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-3645113215615328687	The Star-Spangled Banner	The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner Jump to : navigation , search `` Star - Spangled Banner '' redirects here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 4 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 04 ) Audio sample `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instrumental file help `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of 19 semitones , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the United Kingdom national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , as well as `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Modern history 2.1 Performances 2.2 200th anniversary celebrations 2.3 Adaptations 3 Lyrics 3.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 3.2 Alternative lyrics 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call to remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's lyrics ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music ( edit ) Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . National anthem ( edit ) Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Modern history ( edit ) Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations ( edit ) The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations ( edit ) See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward , she attempted a gesture of ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . Lyrics ( edit ) O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics ( edit ) In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics ( edit ) In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . References in film , television , literature ( edit ) Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law ( edit ) Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 , the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute ( edit ) Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 - meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , in response to police brutality in America , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call to remove the National anthem ( edit ) In November 2017 , the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star - Spangled Banner as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NAACP president said : `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stanza of the anthem , which is rarely sung and few know , contains the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations ( edit ) As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media ( edit ) The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also ( edit ) In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My country ' tis of thee ( Song Collection ) '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service , Fort McHenry National Monument , and Historic Shrine . Retrieved February 2008 . Archived April 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` When the Warrior Returns - Key '' . Potw.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin ( 1988 ) . The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 . pp. 288 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clague ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' critics miss the point '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know : The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery '' . Theintercept.com. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Is the National Anthem Racist ? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : The Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links ( edit ) `` New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had a complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio ( edit ) The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( U.S. ) Cook Islands ( N.Z. ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( U.S. ) Hawaii ( U.S. ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( N.Z. ) Northern Mariana Islands ( U.S. ) Pitcairn Islands ( U.K. ) Tokelau ( N.Z. ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( U.S. ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park VIAF : 186293289 LCCN : n50081577 GND : 4756592 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=828192713 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Songs based on poems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the star spangled banner became a national anthem	[ "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889, and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover." ]	[ "March 3, 1931" ]
107910769056314914	Richie Rich (comics)	Richie Rich ( comics ) - wikipedia Richie Rich ( comics ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character . For the film , see Richie Rich ( film ) . Richie Rich Richie Rich # 1 ( Nov. 1960 ) . Cover art penciled by Warren Kremer Publication information Publisher Harvey Comics First appearance Little Dot # 1 ( Sept. 1953 ) Created by Alfred Harvey Warren Kremer In - story information Full name Richard $ Rich Jr . Team affiliations Rich Industries Richard `` Richie '' $ Rich , Jr. ( often stylized as Ri ¢ hie Ri ¢ h ) is a fictional character in the Harvey Comics universe . He debuted in Little Dot # 1 , cover - dated September 1953 , and was created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer . Dubbed `` the poor little rich boy , '' Richie is the only child of fantastically wealthy parents and is the world 's richest kid . So rich , his middle name is a dollar sign , $ . During Harvey Comics ' heyday ( 1950 -- 1982 ) , Richie was the publisher 's most popular character , eventually starring in over fifty separate titles , including such long - running comics as Richie Rich , Richie Rich Millions , Richie Rich Dollars and Cents , and Richie Rich Success Stories . In 2011 Ape Entertainment began publishing a new licensed Richie Rich comic book series , taking the character in a very different , action - oriented , direction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Character 2.1 Ape Entertainment 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Rich family 3.2 Van Dough family 3.3 Richie 's friends 3.4 Rich employees 3.5 Villains 4 In other media 4.1 Animated TV series 4.2 Live action TV series 4.3 Movies 5 Titles published 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) Cover of Richie Rich No. 254 ( Jan. 1991 ) , the final issue of the flagship series . Although created in 1953 , Richie did n't have his own title until 1960 . Once he did , however , he quickly became Harvey 's most popular character , eventually starring in over fifty separate titles . The flagship , Richie Rich , ran 254 issues from 1960 to 1991 ( with a hiatus from 1982 -- 1986 ) , followed by a second volume which ran an additional 28 issues from 1991 -- 1994 . Other long - running titles were Richie Rich Millions ( 113 issues from 1961 -- 1982 ) , Richie Rich Dollars and Cents ( 109 issues from 1963 -- 1982 ) , and Richie Rich Success Stories ( 105 issues from 1964 -- 1982 ) . ( Harvey ceased publishing in 1982 , but started up again in 1986 under new ownership ; this hiatus resulted in the cancellation of many titles . ) Richie ( along with many of the Harvey characters ) have been published only sporadically since 1994 . Writers for the Richie Rich comic books and syndicated comic strip included Sid Jacobson , Lennie Herman , Stan Kay , and Ralph Newman . Richie Rich 's most famous illustrator is Warren Kremer . Other illustrators included Ernie Colón , Sid Couchey , Dom Sileo , Ben Brown , Steve Muffatti , and Joe Dennett . Character ( edit ) Despite any negative stereotypes associated with his incredible wealth , Richie Rich is portrayed as kind and charitable . ( In fact , his moniker is `` the poor little rich boy . '' ) He lives in an expensive mansion and owns at least two of everything money can buy . Richie appears to be around seven to ten years old and wears a waistcoat , a white shirt with an Eton collar ( which is obscured by a giant red bow tie ) , and blue shorts . He occasionally attends school in his hometown of Harveyville . Other times he 's classmates with Little Dot and Little Lotta in Bonnie Dell . Ape Entertainment ( edit ) For the Ape Entertainment comic book series debuting in 2011 , the character was updated by emphasizing his altruistic side : `` A mix of James Bond and Indiana Jones with the bank account of Donald Trump , Richie Rich is an altruistic adventurer who travels the world helping the less fortunate ! '' The new Richie was joined by updated versions of his robot maid Irona and his butler Cadbury . Supporting characters ( edit ) Rich family ( edit ) Mr. Richard Rich Sr. -- Richie 's father ; an industrialist ( first appearance Little Dot # 3 ) Mrs. Regina Rich -- Richie 's mother ( first appearance Little Dot # 1 ) Aunt Noovo Rich ( a pun on the French term nouveau riche ) -- Richie 's wealthy but very eccentric aunt who is crazy about posting signs ; has a tendency to show off her wealth . While few of Richie 's aunts and uncles are clarified to be paternal or maternal , Aunt Noovo is known to be his paternal aunt , Mr. Rich 's sister . Uncle Titus - Although just as wealthy as the rest of the family , Uncle Titus is fanatical about saving money ; he typically wears the most threadbare of clothes makes every conceivable effort to avoid spending money , to the extent that his house is equipped with an alarm that goes off if he carelessly leaves the house with `` too much '' money . Some in the family have nicknamed him `` tightwad Tite - wad , '' a name he accepts with good humor . Aunt Mintley -- Oft - bewildered aristocrat . Aunt Cleo -- animal lover . Uncle Worry -- Richie 's uncle , former coach of a professional football team known for its long losing streak . Uncle Stormy -- Another of Richie 's uncles , whom Richie initially mistakes for an impostor named Blackie Bludsoe in one issue . Dollar -- Rich family dog , a `` Dollarmatian '' ( like a Dalmatian , but with dollar signs instead of spots ) . Van Dough family ( edit ) Reginald `` Reggie '' Van Dough Jr . -- Richie 's mean cousin , known for playing constant pranks on everyone , most notably Richie and his family , which causes his father to punish him . Treats his servants shabbily ( often by calling them `` peasant , '' which causes them to call him `` monster '' , but they swiftly correct themselves and call him Master ) . ( first appearance Little Dot # 2 ) Reginald Van Dough Sr. -- Mrs. Rich 's brother and Reggie 's father , often angered with Reggie 's non-stop pranks , and often punishes him for them ( usually by spanking ) . Vanessa Van Dough -- Reggie 's mother ; not as quick to punish Reggie for his pranks , but she does n't tolerate Reggie 's unabashed cruelty either . Penny Van Dough -- Reggie 's baby sister , she talks only in `` baby talk . '' The curl on her head is shaped like a dollar sign . Richie 's friends ( edit ) Gloria Glad -- Richie 's redhead crush , notorious for her regular refusal of the many luxurious gifts Richie offers , and for her disdain for the open display of money , diamonds and other forms of wealth in Richie 's household , despite his efforts to conceal it from her . Regardless , she always wins his attentions in comparison to Mayda Munny . Mayda Munny -- ( whose name is a play on the phrase `` made of money '' ) Richie 's snobby ravenette wannabe - girlfriend , who never wins his attentions ; like the Riches and Van Doughs , her family is fabulously wealthy . Immensely jealous of Gloria , and often angry when her plans to snare Richie 's attention backfire on her . Like Reggie , Mayda is snobbish and addresses those beneath her as `` peasant '' . Freckles and Pee - Wee Friendly -- Richie 's poor but most - prized friends ( first appearance Little Dot # 2 ) Billy Bellhops -- A redheaded boy who worked as a bellhop at his father 's hotel . Premiered in `` Richie Rich and Billy Bellhops '' in 1977 but was short - lived . Timmy Time -- An extraterrestrial boy who time - travels to present - day Earth with his robot friend Traveler ( landing on the Riches ' private beach ) from the year 2019 in search of tholarine , a substance he needs for spaceship fuel back in 2019 . Premiered in `` Richie Rich and Timmy Time '' in 1977 but was short - lived . Rich employees ( edit ) Herbert Arthur Runcible Cadbury -- The Riches ' butler who attends to the Rich estate . British born , Cadbury gives the image of propriety and servility . When need demands , however , he becomes a tough , gun - toting man of action . He is also a master hypnotist , ventriloquist and wood - carver . Irona -- The Riches ' robot maid and Richie 's bodyguard Bascomb -- The Riches ' chauffeur Chef Pierre -- The Riches ' chef extraordinaire Mr. Cheepers -- Mr. Rich 's accountant Mr. Woody -- The incompetent Rich estate carpenter whose work falls apart with a light touch Nurse Jenny -- The Rich family nurse ; was Richie 's nanny when he was a baby Professor Keenbean -- The head of the Rich research and development department and Richie 's personal tutor Professor Mindblow -- A worker at the research and development department . Chadwick -- The Riches ' assistant butler Minnie Mintz -- One of the Riches ' cooks Captain Fuzzby -- A member of the Riches ' estate police Villains ( edit ) The Onion -- A recurring villain with horrible onion - powered breath capable of knocking victims unconscious with a trademark `` hashoo ! '' Dr. Robert Blemish -- A recurring villain , an evil genius scientist and nemesis of Prof. Keenbean . Dr. N-R - Gee -- A recurring villain with the distinguishing feature of a huge red light bulb for a head , caused when scientist Phil Lament ( a pun referring to a light bulb 's `` filament '' ) suffered an electrical accident in his lab . The Condor -- A billionaire mastermind with his own terrorist army , and the Rich Family 's worst enemy , whose only desire is to take over Mr. Rich 's empire . In other media ( edit ) Animated TV series ( edit ) Beginning in 1980 , Richie Rich appeared in his own Saturday morning cartoon show , Richie Rich where Richie Rich was voiced by Christian Hoff and then Sparky Marcus . The show aired on The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show from 1980 -- 82 and The Pac - Man / Little Rascals / Richie Rich Show from 1982 -- 84 . In the animated version , Richie and his pals are somewhat older , around 12 years old . In the cartoon , Richie wears a red sweater with the letter `` R '' in front . Gloria was voiced by Nancy Cartwright , with the voice talents of Dick Beals as Reggie Van Dough , William Callaway as Professor Keanbean , Joan Gerber as Irona and Regina Rich , Christian Hoff as Freckles and Pee - Wee , Stanley Jones as Cadbury and Mr. Rich , and Frank Welker as Dollar . In 1996 , the second and most recent Richie Rich animated television series aired in non-network syndication , starring Katie Leigh as the voice Richie Rich and Irona . The series ran for 13 episodes and portrayed Richie in his `` classic '' tuxedo outfit . The show also features the voice talents of Jeannie Elias as Freckles , Gloria Glad , Reggie Van Dough , and Pee - Wee , René Auberjonois as Richard Rich , Chef Pierre , and Professor Keanbean , Pat Fraley as Dollar , Martin Jarvis as Cadbury and Bascomb , and Susan Silo as Regina Rich . Richie Rich was parodied in the Adult Swim cartoon Robot Chicken with the TV show MTV Cribs , where the character is portrayed as a playboy and a rapper , and he shows his house on the same style as the MTV show . Live action TV series ( edit ) Netflix debuted a 2015 half - hour comedy series titled Richie Rich with Jake Brennan starring as Richie Rich , along with Joshua Carlon , Jenna Ortega , Lauren Taylor , Kiff VandenHeuvel , and Brooke Wexler . The show is executive produced by Jeff Hodsden and Tim Pollack , from The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and A.N.T. Farm . The show is produced by DreamWorks Animation . Movies ( edit ) Richie Rich , a live action film adaptation , was released in 1994 , with Macaulay Culkin as the titular character , Edward Herrmann as Richard Rich , Christine Ebersole as Regina Rich , Jonathan Hyde as Cadbury , Michael McShane as Professor Keanbean , John Larroquette as the evil Laurence Van Dough , and Frank Welker providing special vocal effects . It was produced by Silver Pictures Davis Entertainment and released by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment label . A live - action sequel , Richie Rich 's Christmas Wish , followed in 1998 . This film starred David Gallagher as the titular character replacing Macaulay Culkin , Martin Mull as Richard Rich , Lesley Ann Warren as Regina Rich , Keene Curtis as Cadbury , Don McLeod as Irona , Michelle Trachtenberg as Gloria , Eugene Levy as Professor Keanbean , and Jake Richardson as Reggie Van Dough . Titles published ( edit ) Published by Harvey Comics unless otherwise noted Richie Rich vol. 1 ( Nov. 1960 -- Jan. 1991 ) -- 254 issues vol. 2 ( Mar. 1991 -- Nov. 1994 ) -- 28 issues Richie Rich Adventure Digest Richie Rich and ... ( Oct. 1987 -- May 1990 ) -- 11 issues ; each issue had a different guest star whose name became a part of the title for that issue only Richie Rich and Billy Bellhops Richie Rich and Cadbury ( Oct. 1977 -- Jan. 1991 ) -- 29 issues Richie Rich and Casper ( Aug. 1974 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 45 issues Richie Rich and Casper in 3 - D Richie Rich and Dollar ( Sept. 1977 -- Aug. 1982 ) -- 24 issues Richie Rich and Little Dot Richie Rich and Gloria ( Sept. 1977 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 25 issues Richie Rich and His Girlfriends ( Apr. 1979 -- Dec. 1982 ) -- 16 issues Richie Rich and Jackie Jokers ( Nov. 1973 -- Dec. 1982 ) -- 48 issues Richie Rich and New Kids on the Block Richie Rich and Professor Keenbean Richie Rich and Reggie Richie Rich and Timmy Time Richie Rich Bank Book ( Oct. 1972 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 59 issues Richie Rich Best of the Years Digest Richie Rich Big Book Richie Rich Big Bucks Richie Rich Billions ( Oct. 1974 -- Oct. 1982 ) -- 48 issues Richie Rich Cash ( Sept. 1974 -- Aug. 1982 ) -- 47 issues Richie Rich Cash Money Richie Rich , Casper , and Wendy Richie Rich Diamonds ( Aug. 1972 -- Aug. 1982 ) -- 59 issues Richie Rich Digest ( Oct. 1986 -- Oct. 1994 ) -- 42 issues Richie Rich Digest Stories ( Oct. 1977 -- Oct. 1982 ) -- 17 issues Richie Rich Digest Winners ( Dec. 1977 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 16 issues Richie Rich Dollars and Cents ( Aug. 1963 -- Aug. 1982 ) -- 109 issues Richie Rich Fortunes ( Sept. 1971 -- July 1982 ) -- 63 issues Richie Rich Gems ( Sept. 1974 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 43 issues Richie Rich Giant Size Richie Rich Gold and Silver ( Sept. 1975 -- Oct. 1982 ) -- 42 issues Richie Rich Gold Nuggets Digest Richie Rich Holiday Digest Richie Rich Inventions ( Oct. 1977 -- Oct. 1982 ) -- 26 issues Richie Rich Jackpots ( Oct. 1972 -- Aug. 1982 ) -- 58 issues Richie Rich Million Dollar Digest Richie Rich Millions ( Sept. 1961 -- Oct. 1982 ) -- 113 issues Richie Rich Money World ( Sept. 1972 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 59 issues Richie Rich Money World Digest Richie Rich Movie Adaptation Richie Rich Profits ( Oct. 1974 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 47 issues Richie Rich Relics Richie Rich Riches ( July 1972 -- Aug. 1982 ) -- 59 issues Richie Rich Success Stories ( Nov. 1964 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 105 issues Richie Rich Summer Bonanza Richie Rich Treasure Chest Digest Richie Rich Vacation Digest Richie Rich Vacation Digest Magazine Richie Rich Vacation Digest ' 93 Magazine Richie Rich Vaults of Mystery ( Nov. 1974 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 47 issues Richie Rich Zillionz ( Oct. 1976 -- Sept. 1982 ) -- 33 issues SupeRichie See also ( edit ) Rollo ( in Nancy ) Wilbur Van Snobbe ( in Little Lulu ) Lord Snooty ( in The Beano UK Comics ) Royal Roy , ( a Star Comics answer to Richie Rich ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Richie Rich ( Harvey comic book ) . Page 1 '' . Comicvine.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show , Vol . One '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Rich Feature Film DVD ( 1994 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The $ Sign '' , Richie Rich # 20 , November 1963 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Richie Rich ' Comics Return , '' ICv2 ( Oct. 9 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Markstein , Don . Richie Rich , the Poor Little Rich Boy at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Accessed May 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From the Ashes : Charlton and Harvey to Resume Publishing This Spring , '' The Comics Journal # 97 ( April 1985 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Upon learning his father transferred all his employees and substituted robots , `` You mean they had to leave Harveyville ? This wonderful town ? '' `` The Revolting Machines , '' Little Dot 118 , August 1968 Jump up ^ `` The Talking Dots '' , Richie Rich Millions # 25 , October 1967 . Jump up ^ Solicitation language from Richie Rich Digest Vol. 3 : Just Desserts & Other Stories , published by Ape Entertainment . Accessed Dec. 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Bellhops '' . Comicvine.com . Jump up ^ `` Timmy Time '' . Toonpedia.com . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ; Bennett , Anita ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Orders Live Action ' Richie Rich ' Series From AwesomenessTV ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Richie Rich on IMDb Richie Rich at the Comic Book DB Richie Rich TV series 1980 series 1996 series 2015 series Films Richie Rich Richie Rich 's Christmas Wish Forbes Fictional 15 2002 Santa Claus Richie Rich Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Scrooge McDuck Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Bruce Wayne Lex Luthor J.R. Ewing Auric Goldfinger C. Montgomery Burns Charles Foster Kane Cruella de Vil Gordon Gekko Jay Gatsby 2005 Santa Claus Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Richie Rich Lex Luthor C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Jed Clampett Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Arthur Bach Ebenezer Scrooge Lara Croft Cruella de Vil Lucius Malfoy 2006 Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Jed Clampett Mr. Monopoly Bruce Wayne Tony Stark Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Tony Montana Lara Croft Mario 2007 Scrooge McDuck Ming the Merciless Richie Rich Mom Jed Clampett C. Montgomery Burns Carter Pewterschmidt Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Tony Stark Fake Steve Jobs Gomez Addams Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Princess Peach 2008 Uncle Sam Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Gordon Gekko Jabba the Hutt Ebenezer Scrooge Tony Stark Thurston Howell III Bruce Wayne Adrian Veidt Jed Clampett Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Carlisle Cullen Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Tony Stark Jed Clampett Adrian Veidt Bruce Wayne Tooth fairy Thurston Howell III Sir Topham Hatt Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Jay Gatsby Lucille Bluth 2011 Scrooge McDuck Carlisle Cullen Artemis Fowl II Richie Rich Jed Clampett Tony Stark Smaug Bruce Wayne Mr. Monopoly Arthur Bach Jo Bennett C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Gordon Gekko Jeffrey Lebowski 2012 Smaug Flintheart Glomgold Carlisle Cullen Jed Clampett Tony Stark Richie Rich Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Forrest Gump Mr. Monopoly Lisbeth Salander Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Robert Crawley Jo Bennett 2013 Scrooge McDuck Smaug Carlisle Cullen Tony Stark Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Richie Rich Christian Grey Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Walden Schmidt Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Mary Crawley Jay Gatsby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richie_Rich_(comics)&oldid=799946767 '' Categories : Harvey Comics series and characters Harvey Comics titles Child characters in comics Comics characters introduced in 1953 1960 comics debuts Humor comics American comics adapted into films Comics adapted into television series DreamWorks Classics Animated human characters Comics characters in television American comics characters Fictional American people Fictional businesspeople Comics spin - offs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the dog in richie rich	[ "Dollar – Rich family dog, a \"Dollarmatian\" (like a Dalmatian, but with dollar signs instead of spots)." ]	[ "Dollar" ]
-6645561854193501810	Justice League (soundtrack)	Justice League ( Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Justice League ( Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Justice League Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman Released November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) ( digital ) December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( physical ) Recorded 2017 Genre Soundtrack Length 101 : 22 Label WaterTower Music Producer Danny Elfman Danny Elfman chronology The Circle ( 2017 ) The Circle 2017 Justice League ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Fifty Shades Freed 2018 DC Extended Universe soundtrack chronology Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Wonder Woman 2017 Justice League ( 2017 ) Justice League2017 Singles from Justice League `` Come Together '' Released : September 7 , 2017 Justice League is the soundtrack to the film of the same name composed by Danny Elfman . It was released on November 10 , 2017 by WaterTower Music . The physical edition was released on December 8 , 2017 by WaterTower . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Danny Elfman , except where noted . Though not included in the soundtrack , the theatrical cut features a brief excerpt of the piece `` Krypton '' ( `` Look To The Stars '' on the 2013 CD release ) , which Hans Zimmer composed for Man of Steel . It is the only use of Zimmer 's Superman theme in the film . No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Everybody Knows '' ( Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson ) Sigrid 4 : 25 2 . `` The Justice League Theme -- Logos '' 0 : 48 3 . `` Hero 's Theme '' 4 : 17 4 . `` Batman on the Roof '' ( includes elements of the `` 1989 Batman Theme '' and `` Men Are Still Good '' ) 2 : 34 5 . `` Enter Cyborg '' 2 : 00 6 . `` Wonder Woman Rescue '' ( includes elements of `` Is She with You ? '' ) 2 : 43 7 . `` Hippolyta 's Arrow '' 1 : 16 8 . `` The Story of Steppenwolf '' 2 : 59 9 . `` The Amazon Mother Box '' ( includes elements of `` Is She with You ? '' ) 4 : 33 10 . `` Cyborg Meets Diana '' 2 : 36 11 . `` Aquaman in Atlantis '' 2 : 39 12 . `` Then There Were Three '' ( includes elements of the `` 1989 Batman Theme '' ) 1 : 10 13 . `` The Tunnel Fight '' ( includes elements of the `` 1989 Batman Theme '' ) 6 : 24 14 . `` The World Needs Superman '' 1 : 00 15 . `` Spark of The Flash '' 2 : 18 16 . `` Friends and Foes '' ( includes elements of John Williams ' `` Superman Theme '' from Superman ) 4 : 14 17 . `` Justice League United '' 1 : 24 18 . `` Home '' 3 : 24 19 . `` Bruce and Diana '' 1 : 06 20 . `` The Final Battle '' ( includes elements of the `` 1989 Batman Theme '' and John Williams ' `` Superman Theme '' ) 6 : 14 21 . `` A New Hope '' 4 : 36 22 . `` Anti-Hero's Theme '' 5 : 35 23 . `` Come Together '' ( Lennon -- McCartney ) Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL 3 : 13 24 . `` Icky Thump '' ( Jack White ) The White Stripes 4 : 14 25 . `` The Tunnel Fight ( Full Length ) '' ( includes elements of the `` 1989 Batman Theme '' ) 10 : 58 26 . `` The Final Battle ( Full Length ) '' ( includes elements of the `` 1989 Batman Theme '' and John Williams ' `` Superman Theme '' ) 12 : 57 27 . `` Mother Russia '' 1 : 45 Total length : 101 : 22 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 186 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) 11 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WaterTower Music to Release Danny Elfman 's ' Justice League ' Soundtrack '' . Film Music Reporter . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official site Justice League franchise media Animated television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Justice League Unlimited Batman : The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles Justice League Action DC Super Hero Girls Animated featured films Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies Animated shorts DC Super Friends DC Nation Shorts DC Super Hero Girls Live - action television Justice League ( Smallville ) Live - action featured films Legends of the Superheroes Justice League of America DC Extended Universe Justice League Video games Justice League Task Force Justice League : Injustice for All Justice League : Chronicles Justice League Heroes Justice League Heroes United Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Injustice 2 Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure Young Justice : Legacy Attractions Justice League : Alien Invasion 3D Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Lego related Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite Batman Be-Leaguered Justice League vs. Bizarro League Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom Justice League : Cosmic Clash Justice League : Gotham City Breakout Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham The Lego Batman Movie The Flash Aquaman : Rage of Atlantis DC Extended Universe Films Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad accolades Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Shazam ! Music Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad `` Heathens '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Gangsta '' Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' Justice League Related Cast Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justice_League_(soundtrack)&oldid=821117189 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks Film scores Danny Elfman soundtracks WaterTower Music soundtracks Justice League in other media DC Extended Universe soundtracks Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 14 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings everybody knows at the beginning of justice league	[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle\nArtist(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Everybody Knows\" (Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson)\nSigrid\n4:25\n\n\n2.\n\"The Justice League Theme – Logos\"\n \n0:48\n\n\n3.\n\"Hero's Theme\"\n \n4:17\n\n\n4.\n\"Batman on the Roof\" (includes elements of the \"1989 Batman Theme\" and \"Men Are Still Good\")\n \n2:34\n\n\n5.\n\"Enter Cyborg\"\n \n2:00\n\n\n6.\n\"Wonder Woman Rescue\" (includes elements of \"Is She with You?\")\n \n2:43\n\n\n7.\n\"Hippolyta's Arrow\"\n \n1:16\n\n\n8.\n\"The Story of Steppenwolf\"\n \n2:59\n\n\n9.\n\"The Amazon Mother Box\" (includes elements of \"Is She with You?\")\n \n4:33\n\n\n10.\n\"Cyborg Meets Diana\"\n \n2:36\n\n\n11.\n\"Aquaman in Atlantis\"\n \n2:39\n\n\n12.\n\"Then There Were Three\" (includes elements of the \"1989 Batman Theme\")\n \n1:10\n\n\n13.\n\"The Tunnel Fight\" (includes elements of the \"1989 Batman Theme\")\n \n6:24\n\n\n14.\n\"The World Needs Superman\"\n \n1:00\n\n\n15.\n\"Spark of The Flash\"\n \n2:18\n\n\n16.\n\"Friends and Foes\" (includes elements of John Williams' \"Superman Theme\" from Superman)\n \n4:14\n\n\n17.\n\"Justice League United\"\n \n1:24\n\n\n18.\n\"Home\"\n \n3:24\n\n\n19.\n\"Bruce and Diana\"\n \n1:06\n\n\n20.\n\"The Final Battle\" (includes elements of the \"1989 Batman Theme\" and John Williams' \"Superman Theme\")\n \n6:14\n\n\n21.\n\"A New Hope\"\n \n4:36\n\n\n22.\n\"Anti-Hero's Theme\"\n \n5:35\n\n\n23.\n\"Come Together\" (Lennon–McCartney)\nGary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL\n3:13\n\n\n24.\n\"Icky Thump\" (Jack White)\nThe White Stripes\n4:14\n\n\n25.\n\"The Tunnel Fight (Full Length)\" (includes elements of the \"1989 Batman Theme\")\n \n10:58\n\n\n26.\n\"The Final Battle (Full Length)\" (includes elements of the \"1989 Batman Theme\" and John Williams' \"Superman Theme\")\n \n12:57\n\n\n27.\n\"Mother Russia\"\n \n1:45\n\n\nTotal length:\n101:22\n\n" ]	[ "Sigrid" ]
9102429333776717136	Child custody	Child custody - wikipedia Child custody Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Family law Family Marriage and other equivalent or similar unions and status Marriage Types of marriages Prenuptial agreement Cohabitation Concubinage Common - law marriage Civil union Domestic partnership Validity of marriages Void and Voidable marriages Annulment Dissolution of marriages Divorce Adultery Grounds for divorce No - fault divorce Matrimonial Causes Act Legal separation Alimony Parenting plan Residence ( UK ( E.W. and NI ) ) Parental rights Custody Evaluator ( U.S. ) Parenting coordinator ( U.S. ) Other issues Paternity Legitimacy Child custody Legal guardian Adoption Child support Contact & visitation CAFCASS ( UK ( E.W. ) ) Grandparent visitation U.N. Rights of the Child Children 's rights Emancipation Foster care Ward Parental child abduction Private international law Private international law Divorce Marriage Hague Convention ( adoption ) International child abduction Hague Convention ( child abduction ) Hague Convention ( maintenance ) Family and criminal code ( or criminal law ) Paternity fraud Bigamy CPS ( U.S. ) Child abuse Domestic violence Incest Child - selling Child custody and legal guardianship are legal terms which are used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent or guardian and a child in that person 's care , such as the right to make decisions on behalf of a child and the duty to care for and support the child . Following ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in most countries , terms such as parental responsibility , `` residence '' and `` contact '' ( also known as `` visitation '' , `` conservatorship '' or `` parenting time '' in the United States ) have superseded the concepts of `` custody '' and `` access '' in some member nations . Instead of a parent having `` custody '' of or `` access '' to a child , a child is now said to `` reside '' or have `` contact '' with a parent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Issues 1.1 Parental conflict 1.2 Jurisdiction 1.3 Gender 2 Physical 2.1 Forms 2.2 Joint 2.3 Sole 2.4 Custodial parents 2.5 Non-custodial parents 3 Legal 4 The `` best interest '' rule 4.1 Problems with the `` best interest '' rule 5 Australia 6 United States 6.1 The colonial era and early republic : 1630 - 1830 6.2 The nineteenth century 6.3 The early twentieth century 6.4 The late twentieth and early twenty - first centuries 7 See also 8 References Issues ( edit ) Residence and contact issues typically arise in proceedings involving divorce ( dissolution of marriage ) , annulment , and other legal proceedings where children may be involved . In most jurisdictions the issue of which parent the child will reside with is determined in accordance with the best interests of the child standard . Parental conflict ( edit ) Family law proceedings that involve issues of residence and contact often generate the most acrimonious disputes . While most parents cooperate when it comes to sharing their children and resort to mediation to settle a dispute , not all do . For those that engage in litigation , there seem to be few limits . Court filings quickly fill with mutual accusations by one parent against the other , including sexual , physical , and emotional abuse , brain - washing , parental alienation syndrome , sabotage , and manipulation . Custody battles are not in the child 's best interest and are often used by an angry parent in order to control his / her former partner . In some places , courts and legal professionals are beginning to use the term parenting schedule instead of custody and visitation . The new terminology eliminates the distinction between custodial and noncustodial parents , and also attempts to build upon the best interests of the children by crafting schedules that meet the developmental needs of the children . For example , younger children need shorter , more frequent time with parents , whereas older children and teenagers may demand less frequent shifts yet longer blocks of time with each parent . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Forum shopping to gain advantage occurs both between nations and where laws and practices differ between areas within a nation , The Hague Convention seeks to avoid this , also in the United States of America , the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act was adopted by all 50 states , family law courts were forced to defer jurisdiction to the home state . Gender ( edit ) As the roles of children have changed over the past couple of centuries from economic assets to individuals , so has the role of mothers and fathers in who would provide the best care for the child . Many courts and judges lean more towards the maternal figure when there is a trial for custody of a child . According to Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families study done at UCLA , women allocate about 13.9 hours a week to child care while men allocate about 7 hours a week . Additionally , according to the Current Population Survey , in 2013 , custodial mothers were more likely to have child support agreements ( 52.3 percent ) comparative to custodial fathers ( 31.4 percent ) . Women 's and father 's rights activists often become involved in matters of child custody since the issue of equal parenting is controversial , most of the time combining the interests of the child with those of the mothers or fathers . Women 's rights activists are concerned about `` family violence , recognizing primary caregiving , and inequities associated with awarding legal joint custody without a corresponding responsibility for child care involvement '' . Father 's rights activists are more concerned about their `` disenfranchisement from children 's lives , the importance of parent - child attachment , combating parental alienation , and access enforcement '' . Courts can not determine an individual child 's best interests with certainty , and judges are `` forced to rely on their own interpretations of children 's interests , and idiosyncratic biases and subjective value - based judgments , including gender bias '' . Judges are currently using the ' best interest of the child ' standard that was made to consider the interests of the child before the mothers and fathers , including the child 's mental , emotional , physical , religious , and social needs . Child poverty , lack of resources , and women 's economic dependence on men all remain pressing issues that are not effectively noted during the custody trials . Physical ( edit ) Physical custody involves the day - to - day care of a child and establishes where a child will live . If a parent has physical custody of a child , that parent 's home will normally be the legal residence ( domicile ) of the minor child . In custody cases , the schedule for which parent provides lodging and care for the child is defined by a court - ordered custody schedule ( also known as a `` parenting plan '' or `` parenting schedule '' ) . Forms ( edit ) Forms of physical custody include , Alternating custody , an arrangement whereby the child or children live for an extended period of time with one parent and an alternate amount of time with the other parent . This type of arrangement is also referred to as Divided custody . Shared custody , an arrangement whereby the child / children live for an extended period of time with one parent , and then for a similar amount of time with the other parent . Opposite to alternating custody , both parents retain authority over the child or children . Bird 's nest custody , an arrangement whereby the parents go back and forth from a residence in which the child / children reside , placing the burden of upheaval and movement on the parents rather than the child or children . Joint custody , an arrangement whereby both parents share physical custody . ( la garde conjointe in French ) Sole custody ( la garde exclusive in French ) , an arrangement whereby only one parent has physical custody of the child or children . Split custody ( la garde divisée in French ) , an arrangement whereby one parent has full - time custody over some children , and the other parent has full custody over the other children . Third - party custody , an arrangement whereby the children do not remain with either biological parent , and are placed under the custody of a third person . Joint ( edit ) Joint physical custody involves a court order that awards custody of a child to both parties . In joint custody , both parents are custodial parents and neither parent is a non-custodial parent ; in other words , the child has two custodial parents . If a child has legal residence with both parents , the parents share `` joint physical custody '' and each parent is said to be a `` custodial parent '' . Thus , in joint physical custody , neither parent is said to be a `` non-custodial parent . '' In some jurisdictions the term `` visitation '' is no longer used in joint custody cases , but is instead used only for sole custody orders . In some jurisdictions , `` joint physical custody '' creates a presumption of `` equal shared parenting '' . However , in most states , joint physical custody only creates an obligation to provide each of the parents with `` significant periods '' of physical custody so as to assure the child of `` frequent and continuing contact '' with both parents . Courts have not clearly defined what `` significant periods '' and `` frequent and continuous contact '' mean , which requires parents to litigate to find out . Many jurisdictions recognize two forms of joint custody : joint physical custody , and joint legal custody . In joint legal custody , both parents share the ability to have access to educational , health , and other records , and have equal decision - making status where the welfare of the child is concerned . In joint physical custody , which would include joint physical care , actual lodging and care of the child is shared according to a court - ordered custody schedule ( also known as a parenting plan or parenting schedule ) . Other terms may be used instead of visitation , such as `` time share '' or `` parenting time '' . In some states joint physical custody creates a presumption of equal shared parenting , however in most states , joint physical custody creates an obligation to provide each of the parents with `` significant periods '' of physical custody so as to assure the child of `` frequent and continuing contact '' with both parents . For example , U.S. states such as Alabama , California , and Texas do not necessarily require joint custody orders to result in substantially equal parenting time , whereas states such as Arizona , Georgia , and Louisiana do require joint custody orders to result in substantially equal parenting time where feasible . Courts have not clearly defined what `` significant periods '' and `` frequent and continuous contact '' mean , which requires parents to litigate to find out . It is important to note that joint physical custody and joint legal custody are different aspects of custody , and determination is often made separately in many states ' divorce courts . E.g. , it is possible to have joint legal custody , but for one parent to have sole physical custody In some states this is referred to as Custodial Parent and Non-Custodial Parent . Also , where there is joint physical custody , terms of art such as `` primary custodial parent '' and `` primary residence '' have no legal meaning other than for determining tax status , and both parents are still custodial parents . Sole ( edit ) Sole physical custody means that a child shall reside with and be under the supervision of one parent , subject to the power of the court to order visitation . Physical custody involves the day - to - day care of a child and establishes where a child will live . A parent with physical custody has the right to have his / her child live with him / her . If a child lives with only one parent , that parent has sole physical custody and is said to be the custodial parent . The other parent is said to be the non-custodial parent , and may have visitation rights or visitation with his / her child . Usually the parent who is believed to value child quality more than the other is the one granted sole custody , leaving the high - valuation parent with the best incentives . Custodial parents ( edit ) A custodial parent is a parent who is given physical and / or legal custody of a child by court order . A child - custody determination means a judgment , decree , or other order of a court providing for the legal custody , physical custody , or visitation with respect to a child . The term includes a permanent , temporary , initial , and modification order . The term does not include an order relating to child support or other monetary obligation of an individual . Where the child will live with both parents , joint physical custody is ordered , and both parents are custodial parents . Where the child will only live with one of the parents , sole physical custody is ordered , and the parent with which the child lives is the custodial parent , the other parent is the non-custodial parent . Non-custodial parents ( edit ) A non-custodial parent is a parent who does not have physical and / or legal custody of his / her child by court order . A child - custody determination means a judgment , decree , or other order of a court providing for the legal custody , physical custody , or visitation with respect to a child . The term includes a permanent , temporary , initial , and modification order . The term does not include an order relating to child support or other monetary obligation of an individual . Where the child will only live with one of the parents , sole physical custody is ordered , and the parent with which the child lives is the custodial parent , the other parent is the noncustodial parent . Note , however , where the child will live with both parents , joint physical custody is ordered , and both parent are custodial parents . Legal ( edit ) Legal custody involves the division of rights between the parents to make important life decisions relating to their minor children . Such decisions may include choice of a child 's school , choice of physician , whether the child should attend therapy and with what therapist , and decisions relating to medical and orthodontic treatment . Legal custody may be joint , in which case both parents share decision - making rights , or sole , in which case one parent is vested with the rights to make those key decisions without regard to the contrary wishes of other other parent . The `` best interest '' rule ( edit ) In the context of cases regarding custody , the `` best interest '' rule suggests that all legal decisions made to accommodate the child are made with the goal of ensuring a child 's happiness , security and overall well being . There are many different factors that go into the decision that is made in a child 's best interest , which include the child 's health , environment and social interests . Problems with the `` best interest '' rule ( edit ) The `` best interest '' rule has been considered to be a standard in determining child custody for the most recent 40 years in history . Although it has been so widely favored amongst legal systems , there are some deficiencies to the concept . Robert Mnookin , an American lawyer , author , and a Professor of Law at Harvard Law School , claimed that the best interest rule is indeterminate . It is considered to be a broad and vague set of guidelines that only leads to increased conflict amongst the parents instead of promoting cooperation that would actually lead to the best interest of the child being met . Some of these problems specifically include : The current test for best interest generates high costs , which can impose on both the court and opposing parties . The verifiability of the best interest standard is hard to achieve . The privacy of family life makes assessing the evidence provided difficult . The best interests standard only worsens the problem , in which both parties are encouraged to introduce evidence of the quality of their parenting ( which also promotes trying to disprove the opposing party 's capabilities of taking the child into custody ) . In an example of divorce , both parties are experiencing high levels of stress , which could make for a poor basis for assessing family behaviors and relationships . In order to better analyze the `` best interest '' of children , several experiments were conducted to observe the opinions of children themselves . Children of divorce were found to want equal time with both of their parents . Studies conducted by Wallerstein , Lewis and Blakeslee ( 2002 ) show that children from all age ranges indicate that equal or shared parenting is of their best interest 93 percent of the time . Several other studies were able to produce similar results , including Smart ( 2002 ) , Fabricus and Hall ( 2003 ) , Parkinson , and Cashmore and Single ( 2003 ) . As a result , there has been a push to allow for joint custody of children in the most recent years , which strives to best meet the interests of the children and most evidently favors a gender neutral stance on the custody issue . However , the decision is highly situational , for joint custody can only be achieved in the absence of certain exceptions . For example , history of domestic violence found from either parent can most certainly trump the possibility of joint custody for a child . Australia ( edit ) Each parent has a responsibility under the Australian Family Law Act for their child / ren . In cases of separation or dysfunction between two parents the parental responsibility does n't change . In the case of divorce or separation of parents many hurdles can fall in the way regarding the custody of their children , deciding who will be the custodial parent and so forth . In Australia when parents ca n't come to an agreement which meets both of their needs when it comes to the custody of their child / ren cases are taken to court which happens in more scenarios than expected . When parents ca n't agree on these arrangements and take matters to court , the court makes orders about parental responsibilities , they have the power to approve and make consent orders . United states ( edit ) Main article : Child custody laws in the United States Looking at the history of child custody demonstrates how the views of children and the relationship between husbands and wives have changed over time . The view of children has changed from economic assets to individuals with their own interests . Fathers were also once seen as the head of the household compared to today , when fathers and mothers have more equal standing in the care of their children . The colonial era and early republic : 1630 - 1830 ( edit ) During this time period , custodial issues arose with occasions other than divorce such as the death of the father or both parents , inability of parents to care for the children , or with situations involving illegitimate children . Children at the time were seen as economic assets with labor value . In addition to this , the only other important consideration in determining custody was the ability of the adults to supervise and raise the child . Widows would lose their children because they would not be able to support them . These children would be taken from the mother and given to another family that would support the child in return for the child 's labor services . Otherwise , fathers were seen as the head of the household and had complete custody rights to children . The nineteenth century ( edit ) The view of children as servants to their fathers and economic assets began to change in the nineteenth century . Children were seen to have interests of their own that were often associated with the care of a nurturing mother . The women 's movement of the time also fought for women 's right to child custody in their campaign . Judges eventually began to favor the `` best interests of the child , '' which , especially for young and female children , was associated with mothers . Maternal presumption was judicially developed through legislature such as the `` Tender Years Doctrine '' that presumed that children should be placed with their mothers in custody debates . Granting custody to the father was seen `` to hold nature in contempt , and snatch helpless , puling infancy from the bosom of an affectionate mother , and place it in the coarse hands of the father '' when the mother was `` the softest and safest nurse of infancy '' . This maternal presumption continued for over a hundred years . The only exception to maternal presumption was if the mother was considered to be `` unfit . '' Most often , this occurred when women had committed adultery or left their husband . The early twentieth century ( edit ) By the early twentieth century , divorce cases became more common , and custody disputed simultaneously became an issue that affected many families . With the changing attitudes of the Roaring 20 's , a woman 's sexual conduct no longer prevented her from receiving custody for her children . The double standard on sexual conduct of fathers and mothers was removed . The new rule according to Keezer on the Law of Marriage and Divorce stated that `` Where the children are of tender years , other things being equal , the mother is preferred as their custodian , and this more especially in the case of female children , and this though she may have been guilty of delinquencies in the past but there is no evidence that she was delinquent at the time of determining the matter by the court . '' The late twentieth and early twenty - first centuries ( edit ) In the late twentieth and early twenty - first centuries , divorce rates increased dramatically . Due to the nature of divorce , the rules governing child custody became increasingly difficult to determine . It was at this time that the idea of mothers being favored to gain custody of children in the event of a divorce was challenged . `` The simple fact of being a mother does not , by itself , indicate a capacity or willingness to render a quality of care different from that which the father can provide '' , a New York court stated in 1973 . It was at this time that the basis of the `` best interest rule '' was changed to address many aspects of the child 's care in order to promote gender neutrality in decisions regarding custody . These aspects include , but are not limited to , the child 's mental , emotional , physical , religious , and social needs . All children have the right to services that prevent them from physical or psychological harm . This means that when assessing the best interest of the child , it is not only important to assess the parents who are fighting for custody , but also the environments in which the child would be placed under the custody of either parent . In a situation where neither parent would be deemed an appropriate caretaker for a child , custody would be given to a foster care center . See also ( edit ) By country or culture Child custody laws in the United States Child support by country Divorce in Judaism Divorce of same - sex couples Residence in English law Shared residency in English law Other topics Breakup Coparenting Custodial parent Divorce Family court Family law Fathers ' rights Legal custody Mothers ' rights Noncustodial parent Parens patriae Parental alienation Parental alienation syndrome Parenting coordinator Parenting plan Physical custody Proxy abuse Shared parenting Supervised visitation Tender years doctrine Triangulation ( psychology ) Ward of the state References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Changes in Custody '' . DC.gov - Child Support Services Division . Washintgon D.C . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Detrick , Sharon ( 1999 ) . A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 176 . ISBN 9041112294 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNHCR Guidelines on Determining the Best Interests of the Child '' ( PDF ) . UNHCR . United Nations . May 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Crouch , John ( October 1999 ) . `` International Child Custody Cases '' . GPSolo . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Barry J. ( September 2014 ) . `` The Interstate Child : UCCJEA & UIFSA '' ( PDF ) . WICSEC . Western Interstate Child Support Enforcement Council . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bianchi , Suzanne ( November 2010 ) . `` Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families '' ( PDF ) . Focus on Workplace Flexibility . Jump up ^ Bureau , US Census . `` New Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support Report '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Kruk , Edward ( 2011 ) . `` A Model Equal Parental Responsibility Presumption in Contested Child Custody '' . The American Journal of Family Therapy . Jump up ^ Crowley , Joceplyn ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Taking Custody of Motherhood : Fathers ' Rights Activists and the Politics of Parenting '' . Women Studies Quarterly . JSTOR 27740591 . Jump up ^ Carol , B.S. ( 1 April 1976 ) . `` Who owns the child ? Divorce and child custody decisions in middle - class families '' . Social Problems . 23 ( 4 ) : 505 -- 515 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ See The Determination of Child Custody in the USA ( 1 ) written by Joan B. Kelly , Ph. D. for Stanford University ^ Jump up to : See the document published by the Canadian government here . The document is also available for download here ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , `` California Family Code , Sec. 3000 - 3007 '' . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Basics of Custody & Visitation Orders '' . California Courts . State of California . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Minnesota Presumptive Joint Physical Custody Group Report under House File 1262 ( 2008 ) Appendix B `` State Definitions of Joint Physical Custody '' Jump up ^ See e.g. , In re Marriage of Rose and Richardson ( App . 2 Dist. 2002 ) 102 Cal. App. 4th 941 . Moreover , several courts have also stated , `` The term ` primary physical custody ' has no legal meaning . '' ( In re Marriage of Biallas ( 1998 ) 65 Cal. App. 4th 755 , 759 citing Brody , Whealon , and Ruisi ; see also In re Marriage of Richardson , 102 Cal. App. 4th 941 , 945 , fn. 2 ; In re Marriage of Lasich ( 2002 ) 99 Cal. App. 4th 702 , 714 Jump up ^ `` Section 30 - 3 - 151 '' . Legislature.state.al.us . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Laws of New York '' . Public.leginfo.state.ny.us . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sole custody '' . Wex . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasul , Imran ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) . `` The Economics of Child Custody '' . Economica. 73 ( 289 ) : 1 -- 25 . ISSN 1468 - 0335 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0335.2006. 00445. x . ^ Jump up to : Uniform Child - Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act ( 1997 ) , Article 1 , Section 102 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Aaron ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` What is Child Custody '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dieringer , Jennifer K. ; Elsen , Susan R. ; Goldenhersh , Stephanie E. ( 2008 ) . `` Child Custody '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Legal Services . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , E ; Emery , R ( January 2014 ) . `` Gender Politics and Child Custody : The Puzzling Persistence of the Best - Interests Standard '' . Law and Contemporary Problems . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ J. , Wallerstein ; Lewis , J ; Blakeslee , S ( 2002 ) . `` The unexpected legacy of divorce . A 25 - year landmark study . '' ( PDF ) . Psychoanalytic Psychology . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kruk , Edward ( 2013 ) . The Equal Parent Presumption : Social Justice in the Legal Determination of Parenting After Divorce . Montreal ( Quebec ) : MQUP. 2013 . ISBN 9780773542914 . Jump up ^ `` If you ca n't agree on parenting arrangements '' . Family Court of Australia . 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Child Custody : Opposing Viewpoints . '' Child Custody . Ed . Dedria Bryfonski . Detroit : Greenhaven Press , 2011 . Opposing Viewpoints . Opposing Viewpoints in Context . Web . 5 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : MASON , MARY ANN . `` Divorce and Custody . '' Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood : In History and Society . Ed . Paula S. Fass . Vol. 1 . New York : Macmillan Reference USA , 2004 . 276 - 279 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 2009 ) . The Best Interests of Children : An Evidence - based Approach . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , Scholarly Publishing Division . Jump up ^ `` Tender Years Doctrine . '' West 's Encyclopedia of American Law . Ed . Shirelle Phelps and Jeffrey Lehman . 2nd ed . Vol. 9 . Detroit : Gale , 2005 . 457 - 458 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Estrada , R ; Marksamer , J ( March 2006 ) . `` The legal rights of LGBT youth in state custody : what child welfare and juvenile justice professionals need to know . '' . Child Welfare . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_custody&oldid=803657669 '' Categories : Adoption Child custody Juvenile law Divorce Family law Marriage Parenting Fathers ' rights Mothers ' rights Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Frysk 한국어 עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Română Русский Simple English Тоҷикӣ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 20 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is considered the custodial parent in joint custody	[ "Joint physical custody involves a court order that awards custody of a child to both parties. In joint custody, both parents are custodial parents and neither parent is a non-custodial parent; in other words, the child has two custodial parents." ]	[ "both parents" ]
4587254739216277736	Danny Trejo	Danny Trejo - wikipedia Danny Trejo Jump to : navigation , search Danny Trejo Trejo at the May 2017 Phoenix Comicon ( 1944 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1944 ( age 73 ) Echo Park , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1977 -- present Spouse ( s ) Debbie Shreve ( m . 1997 ; div. 2009 ) Children Relatives Robert Rodriguez ( second cousin ) Patricia Vonne ( second cousin ) Angela Lanza ( second cousin ) Danny Trejo ( / ˈtrɛhoʊ / ; Spanish : ( ˈtrexo ) ; born May 16 , 1944 ) is an American actor who has appeared in numerous Hollywood films , often as villains and antiheroes . His films include Heat ( 1995 ) , Con Air ( 1997 ) , and Desperado ( 1995 ) , the latter with frequent collaborator Robert Rodriguez . Trejo is perhaps most recognized as the character Machete , originally developed by Rodriguez for the Spy Kids series of movies and later expanded into Trejo 's own series of films aimed at a more adult audience . He has appeared in TV shows such as Breaking Bad , The X-Files , and Sons of Anarchy . He also appeared in the spoof movie Delta Farce as the killer Carlos Santana who in the movie keeps getting mistaken for the musician . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Films and television 2.2 Biopics 2.3 Games 2.4 Restaurants 3 Music videos 4 Personal life 4.1 Film 5 In other media 5.1 Comics 5.2 Games 5.3 Literature 5.4 Music 5.5 Cookbooks 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Trejo was born in the Echo Park neighborhood of Los Angeles , California , of Mexican ancestry . He is the son of Alice Rivera and Dan Trejo , a construction worker , and a second cousin of filmmaker Robert Rodriguez , though the two were unaware that they were related until the filming of Desperado . Prior to his film career Trejo worked as a labor foreman in construction . Throughout the 1960s , Trejo was in and out of jail and prison in California ; Trejo has suggested that his physical appearance contributed to his constantly getting into trouble . There are conflicting accounts of his prison chronology . By one account , his final term in custody ended in 1972 ; by another account , he did time in a juvenile offenders ' camp and six California prisons between 1959 and 1969 . He recalled that his last prison term was five years . While serving in San Quentin Prison , he became a champion boxer in that prison 's lightweight and welterweight divisions . During this time , Trejo became a member of a twelve - step program , which he credits with his success in overcoming drug addiction . In 2011 , he recalled that he had been sober for 42 years . Career ( edit ) Films and television ( edit ) While Trejo was working as a youth drug counselor , a teenage patient asked for his assistance dealing with cocaine problems on the set of Runaway Train ( 1985 ) . While there , Trejo was offered a job as an extra in the film 's prison scenes . Edward Bunker , himself a former convict , and a well - respected crime author who was writing the screenplay for the film , recognized Trejo , with whom he had done time at San Quentin . Bunker , remembering Trejo 's boxing skills , offered him $320 per day to train Eric Roberts , one of the movie 's stars , for a boxing scene . Director Andrei Konchalovsky liked Trejo 's work and decided to offer him a small role in the film as a boxer . It has been widely misreported that Trejo was actually serving time in the prison during filming , when in fact he had been released more than a decade earlier . Trejo at Muscle Beach Since then , Trejo has become a prolific actor in both films and television , appearing in five or more movies per year , in various genres . He has appeared in such major releases as Marked for Death ( 1990 ) , Blood In Blood Out ( 1993 ) , Desperado ( 1995 ) , Heat ( 1995 ) , From Dusk till Dawn ( 1996 ) , Anaconda ( 1997 ) , Con Air ( 1997 ) , The Replacement Killers ( 1998 ) , Point Blank ( 1998 ) , Animal Factory ( 2000 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , Spy Kids ( 2001 ) , XXX ( 2002 ) , Once Upon a Time in Mexico ( 2003 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) , The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) , Snoop Dogg 's Hood of Horror ( 2006 ) , Delta Farce ( 2007 ) , Grindhouse ( 2007 ) , Rob Zombie 's Halloween ( 2007 ) , Urban Justice ( 2007 , alongside Steven Seagal ) , Valley of Angels ( 2008 ) , The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ( 2009 , in which he voices the character of Rico ) , Machete ( 2010 ) , Predators ( 2010 ) , Bad Ass ( 2012 ) , Reaper ( 2014 ) , and Range15 ( 2016 ) . Trejo is known for his distinctive appearance . In addition to his heavily lined face , scarred from cystic acne and a brawl , and the long mustache he usually sports , he has displayed the large tattoo on his chest for many roles ( the tattoo depicts a woman wearing a sombrero ) . He often plays thugs or lowlife characters , although he has also played sympathetic characters in films such as Robert Rodriguez 's Spy Kids trilogy , Bubble Boy , and the USA Network series Monk , where art imitated life in his portrayal of a convict roommate of Tony Shalhoub 's undercover detective . He also appeared in a season 2 episode of Desperate Housewives , where , as another good - guy character , he was sent by Carlos to help Gabrielle deal with the grief over losing her unborn baby . He voiced the character Enrique on King of the Hill , and Octavio 's character on that show is based on his appearance . His role on King of the Hill was referred to in the HBO series Unscripted , where he had a cameo appearance . He also is featured in the episode `` Comedy '' ( season 5 , episode 1 , aired February 28 , 2010 ) of Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! and an episode of Do IT LIVE with actors Anna Bennett and Claudia Pickering , shot in Downtown Los Angeles , titled `` Sebring feat . Danny Trejo '' . He also made guest appearances , as Tortuga ( a.k.a. `` The Tortoise '' ) , in the noted series Breaking Bad in 2009 and 2010 , most notably in the episode `` Negro y Azul '' which originally aired on April 19 , 2009 . Trejo in October 2009 In 2008 , Trejo portrayed a Mexican bartender in the daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless . Regarding his continued growth as a professional actor , Trejo stated that he still can not believe how fortunate he has been : `` I 'm so blessed . I 'm still scared that somebody 's going to wake me up and say , ' Hey , we 're still in prison . Let 's go to chow '' . Many of Trejo 's characters in Robert Rodriguez movies have been named after knives or sharp instruments : Machete in Spy Kids , Razor Charlie in the From Dusk till Dawn series , Navajas ( Spanish for blades ) in Desperado , and Cuchillo ( Spanish for knife ) in Predators . He also played Machete in a trailer made for Rodriguez 's film collaboration with Quentin Tarantino , Grindhouse . In 2010 , he starred in a full theatrical version of Machete , based on the character , and later in a sequel , Machete Kills , in 2013 . In 2012 , Trejo starred alongside Ron Perlman and Charles S. Dutton in Craig Moss 's action film Bad Ass ( 2012 ) . He played the main character of Vietnam veteran Frank Vega , based on 67 - year - old `` Epic Beard Man '' Thomas Bruso . That same year Trejo again appeared with Perlman in a supporting role in season 4 of the FX network drama Sons of Anarchy . In 2014 , Trejo produced his first film , Ambition , and then produced his second film , the action film Bad Ass , in 2015 . In 2015 , Trejo appeared in a television commercial for Snickers that aired during Super Bowl XLIX , in which he portrayed Marcia Brady prior to eating the candy bar . In 2016 , he appeared as himself in TV ads for Sling TV . In 2017 , Trejo appeared on Hell 's Kitchen as guest in season 16 's final dinner service . He also made a guest appearance on the Rick and Morty episode Pickle Rick voicing the part of Jaguar . Biopics ( edit ) The award - winning independent film Champion ( 2005 ) , which documents Trejo 's life , features Dennis Hopper , Val Kilmer , Steve Buscemi , and Robert Rodriguez . In 2013 , Trejo shared his tumultuous journey from convict to movie star with KTTV in Los Angeles in a segment filmed in his own home . Games ( edit ) Trejo appears as a playable character in Def Jam : Fight for NY ( 2004 ) , a fighting game for which the actor lent his voice and likeness . He also lent his voice to Grand Theft Auto : Vice City ( 2002 ) and Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories ( 2006 ) for the character Umberto Robina , who also resembles Trejo . Additionally , he voiced Raul Tejada , a Ghoul , in Fallout : New Vegas ( 2010 ) . Trejo appeared in the PlayStation Move game The Fight : Lights Out ( 2010 ) as an instructor for the player 's character , and as himself in the second map pack for Call of Duty : Black Ops ( 2010 ) ; Escalation map pack , on the zombie map Call of the Dead . Restaurants ( edit ) Over the years Trejo has opened a series of successful Los Angeles restaurants . His first was Trejo 's Tacos ( 2016 ) , followed by Trejo 's Cantina ( 2017 ) , and Trejo 's Coffee & Donuts ( 2017 ) a mobile food truck . His most recent venture will be an expansion of his donut food truck in Las Vegas Nevada . Music videos ( edit ) Trejo has made cameo appearances in music videos , such as `` Got It Twisted '' by Mobb Deep ( 2004 ) ; Sepultura 's video `` Attitude '' ( 1996 ) ; Jay Chou 's short movie - music video Double Blade from his 2003 album Yeh Hui - mei ( 2003 ) ; Rehab 's song `` Bartender '' ( 2007 ) ; the Jonas Brothers ' song `` Burnin ' Up '' from their album A Little Bit Longer ( 2008 ) ; rapper Tech N9ne 's video for the single `` Like Yeah '' from his release Killer ( 2008 ) ; southern metalcore band Maylene and the Sons of Disaster 's video for the single `` Open Your Eyes '' from their release IV ( 2011 ) ; and Yelawolf 's video `` Whistle Dixie '' ( 2012 ) . He also appeared in famous adult entertainer Lupe Fuentes ' music video `` We Are the Party '' ( 2012 ) with her band The Ex-Girlfriends . In 2013 , he appeared in the music video for the Enrique Iglesias song Loco . On July 15 , 2014 , Trejo featured as his Robert Rodriguez character Machete in the music video of `` Angel In Blue Jeans '' , which additionally featured Canadian television hostess and actor Hannah Simone . On September 11 , 2015 , Trejo appears in the music video `` Repentless '' , from Slayer 's `` Repentless '' album released on the same day . `` Pride in Prejudice '' , another Slayer 's video , features Trejo again with an expanded role . Personal life ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2015 ) Trejo owns a home in the San Fernando Valley . He has two children with his ex-wife Debbie ; he filed for divorce in 2009 . Trejo owns several ventures in the food and restaurant business ; as of January 2016 these included a taco restaurant on La Brea Avenue in Los Angeles , his own brands of beer , coffee , and various merchandise , with ice cream sandwiches under development . Trejo 's Donuts is located on the northeast corner of Santa Monica Blvd and Highland Avenue . Trejo is an avid fan of the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Dodgers . Film ( edit ) In other media ( edit ) Comics ( edit ) In the comic series DMZ a character named Danny with the same appearance as Danny Trejo appears ; the character indicates that he was formerly a convicted felon as well . Games ( edit ) Trejo is featured in the hip - hop fighting game Def Jam : Fight for NY ( 2004 ) as a soldier on Crow 's side . He can be seen in the intro of Greg Hastings ' Tournament Paintball Max 'd ( `` Play for Real '' , B - Real & DJ Lethal ) . He is featured in the downloadable content pack called Escalation Map Pack in the video game Call of Duty : Black Ops ( 2010 ) , on the map `` Call of the Dead '' as himself . He provided the voice of the companion Raul Alfonso Tejada in Fallout : New Vegas . He provides his voice and likeness to Umberto Robina in Grand Theft Auto : Vice City and Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories . Literature ( edit ) In Charlie Higson 's third The Enemy series novel , The Fear ( 2011 ) , Orlando Epstein , nicknamed Einstein , makes fun of DogNut 's ignorance by introducing himself as Isaac Newton . In retaliation , DogNut says , `` my real name 's Danny Trejo , but you may call me DogNut . Everyone else does . '' When Einstein responds , `` Okay , Danny '' , DogNut reflects : `` He may not know much about scientists , but Einstein clearly did n't know much about hard - faced , ex-con Mexican action - movie stars . '' Music ( edit ) Plastilina Mosh , a Mexican alternative rock band , paid tribute to Trejo with their song `` Danny Trejo '' , featured in their album All U Need Is Mosh ( 2008 ) . Danny Trejo had an appearance in the music video of the song `` Double Blade '' by Jay Chou . ( 2003 ) Cookbooks ( edit ) Trejo is a contributor to the book Prison Ramen : Recipes and Stories From Behind Bars ( 2015 ) . See also ( edit ) History of the Mexican Americans in Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Danny Trejo : Sober 46 Years and Giving Back AARP '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Amy Nicholson . `` Danny Trejo Talks ' Predators , ' ' Machete ' and The Jonas Brothers '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beale , Lewis ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` He ai n't that bad '' . Daily News . New York . ^ Jump up to : Bowles , Scott ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' Machete ' star Danny Trejo is an illustrated man , in many ways '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Trejo Biography ( 1944 -- ) '' . Film Reference . Jump up ^ `` Danny Trejo Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` ROBERT RODRIGUEZ WEARS A HOST OF HATS , STAYS AWAY FROM TINSELTOWN AND EMBRACES DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY WITH GRITTY END TO ` MARIACHI ' TRILOGY '' . Daily News ( Los Angeles , CA ) . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barlow , Helen ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Robert Rodriguez and Danny Trejo cutting a short story long '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Steven ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Danny Trejo interview : `` My looks used to get me into trouble but now the 're paying off '' `` . The Big Issue . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Paul ( August 2011 ) . `` Prison Legal News Interviews Former Prisoner and Famous Actor Danny Trejo '' . Prison Legal News . Jump up ^ `` article listing for Danny Trejo '' . Prison Legal News . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Lisa ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Danny Trejo : ' I went to the hole looking at three gas - chamber offenses ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Marks , Lisa ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Danny Trejo : `` I went to the hole looking at three gas - chamber offenses '' `` . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Westhoff , Ben . `` Danny Trejo - Hollywood Badass '' . Urban Ink . Jump up ^ `` Danny Trejo : The illustrated man '' . Jump up ^ `` Meet Danny Trejo as the Badass Cuchillo in New ' Predators ' Character Profile '' . Jump up ^ `` Danny Trejo '' . Jump up ^ Nathalie Tadena . `` AdWatch : Snickers Super Bowl Ad Brings Out Different Side of Marcia Brady '' . WSJ . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maura Judkis ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Snickers ' Brady Bunch ' - themed Super Bowl 2015 commercial starring Danny Trejo and Steve Buscemi '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( Aug. 7 , 2017 ) . https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/rick-and-morty-season-3-episode-3-review-recap-s3e3-pickle-rick-a7880196.html Independent UK . Jump up ^ `` Casa de Machete '' . KTTV . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.eater.com/2017/8/4/16026090/danny-trejo-doughnuts-tacos Jump up ^ `` About The Ex-Girlfriends '' . The Ex-Girlfriends . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Enrique Iglesias '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Slayer and Danny Trejo Film Gory Video at L.A. Prison '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slayer -- `` Pride In Prejudice '' Video ( NSFW ) ( Feat . Danny Trejo ) `` . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Machete ' Star Drops $550 K on Mission Hills Party Pad '' . TMZ . EHM Productions , Inc . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Yeah , THAT Guy Files for Divorce '' . TMZ . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jenn ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Danny Trejo talks vegan tacos at the new Trejo 's Tacos on La Brea '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loc , Tim ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Trejo Is Setting Up Shop At The Former Donut Time Space In Hollywood '' . LAist . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Farley ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Actor Danny Trejo Slashes Into Hollywood With Coffee and Donut Shop - Eater LA '' . La.eater.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Higson , Charlie ( 2011 ) . The Fear . p . Chapter 43 , page 7 . External links ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danny Trejo . Danny Trejo on IMDb Official Danny Trejo Instagram page VIAF : 66171529 LCCN : no2003125037 ISNI : 0000 0001 1461 6429 GND : 1051818338 SUDOC : 146793005 BNF : cb142340924 ( data ) BNE : XX1499678 IATH : w6z63xx0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Trejo&oldid=806468612 '' Categories : 1944 births American people of Mexican descent American male actors of Mexican descent American male comedians American comedians American male boxers 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Los Angeles American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Hispanic and Latino American male actors People from Echo Park , Los Angeles Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Articles to be expanded from August 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 06 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the guy on sling tv commercial	[ "Danny Trejo (/ˈtrɛhoʊ/;[1] Spanish: [ˈtrexo]; born May 16, 1944) is an American actor who has appeared in numerous Hollywood films, often as villains and antiheroes. His films include Heat (1995), Con Air (1997), and Desperado (1995), the latter with frequent collaborator Robert Rodriguez. Trejo is perhaps most recognized as the character Machete, originally developed by Rodriguez for the Spy Kids series of movies and later expanded into Trejo's own series of films aimed at a more adult audience. He has appeared in TV shows such as Breaking Bad, The X-Files, and Sons of Anarchy. He also appeared in the spoof movie Delta Farce as the killer Carlos Santana who in the movie keeps getting mistaken for the musician." ]	[ "Danny Trejo" ]
-2246061820993713506	America's Got Talent	America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia America 's Got Talent For the current season , see America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) . For Got Talent around the world , see Got Talent . America 's Got Talent Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell Directed by Russell Norman Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howard Stern Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 319 Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 60 -- 120 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2009 -- ) Original release June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows America 's Got Talent : The Champions External links Official website America 's Got Talent ( often abbreviated as AGT ) is a televised American talent show competition , broadcast on the NBC television network . It is part of the global Got Talent franchise created by Simon Cowell , and is produced by FremantleMedia North America and SYCOtv , with distribution done by Freemantle . Since its premiere in June 2006 , each season is run during the network 's summer schedule , with the show having featured various hosts - it is currently hosted by Tyra Banks , since 2017 . It is the first global edition of the franchise , after plans for a British edition in 2005 were suspended , following a dispute between Paul O'Grady , the planned host , and the British broadcaster ITV ; production of this edition later resumed in 2007 . The show attracts a variety of participants , from across the United States and abroad , to take part and who possess some form of talents , with acts ranging from singing , dancing , comedy , magic , stunts , variety , and other genres . Each participant who auditions attempts to secure a place in the live episodes of a season by impressing a panel of judges - the current line - up consists of Cowell , Howie Mandel , Mel B , and Heidi Klum . Those that make it into the live episodes compete against each other for both the judges ' and public 's vote in order to reach the live final , where the winner receives a large cash prize , paid over a period of time , and , since the third season , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Since its premiere , America 's Got Talent has helped to unearth new talent and kickstart / boost the careers of various performers who took part in the competition , while the show itself has been a rating success for NBC , drawing in on average around 10 million viewers per season . In 2013 , a book was entitled Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , was released , providing a description of the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show , along with detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons , up to the date of the book 's of publication . At present , the show is currently airing its thirteenth season , which premiered on May 29 , 2018 . A winter - spin off edition is currently being planned , entitled America 's Got Talent : The Champions , featuring acts from previous seasons , as well as acts from international Got Talent shows . Contents 1 Format 1.1 Auditions 1.2 Judge Cuts 1.3 Live shows 2 Judges and Presenters 2.1 Judge Cuts Guest Judge 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 3.13 Season 13 ( 2018 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Simon Cowell , creator of America 's Got Talent and the Got Talent franchise , is primarily a judge on the British international version of the franchise . He has operated as a judge on AGT since May 2017 . Auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of each season is begun by the production team with open auditions held in various cities across the United States . Dubbed `` Producers ' Auditions '' , they are held months before the main stage of auditions are held . Those that make it through the initial stage , become participants in the `` Judges ' Auditions '' , which are held in select cities across the country , and attended by the judges . Each participant is held offstage and awaits their turn to perform before the judges , whereupon they are given 90 seconds to demonstrate their act , with a live audience present for all performances . At the end of a performance , the judges give constructive criticism and feedback about what they saw , whereupon they each give a vote - a participant who receives a majority vote approving their performance , moves on to the next stage , otherwise they are eliminated from the programme at that stage . Each judge is given a buzzer , and may use it during a performance if they are unimpressed , hate what is being performed , or feel the act is a waste of their time ; if a participant is buzzed by all judges , their performance is automatically over and they are eliminated without being given a vote . Many acts that move on may be cut by producers and may forfeit due to the limited slots available for the second performance . Filming for each season always takes place when the Judges ' Auditions are taking place , with the show 's presenter standing in the wings of each venue 's stage to interview and give personal commentary on a participant 's performance . Jackie Evancho 's YouTube audition for Season Five of America 's Got Talent in 2010 was a critical turning point towards her becoming the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. Between the fifth and seventh season , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . In the ninth season , the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the `` Golden Buzzer '' , which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise , since it was first introduced on Germany 's Got Talent . During auditions , each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows , regardless of the opinion of the other judges ; when it was initially used , the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination . The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season ; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season . Judge Cuts ( edit ) Following auditions , successful entries take part in a second stage of the talent competition , in which they are separated out into a number of groups . Over the course of several weeks , each group performs per week , at a fixed venue , in which that group 's participants each attempt to secure a place in the live show by performing a new variation of their act for the judges . Of these acts , the judges chose around 10 from each group to perform in the live shows ; in some seasons , participants eliminated at this stage were given a chance to still appear in the live shows by being selected as a `` wildcard '' act . The judges have access to their buzzers and if an act is buzzed by all of them , they are immediately eliminated from the competition . Until the second season , acts did not have to perform a second time , instead moving on into the live shows , with the judges given a list of the acts who would appear in each live episode . From the second season to the eighth , this stage was dubbed as the `` Las Vegas '' due to the fixed venue being situated upon the Las Vegas Strip , while in the ninth series , acts performed in New York , with the stage dubbed `` Judgement Week '' . From the tenth season , the stage 's format was changed and renamed as `` Judge Cuts '' . In each round , the judging panel were joined by a guest judge who helped with making decisions on which act could move on to the live shows . Like the auditions , the guest judge could use a Golden Buzzer for an act , but once used , it could not be used again . Unlike previous seasons , the Judge Cuts featured twenty acts per round , with seven acts advancing into the live shows , including the one chosen by the guest 's golden buzzer . Unlike the previous format for the stage , the venue used varied , but included the CBS Studio Center and the NBC Universal Back Lot . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , the final selection of participants , which has ranged from between 20 to 60 acts and include those that were chosen as Wildcards by the judges or received the Golden Buzzer , are divided into groups and compete against each other for viewers ' and judges ' votes . The general structure of the live episodes focuses first on four quarterfinals , and then two semi-finals , aimed at finding that season 's finalists . Additional rounds are conducted when required ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) . Live episodes are broadcast weekly , and featured performances by guest stars , including previous winners of America 's Got Talent . During these stages , the judges still provide feedback on an act 's performance when it is over , and can use buzzers to prematurely end an performance before it is over ; in the first season , the judges could not end a performance before it was over . Acts which do n't secure a sufficient amount of votes by the public and / or the judges , are eliminated from the competition . Those that make it into the season 's final compete against each other to secure the most votes from the public , with the number of finalists varying between seasons . The act which does is declared the winner for that season , in which they secure the programme 's cash prize of $1 million , and , since Season 3 ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Between the fifth and eighth season , the winner was also made the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Judges and presenters ( edit ) Tyra Banks , current host of America 's Got Talent since May 2017 . Howie Mandel is the longest serving judge on America 's Got Talent , since June 2010 . Nick Cannon is the longest serving host of the program , from June 2009 , to September 2016 . Season Presenter Judges ( chair 's order ) Regis Philbin Piers Morgan Brandy David Hasselhoff N / A Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne Nick Cannon 5 Howie Mandel 6 7 Howard Stern 8 Heidi Klum Mel B Howie Mandel 9 10 11 Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Tyra Banks 13 In its first season , the judging panel consisted originally of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan , with the program hosted by Regis Philbin . Prior to the start of the second season , Norwood was forced to step down due to a legal matter she was caught up in , leading to her being replaced by Sharon Osbourne , while Philbin was replaced by Jerry Springer as the show 's host . Further changes were made to the panel and show 's host , as a direct result of each respective member having a need to focus on other TV commitments - Springer was forced to leave after the third season , and was replaced by Nick Cannon for the fourth season ; Hasselhoff left the show after the fourth season , and so was replaced by Howie Mandel for the fifth season as a direct result ; Morgan left after the sixth season , leading to him being replaced by Howard Stern for the seventh season . In August 2012 , Osbourne left the program following a dispute with NBC . While the network replaced her with former Spice Girls member Mel B in February 2013 , the production staff decided to expand the number of judges in the panel to four - such a format change had already been occurring in other international versions of the competition , such as on Britain 's Got Talent two years prior . In March 2013 , supermodel Heidi Klum was announced as joining the panel for the eighth season , confirming reports that the show would include a fourth judge into its format . In October 2015 , Stern was replaced by Simon Cowell for the eleventh season . After his eighth year hosting America 's Got Talent , Cannon announced plans to retire from the show due to comments he made about the network ; despite being under contract to continue his hosting duties , NBC eventually replaced him with Tyra Banks for the twelfth season . Judge Cuts Guest Judge ( edit ) Season Judge Cuts Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal 13 Ken Jeong Olivia Munn Martina McBride Chris Hardwick Season synopses ( edit ) Season Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 Bianca Ryan All That The Millers June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance 13 May 29 , 2018 September 19 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Stern 's departure , at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player Grace VanderWaal was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent ( Bianca Ryan , age 11 , was first ) . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos placed third . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12 , which premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place . Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five . Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) On February 21 , 2018 , it was announced that judges Simon Cowell , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel along with Tyra Banks would all be returning . The season premiered on May 29 , 2018 . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 12.90 Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) 12.00 13 May 29 , 2018 12.16 Final Performances : September 18 , 2018 TBA 2017 -- 18 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 19 , 2018 TBA Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 15 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) No. 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) No. 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) No. 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) No. 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) No. 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) No. 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) No. 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) No. 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) No. 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) No. 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) No. 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) No. 13 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) No. 111 ; No. 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) No. 22 ; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) No. 4 Just the Beginning ( 2017 ) No. 22 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) No. 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) No. 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) No. 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) No. 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) No. 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) No. 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent but were ultimately eliminated before the final round have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner 13 2018 The Sacred Riana Asia 's Got Talent 2017 AXN Asia Winner 13 2018 Yumbo Dump Asia 's Got Talent 2017 AXN Asia Semifinalist International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . In the United Kingdom , TruTV , along with simulcasts on the Local Television Limited network , show America 's Got Talent , with TruTV showing it from the tenth season . The thirteenth season of the show will air on AXN Asia , together with the twelfth series of Britain 's Got Talent . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` NBC 's World of Dance , Ninja Warrior and AGT Get Summer Return Dates '' . tvline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie . `` Juliet and Jackie Evancho , Bonding as Targets in a Trump Media Frenzy '' , The New York Times , January 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lee , Tiffany . `` Watch 11 - Year - Old Jackie Evancho 's Still - Platinum Pipes Sing ' Nessun Dorma ' '' , Yahoo Music : Maximum Performance , April 27 , 2011 ; and Richardson , Chris . `` Jackie Evancho , Greyson Chance following in Justin Bieber 's footsteps ? '' The Christian Science Monitor , May 24 , 2011 , accessed March 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ `` Brandy Says She 's Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Associated Press . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rocchio , Christopher ( April 20 , 2007 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne replacing Brandy as ' America 's Got Talent ' judge '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NBC ANNOUNCES DAVID HASSELHOFF , PIERS MORGAN AND SHARON OSBOURNE AS TRIO OF JUDGES FOR SECOND SEASON OF NBC 'S HIT TALENT COMPETITION SERIES ' AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT ' PREMIERING MAY 29 Jump up ^ NBC press release ( March 5 , 2007 ) : `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' when Hit Variety - Talent Competition Series Returns this Summer '' , Retrieved on March 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent winner , Suffern native VanderWaal plays sold - out Vegas show '' Archived October 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , News12.com , Westchester County , New York , October 28 , 2016 , accessed December 14 , 2016 ( content preview ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , TVGrapevine.com , December 18 , 2016 ; and Angermiller , Michele Amabile . `` America 's Got Talent Winner Grace VanderWaal Set to Headline Holiday Special '' Archived November 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Billboard , November 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` ESPN , AGT , Michelle Obama : Monday winners '' Archived December 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Orlando Sentinel , December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parenthood ' Adjusts Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( 2nd Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' ' The X Factor ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' Guys With Kids ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Down , No 18 - 49 Adjustment for ' The X-Factor ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( First Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up ; ' Brooklyn DA ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Million Second Quiz ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Tues ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Weds ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' The Night Shift ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the host of america's got talent season 1	[ "\n\n\nSeason\n\nPresenter\n\nJudges (chair's order)\n\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n\n1\n\nRegis Philbin\n\nPiers Morgan\n\nBrandy\n\nDavid Hasselhoff\n\nN/A\n\n\n2\n\nJerrySpringer\n\nSharon Osbourne\n\n\n3\n\n\n4\n\nNickCannon\n\n\n5\n\nHowie Mandel\n\n\n6\n\n\n7\n\nHoward Stern\n\n\n8\n\nHeidi Klum\n\nMel B\n\nHowie Mandel\n\n\n9\n\n\n10\n\n\n11\n\nHowie Mandel\n\nMel B\n\nHeidi Klum\n\nSimon Cowell\n\n\n12\n\nTyraBanks\n\n\n13\n" ]	[ "Regis Philbin" ]
7815676694674685634	Controlled Substances Act	Controlled substances Act - wikipedia Controlled substances Act Jump to : navigation , search Controlled Substances Act Long title An Act to amend the Public Health Service Act and other laws to provide increased research into , and prevention of , drug abuse and drug dependence ; to provide for treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers and drug dependent persons ; and to strengthen existing law enforcement authority in the field of drug abuse . Acronyms ( colloquial ) CSA Enacted by the 91st United States Congress Effective May 1 , 1971 Citations Public law 91 - 513 Statutes at Large 84 Stat. 1236 a.k.a. 84 Stat. 1242 Codification Titles amended 21 U.S.C. : Food and Drugs U.S.C. sections created 21 U.S.C. ch. 13 § 801 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 18583 by Harley O. Staggers ( D -- WV ) on September 10 , 1970 Committee consideration by Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee and Senate Judiciary Committee Passed the House on September 24 , 1970 ( 342 -- 7 ) Passed the Senate on October 7 , 1970 ( 54 -- 0 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on October 13 , 1970 ; agreed to by the House on October 14 , 1970 ( passed ) and by the Senate on October 14 , 1970 ( passed ) Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 27 , 1970 Major amendments Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date - Rape Prevention Act of 2000 United States Supreme Court cases Gonzales v. Raich United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers ' Cooperative McFadden v. United States The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA ) is the statute establishing federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture , importation , possession , use and distribution of certain substances is regulated . It was passed by the 91st United States Congress as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and signed into law by President Richard Nixon . The Act also served as the national implementing legislation for the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs . The legislation created five Schedules ( classifications ) , with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each . Two federal agencies , the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) and the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , determine which substances are added to or removed from the various schedules , although the statute passed by Congress created the initial listing . Congress has sometimes scheduled other substances through legislation such as the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date - Rape Prevention Act of 2000 , which placed gamma hydroxybutyrate in Schedule I. Classification decisions are required to be made on criteria including potential for abuse ( an undefined term ) , currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States , and international treaties . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Amendments , 1970 - 2010 2 Content 3 Enforcement authority 4 Treaty obligations 5 Schedules of controlled substances 5.1 Schedule I controlled substances 5.2 Schedule II controlled substances 5.3 Schedule III controlled substances 5.4 Schedule IV controlled substances 5.5 Schedule V controlled substances 6 Regulation of precursors 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links History ( edit ) Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States Prescription drugs Over-the - counter drugs Law ( show ) Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 Controlled Substances Act Prescription Drug Marketing Act Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act Hatch - Waxman exemption Marihuana Tax Act Government agencies ( show ) Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Process ( show ) Drug discovery Drug design Drug development New drug application Investigational new drug Clinical trial ( Phase I , II , III , IV ) Randomized controlled trial Pharmacovigilance Abbreviated New Drug Application Fast track approval Off - label use International coordination ( show ) International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Uppsala Monitoring Centre World Health Organization Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs Non-governmental organizations ( show ) Institute of Medicine Research on Adverse Drug events And Reports NORML The nation first outlawed addictive drugs in the early 1900s and the International Opium Convention helped lead international agreements regulating trade . The Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was the beginning of over 200 laws concerning public health and consumer protections . Others were the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ( 1938 ) , and the Kefauver Harris Amendment of 1962 . In 1969 , President Richard Nixon announced that the Attorney General , John N. Mitchell , was preparing a comprehensive new measure to more effectively meet the narcotic and dangerous drug problems at the federal level by combining all existing federal laws into a single new statute . The CSA not only combined existing federal drug laws and expanded their scope but it also changed the nature of federal drug law policies , and expanded Federal law enforcement pertaining to controlled substances . Title II , Part F of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 established the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse -- known as the Shafer Commission after its chairman , Raymond P. Shafer -- to study cannabis abuse in the United States . During his presentation of the commission 's First Report to Congress , Shafer recommended the decriminalization of marijuana in small amounts , saying , ( T ) he criminal law is too harsh a tool to apply to personal possession even in the effort to discourage use . It implies an overwhelming indictment of the behavior which we believe is not appropriate . The actual and potential harm of use of the drug is not great enough to justify intrusion by the criminal law into private behavior , a step which our society takes only with the greatest reluctance . Rufus King notes that this stratagem was similar to that used by Harry Anslinger when he consolidated the previous anti-drug treaties into the Single Convention and took the opportunity to add new provisions that otherwise might have been unpalatable to the international community . According to David T. Courtwright , `` the Act was part of an omnibus reform package designed to rationalize , and in some respects to liberalize , American drug policy . '' ( Courtwright noted that the Act became , not libertarian , but instead repressionistic to the point of tyrannical , in its intent . ) It eliminated mandatory minimum sentences and provided support for drug treatment and research . King notes that the rehabilitation clauses were added as a compromise to Senator Jim Hughes , who favored a moderate approach . The bill , as introduced by Senator Everett Dirksen , ran to 91 pages . While it was being drafted , the Uniform Controlled Substances Act , to be passed by state legislatures , was also being drafted by the Department of Justice ; its wording closely mirrored the Controlled Substances Act . Amendments , 1970 - 2010 ( edit ) Since its enactment in 1970 , the Act has been amended numerous times : The 1976 Medical Device Regulation Act . The Psychotropic Substances Act of 1978 added provisions implementing the Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The Controlled Substances Penalties Amendments Act of 1984 . The 1986 Federal Analog Act for chemicals `` substantially similar '' in Schedule I and II to be listed The 1988 Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act ( implemented August 1 , 1989 as Article 12 ) added provisions implementing the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances that went into force on November 11 , 1990 . 1990 The Anabolic Steroids Act , passed as part of the Crime Control Act of 1990 , which placed anabolic steroids into Schedule III The 1993 Domestic Chemical Diversion and Control Act ( effective on April 16 , 1994 ) in response to methamphetamine trafficking . The 2008 Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act The 2010 Electronic Prescriptions for Controlled Substances ( EPCS ) . Content ( edit ) The Controlled Substances Act consists of 2 subchapters . Subchapter I defines Schedules I-V , lists chemicals used in the manufacture of controlled substances , and differentiates lawful and unlawful manufacturing , distribution , and possession of controlled substances , including possession of Schedule I drugs for personal use ; this subchapter also specifies the dollar amounts of fines and durations of prison terms for violations . Subchapter II describes the laws for exportation and importation of controlled substances , again specifying fines and prison terms for violations . Enforcement authority ( edit ) The Drug Enforcement Administration was established in 1973 , combining the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs ( BNDD ) and Customs ' drug agents . Proceedings to add , delete , or change the schedule of a drug or other substance may be initiated by the DEA , the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , or by petition from any interested party , including the manufacturer of a drug , a medical society or association , a pharmacy association , a public interest group concerned with drug abuse , a state or local government agency , or an individual citizen . When a petition is received by the DEA , the agency begins its own investigation of the drug . The DEA also may begin an investigation of a drug at any time based upon information received from laboratories , state and local law enforcement and regulatory agencies , or other sources of information . Once the DEA has collected the necessary data , the Deputy Administrator of DEA , requests from HHS a scientific and medical evaluation and recommendation as to whether the drug or other substance should be controlled or removed from control . This request is sent to the Assistant Secretary of Health of HHS . Then , HHS solicits information from the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration and evaluations and recommendations from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and , on occasion , from the scientific and medical community at large . The Assistant Secretary , by authority of the Secretary , compiles the information and transmits back to the DEA a medical and scientific evaluation regarding the drug or other substance , a recommendation as to whether the drug should be controlled , and in what schedule it should be placed . The HHS recommendation on scheduling is binding to the extent that if HHS recommends , based on its medical and scientific evaluation , that the substance not be controlled , then the DEA may not control the substance . Once the DEA has received the scientific and medical evaluation from HHS , the DEA Administrator evaluates all available data and makes a final decision whether to propose that a drug or other substance be controlled and into which schedule it should be placed . Under certain circumstances , the Government may temporarily schedule a drug without following the normal procedure . An example is when international treaties require control of a substance . In addition , 21 U.S.C. § 811 ( h ) allows the Attorney General to temporarily place a substance in Schedule I `` to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety '' . Thirty days ' notice is required before the order can be issued , and the scheduling expires after a year ; however , the period may be extended six months if rulemaking proceedings to permanently schedule the drug are in progress . In any case , once these proceedings are complete , the temporary order is automatically vacated . Unlike ordinary scheduling proceedings , such temporary orders are not subject to judicial review . The CSA also creates a closed system of distribution for those authorized to handle controlled substances . The cornerstone of this system is the registration of all those authorized by the DEA to handle controlled substances . All individuals and firms that are registered are required to maintain complete and accurate inventories and records of all transactions involving controlled substances , as well as security for the storage of controlled substances . Treaty obligations ( edit ) The Congressional findings in 21 USC § § 801 ( 7 ) , 801a ( 2 ) , and 801a ( 3 ) state that a major purpose of the CSA is to `` enable the United States to meet all of its obligations '' under international treaties . The CSA bears many resemblances to these Conventions . Both the CSA and the treaties set out a system for classifying controlled substances in several Schedules in accordance with the binding scientific and medical findings of a public health authority . Under 21 U.S.C. § 811 of the CSA , that authority is the Secretary of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) . Under Article 3 of the Single Convention and Article 2 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances , the World Health Organization is that authority . The domestic and international legal nature of these treaty obligations must be considered in light of the supremacy of the United States Constitution over treaties or acts and the equality of treaties and Congressional acts . In Reid v. Covert the Supreme Court of the United States addressed both these issues directly and clearly holding : ( N ) o agreement with a foreign nation can confer power on the Congress , or on any other branch of Government , which is free from the restraints of the Constitution . Article VI , the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution , declares : `` This Constitution , and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof , and all Treaties made , or which shall be made , under the Authority of the United States , shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; ... '' There is nothing in this language which intimates that treaties and laws enacted pursuant to them do not have to comply with the provisions of the Constitution . Nor is there anything in the debates which accompanied the drafting and ratification of the Constitution which even suggests such a result . These debates , as well as the history that surrounds the adoption of the treaty provision in Article VI , make it clear that the reason treaties were not limited to those made in `` pursuance '' of the Constitution was so that agreements made by the United States under the Articles of Confederation , including the important peace treaties which concluded the Revolutionary War , would remain in effect . It would be manifestly contrary to the objectives of those who created the Constitution , as well as those who were responsible for the Bill of Rights -- let alone alien to our entire constitutional history and tradition -- to construe Article VI as permitting the United States to exercise power under an international agreement without observing constitutional prohibitions . In effect , such construction would permit amendment of that document in a manner not sanctioned by Article V . The prohibitions of the Constitution were designed to apply to all branches of the National Government , and they can not be nullified by the Executive or by the Executive and the Senate combined . There is nothing new or unique about what we say here . This Court has regularly and uniformly recognized the supremacy of the Constitution over a treaty . For example , in Geofroy v. Riggs , 133 U.S. 258 , 133 U.S. 267 , it declared : `` The treaty power , as expressed in the Constitution , is in terms unlimited except by those restraints which are found in that instrument against the action of the government or of its departments , and those arising from the nature of the government itself and of that of the States . It would not be contended that it extends so far as to authorize what the Constitution forbids , or a change in the character of the government , or in that of one of the States , or a cession of any portion of the territory of the latter , without its consent . '' This Court has repeatedly taken the position that an Act of Congress , which must comply with the Constitution , is on a full parity with a treaty , and that , when a statute which is subsequent in time is inconsistent with a treaty , the statute to the extent of conflict renders the treaty null . It would be completely anomalous to say that a treaty need not comply with the Constitution when such an agreement can be overridden by a statute that must conform to that instrument . According to the Cato Institute , these treaties only bind ( legally obligate ) the United States to comply with them as long as that nation agrees to remain a state party to these treaties . The U.S. Congress and the President of the United States have the absolute sovereign right to withdraw from or abrogate at any time these two instruments , in accordance with said nation 's Constitution , at which point these treaties will cease to bind that nation in any way , shape , or form . A provision for automatic compliance with treaty obligations is found at 21 U.S.C. § 811 ( d ) , which also establishes mechanisms for amending international drug control regulations to correspond with HHS findings on scientific and medical issues . If control of a substance is mandated by the Single Convention , the Attorney General is required to `` issue an order controlling such drug under the schedule he deems most appropriate to carry out such obligations , '' without regard to the normal scheduling procedure or the findings of the HHS Secretary . However , the Secretary has great influence over any drug scheduling proposal under the Single Convention , because 21 U.S.C. § 811 ( d ) ( 2 ) ( B ) requires the Secretary the power to `` evaluate the proposal and furnish a recommendation to the Secretary of State which shall be binding on the representative of the United States in discussions and negotiations relating to the proposal . '' Similarly , if the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs adds or transfers a substance to a Schedule established by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances , so that current U.S. regulations on the drug do not meet the treaty 's requirements , the Secretary is required to issue a recommendation on how the substance should be scheduled under the CSA . If the Secretary agrees with the Commission 's scheduling decision , he can recommend that the Attorney General initiate proceedings to reschedule the drug accordingly . If the HHS Secretary disagrees with the UN controls , however , the Attorney General must temporarily place the drug in Schedule IV or V ( whichever meets the minimum requirements of the treaty ) and exclude the substance from any regulations not mandated by the treaty , while the Secretary is required to request that the Secretary of State take action , through the Commission or the UN Economic and Social Council , to remove the drug from international control or transfer it to a different Schedule under the Convention . The temporary scheduling expires as soon as control is no longer needed to meet international treaty obligations . This provision was invoked in 1984 to place Rohypnol ( flunitrazepam ) in Schedule IV . The drug did not then meet the Controlled Substances Act 's criteria for scheduling ; however , control was required by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances . In 1999 , an FDA official explained to Congress : Rohypnol is not approved or available for medical use in the United States , but it is temporarily controlled in Schedule IV pursuant to a treaty obligation under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances . At the time flunitrazepam was placed temporarily in Schedule IV ( November 5 , 1984 ) , there was no evidence of abuse or trafficking of the drug in the United States . The Cato Institute 's Handbook for Congress calls for repealing the CSA , an action that would likely bring the United States into conflict with international law , were the United States not to exercise its sovereign right to withdraw from and / or abrogate the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and / or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances prior to repealing the Controlled Substances Act . The exception would be if the U.S. were to claim that the treaty obligations violate the United States Constitution . Many articles in these treaties -- such as Article 35 and Article 36 of the Single Convention -- are prefaced with phrases such as `` Having due regard to their constitutional , legal and administrative systems , the Parties shall ... '' or `` Subject to its constitutional limitations , each Party shall ... '' According to former United Nations Drug Control Programme Chief of Demand Reduction Cindy Fazey , `` This has been used by the USA not to implement part of article 3 of the 1988 Convention , which prevents inciting others to use narcotic or psychotropic drugs , on the basis that this would be in contravention of their constitutional amendment guaranteeing freedom of speech '' . Schedules of controlled substances ( edit ) Placing a drug or other substance in a certain Schedule or removing it from a certain Schedule is primarily based on 21 USC § § 801 , 801a , 802 , 811 , 812 , 813 , and 814 . Every schedule otherwise requires finding and specifying the `` potential for abuse '' before a substance can be placed in that schedule . The specific classification of any given drug or other substance is usually a source of controversy , as is the purpose and effectiveness of the entire regulatory scheme . The term `` controlled substance '' means a drug or other substance , or immediate precursor , included in schedule I , II , III , IV , or V of part B of this subchapter . The term does not include distilled spirits , wine , malt beverages , or tobacco , as those terms are defined or used in subtitle E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 . -- 21 U.S.C. § 802 ( 6 ) Some have argued that this is an important exemption , since alcohol and tobacco are two of the most widely used drugs in the United States . Also of significance , the exclusion of alcohol includes wine which is sacramentally used by many major religious denominations in the United States . Schedule I controlled substances ( edit ) Main article : List of Schedule I drugs ( US ) Schedule I substances are described as those that have the following findings : The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse . The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States . There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision . No prescriptions may be written for Schedule I substances , and such substances are subject to production quotas which the DEA imposes . Under the DEA 's interpretation of the CSA , a drug does not necessarily have to have the same `` high potential for abuse '' as heroin , for example , to merit placement in Schedule I : ( W ) hen it comes to a drug that is currently listed in schedule I , if it is undisputed that such drug has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision , and it is further undisputed that the drug has at least some potential for abuse sufficient to warrant control under the CSA , the drug must remain in schedule I. In such circumstances , placement of the drug in schedules II through V would conflict with the CSA since such drug would not meet the criterion of `` a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States . '' 21 USC 812 ( b ) . ( emphasis added ) -- Drug Enforcement Administration , Notice of denial of petition to reschedule marijuana ( 2001 ) Sentences for first - time , non-violent offenders convicted of trafficking in Schedule I drugs can easily turn into de facto life sentences when multiple sales are prosecuted in one proceeding . Sentences for violent offenders are much higher . Drugs listed in this control schedule include : αMT ( alpha - methyltryptamine ) , a psychedelic , stimulant , and entactogen drug of the tryptamine class that was originally developed as an antidepressant by workers at Upjohn in the 1960s . BZP ( benzylpiperazine ) , a synthetic stimulant once sold as a designer drug . It has been shown to be associated with an increase in seizures if taken alone . Although the effects of BZP are not as potent as MDMA , it can produce neuroadaptations that can cause an increase in the potential for abuse of this drug . Cathinone , an amphetamine - like stimulant found in the shrub Catha edulis ( khat ) . DMT ( dimethyltryptamine ) , a naturally occurring psychedelic drug that is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and endogenous to the human body . DMT is the main psychoactive constituent in the psychedelic South American brew , ayahuasca , for which the UDV are granted exemption from DMT 's schedule I status on the grounds of religious freedom . Etorphine , a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 1,000 -- 3,000 times that of morphine . GHB , a general anesthetic and treatment for narcolepsy - cataplexy and alcohol withdrawal with a limited safe dosage range and poor ability to control pain when used as an anesthetic ( severely limiting its usefulness ) . It was placed in Schedule I in March 2000 after widespread recreational use led to increased emergency room visits , hospitalizations , and deaths . A specific formulation of this drug is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses , under the trademark Xyrem . Heroin ( diacetylmorphine ) , which is used in some European countries as a potent pain reliever in terminal cancer patients , and as second option , after morphine ; it is about twice as potent , by weight , as morphine and , indeed , becomes morphine upon injection into the bloodstream . Ibogaine , a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the Apocynaceae family . Some countries use ibogaine as an alternative medicine treatment for drug addiction . Ibogaine is also used for medicinal and ritual purposes within African spiritual traditions of the Bwiti . LSD ( lysergic acid diethylamide ) , a semi-synthetic psychedelic drug famous for its involvement in the counterculture of the 1960s . Marijuana and its cannabinoids . Pure ( -- ) - trans - Δ9 - tetrahydrocannabinol is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses , under the trademark Marinol . Ballot measures in several states such as Colorado , Washington , California , Oregon and others have made allowances for recreational and medical use of marijuana and / or have decriminalized possession of small amounts of marijuana -- such measures operate only on state laws , and have no effect on Federal law . Whether such users would actually be prosecuted under federal law is a separate question . MDMA ( `` ecstasy '' ) , a stimulant , psychedelic , and entactogenic drug which initially garnered attention in psychedelic therapy as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . The medical community originally agreed upon placing it as a Schedule III substance , but the government denied this suggestion , despite two court rulings by the DEA 's administrative law judge that placing MDMA in Schedule I was illegal . It was temporarily unscheduled after the first administrative hearing from December 22 , 1987 -- July 1 , 1988 . Mescaline , a naturally occurring psychedelic drug and the main psychoactive constituent of peyote ( Lophophora williamsii ) , San Pedro cactus ( Echinopsis pachanoi ) , and Peruvian torch cactus ( Echinopsis peruviana ) . Methaqualone ( Quaalude , Sopor , Mandrax ) , a sedative that was previously used for similar purposes as barbiturates , until it was rescheduled . Peyote ( Lophophora williamsii ) , a cactus growing in nature primarily in northeastern Mexico ; one of the few plants specifically scheduled , with a narrow exception to its legal status for religious use by members of the Native American Church . Psilocybin and psilocin , naturally occurring psychedelic drugs and the main psychoactive constituents of psilocybin mushrooms . Controlled substance analogs intended for human consumption , as defined by the Federal Analog Act . Schedule II controlled substances ( edit ) Main article : List of Schedule II drugs ( US ) Schedule II substances are those that have the following findings : The drug or other substances have a high potential for abuse The drug or other substances have currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States , or currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence . Except when dispensed directly to an ultimate user by a practitioner other than a pharmacist , no controlled substance in Schedule II , which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ( 21 USC 301 et seq . ) , may be dispensed without the written prescription of a practitioner , except that in emergency situations , as prescribed by the Secretary by regulation after consultation with the Attorney General , such drug may be dispensed upon oral prescription in accordance with section 503 ( b ) of that Act ( 21 USC 353 ( b ) ) . With exceptions , an original prescription is always required even though faxing in a prescription in advance to a pharmacy by a prescriber is allowed . Prescriptions shall be retained in conformity with the requirements of section 827 of this title . No prescription for a controlled substance in schedule II may be refilled . Notably no emergency situation provisions exist outside the Controlled Substances Act 's `` closed system '' although this closed system may be unavailable or nonfunctioning in the event of accidents in remote areas or disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes . Acts which would widely be considered morally imperative remain offenses subject to heavy penalties . These drugs vary in potency : for example fentanyl is about 80 times as potent as morphine ( heroin is roughly two times as potent ) . More significantly , they vary in nature . Pharmacology and CSA scheduling have a weak relationship . Because refills of prescriptions for Schedule II substances are not allowed , it can be burdensome to both the practitioner and the patient if the substances are to be used on a long - term basis . To provide relief , in 2007 , 21 C.F.R. 1306.12 was amended ( at 72 FR 64921 ) to allow practitioners to write up to three prescriptions at once , to provide up to a 90 - day supply , specifying on each the earliest date on which it may be filled . Drugs in this schedule include : Amphetamine ( originally placed in Schedule III , but moved to Schedule II in 1971 ) , Adderall , Dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine ) , Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse ) : treatment of ADHD , narcolepsy , severe obesity ( limited use , dextroamphetamine only ) , binge eating disorder ( lisdexamfetamine only ) Barbiturates ( short - acting ) , such as pentobarbital Cocaine : used as a topical anesthetic and to stop severe epistaxis Codeine ( pure ) and any drug for non-parenteral administration containing the equivalent of more than 90 mg of codeine per dosage unit ; Diphenoxylate ( pure ) Fentanyl and most other strong pure opioid agonists , i.e. levorphanol Hydrocodone in any formulation as of October 2014 ( Examples include Vicodin , Norco , Tussionex ) . Prior to October 2014 , formulations containing hydrocodone and over-the - counter analgesics such as Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen were Schedule III . Hydromorphone ( semi-synthetic opioid ; active ingredient in Dilaudid , Palladone ) Methadone : treatment of heroin addiction , extreme chronic pain Methamphetamine : treatment of ADHD ( rare ) , severe obesity ( limited use ) Methylphenidate ( Ritalin , Concerta ) , Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin ) : treatment of ADHD , narcolepsy Morphine Nabilone ( Cesamet ) -- A synthetic cannabinoid . An analogue to dronabinol ( Marinol ) which is a Schedule III drug . Opium tincture ( Laudanum ) : a potent antidiarrheal Oxycodone ( semi-synthetic opioid ; active ingredient in Percocet , OxyContin , and Percodan ) Oxymorphone ( semi-synthetic opioid ; active ingredient in Opana ) Nembutal ( Pentobarbital ) -- barbiturate medication originally developed for narcolepsy ; primarily used today for physician assisted suicide and euthanasia of animals . Pethidine ( USAN : Meperidine ; Demerol ) Phencyclidine ( PCP ) Secobarbital ( Seconal ) Tapentadol ( Nucynta ) -- A drug with mixed opioid agonist and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor activity . Schedule III controlled substances ( edit ) Main article : List of Schedule III drugs ( US ) Schedule III substances are those that have the following findings : The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II . The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States . Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence . Except when dispensed directly by a practitioner , other than a pharmacist , to an ultimate user , no controlled substance in schedule III or IV , which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ( 21 USC 301 et seq . ) , may be dispensed without a written or oral prescription in conformity with section 503 ( b ) of that Act ( 21 USC 353 ( b ) ) . Such prescriptions may not be filled or refilled more than six months after the date thereof or be refilled more than five times after the date of the prescription unless renewed by the practitioner . A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III , IV , and V issued by a practitioner , may be communicated either orally , in writing , or by facsimile to the pharmacist , and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call - in . Control of wholesale distribution is somewhat less stringent than Schedule II drugs . Provisions for emergency situations are less restrictive within the `` closed system '' of the Controlled Substances Act than for Schedule II though no schedule has provisions to address circumstances where the closed system is unavailable , nonfunctioning or otherwise inadequate . Drugs in this schedule include : Anabolic steroids ( including prohormones such as androstenedione ) ; the specific end molecule testosterone in many of its forms ( Androderm , AndroGel , Testosterone Cypionate , and Testosterone Enanthate ) are labeled as scheduled III while low - dose testosterone when compounded with estrogen derivatives have been exempted ( from scheduling ) by the FDA Intermediate - acting barbiturates , such as talbutal or butalbital Buprenorphine ( semi-synthetic opioid ; active in Suboxone , Subutex ) Dihydrocodeine when compounded with other substances , to a certain dosage and concentration . Ketamine , a drug originally developed as a safer , shorter - acting replacement for PCP ( mainly for use as a human anesthetic ) but has since become popular as a veterinary and pediatric anesthetic ; Xyrem , a preparation of GHB used to treat narcolepsy . Xyrem is in Schedule III but with a restricted distribution system . All other forms of GHB are in Schedule I . Marinol , synthetically prepared tetrahydrocannabinol ( officially referred to by its INN , dronabinol ) used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy , as well as appetite loss caused by AIDS . Paregoric , an antidiarrheal and anti-tussive , which contains opium combined with camphor ( which makes it less addiction - prone than laudanum , which is in Schedule II ) . Phendimetrazine Tartrate , a stimulant synthesized for use as an anorexiant . Benzphetamine HCl ( Didrex ) , a stimulant designed for use as an anorexiant . Fast - acting barbiturates such as secobarbital ( Seconal ) and pentobarbital ( Nembutal ) , when combined with one or more additional active ingredient ( s ) not in Schedule II ( e.g. , Carbrital ( no longer marketed ) , a combination of pentobarbital and carbromal ) . Ergine ( lysergic acid amide ) , listed as a sedative but considered by some to be psychedelic . An inefficient precursor to its N , N - diethyl analogue , LSD , ergine occurs naturally in the seeds of the common garden flowers Turbina corymbosa , Ipomoea tricolor , and Argyreia nervosa . Schedule IV controlled substances ( edit ) Main article : List of Schedule IV drugs ( US ) `` Placement on schedules ; findings required Schedule IV substances are those that have the following findings : The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III Control measures are similar to Schedule III . Prescriptions for Schedule IV drugs may be refilled up to five times within a six - month period . A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III , IV , and V issued by a practitioner , may be communicated either orally , in writing , or by facsimile to the pharmacist , and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call - in . Drugs in this schedule include : Benzodiazepines , such as alprazolam ( Xanax ) , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , clonazepam ( Klonopin ) , diazepam ( Valium ) , and Lorazepam ( Ativan ) , as well as : temazepam ( Restoril ) ( note that some states require specially coded prescriptions for temazepam ) flunitrazepam ( Rohypnol ) ( note that flunitrazepam is not used medically in the United States ) The benzodiazepine - like Z - drugs : zolpidem ( Ambien ) , zopiclone ( Imovane ) , eszopiclone ( Lunesta ) , and zaleplon ( Sonata ) ( zopiclone is not commercially available in the U.S. ) Chloral hydrate , a sedative - hypnotic Long - acting barbiturates such as phenobarbital Some partial agonist opioid analgesics , such as pentazocine ( Talwin ) The eugeroic drug modafinil ( sold in the U.S. as Provigil ) as well as its ( R ) - enantiomer armodafinil ( sold in the U.S. as Nuvigil ) Difenoxin , an antidiarrheal drug , such as when combined with atropine ( Motofen ) ( difenoxin is 2 -- 3 times more potent than diphenoxylate , the active ingredient in Lomotil , which is in Schedule V ) Tramadol ( Ultram ) Carisoprodol ( Soma ) has become a Schedule IV medication as of 11 January 2012 Schedule V controlled substances ( edit ) Main article : List of Schedule V drugs ( US ) Schedule V substances are those that have the following findings : The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV . No controlled substance in schedule V which is a drug may be distributed or dispensed other than for a medical purpose . A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III , IV , and V issued by a practitioner , may be communicated either orally , in writing , or by facsimile to the pharmacist , and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call - in . Drugs in this schedule include : Cough suppressants containing small amounts of codeine ( e.g. , promethazine + codeine ) ; Preparations containing small amounts of opium or diphenoxylate ( used to treat diarrhea ) ; Some anticonvulsants , such as pregabalin ( Lyrica ) , lacosamide ( Vimpat ) and retigabine ( ezogabine ) ( Potiga / Trobalt ) ; Pyrovalerone ( used to treat chronic fatigue and as an appetite suppressant for weight loss ) ; Some centrally - acting antidiarrheals , such as diphenoxylate ( Lomotil ) when mixed with atropine ( to make it unpleasant for people to grind up , cook , and inject ) . Difenoxin with atropine ( Motofen ) has been moved to Schedule IV . Without atropine , these drugs are in Schedule II . Regulation of precursors ( edit ) The Controlled Substances Act also provides for federal regulation of precursors used to manufacture some of the controlled substances . The DEA list of chemicals is actually modified when the United States Attorney General determines that illegal manufacturing processes have changed . In addition to the CSA , due to pseudoephedrine ( PSE ) and ephedrine being widely used in the manufacture of methamphetamine , the U.S. Congress passed the Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act which places restrictions on the sale of any medicine containing pseudoephedrine . That bill was then superseded by the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 , which was passed as an amendment to the Patriot Act renewal and included wider and more comprehensive restrictions on the sale of PSE - containing products . This law requires customer signature of a `` log - book '' and presentation of valid photo ID in order to purchase PSE - containing products from all retailers . Additionally , the law restricts an individual to the retail purchase of no more than three packages or 3.6 grams of such product per day per purchase -- and no more than 9 grams in a single month . A violation of this statute constitutes a misdemeanor . Retailers now commonly require PSE - containing products to be sold behind the pharmacy or service counter . This affects many preparations which were previously available over-the - counter without restriction , such as Actifed and its generic equivalents . Criticism ( edit ) There has been criticism against the schedule classifications of the listed drugs and substances in the CSA , citing undefined terms . Some criticism has arisen due to research that has found several substances on the list of Schedule I substances to have actual accepted medical uses and low abuse potential , despite the requirement for a Schedule I listing mandating that any substance so scheduled have both a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use . One such example is the legalization of marijuana in some capacity in over 29 states . Further information : Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Convention on Psychotropic Substances Drug - Free Workplace Act of 1988 Fair Sentencing Act Gonzales v. Raich Legality of the War on Drugs List of pharmaceutical companies Medical amnesty policy Regulation of therapeutic goods Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs ( 1961 ) Treaty Clause and Head Money Cases United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers ' Cooperative Federal drug policy of the United States Similar legislation outside of the United States : Controlled Drugs and Substances Act ( Canada ) Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 ( United Kingdom ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 91 -- 513 , 84 Stat. 1236 , enacted October 27 , 1970 , codified at 21 U.S.C. § 801 et . seq . ^ Jump up to : Government Regulations Docket ID : DEA - 2009 - 0013 in BASIS FOR THE RECOMMENDATION TO CONTROL 5 - METHOXY - DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE ( 5 - MeO - DMT ) IN SCHEDULE I OF THE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT The term `` abuse '' is not defined in the CSA . ^ Jump up to : `` ( D ) rug abuse may refer to any type of drug or chemical without regard to its pharmacologic actions . It is an eclectic concept having only one uniform connotation : societal disapproval ... The Commission believes that the term drug abuse must be deleted from official pronouncements and public policy dialogue . The term has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary codeword for that drug use which is presently considered wrong . '' -- Second Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse ; Drug Use In America : Problem In Perspective ( March 1973 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` Illegal Drugs in America : A Modern History '' . DEA Museum & Visitors Center . Archived from the original on 4 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The 1912 Hague International Opium Convention '' . Public Policy Options . Canadian Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs . 3 . Schaffer Library of Drug Policy . Jump up ^ Musto , David F. `` History of Legislative Control Over Opium , Cocaine , and Their Derivatives '' . Schaffer Library of Drug Policy . Jump up ^ `` Legislation '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Device Amendments '' . Rx - wiki . Parsons Printing Press . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years : The Kefauver - Harris Amendment '' . FDA . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ 91st United States Congress ( 1970 ) , `` Part F -- Advisory Commission : Establishment of Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse '' , An Act to amend the Public Health Service Act and other laws to provide increased research , into , and prevention of , drug abuse and drug dependence ; to provide for treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers and drug dependent persons ; and to strengthen existing law enforcement authority in the field of drug abuse , U.S. Government Publishing Office , pp. 1280 -- 1281 . Pub. L. 91 -- 513 , 84 Stat. 1236 , enacted October 27 , 1970 Jump up ^ National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse ( March 1973 ) . Drug Use In America : Problem In Perspective , Second Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse ( Report ) . ^ Jump up to : King , Rufus . `` The 1970 Act : Do n't Sit There , Amend Something '' . The Drug Hang Up , America 's Fifty - Year Folly . Schaffer Library of Drug Policy . Jump up ^ Courtwright , David T. ( 5 October 2004 ) . `` The Controlled Substances Act : how a `` big tent '' reform became a punitive drug law `` . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 76 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 15 . PMID 15380284 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drugalcdep. 2004.04. 012 . Jump up ^ `` S. 510 - An Act to amend the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act to provide for the safety and effectiveness of medical devices intended for human use , and for other purposes '' . Congress.Gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S. 2399 - Psychotropic Substances Act '' . Congress.Gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Steven B. Karch . Pathology , Toxicogenetics , and Criminalistics of Drug Abuse . CRC Press , 2007 ISBN 9781420054569 Jump up ^ Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 . Wikisource. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title 21 United States Code ( USC ) Controlled Substances Act '' . Drug Enforcement Administration : Office of Diversion Control . United States Department of Justice . Jump up ^ `` State and Local Task Forces '' . Drug Enforcement Administration . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Drug Enforcement Administration ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Schedules of Controlled Substances : Placement of 5 - Methoxy - N , N - Dimethyltryptamine Into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act '' . Federal Register . 74 ( 161 ) : 42217 -- 42220 . Under the authority vested in the Attorney General by section 201 ( a ) of the CSA ( 21 USC 811 ( a ) ) , and delegated to the Administrator of DEA by Department of Justice regulations ( 28 CFR 0.100 ) , and redelegated to the Deputy Administrator pursuant to 28 CFR 0.104 ... 74 FR 42217 Jump up ^ `` Final Order : Temporary Placement of Five Synthetic Cannabinoids Into Schedule I '' . Drug Enforcement Administration : Office of Diversion Control . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Abood , Richard R. ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` The Closed System of Controlled Substance Distribution '' . Pharmacy Practice and the Law . Jones & Bartlett . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 8691 - 8 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Reid v. Covert , 354 U.S. 1 at pp 17 -- 19 '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The War on Drugs '' ( PDF ) . Cato Handbook for Congress : Policy Recommendations for the 108th Congress . Cato Institute . 2003 . pp. 171 -- 178 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Date Rape '' Drugs Archived 2006 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ fuoriluogo.it -- aprile 2003 Archived April 23 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 21 USC Chapter 13 -- DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL LII / Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ 21 USC § 802 -- Definitions LII / Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ `` Appendix C : Measurement of Dependence , Abuse , Treatment , and Treatment Need -- 2000 NHSDA -- Substance Dependence , Abuse , and Treatment '' . National Household Survey on Drug Abuse . SAMHSA , Office of Applied Studies . 2000 . Jump up ^ `` InfoFacts -- Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products '' . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 21 U.S.C. § 812 -- Schedules of controlled substances ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Donnie ( 20 March 2001 ) . `` Notice of denial of petition to reschedule marijuana '' . Federal Register . Drug Enforcement Administration . 66 ( 75 ) : 20038 -- 20076 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : See United States v. Angelos , 433 F. 3d 738 ( 10th Cir. 2006 ) ( 55 years for three sales of marijuana ) . Jump up ^ Gee , Paul ; Gilbert , Mark ; Richardson , Sandra ; Moore , Grant ; Paterson , Sharon ; Graham , Patrick ( 2008 ) . `` Toxicity from the Recreational Use of 1 - benzylpiperazine '' . Clinical Toxicology. 46 ( 9 ) : 802 -- 07 . PMID 18821145 . doi : 10.1080 / 15563650802307602 . Jump up ^ Brennan , K. ; Johnstone , A. ; Fitzmaurice , P. ; Lea , R. ; Schenk , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Chronic Benzylpiperazine ( BZP ) Exposure Produces Behavioral Sensitization and Cross-sensitization to Methamphetamine ( MA ) '' . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 88 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 204 -- 13 . PMID 17125936 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drugalcdep. 2006.10. 016 . Jump up ^ Tunnicliff , G. ( 1997 ) . `` Sites of action of gamma hydroxybutyrate ( GHB ) -- A neuroactive drug with abuse potential '' . Clinical Toxicology. 35 ( 6 ) : 581 -- 590 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563659709001236 . Jump up ^ Okun , M.S. ; Boothy , L.A. ; Bartfield , R.B. ; Doering , P.L. ( 2001 ) . `` GHB : An important pharmacologic and clinical update '' . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacological Science . 4 ( = 2 ) : 167 -- 175 . Jump up ^ `` MAPS Legal History of MDMA '' . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manuals -- Practitioner 's Manual -- SECTION V '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 ^ Jump up to : 21 USC § 829 -- Prescriptions LII / Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ 21 USC Part D -- Offenses and Penalties LII / Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ `` Issuance of Multiple Prescriptions for Schedule II Controlled Substances '' . U.S. DEA , U.S. DOJ . November 2007 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Federal Register / Vol. 79 , No. 163 / Pgs. 49661 - 49682 / Aug 22 , 2014 DEA - Final Rule , Effective October 6 , 2014 Text ( 162 KB ) PDF ( 242 KB ) Jump up ^ Exempt Anabolic Steroids ( 21 CFR § 1308.33 and 21 CFR § 1308.34 ) 05 February 2015 Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Diversion Control Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section Jump up ^ Halpern , J.H. ( 2004 ) . `` Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States '' . Pharmacology & Therapeutics . 102 : 131 -- 138 . PMID 15163594 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pharmthera. 2004.03. 003 . Jump up ^ Schultes , R.E. and Hofmann , A. , 1980 . The botany and chemistry of hallucinogens , Charles C. Thomas , Springfield , IL . Jump up ^ ( Federal Register Volume 76 , Number 238 ( Monday , December 12 , 2011 ) ) ( Rules and Regulations ) ( Pages 77330 - 77360 ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Pseudoephedrine Law '' ( PDF ) . doh.state.fl.us . Florida Department of Health , Division of Medical Quality Assurance . October 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` General Information Regarding the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act 2005 '' . Drug Enforcement Administration , Office of Diversion Control . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Drug Scheduling '' . Drug Enforcement Agency . United States Department of Justice . Jump up ^ Nutt , David J. ; King , Leslie A. ; Phillips , Lawrence D. ; Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs ( 6 November 2010 ) . `` Drug harms in the UK : A multicriteria decision analysis '' . The Lancet . 376 ( 9752 ) : 1558 -- 1565 . PMID 21036393 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 10 ) 61462 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` DrugFacts : Is Marijuana Medicine ? '' . National Institute on Drug Abuse . National Institutes of Health ; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html External links ( edit ) Full text of Controlled Substances Act ( hide ) Regulation of therapeutic goods Americas Brazil Canada United States ( drug schedules : I - II - III - IV - V ) Eurasia European Union Germany India Japan Netherlands Norway Portugal Singapore Soviet Union Switzerland Thailand United Kingdom Oceania Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled_Substances_Act&oldid=808290871 '' Categories : Controlled Substances Act Drug Enforcement Administration History of drug control 1970 in American politics United States federal criminal legislation 1970 in cannabis Cannabis law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with unsourced quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 00 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who decides what rating to give a controlled substance	[ "The legislation created five Schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each. Two federal agencies, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), determine which substances are added to or removed from the various schedules, although the statute passed by Congress created the initial listing. Congress has sometimes scheduled other substances through legislation such as the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000, which placed gamma hydroxybutyrate in Schedule I. Classification decisions are required to be made on criteria including potential for abuse (an undefined term),[2][3] currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and international treaties.", "The legislation created five Schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each. Two federal agencies, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), determine which substances are added to or removed from the various schedules, although the statute passed by Congress created the initial listing. Congress has sometimes scheduled other substances through legislation such as the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prevention Act of 2000, which placed gamma hydroxybutyrate in Schedule I. Classification decisions are required to be made on criteria including potential for abuse (an undefined term),[2][3] currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and international treaties." ]	[ "Drug Enforcement Administration", "Food and Drug Administration" ]
