' Hotel to ' Border ' '' . AZCentral . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . The Long Run at AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 84 . ISBN 0898201497 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Mitchell ( July 1983 ) . `` Don Henley Musician Interview '' . Musician . ^ Jump up to : Crowe , Cameron ( August 2003 ) . `` Conversations With Don Henley and Glenn Frey '' . The Uncool . Jump up ^ `` Timothy B. Schmit of the Eagles '' . SongFacts.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Eagles Timothy B. Schmit talks about The Long Run , his solo career & life as an Eagle '' . LegendaryRockInterviews.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Timothy B. Schmit on playing with The Eagles , solo touring '' . MusicRadar.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Jump up ^ The Very Best of Howard Hewett at AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling . `` Remember When Vince Gill Covered the Eagles ? '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles at AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ From the Bottom Up at AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lazlo Bane 's Guilty Pleasures '' . cdbaby.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Diana Krall : I Ca n't Tell You Why '' . Billboard Smooth Jazz Songs - Billboard.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0153a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4712 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eagles -- I Ca n't Tell You Why '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eagles -- I Ca n't Tell You Why '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Singles '' Billboard December 20 , 1980 : TIA - 10 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can%27t_Tell_You_Why&oldid=821853402 '' Categories : 1979 songs 1980 singles 1993 singles 1995 singles Eagles ( band ) songs Vince Gill songs Brownstone ( group ) songs Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Asylum Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 00 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings i can't tell you why by the eagles
[ "Schmit sang the lead vocals on the song, with Frey and Henley singing counterpoint. Schmit also played the bass on the track, which has the distinctive bass riff believed by Schmit to have been devised by Frey.[7] According to Henley, Frey came up with the counterpart on the song, and played the guitar solo on the song.[5]", "Schmit sang the lead vocals on the song, with Frey and Henley singing counterpoint. Schmit also played the bass on the track, which has the distinctive bass riff believed by Schmit to have been devised by Frey.[7] According to Henley, Frey came up with the counterpart on the song, and played the guitar solo on the song.[5]" ]
[ "Schmit", "Frey and Henley singing counterpoint" ]
-227538391789399302
Geothermal energy in the United States
Geothermal Energy in the United States - wikipedia Geothermal Energy in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Plants 2.1 By state 3 Production and development 4 Reliability 5 Environmental effects 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) According to archaeological evidence , geothermal resources have been in use on the current territory of the United States for more than 10,000 years . The Paleo - Indians first used geothermal hot springs for warmth , cleansing , and minerals . The first commercial geothermal power plant producing power to the U.S. utility grid opened at The Geysers in California in 1960 , producing eleven megawatts of net power . The Geysers system continues to operate successfully today , and the complex has grown into the largest geothermal development in the world , with an output of 750 MW . Plants ( edit ) Map showing geothermal power capacity by state in 2000 ( USGS ) . The largest dry steam field in the world is the Geysers , 116 km ( 72 mi ) north of San Francisco . It was here that Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power plant in the United States in 1960 . The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 MW net power . The Geysers has 1517 megawatt ( MW ) of active installed capacity with an average capacity factor of 63 % . Calpine Corporation owns 15 of the 18 active plants in the Geysers and is currently the United States ' largest producer of geothermal energy . Two other plants are owned jointly by the Northern California Power Agency and the City of Santa Clara 's municipal Electric Utility ( now called Silicon Valley Power ) . The remaining Bottle Rock Power plant owned by the US Renewables Group has only recently been reopened . A nineteenth plant is now under development by Ram Power , formerly Western Geopower . Since the activities of one geothermal plant affects those nearby , the consolidation plant ownership at The Geysers has been beneficial because the plants operate cooperatively instead of in their own short - term interest . The Geysers is now recharged by injecting treated sewage effluent from the City of Santa Rosa and the Lake County sewage treatment plant . This sewage effluent used to be dumped into rivers and streams and is now piped to the geothermal field where it replenishes the steam produced for power generation . Another major geothermal area is located in south central California , on the southeast side of the Salton Sea , near the cities of Niland and Calipatria , California . In 2001 , there were 15 geothermal plants producing electricity in the area . CalEnergy owns about half of them and the rest are owned by various companies . Combined the plants have a capacity of about 570 MW . Hudson Ranch I geothermal plant , a 50 MW plant opened in May 2012 , the first in the area in 20 years . A second similar plant is to open in 2013 . The Basin and Range geologic province in Nevada , southeastern Oregon , southwestern Idaho , Arizona and western Utah is now an area of rapid geothermal development . Several small power plants were built during the late 1980s during times of high power prices . Rising energy costs have spurred new development . Plants in Nevada at Steamboat Springs , Brady / Desert Peak , Dixie Valley , Soda Lake , Stillwater and Beowawe now produce about 235 MW . By state ( edit ) Existing and planned US geothermal power generation , in February 2013 Installed geothermal capacity in megawatts ( MW ) by state as of February 2013 : State Capacity ( MW ) Share of U.S total California 2,732.2 80.7 % Nevada 517.5 15.3 % Utah 48.1 1.4 % Hawaii 38.0 1.1 % Oregon 33.3 1.0 % Idaho 15.8 0.5 % New Mexico 4.0 0.1 % Alaska 0.7 < 0.1 % Wyoming 0.3 < 0.1 % Total 3,389.9 100 % Production and development ( edit ) US electricity generated from geothermal sources 1960 - 2008 ( blue ) , and as a percentage of total US electricity ( red ) . With 3,040.27 MW of installed geothermal capacity , the United States remains the world leader with 30 % of the online capacity total . The future outlook for expanded production from conventional and enhanced geothermal systems is positive as new technologies promise increased growth in locations previously not considered . As of August 2008 , 103 new projects are under way in 13 U.S. states . When developed , these projects could potentially supply up to 3,979 MW of power , meeting the needs of about 4 million homes . At this rate of development , geothermal production in the United States could exceed 15,000 MW by 2025 . The most significant catalyst behind new industry activity is the Energy Policy Act of 2005 . This Act made new geothermal plants eligible for the full federal production tax credit , previously available only to wind power projects and certain kinds of biomass . It also authorized and directed increased funding for research by the Department of Energy , and enabled the Bureau of Land Management to address its backlog of geothermal leases and permits . Estimated subterranean temperatures at a depth of 6 kilometers In April 2008 , exploratory drilling began at Newberry Volcano in Oregon . In 2009 , investment bank Credit Suisse calculated that geothermal power costs 3.6 cents per kilowatt - hour , versus 5.5 cents per kilowatt - hour for coal , if geothermal receives loans with lower rates than offered by the market . '' Reliability ( edit ) Unlike some other renewable power sources such as wind and solar , geothermal energy is dispatchable , meaning that it is both available whenever needed , and can quickly adjust output to match demand . According to the US Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , of all types of new electrical generation plants , geothermal generators have the highest capacity factor , a measure of how much power a facility actually generates as a percent of its maximum capacity . The EIA rates new geothermal plants as having a 92 % capacity factor , comparable to those of nuclear ( 90 % ) , and higher than gas ( 87 % ) , or coal ( 85 % ) , and much higher than those of intermittent sources such as onshore wind ( 34 % ) or solar photovoltaic ( 25 % ) . While the carrier medium for geothermal electricity ( water ) must be properly managed , the source of geothermal energy , the Earth 's heat , will be available , for most intents and purposes , indefinitely . In 2008 the USDOE funded research in Enhanced Geothermal Systems ( EGS ) to learn more about the fracture systems in geothermal reservoirs and better predict the results of reservoir stimulation . The DOE Geothermal Technologies Program ( part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) provided funding to establish the National Geothermal Data System ( NGDS ) . Through the NGDS , many older paper archives and drill logs that are stored at state geological surveys are now being digitized and made available for free to the public . Environmental effects ( edit ) The underground hot water and steam used to generate geothermal power may contain chemicals that could pollute the air and water if released at the surface . Hydrogen sulfide , which is toxic in high concentrations , is sometimes found in geothermal systems . Newer methods of generating geothermal power separate the hot steam collected underground from the steam used to power turbines , and substantially reduce the risk of releasing air - polluting contaminants . The water mixed with the steam contains dissolved salts that can damage pipes and harm aquatic ecosystems . Some subsurface water associated with geothermal sources contain high concentrations of toxic elements such as boron , lead , and arsenic . Injection of water in enhanced geothermal systems may cause induced seismicity . Earthquakes at the Geysers geothermal field in California , the largest being Richter magnitude 4.6 , have been linked to injected water . `` Possible effects include scenery spoliation , drying out of hot springs , soil erosion , noise pollution , and chemical pollution of the atmosphere and of surface - and groundwaters . '' See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Environment portal United States portal Aquaculture Biofuel in the United States Geothermal desalination Geothermal Energy Association Geothermal Resources Council Hydroelectric power in the United States List of renewable energy topics by country Renewable energy in the United States Solar power in the United States Wind power in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Archived 2007 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lund , J. ( September 2004 ) , `` 100 Years of Geothermal Power Production '' ( PDF ) , Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin , Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology , 25 ( 3 ) , pp. 11 -- 19 , ISSN 0276 - 1084 , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 Jump up ^ McLarty , Lynn ; Reed , Marshall J. ( October 1992 ) . `` The U.S. Geothermal Industry : Three Decades of Growth '' ( PDF ) . Energy Sources , Part A : Recovery , Utilization , and Environmental Effects . London : Taylor & Francis . 14 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 455 . doi : 10.1080 / 00908319208908739 . ISSN 1556 - 7230 . Jump up ^ DiPippo , Ronald . Geothermal Power Plants , Second Edition : Principles , Applications , Case Studies and Environmental Impact . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8620 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lund , John W. ; Bloomquist , R. Gordon ; Boyd , Tonya L. ; Renner , Joel ( 24 -- 29 April 2005 ) , `` The United States of America Country Update '' ( PDF ) , Proceedings World Geothermal Congress , Antalya , Turkey , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ All figures adjusted to include recently reopened Bottle Rock Power plant . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` Steamy industry may clear the air '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Lake County . p. F - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ 49.9 - MW Hudson Ranch I Geothermal Plant Unveiled in California , Meg Cichon , RenewableEnergyWorld.com Jump up ^ `` 2012 Annual US Geothermal Power Production and Development Report '' ( PDF ) . Geothermal Energy Association . February 2013 . Jump up ^ Danko , Pete . New Mexico joins the geothermal power ranks . Geothermal Power . Renewable Energy . Earth Techling . http://www.earthtechling.com/2014/01/new-mexico-joins-the-geothermal-power-ranks/ . Accessed 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Geothermal Industry Update March ^ Jump up to : Update : The State of U.S. Geothermal Production and Development Jump up ^ 6 Million American Households to be Powered by Geothermal Energy , New Survey Reports Archived 2007 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gail Kinsey - Hill ( 2008 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Company Seeks Power From Crater '' . Vancouver Sun . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Christopher Mims `` Can Geothermal Power Compete with Coal on Price ? '' Scientific American , 2 March 2009 . Web . 9 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Levelized cost of new generation resources , Annual Energy Outlook 2013 , 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Geothermal 101 : Basics of Geothermal Energy Production and Use p. 5 & 7 . Archived March 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Geothermal Data System Could Open Up Clean - Energy Reserves '' . Scientific American , William Ferguson on February 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ McFarland , Ernest L. `` Geothermal Energy . '' Macmillan Encyclopedia of Energy . Ed . Ed John Zumerchik . Vol. 2 . New York : Macmillan Reference USA , 2001 . 572 - 579 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 9 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ Raser Technologies - How Modular Geothermal Power Generation Works Archived 2011 - 07 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Energy Sources . '' UXL Encyclopedia of Science . Ed . Rob Nagel . 2nd ed . Detroit : UXL , 2007 . Student Resource Center Gold . Web . 9 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , The Geysers Jump up ^ Arnórsson , Stefán ( 2004 ) . `` Environmental impact of geothermal energy utilization '' . Special Publications . The Geological Society of London . 236 : 297 -- 336 . doi : 10.1144 / GSL. SP. 2004.236. 01.18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . External links ( edit ) GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. Co. , ISBN 978 - 981 - 4704 - 00 - 7 Geothermal Energy Association Geothermal Resources Council Geothermal Lease Auction Signals New Trend in U.S. The Status of the U.S. Geothermal Industry Scaling Geothermal for Reliable Baseload Power Technological Innovation Driving Renewed Interest in Geothermal Energy Interior Department To Open 190 Million Acres to Geothermal Power Raser Ready to Deliver Power from Thermo Plant A History of Geothermal Energy in the United States Geothermal energy prospect in the United States Hawaii Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center by the University of Hawaii at Manoa The Geothermal Collection by UH Manoa M 5.0 - 8km NW of The Geysers , California -- United States Geological Survey Geothermal energy Category : Geothermal energy Geothermal energy Geothermal power Geothermal heating Geothermal gradient By country Armenia Australia Canada Chile China Denmark El Salvador Energy in Ethiopia Germany Iceland Indonesia Italy Japan Kenya Lebanon Lithuania Mexico New Zealand Philippines Portugal Romania Russia Turkey United Kingdom United States Technologies Aquaculture Desalination Geothermal heat pump District heating Binary Cycle EGS Heat pump Hot dry rock Energy Concepts Baseload power Capacity factor Energy storage Energy subsidies EROEI Category Portals : Renewable energy Energy Sustainable development Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe European Union ( Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , United Kingdom ) Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Category Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States&oldid=809706239 '' Categories : Geothermal energy in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 21 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what states in the us use geothermal energy
[ "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n", "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n", "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n", "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n", "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n", "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n", "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n", "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n", "\n\nState\nCapacity (MW)\nShare of U.S total\n\n\nCalifornia\n2,732.2\n80.7%\n\n\nNevada\n517.5\n15.3%\n\n\nUtah\n48.1\n1.4%\n\n\nHawaii\n38.0\n1.1%\n\n\nOregon\n33.3\n1.0%\n\n\nIdaho\n15.8\n0.5%\n\n\nNew Mexico[10]\n4.0\n0.1%\n\n\nAlaska\n0.7\n\n\n\nWyoming\n0.3\n\n\n\nTotal\n3,389.9\n100%\n\n" ]
[ "California", "Nevada", "Utah", "Hawaii", "Oregon", "Idaho", "New Mexico", "Alaska", "Wyoming" ]
-5274289576547627540
KFC
KFC - wikipedia KFC Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the worldwide fast food chicken restaurant chain . For other uses , see KFC ( disambiguation ) . Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) The KFC logo Type Subsidiary Industry Restaurants Genre Fast food restaurant Founded Sanders Court & Café : March 20 , 1930 ; 87 years ago ( 1930 - 03 - 20 ) North Corbin , Kentucky First franchise : September 24 , 1952 ( 1952 - 09 - 24 ) Salt Lake City , Utah Founder Harland Sanders Headquarters 1441 Gardiner Lane Louisville , Kentucky , U.S. Number of locations 19,952 ( 2015 ) Key people Greg Creed ( Yum ! Brands Chairman and CEO ) Roger Eaton ( Yum ! COO and KFC President ) Products Fried chicken Chicken sandwiches Wraps French fries Soft drinks Salads Desserts Breakfast Revenue US $ 23 billion ( 2013 ) Parent Yum ! Brands worldwide outside of China Yum China within China Website www.kfc.com This box : view talk edit KFC , until 1991 known as Kentucky Fried Chicken , is an American fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken . Headquartered in Louisville , Kentucky , it is the world 's second - largest restaurant chain ( as measured by sales ) after McDonald 's , with almost 20,000 locations globally in 123 countries and territories as of December 2015 . The chain is a subsidiary of Yum ! Brands , a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut and Taco Bell chains . KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders , an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Corbin , Kentucky during the Great Depression . Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept , and the first `` Kentucky Fried Chicken '' franchise opened in Utah in 1952 . KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry , diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger . By branding himself as `` Colonel Sanders '' , Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history , and his image remains widely used in KFC advertising . However , the company 's rapid expansion overwhelmed the aging Sanders and he sold it to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey in 1964 . KFC was one of the first American fast food chains to expand internationally , opening outlets in Canada , the United Kingdom , Mexico , and Jamaica by the mid-1960s . Throughout the 1970s and 1980s , it experienced mixed fortunes domestically , as it went through a series of changes in corporate ownership with little or no experience in the restaurant business . In the early 1970s , KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein , which was taken over by the R.J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate ; that company sold the chain to PepsiCo . The chain continued to expand overseas , however , and in 1987 , it became the first Western restaurant chain to open in China . It has since expanded rapidly in China , which is now the company 's single largest market . PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants , which later changed its name to Yum ! Brands . KFC 's original product is pressure fried chicken pieces , seasoned with Sanders ' recipe of 11 herbs and spices . The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret . Larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard `` bucket '' , which has become a well known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957 . Since the early 1990s , KFC has expanded its menu to offer other chicken products such as chicken fillet burgers and wraps , as well as salads and side dishes , such as French fries and coleslaw , desserts , and soft drinks , the latter often supplied by PepsiCo . KFC is known for its slogans `` Finger Lickin ' Good '' , `` Nobody does chicken like KFC '' and `` So good '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operations 2.1 Africa 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 China 2.2. 2 India 2.2. 3 Indonesia 2.2. 4 Japan 2.2. 5 Pakistan 2.3 Europe 2.3. 1 United Kingdom 2.4 Middle East 2.5 North America 2.5. 1 United States 2.6 Oceania 2.6. 1 Australia 2.6. 2 New Zealand 3 Products 3.1 11 herbs and spices 3.2 Equipment 4 Advertising 5 Controversies and criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Main article : History of KFC The Harland Sanders Café and Museum in Corbin , Kentucky Harland Sanders was born in 1890 and raised on a farm outside Henryville , Indiana ( near Louisville , Kentucky ) . When Sanders was five years old , his father died , forcing his mother to work at a canning plant . This left Sanders , as the eldest son , to care for his two younger siblings . After he reached seven years of age , his mother taught him how to cook . After leaving the family home at the age of 13 , Sanders passed through several professions , with mixed success . In 1930 , he took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin , Kentucky , a small town on the edge of the Appalachian Mountains . It was here that he first served to travelers the recipes that he had learned as a child : fried chicken and other dishes such as steaks and country ham . After four years of serving from his own dining room table , Sanders purchased the larger filling station on the other side of the road and expanded to six tables . By 1936 , this had proven successful enough for Sanders to be given the honorary title of Kentucky colonel by Governor Ruby Laffoon . In 1937 he expanded his restaurant to 142 seats , and added a motel he purchased across the street , naming it Sanders Court & Café . Sanders was unhappy with the 35 minutes it took to prepare his chicken in an iron frying pan , but he refused to deep fry the chicken , which he believed lowered the quality of the product . If he pre-cooked the chicken in advance of orders , there was sometimes wastage at day 's end . In 1939 , the first commercial pressure cookers were released onto the market , mostly designed for steaming vegetables . Sanders bought one , and modified it into a pressure fryer , which he then used to fry chicken . The new method reduced production time to be comparable with deep frying , while , in the opinion of Sanders , retaining the quality of pan-fried chicken . In July 1940 , Sanders finalised what came to be known as his `` Original Recipe '' of 11 herbs and spices . Although he never publicly revealed the recipe , he admitted to the use of salt and pepper , and claimed that the ingredients `` stand on everybody 's shelf '' . After being recommissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by Governor Lawrence Wetherby , Sanders began to dress the part , growing a goatee and wearing a black frock coat ( later switched to a white suit ) , a string tie , and referring to himself as `` Colonel '' . His associates went along with the title change , `` jokingly at first and then in earnest '' , according to biographer Josh Ozersky . Harland Sanders in character as `` The Colonel '' The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers , so when the route planned in 1955 for Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin , Sanders sold his properties and traveled the US to franchise his chicken recipe to restaurant owners . Independent restaurants would pay four ( later five ) cents on each chicken as a franchise fee , in exchange for Sanders ' `` secret blend of herbs and spices '' and the right to feature his recipe on their menus and use his name and likeness for promotional purposes . In 1952 he had already successfully franchised his recipe to his friend Pete Harman of South Salt Lake , Utah , the operator of one of the city 's largest restaurants . Don Anderson , a sign painter hired by Harman , coined the name `` Kentucky Fried Chicken '' . For Harman , the addition of KFC was a way of differentiating his restaurant from competitors ; a product from Kentucky was exotic , and evoked imagery of Southern hospitality . Harman trademarked the phrase `` It 's finger lickin ' good '' , which eventually became the company - wide slogan . He also introduced the `` bucket meal '' in 1957 ( 14 pieces of chicken , five bread rolls and a pint of gravy in a cardboard bucket ) . Serving their signature meal in a paper bucket was to become an iconic feature of the company . By 1963 there were 600 KFC restaurants , making the company the largest fast food operation in the United States . KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry , diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger . In 1964 , Sanders sold the company to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey for US $2 million ( around US $15 million in 2013 ) . The contract included a lifetime salary for Sanders and the agreement that he would be the company 's quality controller and trademark . The chain had reached 3,000 outlets in 48 different countries by 1970 . In July 1971 , Brown sold the company to the Connecticut - based Heublein , a packaged food and drinks corporation , for US $285 million ( around US $1.6 billion in 2013 ) . Sanders died in 1980 , his promotional work making him a prominent figure in American cultural history . By the time of his death , there were an estimated 6,000 KFC outlets in 48 different countries worldwide , with $2 billion of sales annually . In 1982 , Heublein was acquired by R.J. Reynolds , the tobacco giant . In July 1986 , Reynolds sold KFC to PepsiCo for $850 million ( around US $1.8 billion in 2013 ) . PepsiCo made the chain a part of its restaurants division alongside Pizza Hut and Taco Bell . The Chinese market was entered in November 1987 , with an outlet in Beijing . In 1991 , the KFC name was officially adopted , although it was already widely known by that initialism . Kyle Craig , president of KFC US , admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of `` fried '' . The early 1990s saw a number of successful major products launched throughout the chain , including spicy `` Hot Wings '' ( launched in 1990 ) , popcorn chicken ( 1992 ) , and internationally , the `` Zinger '' , a spicy chicken fillet burger ( 1993 ) . By 1994 , KFC had 5,149 outlets in the US , and 9,407 overall , with over 100,000 employees . In August 1997 , PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as a public company valued at US $4.5 billion ( around US $6.5 billion in 2013 ) . The new company was named Tricon Global Restaurants , and at the time had 30,000 outlets and annual sales of US $10 billion ( around US $14 billion in 2013 ) , making it second in the world only to McDonald 's . Tricon was renamed Yum ! Brands in May 2002 . By 2015 , the company was struggling , having lost business to other retailers and being surpassed by Chick - fil - A as the leading chicken retailer three years previously . To combat this , the company launched a new initiative with a plan to revamp its packaging , decor and uniforms , as well as expanding its menu . Additionally , beginning in May 2015 , a new series of advertisements was launched featuring Darrell Hammond as Colonel Sanders . Subsequently , in a planned rotation of actors , Norm Macdonald , Jim Gaffigan , George Hamilton and Rob Riggle portrayed Sanders in similar ads through the fall of 2016 . Operations See also : List of countries with KFC franchises A stand - alone KFC drive - through unit located in Australia A KFC restaurant in Al Khor , rural Qatar KFC world operations as of December 2014 Countries with KFC restaurants Countries planned to have KFC restaurants Countries that formerly had KFC restaurants KFC is a subsidiary of Yum ! Brands , one of the largest restaurant companies in the world . KFC had sales of $23 billion in 2013 . KFC has its headquarters at 1441 Gardiner Lane , Louisville , Kentucky , in a three - story colonial style building known colloquially as the `` White House '' due to its resemblance to the US president 's home . The headquarters contain executive offices and the company 's research and development facilities . KFC is incorporated at 1209 North Orange St , Wilmington , Delaware . KFC Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong . By December 2013 , there were 18,875 KFC outlets in 118 countries and territories around the world . There are 4,563 outlets in China , 4,491 in the United States , and 9,821 across the rest of the world . Outlets are owned by franchisees or directly by the company . Eleven percent of outlets are company owned , with the rest operated by franchise holders . Although capital intensive , company ownership allows for faster expansion of the chain . Most restaurants are furnished with images of the company founder , Colonel Harland Sanders . As well as dine - in and take - out , many stand - alone KFC outlets offer a drive - through option . KFC offers a limited delivery service in a small number of markets . Units include express concessions and kiosks which feature a limited menu and operated in non-traditional locations such as filling stations , convenience stores , stadia , theme parks and colleges , where a full scale outlet would not be practical . Average annual sales per unit was $1.2 million in 2013 . Worldwide , the daily average number of food orders at an outlet is 250 , with most occurring within a two - hour peak - period . As chairman and CEO of Yum ! , David C. Novak ultimately has foremost responsibility for KFC operations . Sam Su is chairman and CEO of Yum ! 's Chinese operations , and Muktesh Pant is the CEO of KFC . Richard T. Carucci is president of Yum ! , and Roger Eaton is the COO of Yum ! and the president of KFC . Africa KFC restaurant in Ilorin , Kwara , Nigeria The company hopes to expand its African operations , where it is already the regional leader among US fast food chains . The company is slowly expanding across the African continent , opening 70 outlets , but progress has been hampered by sourcing issues , such as a lack of quality suppliers . Asia KFC continues to grow in Asia . In Malaysia , the first KFC restaurant was opened in 1973 on Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman . There are 609 outlets as of June 2016 . In 1995 , Projek Penyayang KFC was founded in an effort to provide food to more than 150 orphanages every quarter . In Sri Lanka , KFC was launched in 1995 at Majestic City . There were 25 KFC restaurants in Sri Lanka as of December 2014 . In Singapore , the first KFC franchise was opened in 1977 along Somerset Road . In 1993 , KFC Singapore was the first KFC in Asia to develop and launch the Zinger burger . KFC restaurants in Singapore are currently owned and operated by KFC ( Malaysia ) Holdings Bhd . In Bangladesh , the first KFC outlet was opened at Gulshan in 2006 . As of June 2016 , the country is home to 19 KFC outlets . In Cambodia , KFC first opened on Monivong Boulevard in Phnom Penh in 2008 . In Myanmar , the first KFC outlet was officially opened on Bogyoke Aung San Road in Yangon in 2015 . In Taiwan , KFC entered the market in 1984 and opened its first store in 1985 in Taipei City . The 100th store in Taiwan opened in 1999 . It was the second largest fast food chain restaurant in Taiwan until Mos Burger exceeded the number of branches of KFC in 2008 . Now KFC is the third largest fast food chain restaurant with 137 stores as of 2017 . China Main article : KFC in China KFC is the largest restaurant chain in China , with 5,003 outlets as of 2015 . They are operated by the Yum ! China division . KFC became the first Western fast food company in China after its first outlet opened in Qianmen , Beijing , in November 1987 . Local food items include rice congee and tree fungus salad , with an average of 50 different menu items per store . In December 2012 , the chain faced allegations that some of its suppliers injected antiviral drugs and growth hormones into poultry in ways that violated food safety regulations . This resulted in the chain severing its relationship with 100 suppliers , and agreeing to `` actively co-operate '' with a government investigation into its use of antibiotics . KFC China sales in January 2013 were down 41 percent against the previous year . To counter sluggish sales , the menu was revamped in 2014 . In July 2014 , Chinese authorities closed down the Shanghai operations of the OSI Group , amidst allegations that it had supplied KFC with expired meat . Yum ! immediately terminated its contract with the supplier , and stated that the revelation had led to a `` significant ( and ) negative '' decline in sales . KFC opens its first outlet in Tibet in March 2016 . India KFC outlet on Middleton Row in Kolkata KFC in Polayathode , Kollam city . This is one of the largest KFC stores in Kerala state There are 350 KFC outlets in India . The company has adapted the standard KFC offerings to Indian tastes and the menu options in India include the Hot & Crispy Chicken and Fiery Grilled bucket options , Chicken Zinger Burger , Rice Bowlz , the more recently launched 5 - in - 1 Meal Box and a range of shakes called Krushers . The business was refranchised in October 2015 after Yum concluded a year - and - a-half - long exercise to reorganize its business under larger , well - capitalized franchisees . In this regard , about a third of its outlets , operated by several of its franchisees , have been sold to a newly formed entity -- Sapphire Foods India Pvt. Ltd . The new entity is owned by a consortium of four private equity funds , led by Samara Capital . The other investors are CX Partners , Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and a fourth fund , said a top executive at the local arm of the American food company . The first Indian KFC was a two - storey outlet on the fashionable Brigade Road in Bangalore in June 1995 . According to journalist Michael White , the company could not have chosen a `` more difficult venue for its maiden entrée into the country '' . Bangalore housed the headquarters of the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha , one of the most influential , vocal and anti-foreign investment farmers ' associations in the country . The first outlet suffered protests from left wing , anti-globalisation and environmental campaigners , as well as local farmers , who objected to the chain bypassing local producers . Many Indians were concerned about the onslaught of consumerism , the loss of national self - sufficiency , and the disruption of indigenous traditions . The protests came to a head in August 1995 , when the Bangalore outlet was repeatedly ransacked . The KFC outlet in Bangalore demanded , and received , a police van permanently parked outside for a year . The outlet was closed on September 13 , 1995 by local authorities , who claimed the company used illegally high amounts of monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) in its food . The outlet re-opened a few hours later as the result of an appeal by KFC to the Karnataka High Court . The company stated the recipe was no different than that used in any other KFC store . Rural activist M.D. Nanjundaswamy claimed KFC would adversely affect the health of the impoverished , by diverting grain from poor people to make the more profitable animal feed . Environmentalist Maneka Gandhi joined the anti-KFC movement . A second outlet opened in Delhi , but was closed by the authorities throughout November , purportedly for health reasons , but more likely to avoid a repetition of the Bangalore incident . The Delhi outlet soon closed permanently . KFC began to expand outside of Bangalore in 2004 , with a localized menu that was the most extensive meat - free menu across the chain 's worldwide operations . It introduced a vegetarian menu that included rice meals , wraps and side dishes and , like McDonald 's , served eggless mayonnaise and sauces . Unnat Varma , marketing director of KFC India , states `` The vegetarian offerings have made the brand more relevant to a larger section of consumers and that is necessary for KFC 's growth . '' KFC also began using Indian spices and cooking techniques to localize its chicken dishes . By 2008 -- 09 , KFC operated 34 outlets in India . In 2014 , KFC launched the `` So Veg , So Good '' menu as part of an India - specific promotional strategy focused on enhancing their vegetarian range . The company has been up to a lot of innovation over the past few months with the launch of the first - ever no crust , all chicken KFC Chizza in December 2016 . More recently , KFC got Mumbai 's dabbawalas to deliver its newly launched 5 - in - 1 Meal Boxes . The city 's dabbawalas , famed for their efficient delivery of office lunches , took on the role of KFC delivery men as part of an innovative marketing campaign . They supplied specially created 5 - in - 1 meal boxes to some office - goers instead of their regular dabbas . The innovation efforts have continued with the launch of the Watt a Box , a practical new take on the 5 - in - 1 Meal Box , which can also charge phones . Indonesia A counter at a KFC in Bandung , Indonesia In Indonesia KFC is the largest Western restaurant chain , with 466 outlets as of December 2013 . The chain has grown to hold an estimated 32 percent market share , and menu items include spaghetti , wraps and chicken porridge . The master franchisee is PT Fastfood Indonesia . The first outlet opened in Jakarta in 1979 . Salim Group , Indonesia 's largest conglomerate , became a major shareholder in 1990 , which provided the company with funds for major expansion . Its master franchisee , PT Fastfood Indonesia , was publicly listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 1993 . Japan Main article : KFC in Japan KFC Japan was formed in 1970 as a joint venture between the American parent and the Japanese Mitsubishi Corporation . In December 1974 , KFC Japan began to promote fried chicken as a Christmas meal . Eating KFC as a Christmas time meal has since become a widely practiced custom in Japan . As of 2013 , Japan is the third - largest market for KFC after China and the United States with 1,200 outlets . In December 2007 , Mitsubishi assumed majority control of KFC Japan in a JP ¥ 14.83 billion transaction . Pakistan KFC has a presence in eighteen major cities of Pakistan ( Karachi , Lahore , Islamabad , Rawalpindi , Gujranwala , Sukkur , Muree etc . ) with more than 65 outlets nationwide . Its first outlet was in Gulshan - e-Iqbal , Karachi . KFC Pakistan menu consists of burgers , fried chicken , nuggets , fries , rice dishes and drinks . Europe United Kingdom A KFC in Belfast , Northern Ireland As of December 2013 , there were 784 KFC outlets in the United Kingdom . British turnover was around £ 684.5 million in 2013 , according to Technomic . About 70 percent of outlets are run by franchisees , with the remainder company owned . The company