-8096477174752696330	Hand	Hand - wikipedia Hand Jump to : navigation , search `` Hands '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hand ( disambiguation ) and Hands ( disambiguation ) . Hand Palmar and dorsal aspects of human right hand X-ray of human hand Details Vein dorsal venous network of hand Nerve Ulnar , median , radial nerves Identifiers Latin Manus MeSH D006225 TA A01. 1.00. 025 FMA 9712 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A hand is a prehensile , multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans , chimpanzees , monkeys , and lemurs . A few other vertebrates such as the koala ( which has two opposable thumbs on each `` hand '' and fingerprints extremely similar to human fingerprints ) are often described as having `` hands '' instead of paws on their front limbs . The raccoon is usually described as having `` hands '' though opposable thumbs are lacking . Some evolutionary anatomists use the term hand to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb more generally -- for example , in the context of whether the three digits of the bird hand involved the same homologous loss of two digits as in the dinosaur hand . The human hand normally has five digits : four fingers plus one thumb ; these are often referred to collectively as five fingers , however , whereby the thumb is included as one of the fingers . It has 27 bones , not including the sesamoid bone , the number of which varies between people , 14 of which are the phalanges ( proximal , intermediate and distal ) of the fingers and thumb . The metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist . Each human hand has five metacarpals and eight carpal bones . Fingers contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings in the body , and are the richest source of tactile feedback . They also have the greatest positioning capability of the body ; thus , the sense of touch is intimately associated with hands . Like other paired organs ( eyes , feet , legs ) each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere , so that handedness -- the preferred hand choice for single - handed activities such as writing with a pencil , reflects individual brain functioning . Among humans , the hands play an important function in body language and sign language . Likewise the ten digits of two hands , and the twelve phalanges of four fingers ( touchable by the thumb ) have given rise to number systems and calculation techniques . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Areas 1.2 Bones 1.2. 1 Arches 1.3 Muscles 1.3. 1 Intrinsic 1.3. 2 Extrinsic 1.4 Innervation 1.5 Skin 1.6 Variation 2 Clinical significance 3 Evolution 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Many mammals and other animals have grasping appendages similar in form to a hand such as paws , claws , and talons , but these are not scientifically considered to be grasping hands . The scientific use of the term hand in this sense to distinguish the terminations of the front paws from the hind ones is an example of anthropomorphism . The only true grasping hands appear in the mammalian order of primates . Hands must also have opposable thumbs , as described later in the text . The hand is located at the distal end of each arm . Apes and monkeys are sometimes described as having four hands , because the toes are long and the hallux is opposable and looks more like a thumb , thus enabling the feet to be used as hands . The word `` hand '' is sometimes used by evolutionary anatomists to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb such as when researching the homology between the three digits of the bird hand and the dinosaur hand . Areas ( edit ) Human hand parts Areas of the human hand include : The palm ( Volar ) , which is the central region of the anterior part of the hand , located superficially to the metacarpus . The skin in this area contains dermal papillae to increase friction , such as are also present on the fingers and used for fingerprints . The opisthenar area ( dorsal ) is the corresponding area on the posterior part of the hand . The heel of the hand is the area anteriorly to the bases of the metacarpal bones , located in the proximal part of the palm . It is the area that sustains most pressure when using the palm of the hand for support , such as in handstand . There are five digits attached to the hand , notably with a nail fixed to the end in place of the normal claw . The four fingers can be folded over the palm which allows the grasping of objects . Each finger , starting with the one closest to the thumb , has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others : index finger , pointer finger , forefinger , or 2nd digit middle finger or long finger or 3rd digit ring finger or 4th digit little finger , pinky finger , small finger , baby finger , or 5th digit The thumb ( connected to the first metacarpal bone and trapezium ) is located on one of the sides , parallel to the arm . A reliable way of identifying human hands is from the presence of opposable thumbs . Opposable thumbs are identified by the ability to be brought opposite to the fingers , a muscle action known as opposition . Bones ( edit ) Bones of the human hand Hand - bone animation The skeleton of the human hand consists of 27 bones : the eight short carpal bones of the wrist are organized into a proximal row ( scaphoid , lunate , triquetral and pisiform ) which articulates with the bones of the forearm , and a distal row ( trapezium , trapezoid , capitate and hamate ) , which articulates with the bases of the five metacarpal bones of the hand . The heads of the metacarpals will each in turn articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanx of the fingers and thumb . These articulations with the fingers are the metacarpophalangeal joints known as the knuckles . The fourteen phalanges make up the fingers and thumb , and are numbered I-V ( thumb to little finger ) when the hand is viewed from an anatomical position ( palm up ) . The four fingers each consist of three phalanx bones : proximal , middle , and distal . The thumb only consists of a proximal and distal phalanx . Together with the phalanges of the fingers and thumb these metacarpal bones form five rays or poly - articulated chains . Because supination and pronation ( rotation about the axis of the forearm ) are added to the two axes of movements of the wrist , the ulna and radius are sometimes considered part of the skeleton of the hand . There are numerous sesamoid bones in the hand , small ossified nodes embedded in tendons ; the exact number varies between people : whereas a pair of sesamoid bones are found at virtually all thumb metacarpophalangeal joints , sesamoid bones are also common at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb ( 72.9 % ) and at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the little finger ( 82.5 % ) and the index finger ( 48 % ) . In rare cases , sesamoid bones have been found in all the metacarpophalangeal joints and all distal interphalangeal joints except that of the long finger . The articulations are : interphalangeal articulations of hand ( the hinge joints between the bones of the digits ) metacarpophalangeal joints ( where the digits meet the palm ) intercarpal articulations ( where the palm meets the wrist ) wrist ( may also be viewed as belonging to the forearm ) . Arches ( edit ) Arches of the hand Red : one of the oblique arches Brown : one of the longitudinal arches of the digits Dark green : transverse carpal arch Light green : transverse metacarpal arch The fixed and mobile parts of the hand adapt to various everyday tasks by forming bony arches : longitudinal arches ( the rays formed by the finger bones and their associated metacarpal bones ) , transverse arches ( formed by the carpal bones and distal ends of the metacarpal bones ) , and oblique arches ( between the thumb and four fingers ) : Of the longitudinal arches or rays of the hand , that of the thumb is the most mobile ( and the least longitudinal ) . While the ray formed by the little finger and its associated metacarpal bone still offers some mobility , the remaining rays are firmly rigid . The phalangeal joints of the index finger , however , offer some independence to its finger , due to the arrangement of its flexor and extension tendons . The carpal bones form two transversal rows , each forming an arch concave on the palmar side . Because the proximal arch simultaneously has to adapt to the articular surface of the radius and to the distal carpal row , it is by necessity flexible . In contrast , the capitate , the `` keystone '' of the distal arch , moves together with the metacarpal bones and the distal arch is therefore rigid . The stability of these arches is more dependent of the ligaments and capsules of the wrist than of the interlocking shapes of the carpal bones , and the wrist is therefore more stable in flexion than in extension . The distal carpal arch affects the function of the CMC joints and the hands , but not the function of the wrist or the proximal carpal arch . The ligaments that maintain the distal carpal arches are the transverse carpal ligament and the intercarpal ligaments ( also oriented transversally ) . These ligaments also form the carpal tunnel and contribute to the deep and superficial palmar arches . Several muscle tendons attaching to the TCL and the distal carpals also contribute to maintaining the carpal arch . Compared to the carpal arches , the arch formed by the distal ends of the metacarpal bones is flexible due to the mobility of the peripheral metacarpals ( thumb and little finger ) . As these two metacarpals approach each other , the palmar gutter deepens . The central-most metacarpal ( middle finger ) is the most rigid . It and its two neighbors are tied to the carpus by the interlocking shapes of the metacarpal bones . The thumb metacarpal only articulates with the trapezium and is therefore completely independent , while the fifth metacarpal ( little finger ) is semi-independent with the fourth metacarpal ( ring finger ) which forms a transitional element to the fifth metacarpal . Together with the thumb , the four fingers form four oblique arches , of which the arch of the index finger functionally is the most important , especially for precision grip , while the arch of the little finger contribute an important locking mechanism for power grip . The thumb is undoubtedly the `` master digit '' of the hand , giving value to all the other fingers . Together with the index and middle finger , it forms the dynamic tridactyl configuration responsible for most grips not requiring force . The ring and little fingers are more static , a reserve ready to interact with the palm when great force is needed . See also : arches of the foot Muscles ( edit ) Main article : Muscles of the hand Muscles and other structures of wrist and palm The muscles acting on the hand can be subdivided into two groups : the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups . The extrinsic muscle groups are the long flexors and extensors . They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm . Intrinsic ( edit ) The intrinsic muscle groups are the thenar ( thumb ) and hypothenar ( little finger ) muscles ; the interosseous muscles ( four dorsally and three volarly ) originating between the metacarpal bones ; and the lumbrical muscles arising from the deep flexor ( and are special because they have no bony origin ) to insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism . Extrinsic ( edit ) Extensor compartments of wrist ( back of hand ) The fingers have two long flexors , located on the underside of the forearm . They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers . The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx , and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx . The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers . The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group . The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group ( opponens and abductor brevis muscle ) , moving the thumb in opposition , making grasping possible . The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers . The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism . The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the digits . The thumb has two extensors in the forearm ; the tendons of these form the anatomical snuff box . Also , the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor , used , for instance , pointing . The extensors are situated within 6 separate compartments . Compartment 1 ( Most radial ) Compartment 2 Compartment 3 Compartment 4 Compartment 5 Compartment 6 ( Most ulnar ) Abductor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum communis The first four compartments are located in the grooves present on the dorsum of inferior side of radius while the 5th compartment is in between radius and ulna . The 6th compartment is in the groove on the dorsum of inferior side of ulna . Innervation ( edit ) Cutaneous innervation of the upper limb The hand is innervated by the radial , median , and ulnar nerves . Motor innervation The radial nerve innervates the finger extensors and the thumb abductor , thus the muscles that extends at the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints ( knuckles ) ; and that abducts and extends the thumb . The median nerve innervates the flexors of the wrist and digits , the abductors and opponens of the thumb , the first and second lumbrical . The ulnar nerve innervates the remaining intrinsic muscles of the hand . All muscles of the hand are innervated by the brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) and can be classified by innervation : Nerve Muscles radial Extensors : carpi radialis longus and brevis , digitorum , digiti minimi , carpi ulnaris , pollicis longus and brevis , and indicis . Other : abductor pollicis longus . median Flexors : carpi radialis , pollicis longus , digitorum profundus ( half ) , superficialis , and pollicis brevis ( superficial head ) . Other : palmaris longus . abductor pollicis brevis , opponens pollicis , and first and second lumbricals . ulnar Flexor carpi ulnaris , flexor digitorum profundus ( half ) , palmaris brevis , flexor digiti minimi , abductor digiti minimi , opponens digiti minimi , adductor pollicis , flexor pollicis brevis ( deep head ) , palmar and dorsal interossei , and third and fourth lumbricals . Cutaneous innervation The radial nerve innervates the skin the back of the hand from the thumb to the ring finger and the dorsal aspects of the index , middle , and half ring fingers as far as the proximal interphalangeal joints . The median nerve innervates the palmar side of the thumb , index , middle , and half ring fingers . Dorsal branches innervates the distal phalanges of the index , middle , and half ring fingers . The ulnar nerve innervates the ulnar third of the hand , both at the palm and the back of the hand , and the little and half ring fingers . There is a considerable variation to this general pattern , except for the little finger and volar surface of the index finger . For example , in some individuals , the ulnar nerve supplies the entire ring finger and the ulnar side of the middle finger , whilst , in others , the median nerve supplies the entire ring finger . Skin ( edit ) Left : papillary ridges of palm Right : sexual dimorphism The glabrous ( hairless ) skin on the front of the hand , the palm , is relatively thick and can be bent along the hand 's flexure lines where the skin is tightly bound to the underlying tissue and bones . Compared to the rest of the body 's skin , the hands ' palms ( as well as the soles of the feet ) are usually lighter -- and even much lighter in dark - skinned individuals , compared to the other side of the hand . Indeed , genes specifically expressed in the dermis of palmoplantar skin inhibit melanin production and thus the ability to tan , and promote the thickening of the stratum lucidum and stratum corneum layers of the epidermis . All parts of the skin involved in grasping are covered by papillary ridges ( fingerprints ) acting as friction pads . In contrast , the hairy skin on the dorsal side is thin , soft , and pliable , so that the skin can recoil when the fingers are stretched . On the dorsal side , the skin can be moved across the hand up to 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) ; an important input the cutaneous mechanoreceptors . The web of the hand is a `` fold of skin which connects the digits '' . These webs , located between each set of digits , are known as skin folds ( interdigital folds or plica interdigitalis ) . They are defined as `` one of the folds of skin , or rudimentary web , between the fingers and toes '' . Variation ( edit ) Further information : Digit ratio The ratio of the length of the index finger to the length of the ring finger in adults is affected by the level of exposure to male sex hormones of the embryo in utero . This digit ratio is below 1 for both sexes but it is lower in males than in females on average . Clinical significance ( edit ) X-ray of the left hand of a ten - year - old boy with polydactyly . A number of genetic disorders affect the hand . Polydactyly is the presence of more than the usual number of fingers . One of the disorders that can cause this is Catel - Manzke syndrome . The fingers may be fused in a disorder known as syndactyly . Or there may be an absence of one or more central fingers -- a condition known as ectrodactyly . Additionally , some people are born without one or both hands ( amelia ) . There are several cutaneous conditions that can affect the hand including the nails . The autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis can affect the hand , particularly the joints of the fingers . Some conditions can be treated by hand surgery . These include carpal tunnel syndrome , a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of the median nerve , and Dupuytren 's contracture , a condition in which fingers bend towards the palm and can not be straightened . A similar condition to this is where some of the fingers can not be flexed due to injury to the ulnar nerve . A common fracture of the hand is a scaphoid fracture -- a fracture of the scaphoid bone , one of the carpal bones . This is the commonest carpal bone fracture and can be slow to heal due to a limited blood flow to the bone . There are various types of fracture to the base of the thumb ; these are known as Rolando fractures , Bennet 's fracture , and Gamekeeper 's thumb . Another common fracture , known as Boxer 's fracture , is to the neck of a metacarpal . Evolution ( edit ) `` Hands '' of a Javanese tree shrew and a human The prehensile hands and feet of primates evolved from the mobile hands of semi-arboreal tree shrews that lived about 60 million years ago . This development has been accompanied by important changes in the brain and the relocation of the eyes to the front of the face , together allowing the muscle control and stereoscopic vision necessary for controlled grasping . This grasping , also known as power grip , is supplemented by the precision grip between the thumb and the distal finger pads made possible by the opposable thumbs . Hominidae ( great apes including humans ) acquired an erect bipedal posture about 3.6 million years ago , which freed the hands from the task of locomotion and paved the way for the precision and range of motion in human hands . Functional analyses of the features unique to the hand of modern humans have shown that they are consistent with the stresses and requirements associated with the effective use of paleolithic stone tools . It is possible that the refinement of the bipedal posture in the earliest hominids evolved to facilitate the use of the trunk as leverage in accelerating the hand . While the human hand has unique anatomical features , including a longer thumb and fingers that can be controlled individually to a higher degree , the hands of other primates are anatomically similar and the dexterity of the human hand can not be explained solely on anatomical factors . The neural machinery underlying hand movements is a major contributing factor ; primates have evolved direct connections between neurons in cortical motor areas and spinal motoneurons , giving the cerebral cortex monosynaptic control over the motoneurons of the hand muscles ; placing the hands `` closer '' to the brain . The recent evolution of the human hand is thus a direct result of the development of the central nervous system , and the hand , therefore , is a direct tool of our consciousness -- the main source of differentiated tactile sensations -- and a precise working organ enabling gestures -- the expressions of our personalities . A gorilla , a large extant primate with small thumbs , and the hand skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus , a large Pliocene primate with relatively human - like thumbs There are nevertheless several primitive features left in the human hand , including pentadactyly ( having five fingers ) , the hairless skin of the palm and fingers , and the os centrale found in human embryos , prosimians , and apes . Furthermore , the precursors of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are present in the earliest fishes , reflecting that the hand evolved from the pectoral fin and thus is much older than the arm in evolutionary terms . The proportions of the human hand are plesiomorphic ( shared by both ancestors and extant primate species ) ; the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of Miocene apes than those of extant primates . Humans did not evolve from knuckle - walking apes , and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion . Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the chimpanzee - human last common ancestor ( CHLCA ) and absent in modern humans are still present in the hands of Australopithecus , Paranthropus , and Homo floresiensis . This suggests that the derived changes in modern humans and Neanderthals did not evolve until 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago or after the appearance of the earliest Acheulian stone tools , and that these changes are associated with tool - related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins . The thumbs of Ardipithecus ramidus , an early hominin , are almost as robust as in humans , so this may be a primitive trait , while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb 's original function has been lost ( most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the spider monkey ) . In humans , the big toe is thus more derived than the thumb . There is a hypothesis suggesting the form of the modern human hand is especially conducive to the formation of a compact fist , presumably for fighting purposes . The fist is compact and thus effective as a weapon . It also provides protection for the fingers . However , this is not widely accepted to be one of the primary selective pressures acting on hand morphology throughout human evolution , with tool use and production being thought to be far more influential . Additional images ( edit ) Illustration of Hand and Wrist Bones . Bones of the left hand . Volar surface . Bones of the left hand . Dorsal surface . Static adult human physical characteristics of the hand . Cuban doctor checks the hand of a patient . Sara , Guinea - Bissau , liberated zones , 1974 Hard hands of a young girl in Algeria . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Dactylonomy Dermatoglyphics Finger - counting Finger tracking Handstand Hand strength Hand walking Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism Knuckle - walking Palmistry -- fortune - telling based on lines in hand palms . Manus ( anatomy ) Mudra -- Hindu term for hand gestures . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas , Dorcas MacClintock ; illustrated by J. Sharkey ( 2002 ) . A natural history of raccoons . Caldwell , N.J. : Blackburn Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930665 - 67 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Xu et al. 2009 ^ Jump up to : Mark L. Latash ( 18 March 2008 ) . Synergy . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 137 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533316 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tracy L. Kivell ; Pierre Lemelin ; Brian G. Richmond ; Daniel Schmitt ( 10 August 2016 ) . The Evolution of the Primate Hand : Anatomical , Developmental , Functional , and Paleontological Evidence . Springer . pp. 7 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 3646 - 5 . Jump up ^ Goldfinger , Eliot ( 1991 ) . Human Anatomy for Artists : The Elements of Form : The Elements of Form . Oxford University Press . pp. 177 , 295 . Jump up ^ O'Rahilly , , Ronan ; Müller , Fabiola ( 1983 ) . Basic Human Anatomy : A Regional Study of Human Structure . Saunders . p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt & Lanz 2003 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Marieb 2004 , p. 237 Jump up ^ Tubiana , Thomine & Mackin 1998 , p. 4 Jump up ^ ( Saladin , Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill , 2007 . Print . ) ^ Jump up to : Tubiana , Thomine & Mackin 1998 , pp. 9 -- 14 Jump up ^ Austin 2005 , pp. 319 -- 320 Jump up ^ `` Medical mnemonics '' . LifeHugger . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Jones & Lederman 2006 , pp. 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Ross & Lamperti 2006 , p. 257 Jump up ^ Jones & Lederman 2006 , pp. 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Web '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` web of fingers / toes '' . Farlex Medical Dictionary . Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt & Lanz 2003 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Key and Lycett ( 2011 ) Technology based evolution ? A biometric test ... Journal of Archaeological Science ^ Jump up to : Rolian et al. , 2011 Jump up ^ Marzke 2009 Jump up ^ Flanagan & Johansson 2002 Jump up ^ Putz & Tuppek 1999 Jump up ^ Almécija 2009 Jump up ^ Kivella & Schmitt 2009 ^ Jump up to : Lovejoy et al. 2009 , Abstract , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Tocheri et al. 2008 Jump up ^ Reardon 2012 , Knight 2012 , Morgan & Carrier 2013 Jump up ^ Key and Lycett , 2011 Jump up ^ williams et al. , 2012 Jump up ^ Key , 2013 References ( edit ) Almécija , Sergio ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the hand in Miocene apes : implications for the appearance of the human hand ( PhD Thesis ) '' ( PDF ) . Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona . Austin , Noelle M. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 9 : The Wrist and Hand Complex '' . In Levangie , Pamela K. ; Norkin , Cynthia C. Joint Structure and Function : A Comprehensive Analysis ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : F.A. Davis Company . ISBN 0 - 8036 - 1191 - 9 . Flanagan , J Randall ; Johansson , Roland S ( 2002 ) . `` Hand Movements '' . Encyclopedia of the human brain ( PDF ) . Elsevier Science . Jones , Lynette A. ; Lederman , Susan J. ( 2006 ) . `` Structure of the Skin '' . Human hand function . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517315 - 4 . Kivella , Tracy L. ; Schmitt , Daniel ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Independent evolution of knuckle - walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle - walking ancestor '' . PNAS. 106 ( 34 ) : 14241 -- 14246 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 10614241K . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0901280106 . PMC 2732797 . PMID 19667206 . Knight , Kathryn ( 2012 ) . `` Fighting Shaped Human Hands '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 083725 . Lovejoy , C. Owen ; Suwa , Gen ; Simpson , Scott W. ; Matternes , Jay H. ; White , Tim D. ( October 2009 ) . `` The Great Divides : Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes '' . Science . 326 ( 5949 ) : 73 , 100 -- 106 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 326 ... 100L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1175833 . PMID 19810199 . Marieb , Elaine N ( 2004 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology ( Sixth ed . ) . Pearson PLC . ISBN 0 - 321 - 20413 - 1 . Marzke , Mary . `` Evolution of the hand and bipedality '' . Massey University , NZ . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Morgan , Michael H. ; Carrier , David R. ( January 2013 ) . `` Protective buttressing of the human fist and the evolution of hominin hands '' . J Exp Biol. 216 : 236 -- 244 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 075713 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Putz , RV ; Tuppek , A. ( November 1999 ) . `` Evolution of the hand '' . Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 31 ( 6 ) : 357 -- 61 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 1999 - 13552 . PMID 10637723 . accessdate = Reardon , Sara ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Human hands evolved so we could punch each other '' . New Scientist . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Ross , Lawrence M. ; Lamperti , Edward D. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Thieme Atlas of Anatomy : General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System . Thieme . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 419 - 9 . Schmidt , Hans - Martin ; Lanz , Ulrich ( 2003 ) . Surgical Anatomy of the Hand . Thieme . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 007 - X . Tocheri , Matthew W. ; Orr , Caley M. ; Jacofsky , Marc C. ; Marzke , Mary W. ( 2008 ) . `` The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo '' . J. Anat. ( 212 ) : 544 -- 562 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2008. 00865. x . PMC 2409097 . PMID 18380869 . ( Abstract , PubMed ) ( PDF , Smithsonian ) Tubiana , Raoul ; Thomine , Jean - Michel ; Mackin , Evelyn ( 1998 ) . Examination of the Hand and Wrist ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85317 - 544 - 2 . Xu , X ; Clark , JM ; Mo , J ; Choiniere , J ; Forster , CA ; Erickson , GM ; Hone , DWE ; Sullivan , C ; Eberth , DA ; Nesbitt , S ; Zhao , Q ; Hernandez , R ; Jia , CK ; Han , FL ; Guo , Y ( 2009 ) . `` A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies '' . Nature . 459 ( 7249 ) : 940 -- 944 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 459 ... 940X . doi : 10.1038 / nature08124 . PMID 19536256 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Hand anatomy ( eMedicine ) Film Board of Canada documentary Faces of the Hand ( Requires Adobe Flash ) The Common Hand article in the May 2012 National Geographic Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis GND : 4023207 - 4 NDL : 00572746 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand&oldid=835552230 '' Categories : Upper limb anatomy Hand Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ 115 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the skin between your fingers	[ "The web of the hand is a \"fold of skin which connects the digits\"[17]. These webs, located between each set of digits, are known as skin folds (interdigital folds or plica interdigitalis). They are defined as \"one of the folds of skin, or rudimentary web, between the fingers and toes\".[18]" ]	[ "skin folds" ]
4408037170347760052	2017 NBA Playoffs	2017 NBA Playoffs - wikipedia 2017 NBA Playoffs 2017 NBA Playoffs Dates April 15 -- June 12 , 2017 Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 16 Champions Golden State Warriors ( 5th title ) Runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4th finals appearance ) Semifinalists San Antonio Spurs Boston Celtics ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 NBA Playoffs began on April 15 , 2017 . It concluded with the Golden State Warriors defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals , their third consecutive meeting at the Finals . Kevin Durant was named the NBA Finals MVP in his first year on the team . The Warriors set the record for the longest playoff winning streak ( 15 ) and the best record ( 16 - 1 ) in NBA playoff history . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Western Conference 1.2 Eastern Conference 1.3 First round 1.4 Conference Semifinals 1.5 Conference Finals 1.6 NBA Finals 2 Format 3 Playoff qualifying 3.1 Eastern Conference 3.2 Western Conference 4 Bracket 5 First Round 5.1 Eastern Conference 5.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 8 ) Chicago Bulls 5.1. 2 ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 7 ) Indiana Pacers 5.1. 3 ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 6 ) Milwaukee Bucks 5.1. 4 ( 4 ) Washington Wizards vs. ( 5 ) Atlanta Hawks 5.2 Western Conference 5.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 8 ) Portland Trail Blazers 5.2. 2 ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 7 ) Memphis Grizzlies 5.2. 3 ( 3 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 6 ) Oklahoma City Thunder 5.2. 4 ( 4 ) Los Angeles Clippers vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz 6 Conference Semifinals 6.1 Eastern Conference Semifinals 6.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 4 ) Washington Wizards 6.1. 2 ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors 6.2 Western Conference Semifinals 6.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz 6.2. 2 ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 3 ) Houston Rockets 7 Conference Finals 7.1 Eastern Conference Finals 7.1. 1 ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers 7.2 Western Conference Finals 7.2. 1 ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs 8 2017 NBA Finals : ( E2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( W1 ) Golden State Warriors 9 Statistical leaders 10 Media coverage 10.1 Television 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Western Conference ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors clinched the earliest playoffs berth in NBA history ( on February 25th ) , clinched the best record in the league for 3 straight season and entered their fifth consecutive postseason for the first time since making six straight appearances from 1947 -- 52 ' . The San Antonio Spurs entered their 20th consecutive postseason , including back - to - back 60 + wins for the first time in franchise history . However , they were swept by the Golden State Warriors in the Conference Finals after MVP candidate Kawhi Leonard was injured by Zaza Pachulia . The Houston Rockets entered their fifth consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the San Antonio Spurs in the Conference Semifinals . The Los Angeles Clippers entered their franchise record sixth consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the Utah Jazz in the first round . The Utah Jazz clinched the playoffs spot for the first time since 2012 and their first playoffs series win since 2010 . However , they were swept by the Golden State Warriors in the Conference Semifinals . The Oklahoma City Thunder entered their 2nd consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the Houston Rockets in the first round , their earliest exit since 2010 . The Memphis Grizzlies entered their seventh consecutive postseason . However , they were eliminated by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round for the second straight year . The Portland Trail Blazers entered their fourth consecutive postseason . However , they were swept by Golden State Warriors in the first round . Eastern Conference ( edit ) The Boston Celtics entered their third consecutive postseason and clinched the best record in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 2008 . However , they were eliminated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals . The defending champions Cleveland Cavaliers entered their third consecutive postseason . However , they were defeated by the Golden State Warriors in the NBA Finals . The Toronto Raptors entered their fourth consecutive postseason , including back - to - back 50 + wins for the first time in franchise history . However , they were swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Semifinals . The Washington Wizards , Milwaukee Bucks & Chicago Bulls clinched a playoff spot for the first time since 2015 . Milwaukee and Chicago were eliminated by Toronto and Boston , respectively . The Washington Wizards were eliminated by the Boston Celtics in the Conference Semifinals . It should also be noted that Game 6 of the Wizards - Celtics game was the last time before Verizon Center renames to Capital One Arena . The Atlanta Hawks entered their 10th consecutive postseason , one shy of their postseason streak of 11 ( 1963 - 73 ) . However , they were eliminated by the Washington Wizards in the first round . The Indiana Pacers entered their second consecutive postseason . However , they were swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round . With a 4th seed in the playoffs , the Wizards had their highest seed under a 16 - team playoff format . First round ( edit ) This was the first time , in a best - of - 7 series , that an 8th seed ( Chicago Bulls ) went up 2 -- 0 against a 1st seed ( Boston Celtics ) in the first round . It is the second time this happened overall ; the Los Angeles Lakers did it against the Phoenix Suns in 1993 , which was a best - of - five series that Phoenix eventually won 3 games to 2 . Cleveland became the first team in playoffs history to come back from a 25 - point halftime deficit and win when they beat the Pacers in Game 3 . The Cavaliers became the first team to sweep an opponent while giving up 100 + points every game since the Houston Rockets allowed 100 + in all 4 games during their sweep of the Orlando Magic in the 1995 NBA Finals . The Boston Celtics became the 19th team to come back after trailing 2 -- 0 , against the Bulls . They were also the 4th team in NBA history to lose the first two games of a best - of - 7 series at home and still win the series . Game 7 between the Los Angeles Clippers and Utah Jazz ensured an 18th - straight postseason in which at least one Game 7 was played ; 1999 was the last postseason to not feature a Game 7 . The Clippers became the first NBA team to blow five straight postseason series leads . Conference Semifinals ( edit ) Trailing by 14 and 13 in Games 1 and 2 respectively , the Boston Celtics became the first team to come back and win back - to - back games after trailing by double digits in the first quarter . The 27 - point loss in Game 1 is San Antonio 's largest defeat in a postseason home game . Scoring 125 points in a Game 2 blowout victory against the Toronto Raptors , the Cleveland Cavaliers set a franchise record for most points scored in a postseason game . Their previous record was 124 , in 2010 . 18 of 21 conference semifinals games were decided by 10 points or more . Eight of these games were decided by over 20 points . With a four - game sweep against the Raptors , the Cleveland Cavaliers became the second team to have six playoffs series sweeps in three consecutive postseasons ( 2015 -- 2017 ) since the Lakers did it in 1987 -- 1989 . They also became the first team to start 8 -- 0 in two straight playoffs . The Cavaliers ' Game 4 win over the Raptors gave them their 11th consecutive postseason win ( a streak dating back to Game 5 of the 2016 NBA Finals ) , setting a franchise record . With a four - game sweep against Utah , Golden State swept consecutive playoff series for the first time in franchise history and also had their best eight - game postseason start in franchise history . The Cavaliers and Warriors both started the NBA postseason with 8 -- 0 records , the first time in NBA history that two teams started 8 -- 0 in the same postseason since switching to a seven - game format . In a series - ending 114 -- 75 loss against the Spurs , the Houston Rockets set an NBA record for fewest two - point field goals made in a game . They made 9 of 37 , while the previous record was 11 of 41 . Conference Finals ( edit ) After trailing as much as 25 points , Golden State Warriors came back and won against the San Antonio Spurs in Game 1 . This is the largest comeback in the Conference Finals since the Celtics came back from 26 to beat the Nets in Game 3 of the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals . With a 36 - point win against the San Antonio Spurs in Game 2 , this is Golden State Warriors ' 2nd largest margin of victory in postseason history . ( The largest is 39 - point set back in 1948 , which would be surpassed in the following year when the Warriors defeat Rockets by 41 . ) After trailing as much as 21 points , the Boston Celtics surged back with a 28 -- 10 third quarter run against the Cleveland Cavaliers to win Game 3 . This was also the Cavaliers ' first loss this postseason , as well as their first loss in a postseason game since Game 4 of the previous year 's Finals , snapping an NBA playoff record tying 13 game winning streak . With a four - game sweep against the San Antonio Spurs , the Golden State Warriors earned the distinction of having a 12 -- 0 postseason record , the first in NBA history . They are also the first team to have 3 best - of - 7 series sweeps , and join the 1988 - 89 Los Angeles Lakers ( who ironically , would get swept themselves by the Detroit Pistons ) and the 2000 - 01 Lakers as the only teams to be undefeated going into the championship round , and the only one to have done it under the 7 - 7 - 7 - 7 format since it was introduced in 2003 . NBA Finals ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors began the finals with a playoff record of 12 -- 0 . The first two finals ' games were blowouts by Golden State , game three was closer , but the Warriors still came out victors , going up 3 -- 0 bringing them to 15 -- 0 in the playoffs , the best ever start in NBA playoff history . The Cavs countered beating the Warriors 137 -- 116 in Game four , with 86 points in the first half , setting an NBA Finals ' record . On June twelfth , the Warriors bounced back and won game five at home 129 - 120 , clinching the organization 's fifth championship . Golden State 's 16 -- 1 record is an NBA playoff record since 03 ' for least games attempted to achieve an NBA championship . The title was all - star forward Kevin Durant 's first and all - stars Stephen Curry 's , Klay Thompson 's , and Draymond Green 's second in three years . Durant , who scored over 30 points in each of five games ( the first player to do so since Shaquille O'Neal in 2000 with Los Angeles ) , was the recipient of the 2017 Bill Russell NBA Finals ' MVP award . Format ( edit ) Further information : NBA Playoffs § Format Within each conference , the eight teams with the most wins qualify for the playoffs . The seedings are based on each team 's record . Each conference 's bracket is fixed ; there is no reseeding . All rounds are best - of - seven series ; the team that has four wins advances to the next round . As stated above , all rounds , including the NBA Finals , are in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format . Home court advantage in any round does not necessarily belong to the higher - seeded team , but instead to the team with the better regular season record . If two teams with the same record meet in a round , standard tiebreaker rules are used . The rule for determining home court advantage in the NBA Finals is winning percentage , then head to head record , followed by record vs. opposite conference . Playoff qualifying ( edit ) On February 25 , 2017 , The Golden State Warriors became the first team to clinch a 2017 playoff spot , and the earliest in NBA history , besting their own record from last year by two days . The Cleveland Cavaliers became the first Eastern Conference team to clinch a playoff spot on March 19 , 2017 . Eastern Conference ( edit ) Seed Team Record Clinched Playoff berth Division title Best record in conference Best record in NBA Boston Celtics 53 -- 29 March 21 April 10 April 12 -- Cleveland Cavaliers 51 -- 31 March 19 March 24 -- -- Toronto Raptors 51 -- 31 March 25 -- -- -- Washington Wizards 49 -- 33 March 24 March 28 -- -- 5 Atlanta Hawks 43 -- 39 April 8 -- -- -- 6 Milwaukee Bucks 42 -- 40 April 8 -- -- -- 7 Indiana Pacers 42 -- 40 April 12 -- -- -- 8 Chicago Bulls 41 -- 41 April 12 -- -- -- Western Conference ( edit ) Seed Team Record Clinched Playoff berth Division title Best record in Conference Best record in NBA Golden State Warriors 67 -- 15 February 25 March 16 April 5 April 5 San Antonio Spurs 61 -- 21 March 4 March 31 -- -- Houston Rockets 55 -- 27 March 14 -- -- -- Los Angeles Clippers 51 -- 31 March 25 -- -- -- 5 Utah Jazz 51 -- 31 March 26 April 7 -- -- 6 Oklahoma City Thunder 47 -- 35 March 29 -- -- -- 7 Memphis Grizzlies 43 -- 39 March 31 -- -- -- 8 Portland Trail Blazers 41 -- 41 April 9 -- -- -- Bracket ( edit ) Teams in bold advanced to the next round . The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team 's seeding in its conference , and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round . The division champions are marked by an asterisk . Teams with home court advantage are shown in Italics . First Round Conference Semifinals Conference Finals NBA Finals E1 Boston * E8 Chicago E1 Boston * E4 Washington * E4 Washington * E5 Atlanta E1 Boston * Eastern Conference E2 Cleveland * E3 Toronto E6 Milwaukee E3 Toronto 0 E2 Cleveland * E2 Cleveland * E7 Indiana 0 E2 Cleveland * W1 Golden State * W1 Golden State * W8 Portland 0 W1 Golden State * W5 Utah * 0 W4 LA Clippers W5 Utah * W1 Golden State * Western Conference W2 San Antonio * 0 W3 Houston W6 Oklahoma City W3 Houston W2 San Antonio * W2 San Antonio * W7 Memphis * Division winner Bold Series winner Italic Team with home - court advantage This bracket : view talk edit First round ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Eastern Conference ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 8 ) Chicago Bulls ( edit ) TNT April 16 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 106 , Boston Celtics 102 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 28 , 25 -- 18 , 26 -- 28 , 32 -- 28 Pts : Jimmy Butler 30 Rebs : Robin Lopez 11 Asts : Rondo , Wade 6 each Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Jae Crowder 8 Asts : Al Horford 8 Bulls leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Kane Fitzgerald , David Guthrie TNT April 18 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 111 , Boston Celtics 97 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 26 , 23 -- 20 , 32 -- 29 , 25 -- 22 Pts : Butler , Wade 22 each Rebs : Rajon Rondo 9 Asts : Rajon Rondo 14 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 20 Rebs : Al Horford 11 Asts : Kelly Olynyk 7 Bulls leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : James Capers , John Goble , Sean Wright ESPN April 21 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 104 , Chicago Bulls 87 Scoring by quarter : 33 -- 15 , 11 -- 26 , 32 -- 22 , 28 -- 24 Pts : Al Horford 18 Rebs : Al Horford 8 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 9 Pts : Dwyane Wade 18 Rebs : Cristiano Felício 11 Asts : three players 3 each Bulls leads series , 2 -- 1 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,293 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Brian Forte , Bill Spooner TNT April 23 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 104 , Chicago Bulls 95 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 18 , 27 -- 28 , 22 -- 24 , 25 -- 25 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 7 Pts : Jimmy Butler 33 Rebs : Bobby Portis 8 Asts : Jimmy Butler 9 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,863 Referees : Scott Foster , Eric Lewis , Tom Washington TNT April 26 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Chicago Bulls 97 , Boston Celtics 108 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 23 , 30 -- 29 , 31 -- 27 , 16 -- 29 Pts : Dwyane Wade 26 Rebs : Dwyane Wade 11 Asts : Dwyane Wade 8 Pts : Bradley , Thomas 24 each Rebs : Al Horford 7 Asts : Al Horford 9 Celtics leads series , 3 -- 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Ed Malloy ESPN April 28 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 105 , Chicago Bulls 83 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 23 , 24 -- 18 , 34 -- 18 , 17 -- 24 Pts : Avery Bradley 23 Rebs : Horford , Olynyk 6 each Asts : Al Horford 7 Pts : Jimmy Butler 23 Rebs : Bobby Portis 11 Asts : Dwyane Wade 3 Boston wins series , 4 -- 2 United Center , Chicago , Illinois Attendance : 21,682 Referees : Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy , James Williams After trailing 2 - 0 in the series , the Celtics came back to tie the series as Rajon Rondo was ruled out indefinitely after breaking his right thumb in Game 2 , and Al Horford scored 18 points and grabbed 8 rebounds in Game 3 , and Isaiah Thomas scorched the Bulls for 33 points in Game 4 . The Celtics ' win in Game 5 would be the only home game victory of the series , and Avery Bradley scored 23 points in Game 6 as the Celtics eliminated the Bulls . Notably , this series began one day following the death of Chyna Thomas , younger sister of Isaiah , in a one - car accident . Thomas played all six games of the series , before returning to the state of Washington for her funeral on April 29th . Game 6 also marked the final game of Jimmy Butler 's tenure as a Bull . Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series October 27 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 99 , Chicago Bulls 105 United Center , Chicago , Illinois November 2 , 2016 Recap Chicago Bulls 100 , Boston Celtics 107 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts February 16 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 103 , Chicago Bulls 104 United Center , Chicago , Illinois March 12 , 2017 Recap Chicago Bulls 80 , Boston Celtics 100 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning the first four meetings . Previous playoff series show Boston leads 4 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1981 Boston Celtics 4 , Chicago Bulls 0 1981 Eastern Conference Semifinals 1986 Boston Celtics 3 , Chicago Bulls 0 1986 Eastern Conference First Round Boston Celtics 3 , Chicago Bulls 0 1987 Eastern Conference First Round 2009 Boston Celtics 4 , Chicago Bulls 3 2009 Eastern Conference First Round ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 7 ) Indiana Pacers ( edit ) ABC April 15 3 : 00 PM Boxscore Indiana Pacers 108 , Cleveland Cavaliers 109 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 34 , 30 -- 32 , 25 -- 26 , 24 -- 17 Pts : Paul George 29 Rebs : Thaddeus Young 9 Asts : Paul George 7 Pts : LeBron James 32 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : LeBron James 13 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Matt Boland , Tony Brothers TNT April 17 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Indiana Pacers 111 , Cleveland Cavaliers 117 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 29 -- 31 , 20 -- 33 , 33 -- 21 Pts : Paul George 32 Rebs : Paul George 8 Asts : Paul George 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 37 Rebs : Kevin Love 11 Asts : LeBron James 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Marc Davis , Sean Corbin , James Williams TNT April 20 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 119 , Indiana Pacers 114 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 37 , 22 -- 37 , 35 -- 17 , 35 -- 23 Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 12 Pts : Paul George 36 Rebs : Paul George 15 Asts : Paul George 9 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 0 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Danny Crawford , Tony Brown , Ron Garretson ABC April 23 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 106 , Indiana Pacers 102 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 24 , 36 -- 28 , 30 -- 25 , 18 -- 25 Pts : LeBron James 33 Rebs : Kevin Love 16 Asts : LeBron James 4 Pts : Lance Stephenson 22 Rebs : Thaddeus Young 10 Asts : Jeff Teague 10 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 0 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana Attendance : 17,923 Referees : Mike Callahan , David Guthrie , Leon Wood In Game 1 , LeBron James scored 32 points in a close battle ; the Pacers came back in the 4th quarter , but C.J. Miles missed a game - winning three , giving the Cavaliers the win . But after winning Game 2 , the Cavs were down by as many as 26 points in the first half of Game 3 . The Pacers were in control until the Cavs led by James ' triple - double of 41 points , 13 rebounds and 12 assists came roaring back in the second half and took the lead late in the fourth quarter . They would end up winning Game 3 , 119 - 114 , as they made it one of the largest comebacks in NBA playoff history . With the Pacers holding a 2 - point lead with over a minute left in Game 4 , James hits the three over Myles Turner , giving the Cavs a one - point lead . Later , Kyle Korver 's free throws increases the lead to three . The Pacers had a chance to extend the game , but Paul George missed the three , and James gets the rebound . He would make 1 of the 2 free throws to seal the Cavs ' 4 - game sweep over the Pacers . Regular season series show Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 16 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 93 , Indiana Pacers 103 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana February 8 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 132 , Indiana Pacers 117 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis , Indiana February 15 , 2017 Recap Indiana Pacers 104 , Cleveland Cavaliers 113 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio April 2 , 2017 Recap Indiana Pacers 130 , Cleveland Cavaliers 135 ( 2OT ) Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Pacers winning the first meeting . Previous playoffs series show Indiana leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1998 Cleveland Cavaliers 1 , Indiana Pacers 3 1998 Eastern Conference First Round ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors vs. ( 6 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( edit ) ESPN April 15 5 : 30 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 97 , Toronto Raptors 83 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 22 , 16 -- 29 , 29 -- 19 , 22 -- 13 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 28 Rebs : Greg Monroe 15 Asts : Khris Middleton 9 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 27 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 14 Asts : Kyle Lowry 6 Bucks leads series , 1 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,133 Referees : Ken Mauer , John Goble , Ed Malloy NBA TV April 18 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 100 , Toronto Raptors 106 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 28 , 27 -- 27 , 31 -- 29 , 17 -- 22 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 24 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 15 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 7 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 23 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 10 Asts : Serge Ibaka 6 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,077 Referees : Mike Callahan , Bill Kennedy , Mark Lindsay NBA TV April 20 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 77 , Milwaukee Bucks 104 Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 32 , 18 -- 25 , 16 -- 21 , 31 -- 26 Pts : Lowry , Wright 13 each Rebs : Pöltl , Valančiūnas 7 each Asts : Cory Joseph 3 Pts : Khris Middleton 20 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 8 Asts : Malcolm Brogdon 9 Bucks leads series , 2 -- 1 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba TNT April 22 3 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 87 , Milwaukee Bucks 76 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 19 , 22 -- 22 , 23 -- 17 , 23 -- 18 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 33 Rebs : DeMar DeRozan 9 Asts : DeMar DeRozan 5 Pts : Tony Snell 19 Rebs : Khris Middleton 11 Asts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 4 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Danny Crawford , Brent Barnaky , Ron Garretson NBA TV April 24 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Milwaukee Bucks 93 , Toronto Raptors 118 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 31 , 28 -- 26 , 25 -- 33 , 20 -- 28 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 30 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Asts : Khris Middleton 6 Pts : Norman Powell 25 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 7 Asts : Kyle Lowry 10 Raptors leads series , 3 -- 2 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,251 Referees : James Capers , Pat Fraher , Courtney Kirkland TNT April 27 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 92 , Milwaukee Bucks 89 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 24 , 23 -- 14 , 23 -- 23 , 18 -- 28 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 32 Rebs : Serge Ibaka 11 Asts : Kyle Lowry 4 Pts : Giannis Antetokounmpo 34 Rebs : Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 Asts : Khris Middleton 5 Toronto wins series , 4 -- 2 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attendance : 18,717 Referees : Marc Davis , Tony Brothers , Rodney Mott Regular - season series show Toronto won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 25 , 2016 Recap Toronto Raptors 105 , Milwaukee Bucks 99 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin December 12 , 2016 Recap Milwaukee Bucks 100 , Toronto Raptors 122 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario January 27 , 2017 Recap Milwaukee Bucks 86 , Toronto Raptors 102 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario March 4 , 2017 Recap Toronto Raptors 94 , Milwaukee Bucks 101 Bradley Center , Milwaukee , Wisconsin This was the first meeting in the playoffs between the Raptors and Bucks . ( 4 ) Washington Wizards vs. ( 5 ) Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) TNT April 16 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 107 , Washington Wizards 114 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 25 , 19 -- 20 , 28 -- 38 , 31 -- 31 Pts : Dennis Schröder 25 Rebs : Dwight Howard 14 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Pts : John Wall 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 14 Wizards leads series , 1 -- 0 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba NBA TV April 19 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 101 , Washington Wizards 109 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 23 , 19 -- 28 , 35 -- 23 , 23 -- 35 Pts : Paul Millsap 27 Rebs : Paul Millsap 10 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Pts : John Wall 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 9 Wizards leads series , 2 -- 0 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Marc Davis , Sean Corbin , David Guthrie TNT April 22 5 : 30 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 98 , Atlanta Hawks 116 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 38 , 26 -- 26 , 21 -- 26 , 31 -- 26 Pts : John Wall 29 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 8 Asts : John Wall 7 Pts : Paul Millsap 29 Rebs : Paul Millsap 14 Asts : Dennis Schröder 9 Wizards leads series , 2 -- 1 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,866 Referees : James Capers , Kane Fitzgerald , Pat Fraher TNT April 24 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 101 , Atlanta Hawks 111 Scoring by quarter : 35 -- 28 , 15 -- 31 , 27 -- 18 , 24 -- 34 Pts : Bradley Beal 32 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 18 Asts : John Wall 10 Pts : Paul Millsap 19 Rebs : Dwight Howard 15 Asts : Bazemore , Millsap 7 each Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,676 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Leroy Richardson TNT April 26 6 : 00 PM Boxscore Atlanta Hawks 99 , Washington Wizards 103 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 23 , 24 -- 27 , 30 -- 33 , 20 -- 20 Pts : Dennis Schröder 29 Rebs : Paul Millsap 11 Asts : Dennis Schröder 11 Pts : Bradley Beal 27 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 14 Wizards leads series , 3 -- 2 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Williams , Sean Wright NBA TV / ESPNU April 28 7 : 30 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 115 , Atlanta Hawks 99 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 23 , 35 -- 23 , 24 -- 36 , 26 -- 17 Pts : John Wall 42 Rebs : Morris , Porter 8 each Asts : John Wall 8 Pts : Paul Millsap 31 Rebs : Paul Millsap 10 Asts : Dennis Schröder 10 Washington wins series , 4 -- 2 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Attendance : 18,849 Referees : Danny Crawford , John Goble , Bill Spooner Regular - season series show Washington won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 27 , 2016 Recap Washington Wizards 99 , Atlanta Hawks 114 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia November 4 , 2016 Recap Atlanta Hawks 92 , Washington Wizards 95 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. January 27 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 112 , Atlanta Hawks 86 Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia March 22 , 2017 Recap Atlanta Hawks 100 , Washington Wizards 104 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Wizards / Bullets winning three of the first five meetings . Previous playoff series show Washington / Baltimore leads 3 -- 2 in all - time playoff series 1965 St. Louis Hawks 1 , Baltimore Bullets 3 1965 Western Conference Semifinals 1966 Baltimore Bullets 0 , St. Louis Hawks 3 1966 Western Conference Semifinals 1978 Washington Bullets 2 , Atlanta Hawks 0 1978 Eastern Conference First Round 1979 Washington Bullets 4 , Atlanta Hawks 3 1979 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2015 Washington Wizards 2 , Atlanta Hawks 4 2015 Eastern Conference Semifinals Western Conference ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 8 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( edit ) ABC April 16 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Portland Trail Blazers 109 , Golden State Warriors 121 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 32 , 29 -- 24 , 32 -- 32 , 21 -- 33 Pts : C.J. McCollum 41 Rebs : Evan Turner 10 Asts : Turner , Vonleh 4 each Pts : Kevin Durant 32 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Tony Brown , Ron Garretson TNT April 19 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Portland Trail Blazers 81 , Golden State Warriors 110 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 33 , 29 -- 22 , 12 -- 28 , 23 -- 27 Pts : Maurice Harkless 15 Rebs : Maurice Harkless 8 Asts : Evan Turner 7 Pts : Stephen Curry 19 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Draymond Green 10 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Michael Smith ESPN April 22 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 119 , Portland Trail Blazers 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 37 , 24 -- 30 , 33 -- 21 , 32 -- 25 Pts : Stephen Curry 34 Rebs : Draymond Green 8 Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Pts : C.J. McCollum 32 Rebs : Jusuf Nurkić 8 Asts : Lillard , Nurkić 4 each Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon Attendance : 20,177 Referees : Ken Mauer , Leroy Richardson , Zach Zarba TNT April 24 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 128 , Portland Trail Blazers 103 Scoring by quarter : 45 -- 22 , 27 -- 26 , 34 -- 32 , 22 -- 23 Pts : Stephen Curry 37 Rebs : Curry , Pachulia 7 each Asts : Stephen Curry 8 Pts : Damian Lillard 34 Rebs : Noah Vonleh 14 Asts : Damian Lillard 6 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon Attendance : 19,902 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Bennie Adams , Sean Wright Regular - season series show Golden State won 4 -- 0 in the regular - season series November 1 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 127 , Portland Trail Blazers 104 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon December 17 , 2016 Recap Portland Trail Blazers 90 , Golden State Warriors 135 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 4 , 2017 Recap Portland Trail Blazers 117 , Golden State Warriors 125 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 29 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 113 , Portland Trail Blazers 111 Moda Center , Portland , Oregon This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with Golden State winning the first meeting in 2016 . Previous playoffs series show Golden State leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2016 Portland Trail Blazers 1 , Golden State Warriors 4 2016 Western Conference Semifinals ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 7 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( edit ) ESPN April 15 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 82 , San Antonio Spurs 111 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 25 , 19 -- 27 , 15 -- 32 , 18 -- 27 Pts : Marc Gasol 32 Rebs : Conley , Gasol 5 each Asts : Mike Conley 7 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 32 Rebs : Dewayne Dedmon 8 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 5 Spurs leads series , 1 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , Josh Tiven TNT April 17 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 82 , San Antonio Spurs 96 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 29 , 21 -- 27 , 28 -- 19 , 17 -- 21 Pts : Mike Conley 24 Rebs : Zach Randolph 10 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 37 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 11 Asts : Ginóbili , Mills 3 each Spurs leads series , 2 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Danny Crawford , Rodney Mott , Bill Spooner TNT April 20 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 94 , Memphis Grizzlies 105 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 21 , 25 -- 29 , 17 -- 31 , 31 -- 24 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 18 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 11 Asts : three players 3 each Pts : Mike Conley 24 Rebs : Zach Randolph 8 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Spurs leads series , 2 -- 1 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : James Capers , Pat Fraher , Courtney Kirkland ESPN April 22 8 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 108 , Memphis Grizzlies 110 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 23 , 25 -- 32 , 20 -- 19 , 25 -- 22 , Overtime : 12 -- 14 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 43 Rebs : Pau Gasol 11 Asts : Tony Parker 5 Pts : Mike Conley 35 Rebs : Marc Gasol 12 Asts : Mike Conley 8 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Bennie Adams , John Goble NBA TV April 25 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Memphis Grizzlies 103 , San Antonio Spurs 116 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 23 , 26 -- 32 , 27 -- 32 , 27 -- 29 Pts : Mike Conley 26 Rebs : Marc Gasol 7 Asts : Zach Randolph 6 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 28 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 9 Asts : Leonard , Parker 6 each Spurs leads series , 3 -- 2 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Mike Callahan , Tony Brothers , Derrick Collins TNT April 27 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 103 , Memphis Grizzlies 96 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 22 , 21 -- 28 , 30 -- 24 , 28 -- 22 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 28 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 12 Asts : Leonard , Parker 4 each Pts : Mike Conley 26 Rebs : Zach Randolph 11 Asts : Marc Gasol 6 San Antonio wins series , 4 -- 2 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 18,119 Referees : Scott Foster , Brian Forte , Zach Zarba In game 4 , Marc Gasol hits the game winning shot with 0.7 seconds left in overtime . Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series February 6 , 2017 Recap San Antonio Spurs 74 , Memphis Grizzlies 89 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee March 18 , 2017 Recap San Antonio Spurs 96 , Memphis Grizzlies 104 FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee March 23 , 2017 Recap Memphis Grizzlies 90 , San Antonio Spurs 97 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas April 4 , 2017 Recap Memphis Grizzlies 89 , San Antonio Spurs 95 ( OT ) AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams , with San Antonio winning three of the four meetings . Previous playoff series show San Antonio leads 3 -- 1 in all - time playoff series San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2004 Western Conference First Round 2011 San Antonio Spurs 2 , Memphis Grizzlies 4 2011 Western Conference First Round 2013 San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2013 Western Conference Finals 2016 San Antonio Spurs 4 , Memphis Grizzlies 0 2016 Western Conference First Round ( 3 ) Houston Rockets vs. ( 6 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( edit ) TNT April 16 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 87 , Houston Rockets 118 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 27 , 25 -- 32 , 20 -- 30 , 13 -- 29 Pts : Russell Westbrook 22 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 11 Asts : Russell Westbrook 7 Pts : James Harden 37 Rebs : Ryan Anderson 12 Asts : James Harden 9 Rockets leads series , 1 -- 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : James Capers , Courtney Kirkland , Sean Wright TNT April 19 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 111 , Houston Rockets 115 Scoring by quarter : 35 -- 26 , 33 -- 36 , 21 -- 24 , 22 -- 29 Pts : Russell Westbrook 51 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 10 Asts : Russell Westbrook 13 Pts : James Harden 35 Rebs : Clint Capela 10 Asts : James Harden 8 Rockets leads series , 2 -- 0 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , Mark Ayotte , Tony Brothers ESPN April 21 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 113 , Oklahoma City Thunder 115 Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 34 , 33 -- 31 , 25 -- 28 , 30 -- 22 Pts : James Harden 44 Rebs : Patrick Beverley 7 Asts : James Harden 6 Pts : Russell Westbrook 32 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 13 Asts : Russell Westbrook 11 Rockets leads series , 2 -- 1 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Scott Foster , Mark Lindsay , Tom Washington ABC April 23 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 113 , Oklahoma City Thunder 109 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 26 , 32 -- 32 , 19 -- 19 , 40 -- 32 Pts : Nenê 28 Rebs : Nenê 10 Asts : James Harden 8 Pts : Russell Westbrook 35 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 14 Asts : Russell Westbrook 14 Rockets leads series , 3 -- 1 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Attendance : 18,203 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Brian Forte , Josh Tiven TNT April 25 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Oklahoma City Thunder 99 , Houston Rockets 105 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 16 , 22 -- 35 , 33 -- 21 , 22 -- 33 Pts : Russell Westbrook 47 Rebs : Russell Westbrook 11 Asts : Russell Westbrook 9 Pts : James Harden 34 Rebs : Clint Capela 9 Asts : James Harden 4 Houston wins series , 4 -- 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , Zach Zarba Regular - season series show Houston won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 16 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 103 , Oklahoma City Thunder 105 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma December 9 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 102 , Oklahoma City Thunder 99 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma January 5 , 2017 Recap Oklahoma City Thunder 116 , Houston Rockets 118 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas March 26 , 2017 Recap Oklahoma City Thunder 125 , Houston Rockets 137 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas This was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Thunder / SuperSonics winning six of the first seven meetings . Previous playoff series show Oklahoma City / Seattle leads 6 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 1982 Houston Rockets 1 , Seattle SuperSonics 2 1982 Western Conference First Round Houston Rockets 2 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1987 Western Conference Semifinals 1989 Houston Rockets 0 , Seattle SuperSonics 3 1989 Western Conference First Round 1993 Houston Rockets 3 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1993 Western Conference Semifinals Houston Rockets 0 , Seattle SuperSonics 4 1996 Western Conference Semifinals 1997 Houston Rockets 4 , Seattle SuperSonics 3 1997 Western Conference Semifinals 2013 Houston Rockets 2 , Oklahoma City Thunder 4 2013 Western Conference First Round ( 4 ) Los Angeles Clippers vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz ( edit ) ESPN April 15 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 97 , Los Angeles Clippers 95 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 24 , 30 -- 28 , 22 -- 18 , 23 -- 25 Pts : Joe Johnson 21 Rebs : Gordon Hayward 10 Asts : Boris Diaw 6 Pts : Blake Griffin 26 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 15 Asts : Chris Paul 11 Jazz leads series , 1 -- 0 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Danny Crawford , Rodney Mott , Bill Spooner In Game 1 , Joe Johnson hits the game - winner at the buzzer . TNT April 18 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 91 , Los Angeles Clippers 99 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 29 , 24 -- 22 , 28 -- 28 , 21 -- 20 Pts : Gordon Hayward 20 Rebs : Favors , Hill 7 each Asts : George Hill 4 Pts : Blake Griffin 24 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 15 Asts : Chris Paul 10 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Kane Fitzgerald , Pat Fraher ESPN2 April 21 10 : 00 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 111 , Utah Jazz 106 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 34 , 28 -- 24 , 33 -- 26 , 29 -- 22 Pts : Chris Paul 34 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 13 Asts : Chris Paul 10 Pts : Gordon Hayward 40 Rebs : Gordon Hayward 8 Asts : Joe Ingles 5 Clippers lead series , 2 -- 1 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Mike Callahan , Tony Brothers , Eric Lewis TNT April 23 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 98 , Utah Jazz 105 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 24 , 26 -- 31 , 28 -- 22 , 18 -- 28 Pts : Chris Paul 27 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 10 Asts : Chris Paul 12 Pts : Joe Johnson 28 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : Joe Ingles 11 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Marc Davis , Bill Kennedy , James Williams TNT April 25 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 96 , Los Angeles Clippers 92 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 27 -- 22 , 18 -- 15 , 32 -- 34 Pts : Gordon Hayward 27 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 11 Asts : George Hill 7 Pts : Chris Paul 28 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 12 Asts : Chris Paul 9 Jazz leads series , 3 -- 2 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,171 Referees : Scott Foster , Ron Garretson , John Goble ESPN April 28 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Los Angeles Clippers 98 , Utah Jazz 93 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 22 , 27 -- 23 , 31 -- 25 , 20 -- 23 Pts : Chris Paul 29 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 18 Asts : Chris Paul 8 Pts : Gordon Hayward 31 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 9 Asts : Gordon Hayward 4 Series tied at , 3 -- 3 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , Tom Washington ABC April 30 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 104 , Los Angeles Clippers 91 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 24 , 22 -- 15 , 33 -- 24 , 25 -- 28 Pts : Gordon Hayward 26 Rebs : Derrick Favors 11 Asts : Hill , Johnson 5 each Pts : DeAndre Jordan 24 Rebs : DeAndre Jordan 17 Asts : Chris Paul 9 Utah wins series , 4 -- 3 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : Danny Crawford , Tony Brothers , Bill Kennedy Game 7 is Paul Pierce 's final NBA game . It is also Chris Paul 's final game with the Clippers before being traded to the Rockets during the offseason . Regular - season series show L.A. Clippers won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 30 , 2016 Recap Utah Jazz 75 , Los Angeles Clippers 88 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California February 13 , 2017 Recap Los Angeles Clippers 88 , Utah Jazz 72 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah March 13 , 2017 Recap Los Angeles Clippers 108 , Utah Jazz 114 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah March 25 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 95 , Los Angeles Clippers 108 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Jazz winning the previous two meetings . Previous playoff series show Utah leads 2 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1992 Los Angeles Clippers 2 , Utah Jazz 3 1992 Western Conference First Round 1997 Los Angeles Clippers 0 , Utah Jazz 3 1997 Western Conference First Round Conference Semifinals ( edit ) Eastern Conference Semifinals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 4 ) Washington Wizards ( edit ) ABC April 30 1 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 111 , Boston Celtics 123 Scoring by quarter : 38 -- 24 , 26 -- 35 , 16 -- 36 , 31 -- 28 Pts : Bradley Beal 27 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 13 Asts : John Wall 16 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 33 Rebs : Al Horford 9 Asts : Al Horford 10 Celtics leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Scott Foster , Courtney Kirkland , Zach Zarba TNT May 2 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 119 , Boston Celtics 129 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 42 -- 29 , 25 -- 35 , 22 -- 20 , 25 -- 30 , Overtime : 5 -- 15 Pts : John Wall 40 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 10 Asts : John Wall 13 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 53 Rebs : Al Horford 12 Asts : Marcus Smart 5 Celtics leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Marc Davis , Rodney Mott , Tom Washington ESPN May 4 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 89 , Washington Wizards 116 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 39 , 23 -- 24 , 29 -- 32 , 20 -- 21 Pts : Al Horford 16 Rebs : Jae Crowder 7 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 4 Pts : John Wall 24 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 16 Asts : John Wall 8 Celtics leads series , 2 -- 1 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Tony Brown , James Capers TNT May 7 6 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 102 , Washington Wizards 121 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 20 , 24 -- 28 , 20 -- 42 , 34 -- 31 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 19 Rebs : Crowder , Rozier 7 each Asts : Marcus Smart 6 Pts : Bradley Beal 29 Rebs : Markieff Morris 10 Asts : John Wall 12 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Ron Garretson TNT May 10 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 101 , Boston Celtics 123 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 33 , 30 -- 34 , 25 -- 26 , 25 -- 30 Pts : John Wall 21 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 11 Asts : three players 4 each Pts : Avery Bradley 29 Rebs : Marcus Smart 11 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 9 Celtics leads series , 3 -- 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , Ed Malloy , Sean Wright ESPN May 12 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 91 , Washington Wizards 92 Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 22 , 25 -- 19 , 27 -- 25 , 22 -- 26 Pts : Bradley , Thomas 27 each Rebs : Kelly Olynyk 8 Asts : Jae Crowder 8 Pts : Bradley Beal 33 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 13 Asts : John Wall 8 Series tied at , 3 -- 3 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. Attendance : 20,356 Referees : Ken Mauer , Tony Brothers , John Goble In Game 6 , John Wall hits the game - winning 3 - pointer with 3.5 seconds left . TNT May 15 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Washington Wizards 105 , Boston Celtics 115 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 27 , 32 -- 26 , 24 -- 32 , 26 -- 30 Pts : Bradley Beal 38 Rebs : Marcin Gortat 11 Asts : John Wall 11 Pts : Isaiah Thomas 29 Rebs : Horford , Smart 6 each Asts : Isaiah Thomas 12 Boston wins series , 4 -- 3 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Regular - season series show Tied 2 -- 2 in the regular - season series November 9 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 93 , Washington Wizards 118 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. January 11 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 108 , Boston Celtics 117 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts January 24 , 2017 Recap Boston Celtics 108 , Washington Wizards 123 Verizon Center , Washington , D.C. March 20 , 2017 Recap Washington Wizards 102 , Boston Celtics 110 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning two of the first three meetings . Memorably , during the first quarter of Game 1 , Isaiah Thomas was struck in the mouth by the elbow of Otto Porter , immediately knocking out one tooth , and causing further damage to his mouth . As Porter prepared to shoot a pair of free throws , Thomas calmly retrieved and pocketed his fallen tooth , then hit two three - point field goals in the following two minutes , before being pulled from the game for medical attention . Thomas went on to play the entire seven - game series , including a 53 - point effort to lead his team to an overtime victory in game 2 , all while wearing temporary protection in his mouth . He underwent extensive oral surgery after the playoffs to mitigate the damage . Previous playoff series show Boston leads time playoff series Boston Celtics 2 , Washington Bullets 4 1975 Eastern Conference Finals 1982 Boston Celtics 4 , Washington Bullets 1 1982 Eastern Conference Semifinals 1984 Boston Celtics 3 , Washington Bullets 1 1984 Eastern Conference First Round ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( 3 ) Toronto Raptors ( edit ) TNT May 1 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 105 , Cleveland Cavaliers 116 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 30 , 30 -- 32 , 25 -- 34 , 31 -- 20 Pts : Kyle Lowry 20 Rebs : P.J. Tucker 11 Asts : Kyle Lowry 11 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 14 Asts : Kyrie Irving 10 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Eric Lewis , Derrick Stafford TNT May 3 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Toronto Raptors 103 , Cleveland Cavaliers 125 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 34 , 26 -- 28 , 25 -- 37 , 30 -- 26 Pts : Jonas Valančiūnas 23 Rebs : Cory Joseph 6 Asts : Kyle Lowry 5 Pts : LeBron James 39 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 9 Asts : Kyrie Irving 11 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Sean Corbin , Sean Wright ESPN May 5 7 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 115 , Toronto Raptors 94 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 24 , 21 -- 28 , 30 -- 25 , 36 -- 17 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : DeMar DeRozan 37 Rebs : Jonas Valančiūnas 8 Asts : Cory Joseph 6 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,384 Referees : Mike Callahan , Kane Fitzgerald , Bill Kennedy ABC May 7 3 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 109 , Toronto Raptors 102 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 28 , 33 -- 21 , 24 -- 31 , 24 -- 22 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : LeBron James 9 Asts : Kyrie Irving 9 Pts : Serge Ibaka 23 Rebs : P.J. Tucker 12 Asts : Cory Joseph 12 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 0 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario Attendance : 20,307 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Pat Fraher Regular - season series show Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series October 28 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 94 , Toronto Raptors 91 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario November 15 , 2016 Recap Toronto Raptors 117 , Cleveland Cavaliers 121 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio December 5 , 2016 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 116 , Toronto Raptors 112 Air Canada Centre , Toronto , Ontario April 12 , 2017 Recap Toronto Raptors 98 , Cleveland Cavaliers 83 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams , with Cleveland winning the first meeting in 2016 . Previous playoffs series show Cleveland leads 1 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 2016 Toronto Raptors 2 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2016 Eastern Conference Finals Western Conference Semifinals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 5 ) Utah Jazz ( edit ) TNT May 2 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 94 , Golden State Warriors 106 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 27 , 25 -- 31 , 27 -- 26 , 21 -- 22 Pts : Rudy Gobert 13 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : three players 4 each Pts : Stephen Curry 22 Rebs : Draymond Green 8 Asts : David West 7 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , David Guthrie ESPN May 4 10 : 30 PM Boxscore Utah Jazz 104 , Golden State Warriors 115 Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 33 , 32 -- 27 , 35 -- 32 , 22 -- 23 Pts : Gordon Hayward 33 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 16 Asts : Hayward , Mack 4 each Pts : Kevin Durant 25 Rebs : Kevin Durant 11 Asts : Curry , Durant 7 each Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Derrick Collins , Zach Zarba ABC May 6 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 102 , Utah Jazz 91 Scoring by quarter : 27 -- 17 , 22 -- 33 , 23 -- 20 , 30 -- 21 Pts : Kevin Durant 38 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Draymond Green 5 Pts : Gordon Hayward 29 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 15 Asts : Gordon Hayward 6 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Ken Mauer , Bennie Adams , Ed Malloy TNT May 8 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 121 , Utah Jazz 95 Scoring by quarter : 39 -- 17 , 21 -- 35 , 33 -- 27 , 28 -- 16 Pts : Stephen Curry 30 Rebs : Draymond Green 10 Asts : Draymond Green 11 Pts : Gordon Hayward 25 Rebs : Rudy Gobert 13 Asts : Hayward , Ingles 3 each Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah Attendance : 19,911 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , James Williams Regular - season series show Golden State won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series December 8 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 106 , Utah Jazz 99 Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City , Utah December 20 , 2016 Recap Utah Jazz 74 , Golden State Warriors 104 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California April 10 , 2017 Recap Utah Jazz 105 , Golden State Warriors 99 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Warriors winning two of the first three meetings . Previous playoff series show Golden State leads 2 -- 1 in all - time playoff series Golden State Warriors 3 , Utah Jazz 2 1987 Western Conference First Round 1989 Golden State Warriors 3 , Utah Jazz 0 1989 Western Conference First Round 2007 Golden State Warriors 1 , Utah Jazz 4 2007 Western Conference Semifinals ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs vs. ( 3 ) Houston Rockets ( edit ) TNT May 1 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 126 , San Antonio Spurs 99 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 23 , 35 -- 16 , 27 -- 28 , 30 -- 32 Pts : Trevor Ariza 23 Rebs : Clint Capela 13 Asts : James Harden 14 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 21 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 11 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 6 Rockets leads series , 1 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Ken Mauer , Ed Malloy , Josh Tiven TNT May 3 9 : 30 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 96 , San Antonio Spurs 121 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 33 , 25 -- 32 , 28 -- 23 , 13 -- 33 Pts : Ryan Anderson 18 Rebs : Ryan Anderson 8 Asts : James Harden 10 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 34 Rebs : Pau Gasol 13 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 8 Series tied at , 1 -- 1 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Bill Spooner ESPN May 5 9 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 103 , Houston Rockets 92 Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 24 -- 18 , 29 -- 27 , 31 -- 26 Pts : Aldridge , Leonard 26 each Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 10 Asts : Kawhi Leonard 7 Pts : James Harden 43 Rebs : Clint Capela 16 Asts : Ariza , Harden 5 each Spurs leads series , 2 -- 1 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,187 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , Brian Forte TNT May 7 9 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 104 , Houston Rockets 125 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 34 , 31 -- 23 , 23 -- 34 , 28 -- 34 Pts : Jonathon Simmons 17 Rebs : Pau Gasol 7 Asts : Patty Mills 5 Pts : James Harden 28 Rebs : Clint Capela 9 Asts : James Harden 12 Series tied at , 2 -- 2 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , Sean Wright TNT May 9 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Houston Rockets 107 , San Antonio Spurs 110 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 31 -- 26 , 25 -- 28 , 16 -- 15 , Overtime : 6 -- 9 Pts : James Harden 33 Rebs : Capela , Harden 11 each Asts : James Harden 10 Pts : Kawhi Leonard 22 Rebs : Kawhi Leonard 15 Asts : Manu Ginóbili 5 Spurs leads series , 3 -- 2 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,418 Referees : Derrick Stafford , Rodney Mott , Zach Zarba In Game 5 , Manu Ginóbili blocks James Harden 's game - tying 3 - point attempt in overtime before the buzzer sounded . ESPN May 11 8 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 114 , Houston Rockets 75 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 24 , 30 -- 18 , 26 -- 22 , 27 -- 11 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 34 Rebs : LaMarcus Aldridge 12 Asts : Patty Mills 7 Pts : Trevor Ariza 20 Rebs : Clint Capela 12 Asts : James Harden 7 San Antonio wins series , 4 -- 2 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas Attendance : 18,055 Referees : Scott Foster , James Capers , Ron Garretson Regular - season series show San Antonio won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 9 , 2016 Recap Houston Rockets 101 , San Antonio Spurs 99 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas November 12 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 106 , Houston Rockets 100 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas December 20 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 102 , Houston Rockets 100 Toyota Center , Houston , Texas March 6 , 2017 Recap Houston Rockets 110 , San Antonio Spurs 112 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Rockets winning the first three meetings . Previous playoff series show Houston leads 3 -- 0 in all - time playoff series 1980 Houston Rockets 2 , San Antonio Spurs 1 1980 Eastern Conference First Round 1981 Houston Rockets 4 , San Antonio Spurs 3 1981 Western Conference Semifinals 1995 Houston Rockets 4 , San Antonio Spurs 2 1995 Western Conference Finals Conference Finals ( edit ) Eastern Conference Finals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Boston Celtics vs. ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) TNT May 17 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 117 , Boston Celtics 104 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 19 , 31 -- 20 , 31 -- 36 , 25 -- 29 Pts : LeBron James 38 Rebs : Kevin Love 12 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Bradley , Crowder 21 each Rebs : Jaylen Brown 9 Asts : Isaiah Thomas 10 Cavaliers leads series , 1 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Mike Callahan , John Goble , Sean Wright TNT May 19 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 130 , Boston Celtics 86 Scoring by quarter : 32 -- 18 , 40 -- 13 , 31 -- 28 , 27 -- 29 Pts : LeBron James 30 Rebs : Kevin Love 12 Asts : LeBron James 7 Pts : Jaylen Brown 19 Rebs : three players 5 each Asts : Marcus Smart 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 0 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , Ron Garretson TNT May 21 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 111 , Cleveland Cavaliers 108 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 35 , 26 -- 31 , 32 -- 21 , 29 -- 21 Pts : Marcus Smart 27 Rebs : Jae Crowder 11 Asts : Marcus Smart 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 29 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : Kyrie Irving 7 Cavaliers leads series , 2 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , David Guthrie In Game 3 , Avery Bradley gets a very friendly roll on a game - winning three - pointer with 0.1 seconds left . TNT May 23 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Boston Celtics 99 , Cleveland Cavaliers 112 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 19 , 28 -- 28 , 23 -- 40 , 19 -- 25 Pts : Avery Bradley 19 Rebs : Jae Crowder 8 Asts : Al Horford 7 Pts : Kyrie Irving 42 Rebs : Kevin Love 17 Asts : LeBron James 6 Cavaliers leads series , 3 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Pat Fraher , Derrick Stafford TNT May 25 8 : 30 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 135 , Boston Celtics 102 Scoring by quarter : 43 -- 27 , 32 -- 30 , 34 -- 17 , 26 -- 28 Pts : LeBron James 35 Rebs : Kevin Love 11 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Avery Bradley 23 Rebs : Jae Crowder 6 Asts : Terry Rozier 7 Cleveland wins series , 4 -- 1 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : Ken Mauer , Kane Fitzgerald , Ed Malloy Regular - season series show Cleveland won 3 -- 1 in the regular - season series November 3 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 122 , Cleveland Cavaliers 128 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio December 29 , 2016 Recap Boston Celtics 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 124 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio March 1 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 99 , Boston Celtics 103 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts April 5 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 114 , Boston Celtics 91 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts This was the seventh playoff meeting between these two teams , with the Celtics winning four of the first six meetings . Previous playoff series show Boston leads 4 -- 2 in all - time playoff series 1976 Boston Celtics 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 2 1976 Eastern Conference Finals 1985 Boston Celtics 3 , Cleveland Cavaliers 1 1985 Eastern Conference First Round 1992 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 3 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2008 Boston Celtics 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 3 2008 Eastern Conference Semifinals Cleveland Cavaliers 2 , Boston Celtics 4 2010 Eastern Conference Semifinals 2015 Cleveland Cavaliers 4 , Boston Celtics 0 2015 Eastern Conference First Round Western Conference Finals ( edit ) ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors vs. ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs ( edit ) ABC May 14 3 : 30 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 111 , Golden State Warriors 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 16 , 32 -- 26 , 28 -- 39 , 21 -- 32 Pts : LaMarcus Aldridge 28 Rebs : Aldridge , Leonard 8 each Asts : three players 3 each Pts : Stephen Curry 40 Rebs : Zaza Pachulia 9 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Marc Davis , Tom Washington ESPN May 16 9 : 00 PM Boxscore San Antonio Spurs 100 , Golden State Warriors 136 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 33 , 28 -- 39 , 31 -- 34 , 25 -- 30 Pts : Jonathon Simmons 22 Rebs : Dewayne Dedmon 9 Asts : Dejounte Murray 6 Pts : Stephen Curry 29 Rebs : Draymond Green 9 Asts : Stephen Curry 7 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Kane Fitzgerald , Ed Malloy ESPN May 20 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 120 , San Antonio Spurs 108 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 33 , 35 -- 22 , 36 -- 33 , 20 -- 20 Pts : Kevin Durant 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 10 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Pts : Manu Ginóbili 21 Rebs : Pau Gasol 10 Asts : Patty Mills 6 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,792 Referees : Monty McCutchen , James Capers , Bill Kennedy ESPN May 22 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 129 , San Antonio Spurs 115 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 19 , 34 -- 32 , 31 -- 27 , 33 -- 37 Pts : Stephen Curry 36 Rebs : Kevin Durant 12 Asts : Draymond Green 8 Pts : Kyle Anderson 20 Rebs : Pau Gasol 9 Asts : Ginóbili , Murray 7 each Golden State wins series , 4 -- 0 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas Attendance : 18,466 Referees : Mike Callahan , Sean Corbin , Zach Zarba Regular - season series show San Antonio won 2 -- 1 in the regular - season series . October 25 , 2016 Recap San Antonio Spurs 129 , Golden State Warriors 100 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California March 11 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 85 , San Antonio Spurs 107 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas March 29 , 2017 Recap Golden State Warriors 110 , San Antonio Spurs 98 AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams , with each team winning one series . San Antonio led by as many as 25 points in game 1 before Kawhi Leonard had to leave the game and the series after he landed on Zaza Pachulia 's foot , re-aggravated his existing ankle injury . Previous playoff series show Tied 1 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 1991 Golden State Warriors 3 , San Antonio Spurs 1 1991 Western Conference First Round 2013 Golden State Warriors 2 , San Antonio Spurs 4 2013 Western Conference Semifinals 2017 NBA Finals : ( e2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers vs. ( w1 ) Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NBA Finals ABC June 1 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 91 , Golden State Warriors 113 Scoring by quarter : 30 -- 35 , 22 -- 25 , 20 -- 33 , 19 -- 20 Pts : LeBron James 28 Rebs : Kevin Love 21 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Kevin Durant 38 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Warriors leads series , 1 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba ABC June 4 8 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 113 , Golden State Warriors 132 Scoring by quarter : 34 -- 40 , 30 -- 27 , 24 -- 35 , 25 -- 30 Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : LeBron James 11 Asts : LeBron James 14 Pts : Kevin Durant 33 Rebs : Kevin Durant 13 Asts : Stephen Curry 11 Warriors leads series , 2 -- 0 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers ABC June 7 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 118 , Cleveland Cavaliers 113 Scoring by quarter : 39 -- 32 , 28 -- 29 , 22 -- 33 , 29 -- 19 Pts : Kevin Durant 31 Rebs : Stephen Curry 13 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Pts : LeBron James 39 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 0 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Ed Malloy , Ken Mauer ABC June 9 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Golden State Warriors 116 , Cleveland Cavaliers 137 Scoring by quarter : 33 -- 49 , 35 -- 37 , 28 -- 29 , 20 -- 22 Pts : Kevin Durant 35 Rebs : Draymond Green 14 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Pts : Kyrie Irving 40 Rebs : James , Thompson 10 each Asts : LeBron James 11 Warriors leads series , 3 -- 1 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Mike Callahan , Marc Davis , John Goble ABC June 12 9 : 00 PM Boxscore Cleveland Cavaliers 120 , Golden State Warriors 129 Scoring by quarter : 37 -- 33 , 23 -- 38 , 33 -- 27 , 27 -- 31 Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 8 Pts : Kevin Durant 39 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Stephen Curry 10 Golden State wins series , 4 -- 1 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Ed Malloy , Derrick Stafford Regular - season series show Tied 1 -- 1 in the regular - season series December 25 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 108 , Cleveland Cavaliers 109 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio January 16 , 2017 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 91 , Golden State Warriors 126 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California This was the third meeting in the NBA Finals between the Warriors and Cavaliers with each team winning one series . Previous playoff series show Teams tied 1 -- 1 in all - time playoff series 2015 Golden State Warriors 4 , Cleveland Cavaliers 2 2015 NBA Finals 2016 Golden State Warriors 3 , Cleveland Cavaliers 4 2016 NBA Finals Statistical leaders ( edit ) Game High Average Player Team High Player Team Avg . GP Points Isaiah Thomas Boston Celtics 53 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 37.4 5 Rebounds Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers 21 DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers 14.4 7 Assists John Wall Washington Wizards 16 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 10.8 5 Steals Thaddeus Young Kawhi Leonard Stephen Curry Kevin Love Indiana Pacers San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors Cleveland Cavaliers 6 Russell Westbrook André Roberson Oklahoma City Thunder 2.40 5 Blocks Draymond Green Golden State Warriors 6 André Roberson Oklahoma City Thunder 3.40 5 Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN , TNT , ABC , and NBA TV broadcast the playoffs nationally in the United States . In the first round , regional sports networks affiliated with the teams can also broadcast the games , except for games televised on ABC . Throughout the first two rounds , TNT televised games Saturday through Thursday , ESPN televised games Friday and Saturday , and ABC televised selected games on Saturday and Sunday , usually in the afternoon . NBA TV has aired select weekday games in the first round . TNT televised the Eastern Conference Finals . Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals was televised on ABC , while Games 2 through 4 were televised on ESPN . ABC had exclusive television rights to the NBA Finals for the 15th consecutive year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors cruise past Nets without Kevin Durant to secure a playoff berth '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyrie Irving scores 46 and Cavs clinch playoff berth in 125 - 120 win over Lakers '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff bound ! Boston Celtics clinch postseason berth '' . Wcvb.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics clinch No. 1 seed in East , beat Bucks 112 - 94 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James , Cavs score 112 - 105 victory over Hornets ; clinch Central Division title '' . Fox8.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors clinch Eastern playoff spot with win over Mavs '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards beat Lakers 119 - 108 to clinch division title '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Clinch Pacific Division Title '' . Warriors.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden State Warriors clinch West 's No. 1 seed for third consecutive season '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kawhi Leonard helps Spurs beat Timberwolves in OT '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russ Registers 39th TD But Spurs Clinch Comeback Victory ; DeRozan Powers Raptors '' . India.NBA.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets Clinch Playoff Berth '' . Spacecityscoop.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers clinch playoff berth with 108 - 95 victory over Jazz '' . ESPN.com . March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz Clinch Playoff Berth with Nuggets ' Loss to Pelicans '' . Bleacherreport.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder Clinch Playoff Berth With Victory Over Magic '' . Bleacherreport.com . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies clinch playoff spot with 99 - 90 win over Mavericks '' . ESPN.com . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey . `` Trail Blazers Clinch 8th Seed With Nuggets Loss , Will Face Warriors In First Round '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian . `` Sister of Boston Celtics star Isaiah Thomas killed in one - car accident NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Boston Celtics versus Chicago Bulls ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Toronto Raptors versus Milwaukee Bucks ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Atlanta Hawks versus Washington Wizards ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus Portland Trail Blazers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Memphis Grizzlies versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus Oklahoma City Thunder ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Los Angeles Clippers versus Utah Jazz ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Boston Celtics versus Washington Wizards ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Toronto Raptors ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus Utah Jazz ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Houston Rockets versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Cleveland Cavaliers versus Boston Celtics ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Rivalry Finder -- Golden State Warriors versus San Antonio Spurs ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors versus Cleveland Cavaliers ( Playoffs ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA PLAYOFFS TV SCHEDULE ON ESPN , ABC , TNT AND NBA TV '' . Sportsmediawatch.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official website of the NBA NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 -- 17 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions D - League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NBA_Playoffs&oldid=856429407 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NBA season National Basketball Association playoffs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who did golden state play in the playoffs last year	[ "\n\n \n\nFirst Round\n\n\n\nConference Semifinals\n\n\n\nConference Finals\n\n\n\nNBA Finals\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE8\n\nChicago\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE4\n\nWashington\n\n3\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE4\n\nWashington\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE5\n\nAtlanta\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n1\n\n \n\n\n\n\nEastern Conference\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE3\n\nToronto\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE6\n\nMilwaukee\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nE3\n\nToronto\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE7\n\nIndiana\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW8\n\nPortland\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW5\n\nUtah\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW4\n\nLA Clippers\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW5\n\nUtah\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nWestern Conference\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW3\n\nHouston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW6\n\nOklahoma City\n\n1\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nW3\n\nHouston\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW7\n\nMemphis\n\n2\n\n \n", "\n\n \n\nFirst Round\n\n\n\nConference Semifinals\n\n\n\nConference Finals\n\n\n\nNBA Finals\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE8\n\nChicago\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE4\n\nWashington\n\n3\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE4\n\nWashington\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE5\n\nAtlanta\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n1\n\n \n\n\n\n\nEastern Conference\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE3\n\nToronto\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE6\n\nMilwaukee\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nE3\n\nToronto\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE7\n\nIndiana\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW8\n\nPortland\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW5\n\nUtah\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW4\n\nLA Clippers\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW5\n\nUtah\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nWestern Conference\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW3\n\nHouston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW6\n\nOklahoma City\n\n1\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nW3\n\nHouston\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW7\n\nMemphis\n\n2\n\n \n", "\n\n \n\nFirst Round\n\n\n\nConference Semifinals\n\n\n\nConference Finals\n\n\n\nNBA Finals\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE8\n\nChicago\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE4\n\nWashington\n\n3\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE4\n\nWashington\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE5\n\nAtlanta\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n1\n\n \n\n\n\n\nEastern Conference\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE3\n\nToronto\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE6\n\nMilwaukee\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nE3\n\nToronto\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE7\n\nIndiana\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW8\n\nPortland\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW5\n\nUtah\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW4\n\nLA Clippers\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW5\n\nUtah\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nWestern Conference\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW3\n\nHouston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW6\n\nOklahoma City\n\n1\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nW3\n\nHouston\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW7\n\nMemphis\n\n2\n\n \n", "\n\n \n\nFirst Round\n\n\n\nConference Semifinals\n\n\n\nConference Finals\n\n\n\nNBA Finals\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE8\n\nChicago\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE4\n\nWashington\n\n3\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE4\n\nWashington\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE5\n\nAtlanta\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE1\n\nBoston\n\n1\n\n \n\n\n\n\nEastern Conference\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE3\n\nToronto\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE6\n\nMilwaukee\n\n2\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nE3\n\nToronto\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE7\n\nIndiana\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nE2\n\nCleveland\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW8\n\nPortland\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW5\n\nUtah\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW4\n\nLA Clippers\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW5\n\nUtah\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW1\n\nGolden State\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nWestern Conference\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n0\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW3\n\nHouston\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW6\n\nOklahoma City\n\n1\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\nW3\n\nHouston\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n4\n\n \n\n\n\n\nW2\n\nSan Antonio\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nW7\n\nMemphis\n\n2\n\n \n" ]	[ "Portland", "Utah", "San Antonio", "Cleveland" ]
4877325555445132854	Avengers: Age of Ultron	Avengers : Age of Ultron - wikipedia Avengers : Age of Ultron Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Age of Ultron . Avengers : Age of Ultron Theatrical release poster Directed by Joss Whedon Produced by Kevin Feige Written by Joss Whedon Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Jeremy Renner Don Cheadle Aaron Taylor - Johnson Elizabeth Olsen Paul Bettany Cobie Smulders Anthony Mackie Hayley Atwell Idris Elba Stellan Skarsgård James Spader Samuel L. Jackson Music by Brian Tyler Danny Elfman Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Jeffrey Ford Lisa Lassek Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $316 million ( gross ) $267.4 million ( net ) Box office $1.405 billion Avengers : Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Jeremy Renner , Don Cheadle , Aaron Taylor - Johnson , Elizabeth Olsen , Paul Bettany , Cobie Smulders , Anthony Mackie , Hayley Atwell , Idris Elba , Stellan Skarsgård , James Spader , and Samuel L. Jackson . In Avengers : Age of Ultron , the Avengers fight Ultron , an artificial intelligence obsessed with causing human extinction . The sequel was announced in May 2012 , after the successful release of The Avengers . Whedon , the director of the first film , was brought back on board in August and a release date was set . By April 2013 , Whedon had completed a draft of the script , and casting began in June with the re-signing of Downey . Second unit filming began in February 2014 in South Africa with principal photography taking place between March and August 2014 . The film was primarily shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed in Italy , South Korea , Bangladesh , New York City , and various locations around England . While in post production , the film was converted to 3D and over 3,000 visual effects shots were added . Avengers : Age of Ultron premiered in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released on May 1 , 2015 , in North America , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed over $1.4 billion worldwide , making it the seventh - highest - grossing film in history and the fourth highest - grossing film of 2015 . A sequel , Avengers : Infinity War , is scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 , and another untitled sequel is scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Eastern European country of Sokovia , the Avengers -- Tony Stark , Steve Rogers , Thor , Bruce Banner , Natasha Romanoff , and Clint Barton -- raid a Hydra facility commanded by Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , who has been experimenting on humans using the scepter previously wielded by Loki . They encounter two of Strucker 's test subjects -- twins Pietro Maximoff , who has superhuman speed , and Wanda Maximoff , who can manipulate minds and project energy -- and apprehend Strucker , while Stark retrieves Loki 's scepter . Stark and Banner discover an artificial intelligence within the scepter 's gem , and secretly decide to use it to complete Stark 's `` Ultron '' global defense program . The unexpectedly sentient Ultron , believing he must eradicate humanity to save Earth , eliminates Stark 's A.I. J.A.R.V.I.S. and attacks the Avengers at their headquarters . Escaping with the scepter , Ultron uses the resources in Strucker 's Sokovia base to upgrade his rudimentary body and build an army of robot drones . Having killed Strucker , he recruits the Maximoffs , who hold Stark responsible for their parents ' deaths by his company 's weapons , and goes to the base of arms dealer Ulysses Klaue to obtain Wakandan vibranium . The Avengers attack Ultron and the Maximoffs , but Wanda subdues them with haunting visions , causing the Hulk ( Banner ) to rampage until Stark stops him with his anti-Hulk armor . A worldwide backlash over the resulting destruction , and the fears Wanda 's hallucinations incited , send the team into hiding at a safe house . Thor departs to consult with Dr. Erik Selvig on the meaning of the apocalyptic future he saw in his hallucination , while Romanoff and Banner plan to flee together after realizing a mutual attraction . However , Nick Fury arrives and encourages the team to form a plan to stop Ultron . In Seoul , Ultron forces the team 's friend Dr. Helen Cho , who is enslaved by Loki 's scepter , to use her synthetic - tissue technology , together with vibranium and the scepter 's gem , to perfect a new body for him . As Ultron uploads himself into the body , Wanda is able to read his mind ; discovering his plan for human extinction , the Maximoffs turn against Ultron. Rogers , Romanoff , and Barton find Ultron and retrieve the synthetic body , but Ultron captures Romanoff . The Avengers fight amongst themselves when Stark secretly uploads J.A.R.V.I.S. -- who is still operational after hiding from Ultron inside the Internet -- into the synthetic body . Thor returns to help activate the body , explaining that the gem on its brow -- one of the six Infinity Stones , the most powerful objects in existence -- was part of his vision . This `` Vision '' and the Maximoffs accompany the Avengers to Sokovia , where Ultron has used the remaining vibranium to build a machine to lift a large part of the capital city skyward , intending to crash it into the ground to cause global extinction . Banner rescues Romanoff , who awakens the Hulk for the battle . The Avengers fight Ultron 's army while Fury arrives in a Helicarrier with Maria Hill , James Rhodes and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents to evacuate civilians . Pietro dies when he shields Barton from gunfire , and a vengeful Wanda abandons her post to destroy Ultron 's primary body , which allows one of his drones to activate the machine . The city plummets , but Stark and Thor overload the machine and shatter the landmass . In the aftermath , the Hulk , unwilling to endanger Romanoff by being with her , departs in a Quinjet , while the Vision confronts and seemingly destroys Ultron 's last remaining body . Later , with the Avengers having established a new base run by Fury , Hill , Cho , and Selvig , Thor returns to Asgard to learn more about the forces he suspects have manipulated recent events . As Stark leaves and Barton retires , Rogers and Romanoff prepare to train new Avengers : Rhodes , the Vision , Sam Wilson , and Wanda . In a mid-credits scene , Thanos , dissatisfied by the failures of his pawns , dons a gauntlet and vows to retrieve the Infinity Stones himself . Cast ( edit ) Cast of Avengers : Age of Ultron at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : The benefactor of the Avengers , who is a self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention . On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3 , Downey said , `` I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world -- which is what he has been doing -- still did n't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD . So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there 's no problem to begin with . That , you know , there 's a bouncer at our planet 's rope . That 's the big idea . '' Chris Hemsworth as Thor : An Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Regarding Thor 's place in the film , Hemsworth stated that as Thor has remained on Earth since Thor : The Dark World , and has begun to feel at home here , he considers Ultron 's threat a personal attack . Hemsworth stated that he had to work harder to bring new elements to the character to avoid repeating himself saying , `` It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party . '' Hemsworth noted that Thor 's motivations in this film were completely different , as it was the first MCU film where he did not play against Tom Hiddleston 's character of Loki . Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : An Avenger and a genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . To prepare for the role , Ruffalo worked with motion capture performer Andy Serkis ' The Imaginarium Studios . He stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was `` a bit more complex '' . Ruffalo explained that a confrontation is brewing between Banner and the Hulk saying , `` There 's a very cool thing happening : Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk ... and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other . '' While filming in London , Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk 's lines . Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk 's dialogue spontaneously , saying , `` What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you 're pretending he 's a werewolf when he 's a superhero . You want it vice versa ... So the question is , how has he progressed ? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does ? And that 's not just in the screenplay , that 's moment to moment . '' Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : The leader of the Avengers and a World War II veteran , who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Evans stated that since the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Rogers has been left to depend on his Avenger teammates without the structure of military life and is now `` looking to understand where he belongs , not just as a soldier , as Captain America , but as Steve Rogers , as a person . '' Evans said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Captain America : The Winter Soldier by working out up to an hour a day . Regarding Captain America 's fighting style , Evans felt he did not want to take a step back from the skills shown in The Winter Soldier , making sure Rogers ' fight style advanced , showing `` a consistent display of strength '' and having Rogers utilizing his environment . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : An Avenger who formerly worked for S.H.I.E.L.D. as a highly trained spy . Producer Kevin Feige stated that more of the character 's backstory is explored in the film . Johansson elaborated , `` In Avengers 2 we go back ... we definitely learn more about Widow 's backstory , and we get to find out how she became the person you see . All of these characters have deep , dark pasts , and I think that the past catches up to some of us a little bit . '' Regarding where the film picks up Widow 's story , Johansson felt it was a continuation of what was seen for her character in The Winter Soldier , with the fact that `` ' ( Widow ) never made an active choice . ( She 's ) a product of other people 's imposition . ' That 's going to catch up with her . That 's bound to have a huge effect . There 's got to be a result of that realization ... You 'll see her actively making some choices in her life , for better or worse . '' A mixture of close - ups , concealing costumes , stunt doubles and visual effects were used to help hide Johansson 's pregnancy during filming . Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye : An Avenger and master archer who previously worked as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D. Whedon said that Hawkeye interacts more with the other characters in the film , as opposed to the first film where the character had been `` possessed pretty early by a bad guy and had to walk around all scowly . '' As the character did not appear in any other of Marvel 's Phase Two films , Whedon stated Age of Ultron sheds light on to what the character was doing since the end of The Avengers . Renner described the character as `` kind of a loner '' and `` a team player only ' cause he sort of has to be . He 's not really a company man . Captain America can be that guy . In ( Age of Ultron ) you 'll understand why ( Hawkeye ) thinks the way he thinks . '' Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine : An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark 's close personal friend who operates the War Machine armor . Aaron Taylor - Johnson as Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver : The twin brother of the Scarlet Witch , who can move at superhuman speed . Taylor - Johnson felt Pietro was defined by the fact that he and his sister were abandoned by their family , and they both had to grow up `` in Eastern Europe defending and looking out for themselves and each other , '' that they both look to the other for guidance . Taylor - Johnson also said that Quicksilver was `` very overprotective '' of Scarlet Witch and has `` real anger frustration '' , which results in him being easily bored because of a short attention span . Feige stated exploring Quicksilver 's relationship with his sister and his backstory growing up in Eastern Europe would help differentiate the character from Evan Peters ' version in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) . Taylor - Johnson stated that the running style for Quicksilver went through multiple iterations , saying , `` The running style we tested early on was just very one - dimensional and boring to look at , but if you try to do free running , like parkour , then that 's very much Captain America 's style ... You have to find your own place in the stunt world . '' Much of Taylor - Johnson 's scenes were filmed outdoors to give `` life '' to his running , as opposed to running indoors in front of a green screen . Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch : The twin sister of Quicksilver , who can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis . Olsen felt Wanda was `` overly stimulated '' rather than `` mentally insane '' because `` she has such a vast amount of knowledge that she 's unable to learn how to control it . No one taught her how to control it properly ... she can connect to this world and parallel worlds at the same time , and parallel times . '' Describing her character 's mind control powers , Olsen said that the character is able to do more than manipulating someone 's mind , with Scarlet Witch able to `` feel and see what they feel and see '' by projecting visions that they have never seen . Olsen expanded saying , `` What I love about her is that , in so many superhero films , emotions are kind of negated a bit , but for her everything that someone else could feel -- like their weakest moments -- she physically goes through that same experience with them , which is pretty cool . '' Olsen drew on her relationship with her older brother and her sisters to prepare for the role , as well as looking to the comics for inspiration . Olsen revealed that Whedon was inspired by dancers as a way to visually represent how the character moves . As such , Olsen mostly trained with a dancer in lieu of traditional stunt training . Olsen is signed for this film and another . Paul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision : Bettany , who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S. , Stark 's A.I. companion in previous films , was cast again as the Vision , an android created by Ultron . Bettany stated that he was surprised when Whedon asked him if he wanted to be the Vision because once an actor has been cast as a particular character in the MCU , they usually are not cast as another . On what intrigued him about the Vision , Bettany said , `` The thing that appealed to me is that this sort of nascent creature being born , being both omnipotent and totally naive , the sort of danger of that and complex nature of a thing being born that is that powerful and that created in a second and the choices he makes morally are really complex and interesting . They 've really managed to maintain all of that '' . Bettany also stated that the Vision feels paternal and protective to a number of people in the film , particularly Scarlet Witch , and has the ability to change his density . Bettany did wire work for the part . Whedon stated he wanted to include the Vision in a second Avengers film before he signed onto the first film . Bettany 's make - up , which consisted of a mix of face paint and prosthetics , took two hours to apply with make - up artists Jeremy Woodhead and Nik Williams citing the correct hue of the Vision 's skin as the hardest thing to figure out . Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill : A former high - ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who now works for Stark . Describing Hill 's situation in the film , Smulders said that after The Winter Soldier , Hill does not `` really know who 's a good guy and who 's a bad guy and she 's trying to figure out that throughout this film . '' She added , `` She 's not getting any sleep . She 's doing all the work . She does n't have the kind of manpower that she had in S.H.I.E.L.D. , '' instead working for Tony Stark at the Avenger 's headquarters `` trying to keep everything running as smoothly as possible ... it 's an entirely different vibe for her . '' Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack and a friend of Steve Rogers . Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers , Mackie said that the two characters have a mutual `` soldier respect '' , which is explored in the film and in Captain America : Civil War . Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant - Man , which was released after Age of Ultron , as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier . Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere , as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on . Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter : A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the mythological deity of the same name . Stellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig : An astrophysicist and a friend of Thor . Skarsgård said he was originally not supposed to appear in the film , but received a call because `` they 'd written a couple of scenes , and I went and did them , '' not knowing if the scenes would appear in the final cut of the film . James Spader as Ultron : An artificial intelligence repurposed by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner for a pilot peace program that is overwhelmed with a god complex , and now desires to pacify the Earth by eradicating humanity . Director Joss Whedon stated that Spader was his `` first and only choice '' for the role , because of his `` hypnotic voice that can be eerily calm and compelling '' while also being very human and humorous . Feige clarified that Spader 's face and body were motion captured `` to create a whole performance ... We did not hire James Spader to do a robot voice . '' Extensive scans were taken of Spader 's head and body in preparation for the role . About the character Whedon said , `` He 's always trying to destroy the Avengers , goddamn it , he 's got a bee in his bonnet . He 's not a happy guy , which means he 's an interesting guy . He 's got pain . And the way that manifests is not going to be standard robot stuff . '' Whedon added that Ultron is `` not a creature of logic -- he 's a robot who 's genuinely disturbed . We 're finding out what makes him menacing and at the same time endearing and funny and strange and unexpected , and everything a robot never is . '' Whedon compared Ultron to Frankenstein 's monster , saying , `` It 's our new Frankenstein myth ( ... ) We create something in our own image and the thing turns on us . It has that pain of ' Well , why was I made ? I want to kill Daddy . ' '' Spader called the character `` self - absorbed '' and added , `` I think he sees the Avengers as being part of a problem , a more comprehensive problem in the world . He sees the world from a very strange , ( biblical ) point of view because he 's brand new , he 's very young ... He 's immature , and yet has knowledge of comprehensive , broad history and precedent , and he has created in a very short period of time a rather skewed worldview . '' Spader elaborates , `` He truly is an artificial intelligence with absolutely no censorship at all , no parameters really ... he 's got too much power , too much strength and speed and size , so he 's a very dangerous child . '' Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury : The former director of S.H.I.E.L.D. who originally recruited the Avengers and continues to be a mentor and leader for the team . Jackson described the role as a cameo , saying , `` I 'm just kind of passing by there ... Because , it 's another one of those ' people who have powers fighting people who have powers ' . That 's why I did n't get to New York in The Avengers . There 's not a lot I could do except shoot a gun . '' Thomas Kretschmann and Henry Goodman reprise their roles as Baron Wolfgang von Strucker and Dr. List , Hydra leaders who specialize in human experimentation , advanced robotics , and artificial intelligence from Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Linda Cardellini portrays Laura Barton , Hawkeye 's wife . Claudia Kim portrays Helen Cho , a world - renowned geneticist who helps the Avengers from her office in Seoul , and Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue , a black - market arms dealer , smuggler and gangster who is a former acquaintance from Stark 's weapons - dealing days . Julie Delpy appears as Madame B. , who mentored Black Widow into becoming an assassin . Kerry Condon voices the artificial intelligence F.R.I.D.A.Y. , a replacement for J.A.R.V.I.S. , while Spader also voices Stark 's Iron Legion droids . Josh Brolin makes an uncredited appearance during the mid-credits scene as Thanos , reprising his role from Guardians of the Galaxy . Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as a military veteran who attends the Avengers ' victory party . Tom Hiddleston was to reprise his role of Loki , but his scenes did not make the theatrical cut of the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I have to make my movie assuming that people will only have seen the first one , or possibly not even seen the first one . I ca n't assume that everybody went to see Thor ( The Dark World ) , Captain America ( The Winter Soldier ) , and Iron Man ( 3 ) in - between . I have to go from one movie to the next and be true to what 's happened , but not be slavish to it ... The model I 'm always trying to build from , my guiding star , is The Godfather Part II where a ton has happened in - between and it 's a very different movie ( from The Godfather ) , but you do n't need any information : it 's there in the film . '' -- Joss Whedon , director of Avengers : Age of Ultron , on balancing the film 's accessibility and continuity . In October 2011 , Kevin Feige , president of Marvel Studios said the studio was beginning to look at their Phase Two films , which would start with Iron Man 3 and would culminate in a second Avengers film . In March 2012 , Joss Whedon , director of the first film , stated that he would want a sequel to be `` smaller . More personal . More painful . By being the next thing that should happen to these characters , and not just a rehash of what seemed to work the first time . By having a theme that is completely fresh and organic to itself . '' Despite the production of the film becoming increasingly wider in scope , Feige maintained that this was not their intention , always looking to see where the team wanted to take the characters , over how to make it bigger than The Avengers . At the premiere of The Avengers , Feige said the studio had an option for Whedon to return as director . In May 2012 , after the successful release of the first film , Disney CEO Bob Iger announced a sequel was in development . Most of the film 's cast members were under contract to potentially appear in the sequel ; however , Robert Downey Jr. was not , as his four - picture deal with Marvel expired after Iron Man 3 . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon said he was undecided about directing . However , in August 2012 , Iger announced that Whedon would return to write and direct the sequel and develop the Marvel television series , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , for ABC . Later in the month , Disney set a May 1 , 2015 release date . When asked about his decision to return , Whedon said , `` Avengers 2 , it was n't a tough decision . For a long time I thought , ' Well , it 's just not going to happen . ' Then when I actually started to consider it , it became so clear that I desperately wanted to say more about these characters , it would 've been an easy no and it was a spectacularly easy yes . There was no wrestling . '' Whedon said that they intended for the film 's production to not be as rushed as the first one . In December 2012 , Whedon stated that he had completed an outline for the film . In February , at the 2013 Jameson Dublin International Film Festival , Whedon said that death would play a theme in the sequel , and in March , he said that he looked to The Empire Strikes Back and The Godfather Part II as inspirations . Feige revealed that Captain Marvel , who is scheduled to appear in her own MCU film in 2019 , appeared in an early draft of the screenplay , but was removed since the character had not yet been cast , saying , `` It did n't feel like the time . We did n't want to introduce her fully formed flying in a costume before you knew who she was or how she came to be . '' Whedon went so far as to shoot visual effects plates for Captain Marvel to fly into Avengers Tower at the end of the film ; those shots were reused , however , for Scarlet Witch instead . Feige also revealed that an early draft of the script had Hulk 's Quinjet detected near Saturn at the end of the film , but it was finally decided to keep it Earth - based and leave his fate ambiguous in order to dispel rumors that a film based on the `` Planet Hulk '' comic storyline was in development , which Marvel Studios had no plans to adapt at the time . Marvel would later decide to adapt `` Planet Hulk '' for the film Thor : Ragnarok , in which the Hulk does end up leaving Earth . Pre-production ( edit ) By April 2013 , filming was scheduled to begin in early 2014 at Shepperton Studios in England . At the Hollywood premiere of Iron Man 3 , Whedon said that he had completed a draft of the script , started the storyboard process , and met with actors . Whedon also mentioned that he wrote with Downey in mind and included a `` brother / sister act '' from the comic books , later confirming that he was referring to Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch . Whedon explained his rationale for including the characters in the film saying , `` their powers are very visually interesting . One of the problems I had on the first one was everybody basically had punchy powers ... ( Quicksilver ) 's got super speed . ( Scarlet Witch ) can weave spells and a little telekinesis , get inside your head . There 's good stuff that they can do that will help sort of keep it fresh , '' though cautioned he was not throwing in more characters for the sake of doing that . Whedon stated that the twins allowed him to add more conflict : `` They do n't like America , and they do n't like the Avengers ... The Avengers are like a world power , and not everybody 's on board with the Avengers coming in and starting fights , even in the name of justice . So you need that dissenting voice , and you need to understand it and sympathize with it . '' Because Marvel Studios shares the film rights to Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch with 20th Century Fox and had to avoid conflict with Fox 's X-Men films , Whedon introduced two important characters into the Marvel Cinematic Universe completely on his terms for the first time , which allowed him to connect their origin stories to the universe that they created and avoid the concept of mutants . Whedon relished at the storytelling opportunities by introducing a character with telepathic powers , explaining , `` it meant we could spend a little time inside the Avengers ' heads -- either their past or their impressions of what 's going on , or their fears , or all of the above . '' By May , Downey had entered negotiations to extend his contract with Marvel Studios and reprise his role as Iron Man in the film . A month later , Downey signed on to return for the then - untitled Avengers sequel , as well as a third Avengers film . Whedon promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International At the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced the film would be subtitled Age of Ultron . Despite the subtitle , the film is not based on the 2013 comic book miniseries Age of Ultron . Feige explained that they simply liked the title Age of Ultron but the plot was taken from decades of Avengers story arcs . Whedon added that Ultron 's origin would differ from his comics roots , and that Hank Pym would not be involved with Ultron 's creation . Whedon disclosed that Edgar Wright had rights to the character first through his inclusion in Ant - Man , which was already in development . He also thought that Ultron needed to be conceived through the Avengers and since they already had Tony Stark and Bruce Banner on the team , it would not make sense to bring in a third scientist . Whedon also said the film would have a darker tone due to Ultron 's involvement . The title of the film came as a surprise to many fans who were expecting Thanos , the mastermind behind the events of the first film , to be the main villain in the sequel , with Whedon saying , `` Thanos was never meant to be the next villain . He 's always been the overlord of villainy and darkness . '' Commenting on finding the right balance between technology - and fantasy - based heroes in Avengers : Age of Ultron , Feige said `` Iron Man is a very technological hero ; his movies are always technologically based . The first Thor was all about introducing Asgard and Thor in that more fantastical realm into the more reality - based MCU ... As we go into Ultron clearly he does come out of technology , but we 're using all of our tools at our disposal that we 've established so far as part of the MCU to build the storyline of Age of Ultron . '' Casting continued into August 2013 , with the announcement that James Spader would play Ultron . In November , Marvel confirmed that Elizabeth Olsen and Aaron Taylor - Johnson would play the Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver , respectively . Taylor - Johnson had been in negotiations since as early as June , while Olsen 's potential involvement was first reported in August . By the end of the year , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Samuel L. Jackson , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson , Jeremy Renner and Cobie Smulders were confirmed to be returning to their roles from the first film , and Don Cheadle , who portrayed James Rhodes in the Iron Man films , had committed to a part in the film . In the early months of 2014 , Thomas Kretschmann was cast as Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , Claudia Kim was cast in an unspecified role , and Paul Bettany , who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S. in previous MCU films , was cast as the Vision . Whedon said `` juggling '' all the characters in the film was `` a nightmare '' explaining , `` They 're very disparate characters . The joy of the Avengers is they really do n't belong in the same room . It 's not like the X-Men , who are all tortured by the same thing and have similar costumes . These guys are just all over the place . And so it 's tough . Honestly , this is as tough as anything I 've ever done . '' On January 24 , 2014 , the Forte di Bard Association announced that filming would take place at Fort Bard in the Aosta Valley region of Italy in March 2014 , as well as other locations in Aosta Valley including Aosta , Bard , Donnas , Pont - Saint - Martin , and Verrès . The next month , the Gauteng Film Commission announced that action sequences would be filmed in Johannesburg , South Africa and other locations in Gauteng , beginning in mid-February . A few weeks later Marvel announced that portions of the film would be shot in South Korea . Feige cited the nation 's `` cutting - edge technology , beautiful landscapes and spectacular architecture '' as ideal for the film . The nation 's capital , Seoul , and Seoul 's surrounding province , Gyeonggi , were selected as filming locations , with South Korea 's Ministry of Culture , Sports and Tourism reimbursing up to 30 % of the studio 's expenditures , as part of a state - funded incentive program . Filming ( edit ) Members of the Korea Film Commission and executives from Marvel Studios signing a memorandum of understanding in Seoul in March 2014 with actress Claudia Kim ( center ) in attendance Filming began on Tuesday , February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa , having been postponed that Monday . Second unit crews shot action sequences without the main cast , to be used as background plates for scenes featuring the Hulk , in the Central Business District of Johannesburg for a period of two weeks . By mid-March , principal photography had begun at Shepperton Studios near London and was scheduled to film there for at least four months , under the working title After Party . Filming at Shepperton as well as other locations in England allowed Whedon to get a `` number of different looks and textures and moods '' to give the film a different palette and fresh aesthetic from its predecessor . Production designer Charles Wood built an enormous , new Avengers Tower set , one of the largest sets ever built for a Marvel film . The set featured multiple connected environments and levels . On March 22 , production moved to Fort Bard , Italy and continued in the Aosta Valley region through March 28 . The region doubled as the fictional Eastern European nation of Sokovia , with crews replacing local storefronts with Cyrillic script . Filming in South Korea began on March 30 on the Mapo Bridge , and continued through April 14 at various locations in Seoul . While in Seoul , the production was able to attach cameras to drones and race cars to get unique camera angles and footage . An artificial island on the Han River known as the Saebit Dungdungseom served as the headquarters of an IT institute featured in the film . Scenes involving Ultron 's attack on parts of the city were shot in the Gangnam District . In April , shooting began in Hawley Woods in Hampshire , England , and Hayley Atwell , who played Peggy Carter in previous MCU films , filmed scenes inside the Rivoli Ballroom in London while extras performed the Lindy Hop . That June , scenes were shot at the University of East Anglia in Norwich and at Dover Castle in Kent , with Dover Castle used for interior shots of Strucker 's Hydra base in Sokovia . The next month , filming took place at a training facility for London 's Metropolitan Police Service , which doubled as a city in Sokovia . Additional filming took place in Chittagong , Bangladesh , including the Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard , and in New York City . On August 6 , Whedon announced on social media that he had completed principal photography on Avengers : Age of Ultron . Disney spent $330.6 million on Avengers : Age of Ultron from February 2013 to November 2014 , but $50.7 million of this was offset by payments from the UK tax authority . A report on actual production costs for films from FilmL. A. Inc. , indicated a gross budget of $316 million , with a net of $267.4 million for Avengers : Age of Ultron . Cinematographer Ben Davis , who also worked with Marvel on Guardians of the Galaxy , shot the film with a main unit of three Arri Alexa cameras . Davis said , `` Although the Alexa was Marvel 's preferred camera , we were n't locked into that choice from the start . What was n't negotiable was the fact that we were shooting digital : that 's how Marvel shoots all of its films . '' Davis also used Blackmagic Design 's Pocket Cinema Cameras to meet the needs of the second unit kit explaining , `` The second unit typically needs a fleet of smaller cameras that are less expensive and are rugged enough to handle the various trials by fire , as it were , that we throw at them . '' About the camera system , Whedon stated that this film was shot very differently from the first one ; using lots of long lenses , and that he aimed to shoot the film almost like a documentary . To create the scenes depicting how Quicksilver views the world , scenes were shot with an ultra-high - speed camera and later combined with shots of Taylor - Johnson moving through the same scene at normal speed . Post-production ( edit ) The original shot ( top ) of the new Avengers training facility and the completed shot ( bottom ) with CG interiors added by Method Studios In June 2014 , the IMAX Corporation announced that the IMAX release of the film would be converted to IMAX 3D . Following the completion of principal photography several more cast members were revealed including Stellan Skarsgård , Anthony Mackie , Idris Elba , and Tom Hiddleston , reprising their roles from previous MCU films . However , Hiddleston 's scenes did not make the theatrical cut of the film , with Whedon saying what was shot `` did n't play '' and he did not want the film to feel `` overstuffed '' . According to Hiddleston , `` In test screenings , audiences had overemphasized Loki 's role , so they thought that because I was in it , I was controlling Ultron , and it was actually imbalancing people 's expectations . '' Whedon later explained that Elba and Atwell appear in the film because of exploring the psyches of the Avengers from Scarlet Witch 's power . In December 2014 , Kim 's role was revealed as Dr. Helen Cho . Additional scenes were scheduled to be filmed in January 2015 at Pinewood Studios . In February 2015 , Marvel confirmed through promotional material that Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film . In early April 2015 , Linda Cardellini and Julie Delpy were confirmed to be part of the film 's cast . At the same time , Whedon stated that the film would not contain a post-credits scene , which had become customary for MCU films . Whedon tried to come up with a post-credit scene but felt that he could not top the `` Shawarma scene '' in The Avengers , explaining , `` It did n't seem to lend itself in the same way , and we wanted to be true to what felt right . The first rule of making a sequel is take the best moments and do something else . Do n't do the Indiana Jones gun trick again differently . Just go somewhere else . Do n't try to hit the same highs , because people will sense it . '' However , Feige clarified , `` There will be a tag ( shortly after the credits start ) . But there 's not a post -- post -- credit scene . '' In May 2015 , Whedon revealed he was in conflict with Marvel executives and the film 's editors about certain scenes in the film . The executives were not `` thrilled '' with the scenes at Hawkeye 's farm or the dream sequences the Avengers experience because of Scarlet Witch . Also , Whedon had originally shot a much longer scene with Thor and Selvig in the cave but the final version is shorter as test audiences did not respond well to the original cut . In the scene , Thor would be possessed by a Norn , a goddess of destiny , while Selvig would quiz her about Thor 's hallucination . Additionally , Whedon reiterated he had wanted to include Captain Marvel and Spider - Man at the end , but deals for each character ( signing of an actress and a deal with Sony Pictures Entertainment , respectively ) were not completed in time for their inclusion . The film contains 3,000 visual effects shots , completed by ten different visual effects studios , including Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , Trixter , Double Negative , Animal Logic , Framestore , Lola VFX , Territory , Perception , Method Studios , Luma Pictures and The Third Floor . ILM opened a facility in London , citing Avengers : Age of Ultron as a catalyst for the expansion , and developed a new motion capture system for the film called Muse , which can better capture an actor 's performance and combine different takes . About the motion capture process , Ruffalo called it `` more of a collaboration '' since the technology is advancing , with `` the face capture and the motion capture can now ( being ) put together , ( allowing ) you ( to ) get a lot more latitude as a performer ... you 're no longer constricted by the attributes that you have as a person : your age , or weight , or size . None of that matters anymore . And so there 's this whole exciting place to go that is kind of unknown . '' Visual effects supervisor Christopher Townsend said that the visual effects team considered depicting the Hulk when manipulated by Wanda Maximoff as being grey skinned with red eyes , but eventually decided against it , as they did not want to confuse audiences who might associate it with `` Joe Fixit '' , the grey Hulk from the comics . Method Studios created the interior of the new Avengers training facility by digitally designing the training facility , extracting the characters from the original set and placing them into the new CG environment . Method also contributed to Iron Man 's new Mark 45 suit and played a key role in creating Scarlet Witch 's CG mind control effect . Following the trend in recent years , most of the computer screens in Stark 's lab , Dr Cho 's laboratory , the Quinjet and other locations in the film were not added in post-production but were actually working screens on set , adding to the realism of the film and saving some on the post-production budget . London - based Territory Studio delivered the screen visuals filled with unique imagery and animations that matched the character using them . Perception worked on the main - on - end and main titles for the film . Before settling on the marble monument depiction for the main - on - end titles , Perception created three other versions , which were based on Ultron 's hive mind ability from the film , `` renderings of power and pure energy '' inspired by classic comic panels , and classic moments for each character . The final design was inspired by war monuments such as the Iwo Jima memorial . For the main titles , Marvel wanted the typeface to be a direct continuation of the first film . Perception made the typeface a marble texture to mimic the main - on - end titles and changed the title 's rotation ( away from the camera instead of towards the camera in The Avengers ) , before `` Age of Ultron '' overtakes `` Avengers '' in a vibranium texture . Music ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron ( soundtrack ) In March 2014 , Brian Tyler signed on to compose the film 's score , replacing the composer for the first film , Alan Silvestri , while also marking his third film collaboration with Marvel following Iron Man 3 and Thor : The Dark World in 2013 . Tyler stated that the score pays homage to John Williams ' scores for Star Wars , Superman , and Raiders of the Lost Ark and references the scores for the Iron Man , Thor , and Captain America films in order to create a similar musical universe , saying , `` That 's the goal for sure . You have to build in nostalgia and do it upfront so you can relate to it . '' Danny Elfman also contributed music to the score , using Silvestri 's theme from the first film to create a new hybrid theme . Hollywood Records released the album digitally on April 28 , 2015 , and in physical formats on May 19 . Release ( edit ) Renner arriving at the world premiere of Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Age of Ultron made its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on April 13 , 2015 , and held its European premiere on April 21 at the Vue West End in London . The film was released in 11 territories on April 22 , with its release jumping to 55 % of its international market ( 44 countries ) by the end of its first weekend , before the North American release on May 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . In North America , the film opened in 4,276 theaters , including 2,761 3D theaters , 364 IMAX , 400 premium large format , and 143 D - Box theaters . Many independent theater owners in Germany ( approximately 700 screens ) boycotted the film in response to Disney raising its rental fee from 47.7 % to 53 % of ticket sales . The owners felt that the `` increased fees , coupled with the cost of digitization , and rising staff and marketing costs may force some of them out of business . '' In September 2014 , TNT acquired the US cable broadcast rights , for broadcast two years after its theatrical release . On March 4 , 2015 , ticket pre-sales for the film began . Variety noted , `` The two - month gap between advance sales and the release is much wider than normal and reflects the heavy fan anticipation for '' the film . Marketing ( edit ) At the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon introduced a teaser trailer for the film , which included a look at an Ultron helmet and a title treatment . Footage of the teaser , as well as a brief interview with Whedon , was made available as part of Iron Man 3 's second screen companion app for its Blu - ray release on September 24 , 2013 . On March 18 , 2014 , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Avengers : Age of Ultron . The special debuted concept art for Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch , as well as art of the Hulk fighting the `` Hulkbuster '' Iron Man suit . Harley - Davidson partnered with Marvel to provide their first electric motorcycle , Project LiveWire , for use by Black Widow in the film . At the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con , the cast was introduced to promote the film , along with screening footage from the film . Avengers : Age of Ultron received the second most amount of social media mentions at the convention , following Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , but had a higher intend - to - see response . External video Marvel 's `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' -- Teaser Trailer ( OFFICIAL ) The use of the song `` I 've Got No Strings '' from Pinocchio ( 1940 ) was lauded by critics . The first trailer was scheduled to premiere during the airing of an episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on October 28 , 2014 . However , on October 22 , the trailer leaked online , and within a few hours Marvel officially released the trailer on YouTube . Entertainment Weekly and The Hollywood Reporter noted the effective use of the song `` I 've Got No Strings '' from Pinocchio ( 1940 ) in the trailer . Scott Mendelson of Forbes felt the trailer was `` such a textbook ' dark sequel ' trailer that it borders on parody '' but said , `` it 's a pretty spectacular piece of marketing , one that elevates itself both by the music choices and by James Spader 's vocals as the title villain '' . The trailer received 34.3 million global views in 24 hours , 26.2 million from Marvel 's YouTube channel , which broke the previous record held by Iron Man 3 with 23.14 million views . In comparison , the original Avengers teaser received 20.4 million views in 24 hours after its debut . In response , Marvel agreed to air footage from Age of Ultron during the episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. that was originally scheduled to premiere the trailer . At the end of October , Marvel Comic 's Editor - in - Chief Axel Alonso stated there were comic tie - in plans for the film . In November 2014 , ABC aired another one - hour television special titled Marvel 75 Years : From Pulp to Pop ! , which featured behind the scenes footage of Age of Ultron . Also in November , an extended trailer debuted on Samsung Mobile 's YouTube channel , featuring product placement for various Samsung devices . In December 2014 , additional behind the scenes footage was released as a special feature on the Guardians of the Galaxy Blu - ray , highlighting the various filming locations for the film . Also in the month , ABC announced that an episode of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. would tie - in to the events of the film . The episodes `` The Frenemy of My Enemy '' and `` The Dirty Half Dozen '' feature `` Easter eggs , plot threads and other connective tissue leading into the opening scene of Avengers : Age of Ultron '' while `` Scars '' explores the aftermath of the film . In January 2015 , a featurette focusing on Ultron was shown at Samsung 's `` Night With Marvel '' event at the 2015 Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) . Also at CES , Samsung revealed a selection of hardware inspired by the Avengers films , as well as a simulation of Avengers Tower via its Gear VR virtual reality device . A second trailer premiered on ESPN on January 12 , 2015 during the broadcast of the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship . Mendelson enjoyed the trailer , but wished it did not reveal as many story elements as it did . However , he added , `` the marketing thus far ( for the film ) has been far superior to much of what sold The Avengers three years ago , both in terms of the specific footage and the artistic choices being made ... I 'm sold , and I imagine most of the general moviegoers are already onboard too . '' On February 3 , 2014 , Marvel `` stealth released '' a one - shot digital - only tie - in comic , Avengers : Age of Ultron Prelude -- This Scepter 'd Isle . Written by Will Corona Pilgrim and illustrated by Wellinton Alves , it reveals how Strucker came into possession of Loki 's scepter and the origin of the Maximoff twins ' abilities . At the end of the month , the film 's official poster was revealed . Graeme McMillian of The Hollywood Reporter criticized it for its lack of originality , calling it `` pretty much the poster for the first Avengers movie , except with added flying robots in the background '' and the fact that it incorporated many of the same tropes the other MCU Phase Two film posters did . These included : the hero ( es ) staring off camera ; destruction in the background as well as something occurring in the sky ; and poor Photoshop on the poster , highlighting the fact that each of the actors were obviously photographed separately and were later composited together into the poster . Mendelson agreed with many of McMillian 's observations , and called the poster `` hilariously photoshopped '' . The final trailer was `` unlocked '' by fans on March 4 , 2015 , via the use of hashtags on Twitter , ahead of its broadcast debut during the series premiere of American Crime on March 5 . Mendelson felt `` this ( was ) a fine final trailer , teasing what we already know , hinting at the scale and a few new action beats without telling us much we do n't already know '' adding , `` Here we have the fourth and final Avengers : Age of Ultron trailer and we do n't know all that much about what transpires in a moment - to - moment sense in the finished 150 - minute feature . I have expressed my concern dating back to October that Marvel and Disney would release too many trailers and would by default give away too much plot and character information between October and May . But if this really is the final Avengers 2 trailer , then at least on the trailer front they have kept the film relatively unspoiled . '' A week after the final trailer debuted , Marvel revealed that the trailer had `` smashed records '' with over 35 million views . In April 2015 , members of the cast presented Downey with the MTV Generation Award at the 2015 MTV Movie Awards , along with debuting an exclusive clip from the film . On April 27 , Downey and Renner along with executives from Marvel Entertainment rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange in celebration of the film 's theatrical release . Disney spent a total of $26.9 million on television advertisements for the film , from an estimated total marketing budget of $180 million . Merchandise ( edit ) In January 2015 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and Traveller 's Tales announced a Lego video game adaptation of the first film and Age of Ultron for release in late 2015 on a variety of video game consoles . In March 2015 , Disney said it planned to broaden its merchandising strategy with Avengers : Age of Ultron by expanding the target demographics to women and to fans of the individual superheroes that make up the Avengers . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing for Disney Consumer Products , said , `` For the first film , we primarily focused on the Avengers property and the group shots ... Now we 're broadening the line and scope to create skews that focus on the team and the individuals characters , as well . '' Disney Consumer Products partnered with Hasbro , Lego , Hot Wheels and Funko for action figures , playsets and other toys , and with Under Armour for apparel . Disney established new partnerships in the food and packaged - goods categories , including with Sage Fruit , ConAgra , Crunchpak and Chobani . Walt Disney India 's consumer products partnered with 50 brands to promote the film in India , considered the highest ever for any film -- Hollywood or Bollywood -- released in India ( the previous record held by Ra. One had 25 partners ) . Some of the brands include Amazon India , toy retailer Hamleys India , online fashion store Myntra , Hero Cycles , Mountain Dew , Liberty Shoes , Tupperware , and Subway restaurants among others . Home media ( edit ) Avengers : Age of Ultron was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on digital download on September 8 , 2015 and on Blu - ray and DVD on October 2 , 2015 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes and a blooper reel . The film was also collected in a 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . In July 2015 , Whedon stated that he did not intend on releasing a director 's cut of Avengers : Age of Ultron because despite the film 's complexity , he was satisfied with the theatrical version and did not think it needed to be tweaked . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Avengers : Age of Ultron grossed $459 million in North America and $946.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.405 billion . It is the seventh - highest - grossing film worldwide and the fourth - highest - grossing 2015 film . Avengers : Age of Ultron 's worldwide opening of $392.5 million is the seventh - largest ever . The film set a worldwide IMAX opening - weekend record with $25.2 million ( previously held by The Dark Knight Rises ) and also broke the record for the fastest movie to make over $40 million in IMAX theaters , doing so in 12 days . According to some analysts , the opening weekend box office gross was lower than expected because of the weekend 's featured boxing match between Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacquiao . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $382.32 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fourth on their list of 2015 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . On May 15 , 2015 , Avengers : Age of Ultron became the twenty - first film in cinematic history , the third Marvel Studios film and the eighth film distributed by Disney to cross the $1 billion threshold at the box office . North America ( edit ) Avengers : Age of Ultron earned $84.46 million on its opening day , marking the biggest opening day for a superhero film and the second - biggest opening and second - biggest single - day gross , behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $91.7 million ) . The film 's Friday gross included $27.6 million from Thursday night , which began at 7 p.m. , and was the sixth - highest ever for Thursday preview earnings and the highest among Marvel films . The film totaled $191.3 million in its opening weekend , the third - highest gross behind Jurassic World ( $208.8 million ) and The Avengers ( $207.4 million ) . It also saw the second - highest IMAX opening weekend total with $18 million ( behind The Dark Knight Rises ) , a record $13.5 million from premium large format theaters and the highest share for the first weekend in May , accounting for 85 % of the top twelve box office total earnings ( previously held by Spider - Man 3 ) . Of those in attendance the first weekend , 59 % were male , 41 % were female and 59 % were over the age of 25 . In its second weekend , the film fell 59 % , earning $77.7 million , which was the second - biggest second weekend gross behind The Avengers ' $103 million ( both were surpassed a month later by Jurassic World 's $106.6 million ) . It holds the record for the second - biggest loss between first and second weekends with $113.6 million , only behind Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 's $121 million loss between its first and second weekends in 2011 . It became the third - highest - grossing film of 2015 . Outside North America ( edit ) Avengers : Age of Ultron earned $200.2 million in its first weekend from 44 countries , opening in first in all , which was 44 % above its predecessor 's opening . Additionally , the film saw the largest non-China international IMAX opening with $10.4 million . The top earning countries were South Korea ( $28.2 million ) , the UK ( $27.3 million ) and Russia ( $16.2 million ) . The film broke records in many countries , including : opening - day records in Mexico ( $6.8 million ) , the Philippines ( $1.6 million ) , and Indonesia ( $900,000 ) ; opening - weekend records in Mexico ( $25.5 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $16.2 million ) , Hong Kong ( $6.4 million ) , and the Philippines ( $7.7 million ) ; and highest opening weekend for a superhero film in the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $27.3 million ) , Germany ( $9.3 million ) , Sweden , Norway , and the Netherlands . In the UK , where Age of Ultron was filmed , it earned $5.4 million on its opening day and $27.3 million during the weekend , setting an opening - weekend record for a superhero film , Marvel 's biggest opening in Britain , the biggest April opening , the eighth - biggest debut . It also set the best single - day earning for a Disney and superhero film with its $9.4 million haul on Saturday . In South Korea , also where part of the film was shot , the film earned $4.9 million on its opening day and $28.2 through the weekend . It held the record for advance - ticket sales rate , accounting for 96 % of tickets reserved , breaking Transformers : Dark of the Moon 's record of 94.6 % in 2011 , the widest release ever , across 1,826 screens , also breaking Dark of the Moon 's 1,420 screens , and the fastest imported film to surpass one million admissions , doing so in two days ; it topped the box office for three consecutive weekends , and became the biggest Disney / Marvel release as well as the second - biggest Western film in the country . The Chinese opening scored the biggest weekday opening day , as well as the biggest Disney / Marvel opening , with $33.9 million , and the second - biggest six - day start with $156.3 million ( behind Furious 7 ) of which $17.5 million came from IMAX theaters -- the biggest ever . Age of Ultron also opened at number one in Japan in early July 2015 with $6.5 million , the highest opening weekend for an MCU release . As of January 3 , 2016 , it is the seventh - highest - grossing film , and the fourth - highest - grossing 2015 film . Additionally , the film 's largest markets as of July 17 , 2015 are : China ( $240.1 million ) , South Korea ( $80.5 million ) , and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $76.6 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 75 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 based on 323 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Exuberant and eye - popping , Avengers : Age of Ultron serves as an overstuffed but mostly satisfying sequel , reuniting its predecessor 's unwieldy cast with a few new additions and a worthy foe . '' On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an `` A '' grade on an A+ to F scale . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Avengers : Age of Ultron succeeds in the top priority of creating a worthy opponent for its superheroes and giving the latter a few new things to do , but this time the action scenes do n't always measure up . '' Scott Foundas of Variety wrote , `` If this is what the apotheosis of branded , big - studio entertainment has come to look like in 2015 , we could be doing much worse . Unlike its title character , Age of Ultron most definitely has soul . '' Writing for the Chicago Sun - Times and giving the film three - and - a-half out of four stars , Richard Roeper said , `` Some day , an Avengers film might collapse under the weight of its own awesomeness . I mean , how many times can they save the world ? But this is not that day . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` Age of Ultron is a whole summer of fireworks packed into one movie . It does n't just go to 11 , it starts there . ( Joss Whedon ) takes a few wrong turns , creating a jumble when the action gets too thick . But he recovers like a pro , devising a spectacle that 's epic in every sense of the word . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , stating that despite being `` bigger , louder and more disjointed '' than its predecessor , `` it 's also got more personality -- specifically Whedon 's -- than any other film in the now seven - year - old franchise . '' Helen O'Hara of Empire praised the interactions between the characters , the action set - pieces and Whedon 's ability as a director in her review , stating that the film `` redefines the scale we can expect from our superheroes . '' Conversely , Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Although this movie is effective moment to moment , very little of it lingers in the mind afterward . The ideal vehicle for our age of immediate sensation and instant gratification , it disappears without a trace almost as soon as it 's consumed . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes said , `` Avengers : Age of Ultron plays like an obligation , a box to be checked off on a list before all parties move onto the things they really want to do . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote , `` This Avengers does n't always pop the way that the first one sometimes did , partly because its villain is n't as memorable , despite Mr. Spader 's silky threat . '' Camilla Long of The Sunday Times remarked , `` Two hours of boredom and boobs add up to a sorry basis for the new Avengers . '' Much like the release of Guardians of the Galaxy , the film received mixed reviews upon release in China , due to poor translations . The translations , which were said to be too literal , were thought `` to have been done by Google Translate . '' Accolades ( edit ) In December 2015 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences placed Avengers : Age of Ultron on their shortlist of potential nominees for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 88th Academy Awards , but ultimately did not nominate it for the award . Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Chris Hemsworth Nominated Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Scarlett Johansson Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Chris Evans Won Choice Movie : Breakout Star Elizabeth Olsen Nominated Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards Best Visual Effects or Animation Christopher Townsend , Ryan Stafford , Paul Butterworth and Matt Estela Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Favorite Action Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actor Robert Downey , Jr . Nominated Chris Hemsworth Won Favorite Action Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Michael Balog , Jim Van Allen , Florent Andorra , George Kaltenbrunner , for Sokovia 's destruction Won Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Jakub Pistecky , Gang Trinh , Craig Penn , Mickael Coedel , Yair Gutierrez , for the Hulk Nominated Peter Tan , Boonyiki Lim , Sachio Nishiyama , Byounghee Cho , Roy Tan , for Ultron Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature Jakub Pistecky , Lana Lan , John Walker , Sean Comer Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Michael Balog , Jim Van Allen , Florent Andorra , Georg Kaltenbrunner Nominated Outstanding Models in a Photoreal or Animated Project Howie Weed , Robert Marinic , Daniel Gonzalez , Myriam Catrin , for Hulkbuster Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Chris Evans Nominated Chris Hemsworth Nominated Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Scarlett Johansson Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Best Supporting Actor Paul Bettany Nominated Best Film Costume Design Alexandra Byrne Won Best Film Special / Visual Effects Paul Corbould , Chris Townsend , Ben Snow , Paul Butterworth Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Best Hero Chris Evans Nominated Best Villain James Spader Nominated Best Virtual Performance James Spader Nominated Ensemble Cast Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Best Fight Robert Downey Jr. vs. Mark Ruffalo Nominated Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation - Long Form Avengers : Age of Ultron Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Avengers : Infinity War and Untitled Avengers film Avengers : Infinity War and an untitled sequel will be directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , from a script by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . Infinity War is scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 , with the sequel scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Ruffalo , Olsen , Bettany , Johansson , Hiddleston , Brolin , Mackie , Cheadle , Renner , and Jackson reprise their roles as Iron Man , Captain America , Thor , Hulk , Scarlet Witch , Vision , Black Widow , Loki , Thanos , Falcon , War Machine , Hawkeye , and Fury , respectively , in Infinity War . They are joined by Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Pom Klementieff , Karen Gillan , Dave Bautista , Bradley Cooper , Vin Diesel , Benedict Cumberbatch , Sebastian Stan , Tom Holland , Chadwick Boseman , and Paul Rudd , all reprising their MCU roles as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , Gamora , Mantis , Nebula , Drax the Destroyer , Rocket , Groot , Doctor Stephen Strange , Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier , Peter Parker / Spider - Man , T'Challa / Black Panther , and Scott Lang / Ant - Man , respectively . Notes ( edit ) ^ While the name of the anti-Hulk armor , usually referred to as the `` Hulkbuster '' in comic books , is not spoken in the film , its deployment system and containment cell are code - named `` Veronica '' . Director Joss Whedon said the name alludes to the character Veronica Lodge from Archie Comics : `` I just decided to call it Veronica because ( Bruce Banner ) used to be in love with a girl named Betty and Veronica is the opposite of that , '' making the connection to Archie 's love interest , Betty Cooper . ^ According to Kevin Feige , the Infinity Gauntlet seen at the end of the film is not the same as the one seen in Odin 's vault in Asgard in Thor , revealing that two Gauntlets exist in the MCU . The Asgard Gauntlet is revealed to be a fake in Thor : Ragnarok . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . 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MovieWeb . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Craig ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Idris Elba interview : Marvel movies are ' torture ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Skarsgard fine with Avengers nudity '' . Irish Independent . August 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Is Stellan Skarsgard coming back for Thor : Ragnarok ? `` They have an option on me '' `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : ' Avengers Age of Ultron ' Casts James Spader as the Film 's Legendary Villain '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' : James Spader to play maniacal robot in Marvel sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Who is Marvel 's angry , metal ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' madman -- and why does he hate you ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get to Know the ' Avengers ' as They Assemble for New Adventure '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Avengers : Age of Ultron assembles its own worst enemy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cink , Lorraine ( September 11 , 2013 ) . Marvel 's The Watcher 2013 -- Episode 31 . Marvel.com . Event occurs at 0 : 53 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` What To Expect From James Spader 's Ultron In ' Avengers ' Sequel '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` James Spader Explains Why He Signed on as Ultron '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers 2 ' scoop : How Ultron will differ from the comics -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : de Semlyen , Phil ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Joss Whedon Talks Avengers : Age Of Ultron '' . Empire . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In 2015 , Artificial Intelligence Will Rule the ( Movie ) World '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Spader reveals why his ' Avengers 2 ' character hates the Avengers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Joss Whedon and cast face superheroic challenge in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Geekersation : Jackson unleashes the Fury '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Nick Fury 's role in Avengers 2 is just a cameo '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dracula ' Actor to Play Villain in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Two new clips from Marvel 's Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron wo n't have a post-credit scene , Joss Whedon says '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` The rise of Linda Cardellini '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers 2 ′ Facts & Videos : Details on New Characters , Costumes , Tech & Weapons '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Motion Capture Maestro Andy Serkis on ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' and Revolutionizing Cinema '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Outlaw , Kofi ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers 2 ′ Premiere Sheet Reveals Additional Cast Member ( Updated ) '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` That Irish accent in Avengers Age of Ultron is actress Kerry Condon ! '' . Irish Examiner. April 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Danny ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' -- 14 of the Actual Easter Eggs in Marvel 's Latest Film '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Spoilers : And the post-credits scene from Avengers : Age of Ultron is ... '' Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leston , Ryan ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Confirms Avengers : Age Of Ultron Cameo '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ; Horowitz , Josh ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Explains Why There 's No Loki In ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Raux - Moreau , Raphaëlle ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Joss Whedon nous parle d ' '' Avengers 2 `` ! '' . AlloCiné . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Producer Hints at Sequel at New York Comic - Con '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Avengers ' director Joss Whedon teases sequel '' . NME citing SFX # 220 ( May 2012 ) . March 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's Astonishing , Spine - Tingling , Soul - Crushing Marvel Adventure ! '' . BuzzFeed . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks ' Thor 2 ' , ' Captain America 2 ' , ' Iron Man 3 ' , the ' Avengers ' Sequel , 2014 and 2015 Releases , Another ' Hulk ' Sequel , and a Lot More ! '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Announces ' Avengers 2 ' In Development '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Josh L. ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Disney and Marvel 's to - do list : Re-enlist Downey , Whedon '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con : Joss Whedon Remains Undecided About ' Avengers 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . July 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Sets Release Date for ' Avengers 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` TIFF Interview : Joss Whedon on Much Ado About Nothing and ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Jeffrey ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` '' Avengers '' director Whedon swaps superheroes for Shakespeare `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` EW 's Entertainers of the Year : Joss Whedon on how ' The Avengers ' exposed his angry inner Hulk '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ( February 23 , 2013 ) . Joss Whedon at JDIFF 2013 ( video ) . Dublin : YouTube . Event occurs at 7 : 35 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon Denies Planet Hulk Storyline for the Avengers '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's Why You Wo n't See Captain Marvel In ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Shot FX Plates For Captain Marvel In AGE OF ULTRON '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige : Hulk Almost Was n't in ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers 2 to assemble in UK '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deming , Mark ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon Reveals Status of ' Avengers 2 ' ... and Resurrection of Agent Coulson '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Cover : ' Iron Man 3 ' plays rough with Marvel 's top hero '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon Talks Quicksilver , the Scarlet Witch and Iron Man 's Roles in Avengers 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode of May 25 , 2015 '' . Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . May 2015 . NBC . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Cliffhanger : Robert Downey Jr. 's $50 Million Sequel Showdown '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Joss Whedon Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Chief Kevin Feige Talks Avengers : Age Of Ultron '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Talks Avengers : Age Of Ultron '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon Spills First ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Details '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2013 ) . Joss Whedon on Marvel LIVE ! at San Diego Comic - Con -- Exclusive . YouTube . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Joss Whedon on Thanos in Avengers 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Talks ' Avengers 2 & 3 ' , Thor 3 , ' Guardians ' & More ( Video ) '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers 2 ' : ' Kick - Ass ' Star Aaron Taylor - Johnson in Early Talks to Play Quicksilver '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Aaron Taylor - Johnson Talks The Avengers 2 and Godzilla ; Says He 's Met with Joss Whedon and Marvel for Avengers Role '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Aaron Taylor - Johnson Closes Deal to Play Quicksilver in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Bradley Cooper in Talks to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Alexandra ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Samuel L. Jackson on His ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Cameo as Nick Fury '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Ji - soo ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Soo - hyun to star in Avengers sequel '' . The Korea Times . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ritman , Alex ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon : ' Avengers ' Sequel Was a `` Nightmare '' Due to Expanded Superhero Cast `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Joss Whedon Likens Avengers 2 to The Godfather Part II '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whedon 's Avengers heading to Joburg '' . Channel 24 . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Announces Filming of Marvel 's Avengers : Age of Ultron in South Korea '' . Marvel.com . February 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sapa ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' filming postponed , roads not closed '' . The Sunday Times . 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Jump up ^ Bord , Christine ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Updates : Working title confirmed , Filming underway in South Africa , & the first Italian Casting Call is revealed '' . On Location Vacations . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 -- via Forte di Bard ( in Italian ) . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Avengers '' Fun Facts Reveal New Scarlet Witch , Hulkbuster Details `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riccio , Massimiliano ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Avengers 2 , primi ciak a Bard . In Valle ci sono già Occhio di Falco , Scarlet Witch e Quicksilver '' ( The Avengers 2 , the first shots in Bard . In the Valley there are already Hawkeye , Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver ) ( in Italian ) . aostasera.it . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , Da - ye ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` Filming draws pros , cons ; no traffic jam '' . The Korea Times . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seoul Braces for Disruptions for Filming of ' Avengers ' Sequel '' . Chosun Ilbo . March 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - young ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' begins shooting in Seoul '' . The Korea Herald . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garland , Natalie ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Avengers stars battle it out in Hawley Woods '' . Get Hampshire . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Mike ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Thor Call Down Lightning In Avengers 2 Set Video '' . CinemaBlend.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Phil ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Scarlett Johansson , Robert Downey Jnr , Samuel L Jackson and Chris Hemsworth filming New Avengers movie ' at Dover Castle ' '' . Dover Express . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Kent Film Office . April 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Director Joss Whedon Talks Avengers : Age of Ultron , Possibly Teases Civil War '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conaway , Cameron ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` WATCH : The State of Our World in a 1 - Second Clip '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Not Shooting in Edgar Wright 's Homeland But Will Embrace His Style '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Kevin Feige , Jeremy Latcham ( 2014 ) . Exclusive look at Marvel 's Avengers : Age of Ultron . Guardians of the Galaxy Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Avengers 2 Wrapped What the hell do I do now ? '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Spends Record $580 Million Making Movies In Britain '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchant , Beth ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` DP Ben Davis on Camera Choices for Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Studio Daily . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Method Studios . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avengers : Age of Ultron An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Loki controlling Ultron ? Tom Hiddleston finally explains why he was cut from Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in New ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Image '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` The return of the star Avengers -- to Blighty '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gajewski , Ryan ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon on Fighting With Marvel Over ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' : `` It Got Really , Really Unpleasant '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Empire ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron Spoiler Podcast -- Joss Whedon and Paul Bettany '' ( Podcast ) . Soundcloud . Event occurs at ? ? ? . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon Reveals Thor 's Cut Subplot from ' Avengers Age of Ultron ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tach , David ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron 's most confusing scene and the gun that almost killed it , explained '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Casting the vendors on Avengers '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Avengers ' Spawn Industrial Light & Magic 's London Expansion '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` ILM London Launch : Updates on Star Wars Episode VII & Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age Of Ultron 's Unused Grey ' Berserker ' Hulk Explained '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Perception . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Tyler to Score ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Film Music Reporter . March 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Superman ' Inspire New ' Avengers ' Score '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Elfman to Compose Additional Music for ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Film Music Reporter . February 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 891 ABC Adelaide ( March 12 , 2015 ) . 891 ABC Adelaide Danny Elfman . SoundCloud . Event occurs at 0 : 09 : 13 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Original Soundtrack Available Digitally April 28 '' . Marvel. April 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' : Secret roles for Julie Delpy and Linda Cardellini '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watch the red carpet of Marvel 's `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' on April 13 ! . YouTube . April 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch live : Avengers Age of Ultron premiere '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kozlov , Vladimir ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Moves Up ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Russia Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Natalie ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Hammers Out $200.2 M Overseas -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jim ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Need An Extra Dimension ? ? ? Here 's An Updated Imax , 3D and 4D Release Schedule ... '' Indiewire . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Release Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : Episode VII in IMAX '' . ComingSoon.net . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Is Set To Tear Up U.S. Box Office Records With $210 M - $230 M Bow '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Boycott in Germany : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' May Be Hit '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` TNT Locks Down Next Five Marvel Movies Starting With ' The Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Fandango Launching ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Pre-Sales '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ultron ' Teaser And More : A Deep Dive Into Comic - Con Footage '' . MTV . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron Announcement Trailer Now Available in HD '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers 2 ' Teaser Trailer : Let the Age of Ultron Begin ! '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` First Look At Quicksilver , Scarlet Witch & Hulkbuster Designs in ' The Avengers 2 ′ '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Fun Facts Reveal New Scarlet Witch , Hulkbuster Details '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson 's Black Widow To Ride An Electric Harley In Marvel 's Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` SDCC 2014 : Marvel Studios Panel Ant - Man Villain Revealed , Thanos Appears , GotG 2 Release Date '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Batman v. Superman ' Beats ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' with Online Chatter '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . 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' to feature a tie - in to ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' leads into ' Avengers ' sequel '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carle , Chris ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` We Saw New Avengers : Age of Ultron Footage At CES '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` CES 2015 : Samsung Reveals Incredible Avengers Tech '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silva , Marty ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` CES 2015 : What It 's Like To Explore The Avengers ' Stark Tower In VR '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Watch Robert Downey Jr . & Jeremy Renner Ring the Opening Bell at the New York Stock Exchange Monday '' . Marvel.com. April 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Summer Movie Ad Buys : ' Mission : Impossible , ' ' Mad Max ' Get Biggest U.S. Spend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looking At 5th Best All - Time Opening With $176.4 M - $182 M , Unseating ' Iron Man 3 ' -- Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lego Marvel Avengers And Lego Jurassic World Coming In 2015 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Merchandise Plan for ' Avengers : Age of Ultron : ' ' Make the Big Bigger ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Disney India Signs Up Record Number of Brand Partners for ' Avengers ' Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jay , Jayson ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Avengers : Age Of Ultron Blu - Ray Trailer & Special Features '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Blu - ray Bonus Features Detailed Including Extended Scene with Bruce and Natasha '' . Stitch Kingdom . September 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Joss Whedon on ' Age of Ultron ' Director 's Cut , More ' Dr. Horrible ' , and ' Toy Story ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ; Busch , Anita ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ultron ' Outpacing ' Avengers ' & ' IM3 ′ With $439 M ; ' F7 ′ Fuels Up -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Nabs $191.3 M In Domestic Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` No. 4 ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office Milestone : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Joins the Billion - Dollar Club '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Flies To 2nd Highest Bow Of All - Time With $191.3 M - Final Monday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Nabs Massive $27.6 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simanton , Keith ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Indomitable , Rex Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suber , Ray ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Ultron 's Massive $188 M Debut Falls Short of ' Avengers ' Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ultron ' Has Super Second Weekend At $77.7 M ; ' Hot Pursuit ' Opens To $13.9 M -- Final Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Joins $100 Million Losers Club '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Set for Massive $85 M - Plus Friday , Eyes Record U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taglione , Natalie ; Busch , Anita ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ultron ' Outpacing ' Avengers ' & ' IM3 ′ With A Final $439.8 M ; ' F7 ′ Fuels Up -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Papish , Jonathan ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Global Report : ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Off To Hot Start , ' Furious 7 ' Crosses $1 Billion Overseas ; Becomes # 1 Movie Of All - Time In China '' . Boxoffice . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers ' Sequel Earns $44.8 Million In First Two Days Overseas '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Scores Biggest Superhero Movie Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Monopolizes Cinemas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` South Korean Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Tops for Third Straight Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max ' Rides To $64 M ; ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Chimes In At $27.1 M -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Opens to Record $33.9 M in China Tuesday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers , ' ' Inside Out ' Push Disney Past $3 Billion at 2015 Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) International Box Office Top 10 Territories '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office Up 9 Percent Mid-Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : The Age of Ultron ' : Marvel at the humor , peril of a comic - book triumph '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Rolling Stone . ( Wenner Media LLC ) . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron Movie Review ( 2015 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' is full of thrills but quickly forgettable '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Is A Galactus - Sized Disappointment '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Gets the Superband Back Together '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Camilla ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron and The Falling '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Subtitles Leave Chinese Baffled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' and ' Jurassic World ' Among Shortlist for 2016 VFX Oscar '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter Staff ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar Nominations : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Pit One Direction Against Zayn Malik '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Nominees : Wave 2 Revealed ! '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maddox , Gary ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` 5th AACTA Awards : the full list of nominees '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Star Wars , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Peanuts Movie ' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Here Are The Nominees For The 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . MTV . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Saturn Awards 2016 Nominees Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , Carolyn ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Finalists for 2016 Hugo Awards are named '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Joe & Anthony Russo to Direct 2 - Part Marvel 's ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Markus & McFeely Will Write INFINITY WAR '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Avengers 3 ' Gets Official Title With Temp Name Hung On ' Avengers 4 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Inhumans , Avengers : Infinity War Films , Cap & Thor 3 Subtitles '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers , Guardians of the Galaxy assemble at D23 to celebrate Marvel , tease Infinity War '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Jeremy Renner Opens Up About Marriage , His Problems with the Media , and the Future of Hawk - Eye '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Samuel L. Jackson on How He Factors into ' xXx 3 ' and Nick Fury 's Return for the ' Avengers ' Sequels '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ultron Pulls the Strings in New ' Avengers ' Trailer '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2015 . Get even more of Iron Man 's Hulkbuster armor in action ... ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Russ ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Avengers : Age of Ultron Features an Archie Comics Reference '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Secret Behind The Infinity Gauntlet , According To Marvel 's Kevin Feige '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . I asked Feige if the presence of the Infinity Gauntlet in the mid-credits sequence was a rewrite in continuity or something else entirely , and he explained that nothing is being overwritten . Or as he put it , There are two different gloves . That was not Odin 's vault that you see at the end . When you think about it , this really does make all kinds of sense . After all , the idea of forging just one cosmic artifact glove is kind of silly when most have two hands , right ? So there is a degree of sense in Thanos having his own gauntlet while its double continues to rest on Asgard . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Answers Your Lingering ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Spoiler Questions '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avengers : Age of Ultron Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Avengers : Age of Ultron . Official website Avengers : Age of Ultron on IMDb Avengers Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Initial members Ant - Man Captain America Hulk Iron Man Thor Wasp Antagonists Group enemies A.I.M. Black Order Circus of Crime Enclave H.A.M.M.E.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the superheroes in age of ultron	[ "\nRobert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man:\nThe benefactor of the Avengers,[4][5][6] who is a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention.[7] On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3, Downey said, \"I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world—which is what he has been doing—still didn't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD. So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there's no problem to begin with. That, you know, there's a bouncer at our planet's rope. That's the big idea.\"[8]\nChris Hemsworth as Thor:\nAn Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[9] Regarding Thor's place in the film, Hemsworth stated that as Thor has remained on Earth since Thor: The Dark World, and has begun to feel at home here, he considers Ultron's threat a personal attack.[10] Hemsworth stated that he had to work harder to bring new elements to the character to avoid repeating himself saying, \"It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party.\"[11] Hemsworth noted that Thor's motivations in this film were completely different, as it was the first MCU film where he did not play against Tom Hiddleston's character of Loki.[6]\nMark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk:\nAn Avenger and a genius scientist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated.[12] To prepare for the role, Ruffalo worked with motion capture performer Andy Serkis' The Imaginarium Studios.[13] He stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was \"a bit more complex\".[14] Ruffalo explained that a confrontation is brewing between Banner and the Hulk saying, \"There's a very cool thing happening: Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk.. and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other.\"[15] While filming in London, Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk's lines.[16] Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk's dialogue spontaneously, saying, \"What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you're pretending he's a werewolf when he's a superhero. You want it vice versa... So the question is, how has he progressed? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does? And that's not just in the screenplay, that's moment to moment.\"[17]\nChris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America:\nThe leader of the Avengers[4][6] and a World War II veteran, who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world.[18][19] Evans stated that since the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Rogers has been left to depend on his Avenger teammates without the structure of military life and is now \"looking to understand where he belongs, not just as a soldier, as Captain America, but as Steve Rogers, as a person.\"[11] Evans said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Captain America: The Winter Soldier by working out up to an hour a day.[20] Regarding Captain America's fighting style, Evans felt he did not want to take a step back from the skills shown in The Winter Soldier, making sure Rogers' fight style advanced, showing \"a consistent display of strength\" and having Rogers utilizing his environment.[21]\nScarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow:\nAn Avenger who formerly worked for S.H.I.E.L.D. as a highly trained spy.[22] Producer Kevin Feige stated that more of the character's backstory is explored in the film.[23] Johansson elaborated, \"In Avengers 2 we go back... we definitely learn more about Widow's backstory, and we get to find out how she became the person you see. All of these characters have deep, dark pasts, and I think that the past catches up to some of us a little bit.\"[24] Regarding where the film picks up Widow's story, Johansson felt it was a continuation of what was seen for her character in The Winter Soldier, with the fact that \"'[Widow] never made an active choice. [She's] a product of other people's imposition.' That's going to catch up with her. That's bound to have a huge effect. There's got to be a result of that realization... You'll see her actively making some choices in her life, for better or worse.\"[25] A mixture of close-ups, concealing costumes, stunt doubles and visual effects were used to help hide Johansson's pregnancy during filming.[26]\nJeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye:\nAn Avenger and master archer who previously worked as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D.[27] Whedon said that Hawkeye interacts more with the other characters in the film, as opposed to the first film where the character had been \"possessed pretty early by a bad guy and had to walk around all scowly.\"[28] As the character did not appear in any other of Marvel's Phase Two films, Whedon stated Age of Ultron sheds light on to what the character was doing since the end of The Avengers.[17] Renner described the character as \"kind of a loner\" and \"a team player only 'cause he sort of has to be. He's not really a company man. Captain America can be that guy. In [Age of Ultron] you'll understand why [Hawkeye] thinks the way he thinks.\"[21]\nDon Cheadle as James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes / War Machine: An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark's close personal friend who operates the War Machine armor.[29][30]\nAaron Taylor-Johnson as Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver:\nThe twin brother of the Scarlet Witch, who can move at superhuman speed.[31] Taylor-Johnson felt Pietro was defined by the fact that he and his sister were abandoned by their family, and they both had to grow up \"in Eastern Europe defending and looking out for themselves and each other,\" that they both look to the other for guidance. Taylor-Johnson also said that Quicksilver was \"very overprotective\" of Scarlet Witch and has \"real anger frustration\", which results in him being easily bored because of a short attention span.[32] Feige stated exploring Quicksilver's relationship with his sister and his backstory growing up in Eastern Europe would help differentiate the character from Evan Peters' version in X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014).[33] Taylor-Johnson stated that the running style for Quicksilver went through multiple iterations, saying, \"The running style we tested early on was just very one-dimensional and boring to look at, but if you try to do free running, like parkour, then that's very much Captain America's style... You have to find your own place in the stunt world.\"[6] Much of Taylor-Johnson's scenes were filmed outdoors to give \"life\" to his running, as opposed to running indoors in front of a green screen.[34]\nElizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch:\nThe twin sister of Quicksilver, who can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis.[31][35] Olsen felt Wanda was \"overly stimulated\" rather than \"mentally insane\" because \"she has such a vast amount of knowledge that she's unable to learn how to control it. No one taught her how to control it properly... she can connect to this world and parallel worlds at the same time, and parallel times.\"[35] Describing her character's mind control powers, Olsen said that the character is able to do more than manipulating someone's mind, with Scarlet Witch able to \"feel and see what they feel and see\" by projecting visions that they have never seen. Olsen expanded saying, \"What I love about her is that, in so many superhero films, emotions are kind of negated a bit, but for her everything that someone else could feel—like their weakest moments—she physically goes through that same experience with them, which is pretty cool.\"[36] Olsen drew on her relationship with her older brother and her sisters to prepare for the role,[35] as well as looking to the comics for inspiration.[6] Olsen revealed that Whedon was inspired by dancers as a way to visually represent how the character moves. As such, Olsen mostly trained with a dancer in lieu of traditional stunt training.[37] Olsen is signed for this film and another.[34]\nPaul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision:\nBettany, who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark's A.I. companion in previous films, was cast again as the Vision,[38][39] an android created by Ultron.[40] Bettany stated that he was surprised when Whedon asked him if he wanted to be the Vision because once an actor has been cast as a particular character in the MCU, they usually are not cast as another.[41] On what intrigued him about the Vision, Bettany said, \"The thing that appealed to me is that this sort of nascent creature being born, being both omnipotent and totally naive, the sort of danger of that and complex nature of a thing being born that is that powerful and that created in a second and the choices he makes morally are really complex and interesting. They've really managed to maintain all of that\".[41] Bettany also stated that the Vision feels paternal and protective to a number of people in the film, particularly Scarlet Witch, and has the ability to change his density. Bettany did wire work for the part.[41] Whedon stated he wanted to include the Vision in a second Avengers film before he signed onto the first film.[17] Bettany's make-up, which consisted of a mix of face paint and prosthetics, took two hours to apply with make-up artists Jeremy Woodhead and Nik Williams citing the correct hue of the Vision's skin as the hardest thing to figure out.[42]\nCobie Smulders as Maria Hill:\nA former high-ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who now works for Stark.[43][44][45] Describing Hill's situation in the film, Smulders said that after The Winter Soldier, Hill does not \"really know who's a good guy and who's a bad guy and she's trying to figure out that throughout this film.\" She added, \"She's not getting any sleep. She's doing all the work. She doesn't have the kind of manpower that she had in S.H.I.E.L.D.,\"[46] instead working for Tony Stark at the Avenger's headquarters \"trying to keep everything running as smoothly as possible... it's an entirely different vibe for her.\"[47]\nAnthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon:\nA former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack and a friend of Steve Rogers.[48] Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers, Mackie said that the two characters have a mutual \"soldier respect\", which is explored in the film and in Captain America: Civil War.[49] Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant-Man, which was released after Age of Ultron, as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier.[50] Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere, as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on.[51]\nHayley Atwell as Peggy Carter: A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D., who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers.[52]\nIdris Elba as Heimdall: The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[53]\nStellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig:\nAn astrophysicist and a friend of Thor.[54] Skarsgård said he was originally not supposed to appear in the film, but received a call because \"they'd written a couple of scenes, and I went and did them,\" not knowing if the scenes would appear in the final cut of the film.[55]\nJames Spader as Ultron:\nAn artificial intelligence repurposed by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner for a pilot peace program that is overwhelmed with a god complex, and now desires to pacify the Earth by eradicating humanity.[40][56][57][58][59][60] Director Joss Whedon stated that Spader was his \"first and only choice\" for the role, because of his \"hypnotic voice that can be eerily calm and compelling\" while also being very human and humorous.[61] Feige clarified that Spader's face and body were motion captured \"to create a whole performance... We did not hire James Spader to do a robot voice.\"[62] Extensive scans were taken of Spader's head and body in preparation for the role.[63] About the character Whedon said, \"He's always trying to destroy the Avengers, goddamn it, he's got a bee in his bonnet. He's not a happy guy, which means he's an interesting guy. He's got pain. And the way that manifests is not going to be standard robot stuff.\"[64] Whedon added that Ultron is \"not a creature of logic—he's a robot who's genuinely disturbed. We're finding out what makes him menacing and at the same time endearing and funny and strange and unexpected, and everything a robot never is.\"[65] Whedon compared Ultron to Frankenstein's monster, saying, \"It's our new Frankenstein myth [...] We create something in our own image and the thing turns on us. It has that pain of 'Well, why was I made? I want to kill Daddy.'\"[66] Spader called the character \"self-absorbed\" and added, \"I think he sees the Avengers as being part of a problem, a more comprehensive problem in the world. He sees the world from a very strange, [biblical] point of view because he's brand new, he's very young... He's immature, and yet has knowledge of comprehensive, broad history and precedent, and he has created in a very short period of time a rather skewed worldview.\"[67] Spader elaborates, \"He truly is an artificial intelligence with absolutely no censorship at all, no parameters really … he’s got too much power, too much strength and speed and size, so he’s a very dangerous child.\"[68]\nSamuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury:\nThe former director of S.H.I.E.L.D. who originally recruited the Avengers and continues to be a mentor and leader for the team.[59][69] Jackson described the role as a cameo, saying, \"I'm just kind of passing by there ... Because, it's another one of those 'people who have powers fighting people who have powers'. That's why I didn't get to New York in The Avengers. There's not a lot I could do except shoot a gun.\"[70]\n", "\nRobert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man:\nThe benefactor of the Avengers,[4][5][6] who is a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention.[7] On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3, Downey said, \"I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world—which is what he has been doing—still didn't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD. So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there's no problem to begin with. That, you know, there's a bouncer at our planet's rope. That's the big idea.\"[8]\nChris Hemsworth as Thor:\nAn Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[9] Regarding Thor's place in the film, Hemsworth stated that as Thor has remained on Earth since Thor: The Dark World, and has begun to feel at home here, he considers Ultron's threat a personal attack.[10] Hemsworth stated that he had to work harder to bring new elements to the character to avoid repeating himself saying, \"It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party.\"[11] Hemsworth noted that Thor's motivations in this film were completely different, as it was the first MCU film where he did not play against Tom Hiddleston's character of Loki.[6]\nMark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk:\nAn Avenger and a genius scientist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated.[12] To prepare for the role, Ruffalo worked with motion capture performer Andy Serkis' The Imaginarium Studios.[13] He stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was \"a bit more complex\".[14] Ruffalo explained that a confrontation is brewing between Banner and the Hulk saying, \"There's a very cool thing happening: Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk.. and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other.\"[15] While filming in London, Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk's lines.[16] Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk's dialogue spontaneously, saying, \"What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you're pretending he's a werewolf when he's a superhero. You want it vice versa... So the question is, how has he progressed? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does? And that's not just in the screenplay, that's moment to moment.\"[17]\nChris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America:\nThe leader of the Avengers[4][6] and a World War II veteran, who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world.[18][19] Evans stated that since the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Rogers has been left to depend on his Avenger teammates without the structure of military life and is now \"looking to understand where he belongs, not just as a soldier, as Captain America, but as Steve Rogers, as a person.\"[11] Evans said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Captain America: The Winter Soldier by working out up to an hour a day.[20] Regarding Captain America's fighting style, Evans felt he did not want to take a step back from the skills shown in The Winter Soldier, making sure Rogers' fight style advanced, showing \"a consistent display of strength\" and having Rogers utilizing his environment.[21]\nScarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow:\nAn Avenger who formerly worked for S.H.I.E.L.D. as a highly trained spy.[22] Producer Kevin Feige stated that more of the character's backstory is explored in the film.[23] Johansson elaborated, \"In Avengers 2 we go back... we definitely learn more about Widow's backstory, and we get to find out how she became the person you see. All of these characters have deep, dark pasts, and I think that the past catches up to some of us a little bit.\"[24] Regarding where the film picks up Widow's story, Johansson felt it was a continuation of what was seen for her character in The Winter Soldier, with the fact that \"'[Widow] never made an active choice. [She's] a product of other people's imposition.' That's going to catch up with her. That's bound to have a huge effect. There's got to be a result of that realization... You'll see her actively making some choices in her life, for better or worse.\"[25] A mixture of close-ups, concealing costumes, stunt doubles and visual effects were used to help hide Johansson's pregnancy during filming.[26]\nJeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye:\nAn Avenger and master archer who previously worked as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D.[27] Whedon said that Hawkeye interacts more with the other characters in the film, as opposed to the first film where the character had been \"possessed pretty early by a bad guy and had to walk around all scowly.\"[28] As the character did not appear in any other of Marvel's Phase Two films, Whedon stated Age of Ultron sheds light on to what the character was doing since the end of The Avengers.[17] Renner described the character as \"kind of a loner\" and \"a team player only 'cause he sort of has to be. He's not really a company man. Captain America can be that guy. In [Age of Ultron] you'll understand why [Hawkeye] thinks the way he thinks.\"[21]\nDon Cheadle as James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes / War Machine: An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark's close personal friend who operates the War Machine armor.[29][30]\nAaron Taylor-Johnson as Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver:\nThe twin brother of the Scarlet Witch, who can move at superhuman speed.[31] Taylor-Johnson felt Pietro was defined by the fact that he and his sister were abandoned by their family, and they both had to grow up \"in Eastern Europe defending and looking out for themselves and each other,\" that they both look to the other for guidance. Taylor-Johnson also said that Quicksilver was \"very overprotective\" of Scarlet Witch and has \"real anger frustration\", which results in him being easily bored because of a short attention span.[32] Feige stated exploring Quicksilver's relationship with his sister and his backstory growing up in Eastern Europe would help differentiate the character from Evan Peters' version in X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014).[33] Taylor-Johnson stated that the running style for Quicksilver went through multiple iterations, saying, \"The running style we tested early on was just very one-dimensional and boring to look at, but if you try to do free running, like parkour, then that's very much Captain America's style... You have to find your own place in the stunt world.\"[6] Much of Taylor-Johnson's scenes were filmed outdoors to give \"life\" to his running, as opposed to running indoors in front of a green screen.[34]\nElizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch:\nThe twin sister of Quicksilver, who can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis.[31][35] Olsen felt Wanda was \"overly stimulated\" rather than \"mentally insane\" because \"she has such a vast amount of knowledge that she's unable to learn how to control it. No one taught her how to control it properly... she can connect to this world and parallel worlds at the same time, and parallel times.\"[35] Describing her character's mind control powers, Olsen said that the character is able to do more than manipulating someone's mind, with Scarlet Witch able to \"feel and see what they feel and see\" by projecting visions that they have never seen. Olsen expanded saying, \"What I love about her is that, in so many superhero films, emotions are kind of negated a bit, but for her everything that someone else could feel—like their weakest moments—she physically goes through that same experience with them, which is pretty cool.\"[36] Olsen drew on her relationship with her older brother and her sisters to prepare for the role,[35] as well as looking to the comics for inspiration.[6] Olsen revealed that Whedon was inspired by dancers as a way to visually represent how the character moves. As such, Olsen mostly trained with a dancer in lieu of traditional stunt training.[37] Olsen is signed for this film and another.[34]\nPaul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision:\nBettany, who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark's A.I. companion in previous films, was cast again as the Vision,[38][39] an android created by Ultron.[40] Bettany stated that he was surprised when Whedon asked him if he wanted to be the Vision because once an actor has been cast as a particular character in the MCU, they usually are not cast as another.[41] On what intrigued him about the Vision, Bettany said, \"The thing that appealed to me is that this sort of nascent creature being born, being both omnipotent and totally naive, the sort of danger of that and complex nature of a thing being born that is that powerful and that created in a second and the choices he makes morally are really complex and interesting. They've really managed to maintain all of that\".[41] Bettany also stated that the Vision feels paternal and protective to a number of people in the film, particularly Scarlet Witch, and has the ability to change his density. Bettany did wire work for the part.[41] Whedon stated he wanted to include the Vision in a second Avengers film before he signed onto the first film.[17] Bettany's make-up, which consisted of a mix of face paint and prosthetics, took two hours to apply with make-up artists Jeremy Woodhead and Nik Williams citing the correct hue of the Vision's skin as the hardest thing to figure out.[42]\nCobie Smulders as Maria Hill:\nA former high-ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who now works for Stark.[43][44][45] Describing Hill's situation in the film, Smulders said that after The Winter Soldier, Hill does not \"really know who's a good guy and who's a bad guy and she's trying to figure out that throughout this film.\" She added, \"She's not getting any sleep. She's doing all the work. She doesn't have the kind of manpower that she had in S.H.I.E.L.D.,\"[46] instead working for Tony Stark at the Avenger's headquarters \"trying to keep everything running as smoothly as possible... it's an entirely different vibe for her.\"[47]\nAnthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon:\nA former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack and a friend of Steve Rogers.[48] Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers, Mackie said that the two characters have a mutual \"soldier respect\", which is explored in the film and in Captain America: Civil War.[49] Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant-Man, which was released after Age of Ultron, as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier.[50] Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere, as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on.[51]\nHayley Atwell as Peggy Carter: A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D., who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers.[52]\nIdris Elba as Heimdall: The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[53]\nStellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig:\nAn astrophysicist and a friend of Thor.[54] Skarsgård said he was originally not supposed to appear in the film, but received a call because \"they'd written a couple of scenes, and I went and did them,\" not knowing if the scenes would appear in the final cut of the film.[55]\nJames Spader as Ultron:\nAn artificial intelligence repurposed by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner for a pilot peace program that is overwhelmed with a god complex, and now desires to pacify the Earth by eradicating humanity.[40][56][57][58][59][60] Director Joss Whedon stated that Spader was his \"first and only choice\" for the role, because of his \"hypnotic voice that can be eerily calm and compelling\" while also being very human and humorous.[61] Feige clarified that Spader's face and body were motion captured \"to create a whole performance... We did not hire James Spader to do a robot voice.\"[62] Extensive scans were taken of Spader's head and body in preparation for the role.[63] About the character Whedon said, \"He's always trying to destroy the Avengers, goddamn it, he's got a bee in his bonnet. He's not a happy guy, which means he's an interesting guy. He's got pain. And the way that manifests is not going to be standard robot stuff.\"[64] Whedon added that Ultron is \"not a creature of logic—he's a robot who's genuinely disturbed. We're finding out what makes him menacing and at the same time endearing and funny and strange and unexpected, and everything a robot never is.\"[65] Whedon compared Ultron to Frankenstein's monster, saying, \"It's our new Frankenstein myth [...] We create something in our own image and the thing turns on us. It has that pain of 'Well, why was I made? I want to kill Daddy.'\"[66] Spader called the character \"self-absorbed\" and added, \"I think he sees the Avengers as being part of a problem, a more comprehensive problem in the world. He sees the world from a very strange, [biblical] point of view because he's brand new, he's very young... He's immature, and yet has knowledge of comprehensive, broad history and precedent, and he has created in a very short period of time a rather skewed worldview.\"[67] Spader elaborates, \"He truly is an artificial intelligence with absolutely no censorship at all, no parameters really … he’s got too much power, too much strength and speed and size, so he’s a very dangerous child.\"[68]\nSamuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury:\nThe former director of S.H.I.E.L.D. who originally recruited the Avengers and continues to be a mentor and leader for the team.[59][69] Jackson described the role as a cameo, saying, \"I'm just kind of passing by there ... Because, it's another one of those 'people who have powers fighting people who have powers'. That's why I didn't get to New York in The Avengers. There's not a lot I could do except shoot a gun.\"[70]\n", "\nRobert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man:\nThe benefactor of the Avengers,[4][5][6] who is a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention.[7] On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3, Downey said, \"I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world—which is what he has been doing—still didn't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD. So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there's no problem to begin with. That, you know, there's a bouncer at our planet's rope. That's the big idea.\"[8]\nChris Hemsworth as Thor:\nAn Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[9] Regarding Thor's place in the film, Hemsworth stated that as Thor has remained on Earth since Thor: The Dark World, and has begun to feel at home here, he considers Ultron's threat a personal attack.[10] Hemsworth stated that he had to work harder to bring new elements to the character to avoid repeating himself saying, \"It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party.\"[11] Hemsworth noted that Thor's motivations in this film were completely different, as it was the first MCU film where he did not play against Tom Hiddleston's character of Loki.[6]\nMark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk:\nAn Avenger and a genius scientist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated.[12] To prepare for the role, Ruffalo worked with motion capture performer Andy Serkis' The Imaginarium Studios.[13] He stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was \"a bit more complex\".[14] Ruffalo explained that a confrontation is brewing between Banner and the Hulk saying, \"There's a very cool thing happening: Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk.. and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other.\"[15] While filming in London, Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk's lines.[16] Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk's dialogue spontaneously, saying, \"What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you're pretending he's a werewolf when he's a superhero. You want it vice versa... So the question is, how has he progressed? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does? And that's not just in the screenplay, that's moment to moment.\"[17]\nChris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America:\nThe leader of the Avengers[4][6] and a World War II veteran, who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world.[18][19] Evans stated that since the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Rogers has been left to depend on his Avenger teammates without the structure of military life and is now \"looking to understand where he belongs, not just as a soldier, as Captain America, but as Steve Rogers, as a person.\"[11] Evans said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Captain America: The Winter Soldier by working out up to an hour a day.[20] Regarding Captain America's fighting style, Evans felt he did not want to take a step back from the skills shown in The Winter Soldier, making sure Rogers' fight style advanced, showing \"a consistent display of strength\" and having Rogers utilizing his environment.[21]\nScarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow:\nAn Avenger who formerly worked for S.H.I.E.L.D. as a highly trained spy.[22] Producer Kevin Feige stated that more of the character's backstory is explored in the film.[23] Johansson elaborated, \"In Avengers 2 we go back... we definitely learn more about Widow's backstory, and we get to find out how she became the person you see. All of these characters have deep, dark pasts, and I think that the past catches up to some of us a little bit.\"[24] Regarding where the film picks up Widow's story, Johansson felt it was a continuation of what was seen for her character in The Winter Soldier, with the fact that \"'[Widow] never made an active choice. [She's] a product of other people's imposition.' That's going to catch up with her. That's bound to have a huge effect. There's got to be a result of that realization... You'll see her actively making some choices in her life, for better or worse.\"[25] A mixture of close-ups, concealing costumes, stunt doubles and visual effects were used to help hide Johansson's pregnancy during filming.[26]\nJeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye:\nAn Avenger and master archer who previously worked as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D.[27] Whedon said that Hawkeye interacts more with the other characters in the film, as opposed to the first film where the character had been \"possessed pretty early by a bad guy and had to walk around all scowly.\"[28] As the character did not appear in any other of Marvel's Phase Two films, Whedon stated Age of Ultron sheds light on to what the character was doing since the end of The Avengers.[17] Renner described the character as \"kind of a loner\" and \"a team player only 'cause he sort of has to be. He's not really a company man. Captain America can be that guy. In [Age of Ultron] you'll understand why [Hawkeye] thinks the way he thinks.\"[21]\nDon Cheadle as James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes / War Machine: An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark's close personal friend who operates the War Machine armor.[29][30]\nAaron Taylor-Johnson as Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver:\nThe twin brother of the Scarlet Witch, who can move at superhuman speed.[31] Taylor-Johnson felt Pietro was defined by the fact that he and his sister were abandoned by their family, and they both had to grow up \"in Eastern Europe defending and looking out for themselves and each other,\" that they both look to the other for guidance. Taylor-Johnson also said that Quicksilver was \"very overprotective\" of Scarlet Witch and has \"real anger frustration\", which results in him being easily bored because of a short attention span.[32] Feige stated exploring Quicksilver's relationship with his sister and his backstory growing up in Eastern Europe would help differentiate the character from Evan Peters' version in X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014).[33] Taylor-Johnson stated that the running style for Quicksilver went through multiple iterations, saying, \"The running style we tested early on was just very one-dimensional and boring to look at, but if you try to do free running, like parkour, then that's very much Captain America's style... You have to find your own place in the stunt world.\"[6] Much of Taylor-Johnson's scenes were filmed outdoors to give \"life\" to his running, as opposed to running indoors in front of a green screen.[34]\nElizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch:\nThe twin sister of Quicksilver, who can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis.[31][35] Olsen felt Wanda was \"overly stimulated\" rather than \"mentally insane\" because \"she has such a vast amount of knowledge that she's unable to learn how to control it. No one taught her how to control it properly... she can connect to this world and parallel worlds at the same time, and parallel times.\"[35] Describing her character's mind control powers, Olsen said that the character is able to do more than manipulating someone's mind, with Scarlet Witch able to \"feel and see what they feel and see\" by projecting visions that they have never seen. Olsen expanded saying, \"What I love about her is that, in so many superhero films, emotions are kind of negated a bit, but for her everything that someone else could feel—like their weakest moments—she physically goes through that same experience with them, which is pretty cool.\"[36] Olsen drew on her relationship with her older brother and her sisters to prepare for the role,[35] as well as looking to the comics for inspiration.[6] Olsen revealed that Whedon was inspired by dancers as a way to visually represent how the character moves. As such, Olsen mostly trained with a dancer in lieu of traditional stunt training.[37] Olsen is signed for this film and another.[34]\nPaul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision:\nBettany, who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark's A.I. companion in previous films, was cast again as the Vision,[38][39] an android created by Ultron.[40] Bettany stated that he was surprised when Whedon asked him if he wanted to be the Vision because once an actor has been cast as a particular character in the MCU, they usually are not cast as another.[41] On what intrigued him about the Vision, Bettany said, \"The thing that appealed to me is that this sort of nascent creature being born, being both omnipotent and totally naive, the sort of danger of that and complex nature of a thing being born that is that powerful and that created in a second and the choices he makes morally are really complex and interesting. They've really managed to maintain all of that\".[41] Bettany also stated that the Vision feels paternal and protective to a number of people in the film, particularly Scarlet Witch, and has the ability to change his density. Bettany did wire work for the part.[41] Whedon stated he wanted to include the Vision in a second Avengers film before he signed onto the first film.[17] Bettany's make-up, which consisted of a mix of face paint and prosthetics, took two hours to apply with make-up artists Jeremy Woodhead and Nik Williams citing the correct hue of the Vision's skin as the hardest thing to figure out.[42]\nCobie Smulders as Maria Hill:\nA former high-ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who now works for Stark.[43][44][45] Describing Hill's situation in the film, Smulders said that after The Winter Soldier, Hill does not \"really know who's a good guy and who's a bad guy and she's trying to figure out that throughout this film.\" She added, \"She's not getting any sleep. She's doing all the work. She doesn't have the kind of manpower that she had in S.H.I.E.L.D.,\"[46] instead working for Tony Stark at the Avenger's headquarters \"trying to keep everything running as smoothly as possible... it's an entirely different vibe for her.\"[47]\nAnthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon:\nA former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack and a friend of Steve Rogers.[48] Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers, Mackie said that the two characters have a mutual \"soldier respect\", which is explored in the film and in Captain America: Civil War.[49] Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant-Man, which was released after Age of Ultron, as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier.[50] Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere, as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on.[51]\nHayley Atwell as Peggy Carter: A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D., who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers.[52]\nIdris Elba as Heimdall: The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[53]\nStellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig:\nAn astrophysicist and a friend of Thor.[54] Skarsgård said he was originally not supposed to appear in the film, but received a call because \"they'd written a couple of scenes, and I went and did them,\" not knowing if the scenes would appear in the final cut of the film.[55]\nJames Spader as Ultron:\nAn artificial intelligence repurposed by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner for a pilot peace program that is overwhelmed with a god complex, and now desires to pacify the Earth by eradicating humanity.[40][56][57][58][59][60] Director Joss Whedon stated that Spader was his \"first and only choice\" for the role, because of his \"hypnotic voice that can be eerily calm and compelling\" while also being very human and humorous.[61] Feige clarified that Spader's face and body were motion captured \"to create a whole performance... We did not hire James Spader to do a robot voice.\"[62] Extensive scans were taken of Spader's head and body in preparation for the role.[63] About the character Whedon said, \"He's always trying to destroy the Avengers, goddamn it, he's got a bee in his bonnet. He's not a happy guy, which means he's an interesting guy. He's got pain. And the way that manifests is not going to be standard robot stuff.\"[64] Whedon added that Ultron is \"not a creature of logic—he's a robot who's genuinely disturbed. We're finding out what makes him menacing and at the same time endearing and funny and strange and unexpected, and everything a robot never is.\"[65] Whedon compared Ultron to Frankenstein's monster, saying, \"It's our new Frankenstein myth [...] We create something in our own image and the thing turns on us. It has that pain of 'Well, why was I made? I want to kill Daddy.'\"[66] Spader called the character \"self-absorbed\" and added, \"I think he sees the Avengers as being part of a problem, a more comprehensive problem in the world. He sees the world from a very strange, [biblical] point of view because he's brand new, he's very young... He's immature, and yet has knowledge of comprehensive, broad history and precedent, and he has created in a very short period of time a rather skewed worldview.\"[67] Spader elaborates, \"He truly is an artificial intelligence with absolutely no censorship at all, no parameters really … he’s got too much power, too much strength and speed and size, so he’s a very dangerous child.\"[68]\nSamuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury:\nThe former director of S.H.I.E.L.D. who originally recruited the Avengers and continues to be a mentor and leader for the team.[59][69] Jackson described the role as a cameo, saying, \"I'm just kind of passing by there ... Because, it's another one of those 'people who have powers fighting people who have powers'. That's why I didn't get to New York in The Avengers. There's not a lot I could do except shoot a gun.\"[70]\n", "\nRobert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man:\nThe benefactor of the Avengers,[4][5][6] who is a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention.[7] On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3, Downey said, \"I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world—which is what he has been doing—still didn't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD. So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there's no problem to begin with. That, you know, there's a bouncer at our planet's rope. That's the big idea.\"[8]\nChris Hemsworth as Thor:\nAn Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[9] Regarding Thor's place in the film, Hemsworth stated that as Thor has remained on Earth since Thor: The Dark World, and has begun to feel at home here, he considers Ultron's threat a personal attack.[10] Hemsworth stated that he had to work harder to bring new elements to the character to avoid repeating himself saying, \"It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party.\"[11] Hemsworth noted that Thor's motivations in this film were completely different, as it was the first MCU film where he did not play against Tom Hiddleston's character of Loki.[6]\nMark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk:\nAn Avenger and a genius scientist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated.[12] To prepare for the role, Ruffalo worked with motion capture performer Andy Serkis' The Imaginarium Studios.[13] He stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was \"a bit more complex\".[14] Ruffalo explained that a confrontation is brewing between Banner and the Hulk saying, \"There's a very cool thing happening: Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk.. and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other.\"[15] While filming in London, Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk's lines.[16] Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk's dialogue spontaneously, saying, \"What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you're pretending he's a werewolf when he's a superhero. You want it vice versa... So the question is, how has he progressed? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does? And that's not just in the screenplay, that's moment to moment.\"[17]\nChris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America:\nThe leader of the Avengers[4][6] and a World War II veteran, who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world.[18][19] Evans stated that since the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Rogers has been left to depend on his Avenger teammates without the structure of military life and is now \"looking to understand where he belongs, not just as a soldier, as Captain America, but as Steve Rogers, as a person.\"[11] Evans said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Captain America: The Winter Soldier by working out up to an hour a day.[20] Regarding Captain America's fighting style, Evans felt he did not want to take a step back from the skills shown in The Winter Soldier, making sure Rogers' fight style advanced, showing \"a consistent display of strength\" and having Rogers utilizing his environment.[21]\nScarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow:\nAn Avenger who formerly worked for S.H.I.E.L.D. as a highly trained spy.[22] Producer Kevin Feige stated that more of the character's backstory is explored in the film.[23] Johansson elaborated, \"In Avengers 2 we go back... we definitely learn more about Widow's backstory, and we get to find out how she became the person you see. All of these characters have deep, dark pasts, and I think that the past catches up to some of us a little bit.\"[24] Regarding where the film picks up Widow's story, Johansson felt it was a continuation of what was seen for her character in The Winter Soldier, with the fact that \"'[Widow] never made an active choice. [She's] a product of other people's imposition.' That's going to catch up with her. That's bound to have a huge effect. There's got to be a result of that realization... You'll see her actively making some choices in her life, for better or worse.\"[25] A mixture of close-ups, concealing costumes, stunt doubles and visual effects were used to help hide Johansson's pregnancy during filming.[26]\nJeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye:\nAn Avenger and master archer who previously worked as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D.[27] Whedon said that Hawkeye interacts more with the other characters in the film, as opposed to the first film where the character had been \"possessed pretty early by a bad guy and had to walk around all scowly.\"[28] As the character did not appear in any other of Marvel's Phase Two films, Whedon stated Age of Ultron sheds light on to what the character was doing since the end of The Avengers.[17] Renner described the character as \"kind of a loner\" and \"a team player only 'cause he sort of has to be. He's not really a company man. Captain America can be that guy. In [Age of Ultron] you'll understand why [Hawkeye] thinks the way he thinks.\"[21]\nDon Cheadle as James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes / War Machine: An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark's close personal friend who operates the War Machine armor.[29][30]\nAaron Taylor-Johnson as Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver:\nThe twin brother of the Scarlet Witch, who can move at superhuman speed.[31] Taylor-Johnson felt Pietro was defined by the fact that he and his sister were abandoned by their family, and they both had to grow up \"in Eastern Europe defending and looking out for themselves and each other,\" that they both look to the other for guidance. Taylor-Johnson also said that Quicksilver was \"very overprotective\" of Scarlet Witch and has \"real anger frustration\", which results in him being easily bored because of a short attention span.[32] Feige stated exploring Quicksilver's relationship with his sister and his backstory growing up in Eastern Europe would help differentiate the character from Evan Peters' version in X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014).[33] Taylor-Johnson stated that the running style for Quicksilver went through multiple iterations, saying, \"The running style we tested early on was just very one-dimensional and boring to look at, but if you try to do free running, like parkour, then that's very much Captain America's style... You have to find your own place in the stunt world.\"[6] Much of Taylor-Johnson's scenes were filmed outdoors to give \"life\" to his running, as opposed to running indoors in front of a green screen.[34]\nElizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch:\nThe twin sister of Quicksilver, who can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis.[31][35] Olsen felt Wanda was \"overly stimulated\" rather than \"mentally insane\" because \"she has such a vast amount of knowledge that she's unable to learn how to control it. No one taught her how to control it properly... she can connect to this world and parallel worlds at the same time, and parallel times.\"[35] Describing her character's mind control powers, Olsen said that the character is able to do more than manipulating someone's mind, with Scarlet Witch able to \"feel and see what they feel and see\" by projecting visions that they have never seen. Olsen expanded saying, \"What I love about her is that, in so many superhero films, emotions are kind of negated a bit, but for her everything that someone else could feel—like their weakest moments—she physically goes through that same experience with them, which is pretty cool.\"[36] Olsen drew on her relationship with her older brother and her sisters to prepare for the role,[35] as well as looking to the comics for inspiration.[6] Olsen revealed that Whedon was inspired by dancers as a way to visually represent how the character moves. As such, Olsen mostly trained with a dancer in lieu of traditional stunt training.[37] Olsen is signed for this film and another.[34]\nPaul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision:\nBettany, who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark's A.I. companion in previous films, was cast again as the Vision,[38][39] an android created by Ultron.[40] Bettany stated that he was surprised when Whedon asked him if he wanted to be the Vision because once an actor has been cast as a particular character in the MCU, they usually are not cast as another.[41] On what intrigued him about the Vision, Bettany said, \"The thing that appealed to me is that this sort of nascent creature being born, being both omnipotent and totally naive, the sort of danger of that and complex nature of a thing being born that is that powerful and that created in a second and the choices he makes morally are really complex and interesting. They've really managed to maintain all of that\".[41] Bettany also stated that the Vision feels paternal and protective to a number of people in the film, particularly Scarlet Witch, and has the ability to change his density. Bettany did wire work for the part.[41] Whedon stated he wanted to include the Vision in a second Avengers film before he signed onto the first film.[17] Bettany's make-up, which consisted of a mix of face paint and prosthetics, took two hours to apply with make-up artists Jeremy Woodhead and Nik Williams citing the correct hue of the Vision's skin as the hardest thing to figure out.[42]\nCobie Smulders as Maria Hill:\nA former high-ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who now works for Stark.[43][44][45] Describing Hill's situation in the film, Smulders said that after The Winter Soldier, Hill does not \"really know who's a good guy and who's a bad guy and she's trying to figure out that throughout this film.\" She added, \"She's not getting any sleep. She's doing all the work. She doesn't have the kind of manpower that she had in S.H.I.E.L.D.,\"[46] instead working for Tony Stark at the Avenger's headquarters \"trying to keep everything running as smoothly as possible... it's an entirely different vibe for her.\"[47]\nAnthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon:\nA former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack and a friend of Steve Rogers.[48] Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers, Mackie said that the two characters have a mutual \"soldier respect\", which is explored in the film and in Captain America: Civil War.[49] Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant-Man, which was released after Age of Ultron, as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier.[50] Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere, as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on.[51]\nHayley Atwell as Peggy Carter: A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D., who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers.[52]\nIdris Elba as Heimdall: The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[53]\nStellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig:\nAn astrophysicist and a friend of Thor.[54] Skarsgård said he was originally not supposed to appear in the film, but received a call because \"they'd written a couple of scenes, and I went and did them,\" not knowing if the scenes would appear in the final cut of the film.[55]\nJames Spader as Ultron:\nAn artificial intelligence repurposed by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner for a pilot peace program that is overwhelmed with a god complex, and now desires to pacify the Earth by eradicating humanity.[40][56][57][58][59][60] Director Joss Whedon stated that Spader was his \"first and only choice\" for the role, because of his \"hypnotic voice that can be eerily calm and compelling\" while also being very human and humorous.[61] Feige clarified that Spader's face and body were motion captured \"to create a whole performance... We did not hire James Spader to do a robot voice.\"[62] Extensive scans were taken of Spader's head and body in preparation for the role.[63] About the character Whedon said, \"He's always trying to destroy the Avengers, goddamn it, he's got a bee in his bonnet. He's not a happy guy, which means he's an interesting guy. He's got pain. And the way that manifests is not going to be standard robot stuff.\"[64] Whedon added that Ultron is \"not a creature of logic—he's a robot who's genuinely disturbed. We're finding out what makes him menacing and at the same time endearing and funny and strange and unexpected, and everything a robot never is.\"[65] Whedon compared Ultron to Frankenstein's monster, saying, \"It's our new Frankenstein myth [...] We create something in our own image and the thing turns on us. It has that pain of 'Well, why was I made? I want to kill Daddy.'\"[66] Spader called the character \"self-absorbed\" and added, \"I think he sees the Avengers as being part of a problem, a more comprehensive problem in the world. He sees the world from a very strange, [biblical] point of view because he's brand new, he's very young... He's immature, and yet has knowledge of comprehensive, broad history and precedent, and he has created in a very short period of time a rather skewed worldview.\"[67] Spader elaborates, \"He truly is an artificial intelligence with absolutely no censorship at all, no parameters really … he’s got too much power, too much strength and speed and size, so he’s a very dangerous child.\"[68]\nSamuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury:\nThe former director of S.H.I.E.L.D. who originally recruited the Avengers and continues to be a mentor and leader for the team.[59][69] Jackson described the role as a cameo, saying, \"I'm just kind of passing by there ... Because, it's another one of those 'people who have powers fighting people who have powers'. That's why I didn't get to New York in The Avengers. There's not a lot I could do except shoot a gun.\"[70]\n", "\nRobert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man:\nThe benefactor of the Avengers,[4][5][6] who is a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention.[7] On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3, Downey said, \"I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world—which is what he has been doing—still didn't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD. So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there's no problem to begin with. That, you know, there's a bouncer at our planet's rope. That's the big idea.\"[8]\nChris Hemsworth as Thor:\nAn Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[9] Regarding Thor's place in the film, Hemsworth stated that as Thor has remained on Earth since Thor: The Dark World, and has begun to feel at home here, he considers Ultron's threat a personal attack.[10] Hemsworth stated that he had to work harder to bring new elements to the character to avoid repeating himself saying, \"It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party.\"[11] Hemsworth noted that Thor's motivations in this film were completely different, as it was the first MCU film where he did not play against Tom Hiddleston's character of Loki.[6]\nMark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk:\nAn Avenger and a genius scientist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated.[12] To prepare for the role, Ruffalo worked with motion capture performer Andy Serkis' The Imaginarium Studios.[13] He stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was \"a bit more complex\".[14] Ruffalo explained that a confrontation is brewing between Banner and the Hulk saying, \"There's a very cool thing happening: Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk.. and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other.\"[15] While filming in London, Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk's lines.[16] Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk's dialogue spontaneously, saying, \"What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you're pretending he's a werewolf when he's a superhero. You want it vice versa... So the question is, how has he progressed? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does? And that's not just in the screenplay, that's moment to moment.\"[17]\nChris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America:\nThe leader of the Avengers[4][6] and a World War II veteran, who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world.[18][19] Evans stated that since the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Rogers has been left to depend on his Avenger teammates without the structure of military life and is now \"looking to understand where he belongs, not just as a soldier, as Captain America, but as Steve Rogers, as a person.\"[11] Evans said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Captain America: The Winter Soldier by working out up to an hour a day.[20] Regarding Captain America's fighting style, Evans felt he did not want to take a step back from the skills shown in The Winter Soldier, making sure Rogers' fight style advanced, showing \"a consistent display of strength\" and having Rogers utilizing his environment.[21]\nScarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow:\nAn Avenger who formerly worked for S.H.I.E.L.D. as a highly trained spy.[22] Producer Kevin Feige stated that more of the character's backstory is explored in the film.[23] Johansson elaborated, \"In Avengers 2 we go back... we definitely learn more about Widow's backstory, and we get to find out how she became the person you see. All of these characters have deep, dark pasts, and I think that the past catches up to some of us a little bit.\"[24] Regarding where the film picks up Widow's story, Johansson felt it was a continuation of what was seen for her character in The Winter Soldier, with the fact that \"'[Widow] never made an active choice. [She's] a product of other people's imposition.' That's going to catch up with her. That's bound to have a huge effect. There's got to be a result of that realization... You'll see her actively making some choices in her life, for better or worse.\"[25] A mixture of close-ups, concealing costumes, stunt doubles and visual effects were used to help hide Johansson's pregnancy during filming.[26]\nJeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye:\nAn Avenger and master archer who previously worked as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D.[27] Whedon said that Hawkeye interacts more with the other characters in the film, as opposed to the first film where the character had been \"possessed pretty early by a bad guy and had to walk around all scowly.\"[28] As the character did not appear in any other of Marvel's Phase Two films, Whedon stated Age of Ultron sheds light on to what the character was doing since the end of The Avengers.[17] Renner described the character as \"kind of a loner\" and \"a team player only 'cause he sort of has to be. He's not really a company man. Captain America can be that guy. In [Age of Ultron] you'll understand why [Hawkeye] thinks the way he thinks.\"[21]\nDon Cheadle as James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes / War Machine: An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark's close personal friend who operates the War Machine armor.[29][30]\nAaron Taylor-Johnson as Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver:\nThe twin brother of the Scarlet Witch, who can move at superhuman speed.[31] Taylor-Johnson felt Pietro was defined by the fact that he and his sister were abandoned by their family, and they both had to grow up \"in Eastern Europe defending and looking out for themselves and each other,\" that they both look to the other for guidance. Taylor-Johnson also said that Quicksilver was \"very overprotective\" of Scarlet Witch and has \"real anger frustration\", which results in him being easily bored because of a short attention span.[32] Feige stated exploring Quicksilver's relationship with his sister and his backstory growing up in Eastern Europe would help differentiate the character from Evan Peters' version in X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014).[33] Taylor-Johnson stated that the running style for Quicksilver went through multiple iterations, saying, \"The running style we tested early on was just very one-dimensional and boring to look at, but if you try to do free running, like parkour, then that's very much Captain America's style... You have to find your own place in the stunt world.\"[6] Much of Taylor-Johnson's scenes were filmed outdoors to give \"life\" to his running, as opposed to running indoors in front of a green screen.[34]\nElizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch:\nThe twin sister of Quicksilver, who can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis.[31][35] Olsen felt Wanda was \"overly stimulated\" rather than \"mentally insane\" because \"she has such a vast amount of knowledge that she's unable to learn how to control it. No one taught her how to control it properly... she can connect to this world and parallel worlds at the same time, and parallel times.\"[35] Describing her character's mind control powers, Olsen said that the character is able to do more than manipulating someone's mind, with Scarlet Witch able to \"feel and see what they feel and see\" by projecting visions that they have never seen. Olsen expanded saying, \"What I love about her is that, in so many superhero films, emotions are kind of negated a bit, but for her everything that someone else could feel—like their weakest moments—she physically goes through that same experience with them, which is pretty cool.\"[36] Olsen drew on her relationship with her older brother and her sisters to prepare for the role,[35] as well as looking to the comics for inspiration.[6] Olsen revealed that Whedon was inspired by dancers as a way to visually represent how the character moves. As such, Olsen mostly trained with a dancer in lieu of traditional stunt training.[37] Olsen is signed for this film and another.[34]\nPaul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision:\nBettany, who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark's A.I. companion in previous films, was cast again as the Vision,[38][39] an android created by Ultron.[40] Bettany stated that he was surprised when Whedon asked him if he wanted to be the Vision because once an actor has been cast as a particular character in the MCU, they usually are not cast as another.[41] On what intrigued him about the Vision, Bettany said, \"The thing that appealed to me is that this sort of nascent creature being born, being both omnipotent and totally naive, the sort of danger of that and complex nature of a thing being born that is that powerful and that created in a second and the choices he makes morally are really complex and interesting. They've really managed to maintain all of that\".[41] Bettany also stated that the Vision feels paternal and protective to a number of people in the film, particularly Scarlet Witch, and has the ability to change his density. Bettany did wire work for the part.[41] Whedon stated he wanted to include the Vision in a second Avengers film before he signed onto the first film.[17] Bettany's make-up, which consisted of a mix of face paint and prosthetics, took two hours to apply with make-up artists Jeremy Woodhead and Nik Williams citing the correct hue of the Vision's skin as the hardest thing to figure out.[42]\nCobie Smulders as Maria Hill:\nA former high-ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who now works for Stark.[43][44][45] Describing Hill's situation in the film, Smulders said that after The Winter Soldier, Hill does not \"really know who's a good guy and who's a bad guy and she's trying to figure out that throughout this film.\" She added, \"She's not getting any sleep. She's doing all the work. She doesn't have the kind of manpower that she had in S.H.I.E.L.D.,\"[46] instead working for Tony Stark at the Avenger's headquarters \"trying to keep everything running as smoothly as possible... it's an entirely different vibe for her.\"[47]\nAnthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon:\nA former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack and a friend of Steve Rogers.[48] Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers, Mackie said that the two characters have a mutual \"soldier respect\", which is explored in the film and in Captain America: Civil War.[49] Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant-Man, which was released after Age of Ultron, as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier.[50] Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere, as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on.[51]\nHayley Atwell as Peggy Carter: A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D., who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers.[52]\nIdris Elba as Heimdall: The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[53]\nStellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig:\nAn astrophysicist and a friend of Thor.[54] Skarsgård said he was originally not supposed to appear in the film, but received a call because \"they'd written a couple of scenes, and I went and did them,\" not knowing if the scenes would appear in the final cut of the film.[55]\nJames Spader as Ultron:\nAn artificial intelligence repurposed by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner for a pilot peace program that is overwhelmed with a god complex, and now desires to pacify the Earth by eradicating humanity.[40][56][57][58][59][60] Director Joss Whedon stated that Spader was his \"first and only choice\" for the role, because of his \"hypnotic voice that can be eerily calm and compelling\" while also being very human and humorous.[61] Feige clarified that Spader's face and body were motion captured \"to create a whole performance... We did not hire James Spader to do a robot voice.\"[62] Extensive scans were taken of Spader's head and body in preparation for the role.[63] About the character Whedon said, \"He's always trying to destroy the Avengers, goddamn it, he's got a bee in his bonnet. He's not a happy guy, which means he's an interesting guy. He's got pain. And the way that manifests is not going to be standard robot stuff.\"[64] Whedon added that Ultron is \"not a creature of logic—he's a robot who's genuinely disturbed. We're finding out what makes him menacing and at the same time endearing and funny and strange and unexpected, and everything a robot never is.\"[65] Whedon compared Ultron to Frankenstein's monster, saying, \"It's our new Frankenstein myth [...] We create something in our own image and the thing turns on us. It has that pain of 'Well, why was I made? I want to kill Daddy.'\"[66] Spader called the character \"self-absorbed\" and added, \"I think he sees the Avengers as being part of a problem, a more comprehensive problem in the world. He sees the world from a very strange, [biblical] point of view because he's brand new, he's very young... He's immature, and yet has knowledge of comprehensive, broad history and precedent, and he has created in a very short period of time a rather skewed worldview.\"[67] Spader elaborates, \"He truly is an artificial intelligence with absolutely no censorship at all, no parameters really … he’s got too much power, too much strength and speed and size, so he’s a very dangerous child.\"[68]\nSamuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury:\nThe former director of S.H.I.E.L.D. who originally recruited the Avengers and continues to be a mentor and leader for the team.[59][69] Jackson described the role as a cameo, saying, \"I'm just kind of passing by there ... Because, it's another one of those 'people who have powers fighting people who have powers'. That's why I didn't get to New York in The Avengers. There's not a lot I could do except shoot a gun.\"[70]\n", "\nRobert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man:\nThe benefactor of the Avengers,[4][5][6] who is a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention.[7] On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3, Downey said, \"I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world—which is what he has been doing—still didn't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD. So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there's no problem to begin with. That, you know, there's a bouncer at our planet's rope. That's the big idea.\"[8]\nChris Hemsworth as Thor:\nAn Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[9] Regarding Thor's place in the film, Hemsworth stated that as Thor has remained on Earth since Thor: The Dark World, and has begun to feel at home here, he considers Ultron's threat a personal attack.[10] Hemsworth stated that he had to work harder to bring new elements to the character to avoid repeating himself saying, \"It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party.\"[11] Hemsworth noted that Thor's motivations in this film were completely different, as it was the first MCU film where he did not play against Tom Hiddleston's character of Loki.[6]\nMark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk:\nAn Avenger and a genius scientist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated.[12] To prepare for the role, Ruffalo worked with motion capture performer Andy Serkis' The Imaginarium Studios.[13] He stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was \"a bit more complex\".[14] Ruffalo explained that a confrontation is brewing between Banner and the Hulk saying, \"There's a very cool thing happening: Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk.. and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other.\"[15] While filming in London, Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk's lines.[16] Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk's dialogue spontaneously, saying, \"What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you're pretending he's a werewolf when he's a superhero. You want it vice versa... So the question is, how has he progressed? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does? And that's not just in the screenplay, that's moment to moment.\"[17]\nChris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America:\nThe leader of the Avengers[4][6] and a World War II veteran, who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world.[18][19] Evans stated that since the fall of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Rogers has been left to depend on his Avenger teammates without the structure of military life and is now \"looking to understand where he belongs, not just as a soldier, as Captain America, but as Steve Rogers, as a person.\"[11] Evans said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Captain America: The Winter Soldier by working out up to an hour a day.[20] Regarding Captain America's fighting style, Evans felt he did not want to take a step back from the skills shown in The Winter Soldier, making sure Rogers' fight style advanced, showing \"a consistent display of strength\" and having Rogers utilizing his environment.[21]\nScarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow:\nAn Avenger who formerly worked for S.H.I.E.L.D. as a highly trained spy.[22] Producer Kevin Feige stated that more of the character's backstory is explored in the film.[23] Johansson elaborated, \"In Avengers 2 we go back... we definitely learn more about Widow's backstory, and we get to find out how she became the person you see. All of these characters have deep, dark pasts, and I think that the past catches up to some of us a little bit.\"[24] Regarding where the film picks up Widow's story, Johansson felt it was a continuation of what was seen for her character in The Winter Soldier, with the fact that \"'[Widow] never made an active choice. [She's] a product of other people's imposition.' That's going to catch up with her. That's bound to have a huge effect. There's got to be a result of that realization... You'll see her actively making some choices in her life, for better or worse.\"[25] A mixture of close-ups, concealing costumes, stunt doubles and visual effects were used to help hide Johansson's pregnancy during filming.[26]\nJeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye:\nAn Avenger and master archer who previously worked as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D.[27] Whedon said that Hawkeye interacts more with the other characters in the film, as opposed to the first film where the character had been \"possessed pretty early by a bad guy and had to walk around all scowly.\"[28] As the character did not appear in any other of Marvel's Phase Two films, Whedon stated Age of Ultron sheds light on to what the character was doing since the end of The Avengers.[17] Renner described the character as \"kind of a loner\" and \"a team player only 'cause he sort of has to be. He's not really a company man. Captain America can be that guy. In [Age of Ultron] you'll understand why [Hawkeye] thinks the way he thinks.\"[21]\nDon Cheadle as James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes / War Machine: An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark's close personal friend who operates the War Machine armor.[29][30]\nAaron Taylor-Johnson as Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver:\nThe twin brother of the Scarlet Witch, who can move at superhuman speed.[31] Taylor-Johnson felt Pietro was defined by the fact that he and his sister were abandoned by their family, and they both had to grow up \"in Eastern Europe defending and looking out for themselves and each other,\" that they both look to the other for guidance. Taylor-Johnson also said that Quicksilver was \"very overprotective\" of Scarlet Witch and has \"real anger frustration\", which results in him being easily bored because of a short attention span.[32] Feige stated exploring Quicksilver's relationship with his sister and his backstory growing up in Eastern Europe would help differentiate the character from Evan Peters' version in X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014).[33] Taylor-Johnson stated that the running style for Quicksilver went through multiple iterations, saying, \"The running style we tested early on was just very one-dimensional and boring to look at, but if you try to do free running, like parkour, then that's very much Captain America's style... You have to find your own place in the stunt world.\"[6] Much of Taylor-Johnson's scenes were filmed outdoors to give \"life\" to his running, as opposed to running indoors in front of a green screen.[34]\nElizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch:\nThe twin sister of Quicksilver, who can engage in hypnosis and telekinesis.[31][35] Olsen felt Wanda was \"overly stimulated\" rather than \"mentally insane\" because \"she has such a vast amount of knowledge that she's unable to learn how to control it. No one taught her how to control it properly... she can connect to this world and parallel worlds at the same time, and parallel times.\"[35] Describing her character's mind control powers, Olsen said that the character is able to do more than manipulating someone's mind, with Scarlet Witch able to \"feel and see what they feel and see\" by projecting visions that they have never seen. Olsen expanded saying, \"What I love about her is that, in so many superhero films, emotions are kind of negated a bit, but for her everything that someone else could feel—like their weakest moments—she physically goes through that same experience with them, which is pretty cool.\"[36] Olsen drew on her relationship with her older brother and her sisters to prepare for the role,[35] as well as looking to the comics for inspiration.[6] Olsen revealed that Whedon was inspired by dancers as a way to visually represent how the character moves. As such, Olsen mostly trained with a dancer in lieu of traditional stunt training.[37] Olsen is signed for this film and another.[34]\nPaul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S. and Vision:\nBettany, who voiced J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark's A.I. companion in previous films, was cast again as the Vision,[38][39] an android created by Ultron.[40] Bettany stated that he was surprised when Whedon asked him if he wanted to be the Vision because once an actor has been cast as a particular character in the MCU, they usually are not cast as another.[41] On what intrigued him about the Vision, Bettany said, \"The thing that appealed to me is that this sort of nascent creature being born, being both omnipotent and totally naive, the sort of danger of that and complex nature of a thing being born that is that powerful and that created in a second and the choices he makes morally are really complex and interesting. They've really managed to maintain all of that\".[41] Bettany also stated that the Vision feels paternal and protective to a number of people in the film, particularly Scarlet Witch, and has the ability to change his density. Bettany did wire work for the part.[41] Whedon stated he wanted to include the Vision in a second Avengers film before he signed onto the first film.[17] Bettany's make-up, which consisted of a mix of face paint and prosthetics, took two hours to apply with make-up artists Jeremy Woodhead and Nik Williams citing the correct hue of the Vision's skin as the hardest thing to figure out.[42]\nCobie Smulders as Maria Hill:\nA former high-ranking S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who now works for Stark.[43][44][45] Describing Hill's situation in the film, Smulders said that after The Winter Soldier, Hill does not \"really know who's a good guy and who's a bad guy and she's trying to figure out that throughout this film.\" She added, \"She's not getting any sleep. She's doing all the work. She doesn't have the kind of manpower that she had in S.H.I.E.L.D.,\"[46] instead working for Tony Stark at the Avenger's headquarters \"trying to keep everything running as smoothly as possible... it's an entirely different vibe for her.\"[47]\nAnthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon:\nA former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack and a friend of Steve Rogers.[48] Discussing the relationship between Wilson and Rogers, Mackie said that the two characters have a mutual \"soldier respect\", which is explored in the film and in Captain America: Civil War.[49] Feige said that it was decided to reshoot the final scene of the film to incorporate the new Falcon suit designed for Ant-Man, which was released after Age of Ultron, as Falcon was originally shot in his original suit from The Winter Soldier.[50] Mackie stated he did not realize Wilson had become an Avenger until he watched the film at the premiere, as he was only given the script for the scenes he worked on.[51]\nHayley Atwell as Peggy Carter: A retired officer with the Strategic Scientific Reserve and a co-founder of S.H.I.E.L.D., who is a former love interest of Steve Rogers.[52]\nIdris Elba as Heimdall: The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[53]\nStellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig:\nAn astrophysicist and a friend of Thor.[54] Skarsgård said he was originally not supposed to appear in the film, but received a call because \"they'd written a couple of scenes, and I went and did them,\" not knowing if the scenes would appear in the final cut of the film.[55]\nJames Spader as Ultron:\nAn artificial intelligence repurposed by Tony Stark and Bruce Banner for a pilot peace program that is overwhelmed with a god complex, and now desires to pacify the Earth by eradicating humanity.[40][56][57][58][59][60] Director Joss Whedon stated that Spader was his \"first and only choice\" for the role, because of his \"hypnotic voice that can be eerily calm and compelling\" while also being very human and humorous.[61] Feige clarified that Spader's face and body were motion captured \"to create a whole performance... We did not hire James Spader to do a robot voice.\"[62] Extensive scans were taken of Spader's head and body in preparation for the role.[63] About the character Whedon said, \"He's always trying to destroy the Avengers, goddamn it, he's got a bee in his bonnet. He's not a happy guy, which means he's an interesting guy. He's got pain. And the way that manifests is not going to be standard robot stuff.\"[64] Whedon added that Ultron is \"not a creature of logic—he's a robot who's genuinely disturbed. We're finding out what makes him menacing and at the same time endearing and funny and strange and unexpected, and everything a robot never is.\"[65] Whedon compared Ultron to Frankenstein's monster, saying, \"It's our new Frankenstein myth [...] We create something in our own image and the thing turns on us. It has that pain of 'Well, why was I made? I want to kill Daddy.'\"[66] Spader called the character \"self-absorbed\" and added, \"I think he sees the Avengers as being part of a problem, a more comprehensive problem in the world. He sees the world from a very strange, [biblical] point of view because he's brand new, he's very young... He's immature, and yet has knowledge of comprehensive, broad history and precedent, and he has created in a very short period of time a rather skewed worldview.\"[67] Spader elaborates, \"He truly is an artificial intelligence with absolutely no censorship at all, no parameters really … he’s got too much power, too much strength and speed and size, so he’s a very dangerous child.\"[68]\nSamuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury:\nThe former director of S.H.I.E.L.D. who originally recruited the Avengers and continues to be a mentor and leader for the team.[59][69] Jackson described the role as a cameo, saying, \"I'm just kind of passing by there ... Because, it's another one of those 'people who have powers fighting people who have powers'. That's why I didn't get to New York in The Avengers. There's not a lot I could do except shoot a gun.\"[70]\n" ]	[ "Tony Stark / Iron Man", "Thor", "Bruce Banner / Hulk", "Steve Rogers / Captain America", "Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow", "Clint Barton / Hawkeye" ]
-2835321522668937597	Sound film	Sound film - Wikipedia Sound film `` Talking pictures '' redirects here . For the British television channel , see Talking Pictures TV . 1908 poster advertising Gaumont 's sound films . The Chronomégaphone , designed for large halls , employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound . A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound , or sound technologically coupled to image , as opposed to a silent film . The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900 , but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical . Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound - on - disc systems , and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate . Innovations in sound - on - film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology , which took place in 1923 . The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid - to late 1920s . At first , the sound films which included synchronized dialogue , known as `` talking pictures '' , or `` talkies '' , were exclusively shorts . The earliest feature - length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects . The first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer , released in October 1927 . A major hit , it was made with Vitaphone , which was at the time the leading brand of sound - on - disc technology . Sound - on - film , however , would soon become the standard for talking pictures . By the early 1930s , the talkies were a global phenomenon . In the United States , they helped secure Hollywood 's position as one of the world 's most powerful cultural / commercial centers of influence ( see Cinema of the United States ) . In Europe ( and , to a lesser degree , elsewhere ) , the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics , who worried that a focus on dialogue would subvert the unique aesthetic virtues of soundless cinema . In Japan , where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance , talking pictures were slow to take root . Conversely , in India , sound was the transformative element that led to the rapid expansion of the nation 's film industry . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early steps 2 Crucial innovations 2.1 Advanced sound - on - film 2.2 Advanced sound - on - disc 2.3 Fidelity electronic recording and amplification 3 Triumph of the `` talkies '' 3.1 Transition : Europe 3.2 Transition : Asia 4 Consequences 4.1 Technology 4.2 Labor 4.3 Commerce 4.4 Aesthetic quality 4.5 Cinematic form 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links 8.1 Historical writings 8.2 Historical films History ( edit ) Early steps ( edit ) Further information : Kinetoscope Image from The Dickson Experimental Sound Film ( 1894 or 1895 ) , produced by W.K.L. Dickson as a test of the early version of the Edison Kinetophone , combining the Kinetoscope and phonograph . The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself . On February 27 , 1888 , a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison , the two inventors privately met . Muybridge later claimed that on this occasion , six years before the first commercial motion picture exhibition , he proposed a scheme for sound cinema that would combine his image - casting zoopraxiscope with Edison 's recorded - sound technology . No agreement was reached , but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope , essentially a `` peep - show '' system , as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph . The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895 , but individual , cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection . In 1899 , a projected sound - film system known as Cinemacrophonograph or Phonorama , based primarily on the work of Swiss - born inventor François Dussaud , was exhibited in Paris ; similar to the Kinetophone , the system required individual use of earphones . An improved cylinder - based system , Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre , was developed by Clément - Maurice Gratioulet and Henri Lioret of France , allowing short films of theater , opera , and ballet excerpts to be presented at the Paris Exposition in 1900 . These appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound . Phonorama and yet another sound - film system -- Théâtroscope -- were also presented at the Exposition . Three major problems persisted , leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation . The primary issue was synchronization : pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices , which were difficult to start and maintain in tandem . Sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve . While motion picture projectors soon allowed film to be shown to large theater audiences , audio technology before the development of electric amplification could not project satisfactorily to fill large spaces . Finally , there was the challenge of recording fidelity . The primitive systems of the era produced sound of very low quality unless the performers were stationed directly in front of the cumbersome recording devices ( acoustical horns , for the most part ) , imposing severe limits on the sort of films that could be created with live - recorded sound . Poster featuring Sarah Bernhardt and giving the names of eighteen other `` famous artists '' shown in `` living visions '' at the 1900 Paris Exposition using the Gratioulet - Lioret system . Cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways . An increasing number of motion picture systems relied on gramophone records -- known as sound - on - disc technology ; the records themselves were often referred to as `` Berliner discs '' , after one of the primary inventors in the field , German - American Emile Berliner . In 1902 , Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound - on - disc Chronophone , involving an electrical connection he had recently patented , to the French Photographic Society . Four years later , Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone , a compressed - air amplification system based on the Auxetophone , developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons . Despite high expectations , Gaumont 's sound innovations had only limited commercial success -- though improvements , they still did not satisfactorily address the three basic issues with sound film and were expensive as well . For some years , American inventor E.E. Norton 's Cameraphone was the primary competitor to the Gaumont system ( sources differ on whether the Cameraphone was disc - or cylinder - based ) ; it ultimately failed for many of the same reasons that held back the Chronophone . In 1913 , Edison introduced a new cylinder - based synch - sound apparatus known , just like his 1895 system , as the Kinetophone ; instead of films being shown to individual viewers in the Kinetoscope cabinet , they were now projected onto a screen . The phonograph was connected by an intricate arrangement of pulleys to the film projector , allowing -- under ideal conditions -- for synchronization . However , conditions were rarely ideal , and the new , improved Kinetophone was retired after little more than a year . By the mid-1910s , the groundswell in commercial sound motion picture exhibition had subsided . Beginning in 1914 , The Photo - Drama of Creation , promoting Jehovah 's Witnesses ' conception of mankind 's genesis , was screened around the United States : eight hours worth of projected visuals involving both slides and live action were synchronized with separately recorded lectures and musical performances played back on phonograph . Meanwhile , innovations continued on another significant front . In 1900 , as part of the research he was conducting on the photophone , the German physicist Ernst Ruhmer recorded the fluctuations of the transmitting arc - light as varying shades of light and dark bands onto a continuous roll of photographic film . He then determined that he could reverse the process and reproduce the recorded sound from this photographic strip by shining a bright light through the running filmstrip , with the resulting varying light illuminating a selenium cell . The changes in brightness caused a corresponding change to the selenium 's resistance to electrical currents , which was used to modulate the sound produced in a telephone receiver . He called this invention the photographophone , which he summarized as : `` It is truly a wonderful process : sound becomes electricity , becomes light , causes chemical actions , becomes light and electricity again , and finally sound . '' Ruhmer began a correspondence with the French - born , London - based Eugene Lauste , who had worked at Edison 's lab between 1886 and 1892 . In 1907 , Lauste was awarded the first patent for sound - on - film technology , involving the transformation of sound into light waves that are photographically recorded direct onto celluloid . As described by historian Scott Eyman , It was a double system , that is , the sound was on a different piece of film from the picture ... In essence , the sound was captured by a microphone and translated into light waves via a light valve , a thin ribbon of sensitive metal over a tiny slit . The sound reaching this ribbon would be converted into light by the shivering of the diaphragm , focusing the resulting light waves through the slit , where it would be photographed on the side of the film , on a strip about a tenth of an inch wide . In 1908 , Lauste purchased a photographophone from Ruhmer , with the intention of perfecting the device into a commercial product . Though sound - on - film would eventually become the universal standard for synchronized sound cinema , Lauste never successfully exploited his innovations , which came to an effective dead end . In 1914 , Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt was granted German patent 309,536 for his sound - on - film work ; that same year , he apparently demonstrated a film made with the process to an audience of scientists in Berlin . Hungarian engineer Denes Mihaly submitted his sound - on - film Projectofon concept to the Royal Hungarian Patent Court in 1918 ; the patent award was published four years later . Whether sound was captured on cylinder , disc , or film , none of the available technology was adequate for big - league commercial purposes , and for many years the heads of the major Hollywood film studios saw little benefit in producing sound motion pictures . Crucial innovations ( edit ) A number of technological developments contributed to making sound cinema commercially viable by the late 1920s . Two involved contrasting approaches to synchronized sound reproduction , or playback : Advanced sound - on - film ( edit ) In 1919 , American inventor Lee De Forest was awarded several patents that would lead to the first optical sound - on - film technology with commercial application . In De Forest 's system , the sound track was photographically recorded onto the side of the strip of motion picture film to create a composite , or `` married '' , print . If proper synchronization of sound and picture was achieved in recording , it could be absolutely counted on in playback . Over the next four years , he improved his system with the help of equipment and patents licensed from another American inventor in the field , Theodore Case . At the University of Illinois , Polish - born research engineer Joseph Tykociński - Tykociner was working independently on a similar process . On June 9 , 1922 , he gave the first reported U.S. demonstration of a sound - on - film motion picture to members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . As with Lauste and Tigerstedt , Tykociner 's system would never be taken advantage of commercially ; however , De Forest 's soon would . Newspaper ad for a 1925 presentation of De Forest Phonofilms shorts , touting their technological distinction : no phonograph . On April 15 , 1923 , at New York City 's Rivoli Theater , came the first commercial screening of motion pictures with sound - on - film , the future standard : a set of shorts under the banner of De Forest Phonofilms , accompanying a silent feature . That June , De Forest entered into an extended legal battle with an employee , Freeman Harrison Owens , for title to one of the crucial Phonofilm patents . Although De Forest ultimately won the case in the courts , Owens is today recognized as a central innovator in the field . The following year , De Forest 's studio released the first commercial dramatic film shot as a talking picture -- the two - reeler Love 's Old Sweet Song , directed by J. Searle Dawley and featuring Una Merkel . However , phonofilm 's stock in trade was not original dramas but celebrity documentaries , popular music acts , and comedy performances . President Calvin Coolidge , opera singer Abbie Mitchell , and vaudeville stars such as Phil Baker , Ben Bernie , Eddie Cantor and Oscar Levant appeared in the firm 's pictures . Hollywood remained suspicious , even fearful , of the new technology . As Photoplay editor James Quirk put it in March 1924 , `` Talking pictures are perfected , says Dr. Lee De Forest . So is castor oil . '' De Forest 's process continued to be used through 1927 in the United States for dozens of short Phonofilms ; in the UK it was employed a few years longer for both shorts and features by British Sound Film Productions , a subsidiary of British Talking Pictures , which purchased the primary Phonofilm assets . By the end of 1930 , the Phonofilm business would be liquidated . In Europe , others were also working on the development of sound - on - film . In 1919 , the same year that DeForest received his first patents in the field , three German inventors , Josef Engl ( 1893 -- 1942 ) , Hans Vogt ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , and Joseph Massolle ( 1889 -- 1957 ) , patented the Tri-Ergon sound system . On September 17 , 1922 , the Tri-Ergon group gave a public screening of sound - on - film productions -- including a dramatic talkie , Der Brandstifter ( The Arsonist ) -- before an invited audience at the Alhambra Kino in Berlin . By the end of the decade , Tri-Ergon would be the dominant European sound system . In 1923 , two Danish engineers , Axel Petersen and Arnold Poulsen , patented a system that recorded sound on a separate filmstrip running parallel with the image reel . Gaumont licensed the technology and briefly put it to commercial use under the name Cinéphone . Domestic competition , however , eclipsed Phonofilm . By September 1925 , De Forest and Case 's working arrangement had fallen through . The following July , Case joined Fox Film , Hollywood 's third largest studio , to found the Fox - Case Corporation . The system developed by Case and his assistant , Earl Sponable , given the name Movietone , thus became the first viable sound - on - film technology controlled by a Hollywood movie studio . The following year , Fox purchased the North American rights to the Tri-Ergon system , though the company found it inferior to Movietone and virtually impossible to integrate the two different systems to advantage . In 1927 , as well , Fox retained the services of Freeman Owens , who had particular expertise in constructing cameras for synch - sound film . Advanced sound - on - disc ( edit ) Parallel with improvements in sound - on - film technology , a number of companies were making progress with systems that recorded movie sound on phonograph discs . In sound - on - disc technology from the era , a phonograph turntable is connected by a mechanical interlock to a specially modified film projector , allowing for synchronization . In 1921 , the Photokinema sound - on - disc system developed by Orlando Kellum was employed to add synchronized sound sequences to D.W. Griffith 's failed silent film Dream Street . A love song , performed by star Ralph Graves , was recorded , as was a sequence of live vocal effects . Apparently , dialogue scenes were also recorded , but the results were unsatisfactory and the film was never publicly screened incorporating them . On May 1 , 1921 , Dream Street was re-released , with love song added , at New York City 's Town Hall theater , qualifying it -- however haphazardly -- as the first feature - length film with a live - recorded vocal sequence . There would be no others for more than six years . Poster for Warner Bros . ' Don Juan ( 1926 ) , the first major motion picture to premiere with a full - length synchronized soundtrack . Audio recording engineer George Groves , the first in Hollywood to hold the job , would supervise sound on Woodstock , 44 years later . In 1925 , Sam Warner of Warner Bros. , then a small Hollywood studio with big ambitions , saw a demonstration of the Western Electric sound - on - disc system and was sufficiently impressed to persuade his brothers to agree to experiment with using this system at New York 's Vitagraph Studios , which they had recently purchased . The tests were convincing to the Warner Brothers , if not to the executives of some other picture companies who witnessed them . Consequently , in April 1926 the Western Electric Company entered into a contract with Warner Brothers and W.J. Rich , a financier , giving them an exclusive license for recording and reproducing sound pictures under the Western Electric system . To exploit this license the Vitaphone Corporation was organized with Samuel L. Warner as its president . Vitaphone , as this system was now called , was publicly introduced on August 6 , 1926 , with the premiere of Don Juan ; the first feature - length movie to employ a synchronized sound system of any type throughout , its soundtrack contained a musical score and added sound effects , but no recorded dialogue -- in other words , it had been staged and shot as a silent film . Accompanying Don Juan , however , were eight shorts of musical performances , mostly classical , as well as a four - minute filmed introduction by Will H. Hays , president of the Motion Picture Association of America , all with live - recorded sound . These were the first true sound films exhibited by a Hollywood studio . Warner Bros . ' The Better ' Ole , technically similar to Don Juan , followed in October . Sound - on - film would ultimately win out over sound - on - disc because of a number of fundamental technical advantages : Synchronization : no interlock system was completely reliable , and a projectionist 's error , or an inexactly repaired film break , or a defect in the soundtrack disc could result in the sound becoming seriously and irrecoverably out of sync with the picture Editing : discs could not be directly edited , severely limiting the ability to make alterations in their accompanying films after the original release cut Distribution : phonograph discs added expense and complication to film distribution Wear and tear : the physical process of playing the discs degraded them , requiring their replacement after approximately twenty screenings Nonetheless , in the early years , sound - on - disc had the edge over sound - on - film in two substantial ways : Production and capital cost : it was generally less expensive to record sound onto disc than onto film and the exhibition systems -- turntable / interlock / projector -- were cheaper to manufacture than the complex image - and - audio - pattern - reading projectors required by sound - on - film Audio quality : phonograph discs , Vitaphone 's in particular , had superior dynamic range to most sound - on - film processes of the day , at least during the first few playings ; while sound - on - film tended to have better frequency response , this was outweighed by greater distortion and noise As sound - on - film technology improved , both of these disadvantages were overcome . The third crucial set of innovations marked a major step forward in both the live recording of sound and its effective playback : Western Electric engineer E.B. Craft , at left , demonstrating the Vitaphone projection system . A Vitaphone disc had a running time of about 11 minutes , enough to match that of a 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) reel of 35 mm film . Fidelity electronic recording and amplification ( edit ) In 1913 , Western Electric , the manufacturing division of AT&T , acquired the rights to the de Forest audion , the forerunner of the triode vacuum tube . Over the next few years they developed it into a predictable and reliable device that made electronic amplification possible for the first time . Western Electric then branched - out into developing uses for the vacuum tube including public address systems and an electrical recording system for the recording industry . Beginning in 1922 , the research branch of Western Electric began working intensively on recording technology for both sound - on - disc and sound - on film synchronised sound systems for motion - pictures . The engineers working on the sound - on - disc system were able to draw on expertise that Western Electric already had in electrical disc recording and were thus able to make faster initial progress . The main change required was to increase the playing time of the disc so that it could match that of a standard 1,000 ft ( 300 m ) reel of 35 mm film . The chosen design used a disc nearly 16 inches ( about 40 cm ) in diameter rotating at 33 1 / 3 rpm . This could play for 11 minutes , the running time of 1000 ft of film at 90 ft / min ( 24 frames / s ) . Because of the larger diameter the minimum groove velocity of 70 ft / min ( 14 inches or 356 mm / s ) was only slightly less than that of a standard 10 - inch 78 rpm commercial disc . In 1925 , the company publicly introduced a greatly improved system of electronic audio , including sensitive condenser microphones and rubber - line recorders ( named after the use of a rubber damping band for recording with better frequency response onto a wax master disc ) . That May , the company licensed entrepreneur Walter J. Rich to exploit the system for commercial motion pictures ; he founded Vitagraph , in which Warner Bros. acquired a half interest , just one month later . In April 1926 , Warners signed a contract with AT&T for exclusive use of its film sound technology for the redubbed Vitaphone operation , leading to the production of Don Juan and its accompanying shorts over the following months . During the period when Vitaphone had exclusive access to the patents , the fidelity of recordings made for Warners films was markedly superior to those made for the company 's sound - on - film competitors . Meanwhile , Bell Labs -- the new name for the AT&T research operation -- was working at a furious pace on sophisticated sound amplification technology that would allow recordings to be played back over loudspeakers at theater - filling volume . The new moving - coil speaker system was installed in New York 's Warners Theatre at the end of July and its patent submission , for what Western Electric called the No. 555 Receiver , was filed on August 4 , just two days before the premiere of Don Juan . Late in the year , AT&T / Western Electric created a licensing division , Electrical Research Products Inc . ( ERPI ) , to handle rights to the company 's film - related audio technology . Vitaphone still had legal exclusivity , but having lapsed in its royalty payments , effective control of the rights was in ERPI 's hands . On December 31 , 1926 , Warners granted Fox - Case a sublicense for the use of the Western Electric system ; in exchange for the sublicense , both Warners and ERPI received a share of Fox 's related revenues . The patents of all three concerns were cross-licensed . Superior recording and amplification technology was now available to two Hollywood studios , pursuing two very different methods of sound reproduction . The new year would finally see the emergence of sound cinema as a significant commercial medium . Triumph of the `` talkies '' ( edit ) In February 1927 , an agreement was signed by five leading Hollywood movie companies : Famous Players - Lasky ( soon to be part of Paramount ) , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Universal , First National , and Cecil B. DeMille 's small but prestigious Producers Distributing Corporation ( PDC ) . The five studios agreed to collectively select just one provider for sound conversion . The alliance then sat back and waited to see what sort of results the frontrunners came up with . In May , Warner Bros. sold back its exclusivity rights to ERPI ( along with the Fox - Case sublicense ) and signed a new royalty contract similar to Fox 's for use of Western Electric technology . Fox and Warners pressed forward with sound cinema , moving in different directions both technologically and commercially : Fox moved into newsreels and then scored dramas , while Warners concentrated on talking features . Meanwhile , ERPI sought to corner the market by signing up the five allied studios . Newspaper ad from a fully equipped theater in Tacoma , Washington , showing The Jazz Singer , on Vitaphone , and a Fox newsreel , on Movietone , together on the same bill . The big sound film sensations of the year all took advantage of preexisting celebrity . On May 20 , 1927 , at New York 's Roxy Theater , Fox Movietone presented a sound film of the takeoff of Charles Lindbergh 's celebrated flight to Paris , recorded earlier that day . In June , a Fox sound newsreel depicting his return welcomes in New York and Washington , D.C. , was shown . These were the two most acclaimed sound motion pictures to date . In May , as well , Fox had released the first Hollywood fiction film with synchronized dialogue : the short They 're Coming to Get Me , starring comedian Chic Sale . After rereleasing a few silent feature hits , such as Seventh Heaven , with recorded music , Fox came out with its first original Movietone feature on September 23 : Sunrise , by acclaimed German director F.W. Murnau . As with Don Juan , the film 's soundtrack consisted of a musical score and sound effects ( including , in a couple of crowd scenes , `` wild '' , nonspecific vocals ) . Then , on October 6 , 1927 , Warner Bros . ' The Jazz Singer premiered . It was a smash box office success for the mid-level studio , earning a total of $2.625 million in the United States and abroad , almost a million dollars more than the previous record for a Warners film . Produced with the Vitaphone system , most of the film does not contain live - recorded audio , relying , like Sunrise and Don Juan , on a score and effects . When the movie 's star , Al Jolson , sings , however , the film shifts to sound recorded on the set , including both his musical performances and two scenes with ad - libbed speech -- one of Jolson 's character , Jakie Rabinowitz ( Jack Robin ) , addressing a cabaret audience ; the other an exchange between him and his mother . The `` natural '' sounds of the settings were also audible . Though the success of The Jazz Singer was due largely to Jolson , already established as one of U.S. biggest music stars , and its limited use of synchronized sound hardly qualified it as an innovative sound film ( let alone the `` first '' ) , the movie 's profits were proof enough to the industry that the technology was worth investing in . The development of commercial sound cinema had proceeded in fits and starts before The Jazz Singer , and the film 's success did not change things overnight . Not until May 1928 did the group of four big studios ( PDC had dropped out of the alliance ) , along with United Artists and others , sign with ERPI for conversion of production facilities and theaters for sound film . Initially , all ERPI - wired theaters were made Vitaphone - compatible ; most were equipped to project Movietone reels as well . However , even with access to both technologies , most of the Hollywood companies remained slow to produce talking features of their own . No studio besides Warner Bros. released even a part - talking feature until the low - budget - oriented Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) premiered The Perfect Crime on June 17 , 1928 , eight months after The Jazz Singer . FBO had come under the effective control of a Western Electric competitor , General Electric 's RCA division , which was looking to market its new sound - on - film system , Photophone . Unlike Fox - Case 's Movietone and De Forest 's Phonofilm , which were variable - density systems , Photophone was a variable - area system -- a refinement in the way the audio signal was inscribed on film that would ultimately become the standard . ( In both sorts of systems , a specially - designed lamp , whose exposure to the film is determined by the audio input , is used to record sound photographically as a series of minuscule lines . In a variable - density process , the lines are of varying darkness ; in a variable - area process , the lines are of varying width . ) By October , the FBO - RCA alliance would lead to the creation of Hollywood 's newest major studio , RKO Pictures . Dorothy Mackaill and Milton Sills in The Barker , First National 's inaugural talkie . The film was released in December 1928 , two months after Warner Bros. acquired a controlling interest in the studio . Meanwhile , Warner Bros. had released three more talkies , all profitable , if not at the level of The Jazz Singer : In March , Tenderloin appeared ; it was billed by Warners as the first feature in which characters spoke their parts , though only 15 of its 88 minutes had dialogue . Glorious Betsy followed in April , and The Lion and the Mouse ( 31 minutes of dialogue ) in May . On July 6 , 1928 , the first all - talking feature , Lights of New York , premiered . The film cost Warner Bros. only $23,000 to produce , but grossed $1.252 million , a record rate of return surpassing 5,000 % . In September , the studio released another Al Jolson part - talking picture , The Singing Fool , which more than doubled The Jazz Singer 's earnings record for a Warners movie . This second Jolson screen smash demonstrated the movie musical 's ability to turn a song into a national hit : inside of nine months , the Jolson number `` Sonny Boy '' had racked up 2 million record and 1.25 million sheet music sales . September 1928 also saw the release of Paul Terry 's Dinner Time , among the first animated cartoons produced with synchronized sound . Soon after he saw it , Walt Disney released his first sound picture , the Mickey Mouse short Steamboat Willie . Over the course of 1928 , as Warner Bros. began to rake in huge profits due to the popularity of its sound films , the other studios quickened the pace of their conversion to the new technology . Paramount , the industry leader , put out its first talkie in late September , Beggars of Life ; though it had just a few lines of dialogue , it demonstrated the studio 's recognition of the new medium 's power . Interference , Paramount 's first all - talker , debuted in November . The process known as `` goat glanding '' briefly became widespread : soundtracks , sometimes including a smatter of post-dubbed dialogue or song , were added to movies that had been shot , and in some cases released , as silents . A few minutes of singing could qualify such a newly endowed film as a `` musical . '' ( Griffith 's Dream Street had essentially been a `` goat gland . '' ) Expectations swiftly changed , and the sound `` fad '' of 1927 became standard procedure by 1929 . In February 1929 , sixteen months after The Jazz Singer 's debut , Columbia Pictures became the last of the eight studios that would be known as `` majors '' during Hollywood 's Golden Age to release its first part - talking feature , Lone Wolf 's Daughter . In late May , the first all - color , all - talking feature , Warner Bros . ' On with the Show ! , premiered . Yet most American movie theaters , especially outside of urban areas , were still not equipped for sound : while the number of sound cinemas grew from 100 to 800 between 1928 and 1929 , they were still vastly outnumbered by silent theaters , which had actually grown in number as well , from 22,204 to 22,544 . The studios , in parallel , were still not entirely convinced of the talkies ' universal appeal -- through mid-1930 , the majority of Hollywood movies were produced in dual versions , silent as well as talking . Though few in the industry predicted it , silent film as a viable commercial medium in the United States would soon be little more than a memory . Points West , a Hoot Gibson Western released by Universal Pictures in August 1929 , was the last purely silent mainstream feature put out by a major Hollywood studio . Transition : Europe ( edit ) The Jazz Singer had its European sound premiere at the Piccadilly Theatre in London on September 27 , 1928 . According to film historian Rachael Low , `` Many in the industry realized at once that a change to sound production was inevitable . '' On January 16 , 1929 , the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered : the German production Ich küsse Ihre Hand , Madame ( I Kiss Your Hand , Madame ) . Dialogueless , it contains only a few songs performed by Richard Tauber . The movie was made with the sound - on - film system controlled by the German - Dutch firm Tobis , corporate heirs to the Tri-Ergon concern . With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film , Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor , Klangfilm , a joint subsidiary of Germany 's two leading electrical manufacturers . Early in 1929 , Tobis and Klangfilm began comarketing their recording and playback technologies . As ERPI began to wire theaters around Europe , Tobis - Klangfilm claimed that the Western Electric system infringed on the Tri-Ergon patents , stalling the introduction of American technology in many places . Just as RCA had entered the movie business to maximize its recording system 's value , Tobis also established its own production operations . During 1929 , most of the major European filmmaking countries began joining Hollywood in the changeover to sound . Many of the trend - setting European talkies were shot abroad as production companies leased studios while their own were being converted or as they deliberately targeted markets speaking different languages . One of Europe 's first two feature - length dramatic talkies was created in still a different sort of twist on multinational moviemaking : The Crimson Circle was a coproduction between director Friedrich Zelnik 's Efzet - Film company and British Sound Film Productions ( BSFP ) . In 1928 , the film had been released as the silent Der Rote Kreis in Germany , where it was shot ; English dialogue was apparently dubbed in much later using the De Forest Phonofilm process controlled by BSFP 's corporate parent . It was given a British trade screening in March 1929 , as was a part - talking film made entirely in the UK : The Clue of the New Pin , a British Lion production using the sound - on - disc British Photophone system . In May , Black Waters , a British and Dominions Film Corporation promoted as the first UK all - talker , received its initial trade screening ; it had been shot completely in Hollywood with a Western Electric sound - on - film system . None of these pictures made much impact . The Prague - raised star of Blackmail ( 1929 ) , Anny Ondra , was an industry favorite , but her thick accent became an issue when the film was reshot with sound . Without post-dubbing capacity , her dialogue was simultaneously recorded offscreen by actress Joan Barry . Ondra 's British film career was over . The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all - British Blackmail . Directed by twenty - nine - year - old Alfred Hitchcock , the movie had its London debut June 21 , 1929 . Originally shot as a silent , Blackmail was restaged to include dialogue sequences , along with a score and sound effects , before its premiere . A British International Pictures ( BIP ) production , it was recorded on RCA Photophone , General Electric having bought a share of AEG so they could access the Tobis - Klangfilm markets . Blackmail was a substantial hit ; critical response was also positive -- notorious curmudgeon Hugh Castle , for example , called it `` perhaps the most intelligent mixture of sound and silence we have yet seen . '' On August 23 , the modest - sized Austrian film industry came out with a talkie : G'schichten aus der Steiermark ( Stories from Styria ) , an Eagle Film -- Ottoton Film production . On September 30 , the first entirely German - made feature - length dramatic talkie , Das Land ohne Frauen ( Land Without Women ) , premiered . A Tobis Filmkunst production , about one - quarter of the movie contained dialogue , which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music . The response was underwhelming . Sweden 's first talkie , Konstgjorda Svensson ( Artificial Svensson ) , premiered on October 14 . Eight days later , Aubert Franco - Film came out with Le Collier de la reine ( The Queen 's Necklace ) , shot at the Épinay studio near Paris . Conceived as a silent film , it was given a Tobis - recorded score and a single talking sequence -- the first dialogue scene in a French feature . On October 31 , Les Trois masques debuted ; a Pathé - Natan film , it is generally regarded as the initial French feature talkie , though it was shot , like Blackmail , at the Elstree studio , just outside London . The production company had contracted with RCA Photophone and Britain then had the nearest facility with the system . The Braunberger - Richebé talkie La Route est belle , also shot at Elstree , followed a few weeks later . Before the Paris studios were fully sound - equipped -- a process that stretched well into 1930 -- a number of other early French talkies were shot in Germany . The first all - talking German feature , Atlantik , had premiered in Berlin on October 28 . Yet another Elstree - made movie , it was rather less German at heart than Les Trois masques and La Route est belle were French ; a BIP production with a British scenarist and German director , it was also shot in English as Atlantic . The entirely German Aafa - Film production It 's You I Have Loved ( Dich hab ich geliebt ) opened three - and - a-half weeks later . It was not `` Germany 's First Talking Film '' , as the marketing had it , but it was the first to be released in the United States . The first Soviet talkie , Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life ; 1931 ) , concerns the issue of homeless youth . As Marcel Carné put it , `` in the unforgettable images of this spare and pure story we can discern the effort of an entire nation . '' In 1930 , the first Polish talkies premiered , using sound - on - disc systems : Moralność pani Dulskiej ( The Morality of Mrs. Dulska ) in March and the all - talking Niebezpieczny romans ( Dangerous Love Affair ) in October . In Italy , whose once vibrant film industry had become moribund by the late 1920s , the first talkie , La Canzone dell'amore ( The Song of Love ) , also came out in October ; within two years , Italian cinema would be enjoying a revival . The first movie spoken in Czech debuted in 1930 as well , Tonka Šibenice ( Tonka of the Gallows ) . Several European nations with minor positions in the field also produced their first talking pictures -- Belgium ( in French ) , Denmark , Greece , and Romania . The Soviet Union 's robust film industry came out with its first sound features in December 1930 : Dziga Vertov 's nonfiction Entuziazm had an experimental , dialogueless soundtrack ; Abram Room 's documentary Plan velikikh rabot ( The Plan of the Great Works ) had music and spoken voiceovers . Both were made with locally developed sound - on - film systems , two of the two hundred or so movie sound systems then available somewhere in the world . In June 1931 , the Nikolai Ekk drama Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life or A Start in Life ) , premiered as the Soviet Union 's first true talking picture . Throughout much of Europe , conversion of exhibition venues lagged well behind production capacity , requiring talkies to be produced in parallel silent versions or simply shown without sound in many places . While the pace of conversion was relatively swift in Britain -- with over 60 percent of theaters equipped for sound by the end of 1930 , similar to the U.S. figure -- in France , by contrast , more than half of theaters nationwide were still projecting in silence by late 1932 . According to scholar Colin G. Crisp , `` Anxiety about resuscitating the flow of silent films was frequently expressed in the ( French ) industrial press , and a large section of the industry still saw the silent as a viable artistic and commercial prospect till about 1935 . '' The situation was particularly acute in the Soviet Union ; as of May 1933 , fewer than one out of every hundred film projectors in the country was as yet equipped for sound . Transition : asia ( edit ) Director Heinosuke Gosho 's Madamu to nyobo ( The Neighbor 's Wife and Mine ; 1931 ) , a production of the Shochiku studio , was the first major commercial and critical success of Japanese sound cinema . During the 1920s and 1930s , Japan was one of the world 's two largest producers of motion pictures , along with the United States . Though the country 's film industry was among the first to produce both sound and talking features , the full changeover to sound proceeded much more slowly than in the West . It appears that the first Japanese sound film , Reimai ( Dawn ) , was made in 1926 with the De Forest Phonofilm system . Using the sound - on - disc Minatoki system , the leading Nikkatsu studio produced a pair of talkies in 1929 : Taii no musume ( The Captain 's Daughter ) and Furusato ( Hometown ) , the latter directed by Kenji Mizoguchi . The rival Shochiku studio began the successful production of sound - on - film talkies in 1931 using a variable - density process called Tsuchibashi . Two years later , however , more than 80 percent of movies made in the country were still silents . Two of the country 's leading directors , Mikio Naruse and Yasujirō Ozu , did not make their first sound films until 1935 and 1936 , respectively . As late as 1938 , over a third of all movies produced in Japan were shot without dialogue . The enduring popularity of the silent medium in Japanese cinema owed in great part to the tradition of the benshi , a live narrator who performed as accompaniment to a film screening . As director Akira Kurosawa later described , the benshi `` not only recounted the plot of the films , they enhanced the emotional content by performing the voices and sound effects and providing evocative descriptions of events and images on the screen ... The most popular narrators were stars in their own right , solely responsible for the patronage of a particular theatre . '' Film historian Mariann Lewinsky argues , The end of silent film in the West and in Japan was imposed by the industry and the market , not by any inner need or natural evolution ... Silent cinema was a highly pleasurable and fully mature form . It did n't lack anything , least in Japan , where there was always the human voice doing the dialogues and the commentary . Sound films were not better , just more economical . As a cinema owner you did n't have to pay the wages of musicians and benshi any more . And a good benshi was a star demanding star payment . By the same token , the viability of the benshi system facilitated a gradual transition to sound -- allowing the studios to spread out the capital costs of conversion and their directors and technical crews time to become familiar with the new technology . Alam Ara premiered March 14 , 1931 , in Bombay . The first Indian talkie was so popular that `` police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds . '' It was shot with the Tanar single - system camera , which recorded sound directly onto the film . The Mandarin - language Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān ( 歌女紅牡丹 , Singsong Girl Red Peony ) , starring Butterfly Wu , premiered as China 's first feature talkie in 1930 . By February of that year , production was apparently completed on a sound version of The Devil 's Playground , arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture ; however , the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner Fellers is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie . In September 1930 , a song performed by Indian star Sulochana , excerpted from the silent feature Madhuri ( 1928 ) , was released as a synchronized - sound short , the country 's first . The following year , Ardeshir Irani directed the first Indian talking feature , the Hindi - Urdu Alam Ara , and produced Kalidas , primarily in Tamil with some Telugu . Nineteen - thirty - one also saw the first Bengali - language film , Jamai Sasthi , and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu , Bhakta Prahlada . In 1932 , Ayodhyecha Raja became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released ( though Sant Tukaram was the first to go through the official censorship process ) ; the first Gujarati - language film , Narsimha Mehta , and all - Tamil talkie , Kalava , debuted as well . The next year , Ardeshir Irani produced the first Persian - language talkie , Dukhtar - e-loor . Also in 1933 , the first Cantonese - language films were produced in Hong Kong -- Sha zai dongfang ( The Idiot 's Wedding Night ) and Liang xing ( Conscience ) ; within two years , the local film industry had fully converted to sound . Korea , where pyonsa ( or byun - sa ) held a role and status similar to that of the Japanese benshi , in 1935 became the last country with a significant film industry to produce its first talking picture : Chunhyangjeon ( 春香傳 / 춘향전 ) is based on the seventeenth - century pansori folktale `` Chunhyangga '' , of which as many as fifteen film versions have been made through 2009 . Consequences ( edit ) Technology ( edit ) Show Girl in Hollywood ( 1930 ) , one of the first sound films about sound filmmaking , depicts microphones dangling from the rafters and multiple cameras shooting simultaneously from soundproofed booths . The poster shows a camera unboothed and unblimped , as it might be when shooting a musical number with a prerecorded soundtrack . In the short term , the introduction of live sound recording caused major difficulties in production . Cameras were noisy , so a soundproofed cabinet was used in many of the earliest talkies to isolate the loud equipment from the actors , at the expense of a drastic reduction in the ability to move the camera . For a time , multiple - camera shooting was used to compensate for the loss of mobility and innovative studio technicians could often find ways to liberate the camera for particular shots . The necessity of staying within range of still microphones meant that actors also often had to limit their movements unnaturally . Show Girl in Hollywood ( 1930 ) , from First National Pictures ( which Warner Bros. had taken control of thanks to its profitable adventure into sound ) , gives a behind - the - scenes look at some of the techniques involved in shooting early talkies . Several of the fundamental problems caused by the transition to sound were soon solved with new camera casings , known as `` blimps '' , designed to suppress noise and boom microphones that could be held just out of frame and moved with the actors . In 1931 , a major improvement in playback fidelity was introduced : three - way speaker systems in which sound was separated into low , medium , and high frequencies and sent respectively to a large bass `` woofer '' , a midrange driver , and a treble `` tweeter . '' There were consequences , as well , for other technological aspects of the cinema . Proper recording and playback of sound required exact standardization of camera and projector speed . Before sound , 16 frames per second ( fps ) was the supposed norm , but practice varied widely . Cameras were often undercranked or overcranked to improve exposures or for dramatic effect . Projectors were commonly run too fast to shorten running time and squeeze in extra shows . Variable frame rate , however , made sound unlistenable , and a new , strict standard of 24 fps was soon established . Sound also forced the abandonment of the noisy arc lights used for filming in studio interiors . The switch to quiet incandescent illumination in turn required a switch to more expensive film stock . The sensitivity of the new panchromatic film delivered superior image tonal quality and gave directors the freedom to shoot scenes at lower light levels than was previously practical . As David Bordwell describes , technological improvements continued at a swift pace : `` Between 1932 and 1935 , ( Western Electric and RCA ) created directional microphones , increased the frequency range of film recording , reduced ground noise ... and extended the volume range . '' These technical advances often meant new aesthetic opportunities : `` Increasing the fidelity of recording ... heightened the dramatic possibilities of vocal timbre , pitch , and loudness . '' Another basic problem -- famously spoofed in the 1952 film Singin ' in the Rain -- was that some silent - era actors simply did not have attractive voices ; though this issue was frequently overstated , there were related concerns about general vocal quality and the casting of performers for their dramatic skills in roles also requiring singing talent beyond their own . By 1935 , rerecording of vocals by the original or different actors in postproduction , a process known as `` looping '' , had become practical . The ultraviolet recording system introduced by RCA in 1936 improved the reproduction of sibilants and high notes . Example of a variable - area sound track -- the width of the white area is proportional to the amplitude of the audio signal at each instant . With Hollywood 's wholesale adoption of the talkies , the competition between the two fundamental approaches to sound - film production was soon resolved . Over the course of 1930 -- 31 , the only major players using sound - on - disc , Warner Bros. and First National , changed over to sound - on - film recording . Vitaphone 's dominating presence in sound - equipped theaters , however , meant that for years to come all of the Hollywood studios pressed and distributed sound - on - disc versions of their films alongside the sound - on - film prints . Fox Movietone soon followed Vitaphone into disuse as a recording and reproduction method , leaving two major American systems : the variable - area RCA Photophone and Western Electric 's own variable - density process , a substantial improvement on the cross-licensed Movietone . Under RCA 's instigation , the two parent companies made their projection equipment compatible , meaning films shot with one system could be screened in theaters equipped for the other . This left one big issue -- the Tobis - Klangfilm challenge . In May 1930 , Western Electric won an Austrian lawsuit that voided protection for certain Tri-Ergon patents , helping bring Tobis - Klangfilm to the negotiating table . The following month an accord was reached on patent cross-licensing , full playback compatibility , and the division of the world into three parts for the provision of equipment . As a contemporary report describes : Tobis - Klangfilm has the exclusive rights to provide equipment for : Germany , Danzig , Austria , Hungary , Switzerland , Czechoslovakia , Holland , the Dutch Indies , Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Finland . The Americans have the exclusive rights for the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India , and Russia . All other countries , among them Italy , France , and England , are open to both parties . The agreement did not resolve all the patent disputes , and further negotiations were undertaken and concords signed over the course of the 1930s . During these years , as well , the American studios began abandoning the Western Electric system for RCA Photophone 's variable - area approach -- by the end of 1936 , only Paramount , MGM , and United Artists still had contracts with ERPI . Labor ( edit ) The unkind cover of Photoplay , December 1929 , featuring Norma Talmadge . As movie historian David Thomson puts it , `` sound proved the incongruity of ( her ) salon prettiness and tenement voice . '' While the introduction of sound led to a boom in the motion picture industry , it had an adverse effect on the employability of a host of Hollywood actors of the time . Suddenly those without stage experience were regarded as suspect by the studios ; as suggested above , those whose heavy accents or otherwise discordant voices had previously been concealed were particularly at risk . The career of major silent star Norma Talmadge effectively came to an end in this way . The celebrated German actor Emil Jannings returned to Europe . Moviegoers found John Gilbert 's voice an awkward match with his swashbuckling persona , and his star also faded . Audiences now seemed to perceive certain silent - era stars as old - fashioned , even those who had the talent to succeed in the sound era . The career of Harold Lloyd , one of the top screen comedians of the 1920s , declined precipitously . Lillian Gish departed , back to the stage , and other leading figures soon left acting entirely : Colleen Moore , Gloria Swanson , and Hollywood 's most famous performing couple , Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford . As actress Louise Brooks suggested , there were other issues as well : Studio heads , now forced into unprecedented decisions , decided to begin with the actors , the least palatable , the most vulnerable part of movie production . It was such a splendid opportunity , anyhow , for breaking contracts , cutting salaries , and taming the stars ... Me , they gave the salary treatment . I could stay on without the raise my contract called for , or quit , ( Paramount studio chief B.P. ) Schulberg said , using the questionable dodge of whether I 'd be good for the talkies . Questionable , I say , because I spoke decent English in a decent voice and came from the theater . So without hesitation I quit . Buster Keaton was eager to explore the new medium , but when his studio , MGM , made the changeover to sound , he was quickly stripped of creative control . Though a number of Keaton 's early talkies made impressive profits , they were artistically dismal . Several of the new medium 's biggest attractions came from vaudeville and the musical theater , where performers such as Jolson , Eddie Cantor , Jeanette MacDonald , and the Marx Brothers were accustomed to the demands of both dialogue and song . James Cagney and Joan Blondell , who had teamed on Broadway , were brought west together by Warner Bros. in 1930 . A few actors were major stars during both the silent and the sound eras : John Barrymore , Ronald Colman , Myrna Loy , William Powell , Norma Shearer , the comedy team of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy , and the incomparable Charlie Chaplin , whose City Lights ( 1931 ) and Modern Times ( 1936 ) employed sound almost exclusively for music and effects . Janet Gaynor became a top star with the synch - sound but dialogueless Seventh Heaven and Sunrise , as did Joan Crawford with the technologically similar Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) . Greta Garbo was the one non -- native English speaker to retain Hollywood stardom on both sides of the great sound divide . Silent film extra Clark Gable , who had received extensive voice training during his earlier stage career , went on to dominate the new medium for decades . The new emphasis on speech also caused producers to hire many novelists , journalists , and playwrights with experience writing good dialogue . Among those who became Hollywood scriptwriters during the 1930s were Nathanael West , William Faulkner , Robert Sherwood , Aldous Huxley , and Dorothy Parker . As talking pictures emerged , with their prerecorded musical tracks , an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work . More than just their position as film accompanists was usurped ; according to historian Preston J. Hubbard , `` During the 1920s live musical performances at first - run theaters became an exceedingly important aspect of the American cinema . '' With the coming of the talkies , those featured performances -- usually staged as preludes -- were largely eliminated as well . The American Federation of Musicians took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices . One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled `` Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever '' and reads in part : Canned Music on Trial This is the case of Art vs. Mechanical Music in theatres . The defendant stands accused in front of the American people of attempted corruption of musical appreciation and discouragement of musical education . Theatres in many cities are offering synchronised mechanical music as a substitute for Real Music . If the theatre - going public accepts this vitiation of its entertainment program a deplorable decline in the Art of Music is inevitable . Musical authorities know that the soul of the Art is lost in mechanization . It can not be otherwise because the quality of music is dependent on the mood of the artist , upon the human contact , without which the essence of intellectual stimulation and emotional rapture is lost . By the following year , a reported 22,000 U.S. moviehouse musicians had lost their jobs . Commerce ( edit ) Premiering February 1 , 1929 , MGM 's The Broadway Melody was the first smash - hit talkie from a studio other than Warner Bros. and the first sound film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . In September 1926 , Jack L. Warner , head of Warner Bros. , was quoted to the effect that talking pictures would never be viable : `` They fail to take into account the international language of the silent pictures , and the unconscious share of each onlooker in creating the play , the action , the plot , and the imagined dialogue for himself . '' Much to his company 's benefit , he would be proven very wrong -- between the 1927 -- 28 and 1928 -- 29 fiscal years , Warners ' profits surged from $2 million to $14 million . Sound film , in fact , was a clear boon to all the major players in the industry . During that same twelve - month span , Paramount 's profits rose by $7 million , Fox 's by $3.5 million , and Loew 's / MGM 's by $3 million . RKO , which did not even exist in September 1928 and whose parent production company , FBO , was in the Hollywood minor leagues , by the end of 1929 was established as one of America 's leading entertainment businesses . Fueling the boom was the emergence of an important new cinematic genre made possible by sound : the musical . Over sixty Hollywood musicals were released in 1929 , and more than eighty the following year . Even as the Wall Street crash of October 1929 helped plunge the United States and ultimately the global economy into depression , the popularity of the talkies at first seemed to keep Hollywood immune . The 1929 -- 30 exhibition season was even better for the motion picture industry than the previous , with ticket sales and overall profits hitting new highs . Reality finally struck later in 1930 , but sound had clearly secured Hollywood 's position as one of the most important industrial fields , both commercially and culturally , in the United States . In 1929 , film box - office receipts comprised 16.6 percent of total spending by Americans on recreation ; by 1931 , the figure had reached 21.8 percent . The motion picture business would command similar figures for the next decade and a half . Hollywood ruled on the larger stage , as well . The American movie industry -- already the world 's most powerful -- set an export record in 1929 that , by the applied measure of total feet of exposed film , was 27 percent higher than the year before . Concerns that language differences would hamper U.S. film exports turned out to be largely unfounded . In fact , the expense of sound conversion was a major obstacle to many overseas producers , relatively undercapitalized by Hollywood standards . The production of multiple versions of export - bound talkies in different languages ( known as `` Foreign Language Version '' ) , as well as the production of the cheaper `` International Sound Version '' , a common approach at first , largely ceased by mid-1931 , replaced by post-dubbing and subtitling . Despite trade restrictions imposed in most foreign markets , by 1937 , American films commanded about 70 percent of screen time around the globe . Poster for Acabaram - se os otários ( 1929 ) , performed in Portuguese . The first Brazilian talkie was also the first anywhere in an Iberian language . Just as the leading Hollywood studios gained from sound in relation to their foreign competitors , they did the same at home . As historian Richard B. Jewell describes , `` The sound revolution crushed many small film companies and producers who were unable to meet the financial demands of sound conversion . '' The combination of sound and the Great Depression led to a wholesale shakeout in the business , resulting in the hierarchy of the Big Five integrated companies ( MGM , Paramount , Fox , Warners , RKO ) and the three smaller studios also called `` majors '' ( Columbia , Universal , United Artists ) that would predominate through the 1950s . Historian Thomas Schatz describes the ancillary effects : Because the studios were forced to streamline operations and rely on their own resources , their individual house styles and corporate personalities came into much sharper focus . Thus the watershed period from the coming of sound into the early Depression saw the studio system finally coalesce , with the individual studios coming to terms with their own identities and their respective positions within the industry . The other country in which sound cinema had an immediate major commercial impact was India . As one distributor of the period said , `` With the coming of the talkies , the Indian motion picture came into its own as a definite and distinctive piece of creation . This was achieved by music . '' From its earliest days , Indian sound cinema has been defined by the musical -- Alam Ara featured seven songs ; a year later , Indrasabha would feature seventy . While the European film industries fought an endless battle against the popularity and economic muscle of Hollywood , ten years after the debut of Alam Ara , over 90 percent of the films showing on Indian screens were made within the country . Most of India 's early talkies were shot in Bombay , which remains the leading production center , but sound filmmaking soon spread across the multilingual nation . Within just a few weeks of Alam Ara 's March 1931 premiere , the Calcutta - based Madan Pictures had released both the Hindi Shirin Farhad and the Bengali Jamai Sasthi . The Hindustani Heer Ranjha was produced in Lahore , Punjab , the following year . In 1934 , Sati Sulochana , the first Kannada talking picture to be released , was shot in Kolhapur , Maharashtra ; Srinivasa Kalyanam became the first Tamil talkie actually shot in Tamil Nadu . Once the first talkie features appeared , the conversion to full sound production happened as rapidly in India as it did in the United States . Already by 1932 , the majority of feature productions were in sound ; two years later , 164 of the 172 Indian feature films were talking pictures . Since 1934 , with the sole exception of 1952 , India has been among the top three movie - producing countries in the world every single year . Aesthetic quality ( edit ) In the first , 1930 edition of his global survey The Film Till Now , British cinema pundit Paul Rotha declared , `` A film in which the speech and sound effects are perfectly synchronised and coincide with their visual image on the screen is absolutely contrary to the aims of cinema . It is a degenerate and misguided attempt to destroy the real use of the film and can not be accepted as coming within the true boundaries of the cinema . '' Such opinions were not rare among those who cared about cinema as an art form ; Alfred Hitchcock , though he directed the first commercially successful talkie produced in Europe , held that `` the silent pictures were the purest form of cinema '' and scoffed at many early sound films as delivering little beside `` photographs of people talking '' . In Germany , Max Reinhardt , stage producer and movie director , expressed the belief that the talkies , `` bringing to the screen stage plays ... tend to make this independent art a subsidiary of the theater and really make it only a substitute for the theater instead of an art in itself ... like reproductions of paintings . '' Westfront 1918 ( 1930 ) was celebrated for its expressive re-creation of battlefield sounds , like the doomful whine of an unseen grenade in flight . In the opinion of many film historians and aficionados , both at the time and subsequently , silent film had reached an aesthetic peak by the late 1920s and the early years of sound cinema delivered little that was comparable to the best of the silents . For instance , despite fading into relative obscurity once its era had passed , silent cinema is represented by eleven films in Time Out 's Centenary of Cinema Top One Hundred poll , held in 1995 . The first year in which sound film production predominated over silent film -- not only in the United States , but also in the West as a whole -- was 1929 ; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures ( Pandora 's Box ( 1929 ) , Zemlya ( 1930 ) , City Lights ( 1931 ) ) and zero talkies in the Time Out poll . ( City Lights , like Sunrise , was released with a recorded score and sound effects , but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a `` silent '' -- spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema . ) The earliest sound film to place is the French L'Atalante ( 1934 ) , directed by Jean Vigo ; the earliest Hollywood sound film to qualify is Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) , directed by Howard Hawks . The first sound feature film to receive near - universal critical approbation was Der Blaue Engel ( The Blue Angel ) ; premiering on April 1 , 1930 , it was directed by Josef von Sternberg in both German and English versions for Berlin 's UFA studio . The first American talkie to be widely honored was All Quiet on the Western Front , directed by Lewis Milestone , which premiered April 21 . The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was Westfront 1918 , directed by G.W. Pabst for Nero - Film of Berlin . Historian Anton Kaes points to it as an example of `` the new verisimilitude ( that ) rendered silent cinema 's former emphasis on the hypnotic gaze and the symbolism of light and shadow , as well as its preference for allegorical characters , anachronistic . '' Cultural historians consider the French L'Âge d'Or , directed by Luis Buñuel , which appeared late in 1930 , to be of great aesthetic import ; at the time , its erotic , blasphemous , anti-bourgeois content caused a scandal . Swiftly banned by Paris police chief Jean Chiappe , it was unavailable for fifty years . The earliest sound movie now acknowledged by most film historians as a masterpiece is Nero - Film 's M , directed by Fritz Lang , which premiered May 11 , 1931 . As described by Roger Ebert , `` Many early talkies felt they had to talk all the time , but Lang allows his camera to prowl through the streets and dives , providing a rat 's - eye view . '' Cinematic form ( edit ) `` Talking film is as little needed as a singing book . '' Such was the blunt proclamation of critic Viktor Shklovsky , one of the leaders of the Russian formalist movement , in 1927 . While some regarded sound as irreconcilable with film art , others saw it as opening a new field of creative opportunity . The following year , a group of Soviet filmmakers , including Sergei Eisenstein , proclaimed that the use of image and sound in juxtaposition , the so - called contrapuntal method , would raise the cinema to `` ... unprecedented power and cultural height . Such a method for constructing the sound - film will not confine it to a national market , as must happen with the photographing of plays , but will give a greater possibility than ever before for the circulation throughout the world of a filmically expressed idea . '' So far as one segment of the audience was concerned , however , the introduction of sound brought a virtual end to such circulation : Elizabeth C. Hamilton writes , `` Silent films offered people who were deaf a rare opportunity to participate in a public discourse , cinema , on equal terms with hearing people . The emergence of sound film effectively separated deaf from hearing audience members once again . '' Image of sumo wrestlers from Melodie der Welt ( 1929 ) , `` one of the initial successes of a new art form '' , in André Bazin 's description . `` It flung the whole earth onto the screen in a jigsaw of visual images and sounds . '' On March 12 , 1929 , the first feature - length talking picture made in Germany had its premiere . The inaugural Tobis Filmkunst production , it was not a drama , but a documentary sponsored by a shipping line : Melodie der Welt ( Melody of the World ) , directed by Walter Ruttmann . This was also perhaps the first feature film anywhere to significantly explore the artistic possibilities of joining the motion picture with recorded sound . As described by scholar William Moritz , the movie is `` intricate , dynamic , fast - paced ... juxtapos ( ing ) similar cultural habits from countries around the world , with a superb orchestral score ... and many synchronized sound effects . '' Composer Lou Lichtveld was among a number of contemporary artists struck by the film : `` Melodie der Welt became the first important sound documentary , the first in which musical and unmusical sounds were composed into a single unit and in which image and sound are controlled by one and the same impulse . '' Melodie der Welt was a direct influence on the industrial film Philips Radio ( 1931 ) , directed by Dutch avant - garde filmmaker Joris Ivens and scored by Lichtveld , who described its audiovisual aims : To render the half - musical impressions of factory sounds in a complex audio world that moved from absolute music to the purely documentary noises of nature . In this film every intermediate stage can be found : such as the movement of the machine interpreted by the music , the noises of the machine dominating the musical background , the music itself is the documentary , and those scenes where the pure sound of the machine goes solo . Many similar experiments were pursued by Dziga Vertov in his 1931 Entuziazm and by Chaplin in Modern Times , a half - decade later . A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling , beyond the obvious function of recording speech . In Blackmail , Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character 's monologue so the word `` knife '' would leap out from a blurry stream of sound , reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist , who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing . In his first film , the Paramount Applause ( 1929 ) , Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion to the distance of shots . At a certain point , Mamoulian wanted the audience to hear one character singing at the same time as another prays ; according to the director , `` They said we could n't record the two things -- the song and the prayer -- on one mike and one channel . So I said to the sound man , ' Why not use two mikes and two channels and combine the two tracks in printing ? ' '' Such methods would eventually become standard procedure in popular filmmaking . One of the first commercial films to take full advantage of the new opportunities provided by recorded sound was Le Million , directed by René Clair and produced by Tobis 's French division . Premiering in Paris in April 1931 and New York a month later , the picture was both a critical and popular success . A musical comedy with a barebones plot , it is memorable for its formal accomplishments , in particular , its emphatically artificial treatment of sound . As described by scholar Donald Crafton , Le Million never lets us forget that the acoustic component is as much a construction as the whitewashed sets . ( It ) replaced dialogue with actors singing and talking in rhyming couplets . Clair created teasing confusions between on - and off - screen sound . He also experimented with asynchronous audio tricks , as in the famous scene in which a chase after a coat is synched to the cheers of an invisible football ( or rugby ) crowd . These and similar techniques became part of the vocabulary of the sound comedy film , though as special effects and `` color '' , not as the basis for the kind of comprehensive , non-naturalistic design achieved by Clair . Outside of the comedic field , the sort of bold play with sound exemplified by Melodie der Welt and Le Million would be pursued very rarely in commercial production . Hollywood , in particular , incorporated sound into a reliable system of genre - based moviemaking , in which the formal possibilities of the new medium were subordinated to the traditional goals of star affirmation and straightforward storytelling . As accurately predicted in 1928 by Frank Woods , secretary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , `` The talking pictures of the future will follow the general line of treatment heretofore developed by the silent drama ... The talking scenes will require different handling , but the general construction of the story will be much the same . '' See also ( edit ) Category : Film sound production for articles concerning the development of cinematic sound recording History of film List of film sound systems Sound stage The American Fotoplayer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wierzbicki ( 2009 ) , p. 74 ; `` Representative Kinematograph Shows '' ( 1907 ). The Auxetophone and Other Compressed - Air Gramophones explains pneumatic amplification and includes several detailed photographs of Gaumont 's Elgéphone , which was apparently a slightly later and more elaborate version of the Chronomégaphone . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1997 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) claims that German inventor and filmmaker Oskar Messter began projecting sound motion pictures at 21 Unter den Linden in September 1896 ( p. 168 ) , but this seems to be an error . Koerber ( 1996 ) notes that after Messter acquired the Cinema Unter den Linden ( located in the back room of a restaurant ) , it reopened under his management on September 21 , 1896 ( p. 53 ) , but no source beside Robertson describes Messter as screening sound films before 1903 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2005 ) , p. 158 ; Cosandey ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Lloyd and Robinson ( 1986 ) , p. 91 ; Barnier ( 2002 ) , pp. 25 , 29 ; Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 168 . Gratioulet went by his given name , Clément - Maurice , and is referred to thus in many sources , including Robertson and Barnier. Robertson incorrectly states that the Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre was a presentation of the Gaumont Co. ; in fact , it was presented under the aegis of Paul Decauville ( Barnier , ibid . ) . Jump up ^ Sound engineer Mark Ulano , in `` The Movies Are Born a Child of the Phonograph '' ( part 2 of his essay `` Moving Pictures That Talk '' ) , describes the Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre version of synchronized sound cinema : This system used an operator adjusted non-linkage form of primitive synchronization . The scenes to be shown were first filmed , and then the performers recorded their dialogue or songs on the Lioretograph ( usually a Le Éclat concert cylinder format phonograph ) trying to match tempo with the projected filmed performance . In showing the films , synchronization of sorts was achieved by adjusting the hand cranked film projector 's speed to match the phonograph . the projectionist was equipped with a telephone through which he listened to the phonograph which was located in the orchestra pit . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Barnier ( 2002 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2005 ) , p. 158 . If there was a drawback to the Elgéphone , it was apparently not a lack of volume . Dan Gilmore describes its predecessor technology in his 2004 essay `` What 's Louder than Loud ? The Auxetophone '' : `` Was the Auxetophone loud ? It was painfully loud . '' For a more detailed report of Auxetophone - induced discomfort , see The Auxetophone and Other Compressed - Air Gramophones . ^ Jump up to : Altman ( 2005 ) , pp. 158 -- 65 ; Altman ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Lindvall ( 2007 ) , pp. 118 -- 25 ; Carey ( 1999 ) , pp. 322 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Ruhmer ( 1901 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Ruhmer ( 1908 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Crawford ( 1931 ) , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Eyman ( 1997 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Crawford ( 1931 ) , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Sipilä , Kari ( April 2004 ) . `` A Country That Innovates '' . Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . `` Eric Tigerstedt '' . Film Sound Sweden . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . See also A.M. Pertti Kuusela , E.M.C Tigerstedt `` Suomen Edison '' ( Insinööritieto Oy : 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Bognár ( 2000 ) , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sponable ( 1947 ) , part 2 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 ; Moone ( 2004 ) ; Łotysz ( 2006 ) . Note that Crafton and Łotysz describe the demonstration as taking place at an AIEE conference . Moone , writing for the journal of the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 's Electrical and Computer Engineering Department , says the audience was `` members of the Urbana chapter of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . '' Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 30 ; Eyman ( 1997 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Hall , Brenda J. ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Freeman Harrison Owens ( 1890 -- 1979 ) '' . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A few sources indicate that the film was released in 1923 , but the two most recent authoritative histories that discuss the film -- Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 66 ; Hijiya ( 1992 ) , p. 103 -- both give 1924 . There are claims that De Forest recorded a synchronized musical score for director Fritz Lang 's Siegfried ( 1924 ) when it arrived in the United States the year after its German debut -- Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 100 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 66 , 564 -- which would make it the first feature film with synchronized sound throughout . There is no consensus , however , concerning when this recording took place or if the film was ever actually presented with synch - sound . For a possible occasion for such a recording , see the August 24 , 1925 , New York Times review of Siegfried Archived April 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , following its American premiere at New York City 's Century Theater the night before , which describes the score 's performance by a live orchestra . Jump up ^ Quoted in Lasky ( 1989 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , p. 203 ; Low ( 1997b ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Sponable ( 1947 ) , part 4 . Jump up ^ See Freeman Harrison Owens ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , op . cit . A number of sources erroneously state that Owens 's and / or the Tri-Ergon patents were essential to the creation of the Fox - Case Movietone system . Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 4 ; Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 29 . Crafton ( 1997 ) misleadingly implies that Griffith 's film had not previously been exhibited commercially before its sound - enhanced premiere . He also misidentifies Ralph Graves as Richard Grace ( p. 58 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Historical Development of Sound Films , E.I. Sponable , Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 48 April 1947 Jump up ^ The eight musical shorts were Caro Nome , An Evening on the Don , La Fiesta , His Pastimes , The Kreutzer Sonata , Mischa Elman , Overture `` Tannhäuser '' and Vesti La Giubba . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 76 -- 87 ; Gomery ( 2005 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Liebman ( 2003 ) , p. 398 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven E. ( March 24 , 2002 ) . `` Dynamic Range '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven E. ( October 6 , 1999 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound 1910 -- 1929 '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W. Kellogg , Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 64 June 1955 Jump up ^ The Bell `` Rubber Line '' Recorder . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven E. ( January 9 , 2000 ) . `` Sound Recording Research at Bell Labs '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , pp. 42 , 50 . See also Motion Picture Sound 1910 -- 1929 Archived May 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , perhaps the best online source for details on these developments , though here it fails to note that Fox 's original deal for the Western Electric technology involved a sublicensing arrangement . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , p. 60 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Eyman ( 1997 ) , pp. 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Glancy ( 1995 ) , p. 4 ( online ) . The previous highest - grossing Warner Bros. film was Don Juan , which Glancy notes earned $1.693 million , foreign and domestic . Historian Douglas Crafton ( 1997 ) seeks to downplay the `` total domestic gross income '' of The Jazz Singer , $1.97 million ( p. 528 ) , but that figure alone would have constituted a record for the studio . Crafton 's claim that The Jazz Singer `` was in a distinct second or third tier of attractions compared to the most popular films of the day and even other Vitaphone talkies '' ( p. 529 ) offers a skewed perspective . Although the movie was no match for the half - dozen biggest hits of the decade , the available evidence suggests that it was one of the three highest - earning films released in 1927 and that overall its performance was comparable to the other two , The King of Kings and Wings . It is undisputed that its total earnings were more than double those of the next four Vitaphone talkies ; the first three of which , according to Glancy 's analysis of in - house Warner Bros. figures , `` earned just under $1,000,000 each '' , and the fourth , Lights of New York , a quarter - million more . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Why The Jazz Singer ? '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Note that Allen , like many , exaggerates The Jazz Singer 's commercial success ; it was a big hit , but not `` one of the big box office hits of all time '' . Jump up ^ Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Hirschhorn ( 1979 ) , pp. 59 , 60 . Jump up ^ Glancy ( 1995 ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Schatz ( 1998 ) says the production cost of Lights of New York totaled $75,000 ( p. 64 ) . Even if this number is accurate , the rate of return was still over 1,600 % . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Eames ( 1985 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) describes the term 's derivation : `` The skeptical press disparagingly referred to these ( retrofitted films ) as ' goat glands ' ... from outrageous cures for impotency practiced in the 1920s , including restorative elixers , tonics , and surgical procedures . It implied that producers were trying to put some new life into their old films '' ( pp. 168 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ The first official releases from RKO ( which produced only all - talking pictures ) appeared still later in the year , but after the October 1928 merger that created it , the company put out a number of talkies produced by its FBO constituent . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Block and Wilson ( 2010 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 169 -- 71 , 253 -- 54 . Jump up ^ In 1931 , two Hollywood studios would release special projects without spoken dialogue ( now customarily classified as `` silents '' ) : Charles Chaplin 's City Lights ( United Artists ) and F.W. Murnau and Robert Flaherty 's Tabu ( Paramount ) . The last totally silent feature produced in the United States for general distribution was The Poor Millionaire , released by Biltmore Pictures in April 1930 . Four other silent features , all low - budget Westerns , were also released in early 1930 ( Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 173 ) . Jump up ^ As Thomas J. Saunders ( 1994 ) reports , it premiered the same month in Berlin , but as a silent . `` Not until June 1929 did Berlin experience the sensation of sound as New York had in 1927 -- a premiere boasting dialogue and song '' : The Singing Fool ( p. 224 ) . In Paris , The Jazz Singer had its sound premiere in January 1929 ( Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 101 ) . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ `` How the Pictures Learned to Talk : The Emergence of German Sound Film '' . Weimar Cinema . filmportal.de . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1980 ) , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 103 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , pp. 178 , 203 -- 5 ; Low ( 1997b ) , p. 183 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 432 ; `` Der Rote Kreis '' . Deutsches Filminstitut . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Note also that IMDb.com incorrectly refers to Der Rote Kreis / The Crimson Circle as a British International Pictures ( BIP ) coproduction ( it also spells Zelnik 's first name `` Frederic '' ) . The authentic BIP production Kitty is sometimes included among the candidates for `` first British talkie . '' In fact , the film was produced and premiered as a silent for its original 1928 release . The stars later came to New York to record dialogue , with which the film was rereleased in June 1929 , after much better credentialed candidates . See sources cited above . Jump up ^ Spoto ( 1984 ) , pp. 131 -- 32 , 136 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Spoto ( 1984 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Wagenleitner ( 1994 ) , p. 253 ; Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Jelavich ( 2006 ) , pp. 215 -- 16 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 595 , n . 59 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 103 ; `` Epinay ville du cinéma '' . Epinay-sur-Seine.fr . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Erickson , Hal . `` Le Collier de la reine ( 1929 ) '' . Allmovie . NYTimes.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Chiffaut - Moliard , Philippe ( 2005 ) . `` Le cinéma français en 1930 '' . Chronologie du cinéma français ( 1930 -- 1939 ) . Cine - studies . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . In his 2002 book Genre , Myth , and Convention in the French Cinema , 1929 -- 1939 ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press ) , Crisp says that Le Collier de la reine was `` ' merely ' sonorized , not dialogued '' ( p. 381 ) , but all other available detailed descriptions ( including his own from 1997 ) mention a dialogue sequence . Note also that Crisp gives October 31 as the debut date of Les Trois masques and Cine - studies gives its release ( `` sortie '' ) date as November 2 . Note finally , where Crisp defines in Genre , Myth , and Convention a `` feature '' as being a minimum of sixty minutes long , this article follows the equally common , and Wikipedia - prevalent , standard of forty minutes or longer . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 82 ; Fisher , David ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Chronomedia : 1929 '' . Chronomedia . Terra Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Carné ( 1932 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Haltof ( 2002 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ See Nichols and Bazzoni ( 1995 ) , p. 98 , for a description of La Canzone dell'amore and its premiere . Jump up ^ Stojanova ( 2006 ) , p. 97 . According to Il Cinema Ritrovato , the program for XXI Mostra Internazionale del Cinema Libero ( Bologna ; November 22 -- 29 , 1992 ) , the film was shot in Paris . According to the IMDb entry on the film , it was a Czech - German coproduction . The two claims are not necessarily contradictory . According to the Czech - Slovak Film Database , it was shot as a silent film in Germany ; soundtracks for Czech , German , and French versions were then recorded at the Gaumont studio in the Paris suburb of Joinville . Jump up ^ See Robertson ( 2001 ) , pp. 10 -- 14 . Robertson claims Switzerland produced its first talkie in 1930 , but it has not been possible to independently confirm this . The first talkies from Finland , Hungary , Norway , Portugal , and Turkey appeared in 1931 , the first talkies from Ireland ( English - language ) and Spain and the first in Slovak in 1932 , the first Dutch talkie in 1933 , and the first Bulgarian talkie in 1934 . In the Americas , the first Canadian talkie came out in 1929 -- North of ' 49 was a remake of the previous year 's silent His Destiny . The first Brazilian talkie , Acabaram - se os otários ( The End of the Simpletons ) , also appeared in 1929 . That year , as well , the first Yiddish talkies were produced in New York : East Side Sadie ( originally a silent ) , followed by Ad Mosay ( The Eternal Prayer ) ( Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 414 ) . Sources differ on whether Más fuerte que el deber , the first Mexican ( and Spanish - language ) talkie , came out in 1930 or 1931 . The first Argentine talkie appeared in 1931 and the first Chilean talkie in 1934 . Robertson asserts that the first Cuban feature talkie was a 1930 production called El Caballero de Max ; every other published source surveyed cites La Serpiente roja ( 1937 ) . Nineteen - thirty - one saw the first talkie produced on the African continent : South Africa 's Mocdetjie , in Afrikaans . Egypt 's Arabic Onchoudet el Fouad ( 1932 ) and Morocco 's French - language Itto ( 1934 ) followed . Jump up ^ Rollberg ( 2008 ) , pp. xxvii , 9 , 174 , 585 , 669 -- 70 , 679 , 733 . Several sources name Zemlya zhazhdet ( The Earth Is Thirsty ) , directed by Yuli Raizman , as the first Soviet sound feature . Originally produced and premiered as a silent in 1930 , it was rereleased with a non-talking , music - and - effects soundtrack the following year ( Rollberg ( 2008 ) , p. 562 ) . Jump up ^ Morton ( 2006 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rollberg ( 2008 ) , pp. xxvii , 210 -- 11 , 450 , 665 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 101 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kenez ( 2001 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Nolletti ( 2005 ) , p. 18 ; Richie ( 2005 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Burch ( 1979 ) , pp. 145 -- 46 . Note that Burch misdates Madamu to nyobo as 1932 ( p. 146 ; see above for sources for correct 1931 date ) . He also incorrectly claims that Mikio Naruse made no sound films before 1936 ( p. 146 ; see below for Naruse 's 1935 sound films ) . Jump up ^ Anderson and Richie ( 1982 ) , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Freiberg ( 1987 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Naruse 's first talking picture , Otome - gokoro sannin shimai ( Three Sisters with Maiden Hearts ) , as well as his widely acclaimed Tsuma yo bara no yo ni ( Wife ! Be Like a Rose ! ) , also a talkie , were both produced and released in 1935 . Wife ! Be Like a Rose ! was the first Japanese feature film to receive American commercial distribution . See Russell ( 2008 ) , pp. 4 , 89 , 91 -- 94 ; Richie ( 2005 ) , pp. 60 -- 63 ; `` Mikio Naruse -- A Modern Classic '' . Midnight Eye . February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jacoby , Alexander ( April 2003 ) . `` Mikio Naruse '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Ozu 's first talking picture , which came out the following year , was Hitori musuko ( The Only Son ) . See Richie ( 1977 ) , pp. 222 -- 24 ; Leahy , James ( June 2004 ) . `` The Only Son ( Hitori Musuko ) '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Freiberg ( 1987 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Sharp , Jasper ( March 7 , 2002 ) . `` A Page of Madness ( 1927 ) '' . Midnight Eye . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See Freiberg ( 2000 ) , `` The Film Industry . '' Jump up ^ Quoted in Chatterji ( 1999 ) , `` The History of Sound . '' Jump up ^ Reade ( 1981 ) , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Ranade ( 2006 ) , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Pradeep ( 2006 ) ; Narasimham ( 2006 ) ; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Anandan , `` Kalaimaamani '' . `` Tamil Cinema History -- The Early Days : 1916 -- 1936 '' . INDOlink Tamil Cinema . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2000 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 328 ; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 255 ; Chatterji ( 1999 ) , `` The First Sound Films '' ; Bhuyan ( 2006 ) , `` Alam Ara : Platinum Jubilee of Sound in Indian Cinema . '' In March 1934 came the release of the first Kannada talking picture , Sathi Sulochana ( Guy ( 2004 ) ) ; Bhakta Dhruva ( aka Dhruva Kumar ) was released soon after , though it was actually completed first ( Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , pp. 258 , 260 ) . A few websites refer to the 1932 version of Heer Ranjha as the first Punjabi talkie ; the most reliable sources all agree , however , that it is performed in Hindustani . The first Punjabi - language film is Pind di Kuri ( aka Sheila ; 1935 ) . The first Assamese - language film , Joymati , also came out in 1935 . Many websites echo each other in dating the first Oriya talkie , Sita Bibaha , as 1934 , but the most authoritative source to definitively date it -- Chapman ( 2003 ) -- gives 1936 ( p. 328 ) . The Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) entry gives `` 1934 ? '' ( p. 260 ) . Jump up ^ Lai ( 2000 ) , `` The Cantonese Arena . '' Jump up ^ Ris ( 2004 ) , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Maliangkay , Roald H ( March 2005 ) . `` Classifying Performances : The Art of Korean Film Narrators '' . Image & Narrative . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2000 ) , pp. 72 -- 74 ; `` What Is Korea 's First Sound Film ( '' Talkie `` ) ? '' . The Truth of Korean Movies . Korean Film Archive . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Millard ( 2005 ) , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1995 ) . `` Let 's Hear It For Sound '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2000 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordwell ( 1985 ) , pp. 300 -- 1 , 302 . Jump up ^ Bordwell and Thompson ( 1995 ) , p. 124 ; Bordwell ( 1985 ) , pp. 301 , 302 . Note that Bordwell 's assertion in the earlier text , `` Until the late 1930s , the post-dubbing of voices gave poor fidelity , so most dialogue was recorded direct '' ( p. 302 ) , refers to a 1932 source . His later ( coauthored ) description , which refers to the viability of looping in 1935 , appears to replace the earlier one , as it should : in fact , then and now , most movie dialogue is recorded direct . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 147 -- 48 . Jump up ^ See Bernds ( 1999 ) , part 1 . Jump up ^ See Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 142 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 435 . Jump up ^ `` Outcome of Paris '' ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , p. 732 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 480 , 498 , 501 -- 9 ; Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 732 -- 33 , 285 -- 87 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 34 , 22 , 20 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 480 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 288 -- 89 , 526 -- 27 , 728 -- 29 , 229 , 585 -- 86 : Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 , 28 -- 29 , 33 -- 34 , 18 -- 19 , 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1956 ) . Jump up ^ See Dardis ( 1980 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 , for an analysis of the profitability of Keaton 's early sound films . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 376 -- 77 , 463 -- 64 , 487 -- 89 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 57 , 103 , 118 , 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 69 , 103 -- 5 , 487 -- 89 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 , 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 , 90 , 167 , 689 -- 90 , 425 -- 26 , 122 -- 24 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 , 54 , 67 , 148 , 113 , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 281 , 154 -- 56 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 87 , 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 274 -- 76 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , Otto ( 1997 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940s ( reprint ed . ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0520209494 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 -- 1929 '' . Our History . American Federation of Musicians . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . `` 1927 -- With the release of the first ' talkie , ' The Jazz Singer , orchestras in movie theaters were displaced . The AFM had its first encounter with wholesale unemployment brought about by technology . Within three years , 22,000 theater jobs for musicians who accompanied silent movies were lost , while only a few hundred jobs for musicians performing on soundtracks were created by the new technology . 1928 -- While continuing to protest the loss of jobs due to the use of ' canned music ' with motion pictures , the AFM set minimum wage scales for Vitaphone , Movietone and phonograph record work . Because synchronizing music with pictures for the movies was particularly difficult , the AFM was able to set high prices for this work . '' Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 1985 ) , p. 429 . Jump up ^ `` Canned Music on Trial '' . Ad * Access . Duke University Libraries . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . The text of the ad continues : Is Music Worth Saving ? No great volume of evidence is required to answer this question . Music is a well - nigh universally beloved art . From the beginning of history , men have turned to musical expression to lighten the burdens of life , to make them happier . Aborigines , lowest in the scale of savagery , chant their song to tribal gods and play upon pipes and shark - skin drums . Musical development has kept pace with good taste and ethics throughout the ages , and has influenced the gentler nature of man more powerfully perhaps than any other factor . Has it remained for the Great Age of Science to snub the Art by setting up in its place a pale and feeble shadow of itself ? Jump up ^ Oderman ( 2000 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Movies '' ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Gomery describes the difference in profits simply between 1928 and 1929 , but it seems clear from the figures cited that he is referring to the fiscal years that ended September 30 . The fiscal year roughly paralleled ( but was still almost a month off from ) the traditional Hollywood programming year -- the prime exhibition season began the first week of September with Labor Day and ran through Memorial Day at the end of May ; this was followed by a fourteen - week `` open season '' , when films with minimal expectations were released and many theaters shut down for the hot summer months . See Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 183 , 268 . Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Finler ( 2003 ) , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Segrave ( 1997 ) gives the figures as 282 million feet in 1929 compared to 222 million feet the year before ( p. 79 ) . Crafton ( 1997 ) reports the new mark in this peculiar way : `` Exports in 1929 set a new record : 282,215,480 feet ( against the old record of 9,000,000 feet ( 2,700,000 m ) in 1919 ) '' ( p. 418 ) . But in 1913 , for instance , the U.S. exported 32 million feet of exposed film ( Segrave ( 1997 ) , p. 65 ) . Note also that Crafton says of the 1929 exports , `` Of course , most of this footage was silent '' , though he provides no figures ( p. 418 ) . In contrast , if not necessarily contradiction , Segrave points to the following : `` At the very end of 1929 the New York Times reported that most U.S. talkies went abroad as originally created for domestic screening '' ( p. 77 ) . Jump up ^ Eckes and Zeiler ( 2003 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Jewell ( 1982 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Schatz ( 1998 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Ganti ( 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ganti ( 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 254 ; Joshi ( 2003 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Guy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , pp. 30 , 32 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 ; `` Analysis of the UIS International Survey on Feature Film Statistics '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Agate ( 1972 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Kaes ( 2009 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 448 -- 49 ; Brownlow ( 1968 ) , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Time Out Film Guide ( 2000 ) , pp. x -- xi . Jump up ^ Kemp ( 1987 ) , pp. 1045 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Jeremy . `` Westfront 1918 '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1987 ) , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ M , for instance , is the earliest sound film to appear in the 2001 Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th Century Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . poll and the 2002 Sight and Sound Top Ten ( among the 60 films receiving five or more votes ) . See also , e.g. , Ebert ( 2002 ) , pp. 274 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Ebert ( 2002 ) , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Kenez ( 2001 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Eisenstein ( 1928 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 2004 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Bazin ( 1967 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ There is disagreement on the running time of the film . The Deutsches Filminstitut 's webpage on the film Archived March 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . gives 48 minutes ; the 35 Millimeter website 's entry gives 40 minutes . According to filmportal.de Archived January 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , it is `` some 40 minutes '' . Jump up ^ Moritz ( 2003 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets ( 1999 ) , pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets ( 1999 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ See Spoto ( 1984 ) , pp. 132 -- 33 ; Truffaut ( 1984 ) , pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Milne ( 1980 ) , p. 659 . See also Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 334 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Bordwell ( 1985 ) , p. 298 . See also Bordwell and Thompson ( 1995 ) , p. 125 . Sources ( edit ) Altman , Rick ( 1995 ) . `` The Sound of Sound '' , Cineaste , vol. 21 , January 1 ( archived online ) . Altman , Rick ( 2005 ) . Silent Film Sound , New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11662 - 4 Anderson , Joseph L. , and Donald Richie ( 1982 ) . The Japanese Film : Art and Industry , expanded ed . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05351 - 0 Barnier , Martin ( 2002 ) . En route vers le parlant : histoire d'une évolution technologique , économique et esthétique du cinéma ( 1926 -- 1934 ) . Liège : Editions du Céfal . ISBN 2 - 87130 - 133 - 6 Bazin , André ( 1967 ( 1958 -- 65 ) ) . `` Cinema and Exploration '' , in his What Is Cinema ? , trans . and ed . Hugh Gray , pp. 154 -- 163 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Bernds , Edward ( 1999 ) . Mr. Bernds Goes to Hollywood : My Early Life and Career in Sound Recording at Columbia With Frank Capra and Others . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press ( excerpted online ) . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3602 - 5 Bhuyan , Avantika ( 2006 ) . `` Going , Going , Gone ... '' , Screen Weekly , March 31 ( available online ) . Block , Alex Ben , and Lucy Autrey Wilson , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 Bognár , Desi Kégl ( 2000 ) . International Dictionary of Broadcasting and Film , 2d ed . Burlington , Massachusetts : Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80376 - 0 Bordwell , David ( 1985 ) . `` The Introduction of Sound '' , chap. in Bordwell , Janet Staiger , and Kristin Thompson , The Classical Hollywood Cinema : Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960 , pp. 298 -- 308 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06054 - 8 Bordwell , David , and Kristin Thompson ( 1995 ( 1993 ) ) . `` Technological Change and Classical Film Style '' , chap. in Balio , Tino , Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 , pp. 109 -- 41 . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20334 - 8 Bradley , Edwin M. ( 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2029 - 4 Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2005 ) . The First Hollywood Sound Shorts , 1926 -- 1931 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1030 - 2 Brooks , Louise ( 1956 ) . `` Mr. Pabst '' , Image , no . 5 , September 7 . Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The Parade 's Gone By ... Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03068 - 0 Burch , Noël ( 1979 ) . To the Distant Observer : Form and Meaning in the Japanese Cinema . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03877 - 0 Carey , Frances ( 1999 ) . The Apocalypse and the Shape of Things to Come . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8325 - 0 Carné , Marcel ( 1932 ) . `` Cinema and the World '' , trans . Claudia Gorbman , in French Film Theory and Criticism : A History / Anthology , 1907 -- 1939 . Volume 2 : 1929 -- 1939 , ed . Richard Abel , pp. 102 -- 5 . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05518 - 1 Chapman , James ( 2003 ) . Cinemas of the World : Film and Society from 1895 to the Present . London : Reaktion Books . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 162 - 8 Chatterji , Shoma A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Culture - specific Use of Sound in Indian Cinema '' , paper presented at International Symposium on Sound in Cinema , London , April 15 -- 18 ( available online ) . Cosandey , Roland ( 1996 ) . `` François ( or Franz ) Dussaud ( 1870 -- 1953 ) '' , in Who 's Who of Victorian Cinema : A Worldwide Survey , ed . Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan . London : BFI Publishing ( available online ) . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 539 - 1 Crafton , Donald ( 1997 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 19585 - 2 Crawford , Merritt ( 1931 ) . `` Pioneer Experiments of Eugene Lauste in Recording Sound '' , Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 17 , no . 4 , October 1931 , pp. 632 -- 644 . ( available online ) . Crisp , Colin G. ( 1997 ) . The Classic French Cinema , 1930 -- 1960 . Bloomington / London : Indiana University Press / I.B. Tauris . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21115 - 8 Dardis , Tom ( 1980 ( 1979 ) ) . Keaton : The Man Who Would n't Lie Down . Middlesex , England , and New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 005701 - 3 Dibbets , Karel ( 1999 ) . `` High - tech Avant - garde : Philips Radio , '' in Joris Ivens and the Documentary Context , ed . Kees Bakker , pp. 72 -- 86 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 425 - X Eames , John Douglas ( 1985 ) . The Paramount Story . New York : Crown . 0 - 517 - 55348 - 1 Ebert , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Great Movies . New York : Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1038 - 9 Eckes , Alfred E. and Thomas W. Zeiler ( 2003 ) . Globalization and the American Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80409 - 4 Eisenstein , Sergei et al. ( 1928 ) . `` A Statement '' , in his Film Form : Essays in Film Theory ( 1957 ( 1949 ) ) , trans . Jay Leyda , pp. 257 -- 60 . New York : Meridian ( available online ) . Eyman , Scott ( 1997 ) . The Speed of Sound : Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926 -- 1930 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81162 - 6 Finler , Joel W. ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story , 3d ed . London and New York : Wallflower . ISBN 1 - 903364 - 66 - 3 Freiberg , Freda ( 1987 ) . `` The Transition to Sound in Japan '' , in History on / and / in Film , ed . Tom O'Regan and Brian Shoesmith , pp. 76 -- 80 . Perth : History & Film Association of Australia ( available online ) . Freiberg , Freda ( 2000 ) . `` Comprehensive Connections : The Film Industry , the Theatre and the State in the Early Japanese Cinema '' , Screening the Past , no . 11 , November 1 ( available online ) . Geduld , Harry M. ( 1975 ) . The Birth of the Talkies : From Edison to Jolson . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 10743 - 1 Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros. Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : The William Schaefer Ledger '' , Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television , March . Gomery , Douglas ( 1980 ) . `` Economic Struggle and Hollywood Imperialism : Europe Converts to Sound '' , in Film Sound : Theory and Practice ( 1985 ) , ed . Elisabeth Weis and John Belton , pp. 25 -- 36 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05637 - 0 Gomery , Douglas ( 1985 ) . `` The Coming of Sound : Technological Change in the American Film Industry '' , in Technology and Culture -- The Film Reader ( 2005 ) , ed . Andrew Utterson , pp. 53 -- 67 . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31984 - 6 Gomery , Douglas ( 2005 ) . The Coming of Sound : A History . New York and Oxon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96900 - X Guy , Randor ( 2004 ) . `` First Film to Talk in Kannada '' , The Hindu , December 31 ( available online ) . Hall , Mordaunt ( 1930 ) . `` Because I Loved You -- Germany 's First Talking Film '' , The New York Times , January 25 ( available online ) . Haltof , Marek ( 2002 ) . Polish National Cinema . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 275 - X Hamilton , Elizabeth C. ( 2004 ) . `` Deafening Sound and Troubling Silence in Volker Schlöndorff 's Die Blechtrommel '' , in Sound Matters : Essays on the Acoustics of German Culture ( 2004 ) , ed . Nora M. Alter and Lutz Koepnick , pp. 130 -- 41 . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 436 - 1 Hijiya , James A. ( 1992 ) . Lee De Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio . Cranbury , N.J. , and London : Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 934223 - 23 - 8 Hirschhorn , Clive ( 1979 ) . The Warner Bros. Story . New York : Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53834 - 2 Hubbard , Preston J. ( 1985 ) . `` Synchronized Sound and Movie - House Musicians , 1926 -- 29 '' , American Music , vol. 3 , no . 4 , Winter . Jelavich , Peter ( 2006 ) . Berlin Alexanderplatz : Radio , Film , and the Death of Weimar Culture . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24363 - 3 Jewell , Richard B. , with Vernon Harbin ( 1982 ) . The RKO Story . New York : Arlington House / Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54656 - 6 Joshi , Lalit Mohan ( 2003 ) . Bollywood : Popular Indian Cinema . London : Dakini . ISBN 0 - 9537032 - 2 - 3 Kaes , Anton ( 2009 ) . Shell Shock Cinema : Weimar Culture and the Wounds of War . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03136 - 3 Kemp , Philip ( 1987 ) . `` Josef Von Sternberg '' , in World Film Directors , Volume I : 1890 -- 1945 , ed . John Wakeman , pp. 1041 -- 51 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Kenez , Peter ( 2001 ) . Cinema and Soviet Society from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin . London and New York : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 632 - 8 Koerber , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Oskar Messter , Film Pioneer : Early Cinema Between Science , Spectacle , and Commerce '' , in A Second Life : German Cinema 's First Decades , ed . Thomas Elsaesser , pp. 51 -- 61 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 172 - 2 Lai , Linda ( 2000 ) . `` Hong Kong Cinema in the 1930s : Docility , Social Hygiene , Pleasure - Seeking & the Consolidation of the Film Industry '' , Screening the Past , no . 11 , November 1 ( available online ) . Lasky , Betty ( 1989 ) . RKO : The Biggest Little Major of Them All . Santa Monica , California : Roundtable . ISBN 0 - 915677 - 41 - 5 Lee , Hyangjin ( 2000 ) . Contemporary Korean Cinema : Identity , Culture , and Politics . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6008 - 7 Liebman , Roy ( 2003 ) . Vitaphone Films : A Catalogue of the Features and Shorts . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1279 - 8 Lindvall , Terry ( 2007 ) . Sanctuary Cinema : Origins of the Christian Film Industry . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5210 - 1 Lloyd , Ann , and David Robinson ( 1986 ) . The Illustrated History of the Cinema . London : Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 754 - 5 Łotysz , Sławomir ( 2006 ) . `` Contributions of Polish Jews : Joseph Tykociński -- Tykociner ( 1877 -- 1969 ) , Pioneer of Sound on Film '' , Gazeta , vol. 13 , no . 3 , winter -- spring ( available online ) . Low , Rachael ( 1997a ( 1971 ) ) . The History of the British Film 1918 -- 1929 ( The History of British Film , Volume IV ) . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15649 - 1 Low , Rachael ( 1997b ( 1985 ) ) . The History of the British Film 1929 -- 1939 : Film Making in 1930s Britain ( The History of British Film , Volume VII ) . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15451 - 0 Millard , Andre J. ( 2005 ) . America on Record : A History of Recorded Sound , 2d ed . Cambridge et al. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83515 - 1 Milne , Tom ( 1980 ) . `` Rouben Mamoulian '' , in Cinema : A Critical Dictionary , ed . Richard Roud , pp. 658 -- 663 . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 22257 - 7 Moone , Tom ( 2004 ) . `` Joseph Tykociner : Pioneer of Sound on Film '' , Ingenuity , vol. 9 , no . 1 , March ( archived online ) . Moritz , William ( 2003 ) . Optical Poetry : The Life and Work of Oskar Fischinger . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 86196 - 634 - 1 Morton , David ( 2006 ) . Sound Recording : The Life Story of a Technology . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8398 - 9 . Narasimham , M.L. ( 2006 ) . `` A Leader and a Visionary '' , The Hindu , September 8 ( available online ) . Nichols , Nina Da Vinci , and Jana O'Keefe Bazzoni ( 1995 ) . Pirandello and Film . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3336 - 1 Nolletti , Arthur ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of Gosho Heinosuke : Laughter through Tears . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34484 - 0 Oderman , Stuart ( 2000 ) . Lillian Gish : A Life on Stage and Screen . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0644 - 5 `` Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability -- Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones -- Patent Exchange '' ( 1930 ) , Film - Kurier , July 22 ( available online ) . Pradeep , K. ( 2006 ) . `` When the Stars Talked '' , The Hindu , March 17 ( available online ) . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish , and Paul Willemen ( 2002 ( 1999 ) ) . BFI Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema , rev . ed . Oxford and New York : BFI / Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 669 - X Ranade , Ashok Da . ( 2006 ) . Hindi Film Song : Music Beyond Boundaries . New Delhi : Promilla / Bibliophile South Asia . ISBN 81 - 85002 - 64 - 9 Reade , Eric ( 1981 ( 1979 ) ) . History and Heartburn : The Saga of Australian Film , 1896 -- 1978 . East Brunswick , N.J. : Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3082 - 0 `` Representative Kinematograph Shows : Singing Pictures at the Hippodrome '' ( 1907 ) , Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly , September 5 . Richie , Donald ( 1977 ) . Ozu . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03277 - 2 Richie , Donald ( 2005 ) . A Hundred Years of Japanese Film : A Concise History , 2d ed . Tokyo : Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2995 - 0 Ris , Peter Harry ( 2004 ) . `` Jayu Manse / Hurrah ! for Freedom '' , in The Cinema of Japan & Korea , ed . Justin Bowyer , pp. 33 -- 40 . London : Wallflower Press . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 11 - 8 Robertson , Patrick ( 2001 ) . Film Facts . New York : Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7943 - 0 Robinson , David ( 1997 ) . From Peepshow to Palace : The Birth of American Film . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10338 - 7 Rollberg , Peter ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 6072 - 4 Rosen , Miriam ( 1987 ) . `` Luis Buñuel '' , in World Film Directors , Volume I : 1890 -- 1945 , ed . John Wakeman , pp. 71 -- 92 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Ruhmer , Ernst ( 1901 ) . `` The Photographophone '' , Scientific American , July 20 , 1901 , vol. 85 , no . 3 , p. 36 . ( available online ) . Ruhmer , Ernst ( 1908 ) . Wireless Telephony In Theory and Practice ( translated from the German by James Erskine - Murray ) , New York : C. Van Nostrand Company . ( available online ) . Russell , Catherine ( 2008 ) . The Cinema of Naruse Mikio : Women and Japanese Modernity . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4312 - 6 Saunders , Thomas J. ( 1994 ) . Hollywood in Berlin : American Cinema and Weimar Germany . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08354 - 7 Schatz , Thomas ( 1998 ) . The Genius of the System : Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19596 - 2 Segrave , Kerry ( 1997 ) . American Films Abroad : Hollywood 's Domination of the World 's Movie Screens from the 1890s to the Present . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0346 - 2 Sponable , E.I. ( 1947 ) . `` Historical Development of Sound Films '' , Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 48 , nos. 4 -- 5 , April / May ( available online ) . Spoto , Donald ( 1984 ( 1983 ) ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . New York : Ballantine . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31462 - X Stojanova , Christina ( 2006 ) . `` Post-Communist Cinema '' , in Traditions in World Cinema , ed . Linda Badley , R. Barton Palmer , and Steven Jay Schneider , pp. 95 -- 114 . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3873 - 0 `` Talking Movies : They 'll Never Take , Asserts Film Company 's Head '' ( 1926 ) , Associated Press , September 3 ( available online ) . Thomson , David ( 1998 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of Film , 3d ed . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75564 - 0 Time Out Film Guide ( 2000 ) . Eighth ed. , ed . John Pym . London and New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028365 - X Truffaut , François ( 1984 ( 1983 ) ) . Hitchcock , rev . ed . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 52601 - 4 Wagenleitner , Reinhold ( 1994 ) . Coca - Colonization and the Cold War : The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War , trans . Diana M. Wolf . Chapel Hill and London : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2149 - 7 Wierzbicki , James ( 2009 ) . Film Music : A History . New York and Oxon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99198 - 6 Wlaschin , Ken ( 1979 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World 's Greatest Movie Stars and Their Films . New York and London : Salamander / Harmony . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53714 - 1 External links ( edit ) Film Sound History well - organized bibliography of online articles and resources ; part of the FilmSound website Hollywood Goes for Sound charts showing transition to sound production by Hollywood studios , 1928 -- 1929 ; part of the Terra Media website Progressive Silent Film List ( PSFL ) / Early Sound Films comprehensive and detailed listing of first generation of sound films from around the world ; part of the Silent Era website Recording Technology History extensive chronology of developments , including subsites , by Steven E. Schoenherr ; see , in particular , Motion Picture Sound A Selected Bibliography of Sound and Music for Moving Pictures compiled by Miguel Mera , Royal College of Music , London ; part of the School of Sound website The Silent Film Bookshelf links to crucial primary and secondary source documents , a number of which cover the era of transition to sound Sound Stage -- The History of Motion Picture Sound informative illustrated survey ; part of the American WideScreen Museum website J. Domański `` Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film '' 1913 add for Vivaphone Historical writings ( edit ) `` Asynchronism as a Principle of Sound Film '' 1934 essay by filmmaker and theorist Vsevolod Pudovkin `` Dialogue and Sound '' essay by film historian and critic Siegfried Kracauer ; first published in his book Theory of Film : The Redemption of Physical Reality ( 1960 ) `` The Film to Come '' essay by producer and composer Guido Bagier ; first published in Film - Kurier , January 7 , 1928 Handbook for Projectionists technical manual covering all major U.S. systems ; issued by RCA Photophone , 1930 `` Historical Development of Sound Films '' chronology by sound - film pioneer E.I. Sponable ; first published in Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , April / May 1947 `` Madam , Will You Talk ? '' article on the history of Bell Laboratories ' early research into sound film , by Stanley Watkins , Western Electric engineer ; first published in Bell Laboratories Record , August 1946 `` Merger of the Sound Film Industry -- The Founding Agenda of Tobis '' corporate manifesto first published in Film - Kurier , July 20 , 1928 `` The Official Communiqué : Foundations of the Sound - Film Accord Sales Prospects for the German Electronics Industry '' article first published in Film - Kurier , July 23 , 1930 Operating Instructions for Synchronous Reproducing Equipment technical manual for Western Electric theatrical sound projector system ; issued by ERPI , December 1928 `` Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability -- Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones -- Patent Exchange '' article first published in Film - Kurier , July 22 , 1930 `` The Singing Fool '' review by film theorist and critic Rudolf Arnheim , ca . 1929 `` Sound - Film Confusion '' 1929 essay by Rudolf Arnheim `` Sound Here and There '' essay by composer Paul Dessau ; first published in Der Film , August 1 , 1929 `` Sound in Films '' essay by director Alberto Cavalcanti ; first published in Films , November 1939 `` Theory of the Film : Sound '' 1945 essay by film theorist and critic Béla Balázs `` What Radio Has Meant to Talking Movies '' prescient essay by Universal sound engineer Charles Feldstead ; first published in Radio News , April 1931 Historical films ( edit ) Ben Bernie and All the Lads excerpts from ca . 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on The Red Hot Jazz Archive website A Few Minutes with Eddie Cantor 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org Gus Visser and His Singing Duck 1925 Theodore Case sound film ; on YouTube President Coolidge , Taken on the White House Lawn 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword - and - sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho - biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming - of - age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai - geki Ghost Goona - goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin - geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword - and - sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute New Objectivity Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the first indian 'talkie' film - a film with dialogues - released in 1931 was _	[ "The Mandarin-language Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān (歌女紅牡丹, Singsong Girl Red Peony), starring Butterfly Wu, premiered as China's first feature talkie in 1930. By February of that year, production was apparently completed on a sound version of The Devil's Playground, arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture; however, the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner Fellers is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie.[100] In September 1930, a song performed by Indian star Sulochana, excerpted from the silent feature Madhuri (1928), was released as a synchronized-sound short, the country's first.[101] The following year, Ardeshir Irani directed the first Indian talking feature, the Hindi-Urdu Alam Ara, and produced Kalidas, primarily in Tamil with some Telugu. Nineteen-thirty-one also saw the first Bengali-language film, Jamai Sasthi, and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu, Bhakta Prahlada.[102][103] In 1932, Ayodhyecha Raja became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released (though Sant Tukaram was the first to go through the official censorship process); the first Gujarati-language film, Narsimha Mehta, and all-Tamil talkie, Kalava, debuted as well. The next year, Ardeshir Irani produced the first Persian-language talkie, Dukhtar-e-loor.[104] Also in 1933, the first Cantonese-language films were produced in Hong Kong—Sha zai dongfang (The Idiot's Wedding Night) and Liang xing (Conscience); within two years, the local film industry had fully converted to sound.[105] Korea, where pyonsa (or byun-sa) held a role and status similar to that of the Japanese benshi,[106] in 1935 became the last country with a significant film industry to produce its first talking picture: Chunhyangjeon (春香傳/춘향전) is based on the seventeenth-century pansori folktale \"Chunhyangga\", of which as many as fifteen film versions have been made through 2009.[107]\n" ]	[ "Alam Ara" ]
-1953638863856692246	Bring It On: All or Nothing	Bring It On : All or Nothing - wikipedia Bring It On : All or Nothing Bring It On : All or Nothing DVD cover Directed by Steve Rash Produced by David Roessell Written by Alyson Fouse Starring Hayden Panettiere Solange Knowles Gus Carr Marcy Rylan Cindy Chiu Giovonnie Samuels Francia Raisa Danielle Savre Jessica Fife Jake McDorman Music by Transcenders Cinematography Victor J. Kemper Edited by Danny Saphire Production company Beacon Pictures Distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment Release date August 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Bring It On : All or Nothing ( previously known as Bring It On Yet Again ) is a 2006 cheerleading comedy film directed by Steve Rash and starring Hayden Panettiere and Solange Knowles . It is the third installment in the Bring it On series of films that revolves around high school cheerleading . The film was released direct - to - DVD on August 8 , 2006 . This film , which is the second sequel to Bring It On , has a tenuous link to its predecessors , featuring only a similar plot of competing cheerleading teams that have to try something different in order to win . There are no recurring cast members or canonical references to the preceding films . However , the film stylistically refers to its predecessors in that it is the third film in the Bring It On series to open with a choreographed musical number that turns out to be a dream sequence of the protagonist , and like all three films , the end credits feature outtakes and clips of the cast having fun dancing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Critical reception 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Britney Allen is living a ' dream life ' as the cheerleading captain and girlfriend of Brad Warner , the star quarterback of Pacific Vista High School . Her nemesis is the highly ambitious Winnie Harper . Her life changes dramatically when her father loses his job , and the family must relocate to the disadvantaged city , Crenshaw Heights , which Britney , being the `` White Girl '' , takes quite a while to adjust to . She meets Camille , cheerleading captain of the Crenshaw Heights Warriors and her friends and fellow cheerleaders , Kirresha and Leti . She also meets Jesse , a male cheerleader and the only person who is nice to her on her first day . Britney , at the urging of Winnie , has already vowed to never cheer for another team ( as this would make her a ' cheer whore ' ) , but after being dared by Camille and Jesse to show up at the cheerleading tryouts , Britney impresses everyone with her cheerleading skills and experience . Camille , after being persuaded by her friends to `` do it for the squad , '' reluctantly invites her onto the squad . Britney and Jesse become close and eventually kiss . Around this time , singer Rihanna announces a television special where all high school cheerleading squads can compete , with the winners appearing in a music video with her and winning new computers for their school . Winnie finds out that Britney 's cheering with the Warriors and reveals this to her friends . A week later , Britney lies to Camille , telling her that she ca n't cheer at the next game as she 's holding a memorial service for her dead dog ; when she 's actually going to Pacific Vista 's Homecoming dance . Camille and Jesse arrive at Britney 's to offer their condolences , and when they see Britney and Brad dressed up for the dance , Camille kicks her off the squad . At the dance , Winnie reveals to everyone that she has been sleeping with Brad behind Britney 's back causing Britney to dump him and end her friendship with Winnie , telling her that she 's `` too much of a backstabber to have any real friends '' . On the day of the auditions , Britney arrives at the Warriors ' bus and comes to wish them good luck . When Winnie , with the rest of her team , makes fun of the Warriors , Britney stands up to Winnie and defends them . Camille , impressed by this , lets Britney cheer with them again . Jesse , however , is still mad at her for not telling him that she had a boyfriend before they had kissed . Both of the rivaling teams show their performances . At the auditions , the two finalists are Pacific Vista and Crenshaw Heights . PV wows the audience with their routine and Camille starts getting worried . Then Britney points out that all their steps are repetitive and that they have their secret weapon : Krumping . Now dressed in streetwear instead of their regular uniforms , steps on stage during PV 's performance and begins mirroring their steps . Finally , they begin krumping , wiping PV off the stage and impressing Rihanna with their routine . After the Warrior 's performance ends , Winnie approaches Rihanna and insists that Crenshaw Heights should be disqualified ( `` or arrested '' ) for interrupting PV 's routine . This leads to an argument between Winnie and the rest of the Pacific Vista squad , during which Britney notes , `` Spirit Law states that if there 's a cheer mutiny , a squad can vote to replace their captain . '' Everyone present , even Rihanna and the other performing squads , vote to replace Winnie as the Pacific Vista High cheerleading captain . Winnie protests , dismissing CH 's style as `` ghetto , '' to which Rihanna responds that she judges a squad by their skills and not by where they come from . Rihanna ultimately selects Crenshaw Heights as the winners , and the Pacific Vista squad ( with Britney 's friend Amber as their new captain ) comes forward to congratulate them . Britney and Jesse also make up , kissing backstage after their first performance . The film ends with a made - for - film music video of Rihanna 's `` Pon de Replay '' with the Crenshaw Heights squad dancing in the background . During the end credits , the main characters are seen dancing to the outro music as the film ends . Cast ( edit ) Hayden Panettiere as Britney Allen Solange Knowles as Camille Gus Carr as Jesse Marcy Rylan as Winnie Harper Cindy Chiu as Amber Giovonnie Samuels as Kirresha Francia Raisa as Leti Gary LeRoi Gray as Tyson Danielle Savre as Brianna Jake McDorman as Brad Warner Jessica Fife as Sierra Eric Bruskotter as Timothy Allen Kiersten Warren as Pamela Allen Rihanna as herself Swin Cash as herself Critical reception ( edit ) Bring It On : All or Nothing received little attention from published movie critics . The American review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes Audience Score for the movie stands at `` 70 % Liked It '' based on more than 247,000 user ratings . Soundtrack ( edit ) The song for the music video that the team wins the right to perform in is Rihanna 's `` Pon De Replay '' . Her song `` SOS '' is also featured . One of the songs featured in the film soundtrack is Gwen Stefani 's `` Hollaback Girl '' . The music video for `` Hollaback Girl '' , released in 2004 , famously features a cheerleading squad . `` What You Waiting For ? '' and `` Rich Girl '' another two of Stefani 's songs , are also used . The hip - hop group Fu - Schnickens 's `` Can We Rock ? '' ( 1993 ) is featured as a remix during the end credits . The remix is a mash - up of the song `` Can We Rock ? '' with Hardknox 's `` What 's Up Doc ? '' The title song from Solange Knowles ' debut album Solo Star is featured in the movie when the Warriors squad are auditioning . The unreleased song `` Let 's Move '' by the film 's composers , The Transcenders , is also used in the movie during the Pacific Vista Pirates ' practice ( with Britney as captain ) . The Transcenders originally created the song for Garfield : A Tail of Two Kitties , another film they 'd worked on that same year . `` Ready for War '' by rapper 50 Cent is featured when Tyson and Jesse teach Britney about krumping . `` My Happy Ending '' by singer Avril Lavigne features twice in the film . `` Whole Again '' by girl group Play is featured . Weezer 's `` Beverly Hills '' is also featured . `` Dirty Little Secret '' by All American Rejects is also featured . Alana Stone 's `` On My Own '' was featured during the homecoming dance , where Britney and Brad are dancing . Hayden Panettiere 's unreleased song `` That Girl '' plays throughout the scene where Brad is visiting Britney 's house and Britney hides when the pizza delivery guy turns out to be Jesse . In the cast credits Panettiere 's surname is misspelt . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DVD Talk Jump up ^ Bring It On : All or Nothing on Rotten Tomatoes , Retrieved 29 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Bring It On : All or Nothing on IMDb Bring It On : All or Nothing at AllMovie hide Bring It On Films Bring It On ( 2000 ) Again ( 2004 ) All or Nothing ( 2006 ) In It to Win It ( 2007 ) Fight to the Finish ( 2009 ) Worldwide # Cheersmack ( 2017 ) Musical Bring It On : The Musical hide Films directed by Steve Rash The Buddy Holly Story ( 1978 ) Under the Rainbow ( 1981 ) Ca n't Buy Me Love ( 1987 ) Queens Logic ( 1991 ) Son in Law ( 1993 ) Eddie ( 1996 ) Held Up ( 1999 ) Good Advice ( 2001 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) American Pie Presents : Band Camp ( 2005 ) Bring It On : All or Nothing ( 2006 ) Bring It On : In It to Win It ( 2007 ) Road Trip : Beer Pong ( 2009 ) Crooked Arrows ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_On:_All_or_Nothing&oldid=844516355 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2006 direct - to - video films American comedy films American films Teen comedy films Direct - to - video comedy films Direct - to - video sequel films Cheerleading films Bring It On ( film series ) Films directed by Steve Rash Beacon Pictures films Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 12 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays camille in bring it on all or nothing	[ "Solange Knowles as Camille" ]	[ "Solange Knowles" ]