employs 24,000 people . Around 400 sites are drive - through outlets . Average outlet turnover is between £ 1 and £ 1.5 million . Annual sales amount to 60,000 metric tonnes of chicken , 60 percent of which is purchased from the four largest suppliers in the UK , including Faccenda Group and 2 Sisters Food Group , and delivered fresh to outlets at least three times a week . The remaining 40 percent is sourced from companies in Europe , Thailand ( including Charoen Pokphand Foods ) and Brazil . All of the Original Recipe chicken is sourced within the UK . England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston , Lancashire in May 1965 , and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country , pre-dating the arrival of McDonald 's , Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade . Ray Allen , an experienced Lancashire caterer , was the first franchisee . The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968 . In 1971 there were 31 outlets ; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets . In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s , KFCs began to introduce seating . KFC opened its first drive through restaurant in the UK in 1984 . By 1987 the company had almost 400 outlets . In May 1997 , the `` Tower Burger '' , a fried chicken fillet burger with the addition of a hash brown , was first launched in the United Kingdom . In 2006 , the company stopped pre-salting its fries and removed trans fats from its products . In 2012 palm oil was replaced by rapeseed oil in the fryers . Between 2004 and 2014 , KFC UK increased its offering of `` portable '' foods : burgers , wraps and salads . During that period , sales rose from around £ 500 million to almost £ 1 billion . In 2012 , KFC UK invested £ 9 million to install ovens in all of its outlets , so that it could offer griddled chicken . In 2013 , KFC rolled out Lavazza coffee across all of its UK outlets . As of 2014 , KFC UK is trialling serving only halal meat at 96 of its outlets . Middle East A KFC in İzmir , Turkey The first KFC in the Middle East opened in 1973 in Kuwait . Today there are over 700 outlets , certified halal , including the United Arab Emirates , Egypt , Qatar , Bahrain , Oman , Jordan , Lebanon , Morocco , Iraq , and Saudi Arabia . KFC Israel existed from 1993 to 2013 and featured kosher restaurants . In 2012 KFC opened in Ramallah in the Palestinian Authority and later expanded to Hebron , Bethlehem , Jenin , and three separate outlets in Ramallah : the Ersal Branch ( Bacri ) , Plaza Mall Branch and Masyoun Branch . In 2013 the New York Times reported that KFC was being smuggled into Gaza through tunnels . North America A KFC at the Promenade in Thornhill , Ontario , Canada United States A co-branded KFC - Taco Bell in Oscoda , Michigan KFC sales in the United States in 2013 were estimated at $4.22 billion by Technomic . The basic model for KFC in the United States , not necessarily duplicated elsewhere , is a focus on low prices , a limited menu ( 29 items on average ) and an emphasis on takeout . A `` very strong percentage '' of sales come from African American customers . Many KFC locations are co-located with either Taco Bell or Pizza Hut , or other Yum ! restaurants . When Yum ! owned Long John Silver 's and A&W Restaurants , these brands were often co-branded with KFC as well . Often these locations behave like a single restaurant , offering one menu with food items from both restaurant brands . In 2003 , there were 354 KFC - Taco Bell combines , offering the full KFC menu and Taco Bell items , and 13 units offering the full KFC menu and a limited number of Pizza Hut items . The concept originated in 1991 , when a KFC - Taco Bell combination opened in Virginia . Some locations were also opened as combinations of KFC , Taco Bell and Pizza Hut , but this failed to catch on , and Yum ! CEO David Novak blamed a lack of franchisee commitment for its lack of success . Initially , Sanders and KFC used hydrogenated vegetable oil for frying , but in the 1980s the company began to switch to cheaper oils such as palm or soybean . In the 2000s it became apparent that these oils contain relatively high levels of trans fat , which increases the risk of heart disease . By April 2007 , the chain had switched to trans fat - free soybean oil in all of its US outlets . In 2008 , Novak credited low US sales as being the result of a lack of new ideas and menu items . The Spring 2009 launch of Kentucky Grilled Chicken only resulted in a temporary halt to the sales decline . In 2010 KFC announced a turnaround plan that included improving restaurant operations , introducing value items and providing healthier menu options . In the same year , Advertising Age noted that KFC was losing market share to its smaller chicken restaurant rival , Chick - fil - A . In 2011 Bloomberg News referred to KFC US as `` an also - ran to McDonald 's Corp '' . In 2012 , Forbes magazine described how many of the KFC outlets were `` aged and uninviting '' , and that the chain `` has n't introduced an exciting new food item in ages '' . KFC was described in 2012 by Bloomberg Businessweek as a `` muscular player '' in developing regions , specifically Africa , China and India , while noting its falling market share in the US to rivals such as Chick - fil - A and Popeyes . Some analysts speculated that KFC would begin spinning off its ailing US operations . That year , the company began divesting control of company - owned US restaurants to franchised operations , with the intention of reducing overall company ownership from 35 percent to 5 percent . Oceania A KFC outlet in Derwent Park , a northern suburb of Hobart , Australia . There are over 600 KFC outlets in Australia , and around 100 in New Zealand . KFC was the first American style fast food chain to open in both countries . In 2013 , KFC reported an annual turnover of almost 2 billion AUD for its Australia and New Zealand operations . Australia Yum ! directly operates 160 KFC outlets in Australia . The largest of the 53 independent franchisees in Australia is Collins Foods , which operates 169 stores . KFC 's major poultry suppliers in Australia are Inghams , Steggles and Turi Foods . The first Australian KFC was opened in 1968 in Guildford , a suburb of Sydney . The franchise was owned by a Canadian entrepreneur called Bob Lapointe . Between 1970 and 1971 , 75 outlets were opened . This had a major impact on Australian chicken production , which increased by 38 percent during the period . By 1995 there were 452 outlets , and the company employed 12,000 staff . That year , Australia produced 35 percent of KFC 's international earnings . New Zealand The first KFC opened in New Zealand in 1971 at Royal Oak , a suburb of Auckland . By 1980 there were 37 outlets . In 1989 , PepsiCo acquired the 50 percent stake in KFC New Zealand that it did not already own from the local Goodman Fielder conglomerate . In 1991 New Zealand turnover topped 100 million NZD for the first time . Products KFC shrimp burger in KFC Vietnam , 2007 Hot Wings menu set in KFC Berlin KFC Hot Wings fried chicken in KFC Malaysia . KFC 's core product offering is pressure fried , on - the - bone chicken pieces seasoned with Colonel Harland Sanders ' `` Original Recipe '' of 11 herbs and spices . The product is typically available in either two or three piece individual servings , or in a family size cardboard bucket , typically holding between 6 and 16 chicken pieces . Poultry is divided into 9 different cuts ( 2 drumsticks , 2 thighs , 2 wings , 1 keel , and a backbone - based breast cut divided into 2 pieces ) . The product is hand - breaded at individual KFC outlets with wheat flour mixed with seasoning in a two - to four - minute process . KFC Breakfast Coffee Cup in KFC Dhaka It is then pressure fried for between seven and ten minutes ( the timing differs between countries ) in oil at 185 degrees Celsius . Following this , the chicken is left to stand for 5 minutes in order for it to sufficiently cool before it is placed in the warming oven . It is KFC policy to discard chicken if it has not been sold within 90 minutes , in order to ensure freshness . The frying oil varies regionally , and versions used include sunflower , soybean , rapeseed and palm oil . A KFC executive stated that the taste of the chicken will vary between regions depending on the oil variety used , and whether the chicken has been corn - fed or wheat - fed . As well as its core chicken on the bone offering , KFC 's major products include chicken burgers ( including the Zinger and the Tower burgers ) ; wraps ( `` Twisters '' and `` Boxmasters '' ) ; and a variety of finger foods , including crispy chicken strips and hot wings . Popcorn Chicken is one of the most widely available KFC products , and consists of small pieces of fried chicken . In some locations , chicken nuggets are also sold . KFC adapts its menu internationally to suit regional tastes , and there are over three hundred KFC menu items worldwide . Some locations , such as the UK and the US , sell grilled chicken . In predominantly Islamic countries , the chicken served is halal . In Asia there is a preference for spicy foods , such as the Zinger chicken burger . Some locations in the US sell fried chicken livers and gizzards . A small number of US outlets offer an all - you - can - eat buffet option with a limited menu . In multiracial Malaysian markets , KFC also has different limited - time products to cater to different festive seasons such as Ayam Kicap Meletup for Eid al - Fitr seasons and Golden Treasures for Chinese New Year in 2015 . A number of territories , such as Japan , Jamaica , Trinidad , Barbados , Ecuador and Singapore sell fried seafood products under the `` Colonel 's Catch '' banner . In Jamaica , what was originally a seasonal offering for the Lent period was expanded to a year - round offering from 2010 . Value menu items are sold under the `` Streetwise '' name in locations such as Canada . Side dishes often include French fries , coleslaw , barbecue baked beans , corn on the cob , mashed potato , bread rolls and American biscuits . Salads include the bean salad , the Caesar salad and the garden salad . In a number of territories , KFC sell onion rings . In Asia , rice based side dishes such as congee are often sold . In Malaysia , chicken meatball soup is sold . In the US and Greece , potato wedges are sold instead of French fries . McCormick & Company is KFC 's largest supplier of sauces , seasonings and marinades , and is a long - term partner in new product development . Due to the company 's previous relationship with PepsiCo , most territories supply PepsiCo products , but exceptional territories include Barbados , Greece , New Zealand , the Philippines , Romania , South Africa , and Turkey , which stock drinks supplied by The Coca - Cola Company , and Aruba , which stocks RC Cola from the Cott Corporation . In Peru , the locally popular Inca Kola is sold . In a number of Eastern European locations and Portugal , beer is offered , in addition to soft drinks . Launched in 2009 , the Krusher / Krushem range of frozen beverages containing `` real bits '' such as Kit Kat , Oreo and strawberry shortcake , is available in over 2,000 outlets . Egg custard tart is a popular dessert worldwide , but other items include ice cream sundaes and tres leches cake in Peru . In 2012 , the `` KFC am '' breakfast menu began to be rolled out internationally , including such items as pancakes , waffles and porridge , as well as fried chicken . 11 herbs and spices Main article : KFC Original Recipe KFC Original Recipe fried chicken Sanders ' Original Recipe of `` 11 herbs and spices '' is one of the most famous trade secrets in the catering industry . The recipe is not patented , because patents eventually expire , whereas trade secrets can remain the intellectual property of their holders in perpetuity . A copy of the recipe , signed by Sanders , is held inside a safe inside a vault in KFC 's Louisville headquarters , along with eleven vials containing the herbs and spices . To maintain the secrecy of the recipe , half of it is produced by Griffith Laboratories before it is given to McCormick , who add the second half . In 1999 , a couple who bought the house formerly occupied by Colonel Sanders found scribbled notes of purportedly the secret recipe . Initially KFC wanted to file a lawsuit against the couple to stop an auction of the notes , but by early 2001 , it dropped the lawsuit , claiming the scribbled notes are `` nowhere close '' to the original recipe . Joe Ledington of Kentucky , a nephew by marriage of Colonel Sanders , claimed to have found a copy of the original KFC fried chicken recipe on a handwritten piece of paper in an envelope in a scrapbook . In August 2016 , Chicago Tribune staffers conducted a cooking test of this recipe and claimed after a few attempts that , with the addition of MSG flavor - enhancer , Ac'cent , they produced fried chicken which tasted `` indistinguishable '' from the chicken they purchased at KFC . Equipment KFC initially used stove - top covered cooking pots to fry its chicken . In the 1960s , the officially recommended model was the LS Hartzog developed `` KFC 20 - Head Cooker '' , a large device that cost $16,000 . The Hartzog model had no oil filtration system , meaning that filtering had to be done manually , and the pressure fryers occasionally exploded , often causing harm to employees . In 1969 , inventor and engineer Winston L. Shelton developed the `` Collectramatic '' pressurized fryer to overcome the problems KFC faced in quickly frying chicken to meet growing customer demand . The Collectramatic used precision time and temperature controls and self - filtered the cooking oil -- all while meeting Colonel Sander 's legendary high quality standards . Fred Jeffries , then vice president of purchasing at KFC , claimed that the invention helped fuel the company 's rapid expansion and success : There 's no way it ( KFC ) could have grown like it did without the Collectramatic . Stores were doing about $200,000 a year in sales on average with the pots ... but they could never have done the $900,000 a year it became without Win 's fryer . He ( Shelton ) helped set the stage for that with true engineering thinking . Although a number of franchisees bought the Collectramatic , which had the support of Colonel Sanders from 1970 onwards , John Y. Brown had given tacit approval to franchisees to exclusively use the older LS Hartzog fryer , saying `` Though those old pots were damn dangerous , at least we knew they worked ! I was mostly afraid these new fryers would break down in the middle of business . '' Brown warned franchisees that they were in violation of their contract if they used the Collectramatic . Brown held his ground on the issue until he learned that his father , John Y. Brown Sr. , who owned multiple KFC franchises , was successfully using the Collectramatic in every franchise he owned . The issue was eventually resolved after Heublein purchased KFC , acquired Hartzog and nullified the contract . The Collectramatic has been an approved pressure fryer for KFC from 1972 onwards . Advertising Main article : KFC advertising Colonel Sanders was a key component of KFC advertising until his death in 1980 . Despite his death , Sanders remains a key icon of the company as an `` international symbol of hospitality '' . Early official slogans for the company included `` North America 's Hospitality Dish '' ( from 1956 ) and `` We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a week '' . The `` finger lickin ' good '' slogan was used from 1956 , and went on to become one of the best - known slogans of the 20th century . The trademark expired in the US in 2006 . The first KFC logo was introduced in 1952 and featured a `` Kentucky Fried Chicken '' typeface and a logo of the Colonel . Advertising played a key role at KFC after it was sold by Sanders , and the company began to advertise on US television with a budget of US $4 million in 1966 . In order to fund nationwide advertising campaigns , the Kentucky Fried Chicken Advertising Co-Op was established , giving franchisees ten votes and the company three when deciding on budgets and campaigns . In 1969 , KFC hired its first national advertising agency , Leo Burnett . A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the `` Get a bucket of chicken , have a barrel of fun '' jingle , performed by Barry Manilow . By 1976 KFC was one of the largest advertisers in the US . Controversies and criticism See also : Kentucky Fried Cruelty Since the beginning of the 21st century , fast food has been criticized for its animal welfare record , its links to obesity and its environmental impact . Eric Schlosser 's book Fast Food Nation ( 2002 ) and Morgan Spurlock 's film Super Size Me ( 2004 ) reflected these concerns . Since 2003 , People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) has protested KFC 's choice of poultry suppliers worldwide . The exception is KFC Canada , which signed an agreement pledging to only use `` animal friendly '' suppliers . PETA have held thousands of demonstrations , sometimes in the home towns of KFC executives , and CEO David Novak was notably soaked in fake blood by a protester . President of KFC 's US division Gregg Dedrick said PETA mischaracterized KFC as a poultry producer rather than a purchaser of chickens . In 2008 , Yum ! stated : `` ( As ) a major purchaser of food products , ( Yum ! ) has the opportunity and responsibility to influence the way animals supplied to us are treated . We take that responsibility very seriously , and we are monitoring our suppliers on an ongoing basis . '' In 2006 , Greenpeace accused KFC Europe of sourcing the soya bean for its chicken feed from Cargill , which had been accused of clearing large swathes of the Amazon rainforest in order to grow the crop . In 2010 , the Australian arm of KFC was accused of racial insensitivity over a television commercial showing an outnumbered white cricket fan handing out pieces of fried chicken to appease a dancing , drumming and singing group of black West Indies supporters . The clip found its way around the world on the internet , prompting stinging criticism in the United States where fried chicken remains closely associated with long - standing racist stereotypes about black people in the once segregated south . Protesters demonstrating outside a KFC restaurant in Royal Oak , Michigan In May 2012 , Greenpeace accused KFC of sourcing paper pulp for its food packaging from Indonesian rainforest wood . Independent forensic tests showed that some packaging contained more than 50 percent mixed tropical hardwood fiber , sourced from Asia Pulp & Paper ( APP ) . APP said such fiber can be found in recycled paper , or : `` It can also come from tree residues that are cleared , after a forest area has become degraded , logged - over or burned , as part of a sustainable development plan . APP has strict policies and practices in place to ensure that only residues from legal plantation development on degraded or logged - over forest areas and sustainable wood fiber enters the production supply chain . '' KFC said : `` From a global perspective , 60 percent of the paper products that Yum ! ( our parent company ) sources are from sustainable sources . Our suppliers are working towards making it 100 percent . '' In December 2012 , the chain was criticized in China when it was discovered that a number of KFC suppliers had been using growth hormones and an excessive amount of antibiotics on its poultry in ways that violated Chinese law . In February 2013 , Yum ! CEO David Novak admitted that the scandal had been `` longer lasting and more impactful than we ever imagined . '' The issue is of major concern to Yum ! , which earns almost half of its profits from China , largely through the KFC brand . In March 2013 , Yum ! reported that sales had rebounded in February , but that lower sales in December and January would result in a decline in same - store sales of 20 percent in the first quarter . In 2017 KFC was fined £ 950,000 after two workers were scalded by boiling hot gravy . The company admitted to charges of failing in a duty of care to employees , and was ordered by Teesside Crown Court to pay fines of £ 800,000 and £ 150,000 . See also Kentucky portal Companies portal Food portal Cuisine of the Southern United States List of fast - food chicken restaurants List of fast food restaurant chains List of major employers in Louisville , Kentucky References ^ Jump up to : `` Restaurant counts '' ( PDF ) . Yum ! Brands . p. 111 . 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Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Guide '' ( PDF ) . KFC US . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhasin , Kim ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` The All - You - Can - Eat KFC Buffet Is The Unicorn Of Fast Food '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ R Oldakowski ; J McEwen ( 2010 ) . `` The Diffusion of American Fast Food to Ecuador '' . Material Culture . 42 ( 2 ) : 28 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` KFC adds fish to menu permanently '' . Jamaica Observer . February 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mattos , Melinda ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Hungry for change '' . Campaign . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sides '' . KFC US . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bean Salad '' . kfc.co.nz . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Signature Sides '' . KFC Arabia . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seasoned Potato Wedges '' . KFC US . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Menu : Drinks '' . KFC South Africa . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drinks '' . Yum ! . KFC Romania . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drinks ' n ' Chills '' ( in Greek ) . KFC Hellas . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Aimee ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` KFC ditches Pepsi for Coke '' . Auckland : The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Piezas , snacks , complementos y bebidas '' ( in Spanish ) . KFC Peru . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drinks '' . KFC Russia . Yum ! Brands . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drinks '' ( in Ukrainian ) . KFC Ukraine . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drinks '' ( in Portuguese ) . KFC Portugal . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 2010 Yum ! Brands , Inc . Earnings Conference Call -- Final '' . FD ( Fair Disclosure ) Wire. April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Postres ( Desserts ) '' ( in Spanish ) . KFC Peru . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jargon , Julie ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Yum 's CEO Serves Up New Taco , Growth Plans '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chartrand , Sandra ( February 5 , 2001 ) . `` Patents ; Many companies will forgo patents in an effort to safeguard their trade secrets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It pays to understand law on trade secrets '' . Business First . February 26 , 2001 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( September 9 , 2008 ) . `` Colonel 's Secret Recipe Gets Bodyguards '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crossan , Rob ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` The A to Z of fried chicken '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Sabra Chartrand ( February 5 , 2001 ) . `` Patents ; Many companies will forgo patents in an effort to safeguard their trade secrets . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dodrill , Tara ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` KFC Secret Recipe Found ? Colonel Sanders ' Nephew Shares 11 Herbs And Spices Found In Family Scrapbook '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coomes , Steve ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Winston Shelton : The Colonel 's Corporal '' . Louisville Magazine . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Winston Industries . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ President and Fellows of Harvard College ( 1994 ) . PepsioCo 's Restaurants . Boston : Harvard Business School . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` North America 's Hospitality Dish '' . Trademarkia . KFC Corporation . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Terry ( 2000 ) . `` KFC : The Animated Colonel Campaign '' . Institute of Practitioners in Advertising . WARC ( World Advertising Center ) . Jump up ^ Momen Putrym , Goldie ( February 21 , 2010 ) . `` So Good ? KFC Drops Famous Catchphrase '' . Sky News . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , John ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Profile : Jennelle Tilling , vice-president of marketing , UK and Ireland at KFC '' . PR Week . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Ian . `` The Mystery of the Colonel '' . Grey Not Grey . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rood , George ( January 5 , 1969 ) . `` Accidental Competitor in Chicken Game Is Winner '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Georgescu , Peter ( July 2005 ) . The Source of Success : Five Enduring Principles at the Heart of Real Leadership . John Wiley & Sons . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8133 - 4 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Michael ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Colonel Sanders ' new modern army of outlets '' . Marketing Week . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yaziji , Michael ; Doh , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . `` Case illustration : PETA and KFC '' . NGOs and Corporations : Conflict and Collaboration . Business , Value Creation , and Society . Cambridge University Press . pp. 112 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86684 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Chuck Williams ; Terry Champion ; Ike Hall ( 2011 ) . MGMT . Cengage Learning . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 650235 - 5 . Jump up ^ Swann , Patricia ( April 2010 ) . Cases in Public Relations Management . Routledge . pp. 121 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 85136 - 4 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Annual Report ( PDF ) . Louisville : Yum ! Brands . 2008 . p. 52 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Felicity ; Vidal , John ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` Food giants to boycott illegal Amazon soya '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Andrew ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` KFC accused of racism over Australian advertisement '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Efstathiou Jr. ; Leslie Patton ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` KFC Using Rain - Forest Wood in Boxes , Greenpeace Says '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` KFC Using Rain - Forest Wood in Boxes , Greenpeace Says '' . Businessweek . June 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Badasha , Kamalpreet ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` KFC denies Greenpeace sourcing allegations '' . Supply Management . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hsu , Tiffany ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` After KFC chicken scare , Yum plans to ' stay the course in China ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cai , Debbie ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Yum 's China Sales Fall 20 % as It Tries to Win Back KFC Customers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/2017-01-20/kfc-fined-nearly-1m-after-two-teesside-workers-scalded-by-boiling-hot-gravy/ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kentucky Fried Chicken . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America . Official website KFC People Colonel Sanders ( founder ) Pete Harman David C. Novak Roger Eaton Company Advertising History Notable locations Harland Sanders Café and Museum KFC Yum ! Center KFC Eleven Products and recipes Original Recipe Popcorn Chicken Double Down Regional operations Japan China South Africa Israel Related articles Kentucky Fried Cruelty PETA satirical browser games Big Bash League ( BBL ) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash H. 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Brands American companies established in 1930 Fast - food poultry restaurants Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2017 Good articles Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 05 : 52 . 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where did the name kentucky fried chicken come from
[ "Don Anderson, a sign painter hired by Harman, coined the name \"Kentucky Fried Chicken\".[21] For Harman, the addition of KFC was a way of differentiating his restaurant from competitors; a product from Kentucky was exotic, and evoked imagery of Southern hospitality.[21] Harman trademarked the phrase \"It's finger lickin' good\", which eventually became the company-wide slogan.[19] He also introduced the \"bucket meal\" in 1957 (14 pieces of chicken, five bread rolls and a pint of gravy in a cardboard bucket).[22] Serving their signature meal in a paper bucket was to become an iconic feature of the company.[22]" ]
[ "Don Anderson" ]
-8583924588079482045
The Simpsons
The Simpsons - Wikipedia The Simpsons Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television show . For the franchise , see The Simpsons ( franchise ) . For other uses , see The Simpsons ( disambiguation ) . The Simpsons The Simpson family . From left to right : Bart , Marge , Santa 's Little Helper ( dog ) , Maggie , Homer , Lisa , and Snowball II ( cat ) . Genre Animated sitcom Created by Matt Groening Based on `` The Simpsons '' shorts by Matt Groening Developed by James L. Brooks Matt Groening Sam Simon Voices of Dan Castellaneta Julie Kavner Nancy Cartwright Yeardley Smith Hank Azaria Harry Shearer ( Complete list ) Theme music composer Danny Elfman Opening theme `` The Simpsons Theme '' Composer ( s ) Richard Gibbs ( 1989 -- 90 ) Arthur B. Rubinstein ( 1990 ) Alf Clausen ( 1990 -- 2017 ) Bleeding Fingers Music ( 2017 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 29 No. of episodes 627 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) List of exec . producers ( show ) James L. Brooks Matt Groening ( both ; entire run ) Al Jean ( 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 98 ; 1999 -- present ) John Frink ( 2009 -- present ) Matt Selman ( 2005 -- present ) Sam Simon ( 1989 -- 93 ) Mike Reiss ( 1992 - 93 ) Josh Weinstein ( 1995 -- 97 ) Bill Oakley ( 1995 -- 97 ) Mike Scully ( 1997 -- 2001 ) David Mirkin ( 1993 -- 95 ) George Meyer ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Tim Long ( 2005 -- 08 ) Ian Maxtone - Graham ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Gracie Films ( 1989 -- present ) 20th Century Fox Television Klasky Csupo ( 1989 -- 92 ) Film Roman ( 1992 -- 2016 ) Fox Television Animation ( 2016 -- present ) The Curiosity Company ( 2015 -- present , uncredited ) Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Picture format 480i / 576i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 1989 -- 2009 ) 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2009 -- present ) Audio format Stereo ( 1989 -- 91 ) Dolby Surround 2.0 ( 1991 -- 2009 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( DVD , broadcast 2009 -- present ) Original release December 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show External links Official website www.thesimpsons.com The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working - class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three - season run , the sketch was developed into a half - hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 627 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 29th season began on October 1 , 2017 . It is the longest - running American sitcom and the longest - running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest - running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature - length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty - ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 . The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine or ten seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many other later adult - oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years , generally since about the late 1990s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Characters 1.2 Setting 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Executive producers and showrunners 2.3 Writing 2.4 Voice actors 2.5 Animation 3 Themes 4 Hallmarks 4.1 Opening sequence 4.2 Halloween episodes 4.3 Humor 5 Influence and legacy 5.1 Idioms 5.2 Television 6 Reception and achievements 6.1 Early success 6.2 Run length achievements 6.3 Awards and accolades 6.4 Criticism 6.4. 1 Controversy 6.4. 2 Ban 6.4. 3 Declining quality 7 Other media 7.1 Comic books 7.2 Film 7.3 Music 7.4 The Simpsons Ride 7.5 Video games 8 Syndication and streaming availability 9 Merchandise 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Premise Characters Main article : List of The Simpsons characters The Simpsons are a family who live in a fictional `` Middle America '' town of Springfield . Homer , the father , works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , a position at odds with his careless , buffoonish personality . He is married to Marge , a stereotypical American housewife and mother . They have three children : Bart , a ten - year - old troublemaker ; Lisa , a precocious eight - year - old activist ; and Maggie , the baby of the family who rarely speaks , but communicates by sucking on a pacifier . Although the family is dysfunctional , many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another . The family owns a dog , Santa 's Little Helper , and a cat , Snowball V , renamed Snowball II in `` I , ( Annoyed Grunt ) - Bot '' . Both pets have had starring roles in several episodes . The Simpsons sports a vast array of secondary and tertiary characters . The show includes an array of quirky supporting characters : co-workers , teachers , family friends , extended relatives , townspeople and local celebrities . The creators originally intended many of these characters as one - time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town . A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes . According to Matt Groening , the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy show SCTV . Despite the depiction of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays passing , the characters do not age between episodes ( either physically or in stated age ) , and generally appear just as they did when the series began . The series uses a floating timeline in which episodes generally take place in the year the episode is produced even though the characters do not age . Flashbacks / forwards do occasionally depict the characters at other points in their lives , with the timeline of these depictions also generally floating relative to the year the episode is produced . In a nod to the non-aging aspect of the show , when asked during the episode `` The Simpsons Guy '' how long Nelson Muntz has been bullying him , Bart replies `` 24 years . '' Setting Main article : Springfield ( The Simpsons ) The Simpsons takes place in the fictional American town of Springfield in an unknown and impossible - to - determine U.S. state . The show is intentionally evasive in regard to Springfield 's location . Springfield 's geography , and that of its surroundings , contains coastlines , deserts , vast farmland , tall mountains , or whatever the story or joke requires . Groening has said that Springfield has much in common with Portland , Oregon , the city where he grew up . The name `` Springfield '' is a common one in America and appears in 22 states . Groening has said that he named it after Springfield , Oregon , and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the series Father Knows Best . He `` figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show , I thought , ' This will be cool ; everyone will think it 's their Springfield . ' And they do . '' An astronomer and fan of the show , Phil Plait , humorously noticed that The Simpsons could be set in Australia , because the moon in Springfield faces the wrong way to be an American location . Production Development Main articles : History of The Simpsons and The Simpsons shorts James L. Brooks ( pictured ) asked Matt Groening to create a series of animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show When producer James L. Brooks was working on the television variety show The Tracey Ullman Show , he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks . Having seen one of cartoonist Matt Groening 's Life in Hell comic strips , Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts . Groening initially intended to present an animated version of his Life in Hell series . However , Groening later realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life 's work . He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks 's office for the pitch meeting , hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons . He named the characters after his own family members , substituting `` Bart '' for his own name , adopting an anagram of the word `` brat '' . The Simpson family first appeared as shorts in The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production . However , the animators merely re-traced his drawings , which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts . The animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo , with Wes Archer , David Silverman , and Bill Kopp being animators for the first season . Colorist Gyorgyi Peluce was the person who decided to make the characters yellow . In 1989 , a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half - hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house . Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show 's content . Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called `` the mainstream trash '' that they were watching . The half - hour series premiered on December 17 , 1989 , with `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' . `` Some Enchanted Evening '' was the first full - length episode produced , but it did not broadcast until May 1990 , as the last episode of the first season , because of animation problems . In 1992 , Tracey Ullman filed a lawsuit against Fox , claiming that her show was the source of the series ' success . The suit said she should receive a share of the profits of The Simpsons -- a claim rejected by the courts . Executive producers and showrunners Matt Groening , creator List of showrunners throughout the series ' run : Season 1 -- 2 : Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , & Sam Simon Season 3 -- 4 : Al Jean & Mike Reiss Season 5 -- 6 : David Mirkin Season 7 -- 8 : Bill Oakley & Josh Weinstein Season 9 -- 12 : Mike Scully Season 13 -- present : Al Jean Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show 's entire history , and also function as creative consultants . Sam Simon , described by former Simpsons director Brad Bird as `` the unsung hero '' of the show , served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons . He was constantly at odds with Groening , Brooks and the show 's production company Gracie Films and left in 1993 . Before leaving , he negotiated a deal that sees him receive a share of the profits every year , and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993 , at least until his passing in 2015 . A more involved position on the show is the showrunner , who acts as head writer and manages the show 's production for an entire season . Writing Main article : List of The Simpsons writers The first team of writers , assembled by Sam Simon , consisted of John Swartzwelder , Jon Vitti , George Meyer , Jeff Martin , Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky . Newer Simpsons ' writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December . The main writer of each episode writes the first draft . Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes , inserting scenes , and calling for re-readings of lines by the show 's vocal performers . Until 2004 , George Meyer , who had developed the show since the first season , was active in these sessions . According to long - time writer Jon Vitti , Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode , even though other writers may receive script credits . Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events . Part of the writing staff of The Simpsons in 1992 . Back row , left to right : Mike Mendel , Colin ABV Lewis ( partial ) , Jeff Goldstein , Al Jean ( partial ) , Conan O'Brien , Bill Oakley , Josh Weinstein , Mike Reiss , Ken Tsumura , George Meyer , John Swartzwelder , Jon Vitti ( partial ) , CJ Gibson and David M. Stern . Front row , left to right : Dee Capelli , Lona Williams , and unknown . Credited with sixty episodes , John Swartzwelder is the most prolific writer on The Simpsons . One of the best - known former writers is Conan O'Brien , who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacing David Letterman as host of the talk show Late Night . English comedian Ricky Gervais wrote the episode `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' , becoming the first celebrity to both write and guest star in an episode . Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg , writers of the film Superbad , wrote the episode `` Homer the Whopper '' , with Rogen voicing a character in it . At the end of 2007 , the writers of The Simpsons went on strike together with the other members of the Writers Guild of America , East . The show 's writers had joined the guild in 1998 . Voice actors Main articles : List of The Simpsons cast members , List of The Simpsons guest stars , and Non-English versions of The Simpsons The Simpsons has six main cast members : Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer . Castellaneta voices Homer Simpson , Grampa Simpson , Krusty the Clown , Groundskeeper Willie , Mayor Quimby , Barney Gumble and other adult , male characters . Julie Kavner voices Marge Simpson and Patty and Selma , as well as several minor characters . Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part of The Tracey Ullman Show cast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be needed . Cartwright voices Bart Simpson , Nelson Muntz , Ralph Wiggum and other children . Smith , the voice of Lisa Simpson , is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character , although she occasionally plays other episodic characters . The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa . Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart , but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high , so she was given the role of Lisa instead . Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa , but upon arriving at the audition , she found that Lisa was simply described as the `` middle child '' and at the time did not have much personality . Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart , who was described as `` devious , underachieving , school - hating , irreverent , ( and ) clever '' . Groening let her try out for the part instead , and upon hearing her read , gave her the job on the spot . Cartwright is the only one of the six main Simpsons cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show . Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family , but play a majority of the male townspeople . Azaria , who has been a part of the Simpsons regular voice cast since the second season , voices recurring characters such as Moe Szyslak , Chief Wiggum , Apu Nahasapeemapetilon and Professor Frink . Shearer provides voices for Mr. Burns , Mr. Smithers , Principal Skinner , Ned Flanders , Reverend Lovejoy and Dr. Hibbert . Every main cast member has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance . With one exception , episode credits list only the voice actors , and not the characters they voice . Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and , therefore , closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists . However , the network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode `` Old Money '' , because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work . In 2003 , the cast appeared in an episode of Inside the Actors Studio , doing live performances of their characters ' voices . The six main actors were paid $ 30,000 per episode until 1998 , when they were involved in a pay dispute with Fox . The company threatened to replace them with new actors , even going as far as preparing for casting of new voices , but series creator Groening supported the actors in their action . The issue was soon resolved and , from 1998 to 2004 , they were paid $125,000 per episode . The show 's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales , and in April 2004 the main cast stopped appearing for script readings , demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode . The strike was resolved a month later and their salaries were increased to something between $250,000 and $360,000 per episode . In 2008 , production for the twentieth season was put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors , who wanted a `` healthy bump '' in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode . The negotiations were soon completed , and the actors ' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode . Three years later , with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut , the cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut , down to just over $300,000 per episode . In addition to the main cast , Pamela Hayden , Tress MacNeille , Marcia Wallace , Maggie Roswell , and Russi Taylor voice supporting characters . From 1999 to 2002 , Roswell 's characters were voiced by Marcia Mitzman Gaven . Karl Wiedergott has also appeared in minor roles , but does not voice any recurring characters . Wiedergott left the show in 2010 , and since then Chris Edgerly has appeared regularly to voice minor characters . Repeat `` special guest '' cast members include Albert Brooks , Phil Hartman , Jon Lovitz , Joe Mantegna , Maurice LaMarche , and Kelsey Grammer . Following Hartman 's death in 1998 , the characters he voiced ( Troy McClure and Lionel Hutz ) were retired ; Wallace 's character of Edna Krabappel was retired as well after her death in 2013 . Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions , including actors , athletes , authors , bands , musicians and scientists . In the earlier seasons , most of the guest stars voiced characters , but eventually more started appearing as themselves . Tony Bennett was the first guest star to appear as himself , appearing briefly in the season two episode `` Dancin ' Homer '' . The Simpsons holds the world record for `` Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series '' . The Simpsons has been dubbed into several other languages , including Japanese , German , Spanish , and Portuguese . It is also one of the few programs dubbed in both standard French and Quebec French . The show has been broadcast in Arabic , but due to Islamic customs , numerous aspects of the show have been changed . For example , Homer drinks soda instead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs . Because of such changes , the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the lifelong Simpsons fans in the area . Animation Animation director David Silverman , who helped define the look of the show . Several different U.S. and international studios animate The Simpsons . Throughout the run of the animated shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show , the animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo . With the debut of the series , because of an increased workload , Fox subcontracted production to several local and foreign studios . These are AKOM , Anivision , Rough Draft Studios , USAnimation , and Toonzone Entertainment . For the first three seasons , Klasky Csupo animated The Simpsons in the United States . In 1992 , the show 's production company , Gracie Films , switched domestic production to Film Roman , who continue to animate the show until 2016 . In Season 14 , production switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint . The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was `` Radioactive Man '' in 1995 . Animators used digital ink and paint during production of the season 12 episode `` Tennis the Menace '' , but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later . The already completed `` Tennis the Menace '' was broadcast as made . The production staff at the U.S. animation studio , Film Roman , draws storyboards , designs new characters , backgrounds , props and draws character and background layouts , which in turn become animatics to be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas . The overseas studios then draw the inbetweens , ink and paint , and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later . The series began high - definition production in Season 20 ; the first episode , `` Take My Life , Please '' , aired February 15 , 2009 . The move to HDTV included a new opening sequence . Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation . Themes Main articles : Media in The Simpsons , Politics in The Simpsons , and Religion in The Simpsons The Simpsons uses the standard setup of a situational comedy , or sitcom , as its premise . The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town , serving as a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle . However , because of its animated nature , The Simpsons ' scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom . The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society . By having Homer work in a nuclear power plant , the show can comment on the state of the environment . Through Bart and Lisa 's days at Springfield Elementary School , the show 's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education . The town features a vast array of media channels -- from kids ' television programming to local news , which enables the producers to make jokes about themselves and the entertainment industry . Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left - wing bias . Al Jean admitted in an interview that `` We ( the show ) are of liberal bent . '' The writers often evince an appreciation for liberal ideals , but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum . The show portrays government and large corporations as callous entities that take advantage of the common worker . Thus , the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light . In The Simpsons , politicians are corrupt , ministers such as Reverend Lovejoy are indifferent to churchgoers , and the local police force is incompetent . Religion also figures as a recurring theme . In times of crisis , the family often turns to God , and the show has dealt with most of the major religions . Hallmarks Opening sequence Main article : The Simpsons opening sequence The music played during the opening sequence . This piece is also known as The Simpsons Theme . The Simpsons ' opening sequence is one of the show 's most memorable hallmarks . The standard opening has gone through three iterations ( a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season , and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high - definition in 2009 ) . Each has the same basic sequence of events : The camera zooms through cumulus clouds , through the show 's title towards the town of Springfield . The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home . Upon entering their house , the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television . The original opening was created by David Silverman , and was the first task he did when production began on the show . The series ' distinctive theme song was composed by musician Danny Elfman in 1989 , after Groening approached him requesting a retro style piece . This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career . One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that three of its elements change from episode to episode : Bart writes different things on the school chalkboard , Lisa plays different solos on her saxophone and different gags accompany the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch . Halloween episodes Main article : Treehouse of Horror Bart Simpson introducing a segment of `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' in the manner of Rod Serling 's Night Gallery The special Halloween episode has become an annual tradition . `` Treehouse of Horror '' first broadcast in 1990 as part of season two and established the pattern of three separate , self - contained stories in each Halloween episode . These pieces usually involve the family in some horror , science fiction , or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres . They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show . Although the Treehouse series is meant to be seen on Halloween , this changed by the 2000s , when new installments have premiered after Halloween due to Fox 's current contract with Major League Baseball 's World Series , however , since 2011 , every Treehouse of Horror episode has aired during the month of October . Humor The show 's humor turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show . Such references , for example , come from movies , television , music , literature , science , and history . The animators also regularly add jokes or sight gags into the show 's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs , newspapers , billboards , and elsewhere . The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing . Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show . Kristin Thompson argues that The Simpsons uses a `` flurry of cultural references , intentionally inconsistent characterization , and considerable self - reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show . '' One of Bart 's early hallmarks was his prank calls to Moe 's Tavern owner Moe Szyslak in which Bart calls Moe and asks for a gag name . Moe tries to find that person in the bar , but soon realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart . These calls were apparently based on a series of prank calls known as the Tube Bar recordings , though Groening has denied any causal connection . Moe was based partly on Tube Bar owner Louis `` Red '' Deutsch , whose often profane responses inspired Moe 's violent side . As the series progressed , it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe 's angry response , and the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season . The Simpsons also often includes self - referential humor . The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting . For example , the episode `` She Used to Be My Girl '' included a scene in which a Fox News Channel van drove down the street while displaying a large `` Bush Cheney 2004 '' banner and playing Queen 's `` We Are the Champions '' , in reference to the 2004 U.S. presidential election and claims of conservative bias in Fox News . The show uses catchphrases , and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each . Notable expressions include Homer 's annoyed grunt `` D'oh ! '' , Mr. Burns ' `` Excellent '' and Nelson Muntz 's `` Ha - ha ! '' Some of Bart 's catchphrases , such as `` ¡ Ay , caramba ! '' , `` Do n't have a cow , man ! '' and `` Eat my shorts ! '' appeared on T - shirts in the show 's early days . However , Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through the merchandising . The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons . The episode `` Bart Gets Famous '' mocks catchphrase - based humor , as Bart achieves fame on the Krusty the Clown Show solely for saying `` I did n't do it . '' Influence and Legacy Idioms A number of neologisms that originated on The Simpsons have entered popular vernacular . Mark Liberman , director of the Linguistic Data Consortium , remarked , `` The Simpsons has apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture 's greatest source of idioms , catchphrases and sundry other textual allusions . '' The most famous catchphrase is Homer 's annoyed grunt : `` D'oh ! '' So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in the Oxford English Dictionary , but without the apostrophe . Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase from James Finlayson , an actor in many Laurel and Hardy comedies , who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone . The staff of The Simpsons told Castellaneta to shorten the noise , and it went on to become the well - known exclamation in the television series . Groundskeeper Willie 's description of the French as `` cheese - eating surrender monkeys '' was used by National Review columnist Jonah Goldberg in 2003 , after France 's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq . The phrase quickly spread to other journalists . `` Cromulent '' and `` embiggen '' , words used in `` Lisa the Iconoclast '' , have since appeared in the Dictionary.com 's 21st Century Lexicon , and scientific journals respectively . `` Kwyjibo '' , a fake Scrabble word invented by Bart in `` Bart the Genius '' , was used as one of the aliases of the creator of the Melissa worm . `` I , for one , welcome our new insect overlords '' , was used by Kent Brockman in `` Deep Space Homer '' and has become a common phrase . Variants of Brockman 's utterance are used to express obsequious submission . It has been used in media , such as New Scientist magazine . The dismissive term `` Meh '' , believed to have been popularized by the show , entered the Collins English Dictionary in 2008 . Other words credited as stemming from the show include `` yoink '' and `` craptacular '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations includes several quotations from the show . As well as `` cheese - eating surrender monkeys '' , Homer 's lines , `` Kids , you tried your best and you failed miserably . The lesson is never try '' , from `` Burns ' Heir '' ( season five , 1994 ) as well as `` Kids are the best , Apu . You can teach them to hate the things you hate . And they practically raise themselves , what with the Internet and all '' , from `` Eight Misbehavin ' '' ( season 11 , 1999 ) , entered the dictionary in August 2007 . Television The Simpsons was the first successful animated program in American prime time since Wait Till Your Father Gets Home in the 1970s . During most of the 1980s , US pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children , and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime - time television . The Simpsons changed this perception , initially leading to a short period where networks attempted to recreate prime - time cartoon success with shows like Capitol Critters , Fish Police , and Family Dog , which were expensive and unsuccessful . The Simpsons ' use of Korean animation studios for tweening , coloring , and filming made the episodes cheaper . The success of The Simpsons and the lower production cost prompted US television networks to take chances on other adult animated series . This development led US producers to a 1990s boom in new , animated prime - time shows for adults , such as South Park , Family Guy , King of the Hill , Futurama and The Critic . For Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane , `` The Simpsons created an audience for prime - time animation that had not been there for many , many years ... As far as I 'm concerned , they basically re-invented the wheel . They created what is in many ways -- you could classify it as -- a wholly new medium . '' The Simpsons has had crossovers with four other shows . In the episode `` A Star Is Burns '' , Marge invites Jay Sherman , the main character of The Critic , to be a judge for a film festival in Springfield . Matt Groening had his name removed from the episode since he had no involvement with The Critic . South Park later paid homage to The Simpsons with the episode `` Simpsons Already Did It '' . In `` Simpsorama '' , the Planet Express crew from Futurama come to Springfield in the present to prevent the Simpsons from destroying the future . In the Family Guy episode `` The Simpsons Guy '' , the Griffins visit Springfield and meet the Simpsons . The Simpsons has also influenced live - action shows like Malcolm in the Middle , which featured the use of sight gags and did not use a laugh track unlike most sitcoms . Malcolm in the Middle debuted January 9 , 2000 , in the time slot after The Simpsons . Ricky Gervais called The Simpsons an influence on The Office , and fellow British sitcom Spaced was , according to its director Edgar Wright , `` an attempt to do a live - action The Simpsons . '' In Georgia , the animated television sitcom The Samsonadzes , launched in November 2009 , has been noted for its very strong resemblance with The Simpsons , which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged . Reception and achievements Season No. of episodes Originally aired Viewership Season premiere Season finale Time Slot ( ET ) Avg . viewers ( in millions ) Most watched episode Viewers ( millions ) Episode Title 1989 -- 90 13 December 17 , 1989 May 13 , 1990 Sunday 8 : 30 PM 27.8 33.5 `` Life on the Fast Lane '' 1990 -- 91 22 October 11 , 1990 July 11 , 1991 Thursday 8 : 00 PM 24.4 33.6 `` Bart Gets an F '' 1991 -- 92 24 September 19 , 1991 August 27 , 1992 21.8 25.5 `` Colonel Homer '' 1992 -- 93 22 September 24 , 1992 May 13 , 1993 22.4 28.6 `` Lisa 's First Word '' 5 1993 -- 94 22 September 30 , 1993 May 19 , 1994 18.9 24.0 `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' 6 1994 -- 95 25 September 4 , 1994 May 21 , 1995 Sunday 8 : 00 PM 15.6 22.2 `` Treehouse of Horror V '' 7 1995 -- 96 25 September 17 , 1995 May 19 , 1996 15.1 19.7 `` Treehouse of Horror VI '' 8 1996 -- 97 25 October 27 , 1996 May 18 , 1997 Sunday 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 1 -- 3 ) Sunday 8 : 00 PM ( Episodes 4 -- 25 ) 14.5 20.9 `` The Springfield Files '' 9 1997 -- 98 25 September 21 , 1997 May 17 , 1998 Sunday 8 : 00 PM 16.3 19.8 `` The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons '' 10 1998 -- 99 23 August 23 , 1998 May 16 , 1999 13.5 15.5 `` Maximum Homerdrive '' 11 1999 -- 2000 22 September 26 , 1999 May 21 , 2000 8.8 18.4 `` The Mansion Family '' 12 2000 -- 01 21 November 1 , 2000 May 20 , 2001 15.5 18.6 `` Worst Episode Ever '' 13 2001 -- 02 22 November 6 , 2001 May 22 , 2002 Tuesday 8 : 30 PM ( Episode 1 ) Sunday 8 : 00 PM ( Episodes 2 -- 20 ) Sunday 7 : 30 PM ( Episode 21 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 PM ( Episode 22 ) 12.5 14.9 `` The Parent Rap '' 14 2002 -- 03 22 November 3 , 2002 May 18 , 2003 Sunday 8 : 00 PM ( Episodes 1 -- 11 , 13 -- 21 ) Sunday 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 12 , 22 ) 14.4 22.1 `` I 'm Spelling as Fast as I Can '' 15 2003 -- 04 22 November 2 , 2003 May 23 , 2004 Sunday 8 : 00 PM 11.0 16.3 `` I , ( Annoyed Grunt ) - Bot '' 16 2004 -- 05 21 November 7 , 2004 May 15 , 2005 Sunday 8 : 00 PM ( Episodes 1 -- 7 , 9 -- 16 , 18 , 20 ) Sunday 10 : 30 PM ( Episode 8 ) Sunday 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 17 , 19 , 21 ) 10.2 23.07 `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' 17 2005 -- 06 22 September 11 , 2005 May 21 , 2006 Sunday 8 : 00 PM 9.55 11.63 `` Treehouse of Horror XVI '' 18 2006 -- 07 22 September 10 , 2006 May 20 , 2007 9.15 13.90 `` The Wife Aquatic '' 19 2007 -- 08 20 September 23 , 2007 May 18 , 2008 8.37 11.7 `` Treehouse of Horror XVIII '' 20 2008 -- 09 21 September 28 , 2008 May 17 , 2009 7.1 12.4 `` Treehouse of Horror XIX '' 21 2009 -- 10 23 September 27 , 2009 May 23 , 2010 7.1 14.62 `` Once Upon a Time in Springfield '' 22 2010 -- 11 22 September 26 , 2010 May 22 , 2011 7.09 12.6 `` Moms I 'd Like to Forget '' 23 2011 -- 12 22 September 25 , 2011 May 20 , 2012 6.15 11.48 `` The D'oh - cial Network '' 24 2012 -- 13 22 September 30 , 2012 May 19 , 2013 5.41 8.97 `` Homer Goes to Prep School '' 25 2013 -- 14 22 September 29 , 2013 May 18 , 2014 5.02 12.04 `` Steal This Episode '' 26 2014 -- 15 22 September 28 , 2014 May 17 , 2015 5.61 10.62 `` The Man Who Came to Be Dinner '' 27 2015 -- 16 22 September 27 , 2015 May 22 , 2016 4.0 8.33 `` Teenage Mutant Milk - Caused Hurdles '' 28 2016 -- 17 22 September 25 , 2016 May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 4.80 8.19 `` Pork and Burns '' 29 2017 -- 18 22 October 1 , 2017 Early success The Simpsons was the Fox network 's first television series to rank among a season 's top 30 highest - rated shows . In 1990 , Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed `` Bartmania '' . He became the most prevalent Simpsons character on memorabilia , such as T - shirts . In the early 1990s , millions of T - shirts featuring Bart were sold ; as many as one million were sold on some days . Believing Bart to be a bad role model , several American public schools banned T - shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as `` I 'm Bart Simpson . Who the hell are you ? '' and `` Underachiever ( ' And proud of it , man ! ' ) '' . The Simpsons merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales . Because of his popularity , Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show , even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot . Due to the show 's success , over the summer of 1990 the Fox Network decided to switch The Simpsons ' time slot so that it would move from 8 : 00 p.m. ET on Sunday night to the same time on Thursday , where it would compete with The Cosby Show on NBC , the number one show at the time . Through the summer , several news outlets published stories about the supposed `` Bill vs. Bart '' rivalry . `` Bart Gets an F '' ( season two , 1990 ) was the first episode to air against The Cosby Show , and it received a lower Nielsen ratings , tying for eighth behind The Cosby Show , which had an 18.5 rating . The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show , but Nielsen Media Research estimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode , making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week . At the time , it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network , and it is still the highest rated episode in the history of The Simpsons . The show moved back to its Sunday slot in 1994 and has remained there ever since . The Simpsons has been praised by many critics , being described as `` the most irreverent and unapologetic show on the air . '' In a 1990 review of the show , Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described it as `` the American family at its most complicated , drawn as simple cartoons . It 's this neat paradox that makes millions of people turn away from the three big networks on Sunday nights to concentrate on The Simpsons . '' Tucker would also describe the show as a `` pop - cultural phenomenon , a prime - time cartoon show that appeals to the entire family . '' Run length achievements On February 9 , 1997 , The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode `` The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show '' as the longest - running prime - time animated series in the United States . In 2004 , The Simpsons replaced The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet ( 1952 to 1966 ) as the longest - running sitcom ( animated or live action ) in the United States . In 2009 , The Simpsons surpassed The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet 's record of 435 episodes and is now recognized by Guinness World Records as the world 's longest running sitcom ( in terms of episode count ) . In October 2004 , Scooby - Doo briefly overtook The Simpsons as the American animated show with the highest number of episodes . However , network executives in April 2005 again cancelled Scooby - Doo , which finished with 371 episodes , and The Simpsons reclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season . In May 2007 , The Simpsons reached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season . While The Simpsons has the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show , other animated series have surpassed The Simpsons . For example , the Japanese anime series Sazae - san has over 7,000 episodes to its credit . In 2009 , Fox began a year - long celebration of the show titled `` Best . 20 Years . Ever . '' to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere of The Simpsons . One of the first parts of the celebration is the `` Unleash Your Yellow '' contest in which entrants must design a poster for the show . The celebration ended on January 10 , 2010 ( almost 20 years after `` Bart the Genius '' aired on January 14 , 1990 ) , with The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special -- In 3 - D ! On Ice ! , a documentary special by documentary filmmaker Morgan Spurlock that examines the `` cultural phenomenon of The Simpsons '' . As of the twenty - first season ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , The Simpsons became the longest - running American scripted primetime television series , having surpassed Gunsmoke . However , Gunsmoke 's episode count of 635 episodes surpasses The Simpsons , which will not reach that mark until some time in its 29th season or so , under normal programming schedules . However , since Gunsmoke was a full - hour series for its latter fourteen seasons , The Simpsons is the longest - running half - hour series in primetime television . In May 2015 , Fox renewed the show up to the end of a 28th season . On November 4 , 2016 , The Simpsons was renewed for season 29 ( 2017 - 18 ) and season 30 ( 2018 - 19 ) , surpassing Gunsmoke for the most episodes of a scripted primetime TV series . During Season 29 , Norman Lear will make a cameo as himself in a scene involving the theme song from one of his TV shows and Shaquille O'Neal will make a cameo in an episode where Homer asks for his help . Ed Sheeran will guest star as Brendan , a musician with whom Lisa becomes smitten in the episode `` Haw - Haw Land '' , a spoof of the movie La La Land . Nikolaj Coster - Waldau will guest star on `` The Serfsons '' , which executive producer Matt Selman describes as `` a love letter to the fantasy genre of books and movies and TV shows . '' Awards and accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Simpsons The Simpsons has been awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The Simpsons has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards and a Peabody Award . In a 1999 issue celebrating the 20th century 's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment , Time magazine named The Simpsons the century 's best television series . In that same issue , Time included Bart Simpson in the Time 100 , the publication 's list of the century 's 100 most influential people . Bart was the only fictional character on the list . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpsons were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Also in 2000 , Entertainment Weekly magazine TV critic Ken Tucker named The Simpsons the greatest television show of the 1990s . Furthermore , viewers of the UK television channel Channel 4 have voted The Simpsons at the top of two polls : 2001 's 100 Greatest Kids ' TV shows , and 2005 's The 100 Greatest Cartoons , with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001 's 100 Greatest TV Characters . Homer would also place ninth on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the `` 50 Greatest TV icons '' . In 2002 , The Simpsons ranked # 8 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time , and in 2007 it was included in Time 's list of the `` 100 Best TV Shows of All Time '' . In 2008 the show was placed in first on Entertainment Weekly 's `` Top 100 Shows of the Past 25 Years '' . Empire named it the greatest TV show of all time . In 2010 , Entertainment Weekly named Homer `` the greatest character of the last 20 years '' , while in 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed The Simpsons as the 11th `` best written '' series in television history . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Simpsons as the greatest TV cartoon of all time and the tenth greatest show of all time . Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked The Simpsons as the greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 book TV ( The Book ) . Criticism Controversy Bart 's rebellious , bad boy nature , which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment , led some parents and conservatives to characterize him as a poor role model for children . In schools , educators claimed that Bart was a `` threat to learning '' because of his `` underachiever and proud of it '' attitude and negative attitude regarding his education . Others described him as `` egotistical , aggressive and mean - spirited '' . In a 1991 interview , Bill Cosby described Bart as a bad role model for children , calling him `` angry , confused , frustrated '' . In response , Matt Groening said , `` That sums up Bart , all right . Most people are in a struggle to be normal ( and ) he thinks normal is very boring , and does things that others just wished they dare do . '' On January 27 , 1992 , then - President George H.W. Bush said , `` We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family , to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons . '' The writers rushed out a tongue - in - cheek reply in the form of a short segment which aired three days later before a rerun of `` Stark Raving Dad '' in which Bart replied , `` Hey , we 're just like the Waltons . We 're praying for an end to the Depression , too . '' Various episodes of the show have generated controversy . The Simpsons visit Australia in `` Bart vs. Australia '' ( season six , 1995 ) and Brazil in `` Blame It on Lisa '' ( season 13 , 2002 ) and both episodes generated controversy and negative reaction in the visited countries . In the latter case , Rio de Janeiro 's tourist board -- which claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime , kidnappings , slums , and monkey and rat infestations -- went so far as to threaten Fox with legal action . Groening was a fierce and vocal critic of the episode `` A Star Is Burns '' ( season six , 1995 ) which featured a crossover with The Critic . He felt that it was just an advertisement for The Critic , and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him . When he was unsuccessful in getting the episode pulled , he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns , openly criticizing James L. Brooks and saying the episode `` violates the Simpsons ' universe . '' In response , Brooks said , `` I am furious with Matt , ... he 's allowed his opinion , but airing this publicly in the press is going too far ... his behavior right now is rotten . '' `` The Principal and the Pauper '' ( season nine , 1997 ) is one of the most controversial episodes of The Simpsons . Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation that Seymour Skinner , a recurring character since the first season , was an impostor . The episode has been criticized by Groening and by Harry Shearer , who provides the voice of Skinner . In a 2001 interview , Shearer recalled that after reading the script , he told the writers , `` That 's so wrong . You 're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason , for a story we 've done before with other characters . It 's so arbitrary and gratuitous , and it 's disrespectful to the audience . '' Ban The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries . China banned it from prime - time television in August 2006 , `` in an effort to protect China 's struggling animation studios . '' In 2008 , Venezuela barred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed `` unsuitable for children '' . The same year , several Russian Pentecostal churches demanded that The Simpsons , South Park and some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules `` for propaganda of various vices '' and the broadcaster 's license to be revoked . However , the court decision later dismissed this request . Declining quality Chart by producer Sol Harris showing the decline in quality of the show from Season 1 - Season 28 Critics ' reviews of early Simpsons episodes praised the show for its sassy humor , wit , realism , and intelligence . However , in the late 1990s , around the airing of season 10 , the tone and emphasis of the show began to change . Some critics started calling the show `` tired '' . By 2000 , some long - term fans had become disillusioned with the show , and pointed to its shift from character - driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics . Jim Schembri of The Sydney Morning Herald attributed the decline in quality to an abandonment of character - driven storylines in favor of and overuse of celebrity cameo appearances and references to popular culture . Schembri wrote : `` The central tragedy of The Simpsons is that it has gone from commanding attention to merely being attention - seeking . It began by proving that cartoon characters do n't have to be caricatures ; they can be invested with real emotions . Now the show has in essence fermented into a limp parody of itself . Memorable story arcs have been sacrificed for the sake of celebrity walk - ons and punchline - hungry dialogue . '' In 2010 , the BBC noted `` the common consensus is that The Simpsons ' golden era ended after season nine '' , and Todd Leopold of CNN , in an article looking at its perceived decline , stated `` for many fans ... the glory days are long past . '' Similarly , Tyler Wilson of Coeur d'Alene Press has referred to seasons one to nine as the show 's `` golden age '' , and Ian Nathan of Empire described the show 's classic era as being `` say , the first ten seasons . '' Jon Heacock of LucidWorks stated that `` for the first ten years ( seasons ) , the show was consistently at the top of its game '' , with `` so many moments , quotations , and references -- both epic and obscure -- that helped turn the Simpson family into the cultural icons that they remain to this day . '' Mike Scully , who was showrunner during seasons nine through twelve , has been the subject of criticism . Chris Suellentrop of Slate wrote that `` under Scully 's tenure , The Simpsons became , well , a cartoon ... Episodes that once would have ended with Homer and Marge bicycling into the sunset now end with Homer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge 's neck . The show 's still funny , but it has n't been touching in years . '' When asked in 2007 how the series ' longevity is sustained , Scully joked : `` Lower your quality standards . Once you 've done that you can go on forever . '' Al Jean , showrunner since season thirteen , has also been the subject of criticism , with some arguing that the show has continued to decline in quality under his tenure . Former writers have complained that under Jean , the show is `` on auto - pilot '' , `` too sentimental '' , and the episodes are `` just being cranked out . '' Some critics believe that the show has `` entered a steady decline under Jean and is no longer really funny . '' John Ortved , author of The Simpsons : An Uncensored , Unauthorized History , characterized the Jean era as `` toothless '' , and criticized what he perceived as the show 's increase in social and political commentary . Jean responded : `` Well , it 's possible that we 've declined . But honestly , I 've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying , ' It 's gone downhill . ' If we 'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13 . I 'm glad we did n't . '' In 2004 , Harry Shearer criticized what he perceived as the show 's declining quality : `` I rate the last three seasons as among the worst , so season four looks very good to me now . '' Dan Castellaneta responded : `` I do n't agree , ... I think Harry 's issue is that the show is n't as grounded as it was in the first three or four seasons , that it 's gotten crazy or a little more madcap . I think it organically changes to stay fresh . '' Also in 2004 author Douglas Coupland described claims of declining quality in the series as `` hogwash '' , saying `` The Simpsons has n't fumbled the ball in fourteen years , it 's hardly likely to fumble it now . '' In an April 2006 interview , Groening said : `` I honestly do n't see any end in sight . I think it 's possible that the show will become too financially cumbersome ... but right now , the show is creatively , I think , as good or better than it 's ever been . The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative , and the stories do things that we have n't done before . So creatively there 's no reason to quit . '' In 2016 , popular culture writer Anna Leszkiewicz suggested that even though The Simpsons still holds cultural relevance , contemporary appeal is only for the first ten seasons , with recent episodes only garnering mainstream attention when a favorite character from the golden era is killed off , or when new information and shock twists are given for old characters . The series ' ratings have also declined ; while the first season enjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewing households per episode in the U.S. , the twenty - first season had an average of 7.2 million viewers . Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz argued in their 2016 book titled TV ( The Book ) that the peak of The Simpsons are `` roughly seasons ( three through twelve ) '' , and that despite the decline , episodes from the later seasons such as `` Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind '' and `` Holidays of Future Passed '' could be considered on par with the earlier classic episodes , further stating that `` even if you want to call the show today a thin shadow of its former self , think about how mind - boggingly great its former self had to be for so - diminished a version to be watchable at all . '' Other media Main article : The Simpsons ( franchise ) Comic Books Main article : List of The Simpsons comics Numerous Simpson - related comic books have been released over the years . So far , nine comic book series have been published by Bongo Comics since 1993 . The first comic strips based on The Simpsons appeared in 1991 in the magazine Simpsons Illustrated , which was a companion magazine to the show . The comic strips were popular and a one - shot comic book titled Simpsons Comics and Stories , containing four different stories , was released in 1993 for the fans . The book was a success and due to this , the creator of The Simpsons , Matt Groening , and his companions Bill Morrison , Mike Rote , Steve Vance and Cindy Vance created the publishing company Bongo Comics . Issues of Simpsons Comics , Bart Simpson 's Treehouse of Horror and Bart Simpson have been collected and reprinted in trade paperbacks in the United States by HarperCollins . Film Main article : The Simpsons Movie A Seattle 7 - Eleven store transformed into a Kwik - E-Mart as part of a promotion for The Simpsons Movie . 20th Century Fox , Gracie Films , and Film Roman produced The Simpsons Movie , an animated film that was released on July 27 , 2007 . The film was directed by long - time Simpsons producer David Silverman and written by a team of Simpsons writers comprising Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , Al Jean , George Meyer , Mike Reiss , John Swartzwelder , Jon Vitti , David Mirkin , Mike Scully , Matt Selman , and Ian Maxtone - Graham . Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long - time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded . There had been talk of a possible feature - length Simpsons film ever since the early seasons of the series . James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode `` Kamp Krusty '' was suitable for a film , but he encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature - length . For a long time , difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project . Music Main article : The Simpsons discography Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albums Songs in the Key of Springfield , Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons and The Simpsons : Testify . Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show . The album The Simpsons Sing the Blues was released in September 1990 and was a success , peaking at # 3 on the Billboard 200 and becoming certified 2 × platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The first single from the album was the pop rap song `` Do the Bartman '' , performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20 , 1990 . The song was written by Michael Jackson , although he did not receive any credit . The Yellow Album was released in 1998 , but received poor reception and did not chart in any country . The Simpsons ride Main article : The Simpsons Ride The Simpsons Ride at Universal Studios Florida . In 2007 , it was officially announced that The Simpsons Ride , a simulator ride , would be implemented into the Universal Studios Orlando and Universal Studios Hollywood . It officially opened May 15 , 2008 in Florida and May 19 , 2008 , in Hollywood . In the ride , patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built by Krusty the Clown . However , Sideshow Bob is loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and the Simpson family . It features more than 24 regular characters from The Simpsons and features the voices of the regular cast members , as well as Pamela Hayden , Russi Taylor and Kelsey Grammer . Harry Shearer did not participate in the ride , so none of his characters have vocal parts . Video games Further information : List of The Simpsons video games Numerous video games based on the show have been produced . Some of the early games include Konami 's arcade game The Simpsons ( 1991 ) and Acclaim Entertainment 's The Simpsons : Bart vs. the Space Mutants ( 1991 ) . More modern games include The Simpsons : Road Rage ( 2001 ) , The Simpsons : Hit & Run ( 2003 ) and The Simpsons Game ( 2007 ) . Electronic Arts , which produced The Simpsons Game , has owned the exclusive rights to create video games based on the show since 2005 . In 2010 , they released a game called The Simpsons Arcade for iOS . Another EA - produced mobile game , Tapped Out , was released in 2012 for iOS users , then in 2013 for Android and Kindle users . Two Simpsons pinball machines have been produced : one that was available briefly after the first season , and another in 2007 , both out of production . Syndication and streaming availability The cable television network FXX has exclusive cable and digital syndication rights for The Simpsons . Original contracts had previously stated that syndication rights for The Simpsons would not be sold to cable until the series conclusion , at a time when cable syndication deals were highly rare . The series has been syndicated to local broadcast stations in nearly all markets throughout the United States since September 1993 . FXX premiered The Simpsons on their network on August 21 , 2014 by starting a twelve - day marathon which featured the first 552 episodes ( every single episode that had already been released at the time ) aired chronologically , including The Simpsons Movie , which FX Networks had already owned the rights to air . It was the longest continuous marathon in the history of television ( until VH1 Classic aired a 433 - hour , nineteen - day , marathon of Saturday Night Live in 2015 ; celebrating that program 's 40th anniversary ) . The first day of the marathon was the highest rated broadcast day in the history of the network so far , the ratings more than tripled that those of regular prime time programming for FXX . Ratings during the first six nights of the marathon grew night after night , with the network ranking within the top 5 networks in basic cable each night . On October 21 , 2014 , a digital service courtesy of the FXNOW app , called Simpsons World , launched . Simpsons World has every episode of the series accessible to authenticated FX subscribers , and is available on game consoles such as Xbox One , streaming devices such as Roku and Apple TV , and online via web browser . There was early criticism of both wrong aspect ratios for earlier episodes and the length of commercial breaks on the streaming service , but there are now fewer commercial breaks during individual episodes . Later it was announced that Simpsons World would now let users watch all of the SD episodes in their original format . In July 2017 , all episodes were made available for purchase on the iTunes Store , in the United States . Merchandise See also : List of The Simpsons books and List of The Simpsons home video releases The popularity of The Simpsons has made it a billion - dollar merchandising industry . The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T - shirts to posters . The Simpsons has been used as a theme for special editions of well - known board games , including Clue , Scrabble , Monopoly , Operation , and The Game of Life , as well as the trivia games What Would Homer Do ? and Simpsons Jeopardy !. Several card games such as trump cards and The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released . Many official or unofficial Simpsons books such as episode guides have been published . Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years . When the first season DVD was released in 2001 , it quickly became the best - selling television DVD in history , although it was later overtaken by the first season of Chappelle 's Show . In particular , seasons one through seventeen have been released on DVD in the U.S. ( Region 1 ) , Europe ( Region 2 ) and Australia / New Zealand / Latin America ( Region 4 ) . However , on April 19 , 2015 , Al Jean announced that the Season 17 DVD would be the last one ever produced , leaving the collection from Season 1 to 17 , Season 20 ( released out of schedule in 2009 ) , with Seasons 18 , 19 , and 21 onwards unreleased . Jean also stated that the deleted scenes and commentary would try to be released to the Simpsons World app , and that they were pushing for Simpsons World to be expanded outside of the U.S. Two years later , however , on July 22 , 2017 , it was announced that Season 18 would be released on December 5 , 2017 on DVD . In 2003 , about 500 companies around the world were licensed to use Simpsons characters in their advertising . As a promotion for The Simpsons Movie , twelve 7 - Eleven stores were transformed into Kwik - E-Marts and sold The Simpsons related products . These included `` Buzz Cola '' , `` Krusty - O '' cereal , pink doughnuts with sprinkles , and `` Squishees '' . In 2008 consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related to The Simpsons , with half of the amount originating from the United States . By 2009 , 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts . On April 9 , 2009 , the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 - cent stamps featuring Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa and Maggie , to commemorate the show 's twentieth anniversary . The Simpsons is the first television series still in production to receive this recognition . The stamps , designed by Matt Groening , were made available for purchase on May 7 , 2009 . 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Accessed April 20 , 2015 . `` ' Simpsons ' creator Matt Groening confesses to being a fan of prank tapes . The New Saigon calls , he says , are his favorites -- although he prefers to characterize the similarity between the Moe 's Tavern calls and the Tube Bar tapes as ' creative synchronicity . ' '' Jump up ^ Kaulessar , Ricardo ( August 10 , 2005 ) . `` Joke on ' Simpsons ' started in JC '' . Hudson Reporter . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ James L. Brooks ; Groening , Matt ; Jean , Al . ( 2001 ) . Commentary for `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete First Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike . ( 2001 ) . Commentary for `` Moaning Lisa '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete First Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Strachan , Al ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Doh ! The Simpson 's sets a record by staying relevant '' . The Vancouver Sun . 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June 14 , 2001 . Retrieved December 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Simon , Jeremy ( February 11 , 1994 ) . `` Wisdom from The Simpsons ' ' D'ohh ' boy '' . The Daily Northwestern . Archived from the original ( Interview ) on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Younge , Gary ; Jon Henley ( July 7 , 2006 ) . `` Wimps , weasels and monkeys -- the US media view of ' perfidious France ' '' . London : Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` cromulent definition '' . Dictionary.com , LLC . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sidelines '' . Nature . 448 : 632 . August 8 , 2007 . doi : 10.1038 / 448632a . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vitti , Jon ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons The Complete First Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Bart the Genius '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Liberman . Mark ( January 29 , 2004 ) . `` I , for one , welcome our new * overlords '' . Language Log . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The British government welcomes our new insect overlords '' . New Scientist magazine . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Ben ( February 26 , 2012 ) . `` The ' meh ' generation '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` Meh -- the word that 's sweeping the internet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Randy ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Canadian politics : The definition of ' meh ' '' . The Vancouver Sun . Canwest News Service . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shorto , Russell ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` Simpsons quotes enter new Oxford dictionary '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alberti 2003 , p. xii . 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Jump up ^ `` Stamp Manufacturing and Inventory Management '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General . July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Bibliography Alberti , John ( 2003 ) . Leaving Springfield : The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2849 - 0 . McCann , Jesse L. ; Groening , Matt ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons Beyond Forever ! : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Still Continued . Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 050592 - 3 . Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 591 - 9 . Cartwright , Nancy ( 2000 ) . My Life as a 10 - Year - Old Boy . New York City : Hyperion Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8600 - 5 . Folkard , Claire ( 2006 ) . Guinness World Records 2006 . Bantam USA . ISBN 0 - 553 - 58906 - 7 . Groening , Matt ( 1997 ) . Richmond , Ray ; Coffman , Antonia , eds . The Simpsons : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095252 - 5 . LCCN 98141857 . OCLC 37796735 . OL 433519M . King , Geoff ( 2002 ) . New Hollywood Cinema : An Introduction . IB Tauris & Co . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 750 - 2 . Ortved , John ( 2009 ) . The Simpsons : An Uncensored , Unauthorized History . Greystone Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 503 - 9 . Turner , Chris ( 2004 ) . Planet Simpson : How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation . Foreword by Douglas Coupland . ( 1st ed . ) . Toronto : Random House Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 31318 - 2 . OCLC 55682258 . Further reading Brown , Alan ; Logan , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Psychology of The Simpsons . Benbella Books . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 70 - 9 . Gray , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Watching with The Simpsons : Television , Parody , and Intertextuality . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 36202 - 4 . Hoffmann , Frank W. ; Bailey , William G. ( 1994 ) . Fashion and Merchandising Fads . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56024 - 376 - 2 . Irwin , William ; Conrad , Mark T. ; Skoble , Aeon ( 1999 ) . The Simpsons and Philosophy : The D'oh ! of Homer . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9433 - 3 . Keller , Beth L. ( 1992 ) . The Gospel According to Bart : Examining the Religious Elements of The Simpsons . Regent University . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9433 - 3 . Keslowitz , Steven ( 2003 ) . The Simpsons And Society : An Analysis Of Our Favorite Family And Its Influence In Contemporary Society . Hats Off Books . ISBN 1 - 58736 - 253 - 8 . Pinsky , Mark I ( 2001 ) . The Gospel According to The Simpsons : The Spiritual Life of the World 's Most Animated Family . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22419 - 9 . Pinsky , Mark I. ; Parvin , Samuel F. ( 2002 ) . The Gospel According to the Simpsons : Leaders Guide for Group Study . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22590 - X . Singh , Simon ( 2013 ) . The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets . ISBN 1 - 62040 - 277 - 7 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Simpsons '' dated 2008 - 01 - 09 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website The Simpsons at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The Simpsons on IMDb The Simpsons at TV.com The Simpsons - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television The Simpsons at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . The Simpsons Archive Preceded by 3rd Rock from the Sun 1998 Super Bowl lead - out program The Simpsons alongside Family Guy 1999 Succeeded by The Practice 2000 Preceded by Survivor : All - Stars Super Bowl lead - out program The Simpsons alongside American Dad ! 2005 Succeeded by Grey 's Anatomy 2006 ( hide ) The Simpsons Characters Homer Marge Bart Lisa Maggie Recurring characters One - time characters Production History Cast members Guest stars Non-English versions Writers Directors Awards Episodes Seasons 1 -- 20 Seasons 21 - present Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Hallmarks Opening sequence Main title theme Treehouse of Horror episodes ( list ) Couch gags The Itchy & Scratchy Show ( episode list ) Themes Media Politics Religion Locations Springfield The Simpsons house Kwik - E-Mart Derivative works Home video Video games Books Comics Simpsons Illustrated World of Springfield Mr. Burns , a Post-Electric Play Frinkiac Miscellaneous The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show ( `` Good Night '' ) The Simpsons Movie The Longest Daycare Discography `` D'oh ! 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The Lord of the Rings
The Lord of the Rings - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film series , see The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) . For other uses , see The Lord of the Rings ( disambiguation ) . The Lord of the Rings The first single volume edition ( 1968 ) The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy Adventure Publisher Allen & Unwin Published 29 July 1954 11 November 1954 20 October 1955 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Preceded by The Hobbit Followed by The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien . The story began as a sequel to Tolkien 's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit , but eventually developed into a much larger work . Written in stages between 1937 and 1949 , The Lord of the Rings is one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The title of the novel refers to the story 's main antagonist , the Dark Lord Sauron , who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle - earth . From quiet beginnings in the Shire , a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside , the story ranges across Middle - earth , following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters , not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins , Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee , Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck and Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took , but also the hobbits ' chief allies and travelling companions : the Men Aragorn son of Arathorn , a Ranger of the North , and Boromir , a Captain of Gondor ; Gimli son of Glóin , a Dwarf warrior ; Legolas Greenleaf , an Elven prince ; and Gandalf , a Wizard . The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two - volume set , the other to be The Silmarillion , but this idea was dismissed by his publisher . For economic reasons , The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 . The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King . Structurally , the novel is divided internally into six books , two per volume , with several appendices of background material included at the end . Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume . The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages . Tolkien 's work has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins . Although a major work in itself , the story was only the last movement of a larger epic Tolkien had worked on since 1917 , in a process he described as mythopoeia . Influences on this earlier work , and on the story of The Lord of the Rings , include philology , mythology , religion and the author 's distaste for the effects of industrialization , as well as earlier fantasy works and Tolkien 's experiences in World War I. These inspirations and themes have often been denied by Tolkien himself . The Lord of the Rings in its turn is considered to have had a great effect on modern fantasy ; the impact of Tolkien 's works is such that the use of the words `` Tolkienian '' and `` Tolkienesque '' have been recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary . The enduring popularity of The Lord of the Rings has led to numerous references in popular culture , the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien 's works , and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works . The Lord of the Rings has inspired , and continues to inspire , artwork , music , films and television , video games , and subsequent literature . Award - winning adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio , theatre , and film . In 2003 , it was named Britain 's best - loved novel of all time in the BBC 's The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Prologue 1.2 The Fellowship of the Ring 1.3 The Two Towers 1.4 The Return of the King 2 Main characters 2.1 Protagonists 2.2 Antagonists 3 Concept and creation 3.1 Background 3.2 Writing 3.3 Influences 4 Publication history 4.1 Editions and revisions 4.2 Posthumous publication of drafts 4.3 Translations 5 Reception 6 Themes 7 Adaptations 7.1 Radio 7.2 Film 7.3 Stage 8 Legacy 8.1 Influences on the fantasy genre 8.2 Music 8.3 Impact on popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Summary ( edit ) See also : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and The Return of the King plot summaries Prologue ( edit ) Thousands of years before the events of the novel , the Dark Lord Sauron had forged the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power and corrupt those who wore them : the leaders of Men , Elves and Dwarves . Sauron was defeated by an alliance of Elves and Men led by Gil - galad and Elendil , respectively . In the final battle , Isildur , son of Elendil , cut the One Ring from Sauron 's finger , causing Sauron to lose his physical form . Isildur claimed the Ring as an heirloom for his line , but when he was later ambushed and killed by the Orcs , the Ring was lost in the River Anduin at Gladden Fields . Over two thousand years later , the Ring was found by one of the river - folk called Déagol . His friend Sméagol fell under the Ring 's influence and strangled Déagol to acquire it . Sméagol was banished and hid under the Misty Mountains . The Ring gave him long life and changed him over hundreds of years into a twisted , corrupted creature called Gollum . Gollum lost the Ring , his `` precious '' , and as told in The Hobbit , Bilbo Baggins found it . Meanwhile , Sauron assumed a new form and took back his old realm of Mordor . When Gollum set out in search of the Ring , he was captured and tortured by Sauron . Sauron learned from Gollum that `` Baggins '' of the Shire had taken the Ring . Gollum was set loose . Sauron , who needed the Ring to regain his full power , sent forth his powerful servants , the Nazgûl , to seize it . The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) The story begins in the Shire , where the hobbit Frodo Baggins inherits the Ring from Bilbo Baggins , his cousin and guardian . Neither hobbit is aware of the Ring 's nature , but Gandalf the Grey , a wizard and an old friend of Bilbo , suspects it to be Sauron 's Ring . Many years later , after Gandalf confirms his guess , he tells Frodo the history of the Ring and counsels him to take it away from the Shire . Frodo sets out , accompanied by his gardener and friend , Samwise ( `` Sam '' ) Gamgee , and two cousins , Meriadoc Brandybuck , called Merry , and Peregrin Took , called Pippin . They are nearly caught by the Black Riders but shake off their pursuers by cutting through the Old Forest . There they are aided by Tom Bombadil , a strange and merry fellow who lives with his wife Goldberry in the forest . The Hobbits reach the town of Bree , where they encounter a Ranger named Strider , whom Gandalf had mentioned in a letter . Strider persuades the hobbits to take him on as their guide and protector . Together , they leave Bree after another close escape from the Black Riders . On the hill of Weathertop , they are again attacked by the Black Riders , who wound Frodo with a cursed blade . Strider fights them off with fire and leads the hobbits towards the Elven refuge of Rivendell . Frodo falls deathly sick from the wound . The Black Riders nearly overtake Frodo at the Ford of Bruinen , but flood waters summoned by Elrond , master of Rivendell , rise up and overwhelm them . Frodo recovers in Rivendell under Elrond 's care . The Council of Elrond discusses the history of Sauron and the Ring . Strider is revealed to be Aragorn , Isildur 's heir . Gandalf reports that Sauron has corrupted Saruman , chief of the wizards . The Council decides that the Ring must be destroyed , but that can only be done by sending it to the Fire of Mount Doom in Mordor , where it was forged . Frodo takes this task upon himself . Elrond , with the advice of Gandalf , chooses companions for him . The Company of the Ring are nine in number : Frodo , Sam , Merry , Pippin , Aragorn , Gandalf , Gimli the Dwarf , Legolas the Elf , and the Man Boromir , son of the Ruling Steward Denethor of the land of Gondor . After a failed attempt to cross the Misty Mountains through the Redhorn Pass , the Company are forced to take a perilous path through the Mines of Moria . They are attacked by the Watcher in the Water before the doors of Moria . Inside Moria , they learn of the fate of Balin and his colony of Dwarves . After surviving an attack , they are pursued by Orcs and by an ancient demon called a Balrog . Gandalf faces the Balrog , and both of them fall into the abyss . The others escape and find refuge in the Elven forest of Lothlórien , where they are counselled by Galadriel and Celeborn . With boats and gifts from Galadriel , the Company travel down the River Anduin to the hill of Amon Hen . There , Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo , but Frodo puts it on and disappears . After the Company scatters to search for Frodo , they are attacked by Orcs . Frodo chooses to go alone to Mordor , but Sam guesses what he intends and goes with him . The two Towers ( edit ) Orcs sent by Saruman and Sauron kill Boromir and take Merry and Pippin . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas debate amongst themselves which pair of hobbits to follow . They decide to pursue the Orcs bearing Merry and Pippin to Saruman . In the kingdom of Rohan , the Orcs are slain by a company of the Rohirrim . Merry and Pippin escape into Fangorn Forest , where they are befriended by Treebeard , the oldest of the tree - like Ents . Aragorn , Gimli and Legolas track the hobbits to Fangorn . There they unexpectedly meet Gandalf . Gandalf explains that he slew the Balrog ; darkness took him , but he was sent back to Middle - earth to complete his mission . He is clothed in white and is now `` Gandalf the White '' , for he has taken Saruman 's place as the chief of the wizards . Gandalf assures his friends that Merry and Pippin are safe . Together they ride to Edoras , capital of Rohan . Gandalf frees Théoden , King of Rohan , from the influence of Saruman 's spy Gríma Wormtongue . Théoden musters his fighting strength and rides with his men to the ancient fortress of Helm 's Deep , while Gandalf departs to seek help from Treebeard . Meanwhile , the Ents , roused by Merry and Pippin from their peaceful ways , attack Isengard , Saruman 's stronghold , and trap the wizard in the tower of Orthanc . Gandalf convinces Treebeard to send an army of Huorns to Théoden 's aid . Gandalf brings an army of Rohirrim to Helm 's Deep , and they defeat the Orcs , who flee into the waiting shadow of the trees , never to be seen again . Gandalf offers Saruman a chance to turn away from evil . When Saruman refuses to listen , Gandalf strips him of his rank and most of his powers . Pippin picks up a palantír , a seeing - stone that Saruman used to speak with Sauron and through which Saruman was ensnared , and is seen by Sauron . Gandalf rides for Minas Tirith , chief city of Gondor , taking Pippin with him . Frodo and Sam capture Gollum , who has followed them from Moria . They force him to guide them to Mordor . They find that the Black Gate of Mordor is too well guarded , so instead they travel to a secret way Gollum knows . On the way , they encounter Faramir , who , unlike his brother Boromir , resists the temptation to seize the Ring . Gollum -- who is torn between his loyalty to Frodo and his desire for the Ring -- betrays Frodo by leading him to the great spider Shelob in the tunnels of Cirith Ungol . Frodo falls to Shelob 's sting . But with the help of Galadriel 's gifts , Sam fights off the spider . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam takes the Ring to continue the quest alone . Orcs find Frodo ; Sam overhears them and learns that Frodo is still alive . The Return of the King ( edit ) Sauron sends a great army against Gondor . Gandalf arrives at Minas Tirith to warn Denethor of the attack , while Théoden musters the Rohirrim to ride to Gondor 's aid . Minas Tirith is besieged . Denethor is deceived by Sauron and falls into despair . He burns himself alive on a pyre , nearly taking his son Faramir with him . Aragorn , accompanied by Legolas , Gimli and the Rangers of the North , takes the Paths of the Dead to recruit the Dead Men of Dunharrow , who are bound by a curse which denies them rest until they fulfil their long - ago forsworn oath to fight for the King of Gondor . Following Aragorn , the Army of the Dead strikes terror into the Corsairs of Umbar invading southern Gondor . Aragorn defeats the Corsairs and uses their ships to transport the men of southern Gondor up the Anduin , reaching Minas Tirith just in time to turn the tide of battle . Éowyn , Théoden 's niece , slays the Lord of the Nazgûl with help from Merry . Together , Gondor and Rohan defeat Sauron 's army in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , though at great cost . Théoden is slain , and Éowyn and Merry are injured . Meanwhile , Sam rescues Frodo from the tower of Cirith Ungol . They set out across Mordor . Aragorn leads an army of men from Gondor and Rohan to march on the Black Gate to distract Sauron from his true danger . His army is vastly outnumbered by the great might of Sauron . Frodo and Sam reach the edge of the Cracks of Doom , but Frodo can not resist the Ring any longer . He claims it for himself and puts it on his finger . Gollum suddenly reappears . He struggles with Frodo and bites off Frodo 's finger with the Ring still on it . Celebrating wildly , Gollum loses his footing and falls into the Fire , taking the Ring with him . When the Ring is destroyed , Sauron loses his power forever . The Nazgûl perish , and his armies are thrown into such disarray that Aragorn 's forces emerge victorious . Aragorn is crowned Elessar , King of Arnor and Gondor , and weds Arwen , daughter of Elrond . The four hobbits make their way back to the Shire , only to find out that it has been taken over by men led by Sharkey . The hobbits raise a rebellion and liberate the Shire . Sharkey turns out to be Saruman . Frodo stops the hobbits from killing the wizard , but Gríma turns on him and kills him in front of Bag End , Frodo 's home . He is slain in turn by hobbit archers , and the War of the Ring comes to its true end on Frodo 's very doorstep . Merry and Pippin are celebrated as heroes . Sam marries Rosie Cotton and uses his gifts from Galadriel to help heal the Shire . But Frodo is still wounded in body and spirit , having borne the Ring for so long . A few years later , in the company of Bilbo and Gandalf , Frodo sails from the Grey Havens west over the Sea to the Undying Lands to find peace . In the appendices , Sam gives his daughter Elanor the Red Book of Westmarch , which contains the story of Bilbo 's adventures and the War of the Ring as witnessed by the hobbits . Sam is then said to have crossed west over the Sea himself , the last of the Ring - bearers . Main characters ( edit ) Some characters in The Lord of the Rings are unequivocal protagonists , and others are absolute antagonists . However despite criticism that the book 's characters `` are all either black or white '' , some of the ' good ' characters have darker sides that feature in the story , and likewise some of the villains have `` good impulses '' . Therefore the categorization of characters as either ' protagonists ' or ' antagonists ' below indicates their general role in the story . Protagonists ( edit ) The Company of the Ring : Frodo Baggins , bearer of the One Ring , given to him by Bilbo Baggins Samwise Gamgee , gardener and friend of the Bagginses Meriadoc Brandybuck ( Merry ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Peregrin Took ( Pippin or Pip ) , Frodo 's cousin and friend Gandalf the Grey , a wizard , leads the Fellowship until his fall in Moria , returns from death as Gandalf the White to lead the armies of the West against Sauron Aragorn , descendant of Isildur and rightful heir to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor Legolas Greenleaf , an Elf prince and son of King Thranduil of the Silvan Elves of Northern Mirkwood Gimli , son of Glóin , a dwarf Boromir , the eldest son and heir of Denethor Denethor , ruling Steward of Gondor and Lord of Minas Tirith Faramir , younger son of Denethor and brother of Boromir Galadriel , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , and grandmother of Arwen Celeborn , Elf co-ruler of Lothlórien , husband of Galadriel , and grandfather of Arwen Elrond , Half - elven Lord of Rivendell and father of Arwen Arwen Undómiel , daughter of Elrond , love interest of Aragorn Bilbo Baggins , Frodo 's cousin Théoden , King of Rohan , ally of Gondor Éomer , the 3rd Marshal of the Mark and Théoden 's nephew . Later King of Rohan after Théoden 's death . Éowyn , sister of Éomer , who disguises herself as a male warrior named Dernhelm to fight beside Théoden Treebeard , oldest of the Ents Tom Bombadil , lives at the edge of the Old Forest near the barrow - downs , a mysterious character with great powers Antagonists ( edit ) Sauron , the Dark Lord and titular Lord of the Rings , a fallen Maia who helped the Elves forge the Rings of Power in the Second Age . The Nazgûl or Ringwraiths , men enslaved by Sauron when they accepted his treacherous gifts of Rings of Power The Witch - king of Angmar , the Lord of the Nazgûl , and Sauron 's most powerful servant , who commands Sauron 's army Saruman the White , a wizard who seeks the One Ring for himself . Originally the chief of the order of wizards of which Gandalf is also a member ; corrupted by Sauron through the palantír . Gríma Wormtongue , a secret servant of Saruman and traitor to Rohan , who poisons Théoden 's perceptions with well placed `` advice '' Gollum , a river hobbit originally named Sméagol and an obsessive previous owner of the One Ring , planning to steal it back . Shelob , a giant spider who dwells in the passes above Minas Morgul Durin 's Bane , a Balrog dwelling beneath the Mines of Moria Concept and creation ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings started as a sequel to J.R.R. Tolkien 's work The Hobbit , published in 1937 . The popularity of The Hobbit had led George Allen & Unwin , the publishers , to request a sequel . Tolkien warned them that he wrote quite slowly , and responded with several stories he had already developed . Having rejected his contemporary drafts for The Silmarillion , putting on hold Roverandom , and accepting Farmer Giles of Ham , Allen & Unwin thought more stories about hobbits would be popular . So at the age of 45 , Tolkien began writing the story that would become The Lord of the Rings . The story would not be finished until 12 years later , in 1949 , and would not be fully published until 1955 , when Tolkien was 63 years old . Writing ( edit ) Persuaded by his publishers , he started `` a new Hobbit '' in December 1937 . After several false starts , the story of the One Ring emerged . The idea for the first chapter ( `` A Long - Expected Party '' ) arrived fully formed , although the reasons behind Bilbo 's disappearance , the significance of the Ring , and the title The Lord of the Rings did not arrive until the spring of 1938 . Originally , he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more ; however , he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work . As the story progressed , he also brought in elements from ' The Silmarillion ' mythology . Writing was slow , because Tolkien had a full - time academic position , and needed to earn further money as a university examiner . Tolkien abandoned The Lord of the Rings during most of 1943 and only restarted it in April 1944 , as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien , who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force . Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946 , and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947 . The story was effectively finished the next year , but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949 . The original manuscripts , which total 9,250 pages , now reside in the J.R.R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University . Influences ( edit ) Mentioned at the beginning of The Lord of the Rings , the Ivy Bush is the closest public house to Birmingham Oratory which Tolkien attended while living near Edgbaston Reservoir . Perrott 's Folly is nearby . Main article : J.R.R. Tolkien 's influences The influence of the Welsh language , which Tolkien had learned , is summarized in his essay English and Welsh : `` If I may once more refer to my work . The Lord of the Rings , in evidence : the names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modelled on those of Welsh ( closely similar but not identical ) . This element in the tale has given perhaps more pleasure to more readers than anything else in it . '' The Lord of the Rings developed as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology , religion ( particularly Roman Catholicism ) , fairy tales , Norse and general Germanic mythology , and also Celtic , Slavic , Persian , Greek , and Finnish mythology . Tolkien acknowledged , and external critics have verified , the influences of George MacDonald and William Morris and the Anglo - Saxon poem Beowulf . The question of a direct influence of Wagner 's The Nibelung 's Ring on Tolkien 's work is debated by critics . Tolkien included neither any explicit religion nor cult in his work . Rather the themes , moral philosophy , and cosmology of The Lord of the Rings reflect his Catholic worldview . In one of his letters Tolkien states , `` The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work ; unconsciously so at first , but consciously in the revision . That is why I have not put in , or have cut out , practically all references to anything like ' religion ' , to cults or practices , in the imaginary world . For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism . '' Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien 's childhood in Birmingham , where he first lived near Sarehole Mill , and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country , which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as `` Underhill '' , and the description of Saruman 's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where Tolkien frequently stayed during the 1940s . The work was influenced by the effects of his military service during World War I , to the point that Frodo has been `` diagnosed '' as suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , or `` shell - shock '' , which was first diagnosed under that name at the Battle of the Somme , at which Tolkien served . Publication history ( edit ) A dispute with his publisher , George Allen & Unwin , led to the book being offered to Collins in 1950 . Tolkien intended The Silmarillion ( itself largely unrevised at this point ) to be published along with The Lord of the Rings , but A&U were unwilling to do this . After Milton Waldman , his contact at Collins , expressed the belief that The Lord of the Rings itself `` urgently wanted cutting '' , Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952 . Collins did not ; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin , saying , `` I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff '' , fearing his work would never see the light of day . For publication , the book was divided into three volumes to minimize any potental financial loss due to the high cost of type - setting and modest anticiptated sales : The Fellowship of the Ring ( Books I and II ) , The Two Towers ( Books III and IV ) , and The Return of the King ( Books V and VI plus six appendices ) Delays in producing appendices , maps and especially an index led to the volumes being published later than originally hoped -- on 29 July 1954 , on 11 November 1954 and on 20 October 1955 respectively in the United Kingdom . In the United States , Houghton Mifflin published The Fellowship of the Ring on 21 October 1954 , The Two Towers on 21 April 1955 , and The Return of the King on 5 January 1956 . The Return of the King was especially delayed due to Tolkien revising the ending and preparing appendices ( some of which had to be left out because of space constraints ) . Tolkien did not like the title The Return of the King , believing it gave away too much of the storyline , but deferred to his publisher 's preference . He suggested the title The Two Towers in a deliberately ambiguous attempt to link the unconnected books III and IV , and as such the eponymous towers could be either Orthanc and Barad - dûr , or Minas Tirith and Barad - dûr , or Orthanc and Cirith Ungol . Tolkien was initially opposed to titles being given to each two - book volume , preferring instead the use of book titles : e.g. The Lord of the Rings : Vol. 1 , The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South ; Vol. 2 , The Treason of Isengard and The Ring Goes East ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age . However these individual book titles were later scrapped , and after pressure from his publishers , Tolkien initially suggested the titles : Vol. 1 , The Shadow Grows ; Vol. 2 , The Ring in the Shadow ; Vol. 3 , The War of the Ring or The Return of the King . The books were published under a profit - sharing arrangement , whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even , after which he would take a large share of the profits . It has ultimately become one of the best - selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . Editions and revisions ( edit ) In the early 1960s Donald A. Wollheim , science fiction editor of the paperback publisher Ace Books , claimed that The Lord of the Rings was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because Houghton Mifflin , the US hardcover publisher , had neglected to copyright the work in the United States . Then , in 1965 , Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition , unauthorized by Tolkien and without paying royalties to him . Tolkien took issue with this and quickly notified his fans of this objection . Grass - roots pressure from these fans became so great that Ace Books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien . Authorized editions followed from Ballantine Books and Houghton Mifflin to tremendous commercial success . Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would be published with his consent and establish an unquestioned US copyright . This text became the Second Edition of The Lord of the Rings , published in 1965 . The first Ballantine paperback edition was printed in October that year , and sold a quarter of a million copies within ten months . On September 4 1966 , the novel debuted on New York Times ' Paperback Bestsellers list as number three , and was number one by December 4 , a position it held for eight weeks . Houghton Mifflin editions after 1994 consolidate variant revisions by Tolkien , and corrections supervised by Christopher Tolkien , which resulted , after some initial glitches , in a computer - based unified text . In 2004 , for the 50th Anniversary Edition , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , under supervision from Christopher Tolkien , studied and revised the text to eliminate as many errors and inconsistencies as possible , some of which had been introduced by well - meaning compositors of the first printing in 1954 , and never been corrected . The 2005 edition of the book contained further corrections noticed by the editors and submitted by readers . Further corrections were added to the 60th Anniversary Edition in 2014 . Several editions , notably the 50th Anniversary Edition , combine all three books into one volume , with the result that pagination varies widely over the various editions . Posthumous publication of drafts ( edit ) From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of The Lord of The Rings , chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text 's development , in volumes 6 -- 9 of his History of Middle - earth series . The four volumes carry the titles The Return of the Shadow , The Treason of Isengard , The War of the Ring , and Sauron Defeated . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Translations of The Lord of the Rings The novel has been translated , with various degrees of success , into at least 38 languages . Tolkien , an expert in philology , examined many of these translations , and made comments on each that reflect both the translation process and his work . As he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators , such as the Swedish translation by Åke Ohlmarks , Tolkien wrote a `` Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings '' ( 1967 ) . Because The Lord of the Rings purports to be a translation of the fictitious Red Book of Westmarch , with the English language representing the Westron of the `` original '' , Tolkien suggested that translators attempt to capture the interplay between English and the invented nomenclature of the English work , and gave several examples along with general guidance . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Reception of J.R.R. Tolkien While early reviews for The Lord of the Rings were mixed , reviews in various media have been , on the whole , highly positive and acknowledge Tolkien 's literary achievement as a significant one . The initial review in the Sunday Telegraph described it as `` among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century '' . The Sunday Times echoed this sentiment , stating that `` the English - speaking world is divided into those who have read The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit and those who are going to read them '' . The New York Herald Tribune also seemed to have an idea of how popular the books would become , writing in its review that they were `` destined to outlast our time '' . W.H. Auden , an admirer of Tolkien 's writings , regarded The Lord of the Rings as a `` masterpiece '' , further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of John Milton 's Paradise Lost . New York Times reviewer Judith Shulevitz criticized the `` pedantry '' of Tolkien 's literary style , saying that he `` formulated a high - minded belief in the importance of his mission as a literary preservationist , which turns out to be death to literature itself '' . Critic Richard Jenkyns , writing in The New Republic , criticized the work for a lack of psychological depth . Both the characters and the work itself are , according to Jenkyns , `` anemic , and lacking in fibre '' . Even within Tolkien 's literary group , The Inklings , reviews were mixed . Hugo Dyson complained loudly at its readings . However , another Inkling , C.S. Lewis , had very different feelings , writing , `` here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron . Here is a book which will break your heart . '' Despite these reviews and its lack of paperback printing until the 1960s , The Lord of the Rings initially sold well in hardback . In 1957 , The Lord of the Rings was awarded the International Fantasy Award . Despite its numerous detractors , the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s . The book has remained so ever since , ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century , judged by both sales and reader surveys . In the 2003 `` Big Read '' survey conducted in Britain by the BBC , The Lord of the Rings was found to be the `` Nation 's best - loved book '' . In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite book . In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers , The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite `` book of the millennium '' . The Lord of the Rings was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009 . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes of The Lord of the Rings Although The Lord of the Rings was published in the 1950s , Tolkien insisted that the One Ring was not an allegory for the atomic bomb , nor were his works a strict allegory of any kind , but were open to interpretation as the reader saw fit . A few critics have found what they consider to be racial elements in the story , generally based upon their views of how Tolkien 's imagery depicts good and evil , characters ' race ( e.g. Elf , Dwarf , Hobbit , Southron , Númenórean , Orc ) ; and that the character 's race is seen as determining their behaviour . Counter-arguments note that race - focused critiques often omit relevant textual evidence to the contrary , cite imagery from adaptations rather than the work itself ; ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author 's personal life , and claim that the perception of racism is itself a marginal view . Critics have also seen social class rather than race as being the determining factor in the portrayal of good and evil . Commentators such as science fiction author David Brin have interpreted the work to hold unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure . In his essay `` Epic Pooh '' , science fiction and fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world - view displayed by the book as deeply conservative , in both the ' paternalism ' of the narrative voice and the power - structures in the narrative . Tom Shippey cites the origin of this portrayal of evil as a reflection of the prejudices of European middle - classes during the inter-war years towards the industrial working class . Other observers have cited Christian and Catholic themes in The Lord of the Rings . The book has been read as fitting the model of Joseph Campbell 's `` monomyth '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings has been adapted for film , radio and stage . Radio ( edit ) The book has been adapted for radio four times . In 1955 and 1956 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a 12 - part radio adaptation of the story . In the 1960s radio station WBAI produced a short radio adaptation . A 1979 dramatization of The Lord of the Rings was broadcast in the United States and subsequently issued on tape and CD . In 1981 , the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings , a new dramatization in 26 half - hour instalments . This dramatization of The Lord of the Rings has subsequently been made available on both tape and CD both by the BBC and other publishers . For this purpose it is generally edited into 13 one - hour episodes . Film ( edit ) Following J.R.R. Tolkien 's sale of the film rights for The Lord of the Rings to United Artists in 1969 , rock band The Beatles considered a corresponding film project and approached Stanley Kubrick as a potential director ; however , Kubrick turned down the offer , explaining to John Lennon that he thought the novel could not be adapted into a film due to its immensity . The eventual director of the film adaptation Peter Jackson further explained that a major hindrance to the project 's progression was Tolkien 's opposition to the involvement of the Beatles . Two film adaptations of the book have been made . The first was J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) , by animator Ralph Bakshi , the first part of what was originally intended to be a two - part adaptation of the story ; it covers The Fellowship of the Ring and part of The Two Towers . A three - issue comic book version of the movie was also published in Europe ( but not printed in English ) , with illustrations by Luis Bermejo . When Bakshi 's investors shied away of financing the second film that would complete the story , the remainder of the story was covered in an animated television special by Rankin - Bass . Stylistically , the two segments are very different . The second and more commercially successful adaptation was Peter Jackson 's live action The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , produced by New Line Cinema and released in three instalments as The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . All three parts won multiple Academy Awards , including consecutive Best Picture nominations . The final instalment of this trilogy was the second film to break the one - billion - dollar barrier and won a total of 11 Oscars ( something only two other films in history , Ben - Hur and Titanic , have accomplished ) , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay . The Hunt for Gollum , a fan film based on elements of the appendices to The Lord of the Rings , was released on the internet in May 2009 and has been covered in major media . Born of Hope , written by Paula DiSante , directed by Kate Madison , and released in December 2009 , is a fan film based upon the appendices of The Lord of the Rings . Stage ( edit ) In 1990 , Recorded Books published an audio version of The Lord of the Rings , with British actor Rob Inglis -- who had previously starred in his own one - man stage productions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings -- reading . A large - scale musical theatre adaptation , The Lord of the Rings was first staged in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in 2006 and opened in London in May 2007 . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien Influences on the fantasy genre ( edit ) The enormous popularity of Tolkien 's work expanded the demand for fantasy fiction . Largely thanks to The Lord of the Rings , the genre flowered throughout the 1960s , and enjoys popularity to the present day . The opus has spawned many imitators , such as The Sword of Shannara , which Lin Carter called `` the single most cold - blooded , complete rip - off of another book that I have ever read '' . Dungeons & Dragons , which popularized the role - playing game ( RPG ) genre in the 1970s , features many races found in The Lord of the Rings , most notably halflings ( another term for hobbits ) , elves ( who are distinct from dark elves , following Tolkien 's example ) , dwarves , half - elves , orcs , and dragons . However , Gary Gygax , lead designer of the game , maintained that he was influenced very little by The Lord of the Rings , stating that he included these elements as a marketing move to draw on the popularity the work enjoyed at the time he was developing the game . Because D&D has gone on to influence many popular role - playing video games , the influence of The Lord of the Rings extends to many of them as well , with titles such as Dragon Quest , the Ultima series , EverQuest , the Warcraft series , and the Elder Scrolls series of games as well as video games set in Middle - earth itself . Research also suggests that some consumers of fantasy games derive their motivation from trying to create an epic fantasy narrative which is influenced by The Lord of the Rings . Music ( edit ) In 1965 , songwriter Donald Swann , who was best known for his collaboration with Michael Flanders as Flanders & Swann , set six poems from The Lord of the Rings and one from The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( `` Errantry '' ) to music . When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval , Tolkien suggested for `` Namárië '' ( Galadriel 's lament ) a setting reminiscent of plain chant , which Swann accepted . The songs were published in 1967 as The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle , and a recording of the songs performed by singer William Elvin with Swann on piano was issued that same year by Caedmon Records as Poems and Songs of Middle Earth . In 1988 , Dutch composer and trombonist Johan de Meij completed his Symphony No. 1 `` The Lord of the Rings '' , which encompassed 5 movements , titled `` Gandalf '' , `` Lothlórien '' , `` Gollum '' , `` Journey in the Dark '' , and `` Hobbits '' . In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition Award , awarded biennially for best wind band composition . The Danish Tolkien Ensemble have released a number of albums that feature the complete poems and songs of The Lord of the Rings set to music , with some featuring recitation by Christopher Lee . Rock bands of the 1970s were musically and lyrically inspired by the fantasy embracing counter-culture of the time ; British 70s rock band Led Zeppelin recorded several songs that contain explicit references to The Lord of the Rings ( `` Ramble On '' , `` Misty Mountain Hop '' , `` The Battle of Evermore '' , and `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' ) . In 1970 , the Swedish musician Bo Hansson released an instrumental concept album based on the book titled Sagan om ringen ( translated as `` The Saga of the Ring '' , which was the title of the Swedish translation of The Lord of the Rings at the time ) . The album was subsequently released internationally as Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings in 1972 . The songs `` Rivendell '' and `` The Necromancer '' by the progressive rock band Rush were inspired by Tolkien . Styx also paid homage to Tolkien on their `` Pieces of Eight '' album with the song `` Lords of the Ring '' , while Black Sabbath 's song , `` The Wizard '' , which appeared on their debut album , was influenced by Tolkien 's hero , Gandalf . The heavy metal band Cirith Ungol took their name from a mountain pass in Middle - earth . Progressive rock group Camel paid homage to the text in their lengthy composition `` Nimrodel / The Procession / The White Rider '' , and Progressive rock band Barclay James Harvest was inspired by the character Galadriel to write a song by that name , and used `` Bombadil '' , the name of another character , as a pseudonym under which their 1972 single `` Breathless '' / `` When the City Sleeps '' was released ; there are other references scattered through the BJH oeuvre . Later , from the 1980s to the present day , many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien . Blind Guardian has written many songs relating to Middle - earth , including the full concept album Nightfall in Middle Earth . Almost the entire discography of Battlelore are Tolkien - themed . Summoning 's music is based upon Tolkien and holds the distinction of the being the only artist to have crafted a song entirely in the Black Speech of Mordor . Gorgoroth and Amon Amarth take their names from an area of Mordor , and Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor . The Finnish metal band Nightwish and the Norwegian metal band Tristania have also incorporated many Tolkien references into their music . American heavy metal band Megadeth released two song titled This Day We Fight ! and How the Story Ends which were both inspired by the Lord of the Rings series . German folk metal band Eichenschild is named for Thorin Oakenshield , and naturally has a number of Tolkien - themed songs . They are not to be confused with the 70s folk rock band Thorin Eichenschild . Enya wrote an instrumental piece called `` Lothlórien '' in 1991 , and composed two songs for the film The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- `` May It Be '' ( sung in English and Quenya ) and `` Aníron '' ( sung in Sindarin ) . Impact on popular culture ( edit ) `` Welcome to Hobbiton '' sign in Matamata , New Zealand , where the film trilogy was shot . The Lord of the Rings has had a profound and wide - ranging impact on popular culture , beginning with its publication in the 1950s , but especially throughout the 1960s and 1970s , during which time young people embraced it as a countercultural saga . `` Frodo Lives ! '' and `` Gandalf for President '' were two phrases popular amongst United States Tolkien fans during this time . Parodies like the Harvard Lampoon 's Bored of the Rings , the VeggieTales episode `` Lord of the Beans '' , the South Park episode `` The Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers '' , the Futurama film `` Bender 's Game '' , The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius episode `` Lights ! Camera ! Danger ! '' , The Big Bang Theory episode `` The Precious Fragmentation '' , and the American Dad ! episode `` The Return of the Bling '' are testimony to the work 's continual presence in popular culture . In 1969 , Tolkien sold the merchandising rights to The Lord of The Rings ( and The Hobbit ) to United Artists under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £ 10,000 plus a 7.5 % royalty after costs , payable to Allen & Unwin and the author . In 1976 , three years after the author 's death , United Artists sold the rights to Saul Zaentz Company , who now trade as Tolkien Enterprises . Since then all `` authorized '' merchandise has been signed - off by Tolkien Enterprises , although the intellectual property rights of the specific likenesses of characters and other imagery from various adaptations is generally held by the adaptors . Outside any commercial exploitation from adaptations , from the late 1960s onwards there has been an increasing variety of original licensed merchandise , from posters and calendars created by illustrators such as Pauline Baynes and the Brothers Hildebrandt , to figurines and miniatures to computer , video , tabletop and role - playing games . Recent examples include the Spiel des Jahres award winning ( for best use of literature in a game ) board game The Lord of the Rings by Reiner Knizia and the Golden Joystick award - winning massively multiplayer online role - playing game , The Lord of the Rings Online : Shadows of Angmar by Turbine , Inc ... The Lord of the Rings has been mentioned in numerous songs including The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins by Leonard Nimoy , Led Zeppelin 's Misty Mountain Hop , Over the Hills and Far Away , Ramble On , and The Battle of Evermore , Genesis ' song `` Stagnation '' ( from Trespass , 1970 ) was about Gollum , and Argent included the song `` Lothlorien '' on the 1971 album Ring of Hands . Steve Peregrin Took ( born Stephen Ross Porter ) of British rock band T. Rex took his name from the hobbit Peregrin Took ( better known as Pippin ) . Took later recorded under the pseudonym ' Shagrat the Vagrant ' , before forming a band called Shagrat in 1970 . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Novels portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Norse mythology in popular culture 1954 in literature 1955 in literature Literature of the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is made clear in the chapter The Council of Elrond , where Glorfindel states : `` ( E ) ven if we could ( hide the Ring ) , soon or late the Lord of the Rings would learn of its hiding place and would bend all his power towards it . '' Jump up ^ Tolkien created the word to define a different view of myth from C.S. Lewis 's `` lies breathed through silver '' . Mythopoeia was also the title of one of his poems , first published in Tree and Leaf in 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Although Frodo referred to Bilbo as his `` uncle '' , they were in fact first and second cousins , once removed either way ( his paternal great - great - uncle 's son 's son and his maternal great - aunt 's son ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Vit ( 16 April 2007 ) . `` Tolkien proves he 's still the king '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , The Council of Elrond , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' ( PDF ) . The Tolkien Society . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 126. , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The Life and Works for JRR Tolkien '' . BBC . 7 February 2002 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Doughan , David . `` J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biographical Sketch '' . TolkienSociety.org . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Wayne G. ; Scull , Christina ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide : II . Reader 's Guide , pp. 620 -- 622 Jump up ^ `` World War I and World War II '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilliver , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Ring of Words : Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861069 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 23 March 2007 ) . `` Elvish Impersonators '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings '' . The Lord of the Rings . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Shadow of the Past '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 They are popularly thought to be cousins , but Tolkien only calls them `` friends '' in The Lord of the Rings . In a later letter ( The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , # 214 ) , he writes that they were `` evidently relatives '' . Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis , quoted in Christina Scull & Wayne Hammond ( 2006 ) , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide , HarperCollins , article ' The Lord of the Rings ' , § Reviews , p. 549 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1977 , pp. 195 Jump up ^ My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' Work - Son Of Hobbit Scribe J.R.R. Tolkien Finally Speaks Out Worldcrunch Jump up ^ `` I have spent nearly all the vacation - times of seventeen years examining ( ... ) Writing stories in prose or verse has been stolen , often guiltily , from time already mortgaged ... '' Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 17 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Collection Marquette Archives Raynor Memorial Libraries Marquette University '' . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , Book 1 , Chapter 1 , paragraph 8 . Jump up ^ Readanybooks website ; English and Welsh essay ; access date 25 January 2014 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1995 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05699 - 8 , Letter no . 142 , page 172 Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. ( 2005 ( 1982 ) ) . The Road to Middle - earth , 3rd ed. , HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10275 - 3 . Jump up ^ T.A. Shippey : Tolkien , Author of the Century HarperCollins , 2000 Jump up ^ Gunnell , Terry ( 13 -- 14 September 2002 ) . `` Tívar in a timeless land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lesniewski , Michal ( 3 September 2003 ) . `` Re Redigast Quid * cum Boromir ? '' ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jason ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` Slavic echoes in Tolkien -- A response '' . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuzmenko , Dmitry . `` Slavic echoes in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien '' ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Elizabeth M. ( 1985 ) . `` Persian Influences in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings '' in The Transcendent Adventure : Studies of Religion in Science Fiction / Fantasy , ed . Robert Reilly . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 189 -- 206 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23062 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Michael ( 2001 ) . Hobbits , Elves , and Wizards : Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6025 - 9 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 1 March 2004 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . Letter # 19 , 31 December 1960 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Author of the Century , HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10401 - 2 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 178 & # 303 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Edwards , Paul . `` In the Valley of the Hobbits '' . Travel Lady Magazine . Retrieved 5 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` The Shellshocked Hobbit : The First World War and Tolkien 's Trauma of the Ring '' . Mythlore . Mythopoeic Society . pp. 77 -- 92 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , p. 211 ff. , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Unwin , Rayner ( 1999 ) . George Allen & Unwin : A Remembrancer . Ludlow : Merlin Unwin Books . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 1 - 873674 - 37 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring : Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings Jump up ^ Tolkien , John Ronald ( 2006 ) . The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien . London : Harper Collins . pp. 167 , 170 , 173 . ISBN 0261102656 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , Christopher ( 2000 ) . The War of the Ring : The History of The Lord of the Rings , Part Three . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08359 - 6 . Jump up ^ D.C. Drout , Michael ( 2007 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien encyclopedia . CRC Press . ISBN 9780415969420 . Jump up ^ `` Betsy Wollheim : The Family Trade '' . Locus Online . June 2006 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Robert ( 1997 ) . Reflections & Refractions : Thoughts on Science Fiction , Science , and Other Matters . Grass Valley , Calif : Underwood . pp. 253 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 887424 - 22 - 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph Ripp . `` Middle America Meets Middle - earth : American Publication and Discussion of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Pat . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Tale of a Text '' . The Tolkien Society . Archived from the original on 8 September 2006 . There was a campaign against Ace , who , as a result , agreed to pay royalties , and not to print any more copies . But , as a result of being advised that he had lost his copyright , even before the Ace edition was issued , Tolkien began to revise The Lord of the Rings , so that there could be an authorised paperback which would be a new edition , and more importantly , a new edition for which he would still own the copyright . This was published by Ballentine ( sic ) Books in October 1965 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , especially # 270 , # 273 and # 277 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Medievalist Comics and the American Century Jump up ^ `` Notes on the text '' pp. xi -- xiii , Douglas A. Anderson , in the 1994 HarperCollins edition of The Fellowship of the Ring . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion '' , Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull , HarperCollins ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Comparison '' . Jump up ^ `` How many languages have The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings been translated into ? '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2007 . Retrieved 3 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Letters , 305f. ; c.f. Martin Andersson `` Lord of the Errors or , Who Really Killed the Witch - King ? '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings Boxed Set ( Lord of the Rings Trilogy Series ) section : Editorial reviews '' . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From the Critics '' . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Auden , W.H. ( 22 January 1956 ) . `` At the End of the Quest , Victory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Shulevitz , Judith ( 22 April 2001 ) . `` Hobbits in Hollywood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Jenkyns , Richard ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Bored of the Rings '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Derek Bailey ( Director ) and Judi Dench ( Narrator ) ( 1992 ) . A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien ( Television documentary ) . Visual Corporation . Jump up ^ Dyson 's actual comment , bowdlerized in the TV version , was `` Not another fucking Elf ! '' Grovier , Kelly ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . The Observer . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Seiler , Andy ( 16 December 2003 ) . `` ' Rings ' comes full circle '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Diver , Krysia ( 5 October 2004 ) . `` A lord for Germany '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Callista ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Epic trilogy tops favourite film poll '' . ABC News Online . Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( 4 June 2001 ) . `` The book of the century '' . Salon . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Mythology of Power , ( Revised Edition , by Jane Chance , copyright 2001 ) . University Press of Kentucky , cited in `` Influences on `` The Lord of the Rings '' `` . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. from Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Ethics . Macmillan Reference USA . Cited in `` J.R.R. Tolkien Summary '' . BookRags . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1991 ) . The Lord of the Rings . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10238 - 9 . Jump up ^ Yatt , John ( 2 December 2002 ) . `` Wraiths and Race '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Shyam ( 8 January 2003 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism '' . Rediff India Abroad . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Straubhaar , Sandra Ballif . `` Myth , Late Roman history and Multiculturalism in Tolkien 's Middle Earth '' . In Chance , Jane . Tolkien and the Invention of Myth : A Reader . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Patrick ( 2004 ) . Defending Middle - earth : Tolkien : Myth and Modernity . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17671 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien 's Works '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Chism , Christine ( 2007 ) . `` Racism , Charges of '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : Rearick , Anderson ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc ? The Dark Face of Racism in Tolkien 's World '' . Modern Fiction Studies . p. 861 . ^ Jump up to : Magoun , John ( 2007 ) . `` The South '' . In Michael Drout . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Brin , David ( December 2002 ) . `` We Hobbits are a Merry Folk : an incautious and heretical re-appraisal of J.R.R. Tolkien '' . Salon Magazine . Retrieved 9 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Moorcock , Michael . `` Epic Pooh '' . Retrieved 27 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Shippey , T.A. The Roots of Tolkien 's Middle Earth ( review ) Tolkien Studies -- Volume 4 , 2007 , pp. 307 -- 311 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bower , Jody G . `` The Lord of the Rings '' -- An Archetypal Hero 's Journey `` . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Drout 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ See also interview in `` Show '' magazine vol. 1 , Number 1 1970 Jump up ^ `` Beatles plan for Rings film '' . CNN . 2004 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Making Middle - earth on a shoestring '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Sydell , Laura ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` High - Def ' Hunt For Gollum ' New Lord Of The Fanvids '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Tom . `` Born of Hope -- and a lot of charity '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ISBN 1 - 4025 - 1627 - 4 Jump up ^ Carter , Lin ( 1978 ) . The Year 's Best Fantasy Stories : 4 . New York : DAW Books . pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Gygax , Gary . `` Gary Gygax -- Creator of Dungeons & Dragons '' . The One Ring.net . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Gamasutra Quantum Leap Awards : Role - Playing Games '' . Honorable Mention : Dragon Warrior . Gamasutra. 6 October 2006 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kalata , Kurt . `` The History of Dragon Quest '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Perry ( 17 May 2006 ) . `` The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brett A.S. ( 2004 ) , `` Using the Imagination : Consumer Evoking and Thematizing of the Fantastic Imaginary '' , Journal of Consumer Research , 31 ( June ) , 136 - 149 . Jump up ^ Tolkien had recorded a version of his theme on a friend 's tape recorder in 1952 . This was later issued by Caedmon Records in 1975 as part of J.R.R. Tolkien reads and sings The Lord of the Rings ( LP recording TC1478 ) . Jump up ^ Swann , Donald and Tolkien , J.R.R. The Road Goes Ever On : A Song Cycle New York : Ballantine Books ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. and Swann , Donald . Poems and Songs of Middle Earth New York : Caedmon Records ( 1967 ) . LP recording , TC1231 / TC91231 . ^ Jump up to : Snider , Charles . ( 2008 ) . The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock . Strawberry Bricks . pp. 120 -- 121 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 17566 - X . Jump up ^ Rockers influenced by LOTR Jump up ^ Feist , Raymond ( 2001 ) . Meditations on Middle - earth . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30290 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05702 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien sold film rights for £ 10,000 '' . London Evening Standard . 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pulley , Brett ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Heirs Seek $220 Million for ' Rings ' Rights ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` Hobbit movies meet dire foe in son of Tolkien '' . The Times Online . London : The Times . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathijs , Ernest ( 2006 ) . The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Wallflower Press . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 82 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Carter , Lin ( 1969 ) . Tolkien : A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 27539 - X . Day , David ( 2004 ) . The World of Tolkien : Mythological Sources of the Lord of the Rings . Gramercy Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 22317 - 8 . Drout , Michael D.C. ( 2006 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96942 - 0 . Foster , Robert ( 1978 ) . The Complete Guide to Middle - Earth : from `` The Hobbit '' through `` The lord of the Rings '' and Beyond . Rev. and enl . ed . Ballantine Books . N.B. : An alphabetical dictionary of personages and lore in this body of works by J.R.R. Tolkien . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 3297 - 4 hdbk . Hammond , Wayne G. ; Christina Scull ( 2005 ) . The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion . Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 618 - 64267 - 6 . Glyer , Diana Pavlac ( 2007 ) . The Company They Keep : C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien as Writers in Community . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 890 - 9 . Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond , The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide ( 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 618 - 39113 - 4 Christopher Tolkien ( ed . ) , The History of The Lord of the Rings , 4 vols ( 1988 -- 1992 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien , On Fairy Stories External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings Wikivoyage has a travel guide for The Lord of the Rings tourism . Tolkien website of Harper Collins ( the British publisher ) Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin ( the American publisher ) The Encyclopedia of Arda : An Interactive Guide to the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien The Tolkien Library VIAF : 184093601 LCCN : no97079452 GND : 4124318 - 3 BNF : cb11939715m ( data ) BNE : XX3049459 J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II Kingdom O ' Magic The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1990 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) The Tale of Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) Fantasy fiction History Literature Outline Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Dying Earth Fairytale Fantastique Fantasy of manners Folklore Mythology ( based ) Gaslamp Gothic Hard Heroic High list Historical Juvenile Lost World Low Magical girl Medieval Mythic Romantic Shenmo Sword and sorcery Urban Weird fiction Media Film and television Anime Films Television programs Literature Authors Ballantine Adult Fantasy series Comics list The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Internet Speculative Fiction Database List of novels ( A -- H ) ( I -- R ) ( S -- Z ) Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library Publishers Magazines Fantastic Locus The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science Fantasy Unknown Weird Tales Fandom Art Filk music Harry Potter fandom Inklings Mythopoeic Society Religion Tolkien fandom Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien World Fantasy Award Tropes Creatures Angels Demons Dragons Elementals Familiars Faeries Jinns Lycanthropes Old Ones Sirens Spirits Undead Unicorns Yōkai Characters Barbarian Caveman Damsel in distress Dark Lord Heroes Fairy godmother Magicians Occult detective list Witches Magic ( dark / light ) Animism Demonology Evocation Incantation Magocracy Necromancy Shapeshifting Technomancy Witchcraft Fantasy races Dwarves Elves Treants Giants Gnomes Goblins Gremlins Halflings Hobgoblins Kobolds Ogres Oni Orcs Trolls Places and events Quests Worlds list Lost city Hollow Earth Astral plane Enchanted forest Related Allegory Dungeons & Dragons Epic poetry Fable Fairy tale Fantastic Horror fiction Ghost stories Human -- animal hybrid LGBT themes in speculative fiction Magic realism Mecha Mythology Science fantasy Science fiction Superhero fiction Supernatural fiction Portal Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. 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when did tolkien write the lord of the rings
[ "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold.[1]" ]
[ "in stages between 1937 and 1949" ]
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Into the Badlands (TV series)
Into the Badlands ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Into the Badlands ( TV series ) Into the Badlands Genre Action Adventure Drama Wuxia Created by Alfred Gough Miles Millar Starring Daniel Wu Orla Brady Sarah Bolger Aramis Knight Emily Beecham Oliver Stark Madeleine Mantock Ally Ioannides Marton Csokas Nick Frost Lorraine Toussaint Babou Ceesay Ella - Rae Smith Sherman Augustus Theme music composer Mike Shinoda Composer ( s ) Dave Shephard Trevor Yuile ( season 2 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Daniel Wu Stephen Fung David Dobkin Stacey Sher Michael Shamberg Alfred Gough Miles Millar Michael Taylor Producer ( s ) Dee Dee Ku Dany Wolf Morgan O'Sillivan James Flynn Kari Hobson Location ( s ) New Orleans ( season 1 ) Ireland ( seasons 2 -- ) Cinematography Shane Hurlbut Owen McPolin ( season 2 ) Editor ( s ) Vikash Patel Bridget Durnford Ben Wilkinson Anthony Pinker Erin Deck Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Millar / Gough Ink Big Kid Pictures Diversion Pictures Double Feature Films AMC Studios Release Original network AMC Original release November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) -- present External links Website Into the Badlands is an American television series that premiered on AMC November 15 , 2015 . the series features a story about a warrior and a young boy who journey through a dangerous feudal land together seeking enlightenment . AMC renewed the show for a 10 - episode second season , which premiered on March 19 , 2017 . On April 25 , 2017 , AMC renewed the series for a 16 - episode third season , which premiered on April 22 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 7.2. 3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Opening introduction , narrated by M.K. ( Aramis Knight ) : `` The wars were so long ago nobody even remembers . Darkness and fear ruled until the time of the barons , seven men and women who forged order out of chaos . People flocked to them for protection . That protection became servitude . They banished guns and trained armies of lethal fighters they called Clippers . This world is built on blood . Nobody is innocent here . Welcome to the Badlands . '' The series is set in a post-apocalyptic world approximately 500 years after a war that left civilization in ruins . Many elements of technology , such as electricity and ground vehicles , have survived the apocalypse but society now shuns guns , leading to a reliance on melee weaponry and cross-bows . In a territory known as the Badlands , the former state of Oklahoma , a feudal society has developed to fill the power vacuum left by the war . Barons control land and monopolies over commodities like opium and fuel , trading amongst themselves to maintain the peace . Each baron is served by a massive workforce of slaves called cogs , as well as a prostitute class called dolls . A baron maintains power through a corps of young men and women called clippers : highly trained and loyal warriors , clippers are forbidden from marrying and having children lest their loyalties be divided . Each clipper force is captained by a regent . Several groups exist outside the strict hierarchy of the barons . Nomads are the most common , mostly lawless homicidal bandits who subsist on stealing from trade convoys between the baronies but some live in organized clans . The River King and his men control water trade in the Badlands and beyond , and is considered a neutral party in the barons ' power struggles . An ascetic religious movement called the Totemists is also shown to exist on the fringes of society , living in isolated communities and practicing a form of idol worship . The Widow leads a revolutionary group of anti-feudal fighters from her late husband 's barony ; although nominally recognized as a baron by her peers , they do not respect her , and the contempt is mutual . Little is known of the world beyond the Badlands , but it is implied that it is far less politically stable and environmentally sound than the Badlands . The mythical utopian city of Azra is believed to exist outside the Badlands but most dismiss it as a legend . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Daniel Wu as Sunny , regent ( head clipper ) to the Badlands ' most powerful baron , Quinn . Despite being a man of conviction , he is very loyal to Quinn . Very skilled and proficient in various styles and weapons , he is considered to be one of the deadliest clipper in the Badlands . Based on Sun Wukong , the Monkey King . Orla Brady as Lydia , Quinn 's first wife , who is both his fiercest critic and most devoted follower . She partners with The Widow and becomes her Viceroy and takes over Quinn 's mansion . She adopts a horse for her Baronial symbol , shown in white on a green banner , and continues to produce poppies . Sarah Bolger as Jade , Quinn 's new wife - to - be , whose beguiling demeanor hides a core of ambition and tenacity which she uses to manipulate others . She later marries her step - son , Ryder , after Quinn 's presumed death . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Aramis Knight as M.K. , a seemingly average teenage boy who is anything but . Lurking inside him is a dark energy that the Widow wants to harness into a weapon . Based on Tripitaka , or Tang Sanzang . Emily Beecham as Minerva , better known as The Widow , the Badlands ' newest baron ; a brilliant martial artist . She has adopted a blue - winged butterfly as her baronial symbol , shown in yellow on a light blue banner . It represents a transformation from insignificance to beauty and power . Her territory produces crude oil . Oliver Stark as Ryder , Quinn 's only son and presumed heir who later takes over as baron after his father 's presumed death along with marrying his step - mother , Jade . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Madeleine Mantock as Veil , a doctor who is in a secret relationship with Sunny ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) . Ally Ioannides as Tilda , a teenage assassin well - trained in the martial arts , she is the Widow 's adopted daughter and later becomes her regent . Marton Csokas as Quinn , the Badlands ' preeminent baron and a former clipper . His baronial symbol is an armadillo shown in white on a maroon banner . His territory produces poppy flowers , which are harvested for opium . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Nick Frost as Bajie , a schemer with questionable morals who finds himself allied with Sunny . Based on Zhu Bajie ( season 2 -- present ) Babou Ceesay as Pilgrim , a self - described `` Son of Azra '' . He is the leader of the Totemists , worshipers who are with him to recreate Azra in the Badlands . Can control those with the Gift , including Nix , Castor and M.K. ( season 3 ) . Lorraine Toussaint as Cressida , high priestess of Pilgrim and his followers ( season 3 ) . Ella - Rae Smith as Nix , a member of Pilgrim 's followers who has the Gift . She is close friends with Castor ( season 3 ) . Sherman Augustus as Nathaniel Moon , a former clipper who fights with honor , looking for his 1,000 th Clip . Battled Sonny ; after he lost , wanted to be killed but lost his hand instead . The Widow 's regent , he is tasked with tracking down Sunny ( guest season 2 ; main season 3 ) . Recurring ( edit ) Yohance Myles as Ringo , the tattoo artist of the clippers who inks their kill marks on their bodies . ( Season 1 ) . Benjamin Papac as Bale , a Colt ( a Clipper - in - training ) and a seemingly benevolent boy who befriends M.K. ( Season 1 ) . Mike Seal as Petri , one of Quinn 's clippers . ( Season 1 ) Stephen Lang as Waldo , a paraplegic former regent serving under Quinn ( Season 1 ) and the Widow ( season 2 ) . Teressa Liane as Angelica , a prostitute / spy loyal to The Widow . ( Season 1 ) . Ellen Hollman as Zypher , a regent of Baron Jacobee who has a history with Sunny . ( Season 1 ) . Edi Gathegi as Baron Jacobee , who has an alliance with Quinn . His baronial colors are a pattern of blue and green plaid . ( Season 1 ) . Lance E. Nichols as the River King , an importer and exporter of goods and cogs ( indentured servants ) up and down the river through the Badlands . ( Season 2 -- 3 ) Lance Henriksen as Penrith , Lydia 's father and the leader of a Totemist religious commune . ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) . Cung Le as Cyan , head Abbott who journeys with his fellow Abbotts , Ramona and Dury , searching for those who have abilities . ( Season 2 ) . Eve Connolly as Ava , an fighting instructor who works with M.K. ( Season 2 ) . Stephen Walters as the Engineer , boss of the pickers ( miners ) in the Bordeaux Mines . ( Season 2 ) . Chipo Chung as the Master , leader of the Abbott who trains M.K. , teaching him how to control his abilities ( Season 2 -- present ) . Maddison Jaizani as Odessa , a former Doll who becomes one of The Widow 's Butterflies , and later is Tilda 's lover . ( Season 2 -- present ) . Eleanor Matsuura as Baron Juliet Chau , who wants Quinn dead . She has adopted a fox as her baronial symbol , shown in black on a cream colored banner . Her baronial color is mostly white . ( Season 2 -- present ) . Alan Wai as Baron Hassan , who voted against The Widow 's barony at the conclave . For his baronial symbol , he adopted a peacock shown in yellow gold on a purple banner . His territory produces silk . ( Season 2 ) . Jonathan Ryan as Baron Broadmore , who also voted to exile The Widow during the conclave . His baronial symbol is two narwhals with their tusks crossed shown in white on a navy blue banner . ( Season 2 ) . Ivo Canelas as Baron Rojas , who voted against The Widow 's exile at the conclave . For his baronial symbol , he adopted a grasshopper shown in green on a black banner . ( Season 2 ) . Dean - Charles Chapman as Castor , a member of Pilgrim 's followers who has the Gift . Is friends with Nix . ( Season 3 ) . Lewis Tan as Gaius Chau , brother of Juliet Chau who has childhood history with Minerva . ( Season 3 ) . Wayne Gordon as Otto , a regent for Baron Chau . ( Season 3 ) . Sophia Di Martino as Lily , a smuggler and Bajie 's ex-wife . ( Season 3 ) . Tamsin Topolski as Wren , a former Butterfly of The Widow 's army who , after losing her leg , takes charge of other turncoats wanting to end the war between The Widow and Chau . ( Season 3 ) . George Sear as Arthur , a former Bowler of The Widow 's soldiers who takes sides with Wren and the turncoats . ( Season 3 ) . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) 10 March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 16 April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Fort '' David Dobkin Alfred Gough & Miles Millar November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6.39 Regent Sunny , a highly - skilled fighter and the deadliest `` Head Clipper '' for Baron Quinn battles the Nomads to rescue a mysterious boy named M.K. who harbors a dark secret about his past . But when he brings him back to The Fort to train as a `` Colt '' , a Clipper - in - training , things quickly get out of hand with another trainee . When first blood is drawn , M.K. loses control of himself as if something takes over his body , making the boy valuable to an opposing baron , The Widow . Meanwhile , Sunny discovers M.K. 's pendant has the same image as the one on his childhood compass of a place called Azra , the boy 's home . In order to seek out the truth about his own past , Sunny wants to know more of this city beyond the Badlands , and must find a way out , especially now that his lover Veil is illegally pregnant with his child . `` Fist Like a Bullet '' David Dobkin Alfred Gough & Miles Millar November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 4.83 After wandering into The Widow 's territory , M.K. meets the Widow 's daughter Tilda , whom he follows for refuge in her mother 's mansion . But it turns out to be a dangerous place since she wants to use his dark power to overthrow the other barons . Meanwhile , after Quinn 's headaches are diagnosed by his long - time doctor as a tumor , he does n't have long to live . He wants to keep the news a secret , so he orders Sunny to `` clip '' the doctor and his wife , Veil 's parents , who know about their unborn baby . However , Sunny refuses and Quinn has to murder them himself , and gives him a second chance to test his loyalty . Later , when Sunny and Ryder are attacked by The Widow 's nomads , M.K. saves Sunny 's life and agrees to show him the way out of the Badlands . But Sunny has a condition ; he will bring M.K. back to The Fort for training so he can be strong enough to smuggle Veil and the baby out . `` White Stork Spreads Wings '' David Dobkin Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Justine Juel Gillmer November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 5.17 Quinn seeks retribution against The Widow and pays the price with losing many Clippers in his surprise attack . M.K. breaks away from the Colts to steal the book about Azra in The Widow 's study , where Tilda sees him . Sunny begins to train M.K. , but he must first learn discipline , especially when he underestimates Waldo during their fight because Waldo uses a wheelchair . As Ryder 's life slowly fades , Jade desperately seeks help from Veil who reluctantly yet successfully treats him . But it results in Quinn knowing about her and Sunny 's relationship . In order for Quinn to form an alliance with Jacobee , the one baron who does n't hate him as much , Sunny must reunite with Zypher , Jacobee 's regent to arrange a meeting . M.K. brings the book to Veil to be translated , but it 's in a language she does n't recognize . As M.K. hides , Veil is interrupted by Quinn who wants her to save him from his deadly illness . `` Two Tigers Subdue Dragons '' Guy Ferland Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Michael Jones - Morales December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 2.42 Sunny has to figure out how to control M.K. 's power , especially when he gets knocked out by a single punch . Jade prepares for her wedding , and taking Lydia 's advice , she stops her relationship with Ryder , who feels broken and betrayed . Sunny finds out Veil has been helping M.K. translate the Azra book and treating Quinn for his tumor . Later , Quinn sets a parlay with Baron Jacobee to help him defeat The Widow after she beheads one of his Clippers . Both barons meet in the City of the Dead at Cross Bend where problems arise . M.K. spies a disguised Tilda and gives pursuit and they fight . Tilda cuts him , unleashing his darkness that only she can stop . Ryder is enlisted by Zypher who is secretly working for The Widow to join their cause to start a war . Waldo grants Sunny an audience with the River King , importer of goods and cogs , to reserve a passage out of the Badlands . However , the River King demands M.K. 's head as payment due to M.K. having previously killed some of his Cogs . 5 5 `` Snake Creeps Down '' Guy Ferland Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Justin Doble December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 2.21 Sunny finds a direction when he uses his broken compass in the Azra book 's cutout . After the poppy fields are abandoned , Quinn has a migraine and puts Jade in charge to train Clippers how to harvest . In order to look for `` the boy at the Fort '' , The Widow takes in Quinn 's cogs , promising them freedom in return for loyalty . Waldo tells Ryder to take M.K. 's pendant to Ryder 's grandfather Penrith , a preacher , who says Azra is just a made - up story . Veil asks Quinn if he killed her parents and says it was Sunny 's blade that ended their lives , not his . When Sunny brings Petri and his Colt , Bale , to track The Widow and her Butterflies , Tilda warns M.K. every time he is cut , his life force gets weaker , and gets captured . A fight ensues between her mother and Sunny , while Bale , wanting to make his first kill , fights Tilda , but meets a deadly end when M.K. cuts himself to save her . 6 6 `` Hand of Five Poisons '' Guy Ferland Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Michael R. Perry December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) 2.16 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After his failure to finish off The Widow , Quinn suspects that Sunny is a traitor and imprisons him . Meanwhile , Jade frames Lydia for trying to poison her , resulting in Quinn exiling her . With no other choice , Lydia returns to Penrith and rejoins her father 's congregation . Later , Tilda kidnaps Veil , asking her to treat The Widow 's wounds . Veil warns Tilda that her mother does not truly love her . She leaves two bottles of poison and the tincture , making it Tilda 's choice whether to kill her or not . Instead , Tilda confronts The Widow who insists she 's trying to save M.K. and explains she was once special like him . When M.K. escapes , Quinn convinces him to join his ranks in return for sparing Tilda and Sunny 's lives ; he agrees . Sunny is freed by Waldo , who reveals himself as the true traitor , and urges him to leave the Badlands , but he goes in search of M.K. At the Dollhouse , Quinn is ambushed by Ryder who teamed up with Jacobee and Zypher . Quinn triggers M.K. 's abilities and he quickly disposes of them all . Sunny shows up , impales Quinn with his sword , and attempts to subdue M.K. However , three Abbotts arrive and easily defeat them , revealing they have the same abilities as M.K. , and take him away . In order to secure transportation out of the Badlands , Sunny had presented Bale 's head to the River King , to pass off as M.K. 's . But the River King finds out and knows Sunny tried to cheat him . The River King captures him , intending to sell Sunny to the highest bidder . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 7 `` Tiger Pushes Mountain '' Nick Copus Alfred Gough & Miles Millar March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 3.44 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Six months later , Sunny , now a `` Picker '' , a miner used for slave labor , excavates coal in the Bordeaux Mines far from the Badlands . He befriends Bajie , a smuggler who is shackled to him . After watching an arena fight in which under - performing Pickers are executed for not making their quota , Sunny plans to escape . Bajie acquires a map and wants to go with him . When Sunny refuses , Bajie betrays his true identity to the mine boss , The Engineer . Meanwhile , M.K. undergoes training from the Abbotts under the tutelage of Ava . Later , M.K. meets The Master , who promises his freedom if he can learn to control his abilities , and oversees his training . In the Badlands , Ryder , whose Baron following his father 's presumed death controls Quinn , Jacobee , and The Widow 's territories , alongside his love , Jade . During an inspection of the oil fields , The Widow and Tilda , now a regent , return . In a surprise attack they reclaim them , kill most of Ryder 's Clippers and force him to retreat . They preside over a growing army of former Cogs and Dolls , promising to end the Badlands feudal system and replace it with a democratic society . Tilda recruits Odessa , a former doll , and has the clippers who abused the dolls killed . While stationed in an abandoned train station , Veil gives birth to a boy and is in the company of Quinn , who survived his impalement . 8 `` Force of Eagle 's Claw '' Nick Copus Matt Lambert March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 3.41 After Bajie betrays Sunny , The Engineer decides he does n't like a `` rat '' for a Picker so he sends them to the fighting pit to battle his champion Mouse . Fortunately , the arena is unguarded . They defeat their foe , make it to the exit and escape through the mine 's ventilation system . They find themselves in the Outlying Territories with a wall separating them from the Badlands . Meanwhile , Tilda learns how to be a proper Regent from Waldo who is working for The Widow . Lydia is living with Penrith and his Totemists . All is peaceful until Nomads interrupt a wedding , looking for goods . Lydia takes it upon herself to save the religious group by killing all the bandits herself , resulting in her father 's disapproval due to his non-violent beliefs . She is once again cast out and returns to Ryder , who does n't receive her kindly . Also , The Master sends M.K. to her room of mirrors in order to conquer his inner demon ; himself . Later , while hiding out in the abandoned West Avalon transit station , Quinn performs a bloody baptism on Veil 's son , Henry , who he proclaims is the Badlands newest heir . 9 `` Red Sun , Silver Moon '' Toa Fraser Michael Taylor April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 3.11 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While wandering the Outlying Territories , Sunny and Bajie find a bridge that leads into the Badlands , but it is guarded by a stranger and they 've been followed by bounty hunters . The stranger lends them a helping hand defeating the bounty hunters and gives them shelter . They learn that he 's the legendary Clipper Regent Nathaniel Moon , `` Silver Moon '' who , like Sunny , left the Badlands to live a violence - free life . After he fell in love with a warlord 's daughter , he started a family , but they were murdered . Now he hunts fugitives , returning to his violent ways . He tries to convince Sunny that men like them never change . Meanwhile , The Widow asks Waldo to be her Second at the Baron conclave instead of Tilda , but she is in charge if she does n't return . Veil lies to Quinn about his prognoses by switching out his x-rays with healthy ones . M.K. discovers that the Abbotts are up to something when his friend Tate is experimented on , draining his abilities . Later Silver Moon , still searching for his 1,000 th kill mark , sees Sunny as a worthy opponent . He challenges Sunny to a fight to the death or to put him out of his misery by ending his life . Sunny continues on his quest to find his family and does not want to be his executioner ; Bajie comes to his aid . 10 `` Palm of the Iron Fox '' Toa Fraser Daniel C. Connolly April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 1.57 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Quinn puts his plan in motion to start anew and sets off with his Clippers . Meanwhile before the conclave voting ceremony , The Widow tries to get Baron Chau on her side and thinks about her condition of pledging not to shelter any more runaway Cogs at her Sanctuary . Later , M.K. takes one of The Master 's opium - infused origami and returns to the room of mirrors , this time to find out what happened to his mother , but learns that her blood is on his hands . When Quinn is off on his mission , Veil , trapped at the transit station with lone Clipper Edgar , tries to escape with Henry in her arms by drugging him , however he blocks her only way out . During the conclave , the five remaining Barons vote The Widow in breach of the Foundation Treaty , stripped of her baron title , and her lands and privileges are revoked . They give her 48 hours to vacate the Badlands , but she has no intention of giving it up and a baronial showdown is about to begin . Just then , Quinn makes a dramatic entrance first and goes after Ryder , killing his son in the middle of his hedge maze . In the end , Tilda shows up at the melee and helps Waldo and her mother in their fight for a Cog - free world . 11 5 `` Monkey Leaps Through Mist '' Paco Cabezas LaToya Morgan April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 1.42 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With Ryder dead , the other surviving Barons have fled , going to ground . Jade , the only successor , is sworn in as Baron by her Regent , Merrick , and declares war . She then turns to Lydia for help in finding Quinn . However , Lydia has one condition ; she gets to kill Quinn herself . Meanwhile , Bajie takes Sunny to Nos , the Commandant of the Mechs , or metal traders , to trade Silver Moon 's sword for a shortcut back into the Badlands . Sunny learns from the leader that Quinn 's still alive . During their overnight stay , a Doll named Portia visits Sunny asking him to kill Nos so her young daughter Amelia will not lead a life of prostitution . He refuses at first , but after seeing Portia 's face mutilated and her stabbed , he and Bajie steal their ride , bringing mother and daughter with them . Also , while training , M.K. escapes the Abbotts and disguises himself with clothes from a corpse that was hanged nearby . Later , The Widow ignores Waldo 's advice , to either align with the other Barons who tried to kill her or lose everything she built , instead aligning herself with Quinn . Lydia and the Clippers seek out Quinn , but the bunker doors are booby trapped , and she loses most of her men . In the commotion , Veil finds her way out of the transit station and flees from Quinn , who is having hallucinations of his dead son . 12 6 `` Leopard Stalks in Snow '' Paco Cabezas Matt Lambert April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 1.31 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the aftermath of the transit station explosion , Lydia loses all her men and is captured by Quinn who offers her a chance to avenge their son with a dagger to his heart . Unlike Ryder , she does n't hesitate , but Quinn stops her hand from the killing blow , then has an intimate moment . Meanwhile , after their escape from the Mechs ; Bajie and Sunny go to Portia 's healer friend , located in a Gasper addicts opium den . Veil finds temporary solace at the Widow 's Sanctuary , but the Widow makes an unholy alliance with Quinn and hands her and baby Henry over to him . Also , Tilda gets closer to Odessa by telling her why she calls Minerva `` mother '' and they share an intimate moment witnessed by Waldo . Later , Ava finds M.K. , who seemed to have lost his power after a skirmish with a Nomad , leaving him bloody . They make camp at an Old World hotel left abandoned during Christmas 2024 . Sunny and M.K. reunite , but he 's followed by the three Abbotts ; Cyan , Ramona , and Dury , seeking out M.K 's darkness with an Azraian device . A melee ensues and they 're quickly defeated until Bajie shows up , revealing his secret of being an Abbott in another life . Ava dies from her injuries after saving M.K. while Sunny suddenly collapses from a mysterious blow to the chest . 13 7 `` Black Heart , White Mountain '' Stephen Fung Michael Taylor April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 1.42 After a dying Cyan attacked him with the hand of the Five Poisons , a poisoned and comatose Sunny is trapped in a nightmare in which he must confront his inner demons . In the dream , he is living a simple life as a farmer with Veil and Henry who has grown into a boy . Things quickly escalate as the poison seeps through his body , causing all the victims he clipped , including a girl named Artemis , to kill him . Bajie and M.K. infiltrate the Abbott monastery to gather medical supplies and special needles in order to revive Sunny , along with Sunny 's Azra compass that Bajie secretly steals . Later , Bajie explains his departure from the monastery . He had a loving relationship with his novice Flea , who had dark abilities similar to M.K. and wishes to find her . Meanwhile , Quinn and the Widow assault Jade 's palace in order to exile her from the Badlands . 14 8 `` Sting of the Scorpion 's Tail '' Stephen Fung LaToya Morgan May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 1.29 Quinn and the Widow prove their alliance by presenting their gifts : Baron Hassan and Baron Broadmore 's heads . Meanwhile , Bajie gets Sunny and M.K. out of the Outlying Territories and through the wall into the Badlands . But it comes at a price when they 're captured by Baron Chau 's Clippers . However , Sunny devises a plan to get them out by proposing to Chau he knows how to lure The Widow out . He becomes Chau 's Regent , slips Bajie the cell key to his freedom , and delivers M.K. to The Widow in order to find Quinn 's hideout . Sunny and The Widow 's reunion is a bloody one as they work together , alongside M.K. and Tilda , fighting the Clippers . Later , Veil is forced to marry Quinn so he can help raise Henry , grooming him as his heir to the baroncy . Their consummation is interrupted by a report that Sunny is alive , and has joined forces with the Widow and is coming to find Quinn . 15 9 `` Nightingale Sings No More '' Paco Cabezas Justin Britt - Gibson May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 1.56 Twenty years ago , Bajie , an Abbott is tasked with training a new novice who , due to her powerful `` Gift '' , is brought to the monastery in a large chest . She breaks free and Bajie has to subdue her , and because of her small size , he nicknames her Flea . However , her name is Minerva and she carries the book of Azra that 's been in her family for generations . Back to the present , Sunny aligns with the Widow who offers him and M.K. , now without his abilities , sanctuary . The Widow plans to attack Quinn 's bunker , but Quinn sends his young Clipper Gabriel strapped with a suicide bomb to deliver Sunny a message about Veil , and learns that the Widow traded her to Quinn . In the chaos of the explosion , Sunny escapes and runs into Bajie , telling him to get M.K. out and meet him at the bunker . Bajie reunites with Minerva , but it 's not the reunion he wanted , as he and M.K. are captured trying to steal the Azra book . Later , Tilda confronts the Widow about how she 's become like the rest of the barons : power - hungry and sacrificing innocent lives . The two fight , and Tilda is defeated . 16 10 `` Wolf 's Breath , Dragon Fire '' Paco Cabezas Alfred Gough , Miles Millar & Matt Lambert May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 1.37 While M.K. remains in the Widow 's clutches forcing him to get his Gift back , Odessa frees Bajie and a crippled Tilda from captivity with the aid of Waldo . Bajie helps Sunny in his assault on Quinn 's bunker . During the assault , Bajie is wounded by one of Quinn 's lieutenants before disappearing , and Lydia is saved from execution . Meanwhile , Sunny is reunited with Veil and fights a final battle with Quinn . Badly wounded , Quinn grabs Veil and tries to take her hostage and gives him an ultimatum ; either Sunny gives him Henry or he will kill Veil . Refusing to let Quinn have the upper hand , Veil fatally impales both herself and Quinn with his own sai . With her dying breath , Veil implores Sunny to raise their son to be good . Later , an injured Bajie rides Sunny 's motorcycle to a derelict communications tower and reactivates it with the Azra compass , sending out a Morse code before collapsing from his stab wound . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 17 `` Enter the Phoenix '' Paco Cabezas Matt Lambert April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 1.35 It 's been six months since Sunny returned to the Badlands , which is now ravaged by a civil war between the only two barons left : The Widow and Chau . He reunites with Bajie to seek a cure for his infant son Henry , who has The Gift . Tilda , known as the `` Iron Rabbit '' , and her band of thieves are stealing from The Widow and protecting Lydia in a Totemist camp . Meanwhile , M.K. is being held captive by The Widow who is trying to help him get back his power . She also recuits Moon who is in hiding after his fight with Sunny left him with one hand . Later , a new threat emerges . 18 `` Moon Rises , Raven Seeks '' Paco Gonzalez Matt Lambert April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 1.27 After receiving Bajie 's signal , Pilgrim , the son of Azra , along with his Acolytes travel a long way in search for a new kingdom in the Badlands . They find one in a ruined castle on an island , once a natural history museum . Moon joins The Widow as her Regent . He 's tasked with finding Bajie , who is vital in the war effort . Sunny learns he passed The Gift to Henry . He and Bajie seek help from Lydia who tell them about Ankara , the Mad Witch who processes knowledge about The Dark Ones . Wanting answers , they set out north to Vulture 's Peak where she can be found . Later , The Widow struggles to control M.K. who tries to kill himself with opium . She wants the Iron Rabbit 's head , unbeknownst the thief is Tilda . 19 `` Leopard Snares Rabbit '' Toa Fraser Michael Taylor May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 0.97 On orders to capture the Iron Rabbit , Moon raids Tilda 's refugee camp and takes Odessa to lure her out . Lydia decides to play both sides and partners with The Widow as her Viceroy and she takes over Quinn 's mansion . Disguised as The Widow 's Clippers , Sunny and Bajie make their way to the frontlines and leave Henry with a healer while they find a way out of the war zone for a cure . Tilda confronts her mother and makes a deal that she 'll come back for M.K. 's freedom . M.K. gets his Gift back . 20 `` Blind Cannibal Assassins '' Toa Fraser Michael Taylor May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 1.20 While traveling through the Wasteland , Sunny and Bajie face - off against a band of blind cannibals who were once renegade Clippers tracked fown and blinded by Quinn 's forces , including Sunny when he was a Colt . They join forces with Moon who was also captured by the assassins , and his honor is satisfied after sparing Henry a father . Baron Chau enlists her imprisoned brother , Gaius to clip Pilgrim who is recruiting Cogs from her territory , while The Widow and Lydia try to befriend Pilgrim , and save his life in the process during Chau 's attack . Later , M.K. is on the run , deciding he must find Sunny and kill him , believing he murdered his mother . 21 5 `` Carry Tiger to Mountain '' James Marshall LaToya Morgan May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 1.08 Sunny and Bajie reach Vulture 's Peak and seeks help from Ankara , a reclusive witch , who temporally heals Henry 's darkness . She tells Sunny someone powerful dispelled his Gift as a child , and in doing so , made him a Catalyst , from where the dark gift flows through him . She also declared that Sunny may be the most powerful of them all . After Nix saves him in the forest , M.K. meets Pilgrim , who wants to use his powers for his cause in ushering in a new era of blood and chaos in the name of Azra . The Widow confronts Gaius , Chau 's brother and a ghost from her past from when she served his father as Chau 's Cog . He agrees to help fight his sister 's Clippers who , along with Castor , ransacked Tilda 's refugee camp . 22 6 `` Black Wind Howls '' James Marshall Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 0.92 While making their way through an unsavory part of the Badlands full of pirates and thieves , Sunny and Bajie asks a favor from Lily , Bajie 's ex-wife turned smuggler . With her boat , she decides to help them find the new Azra . However , Sunny has visions of himself as a boy on board Lily 's boat which once belonged to the River King . And its not long he comes seeking out their bounties . Later , Tilda forms an alliance with her mother after Chau took some refugees . The two meet up with Pilgrim and The Widow brings an injured Castor who was her captive , not wanting to break the peace with him . But Pilgrim has M.K. on his side and kills Castor . 23 7 `` Dragonfly 's Last Dance '' Paco Cabezas LaToya Morgan June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 1.06 Sunny and Bajie work with the River King to secure passage to Pilgrim 's Fortress . However , Sunny learns that as a child he was on a boat that was attacked by the Black Lotus , a group of fearsome warriors looking for him . Sunny seeks out Captain Udo , the last survivor who tells him more about the massacre and that he had a sister who protected him . The Widow faces a mutiny from her Butterflies and Bowlers who are sick losing life and limb from the war with Baron Chau . Under the leadership of Wren , a former fighter , they hold her and Gaius captive . However , Lydia negotiates an armistice with the turncoats and flees to Moon and Tilda to rescue them . With the River King dead , Lily takes over to become the River Queen . 24 8 `` Leopard Catches Cloud '' Paco Cabezas Matt Lambert June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 0.89 Sunny and Bajie arrive at Pilgrim 's Fortress , but they do not receive a warm welcome . Sunny fights an angry M.K. who makes him remember he killed his mother as a Clipper . After surviving the melee , Sunny meets Pilgrim and learns that his real name is Sanzo and in order to cure his son , they must open the Meridian Chamber , an ancient underground vault from the Old World Pilgrim 's alcoyltes recently unearthed . Bajie discovers they want to make an army of Dark Ones for a new Azra . But Sunny has no choice as long as Henry is cured . Pilgrim tells Sunny that Sunny is the key and Pilgrim is the focus to cure Henry and transfers Henry 's gift to himself . Later , The Widow , Gaius and Tilda storm White Bone , Chau 's mansion while Moon battles her troops and Lydia holds the line . Episode eleven is written by Stephanie Hicks & Matt Lambert , and directed by Tricia Brock . Production ( edit ) Described as a `` genre - bending martial arts series '' . AMC ordered 6 one - hour - long episodes of the action - drama developed by AMC Studios for a premiere in late 2015 . Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park composed the title theme . Executive producer Stephen Fung also serves as the series ' action director alongside veteran Hong Kong choreographer , Ku Huen - chiu . Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on November 17 , 2015 , on Showcase . In Germany , Austria , Italy , and the UK , the series is available through Amazon Prime Instant Video with each episode accessible the day after the U.S. air date . BBC America began airing double episodes on August 20 , 2016 , at 10pm ET . Home media ( edit ) Complete Season DVD / Blu - ray Release dates Additional info Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / C November 8 , 2016 n / a n / a The Blu - ray / DVD box - sets include featurettes , making of the fight scenes , the characters of the series , and digital comic . March 13 , 2018 n / a n / a Deleted scenes . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season received mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 54 % approval rating with an average rating of 4.72 / 10 based on 39 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Into the Badlands is loaded with off - kilter potential that 's left largely unfulfilled -- although its well - choreographed action sequences should satisfy martial arts fans . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 based on 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The second season received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.53 / 10 based on 5 reviews . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave a generally positive review and wrote , `` AMC finds a bloody , fun and entertaining non-zombie counterpart to The Walking Dead and turns Sundays into an escapist red zone . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote , `` The action scenes scattered throughout Into the Badlands are not just stirringly presented , they represent a test passed with flying , and bloody , colors . This efficient AMC series is an homage to classic Samurai films and kinetic action fare churned out by Hong Kong maestros of furious fists , and if the TV drama had failed to meet the standards set by the sturdiest examples of those genres , it would have seemed superfluous at best . Fortunately , star Daniel Wu is more than up to the task of occupying the center of this streamlined story of vengeance , tyranny and roundhouse kicks . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Fort '' November 15 , 2015 3.2 6.39 0.8 1.83 4.0 8.22 `` Fist Like a Bullet '' November 22 , 2015 2.3 4.83 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` White Stork Spreads Wings '' November 29 , 2015 2.5 5.17 0.7 1.52 3.2 6.69 `` Two Tigers Subdue Dragons '' December 6 , 2015 1.1 2.42 0.6 N / A 1.7 N / A 5 `` Snake Creeps Down '' December 13 , 2015 1.0 2.21 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Hand of Five Poisons '' December 20 , 2015 1.0 2.16 N / A N / A N / A N / A Notes Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Tiger Pushes Mountain '' March 19 , 2017 1.4 3.44 0.6 1.28 2.0 4.71 `` Force of Eagle 's Claw '' March 26 , 2017 1.5 3.41 N / A 1.23 N / A 4.64 `` Red Sun , Silver Moon '' April 2 , 2017 1.4 3.11 0.6 1.38 2.0 4.50 `` Palm of the Iron Fox '' April 9 , 2017 0.6 1.57 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.69 5 `` Monkey Leaps Through Mist '' April 16 , 2017 0.5 1.42 0.6 1.25 1.1 2.67 6 `` Leopard Stalks in Snow '' April 23 , 2017 0.5 1.31 0.5 1.22 1.0 2.53 7 `` Black Heart , White Mountain '' April 30 , 2017 0.5 1.42 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 8 `` Sting of the Scorpion 's Tail '' May 7 , 2017 0.5 1.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Nightingale Sings No More '' May 14 , 2017 0.6 1.56 0.4 1.15 1.0 2.71 10 `` Wolf 's Breath , Dragon Fire '' May 21 , 2017 0.5 1.37 0.4 1.07 0.9 2.44 Notes Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Enter the Phoenix '' April 22 , 2018 0.5 1.35 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Moon Rises , Raven Seeks '' April 29 , 2018 0.4 1.27 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A `` Leopard Snares Rabbit '' May 6 , 2018 0.3 0.97 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Blind Cannibal Assassins '' May 13 , 2018 0.4 1.20 0.3 0.82 0.7 2.02 5 `` Carry Tiger to Mountain '' May 20 , 2018 0.4 1.08 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Black Wind Howls '' June 3 , 2018 0.3 0.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Dragonfly 's Last Dance '' June 10 , 2018 0.3 1.06 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Leopard Catches Cloud '' June 17 , 2018 0.3 0.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Into the Badlands Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` How Martial Arts Series ' Into the Badlands ' Kicked Its Way Onto AMC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Daniel Wu in AMC 's Into the Badlands '' . ComingSoon.net . March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` AMC Sets Premiere Dates for ' Better Call Saul , ' ' Into the Badlands ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Into the Badlands renewed for a bigger third season on AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` AMC Sets ' McMafia ' Premiere , Season Starts For ' Fear , ' ' Badlands , ' and ' James Cameron 's Sci - Fi Story ' -- TCA '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Badlands Season 3 Premiere Date Revealed '' . AMC ( blog ) . January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Map shown in S03E03 Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Marton Csokas Joins ' Into The Badlands ' On AMC '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ ' Into The Badlands ' Casts Nick Frost As Series Regular ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Into The Badlands : Sherman Augustus , Babou Ceesay & Ella Rae - Smith Join Season 3 as Series Regulars '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Into The Badlands : Lorraine Toussaint Joins as New Regular for Season 3 '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - into the badlands on amc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' starts well for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' gets a ' Walking Dead ' bump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Leftovers ' finale rises , ' Into the Badlands ' takes a hit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' on top , plus ' Jill & Jessa ' premiere , ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' rises with finale , ' Into the Badlands ' hits season low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday cable originals - network finals 4 2 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steph Hicks ( @ Sticks919 ) ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Spent my holidays holed up working on this script with the awesome @ MattTheLambert . It starts shooting tomorrow in Ireland directed by the talented Tricia Brock . Very excited and proud ! # IntoTheBadlands # femalefilmmakers '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` AMC Orders Martial Arts Drama ' Badlands ' Straight to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video -- Opening Credits Featuring the Series Theme Song for Into the Badlands '' . AMC . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There 's ' Kung Fu , ' and , in ' Into the Badlands , ' There 's Hong Kong Kung Fu '' . The New York Times . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` New This Week ( Nov 16 ) : Into The Badlands , Jane The Virgin , Kardashians , V8s and live sports '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon snaps up AMC 's genre - bending martial arts series INTO THE BADLANDS from Entertainment One , exclusively for Amazon Prime members in the UK '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbcamerica.com/schedule Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : The Complete First Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tim Goodman . `` ' Into the Badlands ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan . `` ' Into the Badlands ' Review : Daniel Wu brings charisma to action drama -- Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Nov. 9 - 15 : ' Into the Badlands ' scores another big premiere for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Nov. 23 - 29 : ' Unforgettable ' makes an unmemorable return on A&E '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 3 ratings : ' Empire , ' ' You 're the Worst ' and ' Star Wars Rebels ' post big gains for Nov. 30 - Dec. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Archer ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Draft leads , ' Better Call Saul ' jumps : Cable Live + 3 ratings for April 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 -- 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' tops the charts in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 15 -- 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' finale gets solid bump in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 23 -- 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' finale gets a good boost in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Into the Badlands on IMDb Into the Badlands at TV Guide Into the Badlands on TV.com hide AMC original programming Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Comic Book Men ( since 2012 ) Dietland ( since 2018 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) McMafia ( since 2018 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Terror ( since 2018 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Celebrity Charades ( 2005 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Upcoming Lodge 49 ( 2018 ) NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Badlands_(TV_series)&oldid=846560117 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series AMC ( TV channel ) network shows English - language television programs American action television series Dystopian television series Martial arts television series Post-apocalyptic television series Television series by Entertainment One Wuxia television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 14 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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where is season 3 of into the badlands filmed
[ "\n\nInto the Badlands\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nAction\nAdventure\nDrama\nWuxia\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nAlfred Gough\nMiles Millar\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nDaniel Wu\nOrla Brady\nSarah Bolger\nAramis Knight\nEmily Beecham\nOliver Stark\nMadeleine Mantock\nAlly Ioannides\nMarton Csokas\nNick Frost\nLorraine Toussaint\nBabou Ceesay\nElla-Rae Smith\nSherman Augustus\n\n\n\n\n\nTheme music composer\nMike Shinoda\n\n\nComposer(s)\n\n\n\nDave Shephard\nTrevor Yuile (season 2)\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n3\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n24 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nDaniel Wu\nStephen Fung\nDavid Dobkin\nStacey Sher\nMichael Shamberg\nAlfred Gough\nMiles Millar\nMichael Taylor\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nDee Dee Ku\nDany Wolf\nMorgan O'Sillivan\nJames Flynn\nKari Hobson\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation(s)\n\n\n\nNew Orleans (season 1)\nIreland (seasons 2– )\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\n\n\n\nShane Hurlbut\nOwen McPolin (season 2)\n\n\n\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nVikash Patel\nBridget Durnford\nBen Wilkinson\nAnthony Pinker\nErin Deck\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n44 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nMillar/Gough Ink\nBig Kid Pictures\nDiversion Pictures\nDouble Feature Films\nAMC Studios\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nAMC\n\n\nOriginal release\nNovember 15, 2015 (2015-11-15) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\n\n" ]
[ "Ireland" ]
3021580330706076212
Local self-government in India
Local self - government in India - Wikipedia Local self - government in India Jump to : navigation , search India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas See also : Panchayati raj ( India ) Since 1993 , local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms . Urban localities , covered in the 74th amendment to the Constitution , have Nagar Palika but derive their powers from the individual state governments , while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the panchayati raj system , under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution . For the history of traditional local government in India and South Asia , see panchayati raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rural 1.1 The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee ( 1957 ) 1.2 G.V.K. Rao Committee ( 1985 ) 1.3 L.M. Singhvi Committee ( 1986 ) 1.4 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1.5 Present scenario 2 Urban 2.1 Functions 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links Rural ( edit ) The panchayati raj system is a three - tier system with elected bodies at the village , taluk and district levels . The modern system is based in part on traditional panchayat governance , in part on the vision of Mahatma Gandhi and in part by the work of various committees to harmonize the highly centralized Indian governmental administration with a degree of local autonomy . The result was intended to create greater participation in local government by people and more effective implementation of rural development programs . Although , as of 2015 , implementation in all of India is not complete the intention is for there to be a gram panchayat for each village or group of villages , a tehsil level council , and a zilla panchayat at the district level . Rural Local Governments ( or Panchayat Raj Institutions ) ( 1 ) Zilla Panchayat Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats The balwant rai mehta Committee ( 1957 ) ( edit ) In 1957 , Balwant Rai Mehta Committee studied the Community Development Projects and the National Extension Service and assessed the extent to which the movement had succeeded in utilising local initiatives and in creating institutions to ensure continuity in the process of improving economic and social conditions in rural areas . The Committee held that community development would only be deep and enduring when the community was involved in the planning , decision - making and implementation process . The suggestions were for as follows : - an early establishment of elected local bodies and devolution to them of necessary resources , power and authority , that the basic unit of democratic decentralisation was at the block / samiti level since the area of jurisdiction of the local body should neither be too large nor too small . The block was large enough for efficiency and economy of administration , and small enough for sustaining a sense of involvement in the citizens , such body must not be constrained by too much control by the government or government agencies , the body must be constituted for five years by indirect elections from the village panchayats , its functions should cover the development of agriculture in all its aspects , the promotion of local industries and others services such as drinking water , road building , etc. , and the higher level body , Zilla Parishad , would play an advisory role . The PRI structure did not develop the requisite democratic momentum and failed to cater to the needs of rural development . There are various reasons for such an outcome which include political and bureaucratic resistance at the state level to share power and resources with local level institutions , domination of local elites over the major share of the benefits of welfare schemes , lack of capability at the local level and lack of political will . It was decided to appoint a high - level committee under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta to examine and suggest measures to strengthen PRIs . The Committee had to evolve an effective decentralised system of development for PRIs . They made the following recommendations : - the district is a viable administrative unit for which planning , co-ordination and resource allocation are feasible and technical expertise available , PRIs as a two - tier system , with Mandal Panchayat at the base and Zilla Parishad at the top , the PRIs are capable of planning for themselves with the resources available to them , district planning should take care of the urban - rural continuum , representation of SCs and STs in the election to PRIs on the basis of their population , four - year term of PRIs , participation of political parties in elections , any financial devolution should be committed to accepting that much of the developmental functions at the district level would be played by the panchayats . The states of Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal passed new legislation based on this report . However , the flux in politics at the state level did not allow these institutions to develop their own political dynamics . G.V.K. Rao Committee ( 1985 ) ( edit ) The G.V.K. Rao Committee was appointed by Planning Commission to once again look at various aspects of PRIs . The Committee was of the opinion that a total view of rural development must be taken in which PRIs must play a central role in handling people 's problems . It recommended the following : - PRIs have to be activated and provided with all the required support to become effective organisations , PRIs at district level and below should be assigned the work of planning , implementation and monitoring of rural development programmes , and the block development office should be the spinal cord of the rural development process . L.M. singhvi Committee ( 1986 ) ( edit ) L.M. Singhvi Committee studied panchayati raj . The Gram Sabha was considered as the base of a decentralised , and PRIs viewed as institutions of self - governance which would actually facilitate the participation of the people in the process of planning and development . It recommended : local self - government should be constitutionally recognised , protected and preserved by the inclusion of new chapter in the Constitution , non-involvement of political parties in Panchayat elections . The suggestion of giving panchayats constitutional status was opposed by the Sarkaria Commission , but the idea , however , gained momentum in the late 1980s especially because of the endorsement by the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi , who introduced the 64th Constitutional Amendment Bill in 1989 . The 64th Amendment Bill was prepared and introduced in the lower house of Parliament . But it got defeated in the Rajya Sabha as non-convincing . He lost the general elections too . In 1989 , the National Front introduced the 74th Constitutional Amendment Bill , which could not become an Act because of the dissolution of the Ninth Lok Sabha . All these various suggestions and recommendations and means of strengthening PRIs were considered while formulating the new Constitutional Amendment Act . The 73rd constitutional Amendment Act ( edit ) The idea which produced the 73rd Amendment was not a response to pressure from the grassroots , but to an increasing recognition that the institutional initiatives of the preceding decade had not delivered , that the extent of rural poverty was still much too large and thus the existing structure of government needed to be reformed . It is interesting to note that this idea evolved from the Centre and the state governments . It was a political drive to see PRIs as a solution to the governmental crises that India was experiencing . The Constitutional ( 73rd Amendment ) Act , passed in 1992 by the Narasimha Rao government , came into force on April 24 , 1993 . It was meant to provide constitutional sanction to establish `` democracy at the grassroots level as it is at the state level or national level '' . Its main features are as follows : The Gram Sabha or village assembly as a deliberative body to decentralised governance has been envisaged as the foundation of the Panchayati Raj System. 73rd Amendment of the Constitution empowered the Gram Sabhas to conduct social audits in addition to its other functions . A uniform three - tier structure of panchayats at village ( Gram Panchayat -- GP ) , intermediate or block ( Panchayat Samiti -- PS ) and district ( Zilla Parishad -- ZP ) levels . All the seats in a panchayat at every level are to be filled by elections from respective territorial constituencies . Not less than one - third of the total seats for membership as well as office of chairpersons of each tier have to be reserved for women . Reservation for weaker castes and tribes ( SCs and STs ) have to be provided at all levels in proportion to their population in the panchayats . To supervise , direct and control the regular and smooth elections to panchayats , a State Election Commission has The Act has ensured constitution of a State Finance Commission in every State / UT , for every five years , to suggest measures to strengthen finances of panchayati raj institutions . To promote bottom - up - planning , the District Planning Committee ( DPC ) in every district has been accorded to constitutional status . An indicative list of 29 items has been given in Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution . Panchayats are expected to play an effective role in planning and implementation of works related to these 29 items . Present scenario ( edit ) A Newly Elected Panchayat in Punjab , India At present , there are about 3 million elected representatives at all levels of the panchayat , one - half of which are women . These members represent more than 2.4 lakh ( 240,000 ) Gram Panchayats , about 6,000 intermediate level tiers and more than 500 district panchayats . Spread over the length and breadth of the country , the new panchayats cover about 96 % of India 's more than 5.8 lakh ( 580,000 ) villages and nearly 99.6 % of the rural population . This is the largest experiment in decentralisation of governance in the history of humanity . The Constitution of India visualises panchayats as institutions of self - governance . However , giving due consideration to the federal structure of India 's polity , most of the financial powers and authorities to be endowed on panchayats have been left at the discretion of concerned state legislatures . Consequently , the powers and functions vested in PRIs vary from state to state . These provisions combine representative and direct democracy into a synergy and are expected to result in an extension and deepening of democracy in India . Hence , panchayats have journeyed from an institution within the culture of India to attain constitutional status . Urban ( edit ) Main article : Municipal governance in India ' Urban Local Governments ( 2 ) Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Functions ( edit ) All municipal acts in India provide for functions , powers and responsibilities to be carried out by the municipal government . These are divided into two categories - obligatory or discretionary . Obligatory functions supply of pure and wholesome water construction and maintenance of public streets lighting and watering of public streets cleaning of public streets , places and sewers regulation of offensive , dangerous or obnoxious trades and callings or practices maintenance or support of public hospitals establishment and maintenance of primary schools registration of births and deaths removing obstructions and projections in public streets , bridges and other places naming streets and numbering houses Discretionary functions laying out of areas securing or removal of dangerous buildings or places construction and maintenance of public parks , gardens , libraries , museums , rest houses , leper homes , orphanages and rescue homes for women public buildings planting of trees and maintenance of roads housing for low income groups conducting surveys organizing public receptions , public exhibitions , public entertainment provision of transport facilities with the municipality promotion of welfare of municipal employees Some of the functions of the urban bodies overlap with the work of state agencies . The functions of the municipality , including those listed in the Twelfth Schedule are left to the discretion of the state government . Local bodies have to be bestowed with adequate powers , authority and responsibility to perform the functions entrusted to them by the Act . However , the Act has not provided them with any powers directly and has instead left it to state government discretion . See also ( edit ) Panchayati Raj Zilla Parishad Panchayat Samiti Nyaya Panchayat Municipal Corporation Further reading ( edit ) Shourie , Arun ( 1990 ) . Individuals , institutions , processes : How one may strengthen the other in India today . New Delhi , India : Viking . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Constitution ( Seventy - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1992 Jump up ^ The Constitution ( Seventy - third Amendment ) Act , 1992 Jump up ^ Singh , Vijandra ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Panchayati Raj and Gandhi '' . Panchayati Raj and Village Development : Volume 3 , Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration . Studies in public administration . New Delhi : Sarup & Sons . pp. 84 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 392 - 5 . Jump up ^ Government of India , Report of the Team for the Study of Community Projects and National Extension Service , ( Chairperson : Balvantray Mehta ) , Committee on Plan Projects , National Development Council , ( New Delhi , November 1957 ) , Vol . I , Jump up ^ Anirban Kashyap : Panchaytiraj , Views of founding fathers and recommendation of different committees , New Delhi , Lancer Books , 1989 P 109 Jump up ^ Anirban Kashyap : Panchaytiraj , Views of founding fathers and recommendation of different committees , New Delhi , Lancer Books , 1989 P 112 Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan . Pratiyogita Darpan . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ World Bank : Overview of ruraldecentralisation in indi Volume III World Bank , 2000 P 21 Jump up ^ Mahoj Rai et al . : The state of Panchayats -- A participatory perspective , New Delhi , Smscriti , 2001 P 9 Jump up ^ The Constitution ( Seventy Third Amendment ) Act , 1992 , The Gazette of India , Ministry of Law , Justice and Company Affairs , New Delhi , 1993 . Jump up ^ TM Thomas Issac with Richard Franke : Local democracy and development -- Peoples Campaign for decentralized planning in Kerala , New Delhi , Leftword Books , 2000 P 19 Jump up ^ Fahim , Mayraj ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Local government in India still carries characteristics of its colonial heritage '' . City Mayors Foundation . External links ( edit ) Milestones in the Evolution of Local Government since Independence ( http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAjfshahjautsgghhGgfagshg SIAEXT / EXTSAREGTOPPRISECDEV / EXTSAREGTOPDECENTRALIZATION / 0 , , contentMDK : 20254773 ~ isCURL : Y ~ menuPK : 496908 ~ pagePK : 34004173 ~ piPK : 34003707 ~ theSitePK : 496900 , 00. html World Bank : Overview of rural decentralization ) Decentralisation in India : Challenges and opportunities , UNDP , 2000 p 4 Website on Decentralisation and Local Governance in Kerala Local government in India Urban Municipal Corporation Nagar Palika ( Municipal Council ) Intermediate Town Panchayat ( Nagar panchayat ) Rural District Panchayat ( Zila Parishad ) Block Panchayat / Taluk Panchayat / Panchayat Samiti / Panchayat Union Gram Panchayat Sarpanch Observance National Panchayati Raj Day Local government in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Official website of State Election Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_self-government_in_India&oldid=842912274 '' Categories : Local government in India Political history of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use Indian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is called the pioneer of local government in india
[ "In 1957, Balwant Rai Mehta Committee studied the Community Development Projects and the National Extension Service and assessed the extent to which the movement had succeeded in utilising local initiatives and in creating institutions to ensure continuity in the process of improving economic and social conditions in rural areas. The Committee held that community development would only be deep and enduring when the community was involved in the planning, decision-making and implementation process.[4] The suggestions were for as follows:[5]-" ]
[ "Balwant Rai Mehta Committee" ]
-110722903692008432
Elena Gilbert
Elena Gilbert - wikipedia Elena Gilbert Jump to : navigation , search For the book series character , see Elena Gilbert ( novel character ) . Elena Gilbert ( Salvatore ) The Vampire Diaries character First appearance Pilot ( TVD ) Last appearance I Was Feeling Epic ( TVD ) Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson ( television series ) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison ( Young Elena ) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore ( marriage name , season 8 ) Species Human ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 - 8 ) Doppelgänger ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Vampire ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Gender Female Occupation High school student ( formerly ) College student ( formerly ) Family Grayson Gilbert ( adoptive father / paternal uncle ) Miranda Gilbert ( adoptive mother / paternal aunt ) John Gilbert ( biological father / adoptive paternal uncle ) Isobel Flemming ( biological mother ) Jeremy Gilbert ( adoptive brother / paternal cousin ) Jenna Sommers ( adoptive aunt ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Alaric Saltzman ( stepfather ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother - in - law ) Significant other ( s ) Matt Donovan ( ex-boyfriend ) Stefan Salvatore ( ex-boyfriend ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Relatives Amara ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Tatia ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Nadia Petrova ( maternal ancestor ) Jonathon Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Samantha Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Nationality American Status Alive Seasons 1 -- 6 , 8 Elena Gilbert is a fictional character and protagonist in the novel series The Vampire Diaries . In The Vampire Diaries , set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , she is portrayed by Nina Dobrev . In the books , Elena was blonde , popular , selfish and a `` mean girl '' . However the show 's producers , Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson , felt that it was n't the direction they wanted to go with their heroine in The Vampire Diaries television series . Instead , she became a nicer , relatable and more of `` the girl next door '' type , until her life gets flipped upside down when she meets the Salvatores . In April 2015 , Nina Dobrev announced that she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale . Much of Elena 's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother , Damon . It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger , which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor , Katherine Pierce ( née Katerina Petrova ) . This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature . Dobrev portrayed the `` conniving '' Katherine as well , who is opposite of Elena . The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two , and enjoys playing them both . In the television series 's fourth season , Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change . She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season . In the finale of the sixth season , Kai linked Elena to Bonnie 's life by magic . Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years . She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb , which was changed in the seventh season , and was relocated in Brooklyn , New York . In late 2016 , when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season , Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode . After much speculation . Dobrev 's return was confirmed on January 26 , 2017 , via an Instagram post . Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and portrayal 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Romances 2.3 Transition 3 Television series 3.1 Backstory 3.2 Storyline 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 3.2. 8 Season 8 4 Reception 5 Merchandising 6 References 7 External links Casting and portrayal ( edit ) When I look in the mirror , I just feel different when I 'm Katherine or when I 'm Elena . My voice changes a little bit , I think , and even just mentally , I feel like I can get away with a lot more . `` '' -- Dobrev On March 9 , 2009 , it was announced that Bulgarian - born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev , known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi : The Next Generation , had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena . She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen , who plays Elena 's brother Jeremy Gilbert . Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers ' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town. `` . Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu , which he described as the `` worst audition ever '' , and they `` did n't even look at her a second time '' . Dobrev went back home to Canada , yet , still wanting the part , she submitted a videotape audition , which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert . Dobrev said that after reading the script , she was drawn to Elena because she was `` this average girl who was damaged in many ways '' . Initially , she believed that she would be playing the `` bad girl '' Elena from the books , but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character . After researching , Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena 's 534 - year - old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the `` complete opposite '' . Dobrev described this as `` one of the rarest , coolest opportunities in television , to play two people on the same medium '' . She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena . Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger , Katherine ; `` Changing my hair helps me transform , '' she told Glamour . Additionally , she said `` I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show -- I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it '' . Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena , and found it `` interesting '' to create a whole new character . In the novels , Katherine originated from Germany . However , in the television series , she is Bulgarian , as is Dobrev , who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said , `` The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day . One thing led to the other and voila '' . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Nina Dobrev , who plays Elena Gilbert , at PaleyFest 2014 In the books , Elena is considered `` one of the popular girls '' at her high school and always gets `` anything she wants '' . Executive producer of the television show , Julie Plec , said the Elena from the books was `` really kind of selfish '' . In The Vampire Diaries , Elena 's `` selfishness '' in the books as a human was never explored , because it `` did n't ever feel like a characteristic '' the show wanted for their heroine . Plec said `` We kind of abandoned that queen - bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books '' , while feeling that Elena 's actual flaw is her `` deep , deep connection to other people '' . In the books , Elena had blonde hair , but has brown hair in the television show . Describing Elena from the books , Dobrev said she is `` one of those mean girls that gets what she wants , popular ... and she 's blonde and blue eyed '' . Williamson told her that `` the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable , nice , girl next door , who the audience roots for '' . Katherine , on the other hand , is penned as a `` conniving , narcissistic , bitch '' . Describing Elena years later , Dobrev said she evolved from a `` younger , naive , sad , young girl '' to a `` strong woman '' . Romances ( edit ) Before The Vampire Diaries , Elena dated Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break - up . Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) , and later discovered he was a vampire . As the episodes progressed , she developed a connection with Stefan 's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) , who consumes human blood , unlike Stefan , who has an animal blood diet . Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena , Dobrev said they have `` different qualities that are very appealing '' , which combined make `` the perfect man '' . She said `` Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving , and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting '' . Dobrev with her Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Ian Somerhalder ( Damon ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . After Elena became a vampire , she became sired to Damon and they slept together . According to Plec during an interview with TVLine , Elena `` really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real '' , and the couple `` wants to be together and realizes that they should n't , yet really wants to . So what do they do ? '' Stefan became heartbroken , feeling angry and betrayed , and lashed out at Damon and Elena . In the season 4 finale , an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon , and the two kiss passionately . At the end of season 6 , the two plan to become human , get married , and have children together , but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai , who puts Elena into a magical coma . Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully . In the season 8 finale , she is revealed to be happily married to Damon . Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate . Transition ( edit ) Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series , Elena was turned into a vampire too early , which was around page 200 of The Awakening . Elena 's transition into a vampire was planned for two years . Plec said : `` That felt obviously too soon , and rushed , and we did n't want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire . But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually '' . At the second season 's conclusion , Elena was nearly turned into a vampire . Dobrev was happy that she was n't , because she felt `` it would have been too soon '' , and also did n't think it was something Elena or she wanted . In the show 's third season , Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion , and begins to die . In what was described by the International Business Times as `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to . At the time , Klaus was killed , meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die , which includes Damon and Stefan . She picks to say goodbye to Stefan . However , all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies . To save her , Doctor Merideth Fell ( Torrey DeVitto ) fed Elena Damon 's blood . Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge , unaware of the vampire blood in her system . She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season . The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec , and described her transition as `` monumental changes '' which would have Elena in for a `` wild ride '' . Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is `` an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes '' , and `` she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly '' . While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone , Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to `` rip the band - aid off '' . Plec felt that `` She 's , unfortunately , not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world . It 's going to make it more difficult for her '' , while describing the situation as `` a whole new Elena and it 's a whole new day . It 's a different dynamic between the three of them especially '' . Television series ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Elena Gilbert is born on June 22 , 1992 in Mystic Falls , Virginia to John Gilbert ( David Anders ) and Isobel Flemming ( Mia Kirshner ) while they were still in highschool . With the help of John 's brother Grayson , Isobel and John flee town days later , leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own . A doctor , Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda . The next year , Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own , Jeremy Gilbert . Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan , who was her first love . On 23 May 2009 , Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party . The three of them later end up in a car accident , with their car driving off a bridge . Stefan Salvatore finds them , and saves Elena , but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda , who died . It remained unknown for months who saved Elena , and it was considered a miracle that she lived . Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up . Storyline ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Elena , still empty after losing her parents , begins to fit back into school . She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore . They connect instantly , and begin dating . She meets his older and malevolent brother , Damon . After researching , Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953 . It is later revealed that he is a 162 - year - old vampire . Damon also begins falling for Elena . After she and Stefan slept together , Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her . Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago , and the person who turned them into vampires . He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death . At the end of season one , Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda were n't her biological parents , and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John , who she grew up hating , were . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger , having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce , which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . The sacrifice later happens , but Elena is saved , because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie . However , her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and , as part of the sacrifice , is killed by Klaus , leaving Elena without a guardian . In the season two finale , while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite , she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon 's last day , however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus ' blood . Season 3 ( edit ) In season three , Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back , which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two . Meanwhile , she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus , eventually even sharing a kiss . She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan . While in Denver together , Elena kisses Damon , later telling him that she does n't know how she feels about him . It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent 's death , though he compelled her to forget . She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him , Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system . During the last moments of season three , she awakens as a vampire in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) In season four , Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire . Elena , after realizing Stefan 's desperation to keep her alive , decides to complete her transition . Her relationship with Stefan ends , allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon . Although , it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them . Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism , Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine . As a result , Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity , due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family . Elena became ruthless without her emotions , going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends . Towards the end of season four , Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief . After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on , Elena 's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy . Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed . Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved . Season 5 ( edit ) In season five , Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon . There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan 's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning . She and Damon then find the safe , only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again . However , Qyetsiyah had fried Stefan 's brain causing him to suffer amnesia . While trying to bring him back , they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him . Qyetsiyah soon brings back Stefan 's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara . This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship . Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield , and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires . Later , when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system , Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena , a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce . But once they did , they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape . Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger , but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie , shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side , that she had injected Dr. Maxfield 's enhanced ripper / werewolf virus into Elena 's body , infecting Elena . The gang is eventually able to find an antidote . She unfortunately loses trust in Damon , partly because he killed her friend Aaron , so they break up , but realise they can not survive being apart and get back together . Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls , setting an anti-magic barrier around the town , the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time , overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now - collapsing Other Side . Elena and Damon drive into the gas - filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it , blowing it up and killing most of the people in it , including Elena and Damon . She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body , sending her to Bonnie , where she passes to the Other Side , and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards . But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through , and as Bonnie is the anchor , she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it . This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale . Season 6 ( edit ) In season six , Elena starts back at Whitmore , and is unable to set foot in her hometown . She is also unable to recover from Damon 's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians , drink their blood , then compel them to forget , but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls , any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal , putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims , Sarah , comes to town . Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon , which Alaric is able to do , due to him being an Enhanced Original , with the ability to compel other vampires . She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done . After a number of failed attempts , Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon . She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon , should she ever need them again . She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards , but decides to stay the way she is , as she does n't want to go back to being unhappy again . She starts to date her classmate , Liam . Once Damon comes back to life , Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion , a decision she is reluctant to make . She eventually decides to have him undo it , but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls , causing him to lose his vampire status ( he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed ) , meaning he will not be able to do so . She is then left to finally come face - to - face with Damon and see if she 'll still feel the same way about him . They eventually rekindle their relationship , Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon . At Alaric 's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena , linking her life to Bonnie 's . She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn . She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon , Stefan and Caroline again one day . Season 7 ( edit ) Elena does n't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon 's name when he visits the Armory vault . It was a way of Sybill , the Siren , luring him into a trap . Season 8 ( edit ) In the final episode , Elena makes an appearance . When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell , she meets Elena in a dream - like forest . Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died . Enzo appears and says it is n't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living . When Bonnie wakes up , it was Stefan who resuscitated her . Elena , asleep , is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room . Stefan tries to rescue Elena , but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room , so that Elena ca n't be taken out of the room . After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell , Bonnie passes out . Elena wakes up and wanders the school . Stefan meets up with her . It looks like Bonnie has died , but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan 's ghost came to visit her in her dream . He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon , since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure . He came to say goodbye . After a tearful hug and saying goodbye , Stefan goes into afterlife . Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her . Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang . Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear , saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever . In the epilogue , Elena continued to studying medical school . After finishing her education , she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon , happily married for a long time . After living out her life , she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents , Aunt Jenna and Uncle John . Reception ( edit ) Elena has received mainly positive reviews . Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise , Twilight , and its protagonist Bella Swan . West said `` Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella , she has two immortal vampires fighting over her '' . After she transitioned into a vampire , Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the `` fierce '' and `` ripper '' side of Elena would emerge when `` someone messes with the people she loves '' . McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire , `` their strongest personality traits are heightened '' , and hoped that would n't see Elena 's `` compassion and selflessness '' double into `` helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health '' . Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena `` has had a taste for blood '' , she would lose control . Prior to her becoming a vampire , Ross thought she was less fun and `` slightly boring '' , and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and `` stop protecting everyone 's feelings '' . Elena 's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers , who have nicknamed them `` Stelena '' and `` Delena '' . Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena 's relationship with Damon , which was a combination of real love and a sired bond , hoping they would live `` happily ever after '' . Vlada Gelman of TVLine , however , felt that their romance was `` over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle '' and questioned whether Elena was `` ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away '' while Stefan was still in the picture . Merchandising ( edit ) Tonner Doll Company , Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon , from 1864 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vestal , Shannon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Nina Dobrev Interview About The Vampire Diaries at Comic - Con '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : West , Steve ( 9 March 2009 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Finds Its Heroine In Nina Dobrev '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` CW casts ' Melrose Place , ' ' Vampire ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tasty bites : The Vampire Diaries cast dishes '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Jillian . `` The Vampire Diaries star Nina Dobrev '' . Saturday Night Magazine . Michael H. Ritter . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nina Dobrev ' Glamour ' Interview : Star Talks ' Vampire Diaries , ' Beauty And Ian Somerhalder '' . The Huffington Post . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' : Nina Dobrev Sinks Her Teeth Into Dual Role '' . Xfinity , Comcast . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Covel , Bonnie . `` The Vampire Diaries Book Series by L.J. Smith '' . About . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss Sounds Off on Elena 's Transition and Dark Side ! '' . E ! Online , NBCUniversal . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Cheril ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : New photos '' . Crushable . crushable.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec ( writers ) , Marcos Siega ( director ) ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 01 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft , Gabrielle Stanton ( writers ) , Kevin Bray ( director ) ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 05 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman , Andrew Chambliss ( writers ) , David Von Ancken ( director ) ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 18 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Post Mortem : Vampire Diaries Boss on the Big Death , Elena and Damon 's Struggles and More ! '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan 's Anger , Jeremy 's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler 's Future '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' EP Julie Plec talks season finale shocker and what comes next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Remling , Amanda ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries ? Season 3 Finale : Elena Turns Into A Vampire , Chooses Stefan Before She Dies '' . International Business Times , Etienne Uzac . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Boss Previews Elena 's Dilemmas , Dueling Salvatores and a ' Lonely ' Damon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 4 : Elena vs Katherine and 10 other things we want to see '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : 5 Ways We Want Elena to Lose Control '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Recap : Will Damon Choose To Let Elena Go ? '' . HollywoodLife , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Recap : Confessions of the Heart '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Gilbert Vampire Diaries Doll by Tonner '' . Man of Action Figures . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries TM Tonner Doll Company '' . Tonner Doll Company , Inc . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Gilbert&oldid=840911841 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional vampires Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 22 : 26 . About Wikipedia
who does elena end up with in the vampire diaries season 8
[ "In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance. When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream-like forest. Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died. Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living. When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her. Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room. Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room. After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out. Elena wakes up and wanders the school. Stefan meets up with her. It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream. He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure. He came to say goodbye. After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife. Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her. Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang. Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever. In the epilogue, Elena continued to studying medical school. After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time. After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John." ]
[ "Damon" ]
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The Flash (season 4)
The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flash ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City , but refusing to grieve Barry . A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , defying the Flash and threatening the city if he refuses . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force , opposed by a skeptical Iris . Cisco tracks down Caitlin to a bar and convinces her for . Behind Iris 's back , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who appears dazed and confused , continually writing symbols on walls . Wally engages the Samurai instead , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence , proving Caitlin 's other theory that Barry has dementia . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the Samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai , who is revealed to be a robot . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called the Amunet at the bar , also having a split personality shared by Killer Frost . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) TBA TBD 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) TBA TBD 73 TBA Tom Cavanagh TBA TBA TBA TBD 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey TBA TBA TBA TBD Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Jessica Camacho as Gypsy Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Guest ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Mechanic Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Danny Trejo as Breacher Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / The Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to The Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , was revealed not to be returning to the series , although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton 's availability permits . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , will reprise her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathan Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Emily Bett Rickards will appear as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.78 / 10 based on 7 reviews . Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of The Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 402 ) `` Mixed Signals '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 403 ) `` Luck Be a Lady '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saclao , Christian ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Tom Cavanagh Is Directing Another Episode Of The CW Series '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash adds Katee Sackhoff as DC Comics villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gustin , Grant ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse got us like ... ( that 's our director , Laura and Andy in the back doing the classic hand shade . Do n't worry . I do n't think he looked at the eclipse like that ) Also , do n't worry about the dribble on my shirt . It 's supposed to be there . You 're gon na have to watch episode 405 of @ cwtheflash to find out what 's going on with that little , juicy tidbit . '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Lindsay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Carlos Valdes Shares Good News for Cisco and Gypsy ' Shippers '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Hartley Sawyer To Play Elongated Man In Season 4 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Diane ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Team Teases Season 4 : ' It 's the Fastest Man Alive Against the Fastest Mind Alive ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Britne Oldford books Peek - a-Boo return in premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : A New Tech - Controlling Villain Terrorizes Central City '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Casts Sugar Lyn Beard as Hazard ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Once Upon a Time , Defenders , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` CW eyes true four - way superhero crossover next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Is Making A Big Change Behind The Scenes '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry Allen will return a changed man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Villain Wo n't Be a Speedster '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Things to Expect on The Flash , Supergirl , Arrow , and Legends of Tomorrow '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Spoilers -- The Thinker / Clifford DeVoe New Villain '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash season 4 will restore the ' fun quotient ' after darkest year yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Autumn ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Keiynan Lonsdale Talks Spoilers , New Music And Being An Introverted Extrovert '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Rachel ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Cast on Season 4 , Barry 's Return , and Killer Frost 's Future '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Candice Patton Teases a `` Very Hardened '' Iris in The Flash Season 4 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : Your ' The Flash ' Burning Questions Answered '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl Comic Writer Sterling Gates Joins Flash Writing Staff '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Boss Promises a Lighter Season of The Flash Is Coming '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another The Vampire Diaries Spinoff ? Where 's the Charmed Reboot ? And More The CW News '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites -- The Flash '' . Variety . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Arrow , The Good Place and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry and Iris heading to couples therapy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Star Tom Cavanagh Teases S4 's Harrison Wells '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Tom Felton not returning as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Lucifer , Flash , Supernatural , Gotham , # OneChicago , Elementary and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Behind the Scenes '' . TV Guide Comic - Con Special 2017 . p. 12 . With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb The Flash at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Rival ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) The Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance Adrian Chase The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=804931323 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 00 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the flash season 4 episode 1 trailer release date
[ "In July 2017, cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the season, where exclusive footage was shown.[51] During the panel, a trailer for the season was shown, with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the \"grim\" tone, there was \"some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without [Barry],... Sprinkle in a few wacky things, like, say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics, and ladies and gents, you've got a good season of The Flash lined up.\"[52] Ben Pearson with /Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was \"a nice change of pace for that character\", but anticipated that \"Barry [would] be back two or three episodes in at the latest.\"[53] Collider.com's Allison Keene also noted Iris \"getting an actual storyline\" with Barry gone, and similarly presumed that he \"[would] be back in the fold by the end of the first episode\" alike to Flashpoint in the third season. She added, \"There are some new foes, lots of action, plenty of tech — it’s great!\"[54]" ]
[ "July 2017" ]
3993247069159565966
No pain, no gain
No pain , no gain - wikipedia No pain , no gain For other uses , see No pain , no gain ( disambiguation ) . No pain , no gain ( or `` No gain without pain '' ) is an exercise motto that promises greater value rewards for the price of hard and even painful work . Under this conception competitive professionals , such as athletes and artists , are required to endure pain ( physical suffering ) and stress ( mental / emotional suffering ) to achieve professional excellence . Contents 1 Exercise motto 2 Origin 3 See also 4 References Exercise motto ( edit ) It came into prominence after 1982 when actress Jane Fonda began to produce a series of aerobics workout videos . In these videos , Fonda would use `` No pain , no gain '' and `` Feel the burn '' as catchphrases for the concept of working out past the point of experiencing muscle aches . It expresses the belief that solid large muscle is the result of training hard . Delayed onset muscle soreness is often used as a measure of the effectiveness of a workout . In terms of the expression used for development , the discomfort caused may be beneficial in some instances while detrimental in others . Detrimental pain can include joint pain . Beneficial pain usually refers to that resulting from tearing microscopic muscle fibers , which will be rebuilt more densely , making a bigger muscle . The expression has been adopted in a variety of sports and fitness activities , beginning in the early - 80s to present day . David B. Morris wrote in The Scientist in 2005 , `` ' No pain , no gain ' is an American modern mini-narrative : it compresses the story of a protagonist who understands that the road to achievement runs only through hardship . '' The concept has been described as being a modern form of Puritanism . Origin ( edit ) A form of this expression is found in the beginning of the second century , written in The Ethics of the Fathers 5 : 21 ( known in Hebrew as Pirkei Avot ) : Rabbi Ben Hei Hei says , `` According to the pain is the gain . '' -- Pirkei Avot 5 : 21 This is interpreted to be a spiritual lesson ; without the pain in doing what God commands , there is no spiritual gain . One of the earliest attestations of the phrase comes from the poet Robert Herrick in his `` Hesperides '' . In the 1650 edition , a two - line poem was added : NO PAINS , NO GAINS . If little labour , little are our gains : Man 's fate is according to his pains . -- Hesperides 752 . A version of the phrase was crafted by Benjamin Franklin , in his persona of Poor Richard ( 1734 ) , to illustrate the axiom `` God helps those who help themselves '' : Industry need not wish , as Poor Richard says , and he that lives upon hope will die fasting . There are no gains , without pains ... -- as reprinted in his The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) See also ( edit ) Pain & Gain Sports injury References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No Pain , No Gain '' . The American College of Foot & Ankle Orthopedics & Medicine . September 22 , 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ https://theconversation.com/mondays-medical-myth-no-pain-no-gain-12298 Jump up ^ David B. Morris ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Belief and Narrative '' . The Scientist. 19 ( Sup. 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kilwein , J.H. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` No Pain , No Gain : A Puritan Legacy '' . Health Education & Behavior . 16 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 12 . doi : 10.1177 / 109019818901600103 . Jump up ^ Ethics of the Fathers : Chapter Five - Texts & Writings Jump up ^ Herrick , Robert ( 1898 ) . Alfred Pollardi , ed . The Hesperides & Noble Numbers : Vol. 1 and 2 . London : Lawrence & Bullen . Vol. 2 , 66 & 320 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Terrance ( 1758 ) . The Way To Wealth . Look up no pain , no gain in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_pain,_no_gain&oldid=851121324 '' Categories : Aerobic exercise Bodybuilding English phrases Mottos Personal development Talk Contents About Wikipedia తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 06 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
where did the phrase no pain no gain come from
[ "It came into prominence after 1982 when actress Jane Fonda began to produce a series of aerobics workout videos. In these videos, Fonda would use \"No pain, no gain\" and \"Feel the burn\" as catchphrases for the concept of working out past the point of experiencing muscle aches.[1]\n" ]
[ "Jane Fonda" ]
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Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 16 -- 17 February Competitors 30 from 21 nations Winning score 317.85 Medalists 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain ← 2014 2022 → Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs mixed Ice dancing mixed Team event mixed The men 's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February . This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Summary ( edit ) With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button , who did so in 1952 . Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal , and Spain 's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal . Fernández won Spain 's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics . After the short program , Hanyu , Fernández , Uno , and Jin Boyang were first , second , third , and fourth respectively . Nathan Chen , originally one of the favorites for the podium , skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th , but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08 -- 8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu . He ended up fifth overall . In the free program , Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall , and placed fourth . In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Alexander Lakernik , ISU Figure Skating Vice President . Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics . Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads , five clean . He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics . With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score . For complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 16 February 10 : 00 Short program 17 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 16 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 111.68 63.18 48.50 9.71 9.43 9.86 9.75 9.75 0.00 25 Javier Fernández Spain 107.58 59.79 47.79 9.36 9.36 9.71 9.68 9.68 0.00 29 Shoma Uno Japan 104.17 58.13 46.04 9.29 9.00 9.25 9.29 9.21 0.00 28 Jin Boyang China 103.32 60.27 43.05 8.79 8.29 8.82 8.54 8.61 0.00 30 5 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 98.98 56.98 42.00 8.43 8.11 8.50 8.50 8.46 0.00 20 6 Patrick Chan Canada 90.01 45.08 45.93 9.36 9.07 9.00 9.29 9.21 -- 1.00 21 7 Adam Rippon United States 87.95 44.48 43.47 8.57 8.43 8.86 8.68 8.93 0.00 19 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 86.69 43.84 43.85 8.96 8.54 8.64 8.82 8.89 -- 1.00 27 9 Michal Březina Czech Republic 85.15 44.34 40.81 8.25 7.89 8.25 8.21 8.21 0.00 13 10 Keegan Messing Canada 85.11 45.50 40.61 8.04 7.96 8.07 8.29 8.25 − 1.00 12 11 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 84.74 44.17 40.57 7.96 7.89 8.25 8.18 8.29 0.00 17 12 Vincent Zhou United States 84.53 48.50 36.03 7.39 6.96 7.11 7.32 7.25 0.00 13 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 84.13 43.63 40.50 7.93 7.71 8.36 8.18 8.32 0.00 23 14 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 83.90 41.75 42.15 8.18 8.18 8.54 8.46 8.79 0.00 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 83.43 43.79 39.64 7.93 7.68 8.07 8.00 7.96 0.00 14 16 Brendan Kerry Australia 83.06 45.49 37.57 7.57 7.36 7.61 7.57 7.46 0.00 10 17 Nathan Chen United States 82.27 41.39 41.88 8.46 8.32 8.14 8.57 8.39 -- 1.00 26 18 Daniel Samohin Israel 80.69 43.29 38.40 7.79 7.29 7.79 7.71 7.82 -- 1.00 18 19 Yan Han China 80.63 40.99 40.64 8.46 8.07 7.86 8.18 8.07 − 1.00 8 20 Keiji Tanaka Japan 80.05 40.30 40.75 8.36 7.86 8.07 8.21 8.25 -- 1.00 22 21 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 79.52 39.34 41.18 8.25 8.00 8.18 8.39 8.36 -- 1.00 24 22 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 76.56 40.88 36.68 7.46 7.11 7.32 7.43 7.36 − 1.00 11 23 Matteo Rizzo Italy 75.63 39.23 36.40 7.29 7.11 7.29 7.39 7.32 0.00 5 24 Paul Fentz Germany 74.73 37.71 37.02 7.46 7.25 7.46 7.46 7.39 0.00 15 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 38.37 35.21 7.07 6.82 7.11 7.14 7.07 0.00 9 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 38.41 33.69 6.79 6.29 6.89 6.86 6.86 0.00 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 30.77 39.35 8.11 7.82 7.46 8.07 7.89 0.00 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 26.04 29.52 5.96 5.64 5.96 6.00 5.96 0.00 6 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 22.59 30.82 6.25 6.07 6.00 6.25 6.25 − 1.00 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 18.68 29.90 6.43 5.79 5.61 6.21 5.86 − 2.00 7 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 17 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Nathan Chen United States 215.08 127.64 87.44 8.82 8.32 9.04 8.79 8.75 0.00 9 Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 206.17 109.55 96.62 9.71 9.50 9.64 9.71 9.75 0.00 22 Shoma Uno Japan 202.73 111.01 92.72 9.36 9.07 9.25 9.32 9.36 -- 1.00 24 Javier Fernández Spain 197.66 101.52 96.14 9.46 9.43 9.64 9.79 9.75 0.00 23 5 Jin Boyang China 194.45 109.69 85.76 8.71 8.21 8.64 8.68 8.64 -- 1.00 20 6 Vincent Zhou United States 192.16 112.24 79.92 8.04 7.71 8.25 7.96 8.00 0.00 15 7 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 177.56 91.62 87.94 9.00 8.64 8.68 8.86 8.72 -- 2.00 16 8 Patrick Chan Canada 173.42 81.56 91.86 9.32 9.14 8.66 9.29 9.32 0.00 21 9 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 172.88 89.08 83.80 8.39 8.04 8.61 8.43 8.43 0.00 7 10 Adam Rippon United States 171.41 84.47 86.94 8.75 8.54 8.68 8.71 8.79 0.00 18 11 Daniel Samohin Israel 170.75 89.03 81.72 8.32 7.75 8.32 8.18 8.29 0.00 8 12 Keegan Messing Canada 170.32 84.88 85.44 8.50 8.29 8.61 8.61 8.71 0.00 14 13 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 168.53 85.39 85.13 8.64 8.39 8.32 8.61 8.61 -- 2.00 19 14 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 165.16 84.94 81.22 8.21 7.86 8.25 8.11 8.18 -- 1.00 13 15 Keiji Tanaka Japan 164.78 85.64 81.14 8.36 7.89 8.00 8.18 8.14 -- 2.00 5 16 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 164.21 81.79 82.42 8.25 7.96 8.36 8.25 8.39 0.00 13 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 161.04 74.96 86.08 8.46 8.36 8.54 8.75 8.93 0.00 10 18 Michal Březina Czech Republic 160.92 76.58 84.34 8.57 8.21 8.39 8.57 8.43 0.00 17 19 Matteo Rizzo Italy 156.78 80.86 75.92 7.64 7.32 7.79 7.64 7.57 0.00 20 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 155.06 76.42 80.64 8.14 7.86 7.96 8.18 8.18 -- 2.00 21 Brendan Kerry Australia 150.75 73.33 77.42 7.96 7.54 7.68 7.82 7.71 0.00 12 22 Paul Fentz Germany 139.82 66.98 72.84 7.50 7.14 7.14 7.39 7.25 0.00 23 Yan Han China 132.38 53.80 79.58 8.56 7.82 7.57 8.04 8.00 -- 1.00 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 128.01 63.35 70.66 7.34 6.86 6.68 7.32 7.04 -- 6.00 6 Notes : TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . Rank Name Nation TP SP FS 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 317.85 111.68 206.17 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 306.90 104.17 202.73 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain 305.24 107.58 197.66 Jin Boyang China 297.77 103.32 194.45 5 5 Nathan Chen United States 297.35 82.27 17 215.08 6 Vincent Zhou United States 276.69 84.53 12 192.16 6 7 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 267.51 98.98 5 168.53 13 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 264.25 86.69 8 177.56 7 9 Patrick Chan Canada 263.43 90.01 6 173.42 8 10 Adam Rippon United States 259.36 87.95 7 171.41 10 11 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 257.01 84.13 13 172.88 9 12 Keegan Messing Canada 255.43 85.11 10 170.32 12 13 Daniel Samohin Israel 251.44 80.69 18 170.75 11 14 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 248.95 84.74 11 164.21 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 248.59 83.43 15 165.16 14 16 Michal Březina Czech Republic 246.07 85.15 9 160.92 18 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 244.94 83.90 14 161.04 17 18 Keiji Tanaka Japan 244.83 80.05 20 164.78 15 19 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 234.58 79.52 21 155.06 20 20 Brendan Kerry Australia 233.81 83.06 16 150.75 21 21 Matteo Rizzo Italy 232.41 75.63 23 156.78 19 22 Paul Fentz Germany 214.55 74.73 24 139.82 22 23 Yan Han China 213.01 80.63 19 132.38 23 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 204.57 76.56 22 128.01 24 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 25 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 26 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 27 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 28 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 29 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 30 TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hanyu edges out YOG star for skating gold '' . olympic.org. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Chen Makes Olympic History With 6 Quad Jumps '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Bests '' . www.isuresults.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Short Program Results '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Free Skating Results '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Total Results '' . International Skating Union . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Olympic champions in figure skating -- Men 's singles 1908 : Ulrich Salchow ( SWE ) 1920 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1924 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1928 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1932 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1936 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1948 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1952 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1956 : Hayes Alan Jenkins ( USA ) 1960 : David Jenkins ( USA ) 1964 : Manfred Schnelldorfer ( EUA ) 1968 : Wolfgang Schwarz ( AUT ) 1972 : Ondrej Nepela ( TCH ) 1976 : John Curry ( GBR ) 1980 : Robin Cousins ( GBR ) 1984 : Scott Hamilton ( USA ) 1988 : Brian Boitano ( USA ) 1992 : Viktor Petrenko ( EUN ) 1994 : Alexei Urmanov ( RUS ) 1998 : Ilia Kulik ( RUS ) 2002 : Alexei Yagudin ( RUS ) 2006 : Evgeni Plushenko ( RUS ) 2010 : Evan Lysacek ( USA ) 2014 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) 2018 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) Record scores in figure skating Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S. Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Men % 27s_singles&oldid = 833477722 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Men 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 06 . 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who won olympic gold in mens figure skating 2018
[ "\n\nRank\nName\nNation\nTP\nSP\nFS\n\n\n01 !\nYuzuru Hanyu\n Japan\n317.85\n111.68\n1\n206.17\n2\n\n\n02 !\nShoma Uno\n Japan\n306.90\n104.17\n3\n202.73\n3\n\n\n03 !\nJavier Fernández\n Spain\n305.24\n107.58\n2\n197.66\n4\n\n\n4\nJin Boyang\n China\n297.77\n103.32\n4\n194.45\n5\n\n\n5\nNathan Chen\n United States\n297.35\n82.27\n17\n215.08\n1\n\n\n6\nVincent Zhou\n United States\n276.69\n84.53\n12\n192.16\n6\n\n\n7\nDmitri Aliev\n Olympic Athletes from Russia\n267.51\n98.98\n5\n168.53\n13\n\n\n8\nMikhail Kolyada\n Olympic Athletes from Russia\n264.25\n86.69\n8\n177.56\n7\n\n\n9\nPatrick Chan\n Canada\n263.43\n90.01\n6\n173.42\n8\n\n\n10\nAdam Rippon\n United States\n259.36\n87.95\n7\n171.41\n10\n\n\n11\nOleksii Bychenko\n Israel\n257.01\n84.13\n13\n172.88\n9\n\n\n12\nKeegan Messing\n Canada\n255.43\n85.11\n10\n170.32\n12\n\n\n13\nDaniel Samohin\n Israel\n251.44\n80.69\n18\n170.75\n11\n\n\n14\nJorik Hendrickx\n Belgium\n248.95\n84.74\n11\n164.21\n16\n\n\n15\nCha Jun-hwan\n South Korea\n248.59\n83.43\n15\n165.16\n14\n\n\n16\nMichal Březina\n Czech Republic\n246.07\n85.15\n9\n160.92\n18\n\n\n17\nMisha Ge\n Uzbekistan\n244.94\n83.90\n14\n161.04\n17\n\n\n18\nKeiji Tanaka\n Japan\n244.83\n80.05\n20\n164.78\n15\n\n\n19\nDeniss Vasiļjevs\n Latvia\n234.58\n79.52\n21\n155.06\n20\n\n\n20\nBrendan Kerry\n Australia\n233.81\n83.06\n16\n150.75\n21\n\n\n21\nMatteo Rizzo\n Italy\n232.41\n75.63\n23\n156.78\n19\n\n\n22\nPaul Fentz\n Germany\n214.55\n74.73\n24\n139.82\n22\n\n\n23\nYan Han\n China\n213.01\n80.63\n19\n132.38\n23\n\n\n24\nMoris Kvitelashvili\n Georgia\n204.57\n76.56\n22\n128.01\n24\n\n\nDid not advance to free skating\n\n\n25\nJulian Yee\n Malaysia\n\n73.58\n25\n\n\n\n\n26\nChafik Besseghier\n France\n\n72.10\n26\n\n\n\n\n27\nDenis Ten\n Kazakhstan\n\n70.12\n27\n\n\n\n\n28\nMichael Christian Martinez\n Philippines\n\n55.56\n28\n\n\n\n\n29\nFelipe Montoya\n Spain\n\n52.41\n29\n\n\n\n\n30\nYaroslav Paniot\n Ukraine\n\n46.58\n30\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Yuzuru Hanyu" ]