6285588177839795786	Blind Faith (Blind Faith album)	Blind Faith ( Blind Faith album ) - wikipedia Blind Faith ( Blind Faith album ) Blind Faith Studio album by Blind Faith Released August 1969 ( 1969 - 08 ) Recorded 20 February -- 24 June 1969 Studio Olympic Studios & Morgan Studios , London Genre Blues rock Length 42 : 12 Label Polydor Producer Jimmy Miller Alternative cover US cover Blind Faith is the self - titled and only album by the English supergroup Blind Faith , originally released in 1969 on Polydor Records in the United Kingdom and Europe and on Atlantic Records in the United States . It topped the album charts in the UK , Canada and US , and was listed at No. 40 on the US Soul Albums chart . It has been certified platinum by the RIAA . Rolling Stone published three reviews of the album in their 6 September 1969 issue , which were written by Ed Leimbacher , Lester Bangs , and John Morthland . Contents 1 Background 2 Album cover controversy 3 Release history 4 Reception 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 See also 10 References Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A buzz built about the band , since it contained two - thirds of the immensely popular power trio Cream in Ginger Baker and Eric Clapton working in collaboration with British star Steve Winwood of the Spencer Davis Group , and Traffic , along with Ric Grech of Family . They began to work out songs early in 1969 , and in February and March the group was in London at Morgan Studios , preparing for the beginnings of basic tracks for their album , although the first few almost finished songs did n't show up until they were at Olympic Studios in April and May under the direction of producer Jimmy Miller . The music community was already aware of the linkup , despite Clapton 's claim that he was cutting an album of his own on which Winwood would play . The promoters and record companies got involved , pushing those concerned for an album and a tour . The recording of their album was interrupted by a tour of Scandinavia , then a US tour from 11 July ( Newport ) to 24 August ( Hawaii ) , supported by Free , Taste and Delaney & Bonnie and Friends . Although a chart topper , the LP was recorded hurriedly and side two consisted of just two songs , one of them a 15 - minute jam entitled `` Do What You Like '' . Nevertheless the band was able to produce two hits , Winwood 's `` Ca n't Find My Way Home '' and Clapton 's `` Presence of the Lord '' . Album cover controversy ( edit ) The release of the album provoked controversy because the cover featured a topless pubescent girl , holding what appears to be the hood ornament of a Chevrolet Bel Air , which some perceived as phallic . The American record company issued it with an alternative cover showing a photograph of the band on the front as well as the original cover . The cover art was created by photographer Bob Seidemann , a personal friend and former flatmate of Clapton 's who is primarily known for his photos of Janis Joplin and the Grateful Dead . In the mid-1990s , in an advertising circular intended to help sell lithographic reprints of the famous album cover , he explained his thinking behind the image . I could not get my hands on the image until out of the mist a concept began to emerge . To symbolize the achievement of human creativity and its expression through technology a spaceship was the material object . To carry this new spore into the universe , innocence would be the ideal bearer , a young girl , a girl as young as Shakespeare 's Juliet . The spaceship would be the fruit of the tree of knowledge and the girl , the fruit of the tree of life . The spaceship could be made by Mick Milligan , a jeweller at the Royal College of Art ( sic ) . The girl was another matter . If she were too old it would be cheesecake , too young and it would be nothing . The beginning of the transition from girl to woman , that is what I was after . That temporal point , that singular flare of radiant innocence . Where is that girl ? Seidemann wrote that he approached a girl reported to be 14 years old on the London Underground about modelling for the cover , and eventually met with her parents , but that she proved too old for the effect he wanted . Instead , the model he used was her younger sister Mariora Goschen , who was reported to be 11 years old . Mariora initially requested a horse as a fee but was instead paid £ 40 . Bizarre rumours both contributed to and were fuelled by the controversy , including that the girl was Baker 's daughter or was a groupie kept as a slave by the band . The image , titled `` Blind Faith '' by Seidemann , became the inspiration for the name of the band itself , which had been unnamed when the artwork was commissioned . According to Seidemann : `` It was Eric who elected to not print the name of the band on the cover . The name was instead printed on the wrapper , when the wrapper came off , so did the type . '' This had been done previously for the Rolling Stones ' 1964 debut album , the Beatles ' albums Rubber Soul in 1965 and Revolver in 1966 , and Traffic 's self - titled 1968 debut album . In America , Atco Records made a cover based on elements from a flyer for the band 's Hyde Park concert of 7 June 1969 in London . Release history ( edit ) The album was released on vinyl in 1969 on Polydor Records in the UK and Europe , and on Atco Records in the US . Polydor released a compact disc in 1986 , adding two previously unreleased tracks , `` Exchange and Mart '' and `` Spending All My Days '' , recorded by Ric Grech for an unfinished solo album , supported by George Harrison , Denny Laine , and Trevor Burton . An expanded , deluxe edition of the album was released on 9 January 2001 , with previously unreleased tracks and ' jams ' included . The studio electric version of `` Sleeping in the Ground '' had previously been released on the four - disc boxed set for Clapton , Crossroads ( released 1988 , recorded 1963 -- 1987 , including several previously unreleased live or alternate studio recordings ) . The bonus disc of jams does not include bassist Grech , who had yet to join the band . Two live tracks from the 1969 Hyde Park concert not included here , `` Sleeping in the Ground '' and a cover of `` Under My Thumb '' , are also available on Winwood 's four - disc retrospective The Finer Things . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Rolling Stone ( favourable ) The 1000 Best Pop - Rock Albums Music Story The album was a critical and commercial success , reaching number one on both sides of the Atlantic and receiving mostly positive reviews . On a list by Rolling Stone of `` The 30 Greatest One Album Wonders '' , Blind Faith was at 14 , while songs such as `` Ca n't Find My Way Home '' and `` Presence of the Lord '' were described as `` incredible '' . Classic Rock Review spoke positively of the album , saying the critical acclaim it had received was `` well - deserved '' . The German edition of Rolling Stone ranked the album as the 140th greatest of all time . Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Had to Cry Today '' Steve Winwood 8 : 48 2 . `` Ca n't Find My Way Home '' Winwood 3 : 16 3 . `` Well All Right '' Buddy Holly , Jerry Allison , Joe B. Mauldin , Norman Petty 4 : 27 4 . `` Presence of the Lord '' Eric Clapton 4 : 50 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 5 . `` Sea of Joy '' Winwood 5 : 22 6 . `` Do What You Like '' Ginger Baker 15 : 18 Deluxe edition 2001 bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 7 . `` Sleeping in the Ground '' Sam Myers 2 : 49 8 . `` Ca n't Find My Way Home '' ( Electric version ) Winwood 5 : 40 9 . `` Acoustic Jam '' Winwood , Clapton , Baker , Ric Grech 15 : 50 10 . `` Time Winds '' Winwood 3 : 15 11 . `` Sleeping in the Ground '' ( Slow blues version ) Myers 4 : 44 2001 bonus disc No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Jam No. 1 : Very Long & Good Jam '' Winwood , Clapton , Baker 14 : 01 2 . `` Jam No. 2 : Slow Jam No. 1 '' Winwood , Clapton , Baker 15 : 06 3 . `` Jam No. 3 : Change of Address Jam '' Winwood , Clapton , Baker 12 : 06 4 . `` Jam No. 4 : Slow Jam No. 2 '' Winwood , Clapton , Baker 16 : 06 Personnel ( edit ) Steve Winwood -- keyboards , vocals , guitars ; bass guitar on `` Presence of the Lord '' Eric Clapton -- guitars ; vocals on `` Do What You Like '' Ric Grech -- bass guitar , violin on `` Sea of Joy '' ; vocals on `` Do What You Like '' Ginger Baker -- drums , percussion ; vocals on `` Do What You Like '' Production personnel Jimmy Miller -- producer George Chkiantz , Keith Harwood , Andy Johns , Alan O'Duffy -- engineers Alan O'Duffy , Andy Johns , Jimmy Miller -- mixing Stanley Miller , Bob Seidemann -- cover design and photography Chris Blackwell , Robert Stigwood -- executive producers Margaret Goldfarb -- production co-ordination Bill Levenson -- reissue supervision Suha Gur -- remastering Vartan -- reissue art direction Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 -- 2015 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( Kent Music Report ) Canadian Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) Croatian International Albums ( HDU ) 25 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) French Albums ( IFOP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 88 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 293 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 49 UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Top R&B Albums ( Billboard ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Position German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 53 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 20 UK Albums ( OCC ) 35 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 Croatia ( HDU ) Gold 7,500 Macao ( IFPI Macao ) Gold 15,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 100,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 50,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 8,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Billboard 200 number - one albums of 1969 List of Canadian number - one albums of 1969 List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1960s List of controversial album art References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doggett , Peter ( 2008 ) . There 's a Riot Going On : Revolutionaries , Rock Stars , and the Rise and Fall of the ' 60s . Canongate Books . pp. 280 -- 281 . ISBN 1 - 84767 - 180 - 2 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 1992 ) . The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music . p. 268 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 939 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` She 's older than she looks ... '' Badcat Records . Archived from the original on 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thorgerson , Storm ; Powell , Aubrey ( 1999 ) . 100 Best Album Covers : The Stories Behind the Sleeves . Dorling Kindersley . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 7513 - 0706 - 8 . Jump up ^ Barrell , Tony , `` Cover Stories '' , Sunday Times ( 11 November 2007 ) Jump up ^ Simon Leng ( 2003 ) . The Music of George Harrison : While My Guitar Gently Weeps . SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith -- Blind Faith Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Leimbacher , Ed ( 6 September 1969 ) . `` Blind Faith '' . Rolling Stone . San Francisco : Straight Arrow Publishers ( 41 ) : 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith '' . acclaimedmusic.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith '' . acclaimedmusic.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith - Chart history - Billboard '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BLIND FAITH - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 40 Greatest One - Album Wonders '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith debut album '' . Classicrockreview.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blind Faith '' . discogs.com . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Note : This reference gives Australian albums and singles information . It is used for chart peak positions as early materials were released before ARIA regulated the Australian charts itself ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ `` Top Albums / CDs -- Volume 12 , No. 10 '' . RPM Magazine . Library and Archives Canada . 25 October 1969 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Stranih ( Top Foreign ) '' ( in Croatian ) . Top Foreign Albums . Hrvatska diskografska udruga . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith '' . Hitlisten ( in Danish ) . Danskehitlister.dk . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Blind Faith -- Blind Faith '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste '' . Institut français d'opinion publique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Archived from the original on 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Note : Select `` BLIND FAITH '' , then press `` OK '' to see selected charting positions . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ See the Irish Chart Tread 2005 for Reference at UKMIX.org . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ブラインド・フェイスの売上ランキング ORICON STYLE '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Blind Faith -- Blind Faith '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` LISTAS DE AFYVE : 1992 Albumes ( 1a parte ) '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Note : Search for Spanish album versions only to see the charting positions and selected certification awards . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith -- Blind Faith Awards AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith Awards AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alben 1969 Deutschland Album - Charts Top 100 Auswertung '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . Chartsurfer.de . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alben 1969 Norwegen Album - Charts Top 40 Auswertung '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . Chartsurfer.de . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alben 1969 UK Album - Charts Top 75 Auswertung '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . Chartsurfer.de . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Fun Countdowns : Accreditation Awards '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Australian Fun Countdowns . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blind Faith -- Canadian Music Blog '' . Music Canada ( MC ) . Canadian Music Blog . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tots Vijest '' . Hrvatska Diskografska Udruga ( in Croatian ) . hdu-toplista.com . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Macao Music Sales ( 2001 -- 2009 ) . Record Sales . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ( Former link : recordsales.2xik.com/The-first-blog-b1/Macao-Music-Sales-2001-2009-b1-p1.htm ) . Jump up ^ Van Dijk , Daan ( 6 October 1969 ) . `` Nieuwe groep Eric Clapton is zeer succesvol '' ( Eric Clapton 's new band is very successful ) . De Telegraaf ( in Dutch ) . Amsterdam : Telegraaf Media Groep . Jump up ^ H. , Marit ( 6 October 1969 ) . `` Nordmenn har blind tro '' ( Norwegians have got blind faith ) . Dagbladet ( in Norwegian ) . Havnelageret : Venstre . Jump up ^ See BPI Certifications list on UKMIX.org for reference . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Blind Faith -- Blind Faith '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce ( 2007 ) . `` Rovi Corporation '' . MTV Biographies -- Blind Faith . United States : MTV Books . p. 2 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blind_Faith_(Blind_Faith_album)&oldid=854917931 '' Categories : Blind Faith albums 1969 debut albums Albums produced by Jimmy Miller Polydor Records albums Atco Records albums Obscenity controversies in music Albums recorded at Morgan Sound Studios Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote in the presence of the lord	[ "Side one[15]No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Had to Cry Today\"Steve Winwood8:482.\"Can't Find My Way Home\"Winwood3:163.\"Well All Right\"Buddy Holly, Jerry Allison, Joe B. Mauldin, Norman Petty4:274.\"Presence of the Lord\"Eric Clapton4:50" ]	[ "Eric Clapton" ]
-5434499756600437137	List of Olympic medalists in figure skating	List of Olympic medalists in figure skating - wikipedia List of Olympic medalists in figure skating Jump to : navigation , search Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 3 gold and 2 silver medals . Figure skating has been part of the Olympic Games since 1908 and has been included in 25 Olympic Games . There have been 271 medals ( 91 gold , 90 silver , and 90 bronze ) awarded to figure skaters representing 29 representing National Olympic Committees . Six events have been contested but one , men 's special figures , was discontinued after a single Olympics . Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the only figure skaters to win five Olympic medals ( 3 gold , 2 silver ) . Swedish figure skater Gillis Grafström ( 3 gold , 1 silver ) and Russian figure skater Evgeni Plushenko ( 2 gold , 2 silver ) each have four medals . Seventeen figure skaters have won three medals . The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Grafström in men 's singles , Sonja Henie ( Norway ) in ladies ' singles , and Irina Rodnina ( Soviet Union ) in pairs . Sixteen figure skaters have earned two golds within the same discipline and five skaters have earned gold in two separate Olympic events . On two occasions , there has been a podium sweep . Russian figure skaters hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events . Three skaters won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 1.1 Men 's singles 1.2 Men 's special figures 1.3 Ladies ' singles 1.4 Pairs 1.5 Ice dancing 1.6 Team event 2 Multi-medalists 2.1 Most medals 2.2 Multiple golds 2.3 Multi-medalists by event 2.3. 1 Men 's singles 2.3. 2 Ladies ' singles 2.3. 3 Pairs 2.3. 4 Ice dancing 2.3. 5 Team event 2.4 Multiple events 2.4. 1 Two disciplines 2.4. 2 One discipline plus team event 2.5 Summer and Winter Games 3 Country records 3.1 Winning streak 3.2 Events won 3.3 Podium sweeps 4 Medal totals by country 4.1 Men 's singles 4.2 Men 's special figures 4.3 Ladies ' singles 4.4 Pairs 4.5 Ice dancing 4.6 Team event 5 Age records 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Medalists ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) Ulrich Salchow of Sweden , creator of the Salchow jump , was the first Olympic champion in men 's figure skating . Russian Evgeni Plushenko won the 2006 singles title with a world record score . 2014 Winter Olympics men 's singles medalists , from left to right : Patrick Chan ( silver ) , Yuzuru Hanyu ( gold ) , and Denis Ten ( bronze ) . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Ulrich Salchow Sweden Richard Johansson Sweden Per Thorén Sweden 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Gillis Grafström Sweden Andreas Krogh Norway Martin Stixrud Norway 1924 Chamonix details Gillis Grafström Sweden Willy Böckl Austria Georges Gautschi Switzerland 1928 St. Moritz details Gillis Grafström Sweden Willy Böckl Austria Robert van Zeebroeck Belgium 1932 Lake Placid details Karl Schäfer Austria Gillis Grafström Sweden Montgomery Wilson Canada 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Karl Schäfer Austria Ernst Baier Germany Felix Kaspar Austria 1948 St. Moritz details Dick Button United States Hans Gerschwiler Switzerland Edi Rada Austria 1952 Oslo details Dick Button United States Helmut Seibt Austria James Grogan United States 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Hayes Alan Jenkins United States Ronnie Robertson United States David Jenkins United States 1960 Squaw Valley details David Jenkins United States Karol Divín Czechoslovakia Donald Jackson Canada 1964 Innsbruck details Manfred Schnelldorfer United Team of Germany Alain Calmat France Scott Allen United States 1968 Grenoble details Wolfgang Schwarz Austria Timothy Wood United States Patrick Péra France 1972 Sapporo details Ondrej Nepela Czechoslovakia Sergei Chetverukhin Soviet Union Patrick Péra France 1976 Innsbruck details John Curry Great Britain Vladimir Kovalev Soviet Union Toller Cranston Canada 1980 Lake Placid details Robin Cousins Great Britain Jan Hoffmann East Germany Charles Tickner United States 1984 Sarajevo details Scott Hamilton United States Brian Orser Canada Jozef Sabovčík Czechoslovakia 1988 Calgary details Brian Boitano United States Brian Orser Canada Viktor Petrenko Soviet Union 1992 Albertville details Viktor Petrenko Unified Team Paul Wylie United States Petr Barna Czechoslovakia 1994 Lillehammer details Alexei Urmanov Russia Elvis Stojko Canada Philippe Candeloro France 1998 Nagano details Ilia Kulik Russia Elvis Stojko Canada Philippe Candeloro France 2002 Salt Lake City details Alexei Yagudin Russia Evgeni Plushenko Russia Timothy Goebel United States 2006 Torino details Evgeni Plushenko Russia Stéphane Lambiel Switzerland Jeffrey Buttle Canada 2010 Vancouver details Evan Lysacek United States Evgeni Plushenko Russia Daisuke Takahashi Japan 2014 Sochi details Yuzuru Hanyu Japan Patrick Chan Canada Denis Ten Kazakhstan 2018 Pyeongchang details Yuzuru Hanyu Japan Shoma Uno Japan Javier Fernández Spain Men 's special figures ( edit ) Nikolai Panin of Russia , the sole winner of the special figures event Men 's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued . The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin , who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Nikolai Panin Russian Empire Arthur Cumming Great Britain Geoffrey Hall - Say Great Britain Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Norwegian Sonja Henie holds the record of three consecutive victories in the ladies ' individual event ( 1928 -- 1936 ) . East Germany 's Katarina Witt won the 1988 ladies ' singles gold medal , becoming the second female figure skater to win back - to - back Olympic titles . Yuna Kim won the ladies ' title in 2010 with world record scores for the short program , free skating and overall total . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Madge Syers Great Britain Elsa Rendschmidt Germany Dorothy Greenhough - Smith Great Britain 1920 Antwerp details Magda Julin Sweden Svea Norén Sweden Theresa Weld United States 1924 Chamonix details Herma Szabo Austria Beatrix Loughran United States Ethel Muckelt Great Britain 1928 St. Moritz details Sonja Henie Norway Fritzi Burger Austria Beatrix Loughran United States 1932 Lake Placid details Sonja Henie Norway Fritzi Burger Austria Maribel Vinson United States 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Sonja Henie Norway Cecilia Colledge Great Britain Vivi - Anne Hultén Sweden 1948 St. Moritz details Barbara Ann Scott Canada Eva Pawlik Austria Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain 1952 Oslo details Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain Tenley Albright United States Jacqueline du Bief France 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Tenley Albright United States Carol Heiss United States Ingrid Wendl Austria 1960 Squaw Valley details Carol Heiss United States Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands Barbara Roles United States 1964 Innsbruck details Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands Regine Heitzer Austria Petra Burka Canada 1968 Grenoble details Peggy Fleming United States Gabriele Seyfert East Germany Hana Mašková Czechoslovakia 1972 Sapporo details Beatrix Schuba Austria Karen Magnussen Canada Janet Lynn United States 1976 Innsbruck details Dorothy Hamill United States Dianne de Leeuw Netherlands Christine Errath East Germany 1980 Lake Placid details Anett Pötzsch East Germany Linda Fratianne United States Dagmar Lurz West Germany 1984 Sarajevo details Katarina Witt East Germany Rosalynn Sumners United States Kira Ivanova Soviet Union 1988 Calgary details Katarina Witt East Germany Elizabeth Manley Canada Debi Thomas United States 1992 Albertville details Kristi Yamaguchi United States Midori Ito Japan Nancy Kerrigan United States 1994 Lillehammer details Oksana Baiul Ukraine Nancy Kerrigan United States Chen Lu China 1998 Nagano details Tara Lipinski United States Michelle Kwan United States Chen Lu China 2002 Salt Lake City details Sarah Hughes United States Irina Slutskaya Russia Michelle Kwan United States 2006 Torino details Shizuka Arakawa Japan Sasha Cohen United States Irina Slutskaya Russia 2010 Vancouver details Yuna Kim South Korea Mao Asada Japan Joannie Rochette Canada 2014 Sochi details Adelina Sotnikova Russia Yuna Kim South Korea Carolina Kostner Italy 2018 Pyeongchang details Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia Kaetlyn Osmond Canada Pairs ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger ( GER ) Phyllis Johnson and James H. Johnson ( GBR ) Madge Syers and Edgar Syers ( GBR ) 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Ludowika Jakobsson / Walter Jakobsson ( FIN ) Alexia Bryn and Yngvar Bryn ( NOR ) Phyllis Johnson and Basil Williams ( GBR ) 1924 Chamonix details Helene Engelmann and Alfred Berger ( AUT ) Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson ( FIN ) Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) 1928 St. Moritz details Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) Lilly Scholz and Otto Kaiser ( AUT ) Melitta Brunner and Ludwig Wrede ( AUT ) 1932 Lake Placid details Andrée Brunet and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) Beatrix Loughran and Sherwin Badger ( USA ) Emília Rotter and László Szollás ( HUN ) 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Maxi Herber and Ernst Baier ( GER ) Ilse Pausin and Erik Pausin ( AUT ) Emília Rotter and László Szollás ( HUN ) 1948 St. Moritz details Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet ( BEL ) Andrea Kékesy and Ede Király ( HUN ) Suzanne Morrow and Wallace Diestelmeyer ( CAN ) 1952 Oslo details Ria Falk and Paul Falk ( GER ) Karol Kennedy and Peter Kennedy ( USA ) Marianna Nagy and László Nagy ( HUN ) 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Sissy Schwarz and Kurt Oppelt ( AUT ) Frances Dafoe and Norris Bowden ( CAN ) Marianna Nagy and László Nagy ( HUN ) 1960 Squaw Valley details Barbara Wagner and Robert Paul ( CAN ) Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler ( EUA ) Nancy Ludington and Ronald Ludington ( USA ) 1964 Innsbruck details Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ( URS ) Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler ( EUA ) Debbi Wilkes and Guy Revell ( CAN ) Vivian Joseph and Ronald Joseph ( USA ) 1968 Grenoble details Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ( URS ) Tatyana Zhuk and Aleksandr Gorelik ( URS ) Margot Glockshuber and Wolfgang Danne ( FRG ) 1972 Sapporo details Irina Rodnina and Alexei Ulanov ( URS ) Lyudmila Smirnova and Andrei Suraikin ( URS ) Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann ( GDR ) 1976 Innsbruck details Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev ( URS ) Romy Kermer and Rolf Österreich ( GDR ) Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann ( GDR ) 1980 Lake Placid details Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev ( URS ) Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakhrai ( URS ) Manuela Mager and Uwe Bewersdorf ( GDR ) 1984 Sarajevo details Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev ( URS ) Kitty Carruthers and Peter Carruthers ( USA ) Larisa Selezneva and Oleg Makarov ( URS ) 1988 Calgary details Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov ( URS ) Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev ( URS ) Jill Watson and Peter Oppegard ( USA ) 1992 Albertville details Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev ( EUN ) Elena Bechke and Denis Petrov ( EUN ) Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler ( CAN ) 1994 Lillehammer details Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov ( RUS ) Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev ( RUS ) Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler ( CAN ) 1998 Nagano details Oksana Kazakova and Artur Dmitriev ( RUS ) Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze ( RUS ) Mandy Wötzel and Ingo Steuer ( GER ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze ( RUS ) Jamie Salé and David Pelletier ( CAN ) None awarded Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) 2006 Torino details Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin ( RUS ) Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao ( CHN ) Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) 2010 Vancouver details Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) Pang Qing and Tong Jian ( CHN ) Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy ( GER ) 2014 Sochi details Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov ( RUS ) Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov ( RUS ) Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy ( GER ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot ( GER ) Sui Wenjing and Han Cong ( CHN ) Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford ( CAN ) Ice dancing ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1976 Innsbruck details Lyudmila Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov ( URS ) Irina Moiseyeva and Andrei Minenkov ( URS ) Colleen O'Connor and James Millns ( USA ) 1980 Lake Placid details Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponossov ( URS ) Krisztina Regőczy and András Sallay ( HUN ) Irina Moiseyeva and Andrei Minenkov ( URS ) 1984 Sarajevo details Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ( GBR ) Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin ( URS ) Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( URS ) 1988 Calgary details Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin ( URS ) Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( URS ) Tracy Wilson and Robert McCall ( CAN ) 1992 Albertville details Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( EUN ) Isabelle Duchesnay and Paul Duchesnay ( FRA ) Maya Usova and Alexander Zhulin ( EUN ) 1994 Lillehammer details Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov ( RUS ) Maya Usova and Alexander Zhulin ( RUS ) Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ( GBR ) 1998 Nagano details Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov ( RUS ) Anjelika Krylova and Oleg Ovsyannikov ( RUS ) Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat ( FRA ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat ( FRA ) Irina Lobacheva and Ilia Averbukh ( RUS ) Barbara Fusar - Poli and Maurizio Margaglio ( ITA ) 2006 Torino details Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov ( RUS ) Tanith Belbin and Benjamin Agosto ( USA ) Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov ( UKR ) 2010 Vancouver details Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Meryl Davis and Charlie White ( USA ) Oksana Domnina and Maxim Shabalin ( RUS ) 2014 Sochi details Meryl Davis and Charlie White ( USA ) Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Elena Ilinykh and Nikita Katsalapov ( RUS ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron ( FRA ) Maia Shibutani and Alex Shibutani ( USA ) Team event ( edit ) The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event , first contested in the 2014 Games . It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines ( men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pairs , and ice dancing ) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold . Games Gold Silver Bronze 2014 Sochi details Russia ( RUS ) Evgeni Plushenko Yulia Lipnitskaya Ksenia Stolbova Fedor Klimov Elena Ilinykh Nikita Katsalapov Tatiana Volosozhar Maxim Trankov Ekaterina Bobrova Dmitri Soloviev Canada ( CAN ) Patrick Chan Kevin Reynolds Kaetlyn Osmond Meagan Duhamel Eric Radford Kirsten Moore - Towers Dylan Moscovitch Tessa Virtue Scott Moir United States ( USA ) Jeremy Abbott Jason Brown Ashley Wagner Gracie Gold Marissa Castelli Simon Shnapir Meryl Davis Charlie White 2018 Pyeongchang details Canada ( CAN ) Patrick Chan Kaetlyn Osmond Gabrielle Daleman Meagan Duhamel Eric Radford Tessa Virtue Scott Moir Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) Mikhail Kolyada Evgenia Medvedeva Alina Zagitova Evgenia Tarasova Vladimir Morozov Natalia Zabiiako Alexander Enbert Ekaterina Bobrova Dmitri Soloviev United States ( USA ) Nathan Chen Adam Rippon Bradie Tennell Mirai Nagasu Alexa Scimeca Knierim Chris Knierim Maia Shibutani Alex Shibutani Multi-medalists ( edit ) Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 5 medals . Ice dancers Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko won a bronze medal in 1984 , improved to a silver in 1988 , and capped their Olympic appearances with a gold in 1992 . Russian ice dancing pair Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic titles . Most medals ( edit ) Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event : four medals , three of which gold , in men 's singles . The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies ' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs . Counting multiple events , Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals , with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold . Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals , including a gold in men 's singles and a team event gold . Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below : Athlete Nation Events Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) ice dancing & team 2010 -- 2018 0 5 Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) men 's singles 1920 -- 1932 0 Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) ladies ' singles 1928 -- 1936 0 0 Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) pairs 1972 -- 1980 0 0 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) men 's singles & team 2002 -- 2014 0 Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) pairs 1992 -- 1998 0 Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) pairs 1924 -- 1932 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Canada ( CAN ) men 's singles & team 2014 -- 2018 0 Klimova , Marina Marina Klimova / Ponomarenko , Sergei Sergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) ice dancing 1984 -- 1992 Davis , Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) ice dancing & team 2010 -- 2014 Meagan Duhamel ! Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford ! Eric Radford Canada ( CAN ) pairs & team 2014 -- 2018 Kaetlyn Osmond ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ( CAN ) ladies ' singles & team 2014 -- 2018 Shen Xue ! Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo ! Zhao Hongbo China ( CHN ) pairs 2002 -- 2010 0 Savchenko , Aliona Aliona Savchenko Germany ( GER ) pairs 2010 -- 2018 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) ladies ' singles & pairs 1924 -- 1932 0 Multiple golds ( edit ) Swedish Gillis Grafström , is a three - time Olympic figure skating gold medalist in the men 's singles . The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men 's singles , Sonja Henie in ladies ' singles , and Irina Rodnina in pairs . The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two , which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov . In addition , one ladies ' singles skater , three men 's singles skaters , and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles . Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles . Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events . Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men 's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014 . Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics , winning both pairs and team event . Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later , earning golds in ice dancing and team event . Athlete Nation Olympics Golds Event ( s ) Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) 1920 -- 1928 men 's singles Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) 1928 -- 1936 ladies ' singles Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 -- 1980 pairs Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2010 , 2018 2 in ice dancing ( 2010 , 2018 ) 1 in team event ( 2018 ) Schäfer , Karl Karl Schäfer Austria ( AUT ) 1932 -- 1936 men 's singles Button , Dick Dick Button United States ( USA ) 1948 -- 1952 men 's singles Hanyu , Yuzuru Yuzuru Hanyu Japan ( JPN ) 2014 -- 2018 men 's singles Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) 2006 , 2014 1 in men 's singles ( 2006 ) 1 in team event ( 2014 ) Witt , Katarina Katarina Witt East Germany ( GDR ) 1984 -- 1988 ladies ' singles Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) 1928 -- 1932 pairs Belousova , Ludmila Ludmila Belousova / Protopopov , Oleg Oleg Protopopov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1964 -- 1968 pairs Zaitsev , Alexander Alexander Zaitsev Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 -- 1980 pairs Gordeeva , Ekaterina Ekaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov , Sergei Sergei Grinkov Soviet Union ( URS ) Russia ( RUS ) 1988 , 1994 pairs Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 , 1998 pairs Volosozhar , Tatiana Tatiana Volosozhar / Trankov , Maxim Maxim Trankov Russia ( RUS ) 2014 1 in pairs 1 in team event Grishuk , Oksana Oksana Grishuk / Platov , Evgeny Evgeny Platov Russia ( RUS ) 1994 -- 1998 ice dancing Multi-medalists by event ( edit ) Sonja Henie and Karl Schäfer won a combined five Olympic titles . Men 's singles ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) 1920 -- 1932 0 Schäfer , Karl Karl Schäfer Austria ( AUT ) 1932 -- 1936 0 0 Button , Dick Dick Button United States ( USA ) 1948 -- 1952 0 0 Hanyu , Yuzuru Yuzuru Hanyu Japan ( JPN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 0 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) 2002 -- 2014 0 Jenkins , David David Jenkins United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 Petrenko , Viktor Viktor Petrenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1988 -- 1992 0 Böckl , Willy Willy Böckl Austria ( AUT ) 1924 -- 1928 0 0 Orser , Brian Brian Orser Canada ( CAN ) 1984 -- 1988 0 0 Stojko , Elvis Elvis Stojko Canada ( CAN ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Péra , Patrick Patrick Péra France ( FRA ) 1968 -- 1972 0 0 Candeloro , Philippe Philippe Candeloro France ( FRA ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) 1928 -- 1936 0 0 Witt , Katarina Katarina Witt East Germany ( GDR ) 1984 -- 1988 0 0 Albright , Tenley Tenley Albright United States ( USA ) 1952 -- 1956 0 Heiss , Carol Carol Heiss United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 Dijkstra , Sjoukje Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands ( NED ) 1960 -- 1964 0 Kim , Yuna Yuna Kim South Korea ( KOR ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Altwegg , Jeannette Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain ( GBR ) 1948 -- 1952 0 Burger , Fritzi Fritzi Burger Austria ( AUT ) 1928 -- 1932 0 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) 1924 -- 1928 0 Kerrigan , Nancy Nancy Kerrigan United States ( USA ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Kwan , Michelle Michelle Kwan United States ( USA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Slutskaya , Irina Irina Slutskaya Russia ( RUS ) 2002 -- 2006 0 Chen , Lu ! Chen Lu China ( CHN ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Pairs ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 -- 1980 0 0 Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1998 0 Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) 1924 -- 1932 0 Belousova , Ludmila Ludmila Belousova / Protopopov , Oleg Oleg Protopopov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1964 -- 1968 0 0 Zaitsev , Alexander Alexander Zaitsev Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 -- 1980 0 0 Gordeeva , Ekaterina Ekaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov , Sergei Sergei Grinkov Soviet Union ( URS ) Russia ( RUS ) 1988 , 1994 0 0 Jakobsson , Ludowika Ludowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson , Walter Walter Jakobsson Finland ( FIN ) 1920 -- 1924 0 Mishkutenok , Natalia Natalia Mishkutenok Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Berezhnaya , Elena Elena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze , Anton Anton Sikharulidze Russia ( RUS ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Shen , Xue ! Shen Xue / Zhao , Hongbo ! Zhao Hongbo China ( CHN ) 2002 -- 2010 0 Savchenko , Aliona Aliona Savchenko Germany ( GER ) 2010 -- 2018 0 Kilius , Marika Marika Kilius / Bäumler , Hans - Jürgen Hans - Jürgen Bäumler United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 1960 -- 1964 0 0 Johnson , Phyllis Phyllis Johnson Great Britain ( GBR ) 1908 -- 1920 0 Rotter , Emília Emília Rotter / Szollás , László László Szollás Hungary ( HUN ) 1932 -- 1936 0 0 Nagy , Marianna Marianna Nagy / Nagy , László László Nagy Hungary ( HUN ) 1952 -- 1956 0 0 Groß , Manuela Manuela Groß / Kagelmann , Uwe Uwe Kagelmann East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 -- 1976 0 0 Brasseur , Isabelle Isabelle Brasseur / Eisler , Lloyd Lloyd Eisler Canada ( CAN ) 1992 -- 1994 0 0 Szolkowy , Robin Robin Szolkowy Germany ( GER ) 2010 -- 2014 0 0 Ice dancing ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2010 -- 2018 0 Grishuk , Oksana Oksana Grishuk / Platov , Evgeny Evgeny Platov Russia ( RUS ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Klimova , Marina Marina Klimova / Ponomarenko , Sergei Sergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1984 -- 1992 Bestemianova , Natalia Natalia Bestemianova / Bukin , Andrei Andrei Bukin Soviet Union ( URS ) 1984 -- 1988 0 Davis , Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Torvill , Jayne Jayne Torvill / Dean , Christopher Christopher Dean Great Britain ( GBR ) 1984 , 1994 0 Anissina , Marina Marina Anissina / Peizerat , Gwendal Gwendal Peizerat France ( FRA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Usova , Maya Maya Usova / Zhulin , Alexander Alexander Zhulin Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Team event ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Bobrova , Ekaterina Ekaterina Bobrova / Soloviev , Dmitri Dmitri Soloviev Russia ( RUS ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Osmond , Kaetlyn Kaetlyn Osmond Duhamel , Meagan Meagan Duhamel / Radford , Eric Eric Radford Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Multiple events ( edit ) Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines . All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event ( which , while being a separate event , is not considered its own skating discipline ) . Two disciplines ( edit ) In 1908 , Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics . The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936 . The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics . No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines . Athlete Nation Disciplines Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Baier , Ernst Ernst Baier Germany ( GER ) men 's singles pairs 1936 0 0 0 0 Syers , Madge Madge Syers Great Britain ( GBR ) ladies ' singles pairs 1908 0 0 0 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) ladies ' singles pairs 1924 -- 1928 1932 0 0 0 One discipline plus team event ( edit ) The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics . It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline . On 9 February 2014 , Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events . On 12 February 2014 , Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics . Four years later , Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat . The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event . ( Team event medals are indicated by `` T '' in the gold , silver , and bronze columns . ) Athlete Nation Discipline Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) ice dancing 2010 -- 2018 2 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 5 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) men 's singles 2002 -- 2014 1 + 1T 0 Volosozhar , Tatiana Tatiana Volosozhar / Trankov , Maxim Maxim Trankov Russia ( RUS ) pairs 2014 1 + 1T 0 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Canada ( CAN ) men 's singles 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 Davis , Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) ice dancing 2010 -- 2014 0 + 1T Duhamel , Meagan Meagan Duhamel / Radford , Eric Eric Radford Canada ( CAN ) pairs 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T Osmond , Kaetlyn Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ( CAN ) ladies ' singles 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T Stolbova , Ksenia Ksenia Stolbova / Klimov , Fedor Fedor Klimov Russia ( RUS ) pairs 2014 0 + 1T 0 Zagitova , Alina Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) ladies ' singles 2018 0 + 1T 0 Ilinykh , Elena Elena Ilinykh / Katsalapov , Nikita Nikita Katsalapov Russia ( RUS ) ice dancing 2014 0 + 1T 0 Medvedeva , Evgenia Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) ladies ' singles 2018 0 1 + 1T 0 Shibutani , Maia Maia Shibutani / Shibutani , Alex Alex Shibutani United States ( USA ) ice dancing 2018 0 0 1 + 1T Summer and Winter Games ( edit ) Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games , three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games . Men 's singles skater Gillis Grafström 's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics . His other three medals were won at the 1924 -- 1932 Winter Games . Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics . They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games . Country Records ( edit ) Winning streak ( edit ) From 1964 to 2006 , Russian figure skaters -- representing the Soviet Union , the Unified Team , or Russia -- won the gold medal in the pairs event , in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event . Events won ( edit ) Russian figure skaters , counting both Russian Federation ( IOC code RUS ) and Russian Empire ( IOC code RU1 ) , hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events . Since men 's special figures was discontinued , this record can not be matched . Russia ( IOC code RUS ) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events . Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events ( all except men 's singles ) . Great Britain , Unified Team , and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events . Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics , at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively . No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics . Podium sweeps ( edit ) There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history . This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event . Games Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London Men 's singles Sweden ( SWE ) Ulrich Salchow Richard Johansson Per Thorén 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Men 's singles United States ( USA ) Hayes Alan Jenkins Ronnie Robertson David Jenkins Medal totals by country ( edit ) See also : Figure skating at the Olympic Games § Medal table Men 's singles ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 7 5 15 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 Russia ( RUS ) 6 Austria ( AUT ) 8 5 Japan ( JPN ) 6 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 8 Unified Team ( EUN ) United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 10 Canada ( CAN ) 5 9 11 Soviet Union ( URS ) Switzerland ( SUI ) 13 France ( FRA ) 5 14 Norway ( NOR ) 15 East Germany ( GDR ) / Germany ( GER ) 17 Belgium ( BEL ) Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) Spain ( ESP ) Men 's special figures ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Russian Empire ( RU1 ) Great Britain ( GBR ) Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 7 8 8 23 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 Norway ( NOR ) Austria ( AUT ) 7 5 Great Britain ( GBR ) 6 6 Canada ( CAN ) 6 7 Japan ( JPN ) Netherlands ( NED ) 9 Russia ( RUS ) Sweden ( SWE ) 11 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) South Korea ( KOR ) 13 Ukraine ( UKR ) 14 / Germany ( GER ) 15 China ( CHN ) 16 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) France ( FRA ) Italy ( ITA ) Soviet Union ( URS ) West Germany ( FRG ) Pairs ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Soviet Union ( URS ) 7 12 Russia ( RUS ) 5 8 / / Germany ( GER ) 7 Canada ( CAN ) 8 5 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 France ( FRA ) 7 China ( CHN ) 6 8 Finland ( FIN ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 10 Belgium ( BEL ) 11 United States ( USA ) 6 12 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 13 Hungary ( HUN ) 5 14 East Germany ( GDR ) 15 Great Britain ( GBR ) 16 Norway ( NOR ) 17 West Germany ( FRG ) Ice dancing ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Russia ( RUS ) 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 8 Canada ( CAN ) United States ( USA ) 5 5 France ( FRA ) 6 Unified Team ( EUN ) Great Britain ( GBR ) 8 Hungary ( HUN ) 9 Italy ( ITA ) Ukraine ( UKR ) Team event ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Canada ( CAN ) Russia ( RUS ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) United States ( USA ) Age records ( edit ) Main article : List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age Title Age Name Nation Games Medal Date of Birth Date of Event Event Youngest female champion 7003560600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 128 days Maxi Herber Nazi Germany 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Gold October 8 , 1920 February 13 , 1936 Pairs Youngest female medalist 7003548800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 10 days Manuela Groß East Germany 1972 Sapporo Bronze January 29 , 1957 February 8 , 1972 Pairs Youngest male champion 7003677600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 202 days Dick Button United States 1948 St Moritz Gold July 18 , 1929 February 5 , 1948 Men 's singles Youngest male medalist 7003547600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 363 days Scott Allen United States 1964 Innsbruck Bronze February 8 , 1949 February 6 , 1964 Men 's singles Oldest female champion 7004130580000000000 ♠ 35 years , 276 days Ludowika Jakobsson Finland 1920 Antwerp Gold July 25 , 1884 April 26 , 1920 Pairs Oldest female medalist 7004144330000000000 ♠ 39 years , 190 days Ludowika Jakobsson Finland 1924 Chamonix Silver July 25 , 1884 January 31 , 1924 Pairs Oldest male champion 7004139580000000000 ♠ 38 years , 80 days Walter Jakobsson Finland 1920 Antwerp Gold February 6 , 1882 April 26 , 1920 Pairs Oldest male medalist 7004166610000000000 ♠ 45 years , 225 days Edgar Syers Great Britain 1908 London Bronze March 18 , 1863 October 29 , 1908 Pairs See also ( edit ) Figure skating at the Olympic Games List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age World Figure Skating Championships Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the 1964 Olympics , Marika Kilius / Hans - Jürgen Bäumler , Debbi Wilkes / Guy Revell , and Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph pairs placed 2nd , 3rd , and 4th respectively . Two years later , Kilius / Bäumler 's results were invalidated because the pair had signed a professional contract before the Olympics . The silver medals went to Wilkes / Revell and the bronze medals to Joseph / Joseph . However , in 1987 , the Germans were re-awarded the silvers after appealing that other pairs had signed similar contracts but were n't exposed and disqualified . After that , the placement of Wilkes / Revell and Joseph / Joseph pairs were unclear for many years . In November 2014 , the IOC clarified that since the 1987 decision that both the German and Canadian pairs are the silver medalist and the US pair are the bronze medalist . Jump up ^ No silver medal was awarded in the 2002 Olympic figure skating pairs event , as the Canadians Salé and Pelletier were also given a gold medal , in the aftermath of a judging scandal . ^ Jump up to : Irina Rodnina won three medals in pairs with two different partners . A golds in 1972 with Alexei Ulanov and two golds in 1976 and 1980 with Alexander Zaitsev . ^ Jump up to : Artur Dmitriev won three medals in pairs with two different partners . A gold in 1992 and a silver in 1994 with Natalia Mishkutenok and another gold medal in 1998 with Oksana Kazakova . ^ Jump up to : Aliona Savchenko won three medals in pairs with two different partners . Two bronze medals in 2010 and 2014 with Robin Szolkowy and a gold medal in 2018 with Bruno Massot . Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson won two medals in pairs with two different partners . A silver medal in 1908 with James H. Johnson and a bronze medal in 1920 with Basil Williams . References ( edit ) General `` Results database '' . Athletes . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . ISU -- Olympic Winter Games Figure Skating results : Men Ladies Pairs Ice Dance Specific Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( February 14 , 2006 ) . `` Record day for Russia 's Plushenko ; Weir second '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Windhausen , John D. ( 1976 ) . `` Russia 's First Olympic Victor '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sport History . United States of America : North American Society for Sport History . 3 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty years later , Joseph siblings find redemption '' . IceNetwork.com . November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hersh , Philip ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` A half - century later , Joseph siblings recognized as Olympic medal - winners '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sale , Pelletier share gold with Russian pair '' . Salt Lake'02 Winter Games . ESPN . Associated Press . February 15 , 2002 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kubatko , Justin . `` Figure Skating '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ) . Official website of the Olympic Movement . International Olympic Committee . February 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Figure skating . List of Olympic medalists in men 's figure skating : photos and autographs Figure skating at the Olympic Games 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists ( by age ) List of venues Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_figure_skating&oldid=843409416 '' Categories : Lists of Winter Olympic medalists by sport Figure skating - related lists Olympic medalists in figure skating Figure skating at the Olympic Games Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Français Հայերեն Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 23 : 53 . 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About Wikipedia	who got the gold in mens figure skating	[ "\n\nGames\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\n\n\n1908 London\ndetails\nUlrich Salchow\n Sweden\nRichard Johansson\n Sweden\nPer Thorén\n Sweden\n\n\n1912 Stockholm\nnot included in the Olympic program\n\n\n1920 Antwerp\ndetails\nGillis Grafström\n Sweden\nAndreas Krogh\n Norway\nMartin Stixrud\n Norway\n\n\n1924 Chamonix\ndetails\nGillis Grafström\n Sweden\nWilly Böckl\n Austria\nGeorges Gautschi\n Switzerland\n\n\n1928 St. Moritz\ndetails\nGillis Grafström\n Sweden\nWilly Böckl\n Austria\nRobert van Zeebroeck\n Belgium\n\n\n1932 Lake Placid\ndetails\nKarl Schäfer\n Austria\nGillis Grafström\n Sweden\nMontgomery Wilson\n Canada\n\n\n1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen\ndetails\nKarl Schäfer\n Austria\nErnst Baier\n Germany\nFelix Kaspar\n Austria\n\n\n1948 St. Moritz\ndetails\nDick Button\n United States\nHans Gerschwiler\n Switzerland\nEdi Rada\n Austria\n\n\n1952 Oslo\ndetails\nDick Button\n United States\nHelmut Seibt\n Austria\nJames Grogan\n United States\n\n\n1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo\ndetails\nHayes Alan Jenkins\n United States\nRonnie Robertson\n United States\nDavid Jenkins\n United States\n\n\n1960 Squaw Valley\ndetails\nDavid Jenkins\n United States\nKarol Divín\n Czechoslovakia\nDonald Jackson\n Canada\n\n\n1964 Innsbruck\ndetails\nManfred Schnelldorfer\n United Team of Germany\nAlain Calmat\n France\nScott Allen\n United States\n\n\n1968 Grenoble\ndetails\nWolfgang Schwarz\n Austria\nTimothy Wood\n United States\nPatrick Péra\n France\n\n\n1972 Sapporo\ndetails\nOndrej Nepela\n Czechoslovakia\nSergei Chetverukhin\n Soviet Union\nPatrick Péra\n France\n\n\n1976 Innsbruck\ndetails\nJohn Curry\n Great Britain\nVladimir Kovalev\n Soviet Union\nToller Cranston\n Canada\n\n\n1980 Lake Placid\ndetails\nRobin Cousins\n Great Britain\nJan Hoffmann\n East Germany\nCharles Tickner\n United States\n\n\n1984 Sarajevo\ndetails\nScott Hamilton\n United States\nBrian Orser\n Canada\nJozef Sabovčík\n Czechoslovakia\n\n\n1988 Calgary\ndetails\nBrian Boitano\n United States\nBrian Orser\n Canada\nViktor Petrenko\n Soviet Union\n\n\n1992 Albertville\ndetails\nViktor Petrenko\n Unified Team\nPaul Wylie\n United States\nPetr Barna\n Czechoslovakia\n\n\n1994 Lillehammer\ndetails\nAlexei Urmanov\n Russia\nElvis Stojko\n Canada\nPhilippe Candeloro\n France\n\n\n1998 Nagano\ndetails\nIlia Kulik\n Russia\nElvis Stojko\n Canada\nPhilippe Candeloro\n France\n\n\n2002 Salt Lake City\ndetails\nAlexei Yagudin\n Russia\nEvgeni Plushenko\n Russia\nTimothy Goebel\n United States\n\n\n2006 Torino\ndetails\nEvgeni Plushenko\n Russia\nStéphane Lambiel\n Switzerland\nJeffrey Buttle\n Canada\n\n\n2010 Vancouver\ndetails\nEvan Lysacek\n United States\nEvgeni Plushenko\n Russia\nDaisuke Takahashi\n Japan\n\n\n2014 Sochi\ndetails\nYuzuru Hanyu\n Japan\nPatrick Chan\n Canada\nDenis Ten\n Kazakhstan\n\n\n2018 Pyeongchang\ndetails\nYuzuru Hanyu\n Japan\nShoma Uno\n Japan\nJavier Fernández\n Spain\n\n" ]	[ "Yuzuru Hanyu" ]
-4286493451016367485	Bring It! (TV series)	Bring It ! ( TV series ) - wikipedia Bring It ! ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bring It ! Genre Reality television Starring Dianna Williams Camryn Harris Makalah Whitenson Crystianna Summers Kayla Jones Sunjai Williams Faith Thigpen Dalisha Holmes Tina Jones Mimi Harris Selena Johnson Daina Roilton Demetry Harrison Makya Griffin Tanisha Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 104 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Colleen Conway Grogan Craig Piligian Derek W. Wan Eli Lehrer Mary Donahue Kayla Jones Tanisha ( co in season 4 ) Camera setup Multiple Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Studios Distributor A + E Networks Release Original network Lifetime Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Bring It ! is an American dance reality television series that debuted March 5 , 2014 , on Lifetime . On April 28 , 2014 , Lifetime announced an additional 10 - episode renewal of Bring It ! . Additional episodes returned on July 23 , 2014 . The second season premiered on January 23 , 2015 . New episodes aired on July 31 , 2015 . The third season premiered on January 1 , 2016 . On December 1 , 2016 , Lifetime renewed the show for a fourth season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 . Lifetime renewed for the show for a fifth season , which premiered on March 2 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Opposing team coaches 2.3 Other cast members 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 -- 19 ) 4 International Broadcasts 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Bring It ! is set in Jackson , Mississippi and features Coach Dianna `` Miss D '' Williams and her Dollhouse Dance Factory , home of Miss D 's Dancing Dolls team , which was founded in 2001 . The troupe has over 15 Grand Champion titles and more than 100 trophies , and consists of children aged 10 to 17 . The show also features the Baby Dancing Dolls , consisting of children under the age of 11 . The team competes in hip - hop majorette competitions , with their main focus being on the Stand Battle ( a routine where two teams face each other and alternate `` stands '' ( routines ) , which are called by the captain depending on what stand the other team performs ) . The team slogan ( both the Dancing Dolls and the Baby Dancing Dolls ) is `` Dancing Dolls For Life '' ( popularly shortened to DD4L , featured on much of their gear ) . Rival dance teams featured on the show include : the Divas of Olive Branch ( the Dolls main rival , due to the intense rivalry between Miss D and Divas coach Neva ) , the Prancing Tigerettes ( from Memphis ) and the Infamous Dancerettes ( f / k / a Dynamic Diamond Dollz , also from Memphis ) , the Purple Diamonds ( a cross-town Jackson rival ) , the YCDT Superstarz ( from Miami ) and new rival ( from Tupelo , Mississippi ) The Golden Prancerettes . Similar to fellow Lifetime show Dance Moms , Bring It ! features the moms of several of the dancers and their interactions ( and occasional arguments ) with Miss D. However , unlike Dance Moms ( where the moms are in a room above the studio watching the practices ) , the moms in Bring It ! are featured outside the studio . In early seasons , the parents could only see what happens in practice through the studio windows ; in later seasons Miss D has made a room for the parents to watch the girls through a TV screen . ( Miss D does not allow parents inside the studio during practices , believing that the dancers need to have only one person -- Miss D -- leading them at those times . ) Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) `` Miss D '' Williams , owner of the Dollhouse Dance Factory , head choreographer and sponsor of the Dancing Dolls and Baby Dancing Dolls . Miss D is not one to mess with when it comes to competition . She pushes the girls because she wants them to succeed in life . Her secret weapon is her clipboard when she is about to do cuts in practice ( `` If you do n't get it right , I 'm gon na cut your ass '' ) . Dianna is married to Robert and has a son , Cobe . She finds it difficult to balance time , as she not only has a family at home , but a family at the Dollhouse Dance Factory . Tina is the mother of Kayla , who is the assistant coach of the Dancing Dolls and excels at hip - hop and majorette . Kayla was promoted from captain to assistant coach in Season 2 , now that her position was taken by Camryn . Kayla hopes that Camryn can uphold the responsibility like she did . Mimi is the mother of Camryn , who is Captain of The Dancing Dolls ( Season 3 ) excels in majorette , lyrical , and jazz . Camryn was promoted from Drill Master to Co-Captain in Season 1 and then Captain in Season 2 . Camryn 's dance techniques often intimidate the rest of the dancers , and now that she is captain , the team respects her more . Selena is the mother of Sunjai , Star , and Sky . Sunjai excels at majorette , jazz , and tap . Sunjai was a struggling dancer in Season 1 with her main goal being to make stand battle but always got cut . Before the end of Season 1 , she finally made the cuts for stand battle , as the series progressed her dance techniques improved as well . Sunjai made her departure at the end of Season 2 , due to graduation . Sky and Star are Sunjai 's younger twin sisters . They are constantly mixed up by the DDPs and Coach Dianna . Rittany is the aunt ( and mother figure ) of Crystianna , who is the Head Co Captain of the Dancing Dolls . Crystianna excels at majorette and acro . Having been the youngest member of the stand battle team , she is always a good dancer to look at . Being a quiet but fierce dancer , she earned the nickname the `` Silent Killer '' . Dana is the mother of Faith . Faith is a member of the Dancing Dolls who was introduced in Season 3 . She excels in many aspects of dance , but is new to majorette . Tanishia is the mother of Princess . Maraela is the mother of Jaylene . Opposing team coaches ( edit ) Joerick Grice is the coach of the up & coming Golden Prancerettes of Tupelo , Mississippi Quincy Oliver is coach of the Prancing Tigerettes John Connor is the coach of the Infamous Dancerettes ( beginning in Season 2 ) ; he was previously ( Season 1 ) coach of the Dynamic Diamond Dollz Neva McGruder is coach of the Divas of Olive Branch ; the rivalry between Neva and Miss D extends beyond the dance floor Shanika Lee is the coach of the Purple Diamonds , the Dolls ' Jackson cross-town rival Traci Young - Byron is coach of the YCDT Supastarz and was once a dancer for the Miami Heat ( beginning September 2015 Ms. Young - Byron and YCDT will be featured in a spin - off series , Step It Up ! ) Fulvia Ford is coach of Virtuous Divine of Greenwood , Mississippi Rick Calloway , Penelope Holloway are the coaches of The Dazzling Divas of Macon GA . `` F.A.D.D '' Helenor Wade Dazzlin Starz coach Kehli is the coach of The Divas of Compton Rodney Jones is the coach of the Pearls of Perfection of Macon GA . Tyrus Sellers is the coach of Elite Starz of Nashville . Charkeitha Ramey is the coach of Xplosive Dance Company of Dallas , Texas . Other cast members ( edit ) Robert Williams is Dianna 's husband Cobe Williams is Dianna 's son Terrell is Kayla 's dad Calvin is Camryn 's dad JJ Sunjai , Sky , and Star 's dad Dominic Faith 's dad Jay Fever Announcer / Event Host Torrey ( Technique and Ballet Instructor ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Season premiere Season finale 22 March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 25 January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 25 January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 26 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 5 TBA March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) Q4 2019 Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` You Better Bring It ! '' March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 1.01 `` Battle in Memphis '' March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 1.09 `` The Wig is Off '' March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 1.28 `` '' Baby '' Doll Do n't Mean `` Baby '' '' March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 1.54 5 `` Sunjai in Stilettos '' April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 1.70 6 `` Street Battle '' April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 1.65 7 `` Shut Up and Dance '' April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 1.90 8 `` The Lock - In '' April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 1.75 9 `` The Finale : Battle Royale '' April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2.30 10 `` Miss D Breaks it Down '' May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 0.89 11 `` Behind the Battles '' May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 0.83 12 `` So You Wanna Be A Doll ? '' July 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) 1.56 13 `` Prom or Competition ? '' July 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) 1.29 14 `` A New Rival Emerges '' August 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) 1.51 15 `` Kayla 's Big Surprise '' August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) 1.38 16 `` Nashville Smackdown '' August 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) 1.08 17 `` Baby Dolls vs. Baby Tigerettes '' August 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) 1.27 18 `` Pray for Sunjai '' September 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) 1.26 19 `` Dolls vs. Dollz : The Rematch '' September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) 1.30 20 `` Bucking for Revenge '' September 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) 1.22 21 `` Chumps or Champions ? '' September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 1.29 22 `` Bring It Special '' October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 1.05 Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 1 ( 23 ) `` Miami Heat is Back '' January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) 1.82 2 ( 24 ) `` Miss D Loses Her Cool '' January 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) 1.41 3 ( 25 ) `` Hometown Showdown '' February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 1.61 4 ( 26 ) `` Bucking In Bama '' February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) 1.20 5 ( 27 ) `` Selena 's Triple Threat '' February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 1.62 6 ( 28 ) `` No Stopping Kayla '' February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 1.43 7 ( 29 ) `` Stamp Out Atlanta '' March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) 1.48 8 ( 30 ) `` Traci 's Revenge '' March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 1.55 9 ( 31 ) `` Captain Down '' March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) 1.44 10 ( 32 ) `` Do n't Do It , Neva '' March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) 1.67 11 ( 33 ) `` Baby Tiger Attack '' April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) 1.30 12 ( 34 ) `` Copycat '' April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 1.44 13 ( 35 ) `` Road to Royale '' April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 1.49 14 ( 36 ) `` Battle Royale 2015 '' April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) 1.69 15 ( 37 ) `` Rival Rehash '' May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) 0.93 16 ( 38 ) `` A Whole New Doll Game '' July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) 1.39 17 ( 39 ) `` Dancing Dolls NOT for Life '' August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) 1.26 18 ( 40 ) `` Selena 's Makeover Madness '' August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) 1.36 19 ( 41 ) `` The Big Apple and the Bitter Apple '' August 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 21 ) 1.26 20 ( 42 ) `` Saturday Night Fights '' August 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 28 ) 1.32 21 ( 43 ) `` Who You Callin ' Cookie ? '' September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) 1.37 22 ( 44 ) `` Pom Pom Panic '' September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) 1.39 23 ( 45 ) `` Tick , Tick , Boom ! '' September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) 1.06 24 ( 46 ) `` Summer Slam '' September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 1.57 25 ( 47 ) `` Bring It ! Bonus Round Special '' October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 0.82 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 1 ( 48 ) `` A Very Bring It ! New Year '' January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) 0.97 2 ( 49 ) `` Straight Outta Jackson '' January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) 1.36 3 ( 50 ) `` The Bucking Ballerina '' January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 1.22 4 ( 51 ) `` Hell Week '' January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) 1.14 5 ( 52 ) `` Homecoming Hell '' January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) 1.33 6 ( 53 ) `` Rittany 's Revolt '' January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) 1.35 7 ( 54 ) `` The Wicked Witch of Jackson '' February 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) 1.54 8 ( 55 ) `` Bucking Bride '' February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 1.25 9 ( 56 ) `` Blow it Up '' February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 1.44 10 ( 57 ) `` Flash Mob Madness '' February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 1.38 11 ( 58 ) `` 3 Strikes , You 're Out '' March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 1.19 12 ( 59 ) `` Neva Gets Even '' March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 1.32 13 ( 60 ) `` They 're Coming for Us ! ! '' March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 1.19 14 ( 61 ) `` Face the Music ! It 's the Finale ! '' March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) 0.88 15 ( 62 ) `` Spilling the Tea Reunion Special '' April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) N / A 16 ( 63 ) `` Team Kayla vs. Team Dianna '' July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 1.08 17 ( 64 ) `` The Return of Neva the Diva '' July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 1.07 18 ( 65 ) `` Compton Call Out '' August 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) 1.13 19 ( 66 ) `` Ratchcity ! '' August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 1.18 20 ( 67 ) `` Hoop Dreams Drama '' August 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) 1.12 21 ( 68 ) `` Scholarship Dreams and Dating Nightmares '' August 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) 1.18 22 ( 69 ) `` Dancing With the Enemy '' September 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) 1.09 23 ( 70 ) `` Wigging Out '' September 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) 1.19 24 ( 71 ) `` Lil Niqo and a LOT of Sweat ! '' September 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) 1.22 25 ( 72 ) `` Stomp ! Summer Slam Shocker '' September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 1.30 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 1 ( 73 ) `` Miss D Reboots '' January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 1.16 2 ( 74 ) `` Diana Said Knock You Out ! '' January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 0.92 3 ( 75 ) `` Coach D Meets Queen B '' January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 1.11 4 ( 76 ) `` Bringing It to the Big Apple '' February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 1.02 5 ( 77 ) `` Torrey Takes Over '' February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 1.03 6 ( 78 ) `` Losing Faith '' February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 1.00 7 ( 79 ) `` A Tale of Two Dollhouses '' February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 1.04 8 ( 80 ) `` Attack Of The B Squad '' March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 0.90 9 ( 81 ) `` Black Ice Meltdown '' March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1.06 10 ( 82 ) `` Revenge of the Robo - Dolls '' March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 1.10 11 ( 83 ) `` Cookie Bites Back '' March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 1.14 12 ( 84 ) `` La La Land '' March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 1.03 13 ( 85 ) `` Lemons to `` Lemonade ? '' '' April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 0.97 14 ( 86 ) `` Battle for Broadway '' April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 0.92 15 ( 87 ) `` Deliver Us From Neva '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 0.82 16 ( 88 ) `` Battle Royale : Up in Flames ! '' April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 0.95 17 ( 89 ) `` Crossing the Line '' November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) 0.82 18 ( 90 ) `` Rumble in the Jungle '' December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 0.72 19 ( 91 ) `` # Clapback '' December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.73 20 ( 92 ) `` Battle for Oz '' December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 0.74 21 ( 93 ) `` Secrets , Lies , And Slumber Parties '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 0.79 22 ( 94 ) `` Coach D Resigns '' January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 0.84 23 ( 95 ) `` Stand Battle Shake - Up '' January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 0.77 24 ( 96 ) `` Doll Meets World '' January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 0.80 25 ( 97 ) `` The Dolls ' Last Chance '' January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 0.78 26 ( 98 ) `` National Pressure '' February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 0.75 Season 5 ( 2018 -- 19 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` If You Ca n't Stand The Heat ... '' March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 0.54 `` The Sister Showdown '' March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.56 `` Let 's Talk about Texts , Baby '' March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.65 `` Rivals United for a Cause '' March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.67 5 `` B - Squad Goals '' March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 0.53 6 `` Banned 4 Life ? '' March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 0.60 International broadcasts ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Lifetime UK premiered the series in late 2014 , in 2016 another UK channel , ITVBe will premiere the series on Friday 2nd September 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Preachers Daughters ' Season 2 & Dance Competition ' Bring It ! ' to Premiere March 5 on Lifetime '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Orders New Episodes Of ' Bring It ! ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Bring It ! ' Returns to Lifetime Wednesday July 23 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bring It ! : Season Three Coming to Lifetime '' . TV Series Finale . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When Does Bring It ! Season 4 Start ? '' . Wait With Us ! . 2016 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - bring it ! on lifetime '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schumann , Rebecka ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Reasons ' Dance Moms ' Fans Should Watch ' Bring It ! ' On Lifetime , According To Its Star , Dianna Williams '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Modern Family '' Tops Demos , `` Criminal Minds '' Leads Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Criminal Minds , '' `` Modern Family '' Top Charts in Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : CBS Tops Viewers , Demos with `` CSI , '' `` Survivor '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Finale Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Psych ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American PIckers ' Wins Night , ' Workaholics ' , ' Real World Ex-Plosion ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' The Americans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' American Pickers ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Pickers ' Wins Night , NBA Basketball , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' , ' The Americans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Leads Night + ' American Pickers ' , ' Inside the NBA Playoffs ' , ' Bring It ! ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Bring It ! ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' The Americans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Catfish ' , ' American Dad ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , NHL Playoffs , ' Catfish ' , ' The Americans ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' Suits ' , ' Bring It ' , ' Graceland ' , ' The Bridge ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Sharknado 2 ' Tops Night + ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' Teen Mom II ' ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Suits ' , ' Young & Hunger ' , ' The Bridge ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Zombie Sharks ' , ' Spawn of Jaws ' , ' Teen Mom II ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' & Little League World Series Win Night , ' Suits ' , ' Franklin & Bash ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' The Bridge ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Leads Night + ' American Pickers ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' American Restoration ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' American Pickers ' , ' Graceland ' , ' The Bridge ' , ' Franklin & Bash ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night + ' The Kelly File ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Couples Therapy ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Night , ' The Daily Show ' , ' The Bridge ' , ' Couples Therapy ' , ' Impact Wrestling ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' South Park ' Tops Night + ' Key & Peele ' , ' Teen Mom II ' , ' The Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : Baseball Wild Card Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Key & Peele ' , ' The Bridge ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bring It ! '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Alaskan Bush People ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Newsreaders ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Alaskan Bush People ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' 12 Monkeys ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Alaskan Bush People ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Newsreaders ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Alaskan Bush People ' , NBA Celebrity All - Stars Game , ' Bad Hair Day ' , ' Bring It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Tops Night + ' Gold Rush ' , ' Jack & Triumph Show ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Bring It ! ' , NBA Basketball , ' Preachers'Daughters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Gold Rush : The Dirt ' , ' Bring It ! ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Preachers ' Daughters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Dominates Night + ' Bring It ! ' , ' Children 's Hospital ' , ' Newsreaders ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Wins Night , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Jack & Triumph Show ' , ' Girl Meets World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Children 's Hospital ' Tops Night + ' Bring It ! ' , ' Newsreaders ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' The Jack & Triumph Show ' Wins Night , The Masters , ' Bering Seas Gold ' , ' Jump ! ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Children 's Hospital ' Tops Night + ' Bring It ! ' , ' Newsreaders ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' NBA Playoffs ' Win Night , ' Bring It ! ' , Childrens Hospital ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NFL Draft Coverage Tops Night + NBA Basketball , NHL Hockey & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.31. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.7. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.14. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.21. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.28. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.4. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.11. 2015 ( Correct Charts Now Posted ) '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.18. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.25. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.2. 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.23. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 2.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dollhouse Dance Factory ( hide ) Lifetime original programming Former Dr. Ruth ( 1984 -- 91 ) Attitudes ( 1985 -- 91 ) The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd ( 1989 -- 91 ) Rodeo Drive ( 1990 ) Supermarket Sweep ( 1990 -- 95 ) Shop ' til You Drop ( 1991 -- 94 ) Confessions of Crime ( 1991 ) Veronica Clare ( 1991 ) Born Lucky ( 1992 -- 93 ) Intimate Portrait ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Women of the House ( 1995 ) Debt ( 1996 -- 98 ) Kids These Days ( 1996 -- 98 ) Denise Austin 's Daily Workout ( 1997 -- 2008 ) Any Day Now ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Maggie ( 1998 ) Oh Baby ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Strong Medicine ( 2000 -- 06 ) The Division ( 2001 -- 04 ) Unsolved Mysteries ( 2001 -- 02 ) For the People ( 2002 -- 03 ) What Should You Do ? ( 2003 -- 06 ) The Golden Girls : Their Greatest Moments ( 2003 ) The Designing Women Reunion ( 2003 ) Wild Card ( 2003 -- 05 ) 1 - 800 - Missing ( 2003 -- 06 ) Missing ( 2003 -- 06 ) How Clean Is Your House ? ( 2004 -- 05 ) I Married a Princess ( 2005 ) Beach Girls ( 2005 ) Cheerleader Nation ( 2006 ) Lovespring International ( 2006 ) Angela 's Eyes ( 2006 ) Monarch Cove ( 2006 ) Blood Ties ( 2007 ) Get Married ( 2007 ) Army Wives ( 2007 -- 13 ) Gay , Straight or Taken ? ( 2007 ) Side Order of Life ( 2007 ) State of Mind ( 2007 ) America 's Psychic Challenge ( 2007 ) How to Look Good Naked ( 2008 ) Rita Rocks ( 2008 -- 09 ) Blush : The Search for the Next Great Makeup Artist ( 2008 ) DietTribe ( 2009 ) Project Runway : All - Star Challenge ( 2009 ) Drop Dead Diva ( 2009 -- 14 ) Models of the Runway ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Project Runway ( 2009 -- 17 ) Sherri ( 2009 ) On the Road with Austin & Santino ( 2010 ) The Fairy Jobmother ( 2010 ) Marry Me ( 2010 ) Seriously Funny Kids ( 2011 ) Coming Home ( 2011 -- 12 ) Four of a Kind ( 2011 ) Glamour Belles ( 2011 ) The Protector ( 2011 ) Dance Moms ( 2011 -- 17 ) Roseanne 's Nuts ( 2011 ) Against the Wall ( 2011 ) Picker Sisters ( 2011 ) Russian Dolls ( 2011 ) Project Accessory ( 2011 ) America 's Supernanny ( 2011 -- 12 ) America 's Most Wanted ( 2011 -- 12 ) Dance Moms : Miami ( 2012 ) The Client List ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Week the Women Went ( 2012 ) Prom Queens ( 2012 ) Abby 's Ultimate Dance Competition ( 2012 -- 13 ) My Life is a Lifetime Movie ( 2012 ) The Houstons : On Our Own ( 2012 -- 13 ) Teen Trouble ( 2012 -- 13 ) Double Divas ( 2013 ) Pretty Wicked Moms ( 2013 ) Devious Maids ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Supermarket Superstar ( 2013 ) Witches of East End ( 2013 -- 14 ) Chasing Nashville ( 2013 ) Kim of Queens ( 2014 ) Betty White 's Off Their Rockers ( 2014 -- 17 ) Under the Gunn ( 2014 ) True Tori ( 2014 ) The Lottery ( 2014 ) Raising Asia ( 2014 ) Project Runway : Threads ( 2014 ) The Sisterhood : Becoming Nuns ( 2014 ) Child Genius ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Lizzie Borden Chronicles ( 2015 ) Living with the Enemy ( 2015 ) Fashionably Late with Rachel Zoe ( 2015 ) The Jacksons : Next Generation ( 2015 ) Pitch Slapped ( 2016 ) Mother / Daughter Experiment ( 2016 ) Project Runway : Fashion Startup ( 2016 ) Growing Up Supermodel ( 2017 ) Current Project Runway All Stars ( 2012 -- ) Preachers ' Daughters ( 2013 -- ) Bring It ! ( 2014 -- ) Little Women : LA ( 2014 -- ) Little Women : NY ( 2015 -- ) UnREAL ( 2015 -- ) Project Runway : Junior ( 2015 -- ) The Rap Game ( 2016 -- ) Little Women : Atlanta ( 2016 -- ) Little Women : Dallas ( 2016 -- ) Mary Kills People ( 2017 -- ) Married at First Sight ( 2017 -- ) Upcoming American Princess ( TBA ) You ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It!_(TV_series)&oldid=840849467 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American reality television series Cheerleading television shows English - language television programs Lifetime ( TV network ) shows Dance competition television shows Television shows set in Mississippi Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 15 : 43 . About Wikipedia	when does season 5 of bring it come back on	[ "Bring It! is an American dance reality television series that debuted March 5, 2014, on Lifetime.[1] On April 28, 2014, Lifetime announced an additional 10-episode renewal of Bring It!.[2] Additional episodes returned on July 23, 2014.[3] The second season premiered on January 23, 2015. New episodes aired on July 31, 2015. The third season premiered on January 1, 2016.[4] On December 1, 2016, Lifetime renewed the show for a fourth season, which premiered on January 13, 2017.[5] Lifetime renewed for the show for a fifth season, which premiered on March 2, 2018.[6]" ]	[ "March 2, 2018" ]
6531393696808135259	Skeleton at the Winter Olympics	Skeleton at the Winter Olympics - wikipedia Skeleton at the Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Skeleton at the Winter Olympics Governing body IBSF Events 2 ( men : 1 ; women : 1 ) Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Medalists Skeleton is a winter sport featured in the Winter Olympics where the competitor rides head - first and prone ( lying face down ) on a flat sled . It is normally run on an ice track that allows the sled to gain speed by gravity . It was first contested at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz and again in 1948 Winter Olympics , after which it was discontinued as an Olympic sport . Skeleton was reintroduced at the 2002 Winter Olympics , with both men 's and women 's events , and has been held in each Winter Olympic competition since . Skeleton is so - named as the first metal sleds introduced in 1892 were said to resemble a human skeleton . The sport is similar to , but not to be confused with , luge , another form of sled racing where the competitor rides on the back and feet - first . Often using the same courses , the racing physics are not identical . Great Britain is the only nation to have won a medal every time skeleton has featured at the Olympic Games , and has won at least one medal in each of the five contests of Women 's skeleton since its introduction with five different athletes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 2 Medals 3 Nations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Men 's skeleton 7 Women 's skeleton 5 Total events Medals ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 8 Great Britain ( GBR ) 5 9 Canada ( CAN ) Russia ( RUS ) 0 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 6 South Korea ( KOR ) 0 0 Italy ( ITA ) 0 0 8 Germany ( GER ) 0 9 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 10 Austria ( AUT ) 0 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 Total 12 12 12 36 Updated after 2018 Winter Olympics . Nations ( edit ) Numbers indicate the number of skeleton racers each nation sent to that Olympics . Nation 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Argentina ( ARG ) Australia ( AUS ) Austria ( AUT ) 7 Belgium ( BEL ) Bermuda ( BER ) Canada ( CAN ) 5 5 6 6 5 China ( CHN ) Croatia ( CRO ) Czech Republic ( CZE ) France ( FRA ) 5 Germany ( GER ) 6 5 6 5 Ghana ( GHA ) Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Greece ( GRE ) Ireland ( IRL ) Israel ( ISR ) Italy ( ITA ) 7 Jamaica ( JAM ) Japan ( JPN ) 5 Latvia ( LAT ) 5 Lebanon ( LIB ) Mexico ( MEX ) Netherlands ( NED ) New Zealand ( NZL ) 5 Nigeria ( NGR ) Norway ( NOR ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) Poland ( POL ) Romania ( ROU ) Russia ( RUS ) 6 Slovenia ( SLO ) South Africa ( RSA ) South Korea ( KOR ) Spain ( ESP ) Switzerland ( SUI ) 7 Ukraine ( UKR ) United States ( USA ) 5 5 5 7 Nations 6 6 19 21 19 17 24 Skeleton racers 10 15 39 42 48 47 50 Year 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 See also ( edit ) List of Olympic venues in skeleton References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Skeleton at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons Skeleton at the Winter Olympics 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 -- 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports Winter sliding sports Luge Winter Olympics medalists venues World championships World Cup European championships World natural track championships European natural track championships Asian championships Bobsleigh Winter Olympics medalists venues World championships World Cup European championships Skeleton Winter Olympics medalists venues World championships World Cup European championships International Luge Federation International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation List of bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton tracks List of natural luge tracks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeleton_at_the_Winter_Olympics&oldid=830304600 '' Categories : Skeleton at the Winter Olympics Skeleton competitions Sports at the Winter Olympics Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 00 : 28 . About Wikipedia	when did the skeleton become an olympic sport	[ "Skeleton is a winter sport featured in the Winter Olympics where the competitor rides head-first and prone (lying face down) on a flat sled. It is normally run on an ice track that allows the sled to gain speed by gravity. It was first contested at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz and again in 1948 Winter Olympics, after which it was discontinued as an Olympic sport. Skeleton was reintroduced at the 2002 Winter Olympics, with both men's and women's events, and has been held in each Winter Olympic competition since. Skeleton is so-named as the first metal sleds introduced in 1892 were said to resemble a human skeleton." ]	[ "1928" ]
8798770399974281205	Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1)	Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 1 ) Season 1 U.S. DVD cover Starring Christopher Meloni Mariska Hargitay Richard Belzer Michelle Hurd Dann Florek Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) -- May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , an American police procedural television series , premiered on September 20 , 1999 on NBC . Created by Dick Wolf , it is the first spin - off of Law & Order and follows the detectives of a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department 's Special Victims Unit , which investigates sexually based offenses . SVU originally aired on Monday nights at 9pm / 8c EST , but it was moved to Friday nights at 10pm / 9c after the ninth episode . Showrunner Robert Palm felt too disturbed by the subject matter and left after the season 's conclusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 References 4.1 Bibliography 5 External links Production ( edit ) Inspiration for the series came from a 1986 murder in Central Park committed by Robert Emmet Chambers whose strategy in court was to sexualize the victim . The season one episode of Law & Order , `` Kiss the Girls and Make them Die '' is based on this case . Dick Wolf wanted to continue exploring similar themes in a dedicated legal drama and hired Ted Kotcheff and Robert Palm as executive producers of the new series , as well as Jean de Segonzac , the franchise director for Law & Order . Robert Palm was previously an executive producer on Law & Order and was the first person to use the term `` mothership '' to distinguish the original from its spin - offs . This phrase has become popular with fans of the franchise . Unlike the original Law & Order , filming for SVU began in North Bergen , New Jersey since there was not enough real estate available to get a studio in Manhattan . The production staff were still told to think of the area as being Manhattan . As with Law & Order , writers for the series primarily worked in Los Angeles . However , SVU featured more female writers with the series aiming to bring a `` strong woman 's perspective '' to the screen . Writer Dawn DeNoon has mentioned that many of the writing staff were fired during the first season because their scripts were not up to par . For the lead roles , Christopher Meloni was cast as Detective Elliot Stabler and Mariska Hargitay was cast as Detective Olivia Benson after they auditioned together . Hargitay , who had to move from Los Angeles to New York when she got the role , said she was able to do this on short notice because she was already planning on moving to New York to pursue a Broadway career . The squad commander role was filled by Dann Florek , who had portrayed Captain Don Cragen for the first three seasons on the original Law & Order and later reprised his role in Exiled : A Law & Order Movie . He joined the cast on the condition that he not be asked to audition . Richard Belzer was cast as Detective John Munch , continuing his role from the series Homicide : Life on the Street . In Belzer 's words , he was cast because `` Dick Wolf and Tom Fontana got drunk at a party '' . Halfway through the season , Richard Belzer reprised his role of Munch in Homicide : The Movie , which briefly shows his character out on a case in his SVU context in New York . At Belzer 's insistence , his character was partnered with Brian Cassidy , who was portrayed by Dean Winters . However , Winters ' contractual obligation to the HBO series Oz forced him to leave halfway through the season . Michelle Hurd , who portrayed Detective Monique Jeffries , filled Winters ' void for the remainder of the season , and was at that point added to the main credits . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Main cast ( edit ) Christopher Meloni as Det . Elliot Stabler Mariska Hargitay as Det . Olivia Benson Richard Belzer as Det . John Munch Michelle Hurd as Det . Monique Jeffries Dann Florek as Capt . Don Cragen Recurring cast ( edit ) Dean Winters as Det . Brian Cassidy Chris Orbach as Det . Ken Briscoe Leslie Hendrix as ME Dr. Elizabeth Rodgers Isabel Gillies as Kathy Stabler Erin Broderick as Maureen Stabler Patricia Cook as Elizabeth Stabler Jeffrey Scaperrotta as Dickie Stabler Angie Harmon as ADA Abbie Carmichael Holiday Segal as Kathleen Stabler Reiko Aylesworth as ADA Erica Alden Peter Francis James as Judge Kevin Beck Jerry Orbach as Det . Lennie Briscoe Lance Reddick as ME Dr. Taylor Jenna Stern as ADA Kathleen Eastman Jesse L. Martin as Det . Ed Green Audra McDonald as Dr. Audrey Jackson Judy Del Giudice as Judge Elizabeth Masullo Frank Deal as Defense Attorney Don Newvine Harvey Atkin as Judge Alan Ridenour Sam Waterston as Executive ADA Jack McCoy Steven Hill as DA Adam Schiff Guest stars ( edit ) Jennifer Esposito played reporter Sarah Logan , a rape victim who is also targeted by a stalker . The first season featured the highest number of crossover appearances in SVU . Angie Harmon portrayed her Law & Order character ADA Abbie Carmichael for six episodes . Jerry Orbach ( Det . Lennie Briscoe ) and his new partner Jesse L. Martin ( Det . Ed Green ) were shown working together in the third episode . Almost the entire cast of the original series appeared in the crossover episode `` Entitled . '' Another character establishing ties to the original was Detective Ken Briscoe , the nephew of Lennie Briscoe . He was played by Chris Orbach , the son of Jerry Orbach . The younger Orbach later said that he did not enjoy his role on the show , as he felt he `` only got the gig because of ( his ) old man . '' Family members of both lead detectives appeared in the opening episode . Kathy Stabler , Elliot Stabler 's wife , was played by Isabel Gillies . Gillies continued to play Kathy Stabler over the course of the next 11 years either as a guest star or a recurring actress . She recalled that she was in the middle of buying a wedding dress when she got the call to be on SVU . Elizabeth Ashley was cast to play Serena Benson , Olivia 's mother . Serena Benson did not appear in SVU again but was mentioned several times . Her character 's history of being a rape victim who never got justice -- and whose attacker was Olivia 's biological father -- figures in many later episodes . Andrew McCarthy guest starred as Randolph Morrow , a sadistic rapist who keeps a sex slave locked in his room . Some of the earliest revelations about Detective Benson 's personal life are found in `` Stalked . '' In this episode , Bruce Kirkpatrick played a rapist who decides to intimidate the detectives once he learns that he is under investigation . An episode dealing with mental illness , `` The Third Guy , '' featured a guest performance by Denis O'Hare . He played an intellectually disabled rapist who elicits differing opinions in the SVU . The episode `` Closure '' aired shortly before Detective Brian Cassidy left the Special Victims Unit . However , because of its nonlinear storytelling , it portrayed Cassidy as still working for the unit months later . Despite the continuity error , the producers decided to revisit this episode in the second season owing to the cliffhanger ending and Tracy Pollan 's well - received performance as Harper Anderson , a rape victim who becomes obsessed with taking revenge on her attacker . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Reiko Aylesworth was one of the actresses who originally auditioned for the role of Olivia Benson . Instead , she was cast as Assistant District Attorney Erica Alden , whom she played in the last three episodes of the season . In the season 's penultimate episode , `` Nocturne , '' Kent Broadhurst played Lawrence Holt , a piano teacher who molests his students . Wilson Jermaine Heredia played Evan , Holt 's student and victim , who knows more about Holt 's crimes than he lets on . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Payback '' Jean de Segonzac Dick Wolf September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) E0901 14.10 Two detectives from the NYPD 's Special Victims Unit , Olivia Benson and Elliott Stabler , investigate the stabbing and castration of a cab driver , only to learn that the victim had purchased a phony hack license from an inmate ' Victor Spicer ' ( Matt Skollar ) at Rikers Island . Further investigation reveals that the dead man was a Serbian soldier named Stefan Tanzic , who had been indicted on charges of ethnic cleansing . Herself a child of rape , Benson has trouble separating herself from the case after realizing that the victim was a rapist . Stabler tries to keep her from crossing the line in her attempts to protect suspects whom she feels were justified in their actions . Special appearance by Angie Harmon as ADA Abbie Carmichael . `` A Single Life '' Lesli Linka Glatter Miriam Kazdin September 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 27 ) E0903 N / A When the body of Gretchen Quinn is found wearing only a red slip after having been thrown out of a window , Benson and Stabler soon find out that `` Gretchen Quinn '' was just an alias . While trying to piece together her life , the detectives are led to the victim 's psychiatrist ( Dennis Boutsikaris ) and a well - known television newscaster ( Michael Gaston ) , both of whom were sleeping with her . It soon comes to light she was a young woman who changed her name and identity after graduating high school , to get away from her sexually abusive father ( Paul Hecht ) . Special appearance by Angie Harmon as ADA Abbie Carmichael . `` ... Or Just Look Like One '' Rick Rosenthal Michael R. Perry October 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 04 ) E0907 N / A After teen model Jazmin Burgess is beaten , raped , and dumped in front of Roosevelt Hospital , Benson and Stabler investigate to find out why a sixteen - year - old girl was out alone after midnight . High levels of drugs in Jazmin 's system lead them to take a look at not only the modelling agency with which Jazmin was signed , but also the photographer ( Ritchie Coster ) who was supervising her last shoot ( and had booted her out because she was `` too heavy '' ) . Stabler 's disgust with the whole issue is aggravated by his concern that his daughter Maureen , who has been refusing to eat , may be anorexic . Special appearances by Jerry Orbach as Det . Lennie Briscoe and Jesse L. Martin as Det . Ed Green . `` Hysteria '' Richard Dobbs Dawn DeNoon & Lisa Marie Petersen October 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 11 ) E0908 13.72 When a young woman is found dead , she is initially believed to be a prostitute and the latest victim of a serial killer . As they look into her home life , however , Benson and Stabler realize that the victim does not fit the pattern , and may not be connected to the other deaths after all . After Munch 's instincts lead the team to believe their suspect is a cop ( Joe Lisi ) , Cragen consults his old friend Det . Lennie Briscoe for help . Special appearance by Jerry Orbach as Det . Lennie Briscoe . 5 5 `` Wanderlust '' David Jones Wendy West October 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 18 ) E0905 N / A After a travel writer ( Bruce Barney ) is found nude , strangled , and beaten to death with lingerie stuffed down his throat and duct tape over his mouth , Benson and Stabler initially suspect his landlady 's ( Patricia Richardson 's ) boyfriend ( John Dossett ) , a convicted child molester . But suspicion soon turns to the landlady and her daughter ( Lynn Collins ) , who seemed far too interested in what their tenant was doing with his time . After learning the daughter had a sexual relationship with the tenant , things take an even stranger turn . 6 6 `` Sophomore Jinx '' Clark Johnson John Chambers October 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 25 ) E0904 12.48 After a female student is found raped and murdered at a local college , Benson and Stabler turn their attention to two star players ( Sean Squire and Kohl Sudduth ) on the school 's basketball team . However , the college , unwilling to risk the negative publicity that the investigation could bring to the school and the upcoming championship , blocks their investigation at every turn . But the worst secret actually lies with one of her teachers ( Lothaire Bluteau ) . Special appearance by Angie Harmon as ADA Abbie Carmichael . Special appearance by Reverend Al Sharpton as himself . 7 7 `` Uncivilized '' Michael Fields Teleplay by : Robert Palm & Wendy West Story by : Robert Palm November 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 15 ) E0902 N / A When a young boy is found murdered , suspicion leads Benson and Stabler to a recently paroled child molester ( Stephen Bogardus ) , who soon becomes a test case for a new and broader application of civil commitment . Although they both hate what the man has done in the past , it is soon obvious to the detectives that the teenagers ( Austin Lysy and Ian Reed Kesler ) who initially steered them in the man 's direction are hiding disturbing secrets of their own . 8 8 `` Stalked '' Peter Medak Roger Garrett November 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 22 ) E0911 N / A When the body of an assistant district attorney is found raped and beaten in Central Park , Benson lets her emotions get the best of her as she takes it upon herself to bring the suspected rapist , a local realtor ( Bruce Kirkpatrick ) , to justice . Stabler tries to get the man 's business partner to help in the investigation , but Benson may be the one who ends up needing help . 9 9 `` Stocks & Bondage '' Constantine Makris Michael R. Perry November 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 29 ) E0914 N / A When a financial analyst and devotee of BDSM is found strangled to death in a leather harness in her bedroom , Benson and Stabler at first suspect either suicide or accidental death from autoerotic asphyxiation . However , the discovery of a large quantity of hidden diamonds leads the detectives into a shadowy world of money laundering and securities fraud . 10 10 `` Closure ( Part I ) '' Stephen Wertimer Wendy West January 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 07 ) E0915 N / A Benson does her best to help a rape victim ( Tracy Pollan ) , who is able to describe her attack , but not the attacker ( Neil Maffin ) in perfect detail . When the detectives revisit the case a few months later , they find the woman even less willing to talk about what happened , as she claims she has moved on . Things turn uncomfortable within the squad when Benson and Cassidy , who spent a night together , argue over whether the relationship should be continued . Special appearance by Angie Harmon as ADA Abbie Carmichael . 11 11 `` Bad Blood '' Michael Fields Lisa Marie Petersen & Dawn DeNoon January 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 14 ) E0916 N / A The death of a young gay man initially leads Benson and Stabler to investigate his homophobic father ( Jerry Lanning ) , but once they start looking into the young man 's living arrangements , they realize the person they 're looking for may be closer than they think . Munch tries to help Benson find the man who raped her mother . Special appearance by Angie Harmon as ADA Abbie Carmichael . 12 12 `` Russian Love Poem '' Rick Rosenthal Eva Nagorski January 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 21 ) E0913 14.30 When Andrew Harlin , a bisexual multi-millionaire , is found murdered in his home , Benson and Stabler turn their suspicion to Harlin 's long list of lovers . Evidence at the crime scene leads detectives to a pair of Russian escorts , but before they can get the truth from them , one turns up dead , and the boyfriend ( Olek Krupa ) of the other confesses to murder . 13 13 `` Disrobed '' David Platt Janet Tamaro February 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 04 ) E0910 N / A After a judge is found murdered in his car , the detectives begin looking into his background and learn that he often delivered special verdicts for women in return for sexual favors . The team soon turns its eye to a battered wife ( Kathryn Meisle ) with a secret . Detective Brian Cassidy transfers to Narcotics feeling unable to cope with the SVU cases . 14 14 `` Limitations '' Constantine Makris Michael R. Perry February 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 11 ) E0919 N / A At the request of a victim , the police commissioner comes to Cragen with a special request : close the case of the man who raped three women ( Jenny Bacon , Judith Hawkins and Seana Kofoed ) nearly five years ago before the statute of limitations expires . The detectives finally get a lead when they realize one of the victims knows the rapist , but she 's not willing to talk . 15 15 `` Entitled '' Ed Sherin Teleplay by : Robert Palm & Wendy West Story by : Dick Wolf & René Balcer & Robert Palm February 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 18 ) E0918 N / A After a salesman is murdered , the detectives turn their attention to Stephanie Mulroney ( Noelle Beck ) , the youngest daughter of a well - known family with some deep connections ( Jane Alexander ) . But as they join forces with the officers from the 27th Precinct , they realize that their case is connected with a long - unsolved case that Briscoe once handled years ago with his former partner , Detective Mike Logan . This is part one of a two - part episode that concludes on Law & Order . Special appearances by Jerry Orbach as Det . Lennie Briscoe , Jesse L. Martin as Det . Ed Green , Sam Waterston as EADA Jack McCoy , Steven Hill as DA Adam Schiff , and Angie Harmon as ADA Abbie Carmichael . 16 16 `` The Third Guy '' Jud Taylor Dawn DeNoon & Lisa Marie Petersen February 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 25 ) E0920 N / A An elderly woman is found tied up and sexually assaulted in her apartment and suspicion is initially on the young men ( Eugene Byrd and Rick Gonzalez ) that had broken into her home and robbed her . Once the detectives catch the young men , they learn that there was someone else in the apartment . The offered plea bargain initially does n't go over well , but they finally reach a deal which leaves the detectives with a new case - whether or not the person who sexually assaulted the woman ( Denis O'Hare ) was mentally handicapped . 17 17 `` Misleader '' Richard Dobbs Teleplay by : Nick Kendrick Story by : Nick Harding & Nick Kendrick March 31 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 31 ) E0912 N / A After the pregnant daughter - in - law of a prominent Christian right leader ( Robert Foxworth ) is found murdered in her hotel room , the detectives investigate a rash of hotel burglaries , only to discover that her adultery ( and the probable father of her child ) was what led to her death . 18 18 `` Chat Room '' Richard Dobbs Roger Garrett April 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 14 ) E0923 N / A When a teenage girl ( Paz de la Huerta ) comes into the squad room to tell the detectives that she was raped by a man she met on the Internet , the detectives set up a special sting operation . They end up stepping on some highly - placed toes as Munch plays the kid to net the big fish . 19 19 `` Contact '' Michael Zinberg Robert Palm & Wendy West April 28 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 28 ) E0921 12.84 After seven young women in a six - month time span are raped by a flash - and - dash assailant ( Sal Viscuso ) on the city subways , the brass calls in a psychiatrist to help the team get into the head of the perpetrator . When he is caught , all seven victims identify him in a police lineup , but the IDs are suppressed . However , the detectives find that he possesses the driver 's license of a new victim ( Leonora Gershman ) who could put him away . 20 20 `` Remorse '' Alexander Cassini Michael R. Perry May 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 05 ) E0924 N / A Television reporter Sarah Logan ( Jennifer Esposito ) refuses to let her recent rape get her down , and talks about her experiences on the air , leading to the arrest of a young man that the team feels is responsible . Over the course of the investigation , Munch and Jefferies become unusually affected by the case , albeit in different ways . 21 21 `` Nocturne '' Jean de Segonzac Wendy West May 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 12 ) E0922 13.70 After a pharmacy turns over some disturbing photos of a young boy , Benson and Stabler arrest a piano teacher ( Kent Broadhurst ) for child molestation . After the boy claims to have seen other pictures of young boys at the teacher 's house , the detectives get a warrant and discover a series of videos that document the life of a young boy named Evan ( Wilson Jermaine Heredia ) . Believing he can make or break their case , the team searches for him , only to realize that his testimony may not help at all because Evan is scarred far more deeply than they realized . 22 22 `` Slaves '' Ted Kotcheff Lisa Marie Petersen & Dawn DeNoon May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) E0926 N / A After a shopkeeper brings a note for help to the squad , the detectives begin trying to locate a young Romanian woman named Ilena ( Layla Alexander ) , who has n't been seen in months . The squad eventually find her working as a nanny at the home of the Morrows ( Andrew McCarthy and Susan Floyd ) , a successful yuppie couple who harbor a terrible secret . A forensic psychologist analyzes the team , and presents disturbing findings to Cragen , suggesting that one of the detectives be removed from the team immediately . Robert Palm leaves the show as executive producer . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay Interview '' . Karastan . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dick Wolf , Christopher Meloni , Mariska Hargitay , Richard Belzer , Dann Florek ( 2003 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The Beginning . Universal Channel . Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 163 Jump up ^ `` SVU Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Michael ( December 3 , 1999 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' , ' Friends ' and TV 's Other Champs & Chumps '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prime - Time TV Rankings '' . The Los Angeles Times . October 20 , 1999 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 3 , 1999 ) . `` Post-Series NBC Win , but Shows in Foul Territory '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . TV Tango . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` SpotVault - Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) - 1999 - 2000 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , Susan ; Dawn , Randee ( 2009 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The Unofficial Companion . Dallas : BenBella Books . ISBN 1 - 933771 - 88 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 1 at TVGuide.com Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 1 - TV.com Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 1 - TV IV Season 1 episodes at IMDb.com ( hide ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_1)&oldid=806300552 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes 1999 American television seasons 2000 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first episode of law and order svu air	[ "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, an American police procedural television series, premiered on September 20, 1999 on NBC. Created by Dick Wolf, it is the first spin-off of Law & Order and follows the detectives of a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department's Special Victims Unit, which investigates sexually based offenses. SVU originally aired on Monday nights at 9pm/8c EST, but it was moved to Friday nights at 10pm/9c after the ninth episode. Showrunner Robert Palm felt too disturbed by the subject matter and left after the season's conclusion.[1]" ]	[ "September 20, 1999" ]
-3204360913601787765	Astronaut	Astronaut - wikipedia Astronaut For other uses , see Astronaut ( disambiguation ) . `` Cosmonaut '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cosmonaut ( disambiguation ) . NASA Astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a Manned Maneuvering Unit outside Space Shuttle Challenger on shuttle mission STS - 41 - B in 1984 . An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists , and tourists . Until 2002 , astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments , either by the military or by civilian space agencies . With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created : the commercial astronaut . Contents 1 Definition 2 Terminology 2.1 English 2.2 Russian 2.3 Chinese 2.4 Other terms 3 Space travel milestones 3.1 Age milestones 3.2 Duration and distance milestones 3.3 Civilian and non-government milestones 3.4 Self - funded travelers 4 Training 4.1 NASA candidacy requirements 4.1. 1 Commander and Pilot 4.1. 2 Mission Specialist 4.1. 3 Mission Specialist Educator 5 Health risks of space travel 6 Food and drink 7 Insignia 8 Deaths 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Definition Alan Shepard aboard Freedom 7 The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary . The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) . In the United States , professional , military , and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles ( 80 km ) are awarded astronaut wings . As of 17 November 2016 , a total of 552 people from 36 countries have reached 100 km ( 62 mi ) or more in altitude , of which 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond . Of these , 24 people have traveled beyond low Earth orbit , either to lunar orbit , the lunar surface , or , in one case , a loop around the Moon . Three of the 24 -- Jim Lovell , John Young and Eugene Cernan -- did so twice . The three current astronauts who have flown without reaching low Earth orbit are spaceplane pilots Joe Walker , Mike Melvill , and Brian Binnie , who participated in suborbital missions . As of 17 November 2016 , under the U.S. definition , 558 people qualify as having reached space , above 50 miles ( 80 km ) altitude . Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles ( 80 km ) in altitude , only one exceeded 100 kilometers ( about 62 miles ) . Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man - days ( 114.5 man - years ) in space , including over 100 astronaut - days of spacewalks . As of 2016 , the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka , who has spent 879 days in space . Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman , 377 days . Terminology See also : Astronaut ranks and positions In 1959 , when both the United States and Soviet Union were planning , but had yet to launch humans into space , NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator , Dr. Hugh Dryden , discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called astronauts or cosmonauts . Dryden preferred `` cosmonaut '' , on the grounds that flights would occur in the cosmos ( near space ) , while the `` astro '' prefix suggested flight to the stars . Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred `` astronaut '' , which survived by common usage as the preferred American term . When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space , Yuri Gagarin in 1961 , they chose a term which anglicizes to `` cosmonaut '' . English In English - speaking nations , a professional space traveler is called an astronaut . The term derives from the Greek words ástron ( ἄστρον ) , meaning `` star '' , and nautes ( ναύτης ) , meaning `` sailor '' . The first known use of the term `` astronaut '' in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his 1930 short story `` The Death 's Head Meteor '' . The word itself had been known earlier ; for example , in Percy Greg 's 1880 book Across the Zodiac , `` astronaut '' referred to a spacecraft . In Les Navigateurs de l'Infini ( 1925 ) by J. - H. Rosny aîné , the word astronautique ( astronautic ) was used . The word may have been inspired by `` aeronaut '' , an older term for an air traveler first applied in 1784 to balloonists . An early use of `` astronaut '' in a non-fiction publication is Eric Frank Russell 's poem `` The Astronaut '' , appearing in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society . The first known formal use of the term astronautics in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual International Astronautical Congress in 1950 , and the subsequent founding of the International Astronautical Federation the following year . NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond . NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps . The European Space Agency similarly uses the term astronaut for members of its Astronaut Corps . Russian Main article : Soviet space program See also : List of cosmonauts By convention , an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency ( or its Soviet predecessor ) is called a cosmonaut in English texts . The word is an anglicisation of the Russian word kosmonavt ( Russian : космонавт Russian pronunciation : ( kəsmɐˈnaft ) ) , one who works in space outside the Earth 's atmosphere , a space traveler , which derives from the Greek words kosmos ( κόσμος ) , meaning `` universe '' , and nautes ( ναύτης ) , meaning `` sailor '' . Other countries of the former Eastern Bloc use variations of the Russian word kosmonavt , such as the Polish kosmonauta . Coinage of the term kosmonavt has been credited to Soviet aeronautics pioneer Mikhail Tikhonravov ( 1900 -- 1974 ) . The first cosmonaut was Soviet Air Force pilot Yuri Gagarin , also the first person in space . Valentina Tereshkova , a Russian factory worker , was the first woman in space , as well as the first civilian among the Soviet cosmonaut or NASA astronaut corps to make a spaceflight . On March 14 , 1995 , Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle , and thus became the first `` American cosmonaut '' . Chinese Main article : Chinese space program See also : List of Chinese astronauts `` Yǔ háng yuán '' ( 宇航员 , `` Space - universe navigating personnel '' ) is used for astronauts and cosmonauts in general , while `` Hángtiān yuán '' ( 航天员 , `` navigating outer space personnel '' ) is used for Chinese astronauts . Here , `` Hángtiān '' ( 航天 ) is strictly defined as the navigation of outer space within the local star system , i.e. Solar system . The phrase `` tài kōng rén '' ( 太空人 , `` spaceman '' ) is often used in Hong Kong and Taiwan . The term taikonaut is used by some English - language news media organizations for professional space travelers from China . The word has featured in the Longman and Oxford English dictionaries , the latter of which describes it as `` a hybrid of the Chinese term taikong ( space ) and the Greek naut ( sailor ) '' ; the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first astronaut Yang Liwei into space aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft . This is the term used by Xinhua News Agency in the English version of the Chinese People 's Daily since the advent of the Chinese space program . The origin of the term is unclear ; as early as May 1998 , Chiew Lee Yih ( 趙裡昱 ) from Malaysia , used it in newsgroups . Other terms With the rise of space tourism , NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term `` spaceflight participant '' to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies . While no nation other than the Russian Federation ( and previously the former Soviet Union ) , the United States , and China have launched a manned spacecraft , several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries . Inspired partly by these missions , other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage . For example , the term spationaut ( French spelling : spationaute ) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers , from the Latin word spatium for `` space '' , the Malay term angkasawan was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program , and the Indian Space Research Organisation hope to launch a spacecraft in 2022 that would carry vyomanauts , coined from the Sanskrit word for space . In Finland , the NASA astronaut Timothy Kopra , a Finnish American , has sometimes been referred to as sisunautti , from the Finnish word sisu . Space travel milestones Yuri Gagarin , first human in space ( 1961 ) Valentina Tereshkova , first woman in space ( 1963 ) Neil Armstrong , first human to walk on the Moon ( 1969 ) Dr. Sally Ride , the first American female astronaut ( 1980s ) Yang Liwei , first person sent into space by China ( 2003 ) See also : Spaceflight records and Timeline of space travel by nationality The first human in space was Soviet Yuri Gagarin , who was launched on April 12 , 1961 , aboard Vostok 1 and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes . The first woman in space was Soviet Valentina Tereshkova , who launched on June 16 , 1963 , aboard Vostok 6 and orbited Earth for almost three days . Alan Shepard became the first American and second person in space on May 5 , 1961 , on a 15 - minute sub-orbital flight . The first American to orbit the Earth was John Glenn , aboard Friendship 7 on February 20 , 1962 . The first American woman in space was Sally Ride , during Space Shuttle Challenger 's mission STS - 7 , on June 18 , 1983 . In 1992 Mae Jemison became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard STS - 47 . Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was the first person to conduct an extravehicular activity ( EVA ) , ( commonly called a `` spacewalk '' ) , on March 18 , 1965 , on the Soviet Union 's Voskhod 2 mission . This was followed two and a half months later by astronaut Ed White who made the first American EVA on NASA 's Gemini 4 mission . The first manned mission to orbit the Moon , Apollo 8 , included American William Anders who was born in Hong Kong , making him the first Asian - born astronaut in 1968 . The Soviet Union , through its Intercosmos program , allowed people from other `` socialist '' ( i.e. Warsaw Pact and other Soviet - allied ) countries to fly on its missions , with the notable exception of France participating in Soyuz TM - 7 . An example is Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek , the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States , who flew to space in 1978 on a Soyuz - U rocket . On July 23 , 1980 , Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first Asian in space when he flew aboard Soyuz 37 . Also in 1980 , Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became the first person of Hispanic and black African descent to fly in space , and in 1983 , Guion Bluford became the first African American to fly into space . In April 1985 , Taylor Wang became the first ethnic Chinese person in space . The first person born in Africa to fly in space was Patrick Baudry ( France ) , in 1985 . In 1985 , Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al - Saud became the first Arab Muslim astronaut in space . In 1988 , Abdul Ahad Mohmand became the first Afghan to reach space , spending nine days aboard the Mir space station . With the increase of seats on the Space Shuttle , the U.S. began taking international astronauts . In 1983 , Ulf Merbold of West Germany became the first non-US citizen to fly in a US spacecraft . In 1984 , Marc Garneau became the first of 8 Canadian astronauts to fly in space ( through 2010 ) . In 1985 , Rodolfo Neri Vela became the first Mexican - born person in space . In 1991 , Helen Sharman became the first Briton to fly in space . In 2002 , Mark Shuttleworth became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space , as a paying spaceflight participant . In 2003 , Ilan Ramon became the first Israeli to fly in space , although he died during a re-entry accident . On October 15 , 2003 , Yang Liwei became China 's first astronaut on the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft . Age milestones The youngest person to fly in space is Gherman Titov , who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2 . ( Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness ) . The oldest person who has flown in space is John Glenn , who was 77 when he flew on STS - 95 . Duration and distance milestones 438 days is the longest time spent in space , by Russian Valeri Polyakov . As of 2006 , the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven , a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang - Diaz . The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km ( 249,205 mi ) , when Jim Lovell , Jack Swigert , and Fred Haise went around the Moon during the Apollo 13 emergency . Civilian and non-government milestones The first civilian in space was Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6 ( she also became the first woman in space on that mission ) . Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the USSR 's Air Force , which did not accept female pilots at that time . A month later , Joseph Albert Walker became the first American civilian in space when his X-15 Flight 90 crossed the 100 kilometers ( 54 nautical miles ) line , qualifying him by the international definition of spaceflight . Walker had joined the US Army Air Force but was not a member during his flight . The first people in space who had never been a member of any country 's armed forces were both Konstantin Feoktistov and Boris Yegorov aboard Voskhod 1 . The first non-governmental space traveler was Byron K. Lichtenberg , a researcher from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who flew on STS - 9 in 1983 . In December 1990 , Toyohiro Akiyama became the first paying space traveler as a reporter for Tokyo Broadcasting System , a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12 million ( USD ) deal with a Japanese TV station , although at the time , the term used to refer to Akiyama was `` Research Cosmonaut '' . Akiyama suffered severe space sickness during his mission , which affected his productivity . The first self - funded space tourist was Dennis Tito on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM - 3 on April 28 , 2001 . Self - funded travelers Main article : Space tourism The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was Mike Melvill , piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a suborbital journey , although he was a test pilot employed by Scaled Composites and not an actual paying space tourist . Seven others have paid the Russian Space Agency to fly into space : Dennis Tito ( American ) : April 28 -- May 6 , 2001 ( ISS ) Mark Shuttleworth ( South African ) : April 25 -- May 5 , 2002 ( ISS ) Gregory Olsen ( American ) : October 1 -- 11 , 2005 ( ISS ) Anousheh Ansari ( Iranian / American ) : September 18 -- 29 , 2006 ( ISS ) Charles Simonyi ( Hungarian / American ) : April 7 -- 21 , 2007 ( ISS ) , March 26 -- April 8 , 2009 ( ISS ) Richard Garriott ( British / American ) : October 12 -- 24 , 2008 ( ISS ) Guy Laliberté ( Canadian ) : September 30 , 2009 -- October 11 , 2009 ( ISS ) Training Elliot See during water egress training with NASA ( 1965 ) Main article : Astronaut Training See also : Astronaut ranks and positions The first NASA astronauts were selected for training in 1959 . Early in the space program , military jet test piloting and engineering training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA , although neither John Glenn nor Scott Carpenter ( of the Mercury Seven ) had any university degree , in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection . Selection was initially limited to military pilots . The earliest astronauts for both America and the USSR tended to be jet fighter pilots , and were often test pilots . Once selected , NASA astronauts go through twenty months of training in a variety of areas , including training for extravehicular activity in a facility such as NASA 's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory . Astronauts - in - training ( astronaut candidates ) may also experience short periods of weightlessness ( microgravity ) in an aircraft called the `` Vomit Comet , '' the nickname given to a pair of modified KC - 135s ( retired in 2000 and 2004 , respectively , and replaced in 2005 with a C - 9 ) which perform parabolic flights . Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high - performance jet aircraft . This is mostly done in T - 38 jet aircraft out of Ellington Field , due to its proximity to the Johnson Space Center . Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed , although most flights of the aircraft are conducted from Edwards Air Force Base . Astronauts is training must learn how to control and fly the Space Shuttle and , it is vital that they are familiar with the International Space Station so they know what they must do when they get there . NASA candidacy requirements Be citizens of the United States . Pass a strict physical examination , and have a near and distant visual acuity correctable to 20 / 20 ( 6 / 6 ) . Blood pressure , while sitting , must be no greater than 140 over 90 . There are currently no age restrictions . Commander and pilot A bachelor 's degree in engineering , biological science , physical science or mathematics is required . At least 1,000 hours ' flying time as pilot - in - command in jet aircraft . Experience as a test pilot is desirable . Height must be 5 ft 2 in to 6 ft 2 in ( 1.58 m to 1.88 m ) . Distant visual acuity must be correctable to 20 / 20 in each eye . The refractive surgical procedures of the eye , PRK ( Photorefractive keratectomy ) and LASIK , are now allowed , providing at least 1 year has passed since the date of the procedure with no permanent adverse after effects . For those applicants under final consideration , an operative report on the surgical procedure will be requested . Mission specialist A bachelor 's degree in engineering , biological science , physical science or mathematics , as well as at least three years of related professional experience ( graduate work or studies ) and an advanced degree , such as a master 's degree ( one to three years ) or a doctoral degree ( three years or more ) . Applicant 's height must be between 4 ft 10.5 in and 6 ft 4 in ( 1.49 m and 1.93 m ) . Mission specialist Educator Main article : Educator Astronaut Project Applicants must have a bachelor 's degree with teaching experience , including work at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level . An advanced degree , such as a master 's degree or a doctoral degree , is not required , but is strongly desired . Mission Specialist Educators , or `` Educator Astronauts '' , were first selected in 2004 , and as of 2007 , there are three NASA Educator astronauts : Joseph M. Acaba , Richard R. Arnold , and Dorothy Metcalf - Lindenburger . Barbara Morgan , selected as back - up teacher to Christa McAuliffe in 1985 , is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media , but she trained as a mission specialist . The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the Teacher in Space program from the 1980s . Health risks of space travel Gennady Padalka performing ultrasound on Michael Fincke during ISS Expedition 9 . See also : Effect of spaceflight on the human body and Space medicine Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including decompression sickness , barotrauma , immunodeficiencies , loss of bone and muscle , loss of eyesight , orthostatic intolerance , sleep disturbances , and radiation injury . A variety of large scale medical studies are being conducted in space via the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute ( NSBRI ) to address these issues . Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study in which astronauts ( including former ISS commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka ) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space . This study 's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in medical and high school students . It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations , where access to a trained physician is often rare . A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that Salmonella typhimurium , a bacterium that can cause food poisoning , became more virulent when cultivated in space . More recently , in 2017 , bacteria were found to be more resistant to antibiotics and to thrive in the near - weightlessness of space . Microorganisms have been observed to survive the vacuum of outer space . On December 31 , 2012 , a NASA - supported study reported that manned spaceflight may harm the brain and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer 's disease . In October 2015 , the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration , including a human mission to Mars . Over the last decade , flight surgeons and scientists at NASA have seen a pattern of vision problems in astronauts on long - duration space missions . The syndrome , known as visual impairment intracranial pressure ( VIIP ) , has been reported in nearly two - thirds of space explorers after long periods spent aboard the International Space Station ( ISS ) . On November 2 , 2017 , scientists reported that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken trips in space , based on MRI studies . Astronauts who took longer space trips were associated with greater brain changes . Being in space can be physiologically deconditioning on the body . It can affect the otolith organs and adaptive capabilities of the central nervous system . Zero gravity and cosmic rays can cause many implications for astronauts . Food and drink Main article : Space food An astronaut on the International Space Station requires about 0.83 kilograms ( 1.83 pounds ) weight of food inclusive of food packaging per meal each day . ( The packaging for each meal weighs around 0.12 kilograms - 0.27 pounds ) Longer - duration missions require more food . Shuttle astronauts worked with nutritionists to select menus that appeal to their individual tastes . Five months before flight , menus are selected and analyzed for nutritional content by the shuttle dietician . Foods are tested to see how they will react in a reduced gravity environment . Caloric requirements are determined using a basal energy expenditure ( BEE ) formula . On Earth , the average American uses about 35 gallons ( 132 liters ) of water every day . On board the ISS astronauts limit water use to only about three gallons ( 11 liters ) per day . Insignia In Russia , cosmonauts are awarded Pilot - Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation upon completion of their missions , often accompanied with the award of Hero of the Russian Federation . This follows the practice established in the USSR where cosmonauts were usually awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union . At NASA , those who complete astronaut candidate training receive a silver lapel pin . Once they have flown in space , they receive a gold pin . U.S. astronauts who also have active - duty military status receive a special qualification badge , known as the Astronaut Badge , after participation on a spaceflight . The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles ( 80 km ) in altitude . Space Mirror Memorial Deaths Main article : List of spaceflight - related accidents and incidents § Astronaut fatalities Eighteen astronauts ( fourteen men and four women ) have lost their lives during four space flights . By nationality , thirteen were American ( including one born in India ) , four were Russian ( Soviet Union ) , and one was Israeli . Eleven people ( all men ) have lost their lives training for spaceflight : eight Americans and three Russians . Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft , one drowned during water recovery training , and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments . The Space Mirror Memorial , which stands on the grounds of the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex , commemorates the lives of the men and women who have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States . In addition to twenty NASA career astronauts , the memorial includes the names of a U.S. Air Force X-15 test pilot , a U.S. Air Force officer who died while training for a then - classified military space program , and a civilian spaceflight participant . 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7573602472167742001	Saint Valentine's Day Massacre	Saint Valentine 's Day massacre - wikipedia Saint Valentine 's Day massacre Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Saint Valentine 's Day massacre ( disambiguation ) . Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre 2122 North Clark Street Location Warehouse at Dickens and Clark in Lincoln Park , Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Coordinates 41 ° 55 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 16 '' W / 41.9208 ° N 87.6379 ° W / 41.9208 ; - 87.6379 Coordinates : 41 ° 55 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 16 '' W / 41.9208 ° N 87.6379 ° W / 41.9208 ; - 87.6379 Date February 14 , 1929 10 : 30 am ( CST ) Attack type Massacre Weapons Two Thompson submachine guns Two shotguns Deaths 7 ( five members of the North Side Gang and two other affiliates ) Perpetrators Chicago Outfit Egan 's Rats The Purple Gang No. of participants 4 ( all unidentified ) The Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder in Chicago of seven men of the North Side gang during the Prohibition Era . It happened on February 14 , and resulted from the struggle between the Irish American gang and the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone to take control of organized crime in the city . Former members of the Egan 's Rats gang were suspected of a significant role in the incident , assisting Capone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Victims 2 Investigation 3 Bolton revelations 4 Other suspects 5 Murder weapons 6 Legacy 6.1 Crime scene and bricks from the murder wall 7 In popular culture 7.1 Biographical 7.2 Fictional 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At 10 : 30 a.m. on February 14 , 1929 , seven men were murdered at the garage at 2122 North Clark Street , in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago 's North Side . They were shot by four men using weapons that included two Thompson submachine guns . Two of the shooters were dressed as uniformed policemen , while the others wore suits , ties , overcoats and hats . Witnesses saw the `` police '' leading the other men at gunpoint out of the garage after the shooting . The victims included five members of George `` Bugs '' Moran 's North Side Gang . Moran 's second - in - command and brother - in - law , Albert Kachellek ( alias James Clark ) , was killed along with Adam Heyer , the gang 's bookkeeper and business manager , Albert Weinshank , who managed several cleaning and dyeing operations for Moran , and gang enforcers Frank Gusenberg and Peter Gusenberg . Two collaborators were also shot : Reinhardt H. Schwimmer , a former optician turned gambler and gang associate , and John May , an occasional mechanic for the Moran gang . When real Chicago police officers arrived at the scene , one of the victims , Frank Gusenberg was still alive . He was taken to the hospital , where doctors stabilized him for a short time . Police tried to question Gusenberg . Asked who shot him , Gusenberg , who had sustained fourteen bullet wounds , replied `` No one shot me . '' He died three hours later . The massacre was allegedly planned by the organization led by Al Capone to eliminate George `` Bugs '' Moran , the boss of the long - established North Side Gang . The former boss of the North Side Gang , Dean O'Banion , had been murdered by four gunmen in his flower shop on North State Street in 1924 . After the murder of O'Banion , each successive leader of the North Siders was also killed , allegedly by various members or associates of the Capone organization . Several factors contributed to the timing of the plan to kill George `` Bugs '' Moran . Earlier in the year , North Sider Frank Gusenberg and his brother Peter unsuccessfully attempted to murder Jack McGurn . The North Side Gang was complicit in the murders of Pasqualino `` Patsy '' Lolordo and Antonio `` The Scourge '' Lombardo . Both had been presidents of the Unione Siciliana , the local Mafia , and close associates of Capone . Moran and Capone had been vying for control of the lucrative Chicago bootlegging trade , and Bugs Moran had been moving in on several of Capone 's enterprises . Moran was muscling in on a Capone - run dog track in the Chicago suburbs and he had taken over several saloons that were run by Capone , insisting they were in his territory . The plan was to lure Bugs Moran to the SMC Cartage warehouse on North Clark Street on February 14 , 1929 . The intent was to kill Moran , and perhaps two or three of his lieutenants . It is usually assumed that the North Siders were lured to the garage with the promise of a stolen , cut - rate shipment of whiskey , supplied by Detroit 's Purple Gang , which was associated with Capone . The Gusenberg brothers were supposed to drive two empty trucks to Detroit that day to pick up two loads of stolen Canadian whiskey . All of the victims , with the exception of John May , were dressed in their best clothes , as was customary for the North Siders and other gangsters at the time . On St. Valentine 's Day , most of the Moran gang had already arrived at the warehouse by approximately 10 : 30 a.m. Moran was not there , having left his Parkway Hotel apartment late . As Moran and one of his men , Ted Newberry , approached the rear of the warehouse from a side street , they saw a police car approach the building . They immediately turned and retraced their steps , going to a nearby coffee shop . They encountered another gang member , Henry Gusenberg , on the street . Henry was warned and turned back . Willie Marks , also a North Side Gang member , spotted the police car on his way to the garage . He ducked into a doorway and jotted down the license number before leaving the neighborhood . Capone 's lookouts likely mistook one of Moran 's men for Moran himself -- probably Albert Weinshank , who was the same height and build . That morning the physical similarity between the two men was enhanced by their dress : both happened to be wearing the same color overcoats and hats . Witnesses outside the garage saw a Cadillac sedan pull to a stop in front of the garage . Four men , two dressed in police uniform , emerged and walked inside . The two fake police officers , carrying shotguns , entered the rear portion of the garage and found members of Moran 's gang and two gang collaborators , Reinhart Schwimmer and John May , who was fixing one of the trucks . The `` police officers '' then ordered the men to line up against the wall . The two `` police officers '' then signaled to the pair in civilian clothes who had accompanied them . Two of the killers opened fire with Thompson sub-machine guns , one with a 20 - round box magazine and the other a 50 - round drum . They were thorough , spraying their victims left and right , even continuing to fire after all seven had hit the floor . The seven men were ripped apart in the volley . Two shotgun blasts afterward all but obliterated the faces of John May and James Clark , according to the coroner 's report . To give the appearance that everything was under control , the men in street clothes came out with their hands up , prodded by the two uniformed police officers . Inside the garage , the only survivors in the warehouse were Highball ( May 's dog ) and Frank Gusenberg . Despite fourteen bullet wounds , he was still conscious , but died three hours later , refusing to utter a word about the identities of the killers . The Valentine 's Day Massacre set off a public outcry that posed a problem for all mob bosses . Victims ( edit ) Peter Gusenberg , a frontline enforcer for the Moran organizations . Frank Gusenberg , the brother of Peter Gusenberg and also an enforcer . Albert Kachellek ( alias `` James Clark '' ) , Moran 's second - in - command . Adam Heyer , the bookkeeper and business manager of the Moran gang . Reinhardt Schwimmer , an optician who had abandoned his practice to gamble on horse racing and associated with the gang . Albert Weinshank , who managed several cleaning and dyeing operations for Moran . His resemblance to Moran , including the clothes he was wearing , is what allegedly set the massacre in motion before Moran actually arrived . John May , an occasional car mechanic for the Moran gang . Investigation ( edit ) Since it was common knowledge that Moran was hijacking Capone 's Detroit - based liquor shipments , police focused their attention on Detroit 's predominantly Jewish Purple Gang . Mug shots of Purple members George Lewis , Eddie Fletcher , Phil Keywell and his younger brother Harry , were picked out by landladies Mrs. Doody and Mrs. Orvidson , who had taken in three men as roomers ten days before the massacre ; their rooming houses were directly across the street from the Clark Street garage . Later , these women wavered in their identification , and Fletcher , Lewis , and Harry Keywell were all questioned and cleared by Chicago Police . Nevertheless , the Keywell brothers ( and by extension the Purple Gang ) would remain ensnared in the massacre case for all time . Many also believed what the killers wanted them to believe -- that the police did it . February 22 , police were called to the scene of a garage fire on Wood Street where a 1927 Cadillac Sedan was found disassembled and partially burned . It was determined that the car had been used by the killers . The engine number was traced to a Michigan Avenue dealer , who had sold the car to a James Morton of Los Angeles . The garage had been rented by a man calling himself Frank Rogers , who gave his address as 1859 West North Avenue -- which happened to be the address of the Circus Café , operated by Claude Maddox , a former St. Louis gangster with ties to the Capone organization , the Purple Gang , and a St. Louis gang called Egan 's Rats . Police could not turn up any information about persons named James Morton or Frank Rogers . But they had a definite lead on one of the killers . Just minutes before the killings , a truck driver named Elmer Lewis had turned a corner only a block away from 2122 North Clark and sideswiped what he took to be a police car . He told police later that he stopped immediately but was waved away by the uniformed driver , whom he noticed was missing a front tooth . The same description of the car 's driver was also given by the president of the Board of Education , H. Wallace Caldwell , who had also witnessed the accident . Police knew that this description could be none other than a former member of Egan 's Rats , Fred ' Killer ' Burke ; Burke and a close companion , James Ray , were well known to wear police uniforms whenever on a robbery spree . Burke was also a fugitive , under indictment for robbery and murder in Ohio . Police also suggested that Joseph Lolordo could have been one of the killers , because of his brother Pasqualino 's recent murder by the North Side Gang . Police then announced that they suspected Capone gunmen John Scalise and Albert Anselmi , as well as Jack McGurn himself , and Frank Rio , a Capone bodyguard . Police eventually charged McGurn and Scalise with the massacre . John Scalise , along with Anselmi and Joseph ' Hop Toad ' Giunta , were murdered by Capone in May 1929 , after Capone learned about their plan to kill him , and before he went to trial . The murder charges against Jack McGurn were finally dropped because of a lack of evidence , and he was just charged with a violation of the Mann Act : he took his girlfriend , Louise Rolfe , who was also the main witness against him and became known as the `` Blonde Alibi '' , across state lines to marry . The case stagnated until December 14 , 1929 , when the Berrien County , Michigan Sheriff 's Department raided the St. Joseph , Michigan bungalow of `` Frederick Dane '' , the registered owner of a vehicle driven by Fred `` Killer '' Burke . Burke had been drinking that night , rear - ended another vehicle and drove off . Patrolman Charles Skelly pursued , finally forcing Burke off the road . As Skelly hopped on the running board he was shot three times and died of his wounds later that night . The car was found wrecked and abandoned just outside St. Joseph and traced to Fred Dane . By this time police photos confirmed that Dane was in fact Fred Burke , wanted by the Chicago police for his participation in the St. Valentine 's Day Massacre . When police raided Burke 's bungalow , they found a large trunk containing a bullet - proof vest , almost $320,000 in bonds recently stolen from a Wisconsin bank , two Thompson submachine guns , pistols , two shotguns , and thousands of rounds of ammunition . St. Joseph authorities immediately notified the Chicago police , who requested that both machine guns be brought there at once . Through the then relatively new science of forensic ballistics , both weapons were determined to have been used in the massacre -- and that one of Burke 's Tommy guns had also been used to murder New York mobster Frankie Yale ( who participated in O'Banion's murder ) a year and a half earlier . Unfortunately , no further concrete evidence would surface in the massacre case . Burke would be captured over a year later on a Missouri farm . As the case against him in the murder of Officer Skelly was strongest , he was tried in Michigan and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment . Burke died in prison in 1940 . Bolton revelations ( edit ) On January 8 , 1935 , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents surrounded a Chicago apartment building at 3920 North Pine Grove , looking for the remaining members of the Barker Gang . A brief shootout erupted , resulting in the death of bank robber Russell Gibson . Taken into custody were Doc Barker , Byron Bolton , and two women . While interrogating agents got nothing out of Barker , Bolton ( a hitherto obscure criminal ) proved to be a `` geyser of information '' , as one crime historian called him . Bolton , a former Navy machine - gunner and associate of Egan 's Rats , had been the valet of the Chicago hit man Fred Goetz . Bolton was privy to many of the Barker Gang 's crimes and pinpointed the Florida hideout of Ma and Freddie Barker ( both of whom were killed in a shootout with the FBI a week later ) . Bolton claimed to have taken part in the St. Valentine 's Day Massacre with Goetz , Fred Burke , and several others . Because the FBI had no jurisdiction in a state murder case , they kept Bolton 's revelations confidential , until the Chicago American newspaper reported a second - hand version of the bank robber 's confession . The newspaper declared that the crime had been `` solved '' , despite being stonewalled by J. Edgar Hoover and the Bureau , who did not want any part of the massacre case . Garbled versions of Bolton 's story went out in the national media . Bolton , it was reported , claimed that the murder of Bugs Moran had been plotted in `` October or November '' 1928 at a Couderay , Wisconsin resort owned by Fred Goetz . Present at this meet were Goetz , Al Capone , Frank Nitti , Fred Burke , Gus Winkeler , Louis Campagna , Daniel Serritella , William Pacelli , and Bolton himself . The men stayed two or three weeks , hunting and fishing when they were not planning the murder of their enemies . Byron Bolton claimed he and Jimmy Moran were charged with watching the S.M.C. Cartage garage and phoning the signal to the killers at the Circus Café when Bugs Moran arrived at the meeting . Police had indeed found a letter addressed to Bolton in the lookout nest ( and possibly a vial of prescription medicine ) . Bolton guessed that the actual killers had been Burke , Winkeler , Goetz , Bob Carey , Raymond `` Crane Neck '' Nugent , and Claude Maddox ( four shooters and two getaway drivers ) . Bolton gave an account of the massacre different from the one generally told by historians . He claimed that he saw only `` plainclothes '' men exit the Cadillac and go into the garage . This indicates that a second car was used by the killers . One witness , George Brichet , claimed to have seen at least two uniformed men exiting a car in the alley and entering the garage through its rear doors . A Peerless sedan had been found near a Maywood house owned by Claude Maddox in the days after the massacre , and in one of the pockets was an address book belonging to victim Albert Weinshank . Bolton further indicated he had mistaken one of Moran 's men to be Moran , after which he telephoned the signal to the Circus Café . When the killers ( who had expected to kill Moran and maybe two or three of his men ) were unexpectedly confronted with seven men , they simply decided to kill them all and get out fast . Bolton claimed that Capone was furious with him for his mistake ( and the resulting police pressure ) and threatened to kill him , only to be dissuaded by Fred Goetz . His claims were corroborated by Gus Winkeler 's widow , Georgette , in both an official FBI statement and her memoirs , which were published in a four - part series in a true detective magazine during the winter of 1935 -- 36 . Georgette Winkeler revealed that her husband and his friends had formed a special crew used by Capone for high - risk jobs . The mob boss was said to have trusted them implicitly and nicknamed them the `` American Boys '' . Byron Bolton 's statements were also backed up by William Drury , a maverick Chicago detective who had stayed on the massacre case long after everyone else had given up . Bank robber Alvin Karpis later claimed to have heard secondhand from Ray Nugent about the massacre and that the `` American Boys '' were paid a collective salary of $2,000 a week plus bonuses . Karpis also claimed that Capone himself had told him while they were in Alcatraz together that Goetz had been the actual planner of the massacre . Despite Byron Bolton 's statements , no action was taken by the FBI . All the men he named , with the exceptions of Burke and Maddox , were dead by 1935 . Bank robber Harvey Bailey would later complain in his 1973 autobiography that he and Fred Burke had been drinking beer in Calumet City at the time of the massacre , and the resulting heat forced them to abandon their bank robbing ventures . Claude Maddox was questioned fruitlessly by Chicago Police , and there the matter lay . Crime historians are still divided on whether or not the `` American Boys '' committed the St. Valentine 's Day Massacre . Other suspects ( edit ) Over the years , many mobsters , in and out of Chicago , would be named as part of the Valentine 's Day hit team . Two prime suspects are Cosa Nostra hit men John Scalise and Albert Anselmi ; both men were effective killers and are frequently mentioned as possibilities for two of the shooters . In the days after the massacre , Scalise was heard to brag , `` I am the most powerful man in Chicago . '' He had recently been elevated to the position of vice-president in the Unione Siciliana by its president , Joseph Guinta . Nevertheless , Scalise , Anselmi , and Guinta would be found dead on a lonely road near Hammond , Indiana on May 8 , 1929 . Gangland lore has it that Al Capone had discovered that the pair was planning to betray him . Legend states that at the climax of a dinner party thrown in their honor , Capone produced a baseball bat and beat the trio to death . Murder weapons ( edit ) The two Thompson submachine guns ( serial numbers 2347 and 7580 ) found in Fred Dane 's ( an alias for Fred Burke ) Michigan bungalow were tested and it was determined that both had been used in the massacre . One of them had also been used in the murder of Brooklyn mob boss Frankie Yale , which confirmed the New York Police Department 's long - held theory that Burke , and by extension Al Capone , had been responsible for Yale 's death . Gun No. 2347 had been originally purchased on November 12 , 1924 , by Les Farmer , a deputy sheriff in Marion , Illinois , which happened to be the seat of Williamson County . Marion and the surrounding area were then overrun by the warring bootleg factions of the Shelton Brothers and Charlie Birger . Deputy Farmer was documented as having ties with Egan 's Rats , based 100 miles ( 160 km ) away in St. Louis . By the beginning of 1927 at the very latest , the weapon had wound up in Fred Burke 's possession . It is possible he had used this same gun in Detroit 's Milaflores Massacre on March 28 , 1927 . Gun No. 7580 had been sold by Chicago sporting goods owner Peter von Frantzius to a Victor Thompson ( also known as Frank V. Thompson ) in the care of the Fox Hotel of Elgin , Illinois . Some time after the purchase the machine gun wound up with James `` Bozo '' Shupe , a small - time hood from Chicago 's West Side who had ties to various members of Capone 's outfit . Both submachine guns are still in the possession of the Berrien County Sheriff 's Department in St. Joseph , Michigan . Legacy ( edit ) Crime scene and bricks from the murder wall ( edit ) National Museum of Crime and Punishment - Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre brick ( 2868502113 ) The garage , which stood at 2122 N. Clark Street , was demolished in 1967 , and the site is now a parking lot for a nursing home . The bricks of the north wall , against which the massacre 's victims were lined up and shot , were purchased by a Canadian businessman . For many years they were displayed in various crime - related novelty displays . Many of the original bricks were later sold individually , and the remainder are now owned by the Mob Museum in Las Vegas . In popular culture ( edit ) The Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre has been portrayed , referenced , or emulated in the following works : Biographical ( edit ) Al Capone ( film ) , a 1959 film directed by Richard Wilson starring Rod Steiger as Capone Seven Against the Wall , a 1959 episode of Playhouse 90 directed by Franklin J. Schaffner starring Paul Lambert as Capone The St. Valentine 's Day Massacre , a 1967 film directed by Roger Corman starring Jason Robards as Al Capone Capone ( film ) , a 1975 film directed by Steve Carver starring Ben Gazzara as Capone The Untouchables ( film ) , a 1987 film directed by Brian De Palma that briefly mentions the massacre The Making of the Mob : Chicago , a 2016 miniseries about Al Capone that reenacts the massacre 's scene Fictional ( edit ) Scarface , a 1932 gangster film directed by Howard Hawks that is loosely based on the life of Al Capone and depicts a version of the Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre Some Like It Hot , a 1959 comedy directed by Billy Wilder in which Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon play characters on the run after witnessing the Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre Oscar ( 1991 film ) , a comedy film directed by John Landis in which Sylvester Stallone 's character is said to have been at the massacre See also ( edit ) List of massacres in Illinois References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John May '' . findagrave.com . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Valentine 's Day Massacre , 1929 '' . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , John ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` The St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Slay doctor in massacre '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . February 15 , 1929 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Trace killers ; lid on city '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . February 16 , 1929 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Boyle , William ( 2015 ) . `` Valentine 's Day Massacre '' . Salem Press Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Dion O'Bannion '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Reppetto , Thomas A . `` The `` Get Capone '' Drive : Print the Legend . '' American Mafia : A History of Its Rise to Power . New York : H. Holt , 2004 . 121 . Print . Jump up ^ Albert Kachellek ; findagrave.com Jump up ^ Adam Heyer ; findagrave.com Jump up ^ Reinhardt Schwimmer ; findagrave.com Jump up ^ Albert Weinshank ; findagrave.com ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Albert A. , Jr. ( 2010 ) . Some Historical Stories of Chicago . Xlibris . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4535 - 3969 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond Nugent '' . Find A grave . April 13 , 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Dennis Earl ( 2010 ) . Scarface Al and the Crime Crusaders : Chicago 's Private War Against Capone . Southern Illinois University Press . pp. 71 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` Blood , Roses & Valentines '' . PrairieGhosts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Braucher , Scott ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Life Member Dan Tortorell , 95 , Was At St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' . National Press Photographers Association . Chicago Shimpo -- The Chicago Japanese American News , Friday , October 10 , 2008 . Volume 6732 , p. 7 . ISSN 0009 - 370X . Helmer , William and Arthur J. Bilek . The St. Valentine 's Day Massacre : The Untold Story of the Bloodbath That Brought Down Al Capone . Nashville : Cumberland House , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 329 - 5 . External links ( edit ) The True Story of the St. Valentine 's Day Massacre , excerpted from Get Capone , by biographer Jonathan Eig ( Chicago magazine ) Haunted Chicago Mystery.net Mario Gomes Capone Museum MisterCapone.com . Official Site of Mr. Capone author , Robert J. Schoenberg ABC 7 Chicago shoots down massacre theory from the book `` Get Capone '' City of Chicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Cook County Metropolitan area Illinois United States Italian American Mafia List of Mafia crime families Mafia bibliography Families Five Families of New York City Bonanno Calabrian group Motion Lounge crew Sicilian group Colombo Gallo crew ( defunct ) Gambino Baltimore Crew DeMeo crew Ozone Park Boys Genovese 116th Street Crew Broadway Mob Greenwich Village Crew New Jersey faction Lucchese The Jersey Crew Tanglewood Boys The Vario Crew East Coast Buffalo DeCavalcante ( Northern New Jersey ) Patriarca ( New England ) Philadelphia Pittsburgh Trafficante ( Florida ) Midwestern / Western Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Los Angeles Milwaukee St. Louis Mostly defunct Bufalino ( Northeastern Pennsylvania ) Dallas Denver Genna ( Chicago ) Houston Lanzetta ( Philadelphia ) Morello ( Italian Harlem ) New Orleans Rochester San Francisco San Jose Seattle Structure Chain of command The Commission Boss Underboss Consigliere Caporegime Soldato Members ( made men ) List of Italian - American mobsters List of Italian - American mobsters by organization Terms Initiation ceremony Made man Bagman Black Hand Black Hand in Chicago Vendetta Capo di tutti capi ( boss of bosses ) Mustache Pete Omertà One way ride Sixth Family Zips Events Meetings Atlantic City Conference ( 1929 ) Havana Conference ( 1946 ) Apalachin Meeting ( 1957 ) Palermo Mafia summit ( 1957 ) Hearings Kefauver Committee ( 1950 -- 1951 ) Valachi hearings ( 1963 ) Wars Mafia -- Camorra War ( 1914 -- 1917 ) Castellammarese War ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Trials Pizza Connection Trial ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Mafia Commission Trial ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Closely related and affiliated organizations Active Camorra Commisso ' ndrina Cotroni crime family The Corporation or Cuban Mafia Cuntrera - Caruana Mafia clan Inzerillo Mafia clan Jewish Mafia Luppino crime family Musitano crime family ' Ndrangheta Papalia crime family Philadelphia Greek Mob Rizzuto crime family Sacra Corona Unita Sicilian Mafia Siderno Group South Brooklyn Boys Stidda Unione Corse Velentzas crime family Winter Hill Gang Defunct Broadway Mob ( Originally Jewish and Italian ; absorbed by Genovese family ) The Bugs and Meyer Mob ( Jewish , absorbed by Murder Inc . ) Bumpy Johnson gang New York Camorra Cohen crime family ( Both an American Mafia and Jewish Mafia family ) The Council Dutch Schultz Mob East Harlem Purple Gang ( Semi-independent , most closely affiliated with Genovese family ) Five Points Gang Forty - Two Gang Italian - American National Union Marat Balagula gang ( Russian Mafia , affiliated with Lucchese ) Murder , Inc . ( Italian and Jewish , closely affiliated with or part of the American Mafia ) National Crime Syndicate ( Mostly Italian and Jewish ) Rudaj Organization ( Albanian mafia ) The Tanglewood Boys ( Semi-independent Italian - American gang , affiliated with Lucchese family ) Westies ( largely defunct ) Other topics Government operations Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia Operation Family Secrets Operation Old Bridge Operation Solare Operation Underworld Operation Wasteland Crimes French Connection Hired Truck Program Lufthansa heist Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre Related articles Barrel murder Buster from Chicago Cement shoes Shotgun Man Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Valentine%27s_Day_Massacre&oldid=826586398 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1929 Mass murder in 1929 1929 in Illinois Chicago Outfit History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Italian - American organized crime events Organized crime history of Chicago Organized crime conflicts in the United States Prohibition in the United States Deaths by firearm in Illinois Murder in Illinois 1929 mass shootings in the United States Unsolved mass murders in the United States Crimes in Chicago Massacres in the United States February 1929 events 1920s in Chicago Mass shootings in Illinois Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Svenska Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 23 : 29 . 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About Wikipedia	who was involved in the valentine's day massacre	[ "The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder in Chicago of seven men of the North Side gang during the Prohibition Era.[2] It happened on February 14, and resulted from the struggle between the Irish American gang and the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone to take control of organized crime in the city.[3] Former members of the Egan's Rats gang were suspected of a significant role in the incident, assisting Capone.", "The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre is the name given to the 1929 murder in Chicago of seven men of the North Side gang during the Prohibition Era.[2] It happened on February 14, and resulted from the struggle between the Irish American gang and the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone to take control of organized crime in the city.[3] Former members of the Egan's Rats gang were suspected of a significant role in the incident, assisting Capone." ]	[ "Irish American gang", "South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone" ]
6921552938875873260	Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys	Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow up to Be cowboys - wikipedia Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow up to Be cowboys Jump to : navigation , search `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Ed Bruce from the album Ed Bruce B - side `` It 's Not What She 's Done ( It 's What You Did n't Do ) '' Released November 15 , 1975 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 3 : 08 Label United Artists # 732 Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Lary Butler Ed Bruce singles chronology `` July , You 're a Woman '' ( 1973 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1975 ) `` The Littlest Cowboy Rides Again '' ( 1976 ) `` July , You 're a Woman '' ( 1973 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1975 ) `` The Littlest Cowboy Rides Again '' ( 1976 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' is a country music song first recorded by Ed Bruce , written by him and wife Patsy Bruce . His version of the song appears on his 1976 self - titled album for United Artists Records . In late 1975 -- early 1976 , Bruce 's rendition of the song went to number 15 on the Hot Country Singles charts . This song was featured on Chris LeDoux 's album released January 20 , 1976 , Songbook of the American West , and in the Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas video game soundtrack , on the fictitious radio station K - Rose . Members of the Western Writers of America chose the song as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Chart performance 3 Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson version 3.1 Chart performance 4 Gibson / Miller Band version 5 Other versions 6 Popular culture 7 Chart performance 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) The narrator warns mothers not to let their children become cowboys because of the tough and busy life of cowboy culture . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 36 Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson version ( edit ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Waylon Jennings with Willie Nelson from the album Waylon & Willie B - side `` I Can Get Off on You '' Released January 1978 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 2 : 31 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Waylon Jennings Willie Nelson Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' ( 1978 ) `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' ( 1978 ) Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Something to Brag About '' ( 1977 ) Something to Brag About1977 `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1978 ) Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys1978 `` If You Can Touch Her at All '' ( 1978 ) If You Can Touch Her at All1978 Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson covered the song on their 1978 duet album Waylon & Willie . This rendition peaked at No. 1 in March 1978 , spending four weeks atop the country music charts . It also reached 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and won the 1979 Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Also in 1979 , Nelson 's version was featured in the film The Electric Horseman with Robert Redford and Jane Fonda . This version was covered by Alvin and the Chipmunks as `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Chipmunks '' for their 1981 album Urban Chipmunk . It is also featured in a 2015 TV commercial for the Volkswagen Passat . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 33 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 57 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 42 Gibson / Miller Band version ( edit ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' Single by Gibson / Miller Band from the album Red , White & Blue Collar B - side `` Johnny Get Your Gun '' Released Format CD single Genre Country Length 3 : 27 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Bruce Patsy Bruce Producer ( s ) Doug Johnson Blue Miller Gibson / Miller Band singles chronology `` Stone Cold Country '' ( 1994 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1994 ) `` Red , White and Blue Collar '' ( 1994 ) `` Stone Cold Country '' ( 1994 ) `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' ( 1994 ) `` Red , White and Blue Collar '' ( 1994 ) In 1994 , country music group Gibson / Miller Band recorded a cover version on its album Red , White and Blue Collar . This version peaked at # 49 on the Hot Country Songs chart , and was featured in the soundtrack for the movie The Cowboy Way . It also appeared on the band 's second and final studio album , Red , White and Blue Collar . Other versions ( edit ) A version of the song by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings was used as the theme tune for Netflix comedy The Ranch . A version of the song was recorded by Lucinda Williams on the `` Imus Ranch Record '' . a benefit compilation of country and roots music released Sept 16 , 2008 . Popular culture ( edit ) The song is referenced and subverted in the `` Weird Al '' Yankovic song Dare to Be Stupid , the title track on his album Dare to Be Stupid . The song , a pastiche parody of the band Devo , dares the listener to engage in several `` stupid '' acts , among them counting chickens before they hatch , selling wine before its time , and letting `` babies grow up to be cowboys . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 71 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 49 Preceded by `` Do n't Break the Heart That Loves You '' by Margo Smith Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson version ) March 4 -- 25 , 1978 Succeeded by `` Ready for the Times to Get Better '' by Crystal Gayle Preceded by `` To Daddy '' by Emmylou Harris RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson version ) March 18 -- April 1 , 1978 Succeeded by `` I Might as Well Believe ( I 'll Live Forever ) '' by Carroll Baker Preceded by `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' by Waylon Jennings Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single of the year ( Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson version ) 1978 Succeeded by `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' by Anne Murray References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1976 - 10 - 09 . p. 43 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Randall , Alice ; Carter Little ; Courtney Little ( 2006 ) . My Country Roots : The Ultimate MP3 Guide to America 's Original Outsider Music . Thomas Nelson , Inc. p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 59555 - 860 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Bruce -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Ed Bruce . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , p. 209 Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Waylon Jennings . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Waylon Jennings . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Waylon Jennings . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , p. 159 Jump up ^ `` Netflix Series `` The Ranch '' Showcases Worthy Country & Roots Artists `` . savingcountrymusic.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2548 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 1 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson / Miller Band -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Gibson / Miller Band . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ed Bruce Albums If I Could Just Go Home ( 1968 ) Shades of Ed Bruce ( 1969 ) Ed Bruce ( 1976 ) The Tennessean ( 1977 ) Cowboys & Dreamers ( 1978 ) Ed Bruce ( 1980 ) One to One ( 1981 ) I Write It Down ( 1982 ) You 're Not Leaving Here Tonight ( 1983 ) Home Coming ( 1984 ) Tell'em I 've Gone Crazy ( 1984 ) Night Things ( 1986 ) Puzzles ( 1965 ) This Old Hat ( 2002 ) Singles `` Last Train to Clarksville '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` Texas ( When I Die ) '' `` The Man That Turned My Mama On '' `` Girls , Women and Ladies '' `` ( When You Fall in Love ) Everything 's a Waltz '' `` You 're the Best Break This Old Heart Ever Had '' `` Love 's Found You and Me '' `` Ever , Never Lovin ' You '' `` My First Taste of Texas '' `` After All '' `` You Turn Me On ( Like a Radio ) '' `` Nights '' Related topics Discography United Artists Records MCA Records RCA Records Trey Bruce Lynn Anderson Bret Maverick Fire Down Below Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Asked Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammas_Don%27t_Let_Your_Babies_Grow_Up_to_Be_Cowboys&oldid=800934439 '' Categories : 1975 songs Waylon Jennings songs Willie Nelson songs Vocal duets 1975 singles 1978 singles 1994 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Ed Bruce songs Gibson / Miller Band songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Ed Bruce United Artists Records singles RCA Records singles Epic Records singles Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey Song recordings produced by Doug Johnson ( record producer ) Song recordings produced by Larry Butler ( producer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 16 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song mama don't let your babies grow up to be cowboys	[ "\"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys\" is a country music song first recorded by Ed Bruce, written by him and wife Patsy Bruce. His version of the song appears on his 1976 self-titled album for United Artists Records. In late 1975–early 1976, Bruce's rendition of the song went to number 15 on the Hot Country Singles charts. This song was featured on Chris LeDoux's album released January 20,1976, Songbook of the American West, and in the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas video game soundtrack, on the fictitious radio station K-Rose." ]	[ "Ed Bruce" ]
1555747289151822149	Contract with America	Contract with America - wikipedia Contract with America Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Contract from America , 2010 . This article is part of a series about Newt Gingrich Campaign for the Presidency 2012 Speaker of the House U.S. Representative for Georgia 's 6th Republican Revolution Government shutdowns Contract with America Electoral history of Newt Gingrich Political positions The Contract with America was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign . Written by Newt Gingrich and Dick Armey , and in part using text from former President Ronald Reagan 's 1985 State of the Union Address , the Contract detailed the actions the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the United States House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years . Many of the Contract 's policy ideas originated at The Heritage Foundation , a conservative think tank . The Contract with America was introduced six weeks before the 1994 Congressional election , the first mid-term election of President Bill Clinton 's Administration , and was signed by all but two of the Republican members of the House and all of the Party 's non-incumbent Republican Congressional candidates . Proponents say the Contract was revolutionary in its commitment to offering specific legislation for a vote , describing in detail the precise plan of the Congressional Representatives , and broadly nationalizing the Congressional election . Furthermore , its provisions represented the view of many conservative Republicans on the issues of shrinking the size of government , promoting lower taxes and greater entrepreneurial activity , and both tort reform and welfare reform . Critics of the Contract describe it as a political ploy and election tool designed to have broad appeal while masking the Republicans ' real agenda and failing to provide real legislation or governance . The 1994 elections resulted in Republicans gaining 54 House and 9 U.S. Senate seats . When the Republicans gained this majority of seats in the 104th Congress , the Contract was seen as a triumph by party leaders such as Minority Whip Newt Gingrich , Dick Armey , and the American conservative movement in general . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content of the Contract 1.1 Government and operational reforms 1.2 Major policy changes 2 Implementation of the Contract 2.1 The Fiscal Responsibility Act 2.2 The Taking Back Our Streets Act 2.3 The Personal Responsibility Act 2.4 The American Dream Restoration Act 2.5 The National Security Restoration Act 2.6 The Common Sense Legal Reform Act 2.7 The Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act 2.8 The Citizen Legislature Act 2.9 Other sections of the Contract 3 Non-implementation of the Contract 4 Effects of the Contract 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources Content of the Contract ( edit ) The Contract 's actual text included a list of eight reforms the Republicans promised to enact , and ten bills they promised to bring to floor debate and votes , if they were made the majority following the election . During the crafting of the Contract , proposals were limited to `` 60 % issues '' , i.e. legislation that polling showed garnered 60 % support of the American people , intending for the Contract to avoid promises on controversial and divisive matters like abortion and school prayer . Reagan biographer Lou Cannon would characterize the Contract as having taken more than half of its text from Ronald Reagan 's 1985 State of the Union Address . Government and operational reforms ( edit ) On the first day of their majority in the House , the Republicans promised to bring up for vote , eight major reforms : require all laws that apply to the rest of the country also apply to Congress ; select a major , independent auditing firm to conduct a comprehensive audit of Congress for waste , fraud or abuse ; cut the number of House committees , and cut committee staff by one - third ; limit the terms of all committee chairs ; ban the casting of proxy votes in committee ; require committee meetings to be open to the public ; require a three - fifths majority vote to pass a tax increase ; guarantee an honest accounting of the Federal Budget by implementing zero base - line budgeting . Major policy changes ( edit ) During the first one hundred days of the 104th Congress , the Republicans pledged `` to bring to the floor the following ( ten ) bills , each to be given a full and open debate , each to be given a clear and fair vote , and each to be immediately available for public inspection . '' The text of the proposed bills was included in the Contract , which was released prior to the election . These bills were not governmental operational reforms , as the previous promises were ; rather , they represented significant changes to policy . They mainly included a balanced budget requirement , tax cuts for small businesses , families and seniors , term limits for legislators , social security reform , tort reform , and welfare reform . Implementation of the Contract ( edit ) The Contract had promised to bring to floor debate and votes 10 bills that would implement major reform of the federal government . When the 104th Congress assembled in January 1995 , the Republican majority sought to implement the Contract . In some cases ( e.g. The National Security Restoration Act and The Personal Responsibility Act ) , the proposed bills were accomplished by a single act analogous to that which had been proposed in the Contract ; in other cases ( e.g. The Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act ) , a proposed bill 's provisions were split up across multiple acts . Most of the bills died in the Senate , except as noted below . The fiscal Responsibility Act ( edit ) An amendment to the Constitution that would require a balanced budget unless sanctioned by a two - thirds vote in both houses of Congress ( H.J. Res. 1 , passed by the US House Roll Call : 300 - 132 , January 26 , 1995 , but rejected by the US Senate : Roll Call 65 - 35 ( interestingly enough the amendment was defeated by a single vote , which happened to be from a Republican - Oregon Republican Senator Mark Hatfield ; Dole cast a procedural vote against the amendment to bring it up again in the future ) , March 2 , 1995 , two - thirds required . Legislation ( not an amendment ) provided the president with a line - item veto ( H.R. 2 , passed by the US House Roll Call : 294 - 134 , February 6 , 1995 ; conferenced with S. 4 and enacted with substantial changes April 9 , 1996 ) . The statute was ruled unconstitutional in Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 , 118 S. Ct. 2091 , 141 L. Ed. 2d 393 ( 1998 ) . The taking back our streets Act ( edit ) An anti-crime package including stronger truth in sentencing , `` good faith '' exclusionary rule exemptions ( H.R. 666 Exclusionary Rule Reform Act , passed US House Roll Call 289 - 142 February 8 , 1995 ) , death penalty provisions ( H.R. 729 Effective Death Penalty Act , passed US House Roll Call 297 - 132 February 8 , 1995 ; similar provisions enacted under S. 735 ( 1 ) , April 24 , 1996 ) , funding prison construction ( H.R. 667 Violent Criminal Incarceration Act , passed US House Roll Call 265 - 156 February 10 , 1995 , rc # 117 ) and additional law enforcement ( H.R. 728 Local Government Law Enforcement Block Grants Act , passed US House Roll Call 238 - 192 February 14 , 1995 ) . The Personal Responsibility Act ( edit ) An act to discourage illegitimacy and teen pregnancy by reforming and cutting cash welfare and related programs . This would be achieved by prohibiting welfare to mothers under 18 years of age , denying increased Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( AFDC ) for additional children while on welfare , and enacting a two - years - and - out provision with work requirements to promote individual responsibility . H.R. 4 , the Family Self - Sufficiency Act , included provisions giving food vouchers to unwed mothers under 18 in lieu of cash AFDC benefits , denying cash AFDC benefits for additional children to people on AFDC , requiring recipients to participate in work programs after 2 years on AFDC , complete termination of AFDC payments after five years , and suspending driver and professional licenses of people who fail to pay child support . H.R. 4 , passed by the US House 234 - 199 , March 23 , 1995 , and passed by the US Senate 87 - 12 , September 19 , 1995 . The Act was vetoed by President Clinton , but the alternative Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act which offered many of the same policies was enacted August 22 , 1996 . The American Dream Restoration Act ( edit ) An act to create a $500 - per - child tax credit , add a tax credit for couples who pay more taxes in aggregate if they are married than if they were single ( but keep in place the fiction of Earned Income Splitting ) , and creation of American Dream Savings Accounts to provide middle - class tax relief . H.R. 1215 , passed 246 - 188 , April 5 , 1995 . The national Security Restoration Act ( edit ) An act to prevent U.S. troops from serving under United Nations command unless the president determines it is necessary for the purposes of national security , to cut U.S. payments for UN peacekeeping operations , and to help establish guidelines for the voluntary integration of former Warsaw Pact nations into NATO . H.R. 7 , passed 241 - 181 , February 16 , 1995 . The common sense legal reform Act ( edit ) An act to institute `` Loser pays '' laws ( H.R. 988 , passed 232 - 193 , March 7 , 1995 ) , limits on punitive damages and weakening of product - liability laws to prevent what the bill considered frivolous litigation ( H.R. 956 , passed 265 - 161 , March 10 , 1995 ; passed Senate 61 - 37 , May 11 , 1995 , vetoed by President Clinton ( 2 ) ) . Another tort reform bill , the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act was enacted in 1995 when Congress overrode a veto by Clinton . The Job creation and Wage Enhancement Act ( edit ) A package of measures to act as small - business incentives : capital - gains cuts and indexation , neutral cost recovery , risk assessment / cost - benefit analysis , strengthening the Regulatory Flexibility Act and unfunded mandate reform to create jobs and raise worker wages . Although this was listed as a single bill in the Contract , its provisions ultimately made it to the House Floor as four bills : H.R. 5 , requiring federal funding for state spending mandated by Congressional action and estimated by the Congressional Budget Office to cost more than $50 m per year ( for the years of 1996 - 2002 ) , was passed 360 - 74 , February 1 , 1995 . This bill was conferenced with S. 1 and enacted , March 22 , 1995 ( 3 ) . H.R. 450 required a moratorium on the implementation of federal regulations until June 30 , 1995 , and was passed 276 - 146 , February 24 , 1995 . Companion Senate bill S. 219 passed by voice vote , May 17 , 1995 , but the two bills never emerged from conference ( 4 ) . H.R. 925 required federal compensation to be paid to property owners when federal government actions reduced the value of the property by 20 % or more , and was passed 277 - 148 , March 3 , 1995 . H.R. 926 , passed 415 - 14 on March 1 , 1995 , required federal agencies to provide a cost - benefit analysis on any regulation costing $50 m or more annually , to be signed off on by the Office of Management and Budget , and permitted small businesses to sue that agency if they believed the aforementioned analysis was performed inadequately or incorrectly . The citizen legislature Act ( edit ) An amendment to the Constitution that would have imposed 12 - year term limits on members of the US Congress ( i.e. six terms for Representatives , two terms for Senators ) . H.J. Res. 73 rejected by the U.S. House 227 - 204 ( a constitutional amendment requires a two - thirds majority , not a simple majority ) , March 29 , 1995 ; RC # 277 . Other sections of the Contract ( edit ) Other sections of the Contract include a proposed Family Reinforcement Act ( tax incentives for adoption , strengthening the powers of parents in their children 's education , stronger child pornography laws , and elderly dependent care tax credit ) and the Senior Citizens Fairness Act ( raise the Social Security earnings limit , repeal the 1993 tax hikes on Social Security benefits and provide tax incentives for private long - term care insurance ) . Non-implementation of the Contract ( edit ) A November 13 , 2000 , article by Edward H. Crane , president of the libertarian Cato Institute , stated , `` ... the combined budgets of the 95 major programs that the Contract with America promised to eliminate have increased by 13 % . '' Effects of the Contract ( edit ) Some observers cite the Contract with America as having helped secure a decisive victory for the Republicans in the 1994 elections ; others dispute this role , noting its late introduction into the campaign . Whatever the role of the Contract , Republicans were elected to a majority of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1953 , and some parts of the Contract were enacted . Most elements did not pass in Congress , while others were vetoed by , or substantially altered in negotiations with President Bill Clinton , who would sarcastically refer to it as the `` Contract on America . '' As a blueprint for the policy of the new Congressional majority , Micklethwait and Wooldridge argue in The Right Nation that the Contract placed the Congress firmly back in the driver 's seat of domestic government policy for most of the 104th Congress , and placed the Clinton White House firmly on the defensive . George Mason University law professor David E. Bernstein has argued that the Contract `` show ( ed ) ... that ( Congress took ) federalism and limited national government seriously , '' and `` undoubtedly made ( the Supreme Court decision in ) United States v. Lopez more viable . '' Journalist and senior congressional reporter Major Garrett equated the Contract with a game of miniature golf , `` fun , popular , and largely diversionary exercise meant to satisfy middle - class sensibilities '' , contrasted with the golf of governing America and leadership . Republicans interviewed by Garrett when the Contract was being compiled said it was meant to be a political document of easy goals , not a governing document , with one senior aide explaining , `` We do n't care if the Senate passes any of the items in the contract . It would be preferable , but it 's not necessary . If the freshmen do everything the contract says , they 'll be in excellent shape for 1996 '' . In 2014 , business and finance writer John Steele Gordon , writing in The American , an online magazine published by the American Enterprise Institute , said that `` ( t ) he main reason ( for the Republican victory in 1994 ) was surely the Contract with America ... '' in part because it `` nationalized the election , making it one of reform versus business as usual . The people voted for reform . '' Gordon wrote that the Contract `` turned out to be a brilliant political ploy . The contract tuned in to the American electorate 's deep yearning for reform in Washington , a yearning that had expressed itself in the elections of both ( U.S. Presidents ) Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan . '' He described the election of 1994 as an `` epic slaughter of the majority party in Congress '' that `` changed American politics for the foreseeable future , '' and that `` ( a ) fter 60 years of Democratic dominance in American politics , the two parties were on a par . '' He concludes that `` ( t ) he main reason was surely the Contract with America ... '' See also ( edit ) Conservatism portal Republican Revolution List of 1994 Contract with America signers Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gayner , Jeffrey ( October 12 , 1995 ) . `` The Contract with America : Implementing New Ideas in the U.S. '' The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Buzz '' . Orange County Register . September 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Micklethwait , John & Wooldridge , Adrian ( 2004 ) . The Right Nation : Conservative Power in America . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 115 -- 122 . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 020 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cannon , Lou ( 2001 ) . Ronald Reagan : The Presidential Portfolio . Public Affairs . p. 279 . Jump up ^ `` Hatfield Remembered for Vote Against Balanced Budget Amendment '' . Roll Call . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:SN00004:@@@X Bill Summary & Status 104th Congress ( 1995 - 1996 ) S. 4 All Congressional Actions Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status 104th Congress ( 1995 - 1996 ) '' . Jump up ^ Crane , Edward H. ( November 13 , 2000 ) . `` On My Mind : GOP Pussycats '' . Forbes . Cato Institute ... Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( October 25 , 1994 ) . `` The 1994 Campaign : The President ; Campaigning On Economy , Clinton Plays The Teacher '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luncheon address by President Bill Clinton '' . The American Society of Newspaper Editors . November 28 , 2000 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Constitutional Doctrine and the Constitutionality of Health Care Reform '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Jump up ^ Garrett , Major ( March -- April 1995 ) . `` Beyond the Contract '' . Mother Jones ; . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , John Steele ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Time for a New Contract with America '' . The American . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Bader , John B. ( 1996 ) . Taking the Initiative : Leadership Agendas in Congress and the `` Contract with America '' . Washington , DC : Georgetown University Press . ISBN 0 - 87840 - 628 - X . Barnett , Timothy J. ( 1999 ) . Legislative Learning : The 104th Republican Freshmen in the House . New York : Garland . ISBN 0 - 203 - 80037 - 0 . Killian , Linda ( 1998 ) . The Freshmen : What Happened to the Republican Revolution ? . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 9951 - 3 . Koopman , Douglas L. ( 1996 ) . Hostile Takeover : The House Republican Party , 1980 -- 1995 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8168 - 8 . Micklethwait , John & Wooldridge , Adrian ( 2004 ) . The Right Nation : Conservative Power in America . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 020 - 3 . Pitney , John J. , Jr. ; Hamby , Alonzo L ; Charen , Mona ; Murdock , Deroy & Pipes , Sally C. ( 1995 ) . `` 100 Days That Shook the World ? The Historical Significance of the Contract with America '' . Policy Review . 73 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Conservative commentary . Rae , Nicol C. ( 1998 ) . Conservative Reformers : The Republican Freshmen and the Lessons of the 104th Congress . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0128 - 1 . Sources ( edit ) Text of the Contract , from the U.S. House website `` Contract with America - 1994 '' . Historical Documents . National Center for Public Policy Research . May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . The Contract with America : Implementing New Ideas in the U.S. , from The Heritage Foundation Beyond the Contract , criticism of the Contract from Mother Jones magazine ( hide ) Newt Gingrich Political and legislative career Political positions Georgia 's 6th congressional district election , 1974 Contract with America Republican Revolution Newt Gingrich presidential campaign , 2012 Electoral history of Newt Gingrich Selected books Non-fiction Winning the Future ( 2005 ) Rediscovering God in America ( 2006 ) The Art of Transformation ( 2006 ) A Contract with the Earth ( 2007 ) To Save America ( 2010 ) A Nation Like No Other ( 2011 ) Understanding Trump ( 2017 ) Fiction ( with William R. Forstchen ) 1945 ( 1995 ) Gettysburg : A Novel of the Civil War ( 2003 ) Grant Comes East ( 2004 ) Never Call Retreat : Lee and Grant : The Final Victory ( 2005 ) Pacific War series ( 2007 - 08 ) Related articles Callista Gingrich ( wife ) Candace Gingrich ( half - sister ) Center for Health Transformation American Solutions for Winning the Future Nine Days that Changed the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contract_with_America&oldid=842848901 '' Categories : 1994 elections in the United States United States House of Representatives elections Republican Party ( United States ) terminology United States political party programs 104th United States Congress Newt Gingrich Conservatism in the United States 1994 in American politics 1994 documents Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 02 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who authored the contract with america plan for government	[ "The Contract with America was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign. Written by Newt Gingrich and Dick Armey, and in part using text from former President Ronald Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address, the Contract detailed the actions the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the United States House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years. Many of the Contract's policy ideas originated at The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank.[1][2]" ]	[ "Newt Gingrich and Dick Armey" ]
4051067095668870000	What's It Gonna Be (Beyoncé song)	What 's It Gonna Be ( Beyoncé song ) - wikipedia What 's It Gonna Be ( Beyoncé song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` What 's It Gonna Be '' Song by Beyoncé from the album Dangerously in Love Released July 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 29 ) Format Digital download Genre R&B funk Length 3 : 35 Label Columbia Sony Urban Songwriter ( s ) Beyoncé Knowles LaShaun Owens Karrim Mack Corte Ellis Larry Troutman Roger Troutman Kandice Love Producer ( s ) Beyoncé Knowles Soul Diggaz `` What 's It Gonna Be '' is a song by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was written by Beyoncé , Kandice Love , and Soul Diggaz production team members LaShaun Owens , Karrim Mack , and Corte Ellis for her debut studio album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , while production on the track was overseen by Beyoncé and Soul Diggaz . A funk and soul song , `` What 's It Gonna Be '' samples from `` Do It Roger '' ( 1981 ) , written and performed by Roger Troutman along with his brother Larry . The song was not included on the final track listing of the album but appears as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of Dangerously in Love . It also appeared on the additional audio disc of her live album Live at Wembley , which was released in 2004 . `` What 's It Gonna Be '' was released to US iTunes Store as a digital single on July 29 , 2003 , through Columbia Records . Website Allmusic praised the composition , writing that it `` rips honeyed harmonies over a funky beat . '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` What 's It Gonna Be '' -- 3 : 35 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Live at Wembley '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Live at Wembley - Beyoncé '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's It Gonna Be - Single '' . iTunes ( US ) . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Book : Dangerously in Love Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Top Off '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_It_Gonna_Be_ ( Beyoncé_song ) &oldid = 796763154 '' Categories : 2003 songs Beyoncé songs Funk songs Songs written by Beyoncé Song recordings produced by Beyoncé Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song what's it gonna be	[ "\"What's It Gonna Be\" is a song by American recording artist Beyoncé. It was written by Beyoncé, Kandice Love, and Soul Diggaz production team members LaShaun Owens, Karrim Mack, and Corte Ellis for her debut studio album, Dangerously in Love (2003), while production on the track was overseen by Beyoncé and Soul Diggaz. A funk and soul song, \"What's It Gonna Be\" samples from \"Do It Roger\" (1981), written and performed by Roger Troutman along with his brother Larry." ]	[ "Beyoncé" ]
-8920038130649664782	Frontbencher	Frontbencher - wikipedia Frontbencher Jump to : navigation , search In many parliaments and other similar assemblies , seating is typically arranged in banks or rows , with each political party or caucus grouped together . The spokespeople for each group will often sit at the front of their group , and are then known as being on the frontbench ( or front bench ) and are described as frontbenchers . Those sitting behind them are known as backbenchers . Independent and minority parties sit to the side or on benches between the two sides , and are referred to as crossbenchers . Contents ( hide ) 1 United Kingdom 2 Canada 3 Ireland 4 See also 5 External links United Kingdom ( edit ) In the British House of Commons , the Government frontbench is traditionally called the Treasury bench ( HM Treasury is the oldest government department ) . The government frontbench is on the right hand side as seen by the Chairman ( typically the Speaker of the House of Commons or the Lord Speaker ) , and is occupied by Government ministers . The opposition frontbench is occupied by shadow ministers , of which the most senior form the Shadow Cabinet . Canada ( edit ) While backbenchers are referred to in the Canadian House of Commons ( and the provincial legislatures ) , the front seats on the government side are reserved for cabinet ministers . Front row members are not referred to as frontbenchers , but as cabinet ministers . Some `` frontbenchers '' actually sit in the centre of the second row , so as to be seen directly behind the party leader during Question Period ( and thus , in the television frame ) . The same arrangement exists for each provincial legislature and territorial legislature of Yukon . In the case of Nunavut and Northwest Territories where Consensus government with non-partisan makeup where ministers sits amongst regular members . Ireland ( edit ) A front bench in Dáil Éireann , the lower house of the Oireachtas of the Republic of Ireland , refers to any organised group of party members who holds any degree of speaking power ( derived from the party ) on specific issues . The Teachtaí Dála ( TDs ) who are members of the Government of Ireland constitutes the government front bench , while the members of parties in declared opposition to the government constitute the opposition front bench . See also ( edit ) Backbencher Bench ( metonymy ) Crossbencher External links ( edit ) Frontbench definition from BBC News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontbencher&oldid=782942644 '' Categories : Legislatures Parliament of the United Kingdom Organizational structure of political parties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2017 , at 04 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sits on the front bench in parliament australia	[ "In many parliaments and other similar assemblies, seating is typically arranged in banks or rows, with each political party or caucus grouped together. The spokespeople for each group will often sit at the front of their group, and are then known as being on the frontbench (or front bench) and are described as frontbenchers. Those sitting behind them are known as backbenchers. Independent and minority parties sit to the side or on benches between the two sides, and are referred to as crossbenchers." ]	[ "spokespeople" ]
-7307423068984895977	Nasal septum	Nasal septum - wikipedia Nasal septum Jump to : navigation , search This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nasal septum Bones and cartilages of septum of nose . Right side . Details Artery Anterior ethmoidal posterior ethmoidal sphenopalatine greater palatine branch of superior labial Nerve Anterior ethmoidal nasopalatine nerves Identifiers Latin Septum nasi MeSH A02. 165.407. 600 Dorlands / Elsevier s_08 / 12730490 TA A06. 1.02. 004 FMA 54375 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The nasal septum ( Latin : septum nasi ) separates the left and right airways in the nose , dividing the two nostrils . It is depressed by the depressor septi nasi muscle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Cosmetic procedures 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella . The nasal septum contains bone and hyaline cartilage . It is normally about 2 mm thick . The nasal septum is composed of five structures : perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone vomer bone septal nasal cartilage crest of the maxillary bone crest of the palatine bone Development ( edit ) Vomer of infant At an early period the septum of the nose consists of a plate of cartilage , the ethmovomerine cartilage . The postero - superior part of this cartilage is ossified to form the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid ; its antero - inferior portion persists as the septal cartilage , while the vomer is ossified in the membrane covering its postero - inferior part . Two ossification centers , one on either side of the middle line , appear about the eighth week of fetal life in this part of the membrane , and hence the vomer consists primarily of two lamellae . About the third month these unite below , and thus a deep groove is formed in which the cartilage is lodged . As growth proceeds , the union of the lamellae extends upward and forward , and at the same time the intervening plate of cartilage undergoes absorption . By the onset of puberty the lamellae are almost completely united to form a median plate , but evidence of the bilaminar origin of the bone is seen in the everted alae of its upper border and in the groove on its anterior margin . Clinical significance ( edit ) The nasal septum can depart from the centre line of the nose in a condition that is known as a deviated septum caused by trauma . However , it is normal to have a slight deviation to one side . The septum generally stays in the midline until about the age of seven , at which point it will frequently deviate to the right . A perforated nasal septum can be caused by an ulcer , trauma due to an inserted object , long - term exposure to welding fumes , or cocaine use . There is a procedure that can be of help to those suffering from perforated septum . A silicone button can be inserted in the hole to close the open sore . An operation to the nasal septum is known as a septoplasty . The nasal septum can be affected by both benign ( fibroma , inflammatory hemangioma of the nasal septum -- `` bleeding polyp '' , etc . ) and malignant tumors ( squamous cell carcinoma , esthesioneuroblastoma , etc . ) . Cosmetic procedures ( edit ) The inferior part of the nasal septum can be pierced , usually through the soft tissue but the piercing can also transverse ( partially ) the cartilage of the septum . Additional images ( edit ) Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities . Left orbicularis oculi , seen from behind . Cartilages of the nose , seen from below . Coronal section of nasal cavities . Front of nasal part of pharynx , as seen with the laryngoscope . MRI image showing nasal septum . MRI image showing deviated septum See also ( edit ) Anatomy portal Nose Nasal septum piercing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : lesson9 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2012 ) . Anatomy and Physiology ( 6th ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw Hill . p. 856 . ISBN 9780073378251 . Jump up ^ Liong , Kyrin ; Lee , Shu Jin ; Lee , Heow Pueh ( 2013 ) . `` Preliminary Deformational Studies on a Finite Element Model of the Nasal Septum Reveals Key Areas for Septal Realignment and Reconstruction '' . Journal of Medical Engineering . 2013 : 1 -- 8 . ISSN 2314 - 5129 . doi : 10.1155 / 2013 / 250274 . Jump up ^ Lee , Choong Ryeol ; Yoo , Cheol In ; Lee , Ji Ho ; Kang , Seong Kyu ( 2002 ) . `` Nasal Septum Perforation of Welders '' . Journal of Industrial Health . 40 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 289 . doi : 10.2486 / indhealth. 40.286 . This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nasal septum . Anatomy figure : 33 : 02 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Diagram of skeleton of medial ( septal ) nasal wall . '' Diagram at evmsent.org lesson9 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( nasalseptumbonescarti ) ( hide ) Anatomy of the human nose External nose Ala of nose nasal cartilages of the septum Greater alar Lesser alar Lateral nasal Accessory nasal Vomeronasal Nasal cavity Openings Nasal vestibule Nostril Posterior nasal apertures Lateral wall Nasal conchae : Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus : ( Supreme superior middle inferior ) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus Medial wall Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ Mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Naso - pharynx Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Salpingopharyngeal fold Salpingopalatine fold Torus tubarius Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal recess Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasal_septum&oldid=800901437 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Nose Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 11 : 52 . About Wikipedia	what type of supporting tissue is lower part of your nose made of	[ "The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella. The nasal septum contains bone and hyaline cartilage.[2] It is normally about 2 mm thick.[3]" ]	[ "hyaline cartilage" ]
6853824858817059358	First Mexican Empire	First Mexican Empire - wikipedia First Mexican Empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Mexican America '' and `` Mexican Empire ( 1821 -- 1823 ) '' redirect here . For the professional wrestling stable , see Mexican America ( professional wrestling ) . For other political entities , see Mexican Empire . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mexican Empire Imperio Mexicano ( Spanish ) 1821 -- 1823 Flag Imperial Coat of arms Motto Religión , Independencia , Unión `` Religion , Independence , Union '' Capital Mexico City Languages Spanish Religion Roman Catholicism Government Constitutional Monarchy Emperor 1822 -- 1823 Agustín I Regent 1821 -- 1822 Agustín de Iturbide 1822 Nicolás Bravo Rueda Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Deputies History Independence of Mexico September 27 , 1821 Coronation of Agustín I of Mexico July 21 , 1821 Monarchy overthrown March 19 , 1823 Currency Mexican real Preceded by Succeeded by Viceroyalty of New Spain Provisional Government of Mexico ( 1823 -- 24 ) United Provinces of Central America History of Belize ( 1506 -- 1862 ) Mosquito Coast The Mexican Empire ( Spanish : Imperio Mexicano ) was a short - lived monarchy and the first independent post-colonial state in Mexico . It was the only former colony of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after independence and for a short time , together with the Brazilian Empire , it was one of two European - style empires in the Americas . The First Mexican Empire lasted less than two years . It existed from the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in September 1821 until the emperor 's abdication in March 1823 when the Provisional Government took power and the First Mexican Republic was proclaimed in 1824 . The first and only monarch of the state was Agustín de Iturbide , reigning as Agustín I of Mexico , for less than eight months . The empire was briefly reestablished by the French in 1863 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 Iturbide 3 Collapse 4 Territory 4.1 Political subdivisions 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Creation ( edit ) Main article : Mexican War of Independence The various independentist factions in revolutionary Mexico coalesced around three principles , or `` guarantees , '' for Mexican independence from Spain : that Mexico would be an independent constitutional monarchy governed by a conservative European prince ; that criollos and peninsulares would henceforth enjoy equal rights and privileges ; and that the Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges and position as the official religion of the land . These Three Guarantees formed the core of the Plan of Iguala , the revolutionary blueprint which , by combining the goal of independence and a constitution with the preservation of Catholic monarchy , brought together all Mexican factions . Under the 24 February 1821 Plan of Iguala , to which most of the provinces subscribed , the Mexican Congress established a regency council which was headed by Iturbide . After signing the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire of 28 September 1821 , the Mexican Congress intended to establish a commonwealth whereby the King of Spain , Ferdinand VII , would also be emperor of Mexico , and both countries would be governed by separate laws and form separate legislative bodies . If the king refused the position , the law provided for another member of the House of Bourbon to accede to the Mexican throne . However , the goal was merely a political tactic to appease the last royalists , and full independence was expected . King Ferdinand , however , refused to recognize Mexico 's independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico . Independence declaration , 1821 Flag of the Empire Regency ( 1821 -- 1822 ) Iturbide ( edit ) Emperor Augustin I General Agustín de Iturbide , a Mexican criollo who had been a royalist officer and who had led the Army of the Three Guarantees in the final phases of the war , was elected head of the provisional government and of the regency which held the imperial power while a monarch was chosen . Iturbide was extremely popular after his successes in the war of independence , and in the evening of 18 May 1822 a mass demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya , which Iturbide had commanded during the war , marched through the streets of Mexico City and demanded that their commander - in - chief accept the throne himself . On 19 May 1822 , Mexican Congress named Iturbide as a constitutional emperor . On 21 May it issued a decree confirming this appointment , which was officially a temporary measure until a European monarch could be found to rule Mexico . Iturbide 's official title was , `` By Divine Providence and the National Congress , First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico '' ( Spanish : Por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación , Primer Emperador Constitucional de México ) . His coronation took place on 21 July 1822 in Mexico City . In August 1822 a plot to overthrow the monarchy was discovered and on August 25 , plotters , including 16 members of Congress , were arrested . As factions in the Congress began to sharply criticise Iturbide and his policies , the emperor decided on 31 October to dissolve the body . This led to provincial uprisings , the most important of which was in the garrison at Veracruz led by Antonio López de Santa Anna , who would later be president of Mexico during the secession of Texas and the disastrous Mexican -- American War . Santa Anna and his troops revolted against Iturbide , calling for the restoration of the Congress on 1 December 1822 . Santa Anna had secretly persuaded General Echávarri , the commander of the Imperial forces , to switch sides and support the revolution when it was ready to be proclaimed throughout Mexico . The independence heroes Vicente Guerrero , Nicolás Bravo and Guadalupe Victoria soon joined , signing the Plan of Casa Mata on February 1 , 1823 , which called for the restoration of the Congress . Collapse ( edit ) The Plan of Casa Mata , which other Mexican generals , governors , and high - ranking governmental officials soon signed , did not recognize the First Mexican Empire and called for the convening of a new Constituent Congress . The insurrectionists sent their proposal to the provincial governments and requested their adherence to the plan . In the course of just six weeks , the Plan of Casa Mata traveled to such remote places as Texas , and almost all the provinces supported the plan . Each provincial government that accepted the plan thereby withdrew its allegiance from the Imperial government and assumed sovereignty within its own province . This left Emperor Agustín I isolated with little support outside of Mexico City and a few factions of the Imperial Army . Consequently , he reinstalled the Congress , which he had previously abolished , abdicated the throne , and fled the country on 19 March 1823 . Santa Anna and the other proponents of the Plan of Casa Mata went on to oversee the drafting of a new constitution and the establishment of the First Mexican Republic the following year . Territory ( edit ) Provinces of the Empire . Treaty of Córdoba Acquisitions ( 1821 -- 1822 ) The territory of the Mexican Empire corresponded to the borders of Viceroyalty of New Spain , excluding the Captaincies General of Cuba , Santo Domingo and the Philippines . The Central American lands of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala were annexed to the Empire shortly after its establishment , making the First Mexican Empire the largest country in North America with territory of approximately 5 million square km . Under the First Empire , Mexico reached its greatest territorial extent , stretching from northern California to the provinces of Central America ( excluding Panama , which was then part of Colombia ) , which had not initially approved becoming part of the Mexican Empire but joined the Empire shortly after their independence . After the emperor abdicated , on March 29 the departing Mexican general Vicente Filisola called for a new Central American Congress to convene and on July 1 , 1823 the Central American provinces formed the Federal Republic of Central America , with only the province of Chiapas choosing to remain a part of Mexico as a state . Subsequent territorial evolution of Mexico over the next several decades ( principally cessions to the United States ) would eventually reduce Mexico to less than half its maximum extent . Political subdivisions ( edit ) The first Mexican empire was divided into the following intendances : Las Californias México Nuevo México Texas Nueva Vizcaya Coahuila Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Estado de Occidente Zacatecas San Luis de Potosí Guanajuato Querétaro Puebla Guadalajara Oaxaca Mérida de Yucatán Valladolid Veracruz Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica See also ( edit ) Federal Republic of Central America History of Mexico Imperial Crown of Mexico List of Emperors of Mexico Mexican Imperial Orders Second Mexican Empire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Primer Imperio Mexicano '' . La Guía . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Werner ( 2001 ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico . Taylor & Francis . pp. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ The Birth of Modern Mexico , 1780 -- 1824 Jump up ^ Christon I. Archer ( 2007 ) . The Birth of Modern Mexico , 1780 -- 1824 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 220 . Jump up ^ Quirarte , Martín ( 1978 ) . Visión Panorámica de la Historia de México ( 11th ed . ) . Mexico : Librería Porrúa Hnos . Further reading ( edit ) Anna , Timothy . The Mexican Empire of Iturbide . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press 1990 . Arcila Farias , Eduardo . El siglo ilustrado en América . Reformas económicas del siglo XVIII en Nueva España . México , D.F. , 1974 . Benson , Nettie Lee . `` The Plan of Casa Mata '' Hispanic American Historical Review . 25 ( February 1945 ) pp. 45 -- 56 . Calderón Quijano , José Antonio . Los Virreyes de Nueva España durante el reinado de Carlos III . Sevilla , 1967 -- 1968 . Céspedes del Castillo , Guillermo . América Hispánica ( 1492 - 1898 ) . Barcelona : Labor , 1985 . Hernández Sánchez - Barba , Mario . Historia de América . Madrid : Alhambra , 1981 . Konetzke , Richard . América Latina . La época colonial . Madrid : Siglo XXI de España , 1976 . Navarro García , Luis . Hispanoamérica en el siglo XVIII . Sevilla : Universidad de Sevilla , 1975 . Pérez - Mallaína , Pablo Emilio et al. Historia Moderna . Madrid : Cátedra , 1992 . Ramos Pérez , Demetrio et al. América en el siglo XVII . Madrid : Rialp , 1982 -- 1989 . Ramos Pérez , Demetrio et al. América en el siglo XVIII . Madrid : Rialp , 1982 -- 1989 . Richmond , Douglas W. `` Agustín de Iturbide '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , pp. 711 -- 713 . Robertson , William Spence . Iturbide of Mexico . Durham : Duke University Press 1952 . Rubio Mañé , Ignacio . Introducción al estudio de los virreyes de Nueva España , 1535 -- 1746 . Mexico City , 2nd ed. , 1983 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Mexican Empire . 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language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Magyar मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the emperor of mexico who was overthrown in 1823	[ "It existed from the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in September 1821 until the emperor's abdication in March 1823 when the Provisional Government took power and the First Mexican Republic was proclaimed in 1824. The first and only monarch of the state was Agustín de Iturbide, reigning as Agustín I of Mexico,[1] for less than eight months. The empire was briefly reestablished by the French in 1863." ]	[ "Agustín de Iturbide" ]
-2931920544143988539	Big Mouth (TV series)	Big Mouth ( tv series ) - wikipedia Big Mouth ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Mouth Genre Animated sitcom Adult animation Black comedy Surreal comedy Created by Nick Kroll Andrew Goldberg Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Starring Nick Kroll John Mulaney Jessi Klein Jason Mantzoukas Jenny Slate Fred Armisen Maya Rudolph Jordan Peele Music by Mark Rivers Opening theme `` Changes '' by Charles Bradley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Nick Kroll Andrew Goldberg Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Blair Fetter Jane Wiseman Kristen Zolner Producer ( s ) Nate Funaro Joe Wengert Running time 25 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Danger Goldberg Productions Good at Bizness , Inc . Fathouse Industries Titmouse , Inc . Release Original network Netflix Original release September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80117038 Big Mouth is an American adult animated sitcom created by Nick Kroll , Andrew Goldberg , Mark Levin , and Jennifer Flackett based on Kroll and Goldberg 's tweenage years growing up in the suburbs of New York , with Kroll voicing his fictional self . The first season consisting of ten episodes premiered on Netflix on September 29 , 2017 . On October 24 , 2017 , it was confirmed that a second season has been ordered to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Cast 2.1 Also starring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty , masturbation , and sexual arousal . Acting as sex - based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters Maurice , who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay , and Connie , who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy . Throughout the series , the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful , albeit confusing , advice in their puberty - filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington , a French accented Statue of Liberty , a pillow capable of getting pregnant , and even Jessi 's own vagina . Cast ( edit ) Nick Kroll as : Nick Birch , a preadolescent boy , with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares . He also has an older brother Judd and a sister named Leah . Maurice the Hormone Monster , a wild thing - type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires , which frequently occur at inappropriate moments . Coach Steve , the middle school gym class teacher , who is incompetent and overly talkative , often trying to get his colleagues - or even the students - to hang out ( often to no avail ) . Kroll also voices Lola , Lady Liberty , a ladybug , Joe Walsh , the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton , and Sylvester Stallone . John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman , a young Jewish boy , who spends much of his time furtively masturbating . He dates Missy , though she eventually breaks up with him . Mulaney also voices Mint , Grandpa Andrew , Babe the Blue Ox , and a detective . Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser , a sarcastic and smart girl . Her father , named Greg , is an unemployed stoner and her mother , named Shannon , is secretly dating another woman . She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty . Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian , a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex . He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy . His mom is mentally ill , his dad is a divorce lawyer , and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val . He is obsessed with Nick 's mother and father and wishes for a loving family . Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian . Jenny Slate as Missy , a girl who is nerdy and kind . Her father is black and her mother is white . Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch / Ghost of Antonin Scalia / Bus Driver / Stavros Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch / Connie the Hormone Monstress / Bath Mat / Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor / Ghost of Whitney Houston Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington / Ghost of Freddie Mercury / Atlanta Claus / DJ / Cyrus / Patrick Ewing Also starring ( edit ) Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman , Andrew 's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype . Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman Andrew Rannells as Matthew June Diane Raphael as Devin Jak Knight as DeVon Neil Casey as Detective John Gemberling as Security Guard Joe Wengert as Caleb Seth Morris as Greg Glaser Emily Altman Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer Kat Dennings as Leah Birch Jon Gabrus Kristen Bell as Pam / Uninterested Girl Jess Harnell as Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson Mark Rivers Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian Chelsea Peretti as Monica Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian / Clerk Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian Nathan Fillion as himself Anna Graves Kristen Wiig as Jessi 's genitalia Nasim Pedrad as Fatima Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo Alia Shawkat as Roland Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine Zach Woods as Daniel Jon Hamm as Scallops Jack McBrayer as Nick 's pubic hair # 1 Craig Robinson as Nick 's pubic hair # 2 Jon Daly as Judd Birch Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick Gil Ozeri Ashley London Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Ejaculation '' Joel Moser Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) As Andrew falls under the spell of the randy Hormone Monster , his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body . The gang go to the school dance . `` Everybody Bleeds '' Bryan Francis Kelly Galuska September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick 's girlfriend , then gets her first period -- inside the Statue of Liberty . `` Am I Gay ? '' Mike L. Mayfield Joe Wengert September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality . Jessi and Nick 's budding romance turns ugly fast . `` Sleepover : A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality '' Joel Moser Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) While the boys head to Jay 's for a testosterone - fueled sleepover , Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean - girl drama . 5 5 `` Girls Are Horny Too '' Bryan Francis Emily Altman September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality -- and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want . 6 6 `` Pillow Talk '' Mike L. Mayfield Peter A. Knight September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush , but the day does n't go as planned . Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow . 7 7 `` Requiem for a Wet Dream '' Joel Moser Duffy Boudreau September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project . Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay 's expense . 8 8 `` The Head Push '' Bryan Francis Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd , Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma , and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene . 9 9 `` I Survived Jessi 's Bat Mitzvah '' Mike L. Mayfield Kelly Galuska September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Family blowups , secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi 's bat mitzvah a night to remember . 10 10 `` The Pornscape '' Joel Moser Gil Ozeri September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn , only to become hopelessly addicted . Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree . Also , Jessi and Jay run away together . Season 2 ( edit ) On October 24 , 2017 , Netflix announced it has renewed Big Mouth for a second season set to be released in 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 100 % based on 16 reviews , with the critical consensus reading , `` Big Mouth 's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart , empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence . '' At Metacritic , the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Vox described the show as sharp , and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence , postpubescence and prepubescence . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Annie Award Best General Audience Television / Broadcast Production Big Mouth Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Greenlights Animated Series from Nick Kroll '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Big Mouth ' Animated Series From Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farley , Rebecca ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Meet The Hormone Monster , The Personification Of Puberty In Big Mouth '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Mouth ' Renewed For Season 2 At Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth '' , Metacritic , retrieved October 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Big Mouth takes a sharp , surprisingly joyful look at the gross time that is puberty '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Big Mouth on Netflix Big Mouth on IMDb ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Lady Dynamite Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage StoryBots Super Songs Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane We 're Lalaloopsy A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Las chicas del cable Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World Devilman Crybaby Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Former Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Ask the StoryBots ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Upcoming My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman ( 2018 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Damnation ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Mouth_(TV_series)&oldid=819017731 '' Categories : 2010s American adult animated television series 2010s American comedy television series 2017 American television series debuts American high school television series American black comedy television programs American adult animated television series English - language television programs Flash cartoons Netflix original programming Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of lola in big mouth	[ "Nick Kroll[2] as:\n\nNick Birch, a preadolescent boy, with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares. He also has an older brother Judd and a sister named Leah.\nMaurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.\nCoach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues - or even the students - to hang out (often to no avail).\nKroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.\n\n" ]	[ "Nick Kroll" ]
-6728956405003286783	My Love, My Life	My Love , My Life - wikipedia My Love , My Life For the compilation album by Agnetha Fältskog , see My Love , My Life ( album ) . `` My Love , My Life '' Song by ABBA from the album Arrival Released October 11 , 1976 Recorded 20 August 1976 at Metronome Studio Length 3 : 53 Label Polar Songwriter ( s ) Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Stig Anderson Producer ( s ) Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Arrival track listing Side A : `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' `` Dancing Queen '' `` My Love , My Life '' `` Dum Dum Diddle '' `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' Side B : `` Money , Money , Money '' `` That 's Me '' `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' `` Tiger '' `` Arrival '' Music video `` My Love , My Life '' on YouTube `` My Love , My Life '' is a song recorded by ABBA for their album , Arrival . Contents 1 Background 2 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again version 2.1 Charts 3 Other cover versions 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) `` My Love , My Life '' was one of the last songs to be recorded for the album . Agnetha Fältskog sings lead vocals and Björn Ulvaeus proclaimed the song to be the finest example of Agnetha 's vocal purity. . A complete demo with the original `` Monsieur , Monsieur '' lyrics was recorded before this , and remains unreleased . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again version ( edit ) Lily James , Amanda Seyfried and Meryl Streep recorded My Love , My Life for the soundtrack of Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again . Their version was released on July 13 , 2018 alongside the rest of the soundtrack , by Capitol and Polydor Records . It was produced by Benny Andersson . This version featured new lyrics written by Benny & Bjorn . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 47 Other cover versions ( edit ) Jonathan King covered this song in 1976 when ABBA decided not to release it as a single . Singer Elaine Paige performed a reworked version of the song ( retitled `` Like An Image Passing By '' ) for the English language edition of the stage musical ABBAcadabra . Paige 's version was also released as a single . Hazell Dean recorded a version for her 1996 ABBA tribute album The Winner Takes It All / Hazell Dean Sings ABBA . A cover by New Zealand band Bike was included on the 1995 tribute compilation ABBAsalutely . The 2001 Japanese import dance tribute compilation ABBA Ibiza Caliente included a cover by Sabu . Ann Christy reached # 2 on Belgium 's Flemish chart with the rendering `` In rook vergaan '' in February 1977 : the track was included on Christy 's 1977 album Bravo . Christy also recorded `` My Love , My Life '' with its original English lyric for her 1977 album My Love , My Life . John Grant ( musician ) did a version with Villagers ( band ) for the EP from 2013 `` John Grant Gets Schooled '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scott , Robert ( 2002 ) ' ABBA : Thank You for the Music - The Stories Behind Every Song ' , Carlton Books Limited : Great Britain , p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Like An Image Passing By '' at Discogs.com External links ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20080718201231/http://abba-world.server101.com/ ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book ABBA songs Discography Unreleased songs Ring Ring `` Ring Ring '' `` Another Town , Another Train '' `` Disillusion '' `` People Need Love '' `` I Saw It in the Mirror '' `` Nina , Pretty Ballerina '' `` Love Is n't Easy ( But It Sure Is Hard Enough ) '' `` Me and Bobby and Bobby 's Brother '' `` He Is Your Brother '' `` She 's My Kind of Girl '' `` Rock'n Roll Band '' Waterloo `` Waterloo '' `` King Kong Song '' `` Hasta Mañana '' `` My Mama Said '' `` Honey , Honey '' `` What About Livingstone ? '' ABBA `` Mamma Mia '' `` Hey , Hey Helen '' `` SOS '' `` Bang - A-Boomerang '' `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' `` Rock Me '' `` Intermezzo No. 1 '' `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' `` So Long '' Greatest Hits `` Fernando '' Arrival `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' `` Dancing Queen '' `` My Love , My Life '' `` Dum Dum Diddle '' `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' `` Money , Money , Money '' `` That 's Me '' `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' `` Tiger '' `` Arrival '' ABBA : The Album `` Eagle '' `` Take a Chance on Me '' `` One Man , One Woman '' `` The Name of the Game '' `` Move On '' `` Hole in Your Soul '' `` Thank You for the Music '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' `` I 'm a Marionette '' Voulez - Vous `` As Good as New '' `` Voulez - Vous '' `` I Have a Dream '' `` Angeleyes '' `` The King Has Lost His Crown '' `` Does Your Mother Know '' `` If It Was n't for the Nights '' `` Chiquitita '' `` Lovers ( Live a Little Longer ) '' `` Kisses of Fire '' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' `` Summer Night City '' Super Trouper `` Super Trouper '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` On and On and On '' `` Andante , Andante '' `` Me and I '' `` Happy New Year '' `` Our Last Summer '' `` The Piper '' `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' The Visitors `` The Visitors '' `` Head over Heels '' `` When All Is Said and Done '' `` Soldiers '' `` I Let the Music Speak '' `` One of Us '' `` Two for the Price of One '' `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' `` Like an Angel Passing Through My Room '' The Singles : The First Ten Years `` The Day Before You Came '' `` Under Attack '' Other songs `` Merry - Go - Round '' `` Elaine '' `` Put On Your White Sombrero '' `` You Owe Me One '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Love,_My_Life&oldid=853860202 '' Categories : ABBA songs 1976 songs Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Songs written by Stig Anderson Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latviešu Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 12 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote my love my life from mamma mia	[ "\"My Love, My Life\"Song by ABBAfrom the album ArrivalReleased\nOctober 11, 1976Recorded\n20 August 1976 at Metronome StudioLength\n3:53Label\nPolarSongwriter(s)\nBenny AnderssonBjörn UlvaeusStig AndersonProducer(s)\nBenny AnderssonBjörn UlvaeusArrival track listing\nSide A:\n\n\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"\n\"Dancing Queen\"\n\"My Love, My Life\"\n\"Dum Dum Diddle\"\n\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\"\nSide B:\n\n\"Money, Money, Money\"\n\"That's Me\"\n\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\"\n\"Tiger\"\n\"Arrival\"\n\nMusic video\n\"My Love, My Life\" on YouTube\n", "\"My Love, My Life\"Song by ABBAfrom the album ArrivalReleased\nOctober 11, 1976Recorded\n20 August 1976 at Metronome StudioLength\n3:53Label\nPolarSongwriter(s)\nBenny AnderssonBjörn UlvaeusStig AndersonProducer(s)\nBenny AnderssonBjörn UlvaeusArrival track listing\nSide A:\n\n\"When I Kissed the Teacher\"\n\"Dancing Queen\"\n\"My Love, My Life\"\n\"Dum Dum Diddle\"\n\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\"\nSide B:\n\n\"Money, Money, Money\"\n\"That's Me\"\n\"Why Did It Have to Be Me?\"\n\"Tiger\"\n\"Arrival\"\n\nMusic video\n\"My Love, My Life\" on YouTube\n" ]	[ "Benny Andersson", "Björn Ulvaeus" ]
8136698852466224671	Silver (90210)	Silver ( 90210 ) - wikipedia Silver ( 90210 ) Erin Silver Jessica Stroup as Erin Silver Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise character Portrayed by April Peterson and Arielle Peterson ( 1993 -- 94 ) Ryanne Kastner ( 1994 -- 95 ) Megan Lee Braley ( 1995 -- 97 ) Mercedes Kastner ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Jessica Stroup ( 2008 -- 13 ) Duration 1992 -- 2000 2008 -- 13 First appearance Beverly Hills , 90210 : July 22 , 1992 ( episode 3.02 : `` The Twins , the Trustee , and the Very Big Trip '' ) Last appearance 90210 : May 13 , 2013 ( episode 5.22 ; `` We All Fall Down '' ) Created by Darren Star Profile Occupation College Student ( 2011 - ) Personal Assistant ( 2011 ) High School Student ( 2007 - 2011 ) Residence Beverly Hills , California show Family Parents Mel Silver ( father ) Jackie Taylor ( mother ) Siblings Kelly Taylor ( half - sister ) David Silver ( half - brother ) Other relatives Sammy Taylor ( nephew ) Ruby Silver ( niece ) Erin Silver , known mononymously as Silver , is a fictional character on The CW television series 90210 , the fourth series in the Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise . Portrayed by Jessica Stroup , the character was originally introduced in Beverly Hills , 90210 as Kelly Taylor and David Silver 's half sister . Contents 1 Storylines 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 2 Development 2.1 Appearance and style 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Award recognition 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Silver 's original appearance in the first season . Silver , who is going simply by her last name , is introduced during the pilot and quickly becomes good friends with Annie Wilson , and develops a romantic interest in Annie 's adopted brother Dixon Wilson , which quickly blossoms into a relationship . Before the first season , Silver warns Annie not to trust Naomi Clark , informing her that they were once best friends . Silver tells Annie that during their friendship , Silver confided in Naomi about her father 's affair , but that Naomi caused it to become public knowledge ; this resulted in Silver 's mother relapsing . During the series , Silver celebrates her half - birthday because her mother always seems to mess up her real birthday . In `` By Accident '' , Dixon dumps Silver after taking advice from his mother , but later in ' Help Me , Rhonda ' they get back together after Silver finally admits that she is in love with him . On Valentine 's Day , Dixon and Silver lose their virginity to one another . It has been clear from the start of the season that Silver has a slightly manic personality , but in `` Life 's a Drag '' , she becomes more unbalanced . She visits Dixon at the Peach Pit , where they end up having sex . Silver secretly tapes it and then shows the tape to an entire theater , causing Dixon to break up with her . She ends up breaking into Ryan Matthews ' house , claiming that he destroyed her relationship with Dixon , and threatening him with a bottle of wine unless he fixes everything . Silver then attempts to run away to Kansas , stating repeatedly that going there would help her solve her problems with Dixon . At the station , a stranger notices her erratic behavior , and after she falls asleep , borrows her phone and calls someone to come get her . Dixon and his mother and father find her on the train tracks . Dixon remembers his birth mother , who had bipolar disorder , displayed the same symptoms , and realizes that Silver suffers from it also . Dixon calms Silver down and they take her to the hospital . Soon , Silver finds it unbearable to go back to West Beverly High due to the gossip surrounding her recent behavior , and decides to move to St. Claire 's School . She initially tries to make a fresh start , but another girl recognizes her and wants her to be honest with the other students , going so far as doing a hunger strike until Silver sends the video to everyone . Silver then reprimands her because she 's now considered a slut by everyone else . After Dixon gets a large number of students to vote for her as a write - in , Silver is awarded the West Bev `` prom queen '' at that year 's prom , but admits that she 's not prom material , which creates distance between her and Dixon . Later at Naomi 's after party , whilst swimming , Dixon and Ethan end up confronting one another , which leads to Ethan Ward admitting that he likes her . Silver later runs into Ethan and asks him about his statement , she tells him that they are just friends , to which Ethan responds by kissing her and telling her that he does n't think that they 're just friends and that he does n't want them to be just friends . Season 2 ( edit ) Silver 's new look in season two . In season 2 , Silver is seen having a good time on vacation with Adrianna and Naomi at a resort . She receives a text from Ethan , who now lives in Montana . Silver and Naomi decide to play tennis so Naomi can meet a guy named Teddy . The three finally meet when Naomi `` accidentally '' hits Teddy with her tennis ball . Teddy tries to flirt with both Silver and Naomi , to which Silver responds uninterestedly , intriguing Feddy . Adrianna catches up with Naomi and Silver and it results that Teddy is Teddy Montgomery , Adrianna 's ex-boyfriend . Silver then takes a walk across the beach with Dixon and they share a kiss . However , Silver unknowingly drops her cellphone which is later found by Teddy . Teddy returns the cellphone to Silver but not before reading the text messages from Ethan . Teddy later shares the message from Ethan with Dixon . The text states that Ethan does n't regret the kiss that he shared with Silver . This causes Dixon to break up with Silver because he 's hurt , having found out that she kissed Ethan and texted him behind his back . Later this season , Silver finds out that her mother , Jackie , has cancer and she moves back home to help care for her . Silver begins to feel the growing pressure of her studies , private life , and taking care of her mother . Teddy later tries to talk to her and comfort her about her mom since he had the same experience himself . The two grow closer and become good friends . Just as Silver and her mother are finally catching up with each other , Jackie suffers a cardiac arrest and ends up being confined to the hospital . Silver tries talking to her sister , Kelly , to try and persuade her to forgive their dying mother but to no avail . In the next episode , however , Silver finally convinces Kelly to talk to their mother and the three finally reconcile . Sadly , Jackie dies just afterwards , and Silver becomes depressed after her mom 's funeral . Teddy sends her flowers as a condolence gift because he did n't attend the funeral . Silver later approaches Teddy on the rooftop and sees him playing Tennis alone , she asks him if he 's okay and he responds by saying that he has been a coward . He apologizes for not being there for her , to which Silver responds by hugging him and reassuring him that this is not true . The two share a kiss but snap out of it , agreeing to treat it as nothing but a careless move . After the kiss , Teddy seems to take his interest in Silver to a new level ; He tries to get her to go with him to the Winter Wonderland Dance but is turned down . In a second attempt to win her over , Teddy makes a video of himself saying that he quits his playboy days and only wants to date Silver ; the video is broadcast to the whole school . Teddy again asks Silver to go out with him , but is turned down . However , Teddy eventually gets her to dance with him as friends , but suddenly surprises her with a kiss . Silver is shocked by this sudden advance and goes back to Naomi . Naomi gives Silver advice and tells her to take a chance with Teddy as he seems to be really into her . Silver listens to her friend and decides to give it a try , but later sees Teddy with another girl , not knowing it 's his sister , Silver thinks Teddy has returned to his playboy ways . Dixon later approaches Silver and she asks him about the girl , since Dixon was with Teddy earlier that night . Dixon deliberately lies , leaving Silver to believe that Teddy still behaves like a playboy . Silver feels vulnerable and allows Dixon to kiss her , but this is witnessed by Teddy . After a short vacation , Dixon approaches Silver and asks if she will get back together with him . However , Silver rejects him gently and tells him that she just does n't feel that way about him anymore but that she wants him to stay in her life as friends . Dixon agrees and they hangout together , as they have lunch Teddy 's sister approaches them and tells Silver that she made the wrong decision by not giving Teddy a chance . By approaching Silver , Teddy 's sister subsequently reveals that Dixon knew all along who she was . This causes a strain in Silver and Dixon 's friendship . Finally , After much persuasion and misunderstandings , Teddy and Silver finally get together as a couple . Unfortunately , Teddy 's father goes to see Silver and bribes her to break up with him because he feels Teddy 's tennis career is suffering due to their relationship . Silver refuses to take the bribe , but starts thinking about what his father said . After thinking it through thoroughly , Silver decides that it is in Teddy 's best interests for them to break up . In the season finale , Silver tells him she is sorry and that she loves him , resulting in their reconciliation . Season 3 ( edit ) Silver 's reinvented new edge look in the third season . In season 3 , Teddy and Silver break up due to his drinking habits , this hits Silver particularly hard because of her late mother 's history of alcoholism . After their break up , Silver begins to focus on the West Beverly Blaze , which starts Mr. Cannon 's interest in Silver . Silver is almost drugged by Cannon when she stops by his house to watch a documentary , but she leaves after noticing that Naomi had said exactly the same phrase that was said by Cannon in the video . Due to her work in the Blaze , Silver develops a close bond with Navid Shirazi and helps him with his problems regarding his father . Silver even goes undercover as a porn star in order to help Navid investigate . As she gets to know Navid , she realizes what a great guy he is and slowly starts to develop more romantic feelings for him , this is particularly encouraged by his recent relationship problems with Adrianna . Silver and Navid almost kiss and they begin to accept that there is something more between them . In ' The Best L'eid Plans ' , it becomes apparent that Silver 's feelings for Navid have grown stronger , when they spend the night in her room talking about his father . When Navid and his current girlfriend , Adrianna , have an argument , Silver seems relieved to hear it and hesitates but agrees when Adrianna asks her for help to fix Adrianna 's and Navid 's relationship by helping her plan something special . As Silver takes Navid away from the party , he confesses that he has feelings for her , but the moment is interrupted by Adrianna and Silver is left disappointed . In the episode Holiday Madness , when Navid confronts her in school , before he has a chance to explain what he feels and how he has no feelings for Adrianna anymore , she stops him from saying too much and tells him that it is because they have been spending too much time together and so they should keep their distance . Everything seems to be going well until Silver attends the sleepover at Adrianna 's new house but only Silver and Navid are able to attend . The tension becomes apparent when Silver , Navid and Adrianna are to spend one night together . As Adrianna sleeps , Silver and Navid are unable to and so they run into each other in the hallway . There , Navid brings up the feelings he has for Silver again and he asks her if what he feels is all in his head . Silver says ' yes ' but does not look him the eyes , making it obvious that she does not believe that . As Navid steps closer to her and asks her if she does n't feel anything for him , the moment is interrupted by Adrianna , again . Later on at Adrianna 's Christmas party , Silver finds Navid alone and as he apologizes for ruining their friendship for feelings that he `` thinks '' he has for her , Silver finally admits that she does have feelings for him and he kisses her . Silver gets a text message from Naomi and decided to rescue her at her own apartment . Mr Cannon then holds Silver and Naomi hostage , but they eventually tie him to the chair . Naomi slaps Mr. Cannon and nearly kills him with his knife that he threatened to kill her with . But Naomi breaks down with Silver . They call the police and Mr. Cannon is arrested . Later on , Adrianna finds out about Silver and Navid . When Adrianna pretends to think it was one of Navid 's ex-girlfriends , she tells Silver she is going to send a nude picture of her to the entire school . Silver stops her and comes clean that she is the one Navid was cheating with and that they are in a relationship . Adrianna then tells her she knows , and she texts a nude picture of Silver to the entire school . Silver and Adrianna go back and forth playing mean pranks before they appear to reconcile , but Adrianna switches Silver 's medication for bipolar disorder . She then begins to behave strangely : she dyes her hair in red , she calls Christopher several times , the man who she had an interview with for NYU in the afternoon , etc . After receiving some distressing news about NYU , Silver has an emotional breakdown , causing Navid and Dixon to stage an intervention to make her go to a mental hospital . While Silver is in the hospital , Adrianna takes the opportunity to get close to Navid by getting him drunk and telling him that they kissed . When Navid continues to reject her , Adrianna tells Silver that Navid kissed her , effectively breaking them up . Fortunately , Silver finally discovers the truth during Ivy 's bachelorette party when her medication falls out of Adrianna 's purse . Adrianna is rejected by the group and Navid and Silver reconcile . Season 4 ( edit ) In the season four opener , Silver is still mad with Adrianna and takes it out on Navid and his sister , Leila . Whilst at Naomi 's party , Adrianna shows up with Leila and tries to apologize to Silver , but she told her that she would never forgive her . Silver revealed she was almost going to kill herself , due to Adrianna messing with her medication . Later , Silver finds Teddy at the party and gives him advice on how to tell his family that he is gay . In `` Rush Hour '' , when Navid 's sister was missing , Silver told Navid to stay calm , that eventually she will come back . She used to do this when she lived with her alcoholic mother , Jackie . Silver got mad when Navid talks to Adrianna for help but she ends up asking her for help too after Leila called revealing that she has been kidnapped and they need to pay $50,000 if they wanted her back . At the end Leila is found and the kidnapped story was fake by her and a tattoo guy she met . In Let the Games Begin , Silver wanted to gain experience for her film career and decided to shoot a commercial for Liam 's bar , which resulted in a big hit when a lot of people showed to attend the bar opening . In Party Politics , Silver has the opportunity to create campaign videos for political candidate Marissa Harris - Young , who is running for public office against Teddy 's uncle Charles . Navid confides in Silver about his uncle blackmailing him and refuses to let her help him out . Later on that night , she tells him she needs some space and stays with Naomi . Silver asks Annie to babysit Lelia so she can have time alone with Navid . Silver has the opportunity to create campaign videos for political candidate Marissa Harris - Young , who is running for public office against Teddy 's uncle Charles . Navid confides in Silver about his uncle blackmailing him and refuses to let her help him out . During her work with Marissa , Navid sends her a text asking her to be at Leila _́ s birthday party , Marissa starts noticing Silver is distracted and tries to help her . When Naomi makes a fundraising event for Raj , Silver helps by being the host and Navid shows up again telling her that he is done with his uncle and Silver supports him until Navid leaves without telling her . She starts feeling that she can not trust him again . While working on the Marissa campaign she talks to a woman who appears in one of Marissa video where she help people and the woman tells her that she is an actress and was paid to say that . A few weeks later , Naomi invites everyone to Vegas but Silver has some troubles due to her job with Marissa . She later sees Navid kissing another woman . Silver films Teddy 's wedding with her camera , and the next day when they were leaving Marissa calls Silver asking her about some videos she needs but Silver sends her Teddy 's wedding by mistake along with the work videos . Silver later finds out that the video has been leaked and Teddy immediately blames Shane . Silver realizes she accidentally sent the video to Marrissa and that Marrissa is the one who leaked the video to gain votes . In `` Smoked Turkey '' Silver is with Naomi and Annie , they are buying a drink because of the hot weather . Silver says she has no interest in getting back together with Navid . Silver meets a man name Greg Davis when he asks her for a flier for a food drive at college . Greg is a teacher at CU . At Naomi 's house , Silver is in the kitchen with Annie , she hears the ringtone Annie had previously set for Patrick . Silver asks Annie `` Is that Patrick 's ringtone ? '' Annie denies this . Annie tells Silver to stop worrying about her because she and Patrick are no longer together . Silver then leaves to go to the food drive . At Student union , Greg approaches Silver again , they talk to each other about the food drive . Silver asks Greg if he would like to go with her friend Annie on date at Naomi 's house . Greg accepts Silver 's kind invitation . At Naomi 's house , Silver introduces Annie and Greg , hoping to set them up , when Annie becomes reluctant . Silver apologizes and hopes she is not overstepping but she want Annie to have a nice man in her life because she deserves it . Annie says thanks but Greg is clearly here for Silver . Ivy assumes Greg is Silver 's date . When the police evacuate the house due to the brush fire accidentally started by Naomi . Silver kisses Greg when he says he will be going home and that he will call her for a next date . In `` Project Runaway '' Silver is at Naomi 's house with Ivy and Annie , they are watching a movie when Naomi comes in to say to Silver that Teddy will forgive her . When Silver arrives Liam 's Bar , she hear guys say something to pick on Teddy about gay . She comes to Teddy and tells him that she is very sorry about this . Teddy tells her that he will get a job in London which surprises Silver . When Navid got the window stuck , he asks Silver to close the window because she lived there before . When Silver arrives there , she attempts close the window but it still stuck and Navid tries to help . It closes abruptly which causes Siver to fall onto the bed with Navid . gets angry at Navid and tells him that she is moving on and dating someone else . At the fashion show , Silver is there with Shane , showing her support to Naomi , and she spots a friend named Ronnie . When Navid sees Silver with Ronnie , he thinks Silver is dating him but later finds out Ronnie is gay . Silver sees Navid talk with Ronnie then she then proceeds to yell at Navid for not moving on . Teddy apologises to Silver for avoiding her and giving her the silent treatment with a flower . Silver picks Teddy up so he may leave Washington D.C to be with Shane . Silver and Teddy say goodbye to each other and when Teddy is leaving , Silver stands there and waves them farewell . In `` O Holly Night '' , Silver learns that Greg has a wife , but is currently divorcing her . Late on in the episode , Silver goes to visit Navid in Hospital after he got beat up . Just as she 's about to go in , she overhears Navid confessing his feelings for Kat . Silver leaves right away , and ends up in the arms of her Greg . However , Silver did n't stay around long enough to hear Navid say he cares about Silver more than Kat . In Should Old Acquaintance Be Forgot ? , Greg introduces Silver to his daughter Maisey as they start to get serious. But , Silver is shocked when she finds out Maisey is Adrianna 's biological daughter . In `` Mama Can You Hear Me ? '' , Greg is offered a teaching gig at Columbia University and wants Silver to move with him . Navid confides in Adrianna that he and Silver will never be together , and Adrianna encourages him to at least try to save their friendship . Over at Silver and Greg 's , Navid overhears Greg on the phone about his daughter and he realizes that he adopted Adrianna 's baby . He encourages Silver to tell Adrianna , but she refuses . In `` Trust , Truth and Traffic '' , Adrianna is not happy with Silver , Greg , and Maisy 's relationship so she kidnaps Maisey from the daycare center . Silver and Navid team up together to try to find her . They later find her in a park with Maisey . Greg comes along and tells Silver that she had no right to introduce Maisey to her birth mother and breaks up with her on the spot . In `` No Good Deed '' , Navid decides to attend Princeton University and everyone has a party for him . Silver finally realizes that she loves Navid but does not tell him . In `` Babes In Toyland '' , Silver gets accepted into New York University and hopes she will be close to Navid in nearby Princeton , but she later has second thoughts . In Blood Is Thicker Than Mud , Silver , working as a production assistant on the set of Liam 's latest movie , confides in him about her fears of having an inherited cancer gene . In The Heart Will Go On , Liam finds himself accompanying Silver to a clinic at the hospital to support her during a test to detect if she has the breast cancer gene , while Vanessa becomes increasingly jealous over the time Liam is spending with Silver and his refusal to explain why . In Blue Ivy , Silver and Liam have sex after she knows her test results are positive for the cancer gene . In Bride and Prejudice , Silver wakes up in Liam 's bed from when she ran into his arms after her breast cancer gene diagnosis . Liam admits his feelings for Silver , but she wants to forget the whole night happened . Then , in a string of odd interactions , Silver all of a sudden decides she wants to rekindle things with Navid and seems to go out of her way to express her feelings to Navid right in front of Liam . It 's clear that she has feelings for Liam . But in the end , Navid is committed to staying with Silver while Liam wo n't let Silver get away that easily -- he kisses her , again . In Tis Pity , Silver is still determined to make a relationship with Navid work out . Navid is now Silver 's doting boyfriend and support system again , so he goes with Silver to her first mammogram after learning she has the breast cancer gene . At this appointment , Silver realizes she may be pregnant . Since Navid knows this possible baby could not be his , he wisely names himself `` most likely to raise a stranger 's baby '' considering his track record with Ade back in high school and now this situation . Navid also lets the possibility slip to Liam , since they are bros and Navid has no clue Liam is the potential baby - daddy . Of course the confusion and emotions spiral out of control very quickly at Liam 's movie premiere . With cameras flashing , the boys come to blows when Navid puts two and two together . Even though Silver learns she is not in fact pregnant , the cat is out of the bag . In A Tale of Two Parties , Silver goes to her doctor for an appointment , and the doctor tells her she has a lot of choices . One of them is deciding to have her ovaries removed after she has kids , raising the risk for her to have ovarian cancer . Later on , Silver thinks about wanting to have a baby . While at the Max 's brides bachelorette party , Silver asks Adrianna what it was like being pregnant . Ade tells her it was the most amazing experience of her life . Silver tells her about the missing feeling she had after she found out her pregnancy was a false alarm . Silver decides she wants a baby and asks Liam & Navid if either of them wants to raise one with her . In the season finale , Forever Hold Your Peace , Silver has vehemently decided that she wants to get pregnant sooner rather than later to ensure that she can have a child before preventative cancer treatments . She wants a friend who she can always count on to be in her life and be the father of her child . She picks her best friend Teddy . Season 5 ( edit ) In the fifth season opener , Silver tells Teddy that she does n't want to have a baby with a stranger , and is n't ready to commit to Navid or Liam either . Teddy tells her he is n't ready to be a parent . He understands how important it is to her , but he needs to think about it . Later on , Teddy tells Liam and Navid how Silver wants to have a baby with him . Both of them are outraged to hear this . Silver tells all three of them that she is n't able to make a decision about either of them , as she is n't sure what to do . At the end of the episode , Teddy finally makes his decision about having a baby with Silver , accepting her offer making Silver overjoyed . In The Sea Change , Silver and Teddy visit the sperm bank so Teddy can donate his sperm . Silver tells him she 'll do her part when she 's ovulating . Teddy mentions that he has to go back to D.C. tomorrow . They also talk about Navid & Liam , and if either of them would ever get back with Silver . Later on , Silver goes to see Liam that night and asks him if he wants to go to Naomi 's reception together , and he tells her he 's going with Vanessa . Later , Silver mentions to Teddy that she 's ovulating that day but she has to wait until next month because of the reception . At the reception , Navid introduces his two porn star dates to Silver . The dates are part of his mission to change his `` nice guy '' image . Silver heads down to the cellar to drink her feelings and Teddy comes down to join her . While they 're down there , Silver almost kisses Teddy . It reminds them that they never talked about Teddy 's feelings for her when he was `` straight '' . Thinking that Teddy never really loved her , Silver leaves . Later , Silver asks him if he ever loved her or if it was a lie . Teddy tells her he was never lying to her , he was lying to himself , and he still loves her . In It 's All Fun and Games , Annie , Naomi and Adrianna throw a baby shower for Silver . Silver arrives and reveals to her friends that she is worried about having a baby at her age . She basically is n't sure if she is responsible enough to be a mother yet . Adrianna suggests that Silver and she should have `` crazy Silver fun '' for the next 24 hours , and after that maybe the thought of having a kid would n't be so scary . Just then a male stripper , who Naomi has invited for the party comes in and begins doing his stuff . Silver and Adrianna have a fun day together . Silver though , is n't apparently having too much fun , as being irresponsible is n't making her feel ready to be a mother . Adrianna then suggests that they do something which will help Silver face her fears , and Silver reluctantly agrees . Silver swings on a trapeze , in order to overcome her fears , and apparently seems to have enjoyed every moment of it . `` I kicked fear 's ass '' Silver tells Adrianna with absolute joy . Later on , Silver tells Adrianna that she has made an appointment at the fertility clinic , for the morning . Adrianna tells Silver all she had to do was overcome her fear and trapeze seems to have totally worked . Silver admits she is still scared , but it would be scarier for her to not live her life , she feels . At the end , she is seen getting a naked photo shoot with which she could immortalize her pre-baby , pre-surgery body . In `` 902 - 100 '' , Silver and Teddy have a dispute over the baby . Silver wants to completely erase Teddy out of the picture , but rightfully believes that 's unfair . A couple episodes later , when Teddy refuses to sign a form forfeiting all his parental rights , Silver goes to Teddy 's uncle who threatens to have the embryos frozen or destroyed . Furious with Silver , Teddy again refuses to sign over his parental rights but Silver forges his signature . Teddy then brings in Shane 's sister , Michaela ( Lyndon Smith ) from Washington , D.C. She agrees to become Silver 's surrogate . When Dixon discovers Michaela has an incredible singing voice he wants to sign her to his record label . But Silver does n't think that 's a good idea as she feels Michaela should not be doing anything strenuous . Meanwhile , Silver attempts to reconcile her friendship with Adrianna . As they do , Annie and Naomi 's half - brother Mark ( Charlie Weber ) arrives in LA and Silver and Ade make a pact to not let a guy come in between them . But then Silver finally confesses to Ade that she slept with Mark . Adrianna at first pretends she 's okay with it but when Silver leaves , she shows her anger . She accuses Silver of not having changed since high school and tells her she does n't want to be her friend anymore . Michaela wants to go on tour but because she 's pregnant with Silver 's baby , Silver says no . Michaela feels Silver is becoming too bossy , demanding and overbearing . Feeling bad for Michaela , Adrianna leaks a demo she recorded . Shortly afterwards , Michaela goes missing . Silver immediately blames Dixon who denies leaking the demo . Eventually , they discover Adrianna did it . Dixon accuses Adrianna of stealing Michaela 's song like she stole Javier 's songs . An infuriated Silver then accuses Adrianna of being `` the same conniving , manipulative , backstabbing bitch she was in high school '' . Afterwards , Silver goes to find Michaela on her own . Dixon calls Teddy , which Silver is against because they had been fighting for the last few months . Eventually , they find Michaela at a bar having a drink . Michaela is distraught and crying . She tells Silver that she suffered a miscarriage . She also tells Silver that Adrianna did n't steal her song , she wrote it . Because she 's so devastated , Michaela decides to go back to Washington and asks Dixon to let Adrianna take her place at a Spencer Blaine Tribute concert , to which Ade agrees . But after finishing the song , the stage collapses and catches on fire leaving Ade trapped under the rubble . When Silver arrives on the scene , she begins to regret calling Ade a `` hateful bitch '' , fearing that could 've been the last thing she ever said to her . But then Adrianna ( still trapped under the rubble ) calls Silver and expresses her condolences to her having heard about Michaela 's miscarriage . After that , Silver gets a call from her doctor who tells her she has cancer . She breaks down and cries in front of Dixon and tells him . Dixon gives Silver a pep talk telling her to fight until she ca n't fight anymore and then her friends will be there to carry her up . Development ( edit ) The character of Silver was introduced in the second season of Beverly Hills , 90210 as the newborn daughter of Mel Silver and Jackie Taylor , and the half - sister of Kelly Taylor and David Silver . She is re-introduced as a 15 - year - old in the spin - off . She displayed some classic bipolar symptoms , including erratic , reckless behavior , racing speech , grandiose ideas , hypersexuality , lack of sleep , euphoria and confusion . As often happens during manic phases , Silver ended up making destructive decision , which ended with her at the train station , rambling and bewildered , running toward a speeding train . It was confirmed in the following episode as she was diagnosed with the disorder . Silver 's bipolar disorder was revisited after Adrianna tampers with her medication when implementing her plot for revenge . Appearance and style ( edit ) In Season 1 , Silver is shown to have long black hair and dazzling blue eyes . She has a chilled , laid - back personality and seems to show disdain towards proms and school dances . She seemed to have her own sense of style , as she is usually seen wearing clothes probably would not be worn by a typical Beverly Hills girl . In Season 2 , her hair was cut short and her sense of fashion has become more girly due to Naomi and Adrianna 's influence but still remains her original style . Also , her interest in school dances seemed to have grown since she was seen going to the Snowflake Dance in `` Winter Wonderland and the Pass the Torch Dance in `` Confessions . '' In Season 3 , Silver 's hair was styled like a tomboy 's cut and dyed chocolate brown . For a short time in Season 3 , while she was having another episode with her bipolar disorder , she dyed her hair an intense orange color in order to give it more `` pizazz . '' Eventually , she recolored it brown after returning from the psych ward . In Season 4 , Silver 's hair had grown into a style such as her former one in Season 2 but with blonde highlights . By the fifth season , her hair resembles her former self in Season 1 , with her hair now below her shoulders . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception towards Silver as a character was mainly mixed , with critics praising her uniqueness . As for Stroup , she received positive reviews for her performance , especially for her performance throughout season 1 with Silver dealing with her illness , which was critically lauded . Award recognition ( edit ) In 2010 , Stroup won a Young Hollywood Award in the category of `` Sparkling Performance '' for her portrayal of Silver . In 2012 , Stroup was nominated for two PRISM Award 's for Silver 's Mental Health storyline and Female Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sep 02 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Shenae Grimes ' 90210 ' : Meet 10 New Faces Photo 1 of 11 '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 ( Season 1 Finale ) '' . Shakefire.com. 2009 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sep 8 , 2009 08 : 01 PM ET by Gina DiNunno ( 2009 - 09 - 08 ) . `` 90210 Episode Guide 2009 Season 2 - To New Beginnings ! , Episode 1 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Oh No They Did n't ! - 90210 season finale review '' . Ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com. 2010 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 : Age Of Inheritance Episode Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 : 2021 Vision Episode Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 : Holiday Madness Episode Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tartakovsky , Margarita. `` 90210 's Portrayal of Bipolar Disorder World of Psychology '' . Psychcentral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' 90210 ' : Hi - hi Silver , Away ... to the Looney Bin - It Happened Last Night - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Megan Masters ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Scoop : 90210 to Revisit Silver 's Bipolar Battle '' . Tvline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ 9.14 PM EST 04.25. 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Andy 's ' 90210 ' Recap : Silver Wigs Out Bipolar - Style & Naomi Fights For Her Nerd ! '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' 90210 ′ Recap : ' Women On The Verge ' '' . Hollywoodcrush.mtv.com. 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chad Ochocinco Wins Young Hollywood Award '' . CBS News . 2010 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` EIC Announces Nominations for 16th Annual PRISM Awards Including Performances by Claire Danes , Tommy Lee Jones , Nick Nolte , Helen Mirren , and Russell Brand '' . 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) Silver on IMDb Official website Beverly Hills , 90210 Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Characters Donna Martin Dylan McKay Kelly Taylor Brandon Walsh Brenda Walsh Andrea Zuckerman Misc Home video releases Soundtrack The Unauthorized Beverly Hills , 90210 Story Melrose Place ( 1992 -- 99 ) Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Jane Mancini Michael Mancini Matt Fielding Jake Hanson Jo Reynolds Amanda Woodward Sydney Andrews Kimberly Shaw Lexi Sterling Misc The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story 90210 ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Seasons 5 Characters Naomi Clark Erin Silver Adrianna Tate - Duncan Teddy Montgomery Misc Soundtrack Other series Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Melrose Place ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_(90210)&oldid=853245215 '' Categories : Beverly Hills , 90210 characters 90210 ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters with bipolar disorder Fictional characters introduced in 1992 Fictional characters from Los Angeles Teenage characters in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 11 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is silver's baby daddy on 90210	[ "In \"902-100\", Silver and Teddy have a dispute over the baby. Silver wants to completely erase Teddy out of the picture, but rightfully believes that's unfair. A couple episodes later, when Teddy refuses to sign a form forfeiting all his parental rights, Silver goes to Teddy's uncle who threatens to have the embryos frozen or destroyed. Furious with Silver, Teddy again refuses to sign over his parental rights but Silver forges his signature. Teddy then brings in Shane's sister, Michaela (Lyndon Smith) from Washington, D. C. She agrees to become Silver's surrogate. When Dixon discovers Michaela has an incredible singing voice he wants to sign her to his record label. But Silver doesn't think that's a good idea as she feels Michaela should not be doing anything strenuous. Meanwhile, Silver attempts to reconcile her friendship with Adrianna. As they do, Annie and Naomi's half-brother Mark (Charlie Weber) arrives in LA and Silver and Ade make a pact to not let a guy come in between them. But then Silver finally confesses to Ade that she slept with Mark. Adrianna at first pretends she's okay with it but when Silver leaves, she shows her anger. She accuses Silver of not having changed since high school and tells her she doesn't want to be her friend anymore.\n" ]	[ "Teddy" ]
-1774626576910255116	West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette	West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette - wikipedia West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette Jump to : navigation , search This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 11 , 1943 Decided June 14 , 1943 Full case name West Virginia State Board of Education , et al. v. Walter Barnette , et al . Citations 319 U.S. 624 ( more ) 63 S. Ct. 1178 ; 87 L. Ed . 1628 ; 1943 U.S. LEXIS 490 ; 147 A.L.R. 674 Prior history Injunction granted , 47 F. Supp. 251 ( S.D.W. Va . 1942 ) Holding The Free Speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits public schools from forcing students to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance . District Court affirmed . Court membership Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone Associate Justices Owen J. Roberts Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Case opinions Majority Jackson , joined by Stone , Black , Douglas , Murphy , Rutledge Concurrence Black , joined by Douglas Concurrence Murphy Dissent Frankfurter Dissent Roberts , Reed Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . I ; W. Va . Code § 1734 ( 1941 ) This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 ( 1943 ) , is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protected students from being forced to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance in school . The Court 's 6 -- 3 decision , delivered by Justice Robert H. Jackson , is remembered for its forceful defense of free speech and constitutional rights generally as being placed `` beyond the reach of majorities and officials . '' It was a significant court victory won by Jehovah 's Witnesses , whose religion forbade them from saluting or pledging to symbols , including symbols of political institutions . However , the Court did not address the effect the compelled salutation and recital ruling had upon their particular religious beliefs but instead ruled that the state did not have the power to compel speech in that manner for anyone . Barnette overruled a 1940 decision on the same issue , Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( also involving the children of Jehovah 's Witnesses ) , in which the Court stated that the proper recourse for dissent was to try to change the school policy democratically . However , in overruling Gobitis the Court primarily relied on the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment rather than the Free Exercise Clause . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Facts of the case 3 Arguments 4 Decision of the Court 4.1 Majority opinion 4.2 Concurring opinion 4.3 Dissenting opinion 5 Subsequent history 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) In the 1930s , the government of Nazi Germany began arresting thousands of Jehovah 's Witnesses who refused to salute the Nazi flag and sent them to concentration camps . In the United States , Jehovah 's Witness national leaders advocated demonstrating solidarity with German Jehovah 's Witnesses by refusing to participate in the daily flag salutes that had become compulsory in American schools . The Witnesses taught and still teach that the obligation imposed by the law of God is superior to that of laws enacted by temporal government . Their religious beliefs include a literal version of Exodus , Chapter 20 , verses 4 and 5 , which says : ' Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image , or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above , or that is in the earth beneath , or that is in the water under the earth ; thou shalt not bow down thyself to them nor serve them . ' They consider that the flag is an ' image ' within this command . For this reason , they refused to salute the flag . Children of Jehovah 's Witnesses had been expelled from school and were threatened with exclusion for no other cause . Officials threatened to send them to reformatories maintained for criminally inclined juveniles . Parents of such children had been prosecuted and were being threatened with prosecutions for causing delinquency . In 1935 , 9 - year - old Carlton Nichols was expelled from school and his father arrested in Lynn , Massachusetts for such a refusal . Additional refusals followed , one such leading to Minersville School District v. Gobitis Even after the Gobitis decision , Jehovah 's Witnesses continued to refuse to say the pledge . Facts of the case ( edit ) Following the Minersville School District v. Gobitis decision , the West Virginia Legislature amended its statutes to require all schools in the state to conduct courses of instruction in history , civics , and in the Constitutions of the United States and of the State `` for the purpose of teaching , fostering and perpetuating the ideals , principles and spirit of Americanism , and increasing the knowledge of the organization and machinery of the government . '' The West Virginia State Board of Education was directed to `` prescribe the courses of study covering these subjects '' for public schools . The Board of Education on January 9 , 1942 , adopted a resolution containing recitals taken largely from the Court 's Gobitis opinion and ordering that the salute to the flag become `` a regular part of the program of activities in the public schools , '' that all teachers and pupils `` shall be required to participate in the salute honoring the Nation represented by the Flag ; provided , however , that refusal to salute the Flag be regarded as an Act of insubordination , and shall be dealt with accordingly . '' The resolution originally required the `` commonly accepted salute to the Flag '' which it defined . Objections to the salute as `` being too much like Hitler 's '' were raised by the Parent and Teachers Association , the Boy and Girl Scouts , the Red Cross , and the General Federation of Women 's Clubs . Some modification appears to have been made in deference to these objections , but no concession was made to Jehovah 's Witnesses . What was required after the modification was a `` stiff - arm '' salute , the saluter to keep the right hand raised with palm turned up while the following is repeated : `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands ; one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' Students pledging to the flag with the Bellamy salute , March 1941 . Failure to comply was considered `` insubordination '' and dealt with by expulsion . Readmission was denied by statute until the student complied . This expulsion , in turn , automatically exposed the child and their parents to criminal prosecution ; the expelled child was considered `` unlawfully absent '' and could be proceeded against as a delinquent , and their parents or guardians could be fined as much as $50 and jailed up to thirty days . Marie and Gathie Barnett were Jehovah 's Witnesses attending Slip Hill Grade School near Charleston , West Virginia , who were instructed by their father not to salute the flag or recite the pledge , and were expelled for their refusal . On the advice of an early attorney , Mr. Horace S. Meldahl of Charleston , the Barnetts had avoided the further complications by having their expelled girls return to school each day , though the school would send them home . The Barnetts brought suit in the United States District Court for themselves and others similarly situated asking its injunction to restrain enforcement of these laws and regulations against Jehovah 's Witnesses , and prevailed , with the 3 - judge panel stating : Ordinarily we would feel constrained to follow an unreversed decision of the Supreme Court of the United States , whether we agreed with it or not. ... The developments with respect to the Gobitis case , however , are such that we do not feel that it is incumbent upon us to accept it as binding authority . The school district subsequently appealed . Arguments ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : The section says `` Given the clear indications that at least five justices were ready to lay aside the Gobitis precedent , there was little else the state 's lawyers could do , '' but provides no information on when or how those indications were given , ie , why they were so clear . Please help improve this section if you can . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The state 's principal argument was that Barnette raised no substantial federal question because Gobitis settled the constitutional questions raised by the flag - salute expulsions . The state 's brief quoted extensively from Justice Frankfurter 's Gobitis opinion . Given the clear indications that at least five justices were ready to lay aside the Gobitis precedent , there was little else the state 's lawyers could do . The American Legion 's amicus curiae brief filed in support of the state 's appeal did little more than duplicate the West Virginia argument . Hayden Covington answered the state 's appeal in a brief that was a mixture of Jehovah 's Witnesses Bible teachings and Constitutional arguments . He included a fiery attack on the Court 's Gobitis opinion , especially rejecting Justice Frankfurter 's deference to legislative policymaking authority . Such deference , he argued , allowed the legislature to define its own powers . He emphasized the nationwide persecution of Jehovah 's Witnesses that had followed Gobitis and concluded with a long list of law journal and newspaper articles that criticized the decision . The American Bar Association 's Committee on the Bill of Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union filed amicus curiae briefs that argued Gobitis was bad law and should be overruled . Decision of the Court ( edit ) The Court held , in a 6 - to - 3 decision delivered by Justice Jackson , that it was unconstitutional for public schools to compel students to salute the flag . It thus overruled its decision in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , finding that the flag salute was `` a form of utterance '' and `` a primitive but effective means of communicating ideas . '' `` Compulsory unification of opinion , '' the Court wrote , was doomed to failure and was antithetical to the values set forth in the First Amendment . The Court eloquently stated : `` If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . '' To underscore its decision , the Supreme Court announced it on Flag Day . Majority opinion ( edit ) Justice Robert Jackson , who had joined the court only two years earlier , wrote the decision , echoing the free - expression sentiments of Stromberg v. California . The opinion that Justice Felix Frankfurter had authored three years earlier in Gobitis rested on four arguments . In Barnette Justice Jackson addressed each element of Frankfurter 's Gobitis decision . Jackson began with Frankfurter 's designation of the flag as a national symbol . He did not question Frankfurter 's designation of the flag as a national symbol ; instead , he criticized the pedestal on which Frankfurter put such national symbols . Jackson called symbols a `` primitive but effective way of communicating ideas , '' and explained that `` a person gets from a symbol the meaning he puts into it , and what is one man 's comfort and inspiration is another 's jest and scorn . '' Next Jackson denied Frankfurter 's argument that flag - saluting ceremonies were an appropriate way to build the `` cohesive sentiment '' that Frankfurter believed national unity depended on . Jackson rejected Frankfurter 's argument , citing the Roman effort to drive out Christianity , the Spanish Inquisition of the Jews and the Siberian exile of Soviet dissidents as evidence of the `` ultimate futility '' of efforts to coerce unanimous sentiment out of a populace . Jackson warned that `` ( t ) hose who begin coercive elimination of dissent soon find themselves exterminating dissenters . Compulsory unification of opinion achieves only the unanimity of the graveyard . '' Then Jackson dealt with Frankfurter 's assertion that forcing students to salute the flag , and threatening them with expulsion if they chose not to , was a permissible way to foster national unity . Jackson 's rejection of this section of Frankfurter 's argument has proved the most quoted section of his opinion . In his Gobitis opinion Frankfurter 's solution was for the dissenters to seek out solutions to their problems at the ballot box . Jackson responded that the conflict , in this case , was between authority and the individual and that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . Jackson wrote : The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . The last leg of Frankfurter 's Gobitis opinion reasoned that matters like saluting the flag were issues of `` school discipline '' that are better left to local officials rather than federal judges . Justice Jackson rejected this argument as well : The case is made difficult not because the principles of its decision are obscure but because the flag involved is our own . Nevertheless , we apply the limitations of the Constitution with no fear that freedom to be intellectually and spiritually diverse or even contrary will disintegrate the social organization . To believe that patriotism will not flourish if patriotic ceremonies are voluntary and spontaneous instead of a compulsory routine is to make an unflattering estimate of the appeal of our institutions to free minds . We can have intellectual individualism and the rich cultural diversities that we owe to exceptional minds only at the price of occasional eccentricity and abnormal attitudes . When they are so harmless to others or to the State as those we deal with here , the price is not too great . But freedom to differ is not limited to things that do not matter much . That would be a mere shadow of freedom . The test of its substance is the right to differ as to things that touch the heart of the existing order . If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . Concurring opinion ( edit ) Two of the justices who changed their minds between Minersville and West Virginia v. Barnette -- Hugo Black and William O. Douglas -- would become the most ardent supporters of the First Amendment . `` Words uttered under coercion are proof of loyalty to nothing but self - interest , '' wrote Black and Douglas in a concurring opinion . `` Love of country must spring from willing hearts and free minds , inspired by a fair administration of wise laws enacted by the people 's elected representatives within the bounds of express constitutional prohibitions . '' Dissenting opinion ( edit ) Justice Felix Frankfurter Three years earlier seven justices had followed Frankfurter 's reasoning and joined his majority opinion in Gobitis . In Barnette however , only Frankfurter filed a written dissent , while Justices Owen Roberts and Stanley Reed dissented in silence . Frankfurter said that the court was overstepping its bounds in striking down the West Virginia law . He said , too , that freedom of religion did not allow individuals to break laws simply because of religious conscience . Frankfurter argued that `` Otherwise each individual could set up his own censor against obedience to laws conscientiously deemed for the public good by those whose business it is to make laws . '' Frankfurter 's response to Jackson 's systematic destruction of his Gobitis decision was one of anger , and Justices Roberts and Murphy tried to get him to revise his opinion , arguing that the first two lines were `` much too personal '' . However , Frankfurter ignored the advice of his fellow justices , taking the overruling of his Gobitis decision as a personal affront and insisting on speaking his mind . Frankfurter began with a reference to his Jewish roots : `` One who belongs to the most vilified and persecuted minority in history is not likely to be insensible to the freedoms guaranteed by our Constitution . '' This was the passage Justices Roberts and Frank Murphy felt was out of place . Frankfurter , however , insisted that the passage was necessary since he claimed he was `` literally flooded with letters '' following the Court 's decision in Gobitis that said he should be more sensitive to the protection of minorities due to his Jewish heritage . Frankfurter 's dissent continued , `` Were my purely personal attitudes relevant I should wholeheartedly associate myself with the generally libertarian views in the Court 's opinion ... But as judges we are neither Jew nor Gentile , neither Catholic nor agnostic . '' Having responded to his critics and the Court 's reversal on a personal level , he now responded on a judicial one , with the remainder of his opinion focusing on judicial restraint . `` As a member of this Court , I am not justified in writing my private notions of policy into the Constitution ... It can never be emphasized too much that one 's own opinion about the wisdom or evil of a law should be excluded altogether when one is doing one 's duty on the bench . '' Frankfurter continued , arguing that if the Court is frequently striking down laws it is circumventing the democratic process since the Court can not work to reach a compromise . It either strikes down a law or lets it stand ; it can not simply modify or qualify a law as a legislature can . Finally , Frankfurter rejected Justice Stone 's rational basis test that Stone laid out in United States v. Carolene Products Co ... Instead , Frankfurter focused on his belief that there were no provisions within the constitution that occupied a `` preferred position '' over others . Subsequent history ( edit ) The majority opinion in Barnette is considered one of the Court 's greatest and most sweeping statements about the fundamental freedoms established by the Bill of Rights . After Barnette the Court began to turn away from the belief - action doctrine altogether , creating a religious exemption for believers of different creeds . In Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) , for example , the Court upheld a Seventh - day Adventist 's claim to unemployment benefits even though she declined to make herself available to work on Saturday ( her Sabbath ) as the law required . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court upheld the right of Amish parents not to send their children to public schools past the eighth grade . At 2006 proceedings cosponsored by the Justice Robert H. Jackson Center and the Supreme Court Historical Society , Supreme Court law clerks from that Court were on a panel with the two eponymous Barnettes . Just as she and her sister had in 1942 , Gathie Barnette Edmonds noted that her own son was also sent to the principal 's office for not saluting the flag . See also ( edit ) Wooley v. Maynard Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 319 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This was the wording of the pledge at the time ; the words `` under God '' were added later , in 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Barnett '' is the correct family spelling , a court clerk misspelled the name when filing the papers , see http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/woman-in-barnette-reflects-on-famous-flag-salute-case References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Flag Salute Cases '' , Historic U.S. Court Cases by John W. Johnson , © 2001 , Routledge , page 953 , `` Though the Flag Salute Cases are generally seen as involving freedom of religion , that issue is virtually absent from Jackson 's majority opinion . He accepted , without question , that the Jehovah 's Witnesses sincerely held beliefs which made it impossible for them to conscientiously salute the flag . But Jackson did not offer any analysis of the importance of that belief or even of the role of religious freedom in striking down the mandatory flag salute . Rather than grounding his opinion in terms of freedom of religion , Jackson analyzed the case as one of freedom of speech and expression . '' Online Jump up ^ Hanstein , Woody . `` From the Bulldog 's Desk : A lesson on patriotism from a 9 - year - old boy . '' The Daily Bulldog '. 16 January , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Article : Recollections of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette '' , ST . JOHN 'S LAW REVIEW , Fall 2007 , Volume 81 , Number 4 , page 770 - 771 , from April 28 , 2006 , proceedings cosponsored by the Robert H. Jackson Center and the Supreme Court Historical Society , at the Jackson Center in Jamestown , New York : Moderator : What was your parents ' decision about how to handle this situation : The school has a mandatory flag salute , thanks to the State Education Department regulation , and you have your religious belief ? ( Gathie Barnette ) Edmonds : When we went home , of course , they understood and they said not to worry about it . And our uncle helped us get a lawyer , Mr. Horace Meldahl in Charleston , who was a very understanding person , a nice person . He told us that we had to go back to school every morning for a while . Moderator : Why was that ? Edmonds : So they would n't fine our dad or put him in jail . ( Marie Barnette ) Snodgrass : So they could n't say we were just being truant . And so we went every morning and stayed until the flag salute , and they 'd tell us to go home . It was fortunate that we lived fairly close -- we did n't have a long distance to go . Moderator : And that was the end of the school day for you ? Edmonds : Yes . Once the truant officer came and asked my mother why we were n't in school , and she could say , `` Well , we sent ' em and they sent ' em home . '' So that kind of took , you know , the edge off of them . Our parents did n't keep us home . Jump up ^ Hudson , David . `` Woman in Barnette reflects on the famous flag - salute case . '' First Amendment Center . 28 December 2009 ^ Jump up to : Manwaring , Render Unto Caesar Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , Majority Opinion , item 3 ( US 1943 ) . Jump up ^ `` Article : Recollections of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette '' , St. John 's Law Review , Fall 2007 , Volume 81 , Number 4 , page 792 ( 38 / 42 ) , from April 28 , 2006 proceedings cosponsored by the Robert H. Jackson Center and the Supreme Court Historical Society , at the Jackson Center in Jamestown , New York , `` ( The older of the two Barnett girls , Gathie Barnett ) Edmonds : ... I remember when my older son was sent to the office for not saluting the flag . The principal came back and said your teacher obviously does n't remember the Supreme Court decision . '' Further reading ( edit ) Alley , Robert S. ( 1999 ) . The Constitution & Religion : Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State . Amherst , NY : Prometheus Books . pp. 428 -- 436 . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 703 - 1 . Irons , Peter H. ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Kommers , Donald P. ; Finn , John E. ; Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2004 ) . American Constitutional Law . Vol. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2688 - 7 . Sandmann , Warren ( 2003 ) . `` West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette '' . In Parker , Richard A. ( ed . ) . Free Speech on Trial : Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press . pp. 100 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1301 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette Text of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 ( 1943 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia Cornell LII First Amendment Library entry on West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnett What We Owe Jehovah 's Witnesses , by Sarah Barringer Gordon , April / May 2011 American History magazine ; article on Barnette 's effects on Constitutional Law . 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Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette&oldid=789075557 '' Categories : 1943 in education 1943 in religion 1943 in United States case law 1943 in West Virginia American Civil Liberties Union litigation Education in West Virginia Flag controversies in the United States Legal history of West Virginia Pledge of Allegiance Jehovah 's Witnesses litigation in the United States United States education case law United States Free Speech Clause case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court Christianity and law in the 20th century Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2008 All articles needing style editing Articles needing cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2016 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 July 2017 , at 05 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won west virginia state board of education v barnette	[ "It was a significant court victory won by Jehovah's Witnesses, whose religion forbade them from saluting or pledging to symbols, including symbols of political institutions. However, the Court did not address the effect the compelled salutation and recital ruling had upon their particular religious beliefs but instead ruled that the state did not have the power to compel speech in that manner for anyone." ]	[ "Jehovah's Witnesses" ]
1401100249529837983	Granville Woods	Granville Woods - Wikipedia Granville Woods Jump to : navigation , search Granville Tailer Woods Illustration of Granville T. Woods Granville Tailer Woods ( 1856 - 04 - 23 ) April 23 , 1856 Columbus , Ohio January 30 , 1910 ( 1910 - 01 - 30 ) ( aged 53 ) New York City , New York , United States Cause of death Cerebral hemorrhage Resting place St. Michael 's ( Episcopalian ) Cemetery , East Elmhurst , New York Residence Columbus , Ohio ; Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1880 -- 1892 ) ; New York City , New York ( 1892 -- 1910 ) Nationality American Education Elementary School until age of 10 ; self - taught since then Occupation Inventor Home town Columbus , Ohio Parent ( s ) Tailer Woods and Martha J. Brown Signature Granville Tailer Woods ( April 23 , 1856 -- January 30 , 1910 ) was an American inventor who held more than 50 patents . He is also the first American of African ancestry to be a mechanical and electrical engineer after the Civil War . Self - taught , he concentrated most of his work on trains and streetcars . One of his notable inventions was the Multiplex Telegraph , a device that sent messages between train stations and moving trains . His work assured a safer and better public transportation system for the cities of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Inventions 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Granville T. Woods was born to Martha J. Brown and Cyrus Woods . He also had a brother named Lyates . His mother was part Native American , and his father was African American . Granville attended school in Columbus until age 10 , but had to leave due to his family 's poverty , which necessitated in his need to work ; he served an apprenticeship in a machine shop and learned the trades of machinist and blacksmith . Some sources of his day asserted that he also received two years of college - level training in `` electrical and mechanical engineering , '' but little is known about where he might have studied . Career ( edit ) In 1872 , Woods obtained a job as a fireman on the Danville and Southern Railroad in Missouri , eventually becoming an engineer . In December 1874 , he moved to Springfield , Illinois , and worked at a rolling mill , the Springfield Iron Works . He studied mechanical and electrical engineering in college from 1876 - 1878 . In 1878 , he took a job aboard the `` Ironsides '' , and , within two years , became Chief Engineer of the steamer . When he returned to Ohio , he became an engineer with the Dayton and Southwestern Railroad in southwestern Ohio . In 1880 , he moved to Cincinnati , Ohio and established his business as an electrical engineer and an inventor . After receiving the patent for the multiplex telegraph , he reorganized his Cincinnati company as the Woods Electric Co , but in 1892 he moved his own research operations to New York City , where he was joined by a brother , Lyates Woods , who also had several inventions of his own . Some internet sources claim he was married . However , the newspapers of his day generally referred to him as a `` bachelor . '' The one indication that he had been married at some point was a brief mention in 1891 that said he was being sued for divorce by a woman identified as Ada Woods . But while little more was said of his personal life , Granville T. Woods was often described as an articulate and well - spoken man , as well as meticulous and stylish in his choice of clothing , and a man who preferred to dress in black . At times , he would refer to himself as an immigrant from Australia , in the belief that he would be given more respect if people thought he was from a foreign country , as opposed to being an African American . In his day , the black newspapers frequently expressed their pride in his achievements , saying he was `` the greatest of Negro inventors '' , and sometimes even calling him `` professor , '' although there is no evidence he ever received a college degree . Inventions ( edit ) Woods invented and patented Tunnel Construction for the electric railroad system , and was referred to by some as the `` Black Edison . '' In 1885 , Woods patented an apparatus which was a combination of a telephone and a telegraph . The device , which he called `` telegraphony '' , would allow a telegraph station to send voice and telegraph messages over a single wire . He sold the rights to this device to the American Bell Telephone Company . In 1887 , he patented the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph which allowed communications between train stations from moving trains , a technology pioneered by Lucius Phelps in 1884 . Thomas Edison later filed a claim to the ownership of this patent . In 1888 , Woods manufactured a system of overhead electric conducting lines for railroads modeled after the system pioneered by Charles van Depoele , a famed inventor who had by then installed his electric railway system in thirteen U.S. cities . In 1889 , he filed a patent for an improvement to the steam - boiler furnace . Granville Woods often had difficulties in enjoying his success as other inventors made claims to his devices . Thomas Edison made one of these claims , stating that he had first created a similar telegraph and that he was entitled to the patent for the device . Woods was twice successful in defending himself , proving that there were no other devices upon which he could have depended or relied upon to make his device . After Thomas Edison 's second defeat , he decided to offer Granville Woods a position with the Edison Company , but Granville declined . Woods is sometimes credited with the invention of the electric third rail , however , many third rail systems were in place in both Europe and North America at the time Woods filed for his patent in 1901 . Thomas Edison had been awarded a patent for the third rail almost two decades earlier , in 1882 . Woods is also sometimes credited with the invention of the air brake in 1904 for trains , however , George Westinghouse patented the air brake almost 40 years prior . Over the course of his lifetime Granville Woods would obtain more than 50 patents for inventions including an automatic brake and an egg incubator and for improvements to other inventions such as safety circuits , telegraph , telephone , and phonograph . He died on January 30 , 1910 in New York City , having sold a number of his devices to such companies as Westinghouse , General Electric and American Engineering . Until 1975 , his resting place was an unmarked grave , but historian M.A. Harris helped to raise funds , and persuaded several of the corporations that used Woods 's inventions to donate towards a headstone . It was erected at St. Michael 's Cemetery in Elmhurst , Queens NY . Baltimore City Community College established the Granville T Woods scholarship in memory of the inventor . References ( edit ) African American portal Biography portal Jump up ^ `` Granville Woods '' , The Black Inventor On - Line Museum . Jump up ^ `` Interesting Statistics of the Colored Race '' , Arizona sentinel and Yuma weekly examiner ( Yuma , Arizona , USA ) , Thursday , 9 May 1912 , page 2 , column 3 . Jump up ^ Abiola Sinclair , `` Black Man and the Railroad . '' ( New York ) Amsterdam News , February 23 , 1991 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Granville T. Woods , Electrician and Mechanical Engineer . '' Indianapolis ( IN ) Freeman , February 16 , 1856 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Dwayne A. Cotton , `` Granville T. Woods : The Black Thomas Edison . '' Norfolk ( VA ) New Journal and Guide , July 17 , 1985 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Granville T. Woods , the First Colored Electrician . '' New Orleans Weekly Pelican , November 5 , 1887 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Simmons ( 1887 ) , p108 Jump up ^ `` Granville T. Woods. biography '' , bio. true story . Jump up ^ Abiola Sinclair , `` Black Man and the Railroad . '' ( New York ) Amsterdam News , February 23 , 1991 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Duluth , Minn . '' Saint Paul ( MN ) Appeal , May 2 , 1891 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Black Edison . '' Kansas City ( KS ) American Citizen , May 9 , 1902 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Granville F. Woods . '' Coffeyville ( KS ) Afro - American Advocate , April 29 , 1892 , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Patents to Negroes , '' Indianapolis ( IN ) Freeman , October 17 , 1908 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Edison 's ' Patents '' , Boston Sunday Journal ( Boston , Massachusetts ) , Sunday , 20 April 1902 , p. 2 , col. 4 ; `` ' Black Edison ' '' , The American Citizen ( Kansas City , Kansas ) , p. 1 , col. 1 - 2 ; `` The ' Black Edison ' '' , The Evening Press ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) , Saturday , 7 June 1902 , p. 10 , col. 2 ; Henry E. Baker , `` Inventions of the Negro '' , The Colored American ( Washington , D.C. ) , Saturday , 14 November 1903 , p. 3 , col. 3 , reprinted from The New York Evening Post ( New York City ) ; Daniel Murray , `` Color Problem in the United States '' , The Seattle Republican ( Seattle , Washington ) , Friday , 30 December 1904 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lucius Joshua Phelps is the father of Earle B. Phelps ( 1876 -- 1953 ) , the American chemist , bacteriologist and sanitation expert whose biography appears in the English Wikipedia . Jump up ^ Lucius. J ( oshua ) . Phelps , `` Communicating to and from Moving Vehicles by Electricity '' , U.S. Patent No. 307,984 , patented 11 November 1884 . Jump up ^ Thomas A ( lva ) . Edison , `` Electric Magnetic Railway '' , U.S. Patent No. 263,132 , patented 22 August 1882 . Jump up ^ George Westinghouse , Jr. , `` Steam Power Brake '' , U.S. Patent No. 889,929 , patented 13 April 1869 . Jump up ^ Barbara Campbell . `` Tribute Paid to Black Inventor . '' New York Times , April 24 , 1975 , p. 34 Further reading ( edit ) Michael C. Christopher , `` Granville T. Woods : The Plight of a Black Inventor , '' Journal of Black Studies , vol. 11 , no . 3 ( March 1981 ) , pp. 269 -- 276 . In JSTOR David L. Head , Granville T. Woods : African - American Communications and Transportation Pioneer . Pittsburgh , PA : RoseDog Books , 2013 . Prof. Rayvon Fouché , `` Liars and Thieves : Granville T. Woods and the Process of Invention '' , Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation : Granville T. Woods , Lewis H. Latimer , and Shelby J. Davidson . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2003 ; pp. 26 -- 81 . Alonzo Louis Hall , The Ancient , Medieval , and Modern Greatness of the Negro . Memphis , TN : Striker Print , 1907 ; pg. 158 . Gary L. Frost , `` Granville T. Woods '' , in Henry Louis Gates and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham , eds. , African American Lives . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 ; pg. 910 . James T. Haley , Afro - American Encyclopedia ; or , the Thoughts , Doings , and Sayings of the Race . ( Nashville , TN : Haley & Florida , 1895 ; pg. 22 . Rev. William J. Simmons , D.D. , Men of Mark : Eminent , Progressive and Rising . Cleveland , OH : George M. Rewell & Co. , 1887 ; pp 106 -- 112 . External links ( edit ) Rayvon Fouche ( 2003 - 09 - 10 ) . Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation : Granville T. Woods , Lewis H. Latimer , and Shelby J. Davidson . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7319 - 3 . Biography of Granville T. Woods at the MIT Inventor of the Week website Biography of Granville T. Woods at the National Inventors Hall of Fame website . Biography of Granville T. Woods at the IEEE website . Granville T. Woods at Find - A-Grave VIAF : 67530546 LCCN : n2001017696 ISNI : 0000 0000 3924 6842 GND : 128881569 SNAC : w6rr32kt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granville_Woods&oldid=834029010 '' Categories : 1856 births 1910 deaths People from Cincinnati People from Columbus , Ohio American inventors African - American inventors People associated with electricity Telegraphy Hidden categories : Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Boarisch Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Malagasy Nederlands Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invented the train to station communication system	[ "Granville Tailer Woods (April 23, 1856 – January 30, 1910) was an American inventor who held more than 50 patents.[1] He is also the first American of African ancestry to be a mechanical and electrical engineer after the Civil War.[2] Self-taught, he concentrated most of his work on trains and streetcars. One of his notable inventions was the Multiplex Telegraph, a device that sent messages between train stations and moving trains. His work assured a safer and better public transportation system for the cities of the United States." ]	[ "Granville Tailer Woods" ]
5038246585264194660	List of U.S. states and territories by area	List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state / territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state / territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,696.32 423,972 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 68.34 177 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 5,324.84 13,791 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 1,975.57 5,117 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 732.93 1,898 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 581.05 1,505 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 570.62 1,478 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 16.00 41 16.00 41 -- -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world . The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census , unlike previous years , as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts '' , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 1 ( Table 1 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area&oldid=848751113 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States Lists of states of the United States Lists by area Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 02 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what is the second biggest state in united states	[ "\n\n\nTotal area[2]\nLand area[2]\nWater[2]\n\nState/territory\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\n% land\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\n% water\n\n\n\n Alaska\n7000100000000000000♠1\n665,384.04\n\n1,723,337\n7000100000000000000♠1\n570,640.95\n\n1,477,953\n7001857600000000000♠85.76%\n7000100000000000000♠1\n94,743.10\n\n245,384\n7001142400000000000♠14.24%\n\n\n Texas\n7000200000000000000♠2\n268,596.46\n\n695,662\n7000200000000000000♠2\n261,231.71\n\n676,587\n7001972600000000000♠97.26%\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7,364.75\n\n19,075\n7000274000000000000♠2.74%\n\n\n California\n7000300000000000000♠3\n163,696.32\n\n423,972\n7000300000000000000♠3\n155,779.22\n\n403,466\n7001951600000000000♠95.16%\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7,915.52\n\n20,501\n7000484000000000000♠4.84%\n\n\n Montana\n7000400000000000000♠4\n147,039.71\n\n380,831\n7000400000000000000♠4\n145,545.80\n\n376,962\n7001989800000000000♠98.98%\n7001260000000000000♠26\n1,493.91\n\n3,869\n7000102000000000000♠1.02%\n\n\n New Mexico\n7000500000000000000♠5\n121,590.30\n\n314,917\n7000500000000000000♠5\n121,298.15\n\n314,161\n7001997600000000000♠99.76%\n7001490000000000000♠49\n292.15\n\n757\n6999240000000000000♠0.24%\n\n\n Arizona\n7000600000000000000♠6\n113,990.30\n\n295,234\n7000600000000000000♠6\n113,594.08\n\n294,207\n7001996500000000000♠99.65%\n7001480000000000000♠48\n396.22\n\n1,026\n6999350000000000000♠0.35%\n\n\n Nevada\n7000700000000000000♠7\n110,571.82\n\n286,380\n7000700000000000000♠7\n109,781.18\n\n284,332\n7001992800000000000♠99.28%\n7001360000000000000♠36\n790.65\n\n2,048\n6999720000000000000♠0.72%\n\n\n Colorado\n7000800000000000000♠8\n104,093.67\n\n269,601\n7000800000000000000♠8\n103,641.89\n\n268,431\n7001995700000099999♠99.57%\n7001440000000000000♠44\n451.78\n\n1,170\n6999430000000000000♠0.43%\n\n\n Oregon\n7000900000000000000♠9\n98,378.54\n\n254,799\n7001100000000000000♠10\n95,988.01\n\n248,608\n7001975700000099999♠97.57%\n7001200000000000000♠20\n2,390.53\n\n6,191\n7000243000000000000♠2.43%\n\n\n Wyoming\n7001100000000000000♠10\n97,813.01\n\n253,335\n7000900000000000000♠9\n97,093.14\n\n251,470\n7001992600000000000♠99.26%\n7001370000000000000♠37\n719.87\n\n1,864\n6999740000000000000♠0.74%\n\n\n Michigan\n7001110000000000000♠11\n96,713.51\n\n250,487\n7001220000000000000♠22\n56,538.90\n\n146,435\n7001584600000000000♠58.46%\n7000200000000000000♠2\n40,174.61\n\n104,052\n7001415400000000000♠41.54%\n\n\n Minnesota\n7001120000000000000♠12\n86,935.83\n\n225,163\n7001140000000000000♠14\n79,626.74\n\n206,232\n7001915900000000000♠91.59%\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7,309.09\n\n18,930\n7000841000000000000♠8.41%\n\n\n Utah\n7001130000000000000♠13\n84,896.88\n\n219,882\n7001120000000000000♠12\n82,169.62\n\n212,818\n7001967900000000000♠96.79%\n7001170000000000000♠17\n2,727.26\n\n7,064\n7000321000000000000♠3.21%\n\n\n Idaho\n7001140000000000000♠14\n83,568.95\n\n216,443\n7001110000000000000♠11\n82,643.12\n\n214,045\n7001988900000000000♠98.89%\n7001330000000000000♠33\n925.83\n\n2,398\n7000111000000000000♠1.11%\n\n\n Kansas\n7001150000000000000♠15\n82,278.36\n\n213,100\n7001130000000000000♠13\n81,758.72\n\n211,754\n7001993700000000000♠99.37%\n7001420000000000000♠42\n519.64\n\n1,346\n6999630000000000000♠0.63%\n\n\n Nebraska\n7001160000000000000♠16\n77,347.81\n\n200,330\n7001150000000000000♠15\n76,824.17\n\n198,974\n7001993200000099999♠99.32%\n7001410000000000000♠41\n523.64\n\n1,356\n6999680000000000000♠0.68%\n\n\n South Dakota\n7001170000000000000♠17\n77,115.68\n\n199,729\n7001160000000000000♠16\n75,811.00\n\n196,350\n7001983100000000000♠98.31%\n7001290000000000000♠29\n1,304.68\n\n3,379\n7000169000000000000♠1.69%\n\n\n Washington\n7001180000000000000♠18\n71,297.95\n\n184,661\n7001200000000000000♠20\n66,455.52\n\n172,119\n7001932100000099999♠93.21%\n7001110000000000000♠11\n4,842.43\n\n12,542\n7000679000000000000♠6.79%\n\n\n North Dakota\n7001190000000000000♠19\n70,698.32\n\n183,108\n7001170000000000000♠17\n69,000.80\n\n178,711\n7001976000000000000♠97.60%\n7001240000000000000♠24\n1,697.52\n\n4,397\n7000240000000000000♠2.40%\n\n\n Oklahoma\n7001200000000000000♠20\n69,898.87\n\n181,037\n7001190000000000000♠19\n68,594.92\n\n177,660\n7001981300000000000♠98.13%\n7001300000000000000♠30\n1,303.95\n\n3,377\n7000187000000000000♠1.87%\n\n\n Missouri\n7001210000000000000♠21\n69,706.99\n\n180,540\n7001180000000000000♠18\n68,741.52\n\n178,040\n7001986100000000000♠98.61%\n7001320000000000000♠32\n965.47\n\n2,501\n7000138990000099999♠1.39%\n\n\n Florida\n7001220000000000000♠22\n65,757.70\n\n170,312\n7001260000000000000♠26\n53,624.76\n\n138,887\n7001815500000000000♠81.55%\n7000300000000000000♠3\n12,132.94\n\n31,424\n7001184500000000000♠18.45%\n\n\n Wisconsin\n7001230000000000000♠23\n65,496.38\n\n169,635\n7001250000000000000♠25\n54,157.80\n\n140,268\n7001826900000000000♠82.69%\n7000400000000000000♠4\n11,338.57\n\n29,367\n7001173109999900000♠17.31%\n\n\n Georgia\n7001240000000000000♠24\n59,425.15\n\n153,910\n7001210000000000000♠21\n57,513.49\n\n148,959\n7001967800000000000♠96.78%\n7001220000000000000♠22\n1,911.66\n\n4,951\n7000322000000000000♠3.22%\n\n\n Illinois\n7001250000000000000♠25\n57,913.55\n\n149,995\n7001240000000000000♠24\n55,518.93\n\n143,793\n7001958700000000000♠95.87%\n7001190000000000000♠19\n2,394.62\n\n6,202\n7000413000000000000♠4.13%\n\n\n Iowa\n7001260000000000000♠26\n56,272.81\n\n145,746\n7001230000000000000♠23\n55,857.13\n\n144,669\n7001992600000000000♠99.26%\n7001450000000000000♠45\n415.68\n\n1,077\n6999740000000000000♠0.74%\n\n\n New York\n7001270000000000000♠27\n54,554.98\n\n141,297\n7001300000000000000♠30\n47,126.40\n\n122,057\n7001863800000000000♠86.38%\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7,428.58\n\n19,240\n7001136200000099999♠13.62%\n\n\n North Carolina\n7001280000000000000♠28\n53,819.16\n\n139,391\n7001290000000000000♠29\n48,617.91\n\n125,920\n7001903400000000000♠90.34%\n7001100000000000000♠10\n5,201.25\n\n13,471\n7000966000000000000♠9.66%\n\n\n Arkansas\n7001290000000000000♠29\n53,178.55\n\n137,732\n7001270000000000000♠27\n52,035.48\n\n134,771\n7001978500000000000♠97.85%\n7001310000000000000♠31\n1,143.07\n\n2,961\n7000215000000000000♠2.15%\n\n\n Alabama\n7001300000000000000♠30\n52,420.07\n\n135,767\n7001280000000000000♠28\n50,645.33\n\n131,171\n7001966100000000000♠96.61%\n7001230000000000000♠23\n1,774.74\n\n4,597\n7000339000000000000♠3.39%\n\n\n Louisiana\n7001310000000000000♠31\n52,378.13\n\n135,659\n7001330000000000000♠33\n43,203.90\n\n111,898\n7001824800000000000♠82.48%\n7000500000000000000♠5\n9,174.23\n\n23,761\n7001175200000000000♠17.52%\n\n\n Mississippi\n7001320000000000000♠32\n48,431.78\n\n125,438\n7001310000000000000♠31\n46,923.27\n\n121,531\n7001968900000000000♠96.89%\n7001250000000000000♠25\n1,508.51\n\n3,907\n7000311000000000000♠3.11%\n\n\n Pennsylvania\n7001330000000000000♠33\n46,054.35\n\n119,280\n7001320000000000000♠32\n44,742.70\n\n115,883\n7001971500000000000♠97.15%\n7001280000000000000♠28\n1,311.64\n\n3,397\n7000285000000000000♠2.85%\n\n\n Ohio\n7001340000000000000♠34\n44,825.58\n\n116,098\n7001350000000000000♠35\n40,860.69\n\n105,829\n7001911500000000000♠91.15%\n7001140000000000000♠14\n3,964.89\n\n10,269\n7000885000000000000♠8.85%\n\n\n Virginia\n7001350000000000000♠35\n42,774.93\n\n110,787\n7001360000000000000♠36\n39,490.09\n\n102,279\n7001923200000099999♠92.32%\n7001150000000000000♠15\n3,284.84\n\n8,508\n7000768000000000000♠7.68%\n\n\n Tennessee\n7001360000000000000♠36\n42,144.25\n\n109,153\n7001340000000000000♠34\n41,234.90\n\n106,798\n7001978400000000000♠97.84%\n7001350000000000000♠35\n909.36\n\n2,355\n7000216000000000000♠2.16%\n\n\n Kentucky\n7001370000000000000♠37\n40,407.80\n\n104,656\n7001370000000000000♠37\n39,486.34\n\n102,269\n7001977200000000000♠97.72%\n7001340000000000000♠34\n921.46\n\n2,387\n7000227990000099999♠2.28%\n\n\n Indiana\n7001380000000000000♠38\n36,419.55\n\n94,326\n7001380000000000000♠38\n35,826.11\n\n92,789\n7001983700000000000♠98.37%\n7001390000000000000♠39\n593.44\n\n1,537\n7000162990000000000♠1.63%\n\n\n Maine\n7001390000000000000♠39\n35,379.74\n\n91,633\n7001390000000000000♠39\n30,842.92\n\n79,883\n7001871800000000000♠87.18%\n7001120000000000000♠12\n4,536.82\n\n11,750\n7001128200000000000♠12.82%\n\n\n South Carolina\n7001400000000000000♠40\n32,020.49\n\n82,933\n7001400000000000000♠40\n30,060.70\n\n77,857\n7001938800000000000♠93.88%\n7001210000000000000♠21\n1,959.79\n\n5,076\n7000612000000000000♠6.12%\n\n\n West Virginia\n7001410000000000000♠41\n24,230.04\n\n62,756\n7001410000000000000♠41\n24,038.21\n\n62,259\n7001992100000099999♠99.21%\n7001500000000000000♠50\n191.83\n\n497\n6999790000000000000♠0.79%\n\n\n Maryland\n7001420000000000000♠42\n12,405.93\n\n32,131\n7001420000000000000♠42\n9,707.24\n\n25,142\n7001782500000000000♠78.25%\n7001180000000000000♠18\n2,698.69\n\n6,990\n7001217500000000000♠21.75%\n\n\n Hawaii\n7001430000000000000♠43\n10,931.72\n\n28,313\n7001470000000000000♠47\n6,422.63\n\n16,635\n7001587500000000000♠58.75%\n7001130000000000000♠13\n4,509.09\n\n11,678\n7001412500000000000♠41.25%\n\n\n Massachusetts\n7001440000000000000♠44\n10,554.39\n\n27,336\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7,800.06\n\n20,202\n7001739000000000000♠73.90%\n7001160000000000000♠16\n2,754.33\n\n7,134\n7001261000000000000♠26.10%\n\n\n Vermont\n7001450000000000000♠45\n9,616.36\n\n24,906\n7001430000000000000♠43\n9,216.66\n\n23,871\n7001958400000000000♠95.84%\n7001460000000000000♠46\n399.71\n\n1,035\n7000416000000000000♠4.16%\n\n\n New Hampshire\n7001460000000000000♠46\n9,349.16\n\n24,214\n7001440000000000000♠44\n8,952.65\n\n23,187\n7001957600000000000♠95.76%\n7001470000000000000♠47\n396.51\n\n1,027\n7000424000000000000♠4.24%\n\n\n New Jersey\n7001470000000000000♠47\n8,722.58\n\n22,591\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7,354.22\n\n19,047\n7001843100000000000♠84.31%\n7001270000000000000♠27\n1,368.36\n\n3,544\n7001156900000000000♠15.69%\n\n\n Connecticut\n7001480000000000000♠48\n5,543.41\n\n14,357\n7001480000000000000♠48\n4,842.36\n\n12,542\n7001873500000000000♠87.35%\n7001380000000000000♠38\n701.06\n\n1,816\n7001126500000000000♠12.65%\n\n\n Delaware\n7001490000000000000♠49\n2,488.72\n\n6,446\n7001490000000000000♠49\n1,948.54\n\n5,047\n7001782900000000000♠78.29%\n7001400000000000000♠40\n540.18\n\n1,399\n7001217100000000000♠21.71%\n\n\n Rhode Island\n7001500000000000000♠50\n1,544.89\n\n4,001\n7001500000000000000♠50\n1,033.81\n\n2,678\n7001669200000000000♠66.92%\n7001430000000000000♠43\n511.07\n\n1,324\n7001330800000000000♠33.08%\n\n\n District of Columbia\n\n68.34\n\n177\n\n61.05\n\n158\n7001893300000000000♠89.33%\n\n7.29\n\n19\n7001106700000000000♠10.67%\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n\n5,324.84\n\n13,791\n\n3,423.78\n\n8,868\n7001643000000000000♠64.30%\n\n1,901.07\n\n4,924\n7001357000000000000♠35.70%\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands\n\n1,975.57\n\n5,117\n\n182.33\n\n472\n7000923000000000000♠9.23%\n\n1,793.24\n\n4,644\n7001907700000000000♠90.77%\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands\n\n732.93\n\n1,898\n\n134.32\n\n348\n7001183309999999999♠18.33%\n\n598.61\n\n1,550\n7001816700000000000♠81.67%\n\n\n American Samoa\n\n581.05\n\n1,505\n\n76.46\n\n198\n7001131600000000000♠13.16%\n\n504.60\n\n1,307\n7001868400000000000♠86.84%\n\n\n Guam\n\n570.62\n\n1,478\n\n209.80\n\n543\n7001367700000000000♠36.77%\n\n360.82\n\n935\n7001632300000000000♠63.23%\n\n\n Minor Outlying Islands[3][a]\n\n16.00\n\n41\n\n16.00\n\n41\n—\n\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n Contiguous United States\nTotal\n3,120,426.47\n\n8,081,867\n\n2,954,841.42\n\n7,653,004\n7001946900000000000♠94.69%\n\n165,584.6\n\n428,862\n7000530990000099999♠5.31%\n\n\n 50 states and D.C.\nTotal\n3,796,742.23\n\n9,833,517\n\n3,531,905.43\n\n9,147,593\n7001930200000000000♠93.02%\n\n264,836.79\n\n685,924\n7000698000000000000♠6.98%\n\n\n All U.S. territory\nTotal\n3,805,943.26\n\n9,857,348\n\n3,535,948.12\n\n9,158,064\n7001929100000000000♠92.91%\n\n269,995.13\n\n699,284\n7000709000000000000♠7.09%\n" ]	[ "Texas" ]
5036463298944010901	2018 Winter Olympics	2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . XXIII Olympic Winter Games Host city Pyeongchang County , South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정. ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 92 Athletes participating 2,922 ( 1,680 men and 1,242 women ) Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 9 February Closing ceremony 25 February Officially opened by President Moon Jae - in Athlete 's Oath Mo Tae - bum Olympic Torch Kim Yun - a Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Winter < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > Summer < Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 > Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Hangul 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 平昌冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe XXIII Olympic Winter Games Hangul 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 第二十三回冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer Cheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit . Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the eve of the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both in Japan . It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing . The Games featured 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state - sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , and selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the IOC designation of `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Germany and Norway were tied for the most gold medals won ; both won fourteen golds . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics , five of which were gold . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 2 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Podium sweeps 3.8 Records 3.9 Closing ceremony 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Branding 5.2 Mascots 5.3 Video games 5.4 Sponsors 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 North Korean relations 6.2 Russian doping 6.3 National Hockey League 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the Games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . 2018 Olympics gold medal 2018 Winter Olympics torch Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and the obverse featuring the Games ' emblem , the event name and the discipline . The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley ( Alpensia ) Ski Resort Most of the outdoor snow events were held in the county of Pyeongchang , while the downhill , combined and super-G events in the Alpine skiing were held in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . The indoor ice events were held in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics . It was home to the Olympic Stadium , the Olympic Village and most of the outdoor sports venues . Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , skeleton Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Additionally , a stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang : Phoenix Snow Park -- freestyle skiing , snowboarding Another stand - alone outdoor sports venue was located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon : Jeongseon Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G , combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The Gangneung Olympic Park in the city of Gangneung includes four indoor sports venues , all in close proximity to one another . Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- long track speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating , figure skating Additionally , a stand - alone indoor sports venue was located in the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University . Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016 . Event tickets ranged in price from ₩ 20,000 ( approx . US $ 18 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( ~ US $796 ) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩ 220,000 ( ~ US $195 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( ~ US $1327 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( ~ US $71 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's ice hockey gold - medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales were more favorable , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets had been sold . The Games ( edit ) Parade of Nations at 2018 Olympic Opening Ceremony Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics , and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Participating National Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games . The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below ( number of athletes shown in parentheses ) . Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from three further countries -- the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru -- qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC , qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A unified Korean team , consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea , competed in the women 's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation ( COR ) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The two nations also participated separately : the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , figure skating and short track speed skating . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete at the 2018 Games as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 50 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 225 ) Chile ( 7 ) China ( 80 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 93 ) Denmark ( 17 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 100 ) France ( 106 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 153 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 120 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 21 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) North Korea ( 10 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 122 ) ( host nation ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 166 ) Thailand ( 4 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 241 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but not in 2018 . NOCs that participated in 2018 , but not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 KOR South Korea 122 ITA Italy 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 80 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia 50 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 20 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo Apart from the respective delegations , North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team . Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if individually cleared by the IOC . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating is one of the most popular Winter Olympic sports among U.S. viewers . This scheduling practice had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves . Conversely , and somewhat controversially , eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night , making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights , with colder temperatures and blustery winds . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Daily medal events 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 7 9 6 5 7 10 8 102 Cumulative total 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 86 90 98 102 February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table * Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) * 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Podium sweeps ( edit ) Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games . Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze Ref 10 February Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong 11 February Cross-country skiing Men 's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund 20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill / 10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . The previous record of seven Winter Olympics was held by Russian luger Albert Demchenko . American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating . Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67 and a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07 in ice dance . French ice dancers Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35 . Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies ' single skating . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . He was also the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating . Dutch speed skater Ireen Wüst won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row , the first time this had been achieved by a Winter Olympian . She also became the first speed skater ( male or female ) to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals . Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the men 's 500m world record twice en route to winning a gold medal , becoming only the second person in history to skate the discipline in under 40 seconds ( after American J.R. Celski ) , and the first to achieve this at `` sea level '' . Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games ; she won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 metres and she was also part of the Dutch short track team that won bronze in the 3000 metre relay . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . The record was previously held by fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who has thirteen Olympic medals . Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two - man bobsleigh event , only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event , the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier . Norway won a total of 39 medals , setting a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Winter Olympics . Their 39th medal was the gold won by cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen in the 30 km classical event . The record was previously held by the USA who won 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010 . Olympic cauldron in Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 , as Thomas Bach , the IOC president , declared the Games closed , and the cauldron extinguished . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS , which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024 . SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia , from 2018 through to 2024 . Discovery 's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games , but Discovery free - to - air channels such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway , were also involved . Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air broadcasters in each market ; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions ' rights , which run through to the 2020 Games . In the United Kingdom , Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for BBC sub-licencing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal , due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024 . In the United States , the Games were once again broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract . As U.S. Eastern Time is fourteen hours behind Pyeongchang , morning events naturally fell within traditional U.S. prime time hours ( 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 pm ) . This allowed NBC to broadcast its prime time coverage live in all U.S. time zones , rather than showing `` plausibly live '' delayed footage as they had in previous Olympics . As per previous Games , the ceremonies were still shown on TV via tape delay only , but NBC did , for the first time , offer live streaming of the opening ceremony online . Notably , figure skating events were deliberately scheduled for the morning in Pyeongchang to accommodate the network 's live broadcast to a peak U.S. audience in the evening . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services ( OBS ) once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television at 4K resolution was introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage was delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . NBC 's Raleigh , North Carolina affiliate WRAL - TV also held demonstration viewings as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts . The 2018 Winter Olympics were also used to showcase 5G wireless technologies , as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT , and worldwide sponsor Intel . Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds , and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events . These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylised representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , these being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left - hand symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right - hand symbol represents a crystal of ice . In the emblem and all official materials , Pyeongchang was stylised in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Soohorang ( left ) and Bandabi ( right ) , respective mascots of 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . The Olympic mascot , Soohorang ( Korean : 수 호랑 ) , is a white tiger . The mascot 's name is a portmanteau of `` Sooho '' , a Korean word for `` protection '' , and `` Rang '' which is derived both from the Korean word for `` tiger '' and from the name of a traditional Korean folk song originating from Gangwon Province . Tigers have a strong association with Korean culture and folklore . Video Games ( edit ) Intel Extreme Masters Season 12 -- Pyeongchang Tournament information Sport StarCraft II Location Pyeongchang , South Korea Administrator ( s ) Electronic Sports League Final positions Champions Scarlett Runner - up sOs ← Oakland 2017 Katowice 2018 → In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognised that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament . Sponsors ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics saw increasing granularity in official sponsorships for technology vendors ; Intel signed with the IOC to become part of its Worldwide Olympic Partner program , to promote 5G wireless technology , as well as broadcasting technology such as 360 - degree video and virtual reality . Alibaba Group was also named the official e-commerce and cloud services provider . These categories affected how the vendors were allowed to promote themselves within the context of the Olympics : Samsung could showcase VR experiences but only within the context of its own smartphones due to Intel 's sponsorship rights in relation to VR ; Alibaba could not promote Alipay due to Visa Inc. sponsorship rights ; and Intel could not promote end - user applications of 5G due to national sponsorship rights held by KT Corporation . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations , 2017 -- 18 North Korea crisis , and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed . Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticising the game 's pro-North Korean measures The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the Games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate . In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , U.S. vice president Mike Pence met with Fred Warmbier ( father of Otto Warmbier , who had died after being released from captivity in North Korea ) and a group of North Korean defectors in Pyeongchang . American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute . At the closing ceremony , North Korea sent general Kim Yong - chol as its delegate . His presence was met with hostility from South Korean conservatives , as there were allegations that he had a role in the ROKS Cheonan sinking and other past attacks . The Ministry of Unification stated that `` there is a limitation in pinpointing who was responsible for the incident . '' Although he is subject to sanctions , they did not affect his ability to visit the country for the Games . Russian doping ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Russia 's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result , the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee in December 2017 , although Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally under the OAR ( Olympic Athletes from Russia ) designation . The official sanctions imposed by the IOC included : the exclusion of Russian government officials from the Games ; the use of the Olympic flag and Olympic Anthem in place of the Russian flag and anthem ; and the submission of a replacement logo for the OAR uniforms . By early January 2018 , the IOC had banned 43 Russian athletes from competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics and all future Olympic Games ( as part of the Oswald Commission ) . Of those athletes , 42 appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) and 28 of the appeals were successful , but eleven of the athletes had their sanctions upheld due to the weight of evidence against them . The IOC stated that the court ruling did not prove that the 28 athletes were innocent and that they would not necessarily be invited to the 2018 Games . Three of the athletes who appealed are still awaiting their hearings . The eventual number of neutral Russian athletes that participated at the 2018 Games was 168 . These were selected from an original pool of 500 athletes that was put forward for consideration and , in order to receive an invitation to the Games , they were obliged to meet a number of pre-games conditions to rule out any possibility of doping . Russian president Vladimir Putin and other officials had signalled in the past that it would be a humiliation if Russian athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , there were never actually any official plans to boycott the 2018 Games and in late 2017 the Russian government agreed to allow their athletes to compete at the Games as individuals under a neutral designation . Despite this public show of co-operation , there were numerous misgivings voiced by leading Russian politicians , including a statement from Putin himself saying that he believed the United States had used its influence within the IOC to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . 86 % of the Russian population opposed participation at the Olympics under a neutral flag , and many Russian fans attended the Games wearing the Russian colours and chanting `` Russia ! '' in unison , in an act of defiance against the ban . The IOC 's decision was heavily criticised by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) , in whose opinion the judgement was commercially and politically motivated . He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated . The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticised , by Olympic officials , IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer . National hockey League ( edit ) For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games . Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Other leagues , such as the Swedish Hockey League , did not close during the games , but teams had to accept that some players took part in the games instead of the league . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal 2018 Winter Paralympics 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Winter Olympic Games Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes Soohorang and Bandabi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . Yonhap News Agency . english.yonhapnews.co.kr . 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Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Esports event in PyeongChang before Olympics supported by IOC '' . NBC Olympics . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett becomes first woman to win major StarCraft II tournament '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Maddy . `` Scarlett 's StarCraft II Victory Shows How Esports Could Work For The Olympics '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid . `` Intel and the IOC ink 7 - year Olympics tech deal for VR , drones and more '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` On The Ground : Winter Games '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Moon says pushing to guarantee safety at Pyeongchang Olympics '' . Reuters. 20 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured '' . Reuters. 22 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare '' . The Straits Times . 23 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US ambassador to UN says it 's an ' open question ' whether U.S. athletes will participate in Winter Olympics over safety concerns '' . Business Insider. 7 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ellen ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` White House walks back remarks that US athletes might not participate in 2018 Olympics '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Jong Un highlights his ' nuclear button , ' offers Olympic talks '' . NBC News . 2 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 2018 ) . `` North Korea to Send Olympic Athletes to South Korea , in Breakthrough '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Koreas to carry single flag at Olympics '' . BBC News . 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Pyongyang Olympics ' -- Backlash in South Korea over plans to march with North at Winter Olympics '' . The Telegraph . 19 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean protesters object to Olympic Games deal with North Korea '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rap video frosty welcome for 2018 Winter Olympic Games '' . BBC News . 2 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Olympic Cooperation Provokes Protests in Seoul '' . Time . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Haas , Benjamin ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Uri . `` North Korea 's Undeserved Olympic Glory '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Labott , Elise ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` As North Koreans arrive at Olympics , Pence points to defectors to counter regime '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US says North Korea cancelled planned meeting with US VP Mike Pence '' . Stuff ( Fairfax ) . 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea 's controversial Olympics delegate '' . BBC News . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Former Spymaster to Lead North Korea 's Olympic Ceremony Delegation '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Rebecca C. ; Panja , Tariq ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C. '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC 's OAR implementation group releases guidelines for uniforms accessories and equipment 's '' . olympic.org. 20 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Statement on CAS Decision '' . International Olympic Committee . 1 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Putin says US pressured IOC to ban Russia from Winter Games '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse. 19 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Жириновский предложил отказаться от участия в Олимпиаде - 2018 '' ( in Russian ) . Interfax.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin wo n't tell Russian athletes to boycott Winter Olympics '' . CNN . 6 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Putin : Doping allegations ' US plot against Russian election ' '' . bbc.com. 9 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Опрос `` КП '' : Стоит ли спортсменам из России ехать на Олимпиаду под нейтральным флагом `` . kp.ru ( in Russian ) . 20 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Eirk ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Russian fans spurn ' stupid ' ban on athletes at Olympic Games '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Winter Olympics Are Already Tainted '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Chief Disappointed By Court Lifting Doping Ban On Russians '' . rferl.org. 4 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . Archived from the original on 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics and N.H.L. Face Off Over Who Pays to Insure Players '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . 19 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC decides not to cover costs for NHL players at Olympics '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . 23 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . 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( shows that SHL games were played during the Olympic games 9 -- 25 February ) External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=842427645 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the 2018 winter olympics being held	[ "The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회 동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony." ]	[ "Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea" ]
-1834926212045174989	Fan (machine)	Fan ( machine ) - wikipedia Fan ( machine ) This article is about mechanical fans . For hand - powered fans , see Hand fan . For other uses , see Fan . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Household electric `` box '' fan with a propeller style blade . Fans force air into an aircraft engine , Boeing 777 in this photo A fan is a powered machine used to create flow within a fluid , typically a gas such as air . A fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades which act on the air . The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller , a rotor , or a runner . Usually , it is contained within some form of housing or case . This may direct the airflow or increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades . Most fans are powered by electric motors , but other sources of power may be used , including hydraulic motors , handcranks , internal combustion engines , and solar power . Mechanically , a fan can be any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air . Fans produce air flows with high volume and low pressure ( although higher than ambient pressure ) , as opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume . A fan blade will often rotate when exposed to an air fluid stream , and devices that take advantage of this , such as anemometers and wind turbines , often have designs similar to that of a fan . Further information : centrifugal compressor Typical applications include climate control and personal thermal comfort ( e.g. , an electric table or floor fan ) , vehicle engine cooling systems ( e.g. , in front of a radiator ) , machinery cooling systems ( e.g. , inside computers and audio power amplifiers ) , ventilation , fume extraction , winnowing ( e.g. , separating chaff of cereal grains ) , removing dust ( e.g. sucking as in a vacuum cleaner ) , drying ( usually in combination with a heat source ) and to provide draft for a fire . While fans are often used to cool people , they do not actually cool air ( if anything , electric fans warm it slightly due to the warming of their motors ) , but work by evaporative cooling of sweat and increased heat convection into the surrounding air due to the airflow from the fans . Thus , fans may become ineffective at cooling the body if the surrounding air is near body temperature and contains high humidity . During periods of very high heat and humidity , governments actually advise against the use of fans . Contents 1 History 1.1 Steam 1.2 Electrical 2 Types 2.1 Axial - flow 2.2 Centrifugal 2.3 Cross-flow fan 3 Bladeless Indirect viscous - shear fan 4 Uncommon types of fans 4.1 Bellows 4.2 Coandă effect 4.3 Convective 4.4 Electrostatic 5 Noise 6 Fan motor drive methods 7 Solar powered fan 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The punkah fan was used in India about 500 BCE . It was a handheld fan made from bamboo strips or other plant fibre , that could be rotated or fanned to move air . During British rule , the word came to be used by Anglo - Indians to mean a large swinging flat fan , fixed to the ceiling , and pulled by a servant , called the punkawallah . Patent drawing for a Fan Moved by Mechanism , 27 November 1830 For purposes of air conditioning , the Han Dynasty craftsman and engineer Ding Huan ( fl. 180 CE ) invented a manually operated rotary fan with seven wheels that measured 3 m ( 10 ft ) in diameter ; in the 8th century , during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Chinese applied hydraulic power to rotate the fan wheels for air conditioning , while the rotary fan became even more common during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . In the 17th century , the experiments of scientists including Otto von Guericke , Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle , established the basic principles of vacuum and airflow . The English architect Sir Christopher Wren applied an early ventilation system in the Houses of Parliament that used bellows to circulate air . Wren 's design would be the catalyst for much later improvement and innovation . The first rotary fan used in Europe was for mine ventilation during the 16th century , as illustrated by Georg Agricola ( 1494 -- 1555 ) . John Theophilus Desaguliers , a British engineer , demonstrated a successful use of a fan system to draw out stagnant air from coal mines in 1727 and soon afterwards he installed a similar apparatus in Parliament . Good ventilation was particularly important in coal mines to reduce casualties from asphyxiation . The civil engineer John Smeaton , and later John Buddle installed reciprocating air pumps in the mines in the North of England . However , this arrangement was not ideal as the machinery was liable to breaking down . Steam ( edit ) With the advent of practical steam power , fans could finally be used for ventilation . In 1837 William Fourness of England installed a steam - driven fan at Leeds . In 1849 a 6 m radius steam driven fan , designed by William Brunton , was made operational in the Gelly Gaer Colliery of South Wales . The model was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851 . Also in 1851 David Boswell Reid , a Scottish doctor , installed four steam powered fans in the ceiling of St George 's Hospital in Liverpool , so that the pressure produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling . Improvements in the technology were made by James Nasmyth , Frenchman Theophile Guibal and J.R. Waddle . Electrical ( edit ) Between 1882 and 1886 Schuyler Wheeler invented a fan powered by electricity . It was commercially marketed by the American firm Crocker & Curtis electric motor company . In 1882 , Philip Diehl developed the world 's first electric ceiling fan . During this intense period of innovation , fans powered by alcohol , oil , or kerosene were common around the turn of the 20th century . In 1909 , KDK of Japan pioneered the invention of mass - produced electric fans for home use . In the 1920s , industrial advances allowed steel fans to be mass - produced in different shapes , bringing fan prices down and allowing more homeowners to afford them . In the 1930s , the first art deco fan ( the `` swan fan '' ) was designed . By the 1940s , Crompton Greaves of India became the world 's largest manufacturer of electric ceiling fans mainly for sale in India , Asia and the Middle East . By the 1950s , table and stand fans were manufactured in colors that were bright and eye catching . Window and central air conditioning in the 1960s caused many companies to discontinue production of fans . But in the mid 1970s , with an increasing awareness of the cost of electricity and the amount of energy used to heat and cool homes , turn - of - the - century styled ceiling fans became immensely popular again as both decorative and energy efficient units . In 1998 , Walter K. Boyd invented the HVLS ceiling fan . A lifelong inventor , Boyd was charged with developing a system to cool dairy cattle . Dairy cattle , when overheated , decrease milk production . Using the laws of physics and airflow , Boyd developed a slow moving fan that incorporated 10 aluminum blades and was 8 - feet diameter . Unlike traditional ceiling fans that move quickly , this large fan moved slowly . Due to its diameter size , the fan moved a large column of air down and out 360 degrees and continuously mixed fresh air with the stale air inside the barn . They are used in many industrial and agricultural settings , because of their energy efficiency . It also cooled the inside of the barn without causing the dairy cattle undue stress or kicking up dust . After much testing , Boyd discovered HVLS fan technology to be energy efficient as it costs less to run one HVLS fan than it did to run 50 small high - speed fans . Due to the skyrocketing costs of energy , HVLS commercial ceiling fans are used today to supplement HVAC systems in industrial and commercial settings , including warehouses , manufacturing facilities and malls , as HVLS fans help lower heating and cooling costs . Types ( edit ) Two c. 1980 box fans Ceiling fan with a lamp . Mechanical revolving blade fans are made in a wide range of designs . They are used on the floor , table , desk , or hung from the ceiling ( ceiling fan ) . They can also be built into a window , wall , roof , chimney , etc . Most electronic systems such as computers include fans to cool the circuits inside , and in appliances such as hair dryers and portable space heaters and mounted / installed wall heaters . They are also used for moving air in air - conditioning systems , and in automotive engines , where they are driven by belts or by direct motor . Fans used for comfort create a wind chill by increasing the heat transfer coefficient , but do not lower temperatures directly . Fans used to cool electrical equipment or in engines or other machines do cool the equipment directly by forcing hot air into the cooler environment outside of the machine . There are three main types of fans used for moving air , axial , centrifugal ( also called radial ) and cross flow ( also called tangential ) . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Performance Testing Code 11 ( PTC ) provides standard procedures for conducting and reporting tests on fans , including those of the centrifugal , axial , and mixed flows . Axial - flow ( edit ) An axial box fan for cooling electrical equipment . Axial - flow fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate . This type of fan is used in a wide variety of applications , ranging from small cooling fans for electronics to the giant fans used in wind tunnels . Axial flow fans are applied in air conditioning and industrial process applications . Standard axial flow fans have diameters from 300 -- 400 mm or 1800 to 2000 mm and work under pressures up to 800 Pa . Special types of fans are used as low pressure compressor stages in aircraft engines . Examples of axial fans are : Table fan : Basic elements of a typical table fan include the fan blade , base , armature and lead wires , motor , blade guard , motor housing , oscillator gearbox , and oscillator shaft . The oscillator is a mechanism that motions the fan from side to side . The armature axle shaft comes out on both ends of the motor , one end of the shaft is attached to the blade and the other is attached to the oscillator gearbox . The motor case joins to the gearbox to contain the rotor and stator . The oscillator shaft combines to the weighted base and the gearbox . A motor housing covers the oscillator mechanism . The blade guard joins to the motor case for safety . A Ceiling fan is an example of an axial fan . Domestic Extractor Fan : Wall or ceiling mounted , the domestic extractor fan is employed to remove moisture and stale air from domestic dwellings . Bathroom extractor fans typically utilize a four inch ( 100mm ) impeller , whilst kitchen extractor fans typically use a six inch ( 150mm ) impeller as the room itself is often bigger . Axial fans with 125mm impellers are also used in larger bathrooms though are much less common . Domestic axial extractor fans are not suitable for duct runs over 3m or 4m , depending on the number of bends in the run , as the increased air pressure in longer pipework inhibits the performance of the fan . Electro - mechanical fans : Among collectors , are rated according to their condition , size , age , and number of blades . Four - blade designs are the most common . Five - blade or six - blade designs are rare . The materials from which the components are made , such as brass , are important factors in fan desirability . Ceiling fan : A fan suspended from the ceiling of a room is a ceiling fan . Most ceiling fans rotate at relatively low speeds and do not have blade guards . Ceiling fans can be found in both residential and industrial / commercial settings . In automobiles , a mechanical fan provides engine cooling and prevents the engine from overheating by blowing or drawing air through a coolant - filled radiator . The fan may be driven with a belt and pulley off the engine 's crankshaft or an electric motor switched on or off by a thermostatic switch . Computer cooling fan for cooling electrical components Fans inside audio power amplifiers help to draw heat away from the electrical components . variable - pitch fan : A variable - pitch fan is used where precise control of static pressure within supply ducts is required . The blades are arranged to rotate upon a control - pitch hub . The fan wheel will spin at a constant speed . The blades follow the control pitch hub . As the hub moves toward the rotor , the blades increase their angle of attack and an increase in flow results . 80 hp supply fan Centrifugal ( edit ) Main article : centrifugal fan Typical centrifugal fan . A diagram of a centrifugal fan , with top view to show airflow . Often called a `` squirrel cage '' ( because of its general similarity in appearance to exercise wheels for pet rodents ) or `` scroll fan '' , the centrifugal fan has a moving component ( called an impeller ) that consists of a central shaft about which a set of blades form a spiral , or ribs , are positioned . Centrifugal fans blow air at right angles to the intake of the fan , and spin the air outwards to the outlet ( by deflection and centrifugal force ) . The impeller rotates , causing air to enter the fan near the shaft and move perpendicularly from the shaft to the opening in the scroll - shaped fan casing . A centrifugal fan produces more pressure for a given air volume , and is used where this is desirable such as in leaf blowers , blowdryers , air mattress inflators , inflatable structures , climate control , and various industrial purposes . They are typically quieter than comparable axial fans . Cross-flow fan ( edit ) Cross-section of cross-flow fan , from the 1893 patent . The rotation is clock-wise . The stream guide F is usually not present in modern implementations . Cross-flow fan The cross-flow or tangential fan , sometimes known as a tubular fan , was patented in 1893 by Paul Mortier , and is used extensively in the HVAC industry . The fan is usually long in relation to the diameter , so the flow approximately remains two - dimensional away from the ends . The CFF uses an impeller with forward curved blades , placed in a housing consisting of a rear wall and vortex wall . Unlike radial machines , the main flow moves transversely across the impeller , passing the blading twice . The flow within a cross-flow fan may be broken up into three distinct regions : a vortex region near the fan discharge , called an eccentric vortex , the through - flow region , and a paddling region directly opposite . Both the vortex and paddling regions are dissipative , and as a result , only a portion of the impeller imparts usable work on the flow . The cross-flow fan , or transverse fan , is thus a two - stage partial admission machine . The popularity of the crossflow fan in the HVAC industry comes from its compactness , shape , quiet operation , and ability to provide high pressure coefficient . Effectively a rectangular fan in terms of inlet and outlet geometry , the diameter readily scales to fit the available space , and the length is adjustable to meet flow rate requirements for the particular application . Common household tower fans are also cross-flow fans . Much of the early work focused on developing the cross-flow fan for both high and low - flow - rate conditions , and resulted in numerous patents . Key contributions were made by Coester , Ilberg and Sadeh , Porter and Markland , and Eck . One interesting phenomenon particular to the cross-flow fan is that , as the blades rotate , the local air incidence angle changes . The result is that in certain positions the blades act as compressors ( pressure increase ) , while at other azimuthal locations the blades act as turbines ( pressure decrease ) . Since the flow both enters and exits the impeller radially , the crossflow fan is well suited for aircraft applications . Due to the 2D nature of the flow , the fan readily integrates into a wing for use in both thrust production and boundary - layer control . A configuration that utilizes a crossflow fan is located at the wing leading edge is the fanwing . This design creates lift by deflecting the wake downward due to the rotational direction of the fan , causing large Magnus force , similar to a spinning leading - edge cylinder . Another configuration utilizing a crossflow fan for thrust and flow control is the propulsive wing . In this design , the crossflow fan is placed near the trailing edge of a thick wing , and draws the air off the wing 's suction ( top ) surface . By doing this , the propulsive wing is nearly stall - free , even at extremely high angles of attack , producing very high lift . The external links section provides links to these concepts . A cross flow fan , is a centrifugal fan in which the air flows through the fan , rather than through an inlet . The rotor of a cross flow fan is covered to create a pressure differential . When used in household fans , cross flow fans have smaller opening on one side and a larger opening on the other . Cross flow fans have openings of different sizes on the front and rear sides . The resultant pressure difference allows air to flow straight through the fan , even though the fan blades counter the flow of air on one side of the rotation . Cross flow fans give airflow along the entire width of the fan , however , they are noiser than ordinary centrifugal fans presumedly because the fan blades fight the flow of air on one side of the rotation unlike normal squirrel cage fans . Cross flow fans are often used in air conditioners , automobile ventilation systems , and for cooling in medium - sized equipment such as photocopiers . The action of a fan or blower causes pressures slightly above atmospheric , which are called plenums . Bladeless indirect viscous - shear fan ( edit ) This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is an indirect blower system which collects pressurized airflow from a standard blower device that can be of any type mentioned in this article , and directs the collected airflow through a hollow tube or toroid , blowing a thin high - velocity laminar airflow from holes or a continuous slot across the surface of the tube or toroid . These fans have a 3 - dimensional mixed - flow impeller in a lower compartment . Air is drawn in and compressed , before being expelled through an annulus , and accelerated over an airfoil lamp . Inducing and entraining ambient air through viscous shearing , the loop - shaped upper section multiplies the total airflow many times . The high velocity laminar airflow tends to drag ambient air along with it , due to viscous shear . Only around 7 % of the total airflow actually passes through the fan itself . Uncommon types of fans ( edit ) Bellows ( edit ) Main article : Bellows Diagram of a single - acting hand bellows Bellows are also used to move air , although not generally considered fans . A hand - operated bellows is essentially a bag with a nozzle and handles , which can be filled with air by one movement , and the air expelled by another . Typically it would comprise two rigid flat surfaces hinged at one end , where a nozzle is fitted , and with handles at the other . The sides of the surfaces are joined by a flexible and air - proof material such as leather ; the surfaces and joining material comprise a bag sealed everywhere but at the nozzle . ( The joining material typically has a characteristic pleated construction that is so common that similar expanding fabric arrangements not used for moving air , such as on a folding camera , are called bellows . ) Separating the handles expands the bag , which fills with air ; squeezing them together expels the air . A simple valve ( e.g. , a flap ) may be fitted so that air enters without having to come from the nozzle , which may be close to a fire . Bellows produce a directed pressurized stream of air ; the airflow volume is typically low with moderate pressure . They are an older technology , used mainly to produce a strong and directed airflow unlike non-electric bladed mechanical fans , before the introduction of electricity . A single - acting bellows will only produce airflow during the exhaust stroke . A double - acting bellows is a pair of bellows capable of blowing out air from one while inhaling air into the other , but airflow still temporarily ceases when the stroke direction is reversed . Combining multiple bellows at third - cycle or quarter - cycle arrangements on a crank arm allows for nearly continuous airflow from several bellows at once ; each is in a different phase of inhaling and exhausting during the cycle . Coandă effect ( edit ) An open - face supermarket freezer with an air curtain . Cooling air circulates across the food through the dark slot seen at the rear of the freezer , and through another grille not visible along the front . The Dyson Air Multiplier fans , and the Imperial C2000 series range hood fans , have no exposed fan blades or other visibly moving parts except their oscillating and tilting head . The airflow is generated using the Coandă effect ; a small quantity of air from a high - pressure - bladed impeller fan , contained in the base rather than exposed , drives a large airmass via a low - pressure area created by the airfoil . The US Patent & Trademark Office initially ruled that Dyson 's patent was not an improvement on the Toshiba patent on a nearly identical bladeless desktop fan granted in 1981 . Air curtains and air doors also utilize this effect to help retain warm or cool air within an otherwise exposed area that lacks a cover or door . Air curtains are commonly used on open - face dairy , freezer , and vegetable displays to help retain chilled air within the cabinet using a laminar airflow circulated across the display opening . The airflow is typically generated by a mechanical fan of any type described in this article hidden in the base of the display cabinet . Convective ( edit ) Differences in air temperature will affect the density of air and can be used to induce air circulation through the mere act of heating or cooling an air mass . This effect is so subtle and works at such low air pressures that it does not appear to fit the definition of a fan technology . However , prior to the development of electricity , convective airflow was the primary method of inducing airflow in living spaces . Old fashioned oil and coal furnaces were not electric and operated simply on the principle of convection to move the warm air . Very large volume air ducts were sloped upwards away from the top of the furnace towards floor and wall registers above the furnace . Cool air was returned through similar large ducts leading to the bottom of the furnace . Older houses from before electrification often had open duct grilles leading from the ceiling of a lower level to the floor of an upper level , to allow convective airflow to slowly rise up the building from one floor to the next . Outhouses commonly rely on a simple enclosed air channel in a corner of the structure to exhaust offensive odors . Exposed to sunlight , the channel is warmed and a slow convective air current is vented out the top of the building , while fresh air enters the pit through the seat hole . Electrostatic ( edit ) An electrostatic fluid accelerator propels airflow by inducing motion in airborne charged particles . A high voltage electric field ( commonly 25,000 to 50,000 volts ) formed between exposed charged anode and cathode surfaces is capable of inducing airflow through a principle referred to as ionic wind . The airflow pressure is typically very low but the air volume can be large . However , a sufficiently high voltage potential can also cause the formation of ozone and nitrogen oxides , which are reactive and irritating to mucous membranes . Noise ( edit ) Fans generate noise from the rapid flow of air around blades and obstacles , and sometimes from the motor . Fan noise has been found to be roughly proportional to the fifth power of fan speed ; halving speed reduces noise by about 15 dB . Fan motor drive methods ( edit ) Building heating and cooling systems commonly use a squirrel cage fan driven by belt from a separate electric motor . Internal combustion engines sometimes drive an engine cooling fan directly , or may use a separate electric motor . Large electric motors may have a cooling fan either on the back or inside the case . ( Shown with black rear cover removed . ) Dual shaft fan motor in a window air conditioner . Standalone fans are usually powered by an electric motors , often attached directly to the motor 's output , with no gears or belts . The motor is either hidden in the fan 's center hub or extends behind it . For big industrial fans , three - phase asynchronous motors are commonly used , placed near the fan and driving it through a belt and pulleys . Smaller fans are often powered by shaded pole AC motors , or brushed or brushless DC motors . AC - powered fans usually use mains voltage , while DC - powered fans use low voltage , typically 24. V , 12. V , or 5 V. Cooling fans for computer equipment always use brushless DC motors , which generate much less electromagnetic interference than other types . In machines with a rotating part , the fan is often connected to it rather than being powered separately . This is commonly seen in motor vehicles with internal combustion engines , large cooling systems , locomotives , and winnowing machines , where the fan is connected to the drive shaft or through a belt and pulleys . Another common configuration is a dual - shaft motor , where one end of the shaft drives a mechanism , while the other has a fan mounted on it to cool the motor itself . Window air conditioners commonly use a dual - shaft fan to operate separate blowers for the interior and exterior parts of the device . Where electrical power or rotating parts are not readily available , fans may be driven by other methods . High - pressure gases such as steam can be used to drive a small turbine , and high - pressure liquids can be used to drive a pelton wheel , either which can provide the rotational drive for a fan . Large , slow - moving energy sources such as a flowing river can also power a fan using a water wheel and a series of step - down gears or pulleys to increase the rotational speed to that which is required for efficient fan operation . Solar powered fan ( edit ) Electric fans used for ventilation may be powered by solar panels instead of mains current . This is an attractive option because once the capital costs of the solar panel have been covered , the resulting electricity is free . In addition , electricity is always available when the sun is shining and the fan needs to run . A typical example uses a detached 10 watt , 12x12 inch ( 30x30 cm ) solar panel and is supplied with appropriate brackets , cables , and connectors . It can be used to ventilate up to 1250 square feet ( 100 m2 ) of area and can move air at up to 800 cubic feet per minute ( 400 L / s ) . Because of the wide availability of 12 V brushless DC electric motors and the convenience of wiring such a low voltage , such fans usually operate on 12 volts . The detached solar panel is typically installed in the spot which gets most of the sun light and then connected to the fan mounted as far as 20 to 25 feet ( 6 to 7 m ) away . Other permanently - mounted and small portable fans include an integrated ( non-detachable ) solar panel . See also ( edit ) Affinity laws Axial fan design Air cooler Balancing machine Bladeless fan Dyson Air Multiplier Fan death Industrial fans Pump Specific fan power Turbomachinery Waddle fan Whole - house fan Turbine Wind turbine Window fan Box Fan Impeller Computer fan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fan '' . Britannica . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 99 , 134 , 151 , 233 . Jump up ^ Day & McNeil ( 1996 ) , 210 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 154 . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of Mechanical Fans '' . The Worshipful Company of Fan Makers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collieries of Wales : Engineering and Architecture , By Stephen R. Hughes , Page 97 Jump up ^ Robert Bruegmann . `` Central Heating and Ventilation : Origins and Effects on Architectural Design '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ HISTORIC BUILDING ENGINEERING SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT HEATING & VENTILATION , By Brian Roberts , CIBSE Heritage Group Jump up ^ Cory , William ( 2010 ) . Fans and Ventilation : A practical guide . Elsevier . ISBN 9780080531588 . Jump up ^ `` B.A.C. ( Before Air Conditioning ) '' ( PDF ) . New Orleans Bar Association . Jump up ^ Fancollectors.org -- A Brief History of Fans Information Provided by Steve Cunningham -- retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Industrial Fan Designer Finds Niche in Energy Efficiency -- Automation and Control , By David Greenfield , December 20 , 2010 , Blog on Design News , Information provided by Dianna Huff -- retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ASME PTC 11 -- Fans . Jump up ^ `` Choosing a Bathroom Extractor Fan '' . Extarctor Fan World . 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Mortier . Fan or Blowing apparatus . US Pat . No . 507,445 ^ Jump up to : Wallop , Harry ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` Dyson fan : was it invented 30 years ago ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Dyson Air Multiplier Review : Making a $300 Fan Takes Cojones Jump up ^ Video Review : The Dyson Air Multiplier , Posted Oct 12 , 2009 , by John Biggs , TechCrunch Jump up ^ UK Health and Safetey Executive : Top 10 noise control techniques External links ( edit ) Media related to Fans ( mechanical ) at Wikimedia Commons Heating , ventilation and air conditioning Fundamental concepts Air changes per hour Bake - out Building envelope Convection Dilution Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Fluid dynamics Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer Humidity Infiltration Latent heat Noise control Outgassing Particulates Psychrometrics Sensible heat Stack effect Thermal comfort Thermal destratification Thermal mass Thermodynamics Vapour pressure of water Technology Absorption refrigerator Air barrier Air conditioning Antifreeze Automobile air conditioning Autonomous building Building insulation materials Central heating Central solar heating Chilled beam Chilled water Constant air volume ( CAV ) Coolant Dedicated outdoor air system ( DOAS ) Deep water source cooling Demand - controlled ventilation ( DCV ) Displacement ventilation District cooling District heating Electric heating Energy recovery ventilation ( ERV ) Firestop Forced - air Forced - air gas Free cooling Heat recovery ventilation ( HRV ) Hybrid heat Hydronics HVAC Ice storage air conditioning Kitchen ventilation Mixed - mode ventilation Microgeneration Natural ventilation Passive cooling Passive house Radiant heating and cooling system Radiant cooling Radiant heating Radon mitigation Refrigeration Renewable heat Room air distribution Solar air heat Solar combisystem Solar cooling Solar heating Thermal insulation Underfloor air distribution Underfloor heating Vapor barrier Vapor - compression refrigeration ( VCRS ) Variable air volume ( VAV ) Variable refrigerant flow ( VRF ) Ventilation Components Air conditioner inverter Air door Air filter Air handler Air ionizer Air - mixing plenum Air purifier Air source heat pumps Automatic balancing valve Back boiler Barrier pipe Blast damper Boiler Centrifugal fan Chiller Condensate pump Condenser Condensing boiler Convection heater Cooling tower Damper Dehumidifier Duct Economizer Electrostatic precipitator Evaporative cooler Evaporator Exhaust hood Expansion tank Fan coil unit Fan heater Fire damper Fireplace Fireplace insert Freeze stat Flue Freon Fume hood Furnace Furnace room Gas compressor Gas heater Gasoline heater Geothermal heat pump Grease duct Grille Ground - coupled heat exchanger Heat exchanger Heat pipe Heat pump Heating film Heating system High efficiency glandless circulating pump High - efficiency particulate air ( HEPA ) High pressure cut off switch Humidifier Infrared heater Inverter compressor Kerosene heater Louver Mechanical fan Mechanical room Oil heater Packaged terminal air conditioner Plenum space Pressurisation ductwork Process duct work Radiator Radiator reflector Recuperator Refrigerant Register Reversing valve Run - around coil Scroll compressor Solar chimney Solar - assisted heat pump Space heater Smoke exhaust ductwork Thermal expansion valve Thermal wheel Thermosiphon Thermostatic radiator valve Trickle vent Trombe wall Turning vanes Ultra-low particulate air ( ULPA ) Whole - house fan Windcatcher Wood - burning stove Measurement and control Air flow meter Aquastat BACnet Blower door Building automation Carbon dioxide sensor Clean Air Delivery Rate ( CADR ) Gas sensor Home energy monitor Humidistat HVAC control system Intelligent buildings LonWorks Minimum efficiency reporting value ( MERV ) OpenTherm Programmable communicating thermostat Programmable thermostat Psychrometrics Room temperature Smart thermostat Thermostat Thermostatic radiator valve Professions , trades , and services Architectural acoustics Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Building information modeling ( BIM ) Deep energy retrofit Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical , electrical , and plumbing Mold growth , assessment , and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing , adjusting , balancing Industry organizations ACCA AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BRE BSRIA CIBSE LEED SMACNA Health and safety Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) Passive smoking Sick building syndrome ( SBS ) Volatile organic compound ( VOC ) See also ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms Template : Home automation Template : Solar energy Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal NDL : 00570736 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_(machine)&oldid=856966788 '' Categories : Turbomachinery Fans Cooling technology Ventilation Heating , ventilating , and air conditioning Mechanical engineering Chemical engineering Gas compressors Turbines Thermodynamics Fluid dynamics Aerodynamics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from December 2010 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from December 2010 All articles needing expert attention Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was it that developed the world s first electric ceiling fan	[ "Between 1882 and 1886 Schuyler Wheeler invented a fan powered by electricity.[10] It was commercially marketed by the American firm Crocker & Curtis electric motor company. In 1882, Philip Diehl developed the world's first electric ceiling fan. During this intense period of innovation, fans powered by alcohol, oil, or kerosene were common around the turn of the 20th century.\nIn 1909, KDK of Japan pioneered the invention of mass-produced electric fans for home use. In the 1920s, industrial advances allowed steel fans to be mass-produced in different shapes, bringing fan prices down and allowing more homeowners to afford them. In the 1930s, the first art deco fan (the \"swan fan\") was designed. By the 1940s, Crompton Greaves of India became the world's largest manufacturer of electric ceiling fans mainly for sale in India, Asia and the Middle East. By the 1950s, table and stand fans were manufactured in colors that were bright and eye catching.\n" ]	[ "Philip Diehl" ]
877669017062797265	The Color Purple	The Color Purple - wikipedia The Color Purple Jump to : navigation , search For the color , see Purple . For other uses , see The Color Purple ( disambiguation ) . The Color Purple First edition cover Author Alice Walker Country United States Language English Publisher Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publication date 1982 ISBN 0 - 15 - 119153 - 0 OCLC 8221433 Dewey Decimal 813.54 19 LC Class PS3573. A425 C6 1982 The Color Purple is a 1982 epistolary novel by American author Alice Walker who won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the National Book Award for Fiction . It was later adapted into a film and musical of the same name . Taking place mostly in rural Georgia , the story focuses on the life of African - American women in the Southern United States in the 1930s , addressing numerous issues including their exceedingly low position in American social culture . The novel has been the frequent target of censors and appears on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2000 -- 2009 at number seventeen because of the sometimes explicit content , particularly in terms of violence . In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's `` best - loved novels . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Critical reception 3 Character analysis 3.1 Celie 3.2 Nettie 3.3 Shug Avery 3.4 Albert ( known as Mister ) 4 Film , theatrical , and radio adaptations 5 Boycotting Israel 6 Editions 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Celie is a poor , uneducated , 14 - year - old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s . She writes letters to God because her father , Alphonso , beats her harshly and rapes her continuously . Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once , a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called Adam . Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth . Celie has a second child , a girl she called Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts . Celie 's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed . Celie and her younger sister , 12 - year - old Nettie , learn that a man identified only as Mister wants to marry Nettie . Alphonso refuses to let Nettie marry , instead arranging for Mister to marry Celie . Mister , needing someone to care for his children and keep his house , eventually accepts the offer . Mister and his children , whose mother was murdered by a jealous lover , all treat Celie badly . However , she eventually gets Mister 's squalid living conditions and incorrigible children under control . Shortly thereafter , Nettie runs away from Alphonso and takes refuge at Celie 's house , where Mister makes sexual advances toward her . Celie then advises Nettie to seek assistance from a well - dressed black woman that she had seen in the general store a while back ; the woman had unknowingly adopted Celie 's daughter and was the only black woman that Celie had ever seen with money of her own . Nettie is forced to leave after promising to write . Celie , however , never receives any letters and concludes that her sister is dead . Time passes and Mister 's children begin to grow up and leave home . Harpo , Mister 's son , falls in love with an assertive girl named Sofia , who becomes pregnant with Harpo 's baby and , despite initial resistance from Mister , marries Harpo . Harpo and Sofia have five more children in short order . Celie is amazed by Sofia 's defiant refusal to submit to Harpo 's attempts to control her . Kinder and gentler than his father , Harpo feels emasculated due to his inability to get Sofia to `` mind . '' Celie advises Harpo not to try to dominate Sofia ; she also tells Harpo that Sofia loves him , admitting that she , Celie , only obeys Mister out of fear . Harpo temporarily follows Celie 's advice but falls back under Mister 's sway . A momentarily jealous Celie then advises Harpo to beat Sofia . Sofia fights back , however , inflicting serious injuries on Harpo . After Sofia confronts her , Celie , who was already feeling guilty about what she had done , apologizes and confides in her about all the abuse she suffers at Mister 's hands . She also begins to consider Sofia 's advice about defending herself against further abuse from Mister . Glamorous Shug Avery , a jazz and blues singer and Mister 's long - time mistress , falls ill , and Mister takes her into his house . Celie , who had been fascinated by photos of Shug she found in Mister 's belongings , is thrilled to have her there . Mister 's father expresses disapproval of the arrangement , reminding Mister that Shug has three out - of - wedlock children . Mister proudly states that he knows for certain that all the children have the same father , indirectly admitting to being their father . Mister 's father leaves in disgust after drinking a glass of water into which Celie spit . While Shug is initially rude to Celie , who has taken charge of nursing her , the two women become friends , and Celie soon finds herself infatuated with Shug . Frustrated by Harpo 's domineering behavior , Sofia moves out , taking her children with her . Several months later , Harpo opens a juke joint where a fully recovered Shug performs nightly . Shug decides to stay when she learns that Mister beats Celie when she is away . Shug and Celie 's relationship grows more intimate . Sofia returns for a visit and promptly gets into a fight with Harpo 's new girlfriend , Squeak , knocking Squeak 's teeth out . In town one day , while Sofia is enjoying a day out with her new beau , a prizefighter , and their respective children , the mayor 's wife , Miss Millie , approaches the group . She begins to `` finger '' Sofia 's children ( physically examine them in a way reminiscent of slaves on an auction block ) without bothering , at first , to speak to their mother or ask permission . At first , Sofia silently endures . Miss Millie then looks up and addresses Sofia , remarking on how clean the children are and bluntly asks Sofia if she would like to be her maid . Sofia , who does not work as a maid , straightforwardly refuses saying `` Hell no . '' The mayor then pushes his wife aside , calling Sofia `` girl '' and daring her to repeat herself . When Sofia does so defiantly , the mayor slaps Sofia . Sofia responds by using her fist to knock the mayor , her assailant , onto the ground . The police quickly arrive at the scene and brutally beat Sofia as she pleads with the prizefighter not to intervene on her behalf and instead to take her children to safety . Sofia emerges from her ordeal with a cracked skull , broken ribs , her face rendered nearly unrecognizable , and blind in one eye . Sofia is subsequently sentenced to 12 years in jail . Squeak , a mixed - race woman and Sheriff Hodges ' illegitimate niece , attempts to blackmail the sheriff into releasing Sofia , resulting in her being raped by the sheriff . Squeak cares for Sofia 's children while she is incarcerated , and the two women develop a friendship . Sofia is eventually released and begins working for Miss Millie , which she detests . Despite being newly married to a person called Grady , Shug instigates a sexual relationship with Celie on her next visit . One night Shug asks Celie about her sister , and Shug helps Celie recover letters from Nettie that Mister has been hiding from her for decades . The letters indicate that Nettie befriended a missionary couple , Samuel and Corrine , the well - dressed woman that Celie saw in the store , whom Nettie eventually accompanied to Africa to do missionary work . Samuel and Corrine have unwittingly adopted Celie 's son and daughter ( by Celie 's father ) , Adam and Olivia . Corrine , noticing that her adopted children resemble Nettie , wonders if Samuel fathered the children with her . Increasingly suspicious , Corrine tries to limit Nettie 's role in her family . Through her letters , Nettie reveals that she has become disillusioned with her missionary work . Corrine becomes ill with a fever . Nettie asks Samuel to tell her how he adopted Olivia and Adam . Realizing that Adam and Olivia are Celie 's children , Nettie then learns that Alphonso is her and Celie 's stepfather . Their biological father was a store owner whom white men lynched because they resented his success . She also learns that their mother suffered a mental collapse after the death of her husband and that Alphonso exploited the situation in order to control their mother 's considerable wealth . Nettie confesses to Samuel and Corrine that she is in fact their children 's biological aunt . The gravely ill Corrine refuses to believe her until Nettie reminds her of her previous encounter with Celie in the store . Later , Corrine dies , finally having accepted Nettie 's story . Meanwhile , Celie visits Alphonso , who confirms Nettie 's story . Celie begins to lose some of her faith in God , which she confides to Shug , who explains to Celie her own unique religious philosophy . Celie , having had enough of her husband 's abuse , decides to leave Mister along with Shug and Squeak , who is considering a singing career of her own . Celie puts a curse on Mister before leaving him for good . Celie settles in Tennessee and supports herself as a seamstress . She learns that Mister , suffering from a considerable decline in fortunes after Celie left him , has changed dramatically ; he gives Celie permission to call him by his first name , Albert . Albert proposes that they marry `` in the spirit as well as in the flesh , '' but Celie declines . Alphonso dies , Celie inherits his land , and moves back into her childhood home . Around this time , Shug falls in love with Germaine , a member of her band , and the news thereof crushes Celie . Shug travels with Germaine , all the while writing postcards to Celie . Celie pledges to love Shug even if Shug does not love her back . Meanwhile , Nettie and Samuel marry and prepare to return to America . Before they leave , Adam marries Tashi , an African girl . Following an African tradition , Tashi undergoes the painful rituals of female circumcision and facial scarring . In solidarity , Adam undergoes the same facial scarring ritual . Just after Celie realizes that she is content in her life without Shug , Shug returns , having ended things with Germaine . The end of the novel has Nettie , Samuel , Olivia , Adam , and Tashi arriving at Celie 's house . Nettie and Celie embrace , having not seen each other for over 30 years . They introduce one another to their respective families as the novel ends . Critical reception ( edit ) The Color Purple won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1983 , making Walker the first woman of color to win the prize . Walker also won the National Book Award for Fiction in 1983 . Mel Watkins of the New York Times Book Review wrote that it is a `` striking and consummately well - written novel , '' praising its powerful emotional impact and epistolary structure . While the novel has garnered critical acclaim , it has also been the subject of controversy . It is 17th on the American Library Association 's list of most frequently challenged or banned books . Commonly cited justications for banning the book include sexual explicitness , explicit language , violence , and homosexuality . The book received greater scrutiny amidst controversy surrounding the release of the film adaptation in 1985 . The controversy centered around the depiction of black men , which some critics saw as feeding stereotypical narratives of black male violence , while others found the representation compelling and relatable . Character analysis ( edit ) Celie ( edit ) Celie is the main character of the novel . She is shown to have experienced abuse at the hands of men for most of her life : she is routinely beaten and raped by her supposed father , with whom she has two children during her adolescence and whom he gives away . He later gives her away to be married to Mister , who is in love with Shug Avery , a blues singer . When Shug comes to recover from an illness in Mister and Celie 's home , it leads to an intimate relationship between Celie and Shug . Celie and Shug 's relationship later develops a romantic and sexual dimension culminating in their sleeping together ; this being Celie 's first positive sexual experience . Shug has a significant influence on Celie , who begins to draw inspiration from Shug 's independence , leading her ultimately to her own independent attitude . Shug not only influences the way that Celie allows Mister to treat her , but also shows Celie that actions deemed sinful by others may not truly be evil or transgressive and that they do not prevent one from believing in and living for God , thereby broadening Celie 's views on religion and ethics . It is also Shug who frees Celie from Mister 's bondage , first by loving her , then by helping her to start a custom sewing business . From Shug , Celie learns that Mister ( now revealed as Albert ) has been hiding letters written to her from Africa by her sister Nettie , a missionary . These letters , full of educated , firsthand observation of African life , form a moving counterpoint to Celie 's life . They reveal that in Africa , just as in America , women are persistently oppressed by men . Nettie ( edit ) Nettie is Celie 's younger sister , whom Celie loves and saves from living the tragic life that she had to endure . Because Nettie is prettier than Celie , who has been deemed ugly , Mister is originally interested in Nettie as a wife , but settles for Celie . Nettie runs away from home to be with Celie , but is unable to stay with Celie as Mister tries to assault her sexually . As a result , Nettie leaves home and before leaving , promises to write to Celie and tells her that only death can keep them apart . Nettie is eventually taken in by Samuel and Corrine , a missionary couple , with whom she travels to Africa as a missionary . While in Africa , Nettie becomes the caregiver of Samuel and Corrine 's children and faithfully writes to Celie for decades . Nettie marries Samuel after Corrine 's death and moves back to America with what are revealed to be Celie 's biological children . Through explaining her experiences to Celie , Nettie encourages Celie to be more enthusiastic and optimistic about life . Nettie finds that while there is not racial disparity in Africa , gender disparity exists . The women of the tribe are not treated as equals , and are not permitted to attend school . Shug Avery ( edit ) A sultry blues singer who first appears as Mister 's mistress , Shug becomes Celie 's friend and eventually her lover . Shug remains a gentle mentor who helps Celie evolve into an independent and assertive woman . At first , Shug does n't appear to be the mothering and nurturing kind , yet she nurtures Celie physically , spiritually , and emotionally . Shug helps Celie discover the letters from her sister Nettie that Mister had been hiding for decades . In allowing Celie to view these letters , Shug supplies her with even more hope and inspiration , letting Celie see that in the end , everything works out for the best . Albert ( known as Mister ) ( edit ) Mister is the man to whom Celie is married . Originally , he seeks a relationship with Nettie but settles for Celie . Mister mistreats Celie just as her stepfather had , although Celie does not understand that she does n't have to tolerate the abuse . Mister uses Celie to help raise his children , who give her a hard time because she is not their biological mother . When Shug Avery comes to town , Mister falls for her and makes her his mistress . Through Shug 's seductive and manipulative influence , Albert begins to treat Celie better . In the end , Albert realizes that he has mistreated Celie and seeks a friendship with her . Film , theatrical , and Radio adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : The Color Purple ( film ) and The Color Purple ( musical ) The novel was adapted into a film of the same name in 1985 . It was directed by Steven Spielberg and stars Whoopi Goldberg as Celie , Danny Glover as Albert , and Oprah Winfrey as Sofia . Though nominated for eleven Academy Awards , it won none . This perceived snubbing ignited controversy because many critics considered it the best picture that year , including Roger Ebert . On December 1 , 2005 , a musical adaptation of the novel ( based on the film ) opened at The Broadway Theatre in New York City . The show was produced by Scott Sanders , Quincy Jones , Harvey Weinstein , and Oprah Winfrey , who was also an investor . It garnered five 2006 Outer Critics Circle Award nominations , including Outstanding Broadway Musical and Outstanding New Score . That same year , the show was nominated for eleven Tony Awards , including Best Musical , Best Original Score Written for the Theater , and Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( LaChanze ) . LaChanze did win the Tony Award , though the show itself won no other awards . LaChanze 's win was attributed to the variety of roles for which she had garnered positive attention , as well as for a powerful backstory . In April 2007 , Fantasia Barrino took over the role . The Broadway production ended its run on February 24 , 2008 . In 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation of the novel in ten 15 - minute episodes as a Woman 's Hour serial , with Nadine Marshall as Celie . The script was by Patricia Cumper , and in 2009 the production received the Sony Radio Academy Awards Silver Drama Award . Boycotting Israel ( edit ) As part of the Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions movement ( BDS ) , the author declined publication of the book in Israel in 2012 . Walker , an ardent pro-Palestinian activist , said in a letter to Yediot Books that Israel practices `` apartheid '' and must change its policies before her works can be published there . This decision was criticized by Harvard professor Alan Dershowitz , who argued that Walker `` resorted to bigotry and censorship against Hebrew - speaking readers of her writings '' . Editions ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . ISBN 0 - 606 - 00587 - 0 ( prebound , 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 61702 - 8 ( mass market paperback , 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 64745 - 8 ( mass market paperback , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 66878 - 1 ( paperback , 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 15 - 119154 - 9 ( hardcover , 1992 , Anniversary Edition ) ISBN 1 - 56849 - 628 - 1 ( library binding , 1995 , reprint ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 01907 - 4 ( paperback , 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 7641 - 2064 - 6 ( paperback , 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 15 - 602835 - 2 ( paperback , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 671 - 72779 - 6 ISBN 0 - 7043 - 3905 - 6 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 1892 - 3 ( paperback , United Kingdom , 2004 ) ISBN 9781453223970 ( ebook , 2011 ) See also ( edit ) Novels portal Feminist literature Black feminism African - American literature Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walker won the 1983 award for hardcover Fiction . From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Awards history there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories . Most of the paperback award - winners were reprints , including the 1983 Fiction . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Book Awards -- 1983 '' . National Book Foundation . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . ( With essays by Anna Clark and Tarayi Jones from the Awards 60 - year anniversary blog . ) Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2000 -- 2009 '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 22 Apr 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Walker -- biography '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` 1983 Pulitzer Prize Winners '' . www.pulitzer.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` April 18 , 1983 : Alice Walker Becomes the First Woman of Color to Win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction '' . The Nation . ISSN 0027 - 8378 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- National Book Awards Fiction Winners '' . www.nbafictionblog.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Some Letters Went to God '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ admin ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` 100 most frequently challenged books by decade '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ admin ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Banned and / or Challenged Books from the Radcliffe Publishing Course Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bobo , Jacqueline ( 1989 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Sifting Through the Controversy : Reading The Color Purple '' . Callaloo ( 39 ) : 332 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 2931568 . JSTOR 2931568 . Jump up ^ Times , E.R. Shipp , Special To The New York ( 1986 - 01 - 27 ) . `` BLACKS IN HEATED DEBATE OVER ' THE COLOR PURPLE ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Magill Book Reviews The Color Purple Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes page for The Color Purple Jump up ^ Roger Ebert 's review of The Color Purple Jump up ^ John Fleming . `` Passion for ' Purple ' has Local Roots '' . `` Saint Petersburg Times '' . Dec. 12 , 2005 Jump up ^ The Color Purple to Close on Broadway Feb. 24 Jump up ^ Sony Radio Academy Awards 2009 : Dramas Jump up ^ Letter from Alice Walker to Publishers at Yediot Books ^ Jump up to : AP , `` Alice Walker rejects Israeli translation of book '' , June 20 , 2012 . Yahoo News Jump up ^ Jewish Press , Alan Dershowitz : Alice Walker 's Bigotry , June 20 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Alice Walker discusses The Color Purple on the BBC 's World Book Club New Georgia Encyclopedia Photos of the first edition of The Color Purple `` Alice Walker on 30th Anniv. of The Color Purple : Racism , Violence Against Women Are Global Issues '' , from Democracy Now ! September 28 , 2012 . Awards Preceded by Rabbit is Rich John Updike National Book Award for Fiction With : The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty Eudora Welty Succeeded by Victory Over Japan : A Book of Stories Ellen Gilchrist Preceded by So Long , See You Tomorrow William Maxwell National Book Award for Fiction ( 1975 -- 1999 ) Dog Soldiers by Robert Stone ( 1975 ) The Hair of Harold Roux by Thomas Williams ( 1975 ) JR by William Gaddis ( 1976 ) The Spectator Bird by Wallace Stegner ( 1977 ) Blood Tie by Mary Lee Settle ( 1978 ) Going After Cacciato by Tim O'Brien ( 1979 ) Sophie 's Choice by William Styron ( 1980 ) The World According to Garp by John Irving ( 1980 ) Plains Song : For Female Voices by Wright Morris ( 1981 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) So Long , See You Tomorrow by William Maxwell ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty by Eudora Welty ( 1983 ) Victory Over Japan by Ellen Gilchrist ( 1984 ) White Noise by Don DeLillo ( 1985 ) World 's Fair by E.L. Doctorow ( 1986 ) Paco 's Story by Larry Heinemann ( 1987 ) Paris Trout by Pete Dexter ( 1988 ) Spartina by John Casey ( 1989 ) Middle Passage by Charles Johnson ( 1990 ) Mating by Norman Rush ( 1991 ) All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy ( 1992 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1993 ) A Frolic of His Own by William Gaddis ( 1994 ) Sabbath 's Theater by Philip Roth ( 1995 ) Ship Fever and Other Stories by Andrea Barrett ( 1996 ) Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier ( 1997 ) Charming Billy by Alice McDermott ( 1998 ) Waiting by Ha Jin ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1950 -- 1974 ) ( 1975 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2024 ) Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Works by Alice Walker Books The Third Life of Grange Copeland ( 1970 ) Meridian ( 1976 ) The Color Purple ( 1982 ) The Temple of My Familiar ( 1989 ) Possessing the Secret of Joy ( 1992 ) Warrior Marks ( 1993 ) Short stories `` Everyday Use '' ( 1973 ) Collections In Search of Our Mothers ' Gardens ( 1983 ) Adaptations The Color Purple ( film ) The Color Purple ( musical ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Color_Purple&oldid=828141619 '' Categories : 1982 American novels Bisexuality - related fiction Epistolary novels Feminist novels Womanist novels National Book Award for Fiction winning works American novels adapted into films Rape in fiction Novels by Alice Walker Pulitzer Prize for Fiction - winning works Novels about racism American LGBT novels Novels set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Harcourt ( publisher ) books African - American novels Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Incomplete lists from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Português Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did celie live in the color purple	[ "Celie is a poor, uneducated, 14-year-old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s. She writes letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continuously. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she called Adam. Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. Celie has a second child, a girl she called Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts. Celie's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed." ]	[ "in the American South" ]
2255092347459805214	Xbox 360 technical problems	Xbox 360 technical problems - wikipedia Xbox 360 technical problems Jump to : navigation , search `` Ring of Death '' redirects here . For the 2008 film , see Ring of Death ( film ) . An image showing various error codes of the original model Xbox 360 . The Xbox 360 video game console is subject to a number of technical problems and failures that can render it unusable . However , many of the issues can be identified by a series of glowing red lights flashing on the face of the console ; the three flashing red lights ( nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death '' or the `` RRoD '' ) being the most famous . There are also other issues that arise with the console , such as discs becoming scratched in the drive and `` bricking '' of consoles due to dashboard updates . Since its release on November 22 , 2005 , many articles have appeared in the media portraying the Xbox 360 's failure rates , with the latest estimate by warranty provider SquareTrade to be 23.7 % in 2009 , and currently the highest estimate being 54.2 % by a Game Informer survey . There has been legal action taken attempting to hold Microsoft responsible for the Xbox 360 's failure rate and provide compensation for those affected . Contents ( hide ) 1 `` General Hardware Failure '' errors 1.1 Response to rate of failure 1.2 Causes 2 Scratched discs 2.1 Disc replacement 2.2 Kassa 's February 2007 investigation 2.3 Kassa 's April 2007 investigation 2.4 The European Commission 's June 2007 investigation of disc scratches 2.5 Lawsuit 2.6 BBC Watchdog investigation of Xbox 360 disc scratches ( 2009 ) 3 Other 3.1 November 2006 update 3.2 Video failure 3.3 Nyko Intercooler 3.4 `` New Xbox Experience '' update issues 4 E74 error 5 Secondary Error Code 6 References 7 External links `` General hardware failure '' errors ( edit ) Three red lights on the Xbox 360 's ring indicator representing a `` General Error requiring service of the Console or Power Adapter , '' commonly nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death . '' The three red lights on the Ring of Light indicate that a General Hardware Failure error occurred . Three flashing red lights around the Xbox 360 power button instead of the one to four green lights indicating normal operation represent an internal problem that requires service . This error was soon nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death '' , echoing Windows ' Blue Screen of Death error . Warning signs may include freeze - ups , graphical problems in the middle of gameplay , such as checkerboard or pinstripe patterns on the screen , and sound errors ; mostly consisting of extremely loud noises that can be affected by the volume control , and the console only responds to pressing the power button to turn it off . These events may happen once or several times until the hardware failure occurs , or not at all . If the console freezes occasionally , the error will not necessarily follow . The technical problems seem to affect some generations of consoles more than others , e.g. Xenon or Zephyr . Those problems may also cause some freezing screens . This error code is usually caused by failure of one or more hardware components , although it can indicate that the console is not receiving enough power from the power supply , which can either be due to a faulty power supply or if the power supply cable is not fully inserted into the console . The 3 flashing lights can also be caused by power surges ; if the console is connected to an outlet that receives a power surge , it may have a failure and the 3 lights will appear as long as the console is plugged into the outlet . Turning off the console , unplugging all power cables and plugging them back in , and restarting the console may fix this issue in some cases . Distinct from the General Hardware Failure is a similar - looking , but much less serious , error warning where four red lights appear , in which case the console does not detect an AV cable is plugged in ; however , this error code is not generated on models equipped with the HDMI connection . The four lights can sometimes also be seen when power surges or very brief power outages occur while the console is running , in which the console needs to be unplugged and plugged back in again to reset the error . Two red lights appear when the system is overheated . On the Xbox 360 S model , the power button utilizes a different design that does not incorporate the same style of lighting that past models used . A flashing red light means that the console is overheating , similar to the two - light error code on the original model Xbox 360 ; however , an on - screen message also appears , telling the user that the console will automatically power off to protect itself from overheating . A solid red light is similar to the one - light error if an `` E XX '' error message is displayed and a three - light error code if the error message is absent . Response to rate of failure ( edit ) In the early months after the console 's launching , Microsoft stated that the Xbox 360 's failure rate was within the consumer electronics industry 's typical 3 % to 5 % . Nevertheless , Microsoft has not released its official statistics on the failure rate of the various versions of the console . On July 5 , 2007 , Peter Moore , the Vice President of Microsoft 's Interactive Entertainment Business division published an open letter recognizing the console 's problems , as well as announcing a three - year warranty from the original date of purchase for every Xbox 360 console that experiences the `` general hardware failure '' indicated by three flashing red LEDs on the console . A source that has been identified as a team leader and key architect in the creation of the Xbox and Xbox 360 and a founding member of the Xbox team provided insight as to the high rate of failures . The interviews suggest that Xbox 360 units that fail early in their life do so because of problems in the system design , parts supply , material reliability , and manufacturing issues as well as a system not tolerant to faults . These issues were alleged to be the end results of the decisions of management in Microsoft 's Xbox team and inadequate testing resources prior to the console 's release . A second source cited that , at one time , there was just a 32 % yield of one of the test production runs . 68 of every 100 test units were found to be defective . Years after leaving Microsoft , Moore recalled preparing to tell then CEO of Microsoft , Steve Ballmer , of his planned response to the incident , `` we 've got to tell Steve , here 's what we have to do : we need to FedEx an empty box to a customer who had a problem - they would call us up - with a FedEx return label to send your box , and then we would FedEx it back to them and fix it ... I always remember $240 m of that was FedEx ... It was sickening . I was doing a lot of interviews ... We could n't figure it out ... There was a theory . We had changed our solder , which is the way you put the GPU and the fans , to lead - free ... We think it was somehow the heat coming off the GPU was drying out some of the solder , and it was n't the normal stuff we 'd used , because we had to meet European Standards and take the lead out ... He said , ' what 's it going to cost ? ' I remember taking a deep breath , looking at Robbie , and saying , ' we think it 's $1.15 bn , Steve . ' He said , ' do it . ' There was no hesitation ... If we had n't made that decision there and then , and tried to fudge over this problem , then the Xbox brand and Xbox One would n't exist today . '' On February 8 , 2008 , during the Game Developers Conference 2008 , Microsoft announced that the `` Failure rate has officially dropped '' , but without mentioning any specifics . The same month , electronics warranty provider SquareTrade published an examination of 1040 Xbox 360 's and said that they suffered from a failure rate of 16.4 % ( one in six ) . Of the 171 failures , 60 % were due to a general hardware failure ( and thus fell under the 3 year extended warranty ) . And of the remaining 40 % which were not covered by the extended warranty , 18 % were disc read errors , 13 % were video card failures , 13 % were hard drive freezes , 10 % were power issues and 7 % were disc tray malfunctions . SquareTrade also stated that its estimates are likely significantly lower than reality due to the time span of the sample ( six to ten months ) , the eventual failure of many consoles that did not occur within this time span and the fact that most owners did not deal with SquareTrade and had their consoles repaired directly through Microsoft via the much publicized extended RROD warranty . People who experience the problem will find that they have to send the Xbox 360 away for repair or replacement and it may take up to 3 weeks to repair or replace . During the time of the Xbox being replaced , Microsoft and UPS will keep the client ( s ) updated with the current status of where the Xbox is and whether it is being repaired or replaced . On October 17 , 2008 a class action lawsuit was filed in California against Microsoft over the RROD problem . On August 28 , 2009 , SquareTrade published a report saying that `` early indications point to the RROD problem abating in 2009 '' , projecting that 1 - year failure rates with the release of the Jasper chipsets might be below 4 % , with actual fail rates for RROD problems at slightly above 1 % in Q109 , and total failure rates for all hardware problems at about 12 % . In June 2010 Microsoft released a new `` slimmer '' Xbox 360 . These models indicate hardware failure differently from the original ; The outer ring segments can not turn red anymore . Microsoft has said that henceforth errors will be displayed by the center of the power button changing from green to red . Additionally Microsoft will no longer give a 3 - year warranty for `` general failure '' errors , because the Xbox 360 slim `` constitutes a whole new design '' . Causes ( edit ) Microsoft has never officially released any information indicating the true cause of the problem . Therefore , any information available to the public has come only from third party analyses . Electronics industry newspaper EE Times reported that the problems may have started in the graphics chip . Microsoft designed the chip in - house to cut out the traditional ASIC vendor with the goal of saving money in ASIC design costs . After multiple product failures , Microsoft went back to an ASIC vendor and had the chip redesigned so it would dissipate less heat . German computer magazine c 't blamed the problem primarily on the use of the wrong type of lead - free solder , a type that when exposed to elevated temperatures for extended periods of time becomes brittle and can develop hair - line cracks that are almost irreparable . The article also revealed that representatives of the three largest Xbox 360 resellers in the world ( EB Games , Gamestop and Best Buy ) claimed that the failure rate of the Xbox 360 was between 30 % and 33 % , and that Micromart , the largest repair shop in the United Kingdom , stopped repairing Xbox 360s because it was unable to fully repair the defective systems . Because of the nature of the problem , Micromart could only make temporary repairs , which led to many of the `` repaired '' systems failing again after a few weeks . At that time Micromart was receiving 2,500 defective consoles per day from the U.K. alone . Some articles also suggest that the hardware condition may also be caused by using the new Xbox Kinect with the old Xenon generation Xbox . Scratched discs ( edit ) Disc that has been scratched by the Xbox 360 console Almost at the same time the Xbox 360 was released in late 2005 , customers began reporting circumferential scratches found on discs used in their Xbox 360 consoles . Almost two years later , in February 2007 , the Web site `` The Llamma 's Adventures '' investigated the matter and concluded that some Xbox 360 disc drives lack a mechanism to secure the disc solidly in place . Tilting or moving consoles with these drives , when operating with a disc spinning inside , can potentially cause damage to the disc and in some cases rendering the disc unplayable as a result . Discs have also been scratched by stationary consoles during normal use . One side of the disc can also be scratched by the disc tray if it malfunctions by closing with the disc in an odd position . Also , technical engineers already knew about the problem before release confirm this with Microsoft with a list of solutions . According to Microsoft , decreasing the disc rotation would cause games to take too much time to load from the disc , and adding a bumper in the disc tray would cost 25 cents per console -- a total of about 11 million dollars and causing a delay of the Xbox 360 release . In 2005 , they were accused of many technical Xbox 360 problems and a poor lack of solutions and warranty . According to reports in news media , the new Xbox 360 S design still scratches discs when the console is moved while spinning in operation . However , the Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E ships with a sticker informing users that moving the console while powered on poses risks , effectively removing responsibility from Microsoft . Disc replacement ( edit ) Although discs scratched by the Xbox 360 are not covered under its warranty , Microsoft 's Xbox Disc Replacement Program will sell customers a new copy of discs scratched by the Xbox 360 , if they are published in countries where the Xbox was originally sold , at a cost of $20 . The published list of games that qualify , however , is limited . Halo 3 Limited Edition was replaced at no cost until February 1 , 2008 according to the Xbox Disc Replacement Program 's main site . Other publishers can be contacted directly for a disc exchange , but it is unclear whether they will replace discs at no cost . Game publisher Electronic Arts details a specific program for this problem which requires the disc and original receipt , also the game must be purchased within 90 days of the request for a replacement disc , or will request a replacement charge of $20 or $25 . In December 2005 ( shortly after the Xbox 360 's release in the United States and Canada on November 22 , 2005 and around its release in Europe and Asia in early December 2005 ) , reports of unidentifiable noises from the Xbox 360 were appearing on Internet message boards . In response to the problem , Microsoft offered in December 2005 to replace only the Perfect Dark Zero video game `` even if it was not the game that was scratched . '' The scratched disc problem reportedly affected only a small percentage of Xbox 360 units , however it became apparent in December 2005 , through message board reports and growing media coverage . Kassa 's February 2007 investigation ( edit ) The Xbox 360 scratched disc problem received little media coverage in 2006 ; however , in February 2007 , the Dutch television program Kassa investigated several complaints from Dutch consumers about circular scratches made in their Xbox 360 discs . Some of these consumers claimed that their discs became unreadable . Kassa investigation traced the problem to a design defect in which the Xbox 360 optical lens was not restrained sufficiently . In asserting that Microsoft or at least its chain of suppliers was aware of this problem , Kassa noted that Microsoft 's `` TSST '' versions of the Samsung DVD - drive lack rubber cushions around the optical lens while identical Samsung drives sold for PCs did have these rubber cushions . Kassa also noted that the affected Xbox 360s all seem to have been produced towards the end of 2006 . Kassa 's April 2007 investigation ( edit ) During the February 2007 investigation report , Kassa stated that either not all Xbox 360s without protective pads would spontaneously scratch discs , or that the complaints were from Xbox 360 users who had moved their Xbox during use , or who used an unstable setup . Kassa 's February 2007 investigation left open the question of whether consumers contributed to the rounded scratch problem by moving their Xbox 360 ( TSST version ) during the playing of a disc . This resulted in Kassa receiving an additional 1,000 complaints over the subsequent two months , with many consumers denying the Xbox had moved when the scratching occurred , or that it had been placed in an unstable position . Prompted by consumer reaction to its February 2007 report , Kassa performed several tests with Xbox 360 units from consumers who claimed their Xbox had the problem . Kassa stabilized these consoles and positioned them at a location remote from contact by anyone . The results of the laboratory conditions test revealed that one of the nine tested Xbox 360 units had spontaneously scratched a disc after five hours of gaming . The consoles were also tested standing upright , and the test revealed that three of the nine tested Xbox 360s significantly scratched discs . The video of the complete investigation , meticulously documenting the methodology , and all the relevant details of the tests , was made ready to be aired on April 14 , 2007 . The videos are also distributed with English subtitles , for those that are not Dutch Note that Kassa has produced and uploaded these videos itself , and therefore it is not a copyright violation to reproduce these links here . They can also be found on the Kassa Website together with some press information about the case ( in English ) . The test setup details can be found online , and the complete movie of the Kassa TV program meticulously documenting the methodology used for the test can be found online ( in Dutch ) Weeks before it aired , however , Kassa solicited input from Microsoft Netherlands . One day before the airing of the April 14 , 2007 show , Kassa received a response from Microsoft Netherlands stating that `` as a result of regular use it is possible that scratches on discs can arise '' , and that Microsoft Netherlands `` would seek a solution for the Dutch customers with this problem '' . Additionally , Microsoft released the following statement ten days after the show , on April 24 , 2007 : `` Due to the fact that we did not participate in the experiment done by Kassa and have little insight into the methodology that was used , we can not comment specifically on the outcome . While we are aware that discs can potentially be scratched through normal wear and tear , we have not received any widespread reports of the issue highlighted here . That said , it is important to us that all of our customers have the best gaming experiences possible , and these claims are obviously very concerning to us . We encourage any Xbox customer who believes that their discs have been scratched in the same manner as identified by Kassa , to contact us . We will examine the console and make appropriate repairs if necessary in order to restore the console to full working order , as well as provide customers with information on how to obtain replacement discs should they need them . '' Microsoft Netherlands now accepts these complaints from users ( while within the warranty period ) , and offers to replace the Xbox 360 free of charge . Whether Microsoft Netherlands will also replace scratched discs is still unclear . After the official broadcast , ( in a continuation of the show which can be viewed on - line , about 28 minutes into the show ) a customer is shown calling the Microsoft help - desk , who is told Microsoft will replace his Xbox 360 but is denied a promise to replace his scratched games . There are reports from some other regions that Microsoft will replace scratched discs if published by Microsoft . The European Commission 's June 2007 investigation of disc scratches ( edit ) On June 1 , 2007 , European Commissioner for Consumer Protection Meglena Kuneva , after talking with the producers of `` Kassa '' and other Dutch consumer organizations , announced that the European Commission would investigate the Xbox scratching problems , and would ask Microsoft for an Xbox replacement program for the whole of Europe . She expected Microsoft 's answer within a week . Informal sources now say that Microsoft 's response was to deny the problem exists , stating that `` the users are to blame '' . But Kuneva did not react to that response , and 18 months later ( 4th quarter 2008 ) the EC 's ( Meglena Kuneva 's ) news site was still silent about Microsoft 's response , or about the result of the `` investigation '' . Lawsuit ( edit ) A man has sued Microsoft claiming the Xbox 360 scratches game discs , saying the consoles are `` negligently designed and manufactured . '' In the lawsuit filed on July 9 , 2007 in a Florida federal court , Jorge Brouwer says Microsoft has received thousands of complaints but has not replaced all scratched discs . The lawsuit seeks class action status . Three law firms in Fort Lauderdale , Florida ; Los Angeles , California ; and Seattle , Washington are investigating consumer complaints regarding the Xbox 360 . The law firms have filed lawsuits in the United States District Court Western District of Washington at Seattle on behalf of a proposed nationwide class of customers who have suffered scratched game discs while using their Xbox 360 . The lawsuit seeks class certification and reimbursement for customers for the cost of games damaged by the console ; reimbursement for customers who have paid a $20 fee to Microsoft Corporation under a limited disc replacement program offered on ten Microsoft games ; repair of consoles free of charge to prevent further disc scratching ; and / or reimbursement for customers who have paid for an aftermarket repair solution . BBC Watchdog investigation of Xbox 360 disc scratches ( 2009 ) ( edit ) On March 23 , 2009 , the BBC 's consumer interest programme Watchdog performed an investigation into how the console scratches its own discs , after Microsoft found no issues with multiple reportedly defective consoles . A sealed test , protected from any outside interference beyond accessing games , found no problems with either console . However , a further test which attempted to simulate normal household vibrations produced a disc scratch on the previously problematic console . Currently , Microsoft still maintains that it is the user 's fault when discs are damaged , because it `` makes clear with multiple warnings not to move the console with the disc inside . '' It also maintains that only a minority of customers are affected by this issue . However , the company did not comment on the lab tests . Other ( edit ) November 2006 update ( edit ) An update patch released on November 1 , 2006 was reported to `` brick '' consoles , rendering them useless . The most obvious issue occurs after the installation of the patch , after which the console immediately reboots and shows an error message . Usually , error code E71 is shown during or directly after the booting animation . In response to the November 2006 update error that `` bricked '' his console , a California man filed a class action lawsuit against Microsoft in Washington federal court in early December 2006 . The lawsuit seeks $5 million in damages and the free repair of any console rendered unusable by the update . This is the second such lawsuit filed against Microsoft , the first having been filed in December 2005 , shortly after the 360 's launch . Following Microsoft 's extension of the Xbox 360 warranty to a full year , from the previous 90 days , the California man 's attorney confirmed to the Seattle Post Intelligencer that the lawsuit had been resolved under confidential terms . Video failure ( edit ) In mid 2007 , technology and gaming blogs began reporting about new problems with the Xbox 360 losing video output . The problems are characterized by a blank , staticky , or grayscale video output with a proper functioning audio output and no flashing red lights on the console . The complete video failure is sometimes preceded by other graphical glitches such as an irregular saturation of green and / or red colors . Others have complained about not being able to view certain movies / DVDs on their HDTV using the HDMI cable . This is likely caused by the HDTV being non-HDCP compliant . Nyko Intercooler ( edit ) The Nyko Intercooler has been reported to have led to a general hardware failure in a number of consoles , as well as scorching of the power DC input . Microsoft stated that the peripheral drains too much power from the console ( the Intercooler power cord is installed between the Xbox 360 power supply and the console itself ) and can cause faults to occur , and stated that consoles fitted with the peripheral will have their warranties null and void . Nyko has recently released an updated Intercooler that uses its own power source . Nyko claims this problem no longer occurs with new versions of this cooler . However , Microsoft still considers it an unlicensed add - on and will void the warranty of machines showing signs of its use . There is no data available to indicate whether the Intercooler really does decrease the chance of hardware failure . However , if the Intercooler fails , it can cause more overheating problems . The Intercooler can also melt itself onto the 360 , melt the powercord inside of itself , or make itself extremely hard to remove . `` New Xbox experience '' update issues ( edit ) On November 19 , 2008 , Microsoft released the `` New Xbox Experience '' ( NXE ) . This update provided streaming Netflix capability and avatars ; however , some users have reported the update has caused their consoles to not properly read optical media . Others have reported that the update has disabled audio through HDMI connections . A Microsoft spokesperson stated the company is `` aware that a handful of Xbox LIVE users are experiencing audio issues , and are diligently monitoring this issue and working towards a solution . '' Microsoft released a patch on February 3 , 2009 for the HDMI audio issues . E74 error ( edit ) An example of an E74 error message . An E74 error is indicated when the lower - right quadrant of the ring indicator flashes red and displays an error message in multiple languages : `` System Error . Contact Xbox Customer Support '' , with the code E74 at the bottom . The error is caused by the Xbox 360 's hardware scaler chip being damaged . As of April 14 , 2009 , the E74 error is now covered by the three - year extended warranty , and customers who previously paid Microsoft for out - of - warranty service to correct the E74 error received a refund . The E74 error has sometimes been described as a `` Green Screen of Death '' and a `` Black Screen of Death '' because early versions of these errors had an almost jet - black background with a hue of dark green . Later versions would show a completely jet - black background . Reports of impending Q4 red - light failure stem from users who report an abnormal display with poor , grainy video as well as black dots or artifacts appearing on the screen . Vertical green or red strokes on the screen can also indicate an E74 . Secondary error code ( edit ) Xbox 360 consoles which have a hardware failure will display a secondary error code by blinking a sequence of LED 's when the correct button sequence is pushed . An error code of 0001 may represent a defect in the power supply , rather than the Xbox itself , or a short within the Xbox , or a blown capacitor . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beaumont , C ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Xbox Live update causing console problems '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` '' It Was Sickening , '' Former Xbox Boss Says About Xbox 360 's Red Ring of Death `` . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Consumer - TV and radio - Xbox 360 '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rings of Red '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale of 11 Broken Xbox 360s '' . 1up.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 failure rate 23.7 % , PS3 10 % , Wii 2.7 % - Study '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Nick ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) . `` SeattlepiSurvey : Xbox 360 failure rate is 54.2 % '' . Seattlepi . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox 360 RROD class action lawsuit filed in California '' . 2008 - 10 - 17 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Arcade Console user manual ( pdf ) , pages 7 , 22 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Engineering Disaster : The Xbox 360 Red Ring of Death '' . 2014 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Three lights flash red on the front of your Xbox 360 console . While there are other issues with the console such as disc drive failure : '' . Support.microsoft.com. 2011 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox 360 Error Code '' . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 : Four lights flash red on the Ring of Light '' . Support.microsoft.com. 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke . `` The New Xbox 360 Wo n't `` Red Ring '' `` . Kotaku . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft responds to Watchdog '' . Gamesindustry.biz. 2007 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ James Brightman ( 2006 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Video Game Features , PC Game Features '' . Gamedaily.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cutlack , Gary ( 2007 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Tech Digest : Xbox 360 failure rate as high as 30 percent ? '' . Techdigest.tv . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tim ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . `` What is the real failure rate of the Xbox 360 ? '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Moore interview , part three ( answers to readers ' questions ) '' . MercuryNews.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox.com Open Letter From Peter Moore '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 10 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( 2008 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Rumor : Insider Reveals Truth About 360 Failure Rates '' . Wired . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Source Reveal the Truth About Xbox 360 `` Red Ring of Death '' Failures `` . Blog.seattlepi.com. 2008 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Slashdot discusses the VentureBeat article '' . Games.slashdot.org . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Moore recounts $1.15 bn Xbox 360 Red Ring of Death saga '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Blogger Breakfast Bullets '' . The Bitbag. 2008 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Raby , Mark ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Report : Xbox 360 failure rate above 15 % '' . tgdaily.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SquareTrade 's Report on Xbox 360 Failure Rates '' . Squaretradebuyerblog.typepad.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Game Console Failure Rates : Wii 9 times more reliable than Xbox 360 , 4 times more than PS3 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The New Xbox 360 Wo n't `` Red Ring '' ( Update ) `` . Kotaku. 2010 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Junko ( 2008 - 06 - 09 ) . `` The truth about last year 's Xbox 360 recall '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Slashdot discusses the ' ' truth about last year 's Xbox 360 recall ' ' article '' . Games.slashdot.org. 2008 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Hartmut Gieselmann , ed. ( 2007 ) , `` Alarmstufe Rot : Jede dritte stirbt den Hitzetod '' ( Red Alert : every third one dies of heat ) , c 't ( in German ) ( 16 ) : 20 Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( 2011 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Is Kinect causing new ' red ring of death ' Xbox failures ? '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` XBox 360 games scratched ? '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 scratch '' . YouTube . 2006 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bijna duizend klachten over Xbox 360 '' . Jump up ^ `` Report : MS knew about disc - scratching problems with the 360 '' . 2008 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` xbox 360 slim scratches disk when moved '' . Product-reviews.net . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Scratch that : The Xbox 360 might damage discs after all '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox Disc Replacement Program '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://web.archive.org/web/20090117114229/http://download.microsoft.com/download/d/1/8/d181ee58-de70-4484-936b-0e9161ccd6b2/replacementdisc_orderform_4.pdf . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Xbox Disc Replacement Games List '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` EA Warranty Info '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Kriho , Ami . ( December 14 , 2005 ) The Stoutonia `` Xbox 360 hard to come by , but worth it . '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 01 . ( Distributed by UWIRE ) . Jump up ^ Carless , Simon ( 2005 - 12 - 30 ) . `` GameFly Rental Service Relays Xbox 360 Disc Scratching Problems '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ But see , Godinez , Victor . ( March 25 , 2006 ) Dallas Morning News Over the top : Texas Gamer with Victor Godinez - Xbox 360 troubles . Section : Guidelive ; Page 2G . ^ Jump up to : Mick de Neeve ( February 25 , 2007 ) . `` Kassa : Xbox 360 maakt krassen op schijfjes '' . ^ Jump up to : Kassa ( February 24 , 2007 ) English subtitled fragment from the first Kassa broadcast about the circular scratches . Archived December 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( republished by Google Video ) . Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080622204633/http://www.tsstorage.com/index_e.html . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ van Ballegoie , Eric . ( March 1 , 2007 ) Hardware.info . ( Scratching Xbox 360 ? Research into the claims that the Xbox 360 console damages discs . ) Jump up ^ Kassa broadcast with the test ( asf ) ( Consumers program ) . Hilversum : VARA. April 14 , 2007 . Event occurs at 14 : 13 . Jump up ^ `` first part of the second broadcast about the scratches , with English subtitles '' . YouTube . 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` second part of the second broadcast about the scratches , with English subtitles '' . YouTube . 2007 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 410 / Vara Kassa '' . Jump up ^ `` 410 / Vara Kassa '' . Jump up ^ Kassa broadcast with the three day long tests ( asf ) ( Consumers program ) . Hilversum : VARA. April 14 , 2007 . Event occurs at 9 : 00 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft geeft krassen Xbox 360 toe '' ( in Dutch ) . VARA ( broadcaster ) . 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kassa broadcast with the reply from Microsoft Netherlands ( asf ) ( Consumers program ) ( in Dutch ) . Hilversum : VARA. April 14 , 2007 . Event occurs at 22 : 11 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft neemt verantwoordelijkheid voor Xbox - krassen '' ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft admits Xbox 360 problems '' . Hardware.info. 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 410 / Vara Kassa '' . Kassa.vara.nl . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://cgi.omroep.nl/cgi-bin/streams?/tv/vara/kassa/bb.20070414-live.asf?start=0:28:20.172&end=0:31:30.885 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100628162903/http://www.xbox.com/hu-HU/support/discreplacement/discreplacement-program.htm . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meglena Kuneva talks with `` kassa '' about xbox scratching problems `` . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission investigating Xbox scratching problems '' ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft tells Kuneva that users are to blame '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090309035839/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/kuneva/news_en.htm . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` new news site of Meglena Kuneva with blog '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` engadget article about Meglena Kunevas investigation '' . Engadget.com. 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Florida man sues Microsoft for disc scratching problem '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Website of WWC and SKWC with a form you can fill out for the class action suit '' . Wcclaw.com. 2010 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Microsoft Xbox 360 - scratched discs Archived March 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Watchdog , March 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 update `` bricking '' consoles `` . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Sued Over Fall Update Issues '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd . `` Microsoft resolves lawsuit over Xbox Fall Update '' , Todd Bishop 's Microsoft Blog , The Seattle Post Intelligencer Jump up ^ Quilty Harper , Conrad . Xbox 360 owners reporting blank video output issue , Engadget ( June 24 , 2007 ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Macarthy , Andrew . Another Xbox 360 crisis ? Users complain of video failure ! , GamerSquad ( June 26 , 2007 ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murph , Darren ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Nyko Intercooler scorches Xbox 360 consoles ? '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerry Block ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` Nyko Intercooler 360 EX Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NXE creating HDMI headaches for UK Xbox 360 owners ? '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` 360 HDMI audio patch today '' . CVG . Jump up ^ `` The E74 Error Hits the Xbox 360 '' . Xbox 360 Cheats. 2009 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` About the E74 warranty extension for Xbox 360 consoles '' . Support.microsoft.com. 2011 - 10 - 04 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Adrian Kingsley - Hughes . `` Microsoft extends Xbox 360 `` Red Ring of Death '' warranty to cover E74 error `` . ZDNet . Jump up ^ `` How to Determine the Xbox 360 Secondary Error Code '' . External links ( edit ) Microsoft Xbox Support official website Video game products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Xbox Xbox 360 Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows DirectX Games for Windows -- Live Games Games for Windows Windows Games on Demand Xbox on Windows Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Error messages System failure Bomb icon Fatal system error Guru Meditation Kernel panic Linux kernel oops Red Ring of Death Sad Mac Screen of death Blue Black Application failure ABEND Fatal exception error Segmentation fault Device and data errors HTTP 404 lp0 on fire Not a typewriter PC LOAD LETTER Other Abort , Retry , Fail ? Bad command or file name Halt and Catch Fire HTTP 418 Out of memory Lists List of HTTP status codes List of FTP server return codes Related Spinning pinwheel Windows wait cursor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xbox_360_technical_problems&oldid=801301805 '' Categories : Computer errors Xbox 360 Microsoft criticisms and controversies Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do the green lights on xbox 360 mean	[ "Three flashing red lights around the Xbox 360 power button instead of the one to four green lights indicating normal operation represent an internal problem that requires service.[9] This error was soon nicknamed the \"Red Ring of Death\", echoing Windows' Blue Screen of Death error. Warning signs may include freeze-ups, graphical problems in the middle of gameplay, such as checkerboard or pinstripe patterns on the screen, and sound errors; mostly consisting of extremely loud noises that can be affected by the volume control, and the console only responds to pressing the power button to turn it off.[10] These events may happen once or several times until the hardware failure occurs, or not at all. If the console freezes occasionally, the error will not necessarily follow. The technical problems seem to affect some generations of consoles more than others, e.g. Xenon or Zephyr. Those problems may also cause some freezing screens." ]	[ "normal operation" ]
3886291983585735431	Coat of arms of Nigeria	Coat of arms of Nigeria - Wikipedia Coat of arms of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Coat of arms of Nigeria Versions Version used from 1960 to 1979 Details Armiger Federal Republic of Nigeria Adopted 20 May 1960 Crest An eagle displayed Gules . Torse Argent and Vert Escutcheon Sable a Pall wavy argent Supporters Two horses Argent Compartment A grassy field proper , the yellow flowers at the base ( incorrectly shown as red in the image ) are Costus Spectabilis , Nigeria 's national flower . Motto Unity and Faith , Peace and Progress The coat of arms of Nigeria has a black shield with two white lines that form in a `` Y '' shape . The black shield represents Nigeria 's fertile soil , while the two horses or chargers on each side represent dignity . The eagle represents strength , while the green and white bands on the top of the shield represent the rich soil . The red flowers at the base are Costus spectabilis , Nigeria 's national flower . This flower was chosen for inclusion in the coat of arms as it is found all over Nigeria and also stand for the beauty of the nation . The white wavy pall represents the Niger and the Benue . On the banderole around the base is Nigeria 's national motto since 1978 : `` Unity and Faith , Peace and Progress '' ( formerly `` Peace , Unity , Freedom '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Blazon 2 Gallery 2.1 Historical emblems 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Blazon ( edit ) Sable a Pall wavy argent , supported by two horses Argent , and set for a crest on a wreath , Argent and Vert , an eagle displayed Gules . Gallery ( edit ) Seal of the President Seal of the Vice President Seal of the House of Representatives Seal of the Senate Historical emblems ( edit ) Badge of the British West African Settlements Badge of the Lagos Colony Badge of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Badge of the Niger Coast Protectorate Badge of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate Badge of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate See also ( edit ) Seal of the President of Nigeria References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Symbols - Emblem '' . Nigeria 's 50th Independence : Celebrating Greatness . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Nigeria Heraldry History Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Coats of arms and emblems of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara This heraldry - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria&oldid=780469525 '' Categories : National coats of arms National symbols of Nigeria Nigerian coats of arms Coats of arms with horses Coats of arms with eagles Heraldry stubs Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Català Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2017 , at 09 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	black shield in nigeria coat of arm represent what	[ "The coat of arms of Nigeria has a black shield with two white lines that form in a \"Y\" shape. The black shield represents Nigeria's fertile soil, while the two horses or chargers on each side represent dignity. The eagle represents strength, while the green and white bands on the top of the shield represent the rich soil.[1]" ]	[ "Nigeria's fertile soil" ]
4253944111403544222	List of longest prison sentences served	List of longest prison sentences served - wikipedia List of longest prison sentences served This is a list of longest prison sentences served by a single person , worldwide , without a period of freedom followed by a second conviction . These cases rarely coincide with the longest prison sentences given , because some countries have laws that do n't allow sentences without parole or for convicts to remain in prison beyond a given number of years ( regardless of their original conviction ) . Contents 1 Prisoners who served more than sixty years 2 Prisoners who served between fifty and sixty years 3 Prisoners who served less than fifty years , but notable for other reasons 4 Longest spells in solitary confinement 5 Longest spells in death row 6 See also 7 References 8 Other sources Prisoners who served more than sixty years ( edit ) Name Sentence start Sentence end Sentence duration Country Description Charles Fossard 1903 70 years , 303 days Australia Homeless French Australian immigrant recluded in the J Ward mental asylum in Ararat , Victoria after murdering an elderly man and stealing his boots . Died while still incarcerated at the age of 92 . Paul Geidel Jr . 1911 1980 68 years , 245 days United States Longest - serving prison inmate in the United States whose sentence ended in release . Incarcerated from 1911 , aged 17 and released 1980 at 86 . He died in a nursing home in 1987 , aged 93 . Francis Clifford Smith 7 June 1950 ongoing 7004249160000000000 ♠ 68 years , 79 days United States Oldest prisoner in the United States . Sentenced to death for the murder of a nightwatchman during a robbery at a yacht club in July 1949 , his sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1954 , only two hours before his scheduled execution . Johnson Van Dyke Grigsby 1908 66 years , 123 days United States Sentenced to life in prison for murder , he was denied parole 33 times before he was released at age 89 . Returned to prison voluntarily , citing difficulty finding a job , but left again in 1976 . Died in 1987 , aged 101 . William Heirens 1946 2012 65 years , 181 days United States Known as the `` Lipstick Killer '' . Reputed to be the longest surviving prisoner in Chicago . Died in prison . John Phillips 17 July 1952 ongoing 7004241450000000000 ♠ 66 years , 39 days United States Longest serving prisoner in North Carolina . Convicted for the rape of a five - year - old girl . Clarence Marshall 1950 2015 64 years , 70 days United States Longest - serving prisoner in Michigan . Sentenced to life in prison on one count of armed robbery and another of unarmed assault `` with intent to rob and steal '' . Paroled . Richard Honeck 1899 1963 64 years , 44 days United States Aged 22 , Honeck was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a former school friend . He was paroled after 63 years and one month . He died in 1976 , aged 97 . Howard Christensen 1937 2001 64 years United States Sentenced to life without parole for the murder of a teacher in 1937 , when he was 16 , along with a 17 - year - old accomplice who hanged himself in prison in 1943 . His sentence was commuted to 200 years in the mid-1970s . Died in 2003 , aged 82 . Charles Edret Ford 1952 2016 64 years United States Prisoner incarcerated for the longest time who was found to be innocent on retrial , and the longest serving prisoner in Maryland . Ford , a black man , was convicted for murder by an all - white jury in 1952 , when he was 20 , and again for an assault in 1975 supposedly committed while he was on parole . The second victim identified a different man as her attacker but the judge argued that both men looked alike enough . Ford , at the time the only person present at his first conviction who was still alive , was granted retrials in 2015 for both charges because he had not been informed of his right to appeal the sentences . He was found innocent of both and released to a nursing home . Joseph Ligon 1953 ongoing 7004236260000000000 ♠ 64 years , 250 days United States Believed to be the oldest juvenile convict in the world . Serving a life sentence for murder which began when he was 15 years old . Rejected a parole deal in 2016 . Oliver Terpening 1947 63 years , 125 days United States Killed a school friend and three young girls and attempted to rape another girl because he wanted to know how it felt to kill somebody . He found the experience disappointing . Died in prison . `` Old '' Bill Wallace 1926 63 years Australia Imprisoned for shooting a man in an argument over a cigarette in a cafe of Melbourne . Died a month before his 108th birthday , still in prison , incarcerated in J Ward . Hugh Alderman 1917 1980 62 years , 192 days United States Longest serving prisoner in Florida . Escaped twice in 1919 and 1924 . Moved to a mental hospital in 1927 , where he died in 1980 , aged 86 . Walter H. Bourque Jr . 1955 ongoing 7004229030000000000 ♠ 62 years , 257 days United States Longest serving prisoner in New Hampshire . Serving a sentence of 99 years and six months for the axe murder of a four - year - old girl when he was 17 . Warren Nutter 1956 ongoing 7004228420000000000 ♠ 62 years , 196 days United States Youngest man ever sentenced to death in Iowa , when he was 18 years old , for the murder of a patrolman during a gas station robbery . Sentence commuted to life in prison in 1957 . Howard Unruh 1949 2009 60 years United States Mass murderer who killed 13 people and injured three in Camden , New Jersey . Recluded in a mental hospital without trial or conviction . Prisoners who served between fifty and sixty years ( edit ) Name Sentence start Sentence end Sentence duration Country Description Raymond L. Shuman 13 June 1958 3 February 2018 59 years , 7 months , 20 days United States Longest serving prisoner in Nevada . Jailed for the murder and robbery of two men while he and his partner ( who was the one that pulled the trigger ) were AWOL from the US Navy . Set another prisoner on fire in 1973 due to a dispute about leaving a window open . Died in 2018 . Jesse Pomeroy December 1874 September 29 , 1932 57 years , nine months United States Teenage serial killer nicknamed `` The Boy Fiend '' , who tortured nine younger children and killed two in Boston , Massachusetts . Sentenced to death when he was fifteen years old , this was changed to life in solitary confinement after two consecutive governors refused to sign his death warrant . The solitary confinement was lifted in 1917 , and he died in 1932 , still in prison . Mehmet VI 1861 1918 56 years Ottoman Empire Kept in the Seraglio and the Kafes from his birth to his accession to the throne , aged 56 . He was both the last Ottoman prince to be ritually imprisoned by his family and the one who was imprisoned for the longest time . Joe Carr 1941 1997 56 years United States Longest serving prisoner in Kansas . Convicted of murder for strangling a newborn and tossing his body in the Arkansas river . Carr refused to apply for parole until he was released , aged 79 . Chester Weger 4 April 1961 ongoing 7004209620000000000 ♠ 57 years , 143 days United States Convicted for the murder of three women in Starved Rock State Park in 1960 . Last denied parole in 2016 . William Holly Griffith 1915 1971 55 years , 359 days United States Longest serving prisoner in West Virginia , known as `` the bestial killer '' and the `` leading bad man '' in the state . Sentenced to life for murdering the sheriff that was going to arrest him and a railway policeman during his escape to Ohio , where he was arrested . Tried to flee prison several times , the last one when he was already suffering from cancer . Died in prison . John Straffen 1952 2007 55 years United Kingdom Multiple child killer . Sentenced to death for his third murder , which took place after he escaped from a mental hospital ; the sentence was commuted to life in prison . Longest - serving prisoner in the United Kingdom at the time of his death . Frank Wetzel 1957 2012 55 years United States Sentenced to two life sentences for the murders of two highway patrolmen when he was driving to Mississippi to break his brother out of death row . His brother was executed two months later . Wetzel died of Alzheimer 's disease when he was 90 years old , still in prison . András Toma 1945 2000 55 years Soviet Union Russia Believed to be the last POW of World War II . Toma , a Hungarian soldier , was captured in southern Poland in 1945 and later interned in a mental hospital of rural Kotelnich , in Russia . His documents were lost and he was listed as KIA by the Hungarian Army . He was returned to Hungary after a Czech linguist realized that he spoke an eastern dialect of the Hungarian language . Died in 2004 , aged 79 . Booker T. Hillery 1962 ongoing 7004203860000000000 ♠ 55 years , 297 days United States Longest serving prisoner in California . Originally sentenced to death but changed to life in prison in the 1970s . Appealed , was retried and found guilty again in 1986 . Garold Rheinschmidt 1960 May 1 , 2015 54 years , eight months , 12 days United States Longest serving prisoner in Wisconsin at the time of his death . Willie Gaines Smith 1960 2014 54 years , 105 days United States Longest serving prisoner in Kentucky . Rejected parole because no nursing home accepted him and he would receive better medical care in prison . Died at the age of 76 , still incarcerated . Tony Rawlins 28 December 1955 17 April 2010 54 years , three months , 20 days Australia Convicted of the `` Kissing Point mutilation murder '' , the strangling of a 12 - year - old girl who rejected his advances . Was Australia 's longest serving prisoner when he died , with eighteen parole applications being rejected . Don Diego de Castilla y Sandoval 1370 1424 54 years Castile Posthumous illegitimate child of Peter I of Castile . Recluded in Curiel castle when he was an infant , under orders of Henry II . Freed after his daughter , fathered with the castle warden 's daughter , solicited his release to John II . Died in Coca in 1459 , aged 89 . Sheldry Topp 1963 ongoing 54 years United States Oldest juvenile lifer in Michigan . Last denied parole in 2016 . James R. Moore 1963 ongoing 54 years United States Pled guilty to the rape and murder of a fourteen - year - old girl to avoid the death penalty and was sentenced to `` natural life . '' Last parole application rejected in 2016 . Machal Lalung 1951 2005 54 years India Originally arrested for `` causing grievous harm , '' Lalung was interned in a psychiatric hospital until he was declared `` fully fit '' in 1967 . However , he was mistakenly transferred to prison rather than released , and forgotten about until 2005 . He was released without ever being tried or convicted , aged 77 . Robert Stroud 1909 1963 54 years United States Known as `` the Birdman of Alcatraz '' for the research on bird diseases that he conducted alone in his cell , although he actually did it at Leavenworth Penitentiary before he was moved to the federal prison in Alcatraz Island . Hans - Georg Neumann 1963 ongoing 7004201760000000000 ♠ 55 years , 87 days Germany Abducted and shot a young couple at a lovers lane . Longest serving prisoner in Germany . Leotha Brown 1964 ongoing 7004199600000000000 ♠ 54 years , 236 days United States Longest serving prisoner in Louisiana . Harvey Stewart 1958 2011 or 2012 53 or 54 years United States Paroled after serving a combined time of 60 years for various sentences in Texas . Peter Woodcock 1957 52 years , 328 days Canada Declared not guilty by reason of insanity and recluded in a mental hospital for the murder of three young children . Murdered a fellow patient in 1991 . Died in 2010 , still interned . Jimmy Ennis 1964 ongoing 7004196470000000000 ♠ 53 years , 289 days Ireland Sentenced to life in prison for fatally bludgeoning a farmer in County Cork following a dispute . He had just finished a prison term for attacking a woman with a hatchet . William MacDonald May 1963 May 12 , 2015 52 years Australia English = born Australian Serial killer known as `` the Sydney Mutilator . '' Oldest and longest serving prisoner in New South Wales at the time of his death . Jerry Lee Hansen 1965 ongoing 7004194550000000000 ♠ 53 years , 97 days United States Longest serving prisoner in Nebraska . Jailed for the murder of his parents in law and the attempted murder of his then wife . Disarmed a corrections officer and shot his ex-wife a second time in 1973 , paralyzing her . Antonio `` Tony '' Wheat 1965 ongoing 7004192900000000000 ♠ 52 years , 297 days United States Longest serving prisoner in Washington state . Next parole hearing in 2020 . Winston Moseley 1964 2016 51 years , 291 days United States Murderer of Kitty Genovese . Died in prison . Richard Robles 1965 ongoing 7004192600000000000 ♠ 52 years , 267 days United States Perpetrator of the Career Girls Murders . Ian Brady 1966 2017 51 years , 10 days United Kingdom Perpetrator of the Moors murders together with his girlfriend , Myra Hindley , who died in prison in 2002 . Longest serving prisoner in the United Kingdom at the time of his death . Alfred Tai 1963 2014 51 years United States Longest serving prisoner in Hawaii . Paroled at the age of 72 . Walter Kelbach 1967 ongoing 7004187370000000000 ♠ 51 years , 109 days United States Spree killer who murdered five people and raped two in Utah with his cousin . Hugo Pinell 1965 2015 50 years United States Nicaraguan national sentenced to life in prison for rape . See below . John Weber 1926 1976 50 years United States Originally an immigrant from Austria - Hungary , Weber was sentenced to life in prison without parole for the fatal shooting of his 18 - month old daughter , which he served in Columbus ' Ohio Penitentiary . In 1972 , Governor John J. Gilligan commuted his sentence to murder in the second degree . This made him eligible for parole , but he never benefitted from it . Was the oldest prisoner in the United States at the time of his death , only a few months from his 100th birthday . Prisoners who served less than fifty years , but notable for other reasons ( edit ) Name Sentence start Sentence end Sentence duration Country Description Heinrich Pommerenke 10 June 1959 27 December 2008 49 years , six months , 17 days Germany Serial killer known as `` the Monster of the Black Forest . '' Was Germany 's longest serving prisoner when he died . Søren Mathiasen 1876 1925 49 years , 180 days Denmark Farmer sentenced to life of hard labor in Horsens State Prison for killing the prestamist ( moneylender ) he was indebted to . Paroled . Alfred Vincent 1968 ongoing 7004182860000000000 ♠ 50 years , 24 days New Zealand Man held in preventive prison for the longest time in the world : sentence was imposed for assaulting five boys . Suspected of having molested between 200 - 500 children . Has a parole hearing scheduled for 2018 . Betty Smithey 1963 2012 49 years United States Longest serving female prisoner in the United States at the time of her parole . `` Crazy Jimmie '' Williams 1948 1998 49 years United States Longest serving prisoner in Arizona at the time of his death , aged 66 . Melvin Thomas Mott 5 March 1965 19 February 2014 48 years , 11 months , 14 days Australia Originally sentenced to two and a half years for child sex offences and escaping from custody , he was convicted of the 1964 murder of a 13 - year - old girl in 1968 and sentenced to life imprisonment . Longest serving prisoner in Queensland when he died , having had 14 parole applications rejected . Sirhan Sirhan 17 April 1969 ongoing 7004180270000000000 ♠ 49 years , 130 days United States Palestinian with Jordanian citizenship . Assassin of Robert F. Kennedy . Originally sentenced to death , sentence commuted in 1971 to life in prison . Parole has been denied fifteen times . Rudolf Hess 10 May 1941 17 August 1987 46 years , 3 months , 7 days United Kingdom West Germany Deputy Führer of Nazi Germany who flew solo to Scotland to negotiate a peace treaty but was instead taken prisoner . He was later tried for `` crimes against peace '' and sentenced to life in prison , which he served in Spandau . Committed suicide . Joanna I of Castile 1509 1555 46 years Castile Spain Recluded in a nunnery of Tordesillas until her death , following orders of her father Ferdinand II of Aragon . Walerian Łukasiński 1822 1868 46 years Congress Poland Russia Polish military officer suspected of harboring anti-Russian sentiments , kept in prison even after completing his original sentence of 14 years . Sentence spent entirely in solitary confinement . Vincenzo Verzeni 1872 1918 46 years Italy Double murderer and cannibal . Iwao Hakamada 1968 2014 46 years Japan Spent entirely in death row . See below . Carlos Eduardo Robledo Puch 1972 ongoing 7004170040000000000 ♠ 46 years , 202 days Argentina Serial killer . Longest serving prisoner in South America Amy Archer - Gilligan 1917 1962 45 years United States Nursing home proprietor who poisoned her two husbands and a number of her tenants to cash on their life insurance . Originally sentenced to death , the sentence was changed to life in prison after a retrial in 1919 . Served her sentence in a mental hospital from 1924 to her death . Clarence Carnes 1943 1988 45 years United States Originally sentenced to life in prison for murder when he was sixteen years old , he was sent to Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in 1945 after two unsuccessful escape attempts . He took part in the `` Battle of Alcatraz '' the following year , but was recaptured and was sentenced to a further 203 years in prison . He was granted parole in 1973 , but it was revoked twice before he died in prison from AIDS - related complications . Kim Sŏn - myŏng 1951 1995 45 years South Korea Longest held of the `` unconverted long - term prisoners , '' North Korean POWs captured during the Korean War who refused to renounce Juche . Kim Sŏn - myŏng was born in the south but joined the north , and was sentenced to death . The sentence was later commuted to life in prison ; his family denounced him and had him declared dead in 1975 . Released to North Korea . Albert Woodfox 1971 2016 45 years United States Black Panther imprisoned for robbery and later put in solitary confinement for the murder of a prison guard in 1972 . See below . Magdelaine Chapelain 1679 1724 44.5 years France Parisian fortune - teller involved in the Affair of the Poisons . Died in prison . Sharon Wiggins 1969 2013 44 years United States Longest juvenile female serving life without parole . After fatal bank robbery , she was sentenced to death at 17 years old . Three years later , commuted to life without parole . Longest spells in solitary confinement ( edit ) The sentence duration refers to the time spent in solitary confinement , regardless of time spent in normal prison before or after . Name Sentence start Sentence end Sentence duration Country Description Hugo Pinell 1969 2015 46 years United States Murdered by another inmate during a riot two weeks after his solitary confinement was lifted . Walerian Łukasiński 1822 1868 46 years Congress Poland Russia See above . Pietro Acciarito 1897 1941 44 years Italy Attempted assassin of Umberto I of Italy . Albert Woodfox 1972 2016 44 years United States Placed in solitary confinement for the murder of a corrections officer . Released in 2016 . Robert Stroud 1916 1959 42 years United States Imposed for murdering a prison guard in McNeil Island . Herman Wallace 1972 2013 41 years United States Placed in solitary confinement for the murder of the same corrections officer as Woodfox . Released in 2013 , when he had advanced liver cancer , but re-indicted two days later . Died the next day before he could be arrested . Jesse Pomeroy 1875 1917 41 years United States See above . Woo Yong - gak 1958 1999 41 years South Korea Captured during a North Korean commando raid after the armistice . Released to North Korea in 2000 . Mark David Chapman 1981 ongoing 37 years United States Placed in solitary confinement after pleading guilty to murdering John Lennon on December 8 , 1980 . Thomas Silverstein ongoing 7004127260000000000 ♠ 34 years , 307 days United States Called `` America 's most isolated man . '' Placed in solitary confinement for the murder of two inmates and a guard during a prison riot . Robert Maudsley ongoing 34 + years United Kingdom Serial killer imprisoned in 1977 . Placed in a specially - built solitary cell after killing three other prisoners . Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova 1768 1801 33 years Russia Countess convicted of killing 38 female serfs by beating and torturing them to death . Imprisoned at Ivanovsky Convent in Moscow ; for the first 11 years , she was chained in a basement dungeon without a window and only given a candle during meals . Robert Hillary King 1972 2001 29 years United States Placed in solitary confinement for the same murder as Woodfox and Wallace , until his original conviction was overturned . Salvatore `` Totò '' Riina 1993 2017 24 years Italy Reputed `` boss of bosses '' of the Sicilian maffia , nicknamed `` The Beast '' . Believed to have ordered over 150 murders in Italy . Died in prison , aged 87 . Ian Manuel 1993 2016 23 years United States Tried as an adult and sentenced to life for non-fatally shooting a woman during a robbery , when he was 13 years - old . His sentence was reduced after it was ruled that imprisoning minors who had not killed anyone for life was unconstitutional . Released . Yolanda Saldívar 1995 ongoing 22 years United States Found guilty of first - degree murder in the death of Tejano singer Selena Quintanilla - Pérez on March 31 , 1995 . Placed in solitary confinement after receiving numerous death threats from fellow inmates . Leonora Christina Ulfeldt 1663 1685 22 years Denmark Daughter of Christian IV of Denmark . Confined to a small cell in the Blue Tower of Copenhagen Castle by her brother , Frederick III , accused of treason . Released after 22 years by Christian V , she joined a convent where she died in 1698 , aged 76 . Russell Melvin Shoats 2014 22 years United States Member of the Black Unity Council , Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army , sentenced to life in prison without parole for the murder of a police officer . Shoats spent his time in solitary in a 7 - by - 12 foot cell , always illuminated by lights , for 23 or 24 hours a day . Rudolf Hess 1966 21 years West Germany Became the only prisoner in Spandau Prison after all the others completed their sentences or were pardoned . Clayton Fountain 21 years United States Marine sentenced to life in prison for the murder of his staff sergeant in 1974 , and placed in solitary after murdering three other prisoners and one corrections officer . Converted to Catholicism and was accepted as a lay brother of the Trappist monks posthumously . Luis Felipe 1997 ongoing 7003786200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 192 days United States Leader of the New York chapter of the Latin Kings . Convicted and placed in solitary confinement for ordering several murders when he was already in prison for other offenses . Giovanni Passannante 1879 1899 20 years Italy Attempted assassin of Umberto I of Italy . Locked in a dark , small cell below sea level in Portoferraio , Isle of Elba . His conditions became a scandal after they were revealed and he was moved to an asylum in Montelupo Fiorentino , where he died in 1910 . John T. Downey 1952 1973 20 years , 3 months and 14 days China CIA agents captured in Manchuria after their plane was shot down by Chinese forces during the Korean War ; the mission was part of a failed attempt to establish an anti-Communist guerrilla in mainland China . Released after the thaw of Chinese - American relations . There was a three - week break in their solitary confinement in 1955 , when they were allowed to interact with the crew of a downed American B - 29 . Richard Fecteau 1971 19 years Viktor Ivanovich Ilyin 1969 1988 19 years Soviet Union Attempted assassin of Leonid Brezhnev . Released in 1990 . Clarence Carnes 1946 1963 17 years United States Placed in solitary for his part in the `` Battle of Alcatraz '' . The measure ended with the closing of the prison . Christopher Scarver 16 years United States Placed in solitary confinement for the double murder of Jeffrey Dahmer and Jesse Anderson . All three men were serving life sentences for murder at the time of the crime . Longest spells in death row ( edit ) These prisoners were sentenced to death rather than prison , but their execution was stalled for a prolongued time due to different reasons . Name Sentence start Sentence end Sentence duration Country Description Iwao Hakamada 1968 2014 46 years Japan Granted a retrial and found innocent after it was determined that the evidence used to convict him the first time was forged . Richard Gerald Jordan 1977 ongoing 7004151780000000000 ♠ 41 years , 203 days United States Sentenced to death for the abduction and murder of a woman in Mississippi . Raymond Riles 1978 ongoing 39 + years United States Longest held prisoner in death row in Texas . His execution was stayed several times since 1980 , for different reasons . He was later diagnosed with mental problems and is as a result considered not mentally fit to be executed , but wo n't be moved out of death row either . Gary Alvord 1973 2013 39 years United States Schizophrenic sentenced to death in Florida for the murder of three women over the price of one game of pool . Died of a brain tumor after several delays . Sadamichi Hirasawa 1950 37 years Japan Confessed under torture to have committed the Teikoku Bank Incident of 1948 , a mass poisoning of Imperial Bank employees that killed ten people . Hirasawa was never executed because no Justice Minister wanted to sign his death warrant , as all believed that he had been falsely charged . However , he was n't granted a retrial either , and he was still in death row when he died from pneumonia in 1987 . Brandon Astor Jones 1979 2016 37 years United States Sentenced to death for his involvement in the felony murder of a convenience store manager in Georgia . Was retried and sentenced to death again in 1997 because the jurors at the first trial had brought a Bible into the deliberation room . Oldest prisoner in Georgia at the time of his execution , aged 72 . Tomiyama Tsuneki 1967 2003 36 years Japan Died of kidney failure in prison , at the age of 86 . Sakae Menda 1949 34 years Japan After being arrested for stealing rice , Menda was tortured until he confessed to the murders of a Buddhist priest and his wife , which he did not commit . He was not represented by a lawyer , no physical evidence linking Menda to the murders was ever produced , and the testimony of witnesses backing his alibi was deliberatedly kept out of his trial . In 1979 he was granted a retrial and in 1983 he was acquitted , becoming the first person in the History of Japan to be released from death row . Edward Harold Schad 1979 2013 34 years United States Oldest prisoner in Arizona death row at the time of his execution by lethal injection , aged 71 . Sentenced to death for the murder and robbery of a 74 - year - old man in 1978 , while he was in parole for another murder ten years prior . Robert Brian Waterhouse 1980 2012 32 years United States Murdered and mutilated a woman in Florida while he was on parole from a life sentence for murder . Henry McCollum 2014 31 years United States Longest serving death row inmate in North Carolina . Sentenced for the rape and murder of a 11 - year - old girl , while his half - brother was sentenced to life in prison . Both men were exonerated by DNA and released . See also ( edit ) List of longest prison sentences List of prisoners with whole - life tariffs Man in the Iron Mask , a famous prisoner in pre-Revolutionary France whose prison conditions have been sometimes exaggerated Blanche Monnier , a French woman who was locked alone in a small room by her own family for 25 years References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9812376 Jump up ^ `` PHILLIPS , JOHN PHILLIPS Inmate 0322466 : North Carolina Prisons ( DOC ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Man free at last after 64 years in prison '' . Jump up ^ `` Juvenile lifer , 79 , rejects deal for parole . ' His view is : He 's been in long enough ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Death Row Stories : Life In The Iowa State Penitentiary At Fort Madison ( 1956 ) - '' . Jump up ^ https://www.ktnv.com/news/inmate-who-has-been-behind-bars-for-60-years-dies-in-carson-city Jump up ^ Gutowski , Christy . `` Inmate denied parole in 1960 Starved Rock murders '' . Jump up ^ `` Frank Wetzel , 90 , N.C. 's oldest prisoner , dies '' . 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ https://betweenthebars.org/posts/25139/the-longest-serving-wisconsin-prisoner-has-died Jump up ^ `` Diego de CASTILLA Y SANDOVAL b . 1370 d . 1458 Coca : Tabla de Parentescos de don Fernando de Castilla '' . Jump up ^ `` Pagina nueva 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Prosecutor : No sentencing break for Michigan 's oldest juvenile lifer '' . Jump up ^ `` Parole denied 18th time in brutal 1962 murder / rape '' . Jump up ^ Zora , Parwini . `` Fifty - four years in jail without trial : the plight of prison inmates in India - World Socialist Web Site '' . Jump up ^ Finn , Christina . `` When life means life : ' I 'm sorry for what I did to your mother and father ' '' . Jump up ^ Jet. 24 October , 1974 Jump up ^ Meyers , D. & Meyers , E. ( 2009 ) . Central Ohio 's Historic Prisons . Arcadia Publishing , 127 pages . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand 's longest serving prisoner Alfred Vincent appeals to Privy Council '' . Jump up ^ https://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/history-and-mythology/darya-saltykova/ Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/world/europe/the-most-violent-and-feared-mafia-godfather-has-died/news-story/261b89475a0b948ab26ea931e5447966 Jump up ^ http://www.india.com/news/agencies/jailed-sicilian-mafia-boss-of-bosses-riina-to-stay-in-jail-2334107/ Jump up ^ `` Sentenced to life as a teen , prisoner learning to swap solitary for society '' . Jump up ^ Candace McCowan ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Tampa teen who shot woman in face in 1993 , released from prison with help from victim '' . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/15/nyregion/seen-as-threat-gang-chief-gets-a-life-term-in-solitary.html Jump up ^ http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2014/09/john_t_downey_cia_agent_captured_by_china_during_the_korean_war_the_story.html Jump up ^ `` AG requests August execution date for Richard Gerald Jordan '' . Jump up ^ Close , P. & Askew , D. ( 2017 ) . Asia Pacific and Human Rights : A global political economy perspective . Routledge , 240 pages . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/09/arizona-executes-schad-oldest-person-death-row Jump up ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/edward-harold-schad-jr-oldest-ariz-death-row-inmate-executed-for-1978-murder/ Jump up ^ http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/waterhouse1281.htm Jump up ^ `` DNA clears N. Carolina 's longest - serving death row inmate & his half - brother '' . Other sources ( edit ) The Longest Prison Sentences Ever Served , A Blast From the Past , 2010 - 07 - 24 . Lists the lengthiest sentences actually completed , with detailed case studies . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest_prison_sentences_served&oldid=856515792 '' Categories : Lists of prisoners and detainees Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Penal imprisonment Life imprisonment World records Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 19 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the longest serving prisoner in australia	[ "\n\n\nName\n\nSentence start\n\nSentence end\n\nSentence duration\n\nCountry\n\nDescription\n\n\nCharles Fossard\n\n1903\n\n1974\n\n70 years, 303 days\n\n Australia\n\nHomeless French Australian immigrant recluded in the J Ward mental asylum in Ararat, Victoria after murdering an elderly man and stealing his boots. Died while still incarcerated at the age of 92.[1]\n\n\nPaul Geidel Jr.\n\n1911\n\n1980\n\n68 years, 245 days\n\n United States\n\nLongest-serving prison inmate in the United States whose sentence ended in release. Incarcerated from 1911, aged 17 and released 1980 at 86. He died in a nursing home in 1987, aged 93.\n\n\nFrancis Clifford Smith\n\n7 June 1950\n\nongoing\n\n7004249160000000000♠68 years, 79 days\n\n United States\n\nOldest prisoner in the United States. Sentenced to death for the murder of a nightwatchman during a robbery at a yacht club in July 1949, his sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1954, only two hours before his scheduled execution.\n\n\nJohnson Van Dyke Grigsby\n\n1908\n\n1974\n\n66 years, 123 days\n\n United States\n\nSentenced to life in prison for murder, he was denied parole 33 times before he was released at age 89. Returned to prison voluntarily, citing difficulty finding a job, but left again in 1976. Died in 1987, aged 101.\n\n\nWilliam Heirens\n\n1946\n\n2012\n\n65 years, 181 days\n\n United States\n\nKnown as the \"Lipstick Killer\". Reputed to be the longest surviving prisoner in Chicago. Died in prison.\n\n\nJohn Phillips\n\n17 July 1952\n\nongoing\n\n7004241450000000000♠66 years, 39 days\n\n United States\n\nLongest serving prisoner in North Carolina. Convicted for the rape of a five-year-old girl.[2]\n\n\nClarence Marshall\n\n1950\n\n2015\n\n64 years, 70 days\n\n United States\n\nLongest-serving prisoner in Michigan. Sentenced to life in prison on one count of armed robbery and another of unarmed assault \"with intent to rob and steal\". Paroled.\n\n\nRichard Honeck\n\n1899\n\n1963\n\n64 years, 44 days\n\n United States\n\nAged 22, Honeck was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a former school friend. He was paroled after 63 years and one month. He died in 1976, aged 97.\n\n\nHoward Christensen\n\n1937\n\n2001\n\n64 years\n\n United States\n\nSentenced to life without parole for the murder of a teacher in 1937, when he was 16, along with a 17-year-old accomplice who hanged himself in prison in 1943. His sentence was commuted to 200 years in the mid-1970s. Died in 2003, aged 82.\n\n\nCharles Edret Ford\n\n1952\n\n2016\n\n64 years\n\n United States\n\nPrisoner incarcerated for the longest time who was found to be innocent on retrial, and the longest serving prisoner in Maryland. Ford, a black man, was convicted for murder by an all-white jury in 1952, when he was 20, and again for an assault in 1975 supposedly committed while he was on parole. The second victim identified a different man as her attacker but the judge argued that both men looked alike enough. Ford, at the time the only person present at his first conviction who was still alive, was granted retrials in 2015 for both charges because he had not been informed of his right to appeal the sentences. He was found innocent of both and released to a nursing home.[3]\n\n\nJoseph Ligon\n\n1953\n\nongoing\n\n7004236260000000000♠64 years, 250 days\n\n United States\n\nBelieved to be the oldest juvenile convict in the world. Serving a life sentence for murder which began when he was 15 years old. Rejected a parole deal in 2016.[4]\n\n\nOliver Terpening\n\n1947\n\n2010\n\n63 years, 125 days\n\n United States\n\nKilled a school friend and three young girls and attempted to rape another girl because he wanted to know how it felt to kill somebody. He found the experience disappointing. Died in prison.\n\n\n\"Old\" Bill Wallace\n\n1926\n\n1989\n\n63 years\n\n Australia\n\nImprisoned for shooting a man in an argument over a cigarette in a cafe of Melbourne. Died a month before his 108th birthday, still in prison, incarcerated in J Ward.\n\n\nHugh Alderman\n\n1917\n\n1980\n\n62 years, 192 days\n\n United States\n\nLongest serving prisoner in Florida. Escaped twice in 1919 and 1924. Moved to a mental hospital in 1927, where he died in 1980, aged 86.\n\n\nWalter H. Bourque Jr.\n\n1955\n\nongoing\n\n7004229030000000000♠62 years, 257 days\n\n United States\n\nLongest serving prisoner in New Hampshire. Serving a sentence of 99 years and six months for the axe murder of a four-year-old girl when he was 17.\n\n\nWarren Nutter\n\n1956\n\nongoing\n\n7004228420000000000♠62 years, 196 days\n\n United States\n\nYoungest man ever sentenced to death in Iowa, when he was 18 years old, for the murder of a patrolman during a gas station robbery. Sentence commuted to life in prison in 1957.[5]\n\n\nHoward Unruh\n\n1949\n\n2009\n\n60 years\n\n United States\n\nMass murderer who killed 13 people and injured three in Camden, New Jersey. Recluded in a mental hospital without trial or conviction.\n" ]	[ "Charles Fossard" ]
7601066006322125432	2018 Rose Bowl	2018 Rose Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Rose Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Rose Bowl College Football Playoff Semifinal at the 104th Rose Bowl Game Georgia Bulldogs Oklahoma Sooners ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 12 -- 1 ) SEC Big 12 54 48 Head coach : Kirby Smart Head coach : Lincoln Riley AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT 2OT Total Georgia 7 10 14 14 6 54 Oklahoma 14 17 0 14 0 48 Date January 1 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Rose Bowl Location Pasadena , California MVP Offensive : Sony Michel , RB Defense : Roquan Smith , LB Favorite Georgia by 2.5 National anthem United States Army Chorus Referee Jeff Heaser ( ACC ) Attendance 92,844 United States TV coverage Network ESPN , ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor , and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Steve Levy , Brian Griese and Todd McShay ( ESPN Radio ) Rose Bowl < 2017 2019 > 2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game < 2016 Fiesta The 2018 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Georgia Bulldogs , played on January 1 , 2018 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena , California . The 104th Rose Bowl Game was a semifinal for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , matching two of the top four teams selected by the system 's selection committee . Georgia and Oklahoma competed for a spot at the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game , to be played on January 8 , 2018 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . The Georgia Bulldogs won the game with a 27 - yard run by Sony Michel , shortly after Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma Sooners ' field goal attempt in the second overtime . The game lasted four hours and five minutes . With 26.8 million viewers on ESPN , the game ranked as the fifth most - viewed cable program of all time . The game was one of the 2017 -- 18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season . It was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes , and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio , with the kickoff at 5 p.m. ET ( 2 p.m. local time ) . The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association organized the game . Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization , the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-game buildup 1.1 Team selection 1.2 Experience in the Rose Bowl 1.3 Georgia 1.4 Oklahoma 2 Game summary 2.1 First quarter 2.2 Second quarter 2.3 Third quarter 2.4 Fourth quarter 2.5 First overtime 2.6 Second overtime 2.7 Scoring summary 2.8 Statistics 3 Rose Bowl records 4 Pre-game activities 4.1 Pre-game Rose Parade 5 References Pre-game buildup ( edit ) Georgia 's defense faces Oklahoma 's offense . Team selection ( edit ) In the 2018 Rose Bowl , the # 2 - ranked Oklahoma Sooners , champions of the Big 12 Conference , faced the # 3 - ranked Georgia Bulldogs , champions of the Southeastern Conference . This was the first meeting between the University of Georgia and the University of Oklahoma football teams . Traditionally , the Rose Bowl pits the winners of the Big Ten Conference and Pac - 12 Conference . However , any teams may be selected every three years , when the Rose Bowl is a CFP semifinal . The Big 12 and SEC champions traditionally meet in the Sugar Bowl . The 2018 Sugar Bowl was used as the other semifinal this year , allowing any team to be selected . The matchups for the semifinals are geographically selected to ensure the top two teams do not play in road environments . More than one team from the same conference may participate in the game , and avoiding rematches is not a selection factor . Experience in the Rose Bowl ( edit ) Georgia won their only previous Rose Bowl appearance when their 1942 team , which claims a national championship , beat the Pacific Coast Conference ( predecessor to the Pac - 12 ) champion UCLA 9 -- 0 in 1943 , a matchup which occurred prior to the Big Nine - PCC agreement . Oklahoma won their only previous Rose Bowl appearance when their 2002 team beat the then Pac - 10 champion Washington State 34 -- 14 in 2003 , a matchup which occurred since Big Ten champion Ohio State was selected for the Fiesta Bowl , which was being used as that year 's BCS National Championship Game , and Oklahoma was selected to replace them . Georgia ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team . Georgia opened the 2017 season as the No. 15 team in both the AP and Coaches Polls . In the season opener , the Georgia Bulldogs faced the Appalachian State Mountaineers . During the first quarter , starting quarterback Jacob Eason was injured in an out - of - bounds hit that strained his knee . Freshman quarterback Jake Fromm replaced Eason . Fromm started as quarterback the rest of the season . Georgia traveled to its first away and out - of - conference game against the No. 24 Notre Dame Fighting Irish on September 9 , 2017 . The score was back - and - forth the whole game , until Rodrigo Blankenship scored a field goal with 3 : 34 to go in the fourth quarter , giving Georgia a 20 -- 19 lead . On 1st - and - 10 , Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy sacked quarterback Brandon Wimbush , which Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter recovered . The Bulldogs held the field , winning the game . The Bulldogs returned home for the next two weeks , beating the Samford Bulldogs 42 -- 14 and the No. 17 Mississippi State Bulldogs 31 -- 3 . On September 30 , 2017 , No. 7 Georgia traveled to Knoxville to play longtime SEC East rival the Tennessee Volunteers after losing to them at home in 2016 . The Bulldogs defeated the Volunteers in a 41 -- 0 shutout , which was Tennessee 's worst home loss since 1905 . The following week , Georgia returned to Tennessee to play the Vanderbilt Commodores , winning 45 -- 14 . Undefeated No. 4 Georgia faced the Missouri Tigers back home in Athens , winning 53 -- 28 . During that game , Georgia gained 696 total yards , the second - highest in school history . When Georgia faced their biggest rival , the Florida Gators , in the annual neutral - location game , Georgia remained undefeated and beat Florida 42 -- 7 , the biggest win in the rivalry since 1982 . After Florida 's loss to Georgia , they fired head coach Jim McElwain . The following week , Georgia beat the South Carolina Gamecocks 24 -- 10 , clinching the SEC East and their spot in the SEC Championship . On November 11 , 2017 , Georgia lost to the Auburn Tigers 17 -- 40 in what would be their only loss of the regular season . Georgia wrapped up the regular season by beating the Kentucky Wildcats 42 -- 13 and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 38 -- 7 . On December 2 , 2017 , No. 6 Georgia joined No. 4 Auburn in the SEC Championship , the only team who beat them during the regular season . In the rematch , Georgia took the lead in the second quarter when Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy stripped the ball from Auburn quarterback Jarrett Stidham , recovered by Roquan Smith and leading to Georgia 's drive that tied the score . Georgia took the SEC title for the first time since 2005 , almost certainly securing their spot in the playoffs . Oklahoma ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 Oklahoma Sooners football team . In the 2017 preseason polls , Oklahoma was ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll and No. 8 in the Coaches Poll . Oklahoma opened the season against the University of Texas at El Paso Miners , winning 56 -- 7 and showcasing a strong offense . Next , No. 6 Oklahoma traveled to the No. 2 Ohio State Buckeyes and won 31 -- 16 . In Oklahoma 's first meeting with the Tulane Green Wave , No. 2 Oklahoma won 56 -- 14 . They went on to play the Baylor Bears , eking out an expected blowout but still winning 44 -- 34 . In Oklahoma 's big upset of the season , they lost to the Iowa State Cyclones 31 -- 38 . They went on to beat the Texas Longhorns 29 -- 24 after Texas recovered from a 20 - point deficit . The Sooners also began the next game against the Kansas State Wildcats with a 14 - point deficit in the first half , but in a second - half comeback , Rodney Anderson scored a 22 - yard touchdown with seven seconds left in the game , winning 42 -- 35 . Against the Texas Tech Red Raiders , Mayfield led the team to a 49 -- 27 victory . Oklahoma met the Oklahoma State Cowboys for their annual rivalry game , and quarterback Baker Mayfield completed 598 yards , winning 62 -- 52 . The No. 5 Sooners beat the No. 8 Texas Christian University Horned Frogs 38 -- 20 , taking 1st place in the Big 12 . In the next away game against the Kansas Jayhawks , Mayfield accounted for his 127th touchdown , breaking Landry Jones 's record as completing the most touchdowns in school history , and they won the game 41 -- 3 . During the game , Mayfield lost his captaincy for the following game against the West Virginia Mountaineers when he screamed profanity and grabbed his crotch , which he directed at the Kansas sideline . Mayfield 's replacement , Kyler Murray , started the game , but Mayfield returned and won 59 -- 31 . On December 2 , 2017 , No. 2 Oklahoma joined No. 10 TCU in a rematch in the Big 12 Championship , winning 41 -- 17 . The game secured Oklahoma 's spot in the College Football Playoff semifinals . Game Summary ( edit ) Oklahoma scored on five of six possessions in the first half , and they entered halftime leading Georgia by 14 points . The 54 -- 48 score made this the highest - scoring Rose Bowl , edging out 2017 's University of Southern California 52 -- 49 win over Penn State . First quarter ( edit ) Sony Michel scores Georgia 's first touchdown After winning the coin toss , Oklahoma elected to defer and kick off . Georgia was forced to punt the ball on the first drive of the game , giving Oklahoma its first possession . Oklahoma 's quarterback Baker Mayfield completed three passes , the third to Marquise Brown in the end zone , scoring the first touchdown of the day . Second quarter ( edit ) Sony Michel rushed for a 75 - yard touchdown . At the end of the second quarter , the Sooners employed a double reverse , and Baker Mayfield caught his first pass in college to score a 2 - yard touchdown . Georgia received its possession with only 6 seconds on the clock , and Rodrigo Blankenship scored a 55 - yard field goal . Blankenship set a Rose Bowl record for longest field goal kick . Third quarter ( edit ) The Sooners led 31 - 17 at halftime but the Bulldogs scored fourteen unanswered points in the third quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The game went back and forth in the last quarter . Baker Mayfield threw the first interception of the game , as Dominick Sanders intercepted his pass . Jake Fromm completed a 4 - yard pass to Javon Wims , taking the lead for the first time in the game , at 38 -- 31 . Oklahoma tied the game back up , with Dimitri Flowers scoring a touchdown with 8 : 47 left in the game . Sony Michel fumbled in the next possession , and Oklahoma 's Steven Parker recovered the fumble and returned it 46 yards to score a touchdown , putting the Sooners in the lead again . With fifty - five seconds left in the game , Nick Chubb took a direct snap and rushed for two yards for a game - tying touchdown . Oklahoma did not score on its last drive of regulation game , forcing overtime . First overtime ( edit ) Overtime coin toss between Oklahoma and Georgia The game went into overtime and was the first Rose Bowl in history to do so . The Sooners won the overtime coin toss and elected to play defense first . The teams traded field goals in the first overtime , sending the game into a second overtime . Second overtime ( edit ) Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter blocks Oklahoma kicker Austin Siebert 's field goal in 2nd overtime . Georgia 's Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma kicker Austin Seibert 's 27 - yard field goal attempt , meaning Georgia would win the game with any points during its possession . When Georgia had the ball , Sony Michel took a direct snap on a second down and rushed for a 27 - yard touchdown , winning the game for the Bulldogs . Scoring Summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP UGA OKLA 11 : 31 6 80 2 : 06 OKLA Marquise Brown 13 - yard touchdown reception from Baker Mayfield , Austin Seibert kick good 0 7 8 : 27 6 75 3 : 04 UGA Sony Michel 13 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 7 6 : 56 6 75 1 : 31 OKLA Rodney Anderson 9 - yard touchdown run , Austin Seibert kick good 7 14 14 : 12 5 69 2 : 36 OKLA Rodney Anderson 41 - yard touchdown run , Austin Seibert kick good 7 21 14 : 00 75 0 : 12 UGA Sony Michel 75 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 14 21 9 : 12 11 54 4 : 48 OKLA 38 - yard field goal by Austin Seibert 14 24 0 : 06 10 90 3 : 22 OKLA Baker Mayfield 2 - yard touchdown reception from CeeDee Lamb , Austin Seibert kick good 14 31 0 : 00 9 0 : 06 UGA 55 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 17 31 12 : 25 50 0 : 11 UGA Nick Chubb 50 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 24 31 0 : 41 6 71 2 : 35 UGA Sony Michel 38 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 31 31 13 : 57 0 : 51 UGA Javon Wims 4 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 38 31 8 : 47 6 88 1 : 56 OKLA Dimitri Flowers 11 - yard touchdown reception from Baker Mayfield , Austin Seibert kick good 38 38 6 : 52 OKLA Fumble recovery returned 46 yards for touchdown by Steven Parker , Austin Seibert kick good 38 45 0 : 55 7 59 2 : 27 UGA Nick Chubb 2 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 45 45 OT UGA 38 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 48 45 OT 9 OKLA 33 - yard field goal by Austin Seibert 48 48 2OT 25 UGA Sony Michel 27 - yard touchdown run 54 48 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 54 48 Statistics ( edit ) OT 2OT Total No. 3 Bulldogs 7 10 14 14 6 54 No. 2 Sooners 14 17 0 14 0 48 Statistics UGA OKLA First downs 21 24 Plays -- yards 63 -- 527 81 -- 531 Rushes -- yards 34 -- 317 45 -- 242 Passing yards 210 289 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 20 -- 29 -- 0 24 -- 36 -- 1 Time of possession 27 : 02 32 : 58 Team Player Statistics UGA Passing Jake Fromm 20 / 29 , 210 yds , 2 TD Rushing Sony Michel 11 car , 181 yds , 3 TD Receiving Javon Wims 6 rec , 73 yds , 1 TD OKLA Passing Baker Mayfield 23 / 35 , 287 yds , 2 TD , 1 INT Rushing Rodney Anderson 26 car , 201 yds , 2 TD Receiving Marquise Brown 8 rec , 114 yds , 1 TD Rose Bowl records ( edit ) In this game , a number of Rose Bowl records were set : 102 combined points scored by both teams is a new record set for the Rose Bowl . The previous record was 101 points set by Penn State and USC in the 2017 Rose Bowl . This matchup was the first ever Rose Bowl matchup that featured a team from the Southeastern Conference and a team from the Big 12 Conference . This game was the first ever Rose Bowl game in history to go into overtime . Georgia overcame a 17 - point deficit to win the game , the largest deficit to overcome in Rose Bowl history after breaking last year 's deficit comeback record by USC . Rodrigo Blankenship set a Rose Bowl record for longest field goal made with a 55 - yard field goal kicked in the second quarter . Pre-game activities ( edit ) Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course . The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30 , 2017 from 12 : 00 to 1 : 30 PM . The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown ( Texas ) , Cade McNown ( UCLA ) , Charles Woodson ( Michigan ) and Dr. Charles West ( Washington & Jefferson ) , represented by his daughter . Pre-game Rose Parade ( edit ) The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8 : 00 a.m. Pacific Time and featured floral floats , marching bands , and equestrian units marching down the 5.5 mile route of the parade down Colorado Boulevard . The 2018 Rose Parade 's theme was `` Making A Difference , '' and actor Gary Sinise was its Grand Marshal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Rose Bowl , Sugar Bowl deliver major viewership gains to ESPN '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma , Georgia meet for 1st time at Rose Bowl '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wolken , Dan ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Questions and answers for the College Football Playoff '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ College Football Playoff Selection Committee Fact Sheet , College Football Playoff , October 15 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Preseason rankings : Bama 's officially No. 1 across the board '' . SBNation.com. 2017 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No. 15 Georgia wary of Appalachian State '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , AJC ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) . `` 3 things to know about Georgia 's victory vs. Appalachian State '' . ajc . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Alabama vs. Georgia : Why QB Jake Fromm will be the X-factor to a Bulldogs ' win '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Georgia at Notre Dame score , highlights : Bulldogs fight back to edge Irish '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs Get Defensive In 20 - 19 Win Over Irish - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Butt , Jason ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Georgia holds on to win at Notre Dame '' . macon . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Beats Samford 42 - 14 , Moves to 3 - 0 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Runs Past Miss . State , 31 - 3 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No. 7 Georgia Blanks Tennessee 41 - 0 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Tennessee at Georgia score : Vols fight back again , beat Bulldogs on Hail Mary '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Winter , Evan ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Tennessee vs Georgia Recap : Bulldogs Blowout the Vols , 41 - 0 '' . Rocky Top Talk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` No 5 Bulldogs Overwhelm Commodores , 45 - 14 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Tigers vs. Georgia Bulldogs Live Score and Stats - October 14 , 2017 Gametracker '' . CBSSports.com. 2017 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett ( 2018 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Georgia vs. Florida score , highlights : Dawgs earn biggest win vs. Gators since 1982 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Morgan ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Florida ' negotiating ' terms of McElwain exit , it says '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina vs. Georgia - Game Summary - November 4 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com. 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Falls in the Plains , 40 - 17 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Seniors Lead Georgia Past Kentucky , 42 - 13 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs Roll Over Yellow Jackets , 38 - 7 - University of Georgia '' . University of Georgia . 2017 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Press , The Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Georgia Beats Auburn in S.E.C. Championship Game '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Eric ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) . `` OU football : Three things discovered from Oklahoma 's 56 - 7 win over UTEP '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , George ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) . `` What we learned from No. 6 Oklahoma 's 31 - 16 victory at No. 2 Ohio State '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sooners Ride the Wave '' . OU Athletics . 2017 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` No. 3 Oklahoma rolls into expected mismatch at Baylor '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Birch , Tommy ( 2017 - 11 - 11 ) . `` David Montgomery on controversial Iowa State - Oklahoma State ending : ' I think we scored ' '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma vs. Texas - Game Summary - October 14 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Robinett , Kellis ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Oklahoma rallies from early deficit , beats K - State 42 - 35 '' . kansas . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - October 28 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Roman ( 2017 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Yes , it 's Bedlam : Baker Mayfield passes for 598 yards as Oklahoma nips Oklahoma State '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` TCU vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - November 11 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike ( 2017 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Baker Mayfield Continues Heisman Run in Oklahoma Win vs. Kansas '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Backup QBs at forefront of Oklahoma - West Virginia matchup '' . FOX Sports . 2017 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia vs. Oklahoma - Game Summary - November 25 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Press , The Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Oklahoma Crushes Texas Christian to Win the Big 12 Title '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Tierney , Mike ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` College Football Playoff : Georgia Outlasts Oklahoma in Rose Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Palmateer , Tyler ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oklahoma left stunned after 54 - 48 2OT Rose Bowl loss to Georgia '' . Norman Transcript . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Ralph ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Georgia tops Oklahoma to win Rose Bowl in double overtime - The Boston Globe '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Seth ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Georgia 54 , Oklahoma 48 : Recap of the 2018 College Football Playoff '' . DawgNation . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Spander , Art ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Georgia outlasts Oklahoma to reach title game '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Saliba , Layne ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Rodrigo Blankenship sets Rose Bowl record with long field goal kick '' . The Red and Black . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Georgia - Oklahoma score : Recap for the 2018 College Football Playoff '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler . `` Georgia Beats Baker Mayfield , Oklahoma in 2OT Win in 2018 Rose Bowl '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rose Parade 2018 -- 129th Rose Parade presented by HONDA 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) Rose Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Rose Bowl Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Pac - 12 Conference Games 1902 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Notes No games were held from 1903 to 1915 . The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham , NC , due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Oklahoma Sooners bowl games 1939 Orange Bowl 1947 Gator Bowl 1949 Sugar Bowl 1950 Sugar Bowl 1951 Sugar Bowl 1954 Orange Bowl 1956 Orange Bowl 1958 Orange Bowl 1959 Orange Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1965 Gator Bowl 1968 Orange Bowl 1968 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Sugar Bowl ( January ) 1972 Sugar Bowl ( December ) 1976 Orange Bowl 1976 Fiesta Bowl 1978 Orange Bowl 1979 Orange Bowl 1980 Orange Bowl 1981 Orange Bowl 1981 Sun Bowl 1983 Fiesta Bowl 1985 Orange Bowl 1986 Orange Bowl 1987 Orange Bowl 1988 Orange Bowl 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 1991 Gator Bowl 1993 John Hancock Bowl 1994 Copper Bowl 1999 Independence Bowl 2001 Orange Bowl # 2002 Cotton Bowl Classic 2003 Rose Bowl 2004 Sugar Bowl # 2005 Orange Bowl # 2005 Holiday Bowl 2007 Fiesta Bowl 2008 Fiesta Bowl 2009 BCS National Championship Game # 2009 Sun Bowl 2011 Fiesta Bowl 2011 Insight Bowl 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic 2014 Sugar Bowl 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 2015 Orange Bowl / 2017 Sugar Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Rose_Bowl&oldid=825550425 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff Rose Bowl Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games Oklahoma Sooners football bowl games 2018 in sports in California January 2018 sports events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 01 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's playing in the rose bowl january 1st 2018	[ "\n\n2018 Rose Bowl\n\n\nCollege Football Playoff Semifinal at the 104th Rose Bowl Game\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorgia Bulldogs\nOklahoma Sooners\n\n\n(12–1)\n(12–1)\n\n\nSEC\nBig 12\n\n\n54\n48\n\n\nHead coach: \nKirby Smart\nHead coach: \nLincoln Riley\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n3\n3\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n2\n2\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nOT\n2OT\nTotal\n\n\nGeorgia\n7\n10\n14\n14\n3\n6\n54\n\n\nOklahoma\n14\n17\n0\n14\n3\n0\n48\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 1, 2018\n\n\nSeason\n2017\n\n\nStadium\nRose Bowl\n\n\nLocation\nPasadena, California\n\n\nMVP\n\nOffensive: Sony Michel, RB\nDefense: Roquan Smith, LB\n\n\nFavorite\nGeorgia by 2.5\n\n\nNational anthem\nUnited States Army Chorus\n\n\nReferee\nJeff Heaser (ACC)\n\n\nAttendance\n92,844\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN, ESPN Deportes\n\n\nAnnouncers\nChris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor, and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)\nSteve Levy, Brian Griese and Todd McShay (ESPN Radio)\n\n\n\n\n\nRose Bowl\n\n\n 2017 \n2019 > \n\n\n\n\n2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game\n\n\n 2016 Fiesta\n \n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n2018 Rose Bowl\n\n\nCollege Football Playoff Semifinal at the 104th Rose Bowl Game\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorgia Bulldogs\nOklahoma Sooners\n\n\n(12–1)\n(12–1)\n\n\nSEC\nBig 12\n\n\n54\n48\n\n\nHead coach: \nKirby Smart\nHead coach: \nLincoln Riley\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n3\n3\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n2\n2\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nOT\n2OT\nTotal\n\n\nGeorgia\n7\n10\n14\n14\n3\n6\n54\n\n\nOklahoma\n14\n17\n0\n14\n3\n0\n48\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 1, 2018\n\n\nSeason\n2017\n\n\nStadium\nRose Bowl\n\n\nLocation\nPasadena, California\n\n\nMVP\n\nOffensive: Sony Michel, RB\nDefense: Roquan Smith, LB\n\n\nFavorite\nGeorgia by 2.5\n\n\nNational anthem\nUnited States Army Chorus\n\n\nReferee\nJeff Heaser (ACC)\n\n\nAttendance\n92,844\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN, ESPN Deportes\n\n\nAnnouncers\nChris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor, and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)\nSteve Levy, Brian Griese and Todd McShay (ESPN Radio)\n\n\n\n\n\nRose Bowl\n\n\n 2017 \n2019 > \n\n\n\n\n2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game\n\n\n 2016 Fiesta\n \n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Georgia Bulldogs", "Oklahoma Sooners" ]
5906869128788985489	Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings , which killed at least 129,000 people , remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland . This was preceded by a U.S. conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . The Japanese , facing the same fate , refused to accept the Allies ' demands for unconditional surrender and the Pacific War continued . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese response to this ultimatum was to ignore it . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , the U.S. dropped a uranium gun - type ( Little Boy ) bomb on Hiroshima , and American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan 's surrender , warning it to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Three days later , on August 9 , a plutonium implosion - type ( Fat Man ) bomb was dropped on Nagasaki . Within the first two to four months following the bombings , the acute effects of the atomic bombings had killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . During the following months , large numbers died from the effect of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The justification for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Depiction , public response , and censorship 9 Post-attack casualties 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Debate over bombings 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War by August 1 , 1945 . Japan still had control of all of Manchuria , Korea , Taiwan and Indochina , a large part of China , including most of the main Chinese cities , and much of the Dutch East Indies . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . The Japanese fought fiercely , ensuring that U.S. victory would come at an enormous cost . Of the 1.25 million battle casualties incurred by the United States in World War II , including both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action , nearly one million occurred in the twelve - month period from June 1944 to June 1945 . December 1944 saw American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed . American military leaders used these figures to estimate high casualties among American soldiers in the planned invasion of Japan . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised the Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were under way for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon which was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from USAAF headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the USAAF offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Civilians who took part in the war effort through such activities as building fortifications and manufacturing munitions and other war materials in factories and workshops were considered combatants in a legal sense and therefore liable to be attacked . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were also devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . By July 1945 , the Japanese had stockpiled 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ; 36,400,000 US gal ; 30,300,000 imp gal ) of avgas for the invasion of Japan . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 -- 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 was needed for a bomb instead of tons of un-enriched uranium and a neutron moderator ( e.g. heavy water ) . Working in collaboration with the United Kingdom and Canada , with their respective projects Tube Alloys and Chalk River Laboratories , the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , designed and built the first atomic bombs . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed . Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device ( both types named by Robert Serber ) , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . A test implosion weapon , the gadget , was detonated at Trinity Site , on July 16 , 1945 , near Alamogordo , New Mexico . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the weapon could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released . Kyoto had the advantage of being an important center for military industry , as well an intellectual center and hence a population better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , only two bombs would be available at the start of August , although more were in production , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had dropped more than 63 million leaflets across Japan warning civilians of air raids . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern amongst the Empire of Japan that they ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb , and against a special leaflet warning , in both cases because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation , and the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources give conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton writes that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly that it was July 3 . The USAAF history notes eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima is not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the 1943 Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Stimson and Vannevar Bush represented the United States ; Britain was represented by the head of the British Joint Staff Mission , Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson ; and Canada by Clarence D. Howe . In addition , Harvey Bundy , Sir James Chadwick , Groves , Lord Halifax , George L. Harrison , and Roger Makins were all present at the meeting by invitation . Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The successful Trinity Test of July 16 exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration outlining terms of surrender for Japan . It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the imperial institution ; that Japan not be occupied ; that the Japanese armed forces be disbanded voluntarily ; and that war criminals be prosecuted by Japanese courts . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal back to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . The uranium - 235 projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The target and bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target inserts followed by air on July 30 . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for the Japanese military , but it also had large stockpiles of military supplies . The city was also a communications center , a key port for shipping and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns ; children were shown how to construct and hurl gasoline bombs and the wheelchair - bound and bedridden were assembling booby traps to be planted in the beaches of Kyushu . A new slogan appeared on the walls of Hiroshima : `` FORGET SELF ! ALL OUT FOR YOUR COUNTRY ! '' It was also the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , due to the fact that it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber - made workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks , beginning in 1944 . Firebreaks continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Seizo Yamada 's ground level photo taken approximately 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) northeast of Hiroshima Picture found in Honkawa Elementary School in 2013 of the Hiroshima atom bomb cloud , stated by some books and the Hiroshima Peace Museum as having been taken about 30 minutes after detonation from about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of the hypocenter . However , experience on how quickly such clouds dissipate and comparisons to other photos puts this frame at 2 - 3 minutes after detonation , not 30 minutes . Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . Having been fully briefed under the terms of Operations Order No. 35 , the 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . The Enola Gay ( named after Tibbets ' mother ) was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , served as the photography aircraft . Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . The image with the incorrect description featured prominently in the Hiroshima Peace Museum up to 2016 , though not cited , it had much earlier , also been mis - attributed and presented to the public in 1955 by US artists , with the world - touring The Family of Man exhibition . Without knowledge of the photo the output of energy from the fuel in the city , necessary to loft a stratospheric firestorm - cloud , had been estimated as 1000 times the energy of the bomb . Post March estimates using the height of this Hiroshima - cloud also point at the underlying firestorm releasing approximately 1000 times the energy of the bomb . Twenty minutes after detonation , during the formation of this firestorm , soot filled black rain began to fall on survivors . Scientist Alan Robock suggests that 100 of these firestorm - clouds would create a small `` nuclear winter '' , 1 - 2 C of global cooling . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at 34 ° 23 ′ 41 '' N 132 ° 27 ′ 17 '' E / 34.39468 ° N 132.45462 ° E / 34.39468 ; 132.45462 . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The US surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The greater absorption of thermal energy by dark colors resulted in the clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , being burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns . Survivor is standing as the burn is of very shallow depth ; unlike burns from hot convective material , the heat transfer rate from thermal radiation is low . 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , who was in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He lived into his 80s . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She had been in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been conscripted / mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 km away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters located about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group on the bombing mission . Although it is not identified by them , an AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . By August 8 , the 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . The Japanese government did not react . Emperor Hirohito , the government , and the war council considered four conditions for surrender : the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea , or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped the Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink , at the urging of Ashworth , the plane 's weaponeer , who was in command of the mission . After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yawata , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , they headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth ruled that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 6.4 kg ( 14 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley at 32 ° 46 ′ 25 '' N 129 ° 51 ′ 48 '' E / 32.77372 ° N 129.86325 ° E / 32.77372 ; 129.86325 . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . The explosion generated temperatures inside the fireball estimated at 3,900 ° C ( 7,050 ° F ) and winds that were estimated at over 1,000 km / h ( 620 mph ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Because of the delays in the mission and the inoperative fuel transfer pump , Bockscar did not have sufficient fuel to reach the emergency landing field at Iwo Jima , so Sweeney and Bock flew to Okinawa . Arriving there , Sweeney circled for 20 minutes trying to contact the control tower for landing clearance , finally concluding that his radio was faulty . Critically low on fuel , Bockscar barely made it to the runway on Okinawa 's Yontan Airfield . With enough fuel for only one landing attempt , Sweeney and Albury brought Bockscar in at 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) , firing distress flares to alert the field of the uncleared landing . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as Bockscar began its final approach . Touching the runway hard , the heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . The B - 29 's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off the runway . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion by the time the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground A photograph of Sumiteru Taniguchi 's back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' / conscripted students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from bomb effects . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' On the same day , Marshall endorsed the memo with the comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President . '' Truman had secretly requested this on August 10 . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall . `` The problem now ( August 13 ) is whether or not , assuming the Japanese do not capitulate , to continue dropping them every time one is made and shipped out there or whether to hold them ... and then pour them all on in a reasonably short time . Not all in one day , but over a short period . And that also takes into consideration the target that we are after . In other words , should we not concentrate on targets that will be of the greatest assistance to an invasion rather than industry , morale , psychology , and the like ? Nearer the tactical use rather than other use . '' Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . On that day Hirohito ordered Kōichi Kido to `` quickly control the situation ... because the Soviet Union has declared war against us . '' He then held an Imperial conference during which he authorized minister Shigenori Tōgō to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings : Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Hirohito met with General MacArthur on September 27 , saying to him that `` ( t ) he peace party did not prevail until the bombing of Hiroshima created a situation which could be dramatized '' . Furthermore , the `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' speech he told MacArthur about was just personal , not political , and never stated that the Soviet intervention in Manchuria was the main reason for surrender . In fact , a day after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Hirohito ordered his advisers , primarily Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu , Kawada Mizuho , and Masahiro Yasuoka , to write up a surrender speech . In Hirohito 's speech , days before announcing it on radio on August 15 , he gave three major reasons for surrender : Tokyo 's defenses would not be complete before the American invasion of Japan , Ise Shrine would be lost to the Americans , and atomic weapons deployed by the Americans would lead to the death of the entire Japanese race . Despite the Soviet intervention , Hirohito did not mention the Soviets as the main factor for surrender . Depiction , public response , and censorship Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . During the war , the British embassy in Washington reported that Americans regarded the Japanese as `` a nameless mass of vermin '' ; caricatures depicting Japanese as less than human , e.g. monkeys , were common . A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13 % of the U.S. public were in favor of `` killing off '' all Japanese people . After the Hiroshima bomb detonated successfully , Oppenheimer addressed an assembly at Los Alamos `` clasping his hands together like a prize - winning boxer '' . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . Hahn told the others , `` Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) and the censorship of photographs that showed corpses and maimed survivors . Such `` censorship '' was however the status - quo at the time , with no major news outlets depicting corpses or maimed survivors as a result from other events , US or otherwise . On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs and on August 21 they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the atom bomb was dropped , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 , the day of the formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri . His Morse code dispatch was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , entitled `` The Atomic Plague '' , the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . Burchett 's reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military . The U.S. censors suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News , and accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account of Hiroshima 's radiation sickness published one week earlier . Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the results in early 1946 . The film crew 's work resulted in a three - hour documentary entitled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . The total of 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film shot by McGovern 's cameramen had not been fully aired as of 2009 . According to Greg Mitchell , with the 2004 documentary film Original Child Bomb , a small part of that footage managed to reach part of the American public `` in the unflinching and powerful form its creators intended '' . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were then confiscated by the American authorities . These reels were in turn requested by the Japanese government , declassified , and saved from oblivion . Some black - and - white motion pictures were released and shown for the first time to Japanese and American audiences in the years from 1968 to 1970 . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the human effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , and much of this information was censored until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951 , restoring control to the Japanese . Only the most politically charged and detailed weapons effects information was censored during this period . The Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka for example , in its first issue published March 10 , 1946 , devotes itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Similarly , there was no censorship of the factually written witness accounts , the book Hiroshima written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . The book narrates the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Although most all survivors with burns also had burns compounded by the conventional fires that were lit after the bombing , this footage was primarily made with the survivors being asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the nuclear thermal / flash , to document and convey the relatively unique line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered complete protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture that is also seen particularly around joints , is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . The film also features a small number of completely unburnt survivors who were included in the film to show the recovery made by those whose hair had previously fallen out from the effects of acute radiation syndrome but by the time of filming , they had recovered . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . Dr. James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . Neel also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 km from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University human geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors . Despite the insignificance of birth defects found in Neel 's study and the detailed medical literature , up to 1987 , historians such as Ronald E. Powaski frequently wrote that Hiroshima experienced `` an increase in stillbirths , birth defects , and infant mortality '' following the atomic bomb . As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha See also : Hibakujumoku The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 are still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when Little Boy was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before Fat Man was dropped , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , and was screened at the United Nations . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Citizens of Hiroshima walk by the Hiroshima Peace Memorial , the closest building to have survived the city 's atomic bombing . The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender and the U.S. 's ethical justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades . J. Samuel Walker wrote in an April 2005 overview of recent historiography on the issue , `` the controversy over the use of the bomb seems certain to continue . '' He wrote that `` The fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United States . '' Supporters of the bombings generally assert that they caused the Japanese surrender , preventing casualties on both sides during Operation Downfall . One figure of speech , `` One hundred million ( subjects of the Japanese Empire ) will die for the Emperor and Nation '' , served as a unifying slogan , although that phrase was intended as a figure of speech along the lines of the `` ten thousand years '' phrase . In Truman 's 1955 Memoirs , `` he states that the atomic bomb probably saved half a million U.S. lives -- anticipated casualties in an Allied invasion of Japan planned for November . Stimson subsequently talked of saving one million U.S. casualties , and Churchill of saving one million American and half that number of British lives . '' Scholars have pointed out various alternatives that could have ended the war without an invasion , but these alternatives could have resulted in the deaths of many more Japanese . Supporters also point to an order given by the Japanese War Ministry on August 1 , 1944 , ordering the execution of Allied prisoners of war when the POW camp was in the combat zone . Those who oppose the bombings cite a number of reasons for their view , among them : a belief that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they were militarily unnecessary , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . The bombings were part of an already fierce conventional bombing campaign . This , together with the naval blockade , could also have eventually led to a Japanese surrender . At the time the United States dropped its atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union launched a surprise attack with 1.6 million troops against the Kwantung Army in Manchuria . `` The Soviet entry into the war '' , argued Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa , `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . Another popular view among critics of the bombings , originating with Gar Alperovitz in 1965 and becoming the default position in Japanese school history textbooks , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Condé Nast . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Yuki Tanaka and Marilyn B. Young , `` Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History '' . ( New York : New Press , 2009 ) , 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 - 43 , 76 - 79 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Frankin D ; Churchill , Winston ( August 19 , 1943 ) . `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 - 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : 509th CG ( AFHRA archived ) . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . 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National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲予告ビラ、高山市民が保管市内で展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜新聞社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1999 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Miller 1986 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . 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Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . nuclearfiles.org . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . 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Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism '' ( PDF ) . p. 1994 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Processes : Chapter = 4 '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robock , Alan ; Luke Oman ; Georgiy L. Stenchikov ; Owen B. Toon ; Charles Bardeen & Richard P. Turco ( 2007 ) . `` Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts '' ( PDF ) . Atmos . Chem. Phys. 7 ( 8 ) : 2003 -- 12 . doi : 10.5194 / acp - 7 - 2003 - 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshimacommittee.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 286 -- 87 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( Genbaku Dome ) '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 9 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2011 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ `` Special Exhibit 3 '' . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kato , Toru ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` A Short - Sighted Parrot '' . Geocities.jp . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hiroshima -- 1945 & 2007 '' by Lyle ( Hiroshi ) Saxon , Images Through Glass , Tokyo `` . NEC Biglobe . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima : A Visual Record '' . JapanFocus . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Akiko Takakura '' . Atomic Archive . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knebel & Bailey 1960 , pp. 175 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Manhattan Engineer District . June 29 , 1946 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How Effective Was Navajo Code ? One Former Captive Knows '' . News from Indian Country . August 1997 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` POW 's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . September 19 , 1945 . p. 20 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki marks tragic anniversary '' . People 's Daily . August 10 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 19 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ `` Photos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombing , from a 1946 US report '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Barton J. ( Spring 1991 ) . `` Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons '' . International Security . 15 ( 4 ) : 149 -- 173 . ISSN 0162 - 2889 . JSTOR 2539014 . doi : 10.2307 / 2539014 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Terkel , Studs ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Paul Tibbets Interview '' . Aviation Publishing Group . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Litz 's Interview ( 2012 ) '' . Manhattan Project Voices . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellerstein , Alex ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Third Core 's Revenge '' . Restricted Data . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kido & Yoshitake 1966 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Fujiwara 1991 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 316 -- 319 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Rescript ending war -- What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech '' . translated by William Wetherall . Yosha Research . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emperor Hirohito 's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops '' . Taiwan Document Project . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2007 , pp. 234 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Dower , John ( 2012 ) Ways of Forgetting , Ways of Remembering : Japan in the Modern World . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Weingartner , James J. ( February 1992 ) . `` Trophies of War : U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead , 1941 - 1945 '' . Pacific Historical Review . 61 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 67 . JSTOR 3640788 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Pictorially , Japanese were commonly represented as apes or monkeys , but also as insects , reptiles , and bats . Jump up ^ Bagby 1999 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Feraru 1950 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Monk 2012 , p. 450 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall ( August 6 - 7 , 1945 ) '' ( PDF ) . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . August 7 , 1945 . pp. 1 -- A. Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No abbey service '' . The Guardian . 1945 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hixson 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ White 1995 , pp. 1 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hein & Selden 1997 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata : A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing , ( Japan ) 1945 - 46 '' . Bonhams . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burchett 2004 , pp. 10 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ; Goodman , David ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Mitchell ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Great Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore 1995 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Destructive Effects '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Angell , Roger ( July 31 , 1995 ) . `` Hersey and History '' . The New Yorker . From the Archives . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Richie , Donald ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The pure horror of Hiroshima '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharp 2000 , pp. 434 -- 452 . Jump up ^ Michaub , Jon ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Eighty - Five from the Archive : John Hersey '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ( NHK ) ( 1977 ) . Unforgettable Fire : Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 978 - 0394748238 . Jump up ^ Putnam , Frank W . `` The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect '' . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Radiation Effects Research Foundation Website '' . Rerf.or.jp . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voosen , Paul ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Crisis : Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science '' . E&E News . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Spectator , Volume 35 '' . Saturday Evening Club . 2002 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Johnston 2008 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ McCormack 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krimsky & Shorett 2005 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Data India '' . Press Institute of India . 2008 . p. 697 . Jump up ^ Powaski 1987 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions # 2 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima marks 72nd A-bomb anniversary with eyes on ban treaty '' . The Mainichi . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Relief for A-bomb victims '' . The Japan Times . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief calls for intensified effort on nuclear disarmament '' . Asian News Service . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic bombing of Nagasaki remembered '' . The Japan News . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors '' . Japan Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) . Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michiko Yamada ; Shizue Izumi ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric sequelae in atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki two decades after the explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology . Springer . 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man who survived two atom bombs dies '' . CNN . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gruhl 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Dower , John W. ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` The Bombed '' . In Michael J. Hogan . Hiroshima in History and Memory . Cambridge University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 9780521566827 . Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates . 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One of the few existing original copy of this general order was found by Jack Edwards after the war , in the ruins of the Kinkaseki prisoner of war camp. Edwards & Walter 1991 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Stohl 1979 , p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Gunter , Linda ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Racism of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima Bombings '' . Counter Punch . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historians : Soviet offensive , key to Japan 's WWII surrender , was eclipsed by A-bombs '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr , James J. ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism and The End of the Pacific War '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 34 ( 2 , ) : 521 -- 529 . ISSN 0095 - 6848 . JSTOR 27756604 . References Allen , Louis ( 1969 ) . `` The Nuclear Raids '' . In Hart , Basil Liddell . History of the Second World War . Volume 6 . London : Purnell . pp. 2566 -- 2576 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . 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The Pacific : Matterhorn to Nagasaki . The Army Air Forces in World War II . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . OCLC 256469807 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Dietz , Suzanne Simon ; Van Kirk , Theodore Jerome ( 2012 ) . My true course : Dutch Van Kirk , Northumberland to Hiroshima . Lawrenceville , Georgia : Red Gremlin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 692 - 01676 - 3 . OCLC 797975707 . Drea , Edward J. ( 1992 ) . MacArthur 's ULTRA : Codebreaking and the War Against Japan , 1942 -- 1945 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0504 - 5 . OCLC 23651196 . Edwards , Jack ; Walter , Jimmy ( 1991 ) . Banzai you Bastards . London : Souvenir Press . ISBN 0 - 285 - 63027 - X . OCLC 24908835 . Edwards , Pail N. ( 1996 ) . The Closed World : Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 55028 - 8 . OCLC 807140394 . Feraru , Arthur N. ( May 17 , 1950 ) . `` Public Opinion Polls on Japan '' . Far Eastern Survey . Institute of Pacific Relations . 19 ( 10 ) : 101 -- 103 . ISSN 0362 - 8949 . JSTOR 3023943 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 1950.19. 10.01 p0599l . Fiévé , Nicolas ; Waley , Paul ( 2003 ) . Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective : Place , Power and Memory in Kyoto , Edo and Tokyo . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1409 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall : The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41424 - X . Fujiwara , Akira ( 1991 ) . Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō `` dokuhakuroku '' . Tōkyō : Ōtsuki Shoten . ISBN 4 - 272 - 52022 - 9 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2009 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945 -- 1947 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 316 - 1 . OCLC 643381863 . Glasstone , Samuel ; Dolan , Philip J. , eds. ( 1977 ) . The Effects of Nuclear Weapons . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration . OCLC 4016678 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Goldstein , Donald ; Dillon , Katherine V ; Wenger , J Michael ( 1995 ) . Rain of Ruin : a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Washington , D.C. : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 033 - 0 . OCLC 31969557 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) . Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Groves , Leslie ( 1962 ) . Now it Can be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 306 - 70738 - 1 . OCLC 537684 . Gruhl , Werner ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War II , 1931 -- 1945 . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 . OCLC 76871604 . Grunden , Walter E. ( 1998 ) . `` Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb : Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth '' . Intelligence and National Security . 13 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 60 . ISSN 0268 - 4527 . doi : 10.1080 / 02684529808432475 . Ham , Paul ( 2011 ) . Hiroshima Nagasaki . Sydney : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8845 - 7 . OCLC 746754306 . Harvey , Robert ( 2007 ) . American Shogun : General MacArthur , Emperor Hirohito and the Drama of Modern Japan . Woodstock , New York : The Overlook Press . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 891 - 0 . OCLC 62134797 . Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi ( 2006 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01693 - 4 . Hein , Laura ; Selden , Mark , eds. ( 1997 ) . Living with the Bomb : American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age . New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 967 - 9 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07186 - 7 . OCLC 637004643 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Hixson , Walter L. ( 2002 ) . The American Experience in World War II : The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94035 - 1 . OCLC 59464269 . Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2001 ) . Japan 's War : The Great Pacific Conflict . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1118 - 9 . OCLC 12722494 . Hubbell , Harry ; Cheka , Joseph ; Jones , Throyce ( 1969 ) . The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs . Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values . Hiroshima : Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission . OCLC 404745043 . Ishikawa , Eisei ; Swain , David L. ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02985 - 3 . OCLC 715904227 . Johnston , Barbara Rose ( 2008 ) . The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War : The Rongelap Report . Walnutt Creek : Left Coast Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 346 - 3 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Jowett , Philip S. ; Andrew , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Japanese Army 1931 -- 45 : 2 1942 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 354 - 5 . OCLC 59395824 . Kerr , E. Bartlett ( 1991 ) . Flames Over Tokyo : the US Army Air Forces ' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Donald I. Fine Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 301 - 3 . Kerr , George D. ; Young , Robert W. ; Cullings , Harry M. ; Christy , Robert F. ( 2005 ) . `` Bomb Parameters '' . In Young , Robert W. ; Kerr , George D. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Dosimetry System 2002 ( PDF ) . Hiroshima : The Radiation Effects Research Foundation . OCLC 271477587 . Kido , Kōichi ; Yoshitake , Oka ( 1966 ) . 木戶幸一日記 ( Kido Kōichi Diary ) ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . ISBN 4 - 13 - 030012 - 1 . Knebel , Fletcher ; Bailey , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . No High Ground . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24221 - 6 . Krimsky , Sheldon ; Shorett , Peter ( 2005 ) . Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age : Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights . Lantham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4341 - 2 . Lewis , Robert A. ; Tolzer , Eliot ( August 1957 ) . `` How We Dropped the A-Bomb '' . Popular Science . pp. 71 -- 75 , 209 -- 210 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Lifton , Robert Jay ( 1991 ) . Death in Life : Survivors of Hiroshima . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4344 - X . OCLC 490493399 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . McCormack , Mary ( 2008 ) . `` Radiotherapy and Cancer '' . In Sean Kehoe ; Eric Jauniaux ; Pierre Martin - Hirsch ; Philip Savage . Cancer and Reproductive Health . London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904752 - 61 - 5 . McNelly , Theodore H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . In Jacob Neufeld . Pearl Harbor to V-J Day : World War II in the Pacific . New York : Diane Publishing Co . ISBN 1 - 4379 - 1286 - 9 . Miller , Richard Lee ( 1986 ) . Under the Cloud : The Decades of Nuclear Testing . New York : Two - Sixty Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 921620 - 6 . Monk , Ray ( 2012 ) . Robert Oppenheimer : A Life Inside the Center . New York ; Toronto : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50407 - 2 . Moore , Mike ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Troublesome Imagery '' . Bulletin of Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 54 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 74 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Newman , Robert P. ( 1995 ) . Truman and the Hiroshima Cult . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 403 - 5 . OCLC 32625518 . Powaski , Ronald E. ( 1987 ) . March to Armageddon : The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race , 1939 to the Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536454 - 5 . Preston , Diana ( 2005 ) . Before The Fallout : From Marie Curie to Hiroshima . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1445 - 5 . Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1986 ) . My Life Between Japan And America . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039054 - 9 . OCLC 13114344 . Rotter , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280437 - 5 . Russ , Harlow W. ( 1990 ) . Project Alberta : The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Exceptional Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 ( 2000 ) : 434 -- 452 . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Sodei , Rinjiro ( 1998 ) . Were We the Enemy ? American Survivors of Hiroshima . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2960 - 4 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0141001463 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2011 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 - 1947 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1682471654 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Heinrichs , Waldo ; Gallicchio , Marc ( 2017 ) . Implacable Foes : War in the Pacific , 1944 - 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0190616755 . Hogan , Michael J. ( 1996 ) . Hiroshima in History and Memory . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56206 - 6 . Hornfischer , James D. ( 2017 ) . The Fleet at Flood Tide : America at Total War in the Pacific , 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0345548702 . Kanabun ( 2012 ) . Kyoko ; Tam , Young , eds . A story of a girl who survived an atomic bomb ( 原爆に遭った少女の話 ) . ASIN B00HJ6H2EK . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 1948 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Enola Gay : The Bombing of Hiroshima . New York : Konecky & Konecky . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 597 - 4 . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration An Unrecognized Loss -- Message From Hiroshima ( film ) Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the us drop the atomic bomb on hiroshima	[ "\nSpecial Mission 13, Primary target Hiroshima, August 6, 1945[126][127]\n\nAircraft\nPilot\nCall Sign\nMission role\n\n\nStraight Flush\nMajor Claude R. Eatherly\nDimples 85\nWeather reconnaissance (Hiroshima)\n\n\nJabit III\nMajor John A. Wilson\nDimples 71\nWeather reconnaissance (Kokura)\n\n\nFull House\nMajor Ralph R. Taylor\nDimples 83\nWeather reconnaissance (Nagasaki)\n\n\nEnola Gay\nColonel Paul W. Tibbets\nDimples 82\nWeapon delivery\n\n\nThe Great Artiste\nMajor Charles W. Sweeney\nDimples 89\nBlast measurement instrumentation\n\n\nNecessary Evil\nCaptain. George W. Marquardt\nDimples 91\nStrike observation and photography\n\n\nTop Secret\nCaptain Charles F. McKnight\nDimples 72\nStrike spare—did not complete mission\n\n" ]	[ "August 6, 1945" ]
-5385705737394837024	Mackenzie Browning	Mackenzie Browning - Wikipedia Mackenzie Browning Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mackenzie Browning The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Ashley Bashioum ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2004 -- 05 ) Kelly Kruger ( 2002 -- 03 , 2018 -- ) Rachel Kimsey ( 2005 -- 06 ) Clementine Ford ( 2009 -- 10 ) Duration 1999 -- 2006 2009 -- 10 2018 First appearance March 18 , 1999 Created by Kay Alden Introduced by William J. Bell and Edward J. Scott ( 1999 ) William J. Bell , John F. Smith and David Shaughnessy ( 2004 ) Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch ( 2009 ) Mal Young ( 2018 ) Classification Present ; guest Profile Other names Mackenzie Hellstrom Mackenzie Abbott Occupation Businesswoman Restaurant owner Home Washington D.C. Clementine Ford as Mackenzie Browning ( show ) Family Family Chancellor Father Brock Reynolds Mother Amanda Browning Husband Billy Abbott ( 2003 ) J.T. Hellstrom ( 2010 -- ) Children Dylan Hellstrom Becca Hellstrom Stepsons Reed Hellstrom Grandfathers Gary Reynolds Grandmothers Katherine Chancellor Uncles Tucker McCall First cousins Devon Hamilton Mackenzie Browning is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . The role is presently portrayed by Kelly Kruger , who portrayed the role from February 19 , 2002 , to July 1 , 2003 ; she returned to the role on March 28 , 2018 . Previously , the role was portrayed by Ashley Bashioum , Rachel Kimsey and Clementine Ford . Mackenzie is the daughter of Brock Reynolds and granddaughter of Katherine Chancellor . Much of her history revolves around her role in the teen scene of the series , her romance with Billy Abbott , and marriage to J.T. Hellstrom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Storylines 2.1 1999 -- 2006 2.2 2009 -- 10 2.3 2017 - 3 References Casting ( edit ) The first actress to portray the character was Ashley Bashioum , who debuted on March 18 , 1999 . In 2001 , while battling mononucleosis , the actress was temporarily replaced by Nicole Tarantini . The following year , it was announced that Bashioum would be leaving the role after she was unable to reach an agreement with the producers over the negotiation of her contract . The role was immediately recast with Kelly Kruger , who took over on February 19 , 2002 . In 2003 , Kruger was one of three actors let go from the soap opera , with her last airdate on July 1 , 2003 . In 2004 , Bashioum was asked to reprise the role and returned on April 2 . However , after an additional year as the character , Bashioum was let go and another immediate recast was named , Rachel Kimsey . Former co-executive producer John F. Smith issued a statement explaining Bashioum 's exit , saying they decided to `` move the story in a different direction '' and `` Ashley 's school schedule made it difficult '' . Her final airdate was March 10 , 2005 , with Kimsey taking over on March 28 . Viewers were reportedly shocked at Bashioum 's exit and against another recast , also citing that Kimsey would have been a better recast for Victoria Newman . In March 2006 , it was announced that Kimsey had been let go and there were no plans for another recast . She made her last appearance on April 7 , 2006 . In March 2009 , it was announced that former The L Word star Clementine Ford had been cast as the fourth actress to portray the character . She stated that she knew co-star Greg Rikaart , who portrays Kevin Fisher , and had a `` sneaking suspicion '' that he had `` something to do '' with her being cast in the role . She made her debut on April 1 , 2009 . In September 2010 , it was announced that Ford , along with Thad Luckinbill , would be leaving The Young and the Restless . Their final airdate was November 5 , 2010 . In February 2018 , it was reported that Kruger would be returning to commemorate with the show 's 45th anniversary . Kruger returned on March 28 , 2018 . Storylines ( edit ) 1999 -- 2006 ( edit ) Mackenzie , known as Mac runs away from home in St. Louis and finds herself in the local homeless shelter where she befriends Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) . Mac shows Katherine a letter from her mother , Amanda which reveals that Mac 's father is actually Katherine 's son , Brock Reynolds ( Beau Kazer ) . Mac , Kay and their friend Birdie move into the Chancellor Estate together much to the dismay of co-owner , Jill Abbott ( Jess Walton ) . Jill 's son , Billy ( David Tom ) returns and causes trouble when he throws a wild party to get back at Jill for grounding him . Mac ends up getting arrested when Jill accuses her of stealing ; fortunately , Billy and attorney John Silva help get the charges dropped . Kay fails to find Brock in India and later receives a call that he is dead . A devastated Mac disappears forcing Billy and their friend Raul ( David Lago ) to search for her . Mac wanders into the local coffee house , Crimson Lights and is taken in by Nina McNeil ( Tricia Cast ) . Mackenzie returns to the estate to pack her things when she is finally introduced to Brock , who is very much alive . Mac and Raul grow closer while Billy watches in jealousy . During J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) 's party , Billy collapses from alcohol poisoning and Raul saves his life . Though Billy and Mackenzie are at odds , she stays at his bedside and prays for his recovery . Billy and Mac are later voted prom king and queen when she beats out Brittany Hodges ( Lauren Woodland ) for the vote . The two finally admit how much they care for one another much to Jill 's dismay . As Jill threatens to find Amanda to send Mackenzie back home , the two start seeing each other in secret and Billy gives Mac an opal ring as a symbol of their love . When Billy , Brittany and Raul are chosen to represent Glo by Jabot Kids , Mac helps Phyllis Summers with running the website . Brittany finds out about Billy and Mac 's romance and arranges for Mac to walk in on her and Billy `` making love '' when she drugs him and fakes it . Billy tries to explain himself to a heartbroken Mac and it is J.T. who reveals that Mac and Billy have been seeing one another and that Brittany set her up . Billy and Brittany reconciled while Raul broke up with Mac for Rianna Miner ( Alexis Thorpe ) . Mac and Billy are drawn together , and with help from his older brother , Jack ( Peter Bergman ) , they soon begin dating with Jill 's blessing when she learned of Brittany 's schemes . Afraid that Mac 's mother , Amanda , would show up in Genoa City and take Mackenzie back , Katherine petitioned and was awarded legal custody of Mac . That eased Mac 's fears of discovery , and she agreed to join the on - screen Glo by Jabot Kids . When Amanda did show up , Mac rebuffed her and sent her away . But Amanda had divorced and run away from her husband , Ralph , too , and was living at the same homeless shelter where Mac and her father were volunteers . With Billy 's help , Mac and her mother accepted each other in their lives again . Things went fine for Billy and Mackenzie for several months . He helped her admit that she ran away from St. Louis because her stepfather , Ralph , had molested her , and her mother would n't believe it . Senior year began , and a holiday series on the Glo by Jabot website added J.T. and Mac to the Glow Kids . The scene changed to Jabot where a boutique opened , which was run by the kids . Phyllis had taken a job with Brash & Sassy , so a new Webmaster , Sean Bridges , was hired . Mac was in her senior year of high school , and was sending out college applications . After the holidays , Billy realized that he was ready for more from his relationship with Mackenzie . When he shared his feelings with her , he tried to avoid pressuring her , but could n't accept her insistence that she was not ready and should wait . As a result , the two of them broke up . They got over the trauma and became friends . Then Mac 's stepfather , Ralph , showed up in Genoa City and began stalking her . He coerced Mac 's mom , Amanda , into helping him steal from the Chancellor Estate . Amanda let him into the mansion while all were at the prom , but Mac returned home unexpectedly and , much to her horror , was met by Ralph . Billy arrived on the scene as Ralph was about to molest Mac again , confronted him , and whacked Ralph over the head with a fireplace poker . Thinking he had killed Ralph , Billy took Mac to hide out in their special place , the old Abbott playhouse . Thinking they were doomed , Billy and Mac realized they still loved each other . Ralph kidnapped Kay after she returned from chaperoning at the prom , and tied her up in a motel room . Ralph , disguised as a cop , talked Raul into telling him places where he might find Mac and Billy . Meanwhile , Larry Warton found and rescued Kay . Ralph showed up at the playhouse , too late , but found the kids at a campsite where Raul and Billy used to play as kids . Ralph knocked out Billy by whacking him over the head with a rock and grabbed Mac , but our hero , Larry , showed up in time to rescue her . Larry and Ralph fought , and just before the police arrived , both ended up going over a cliff to the lakeshore below . The next morning Ralph came to and tried to kill an unconscious Larry with a rock . Scared away by the arrival of the police , Ralph disappeared into the bushes . Larry recovered with minor injuries and major thanks from Billy 's mother , Jill , for saving her son 's life . Because Jill had video evidence that Amanda had stolen her jewels , and after Amanda nearly got both her own daughter and Jill 's son killed , Amanda agreed to leave town if Jill would drop the charges . After all he went through that summer , Billy decided he needed to do more with his life than go to college , so he left for Louisiana to help Mac 's father , Brock , build houses for the poor . He and his mother , Jill , shared a tearful parting , although Jill felt he was making a mistake . Mac and Billy parted tearfully , as well , declaring their love and promising each other that it was not the end of them . Mac left Genoa City that fall to attend Northwestern University . Both Billy and Mac returned to Genoa City for Christmas , and decided to attend GCU where they share a loft apartment with Raul and Brittany . By spring , Billy had proposed and Mac and Billy were to be married , with Raul Gutierrez as best man and Colleen Carlton as maid of honor . But with the reveal that Billy 's mother , Jill 's , actual birth mother was Katherine Chancellor , their lives were shattered when they realized they were cousins . Mac and Billy both left town on their own , devastated by the news . Mac returned to Genoa City after spending time in the Southwestern U.S. helping out teaching kindergarten and preschool children on an Indian reservation . Her grandmother , Katherine , who had fallen off the wagon , was thrilled to see her . Mac found it difficult to live in the same house as a drunken Katherine and Jill , who hated her , so she moved back into the loft apartment with J.T. , Brittany , and Raul . Kay had since become sober again , Victor Newman , as part of his community service sentence for commercial bribery , was restoring an old building into a recreation center in a seedy part of town . He hired Mac as his supervisor on the project . 20 - year - old Mac began to get close with Daniel Romalotti , who had a similar parentless background . But J.T. was only too glad to spill Daniel 's secret that he was only 16 to Mac , and Mac called it quits . Mac began dating J.T. , and Raul moved out of the loft to attend Pemberton University in Boston. ? Mac convinced J.T. that he really loved Brittany , but he was n't able to tell her before Brittany married Bobby Marcino , so he reverted to his playboy past . Mac was able to get Kevin Fisher to open up to her , and convinced him to go to a psychiatrist . Kevin appeared to be learning how to deal with his past and handled it well when he realized that Mac was not interested in him as more than a friend . J.T. had been assisting Paul Williams with his detective work on various cases while attending Genoa City University . Meanwhile , Mac and J.T. got closer , and she finally lost her virginity to him . But in an intricate plot to keep the mob away from Brittany and her unborn baby , they set it up to look like J.T. was the father , and Bobby and Brittany staged a split . For her safety , Mac was n't included in the plot , and this `` revelation '' broke her heart . Nikki started nosing around and uncovered the plot , and ended up getting kidnapped by Vinny 's goon , Luca . Paul , Victor , and Bobby rescued Nikki , while J.T. took a distraught Brittany to the Newman Ranch . Luckily , Mac showed up as Brittany went into labor , and Mac delivered the two - month premature baby , Joshua . Vinny , Angelo , and his goon ended up in jail , Brittany and the baby in the hospital , and Bobby turned over his evidence on the mob and went into the witness protection program , leaving Brittany and Joshua behind . J.T. confessed to Mac it was all a hoax , that he really loved Mac , but she was reluctant to trust him again . Katherine Chancellor convinced J.T. , Brittany , and her baby to come live at the Chancellor Estate with Mac , as it would be the most secure for all of them . Months went by , and finally Brittany shared a short visit with the heavily guarded Bobby . Not long afterward , she received word that a hit - and - run driver had killed Bobby . Brittany was devastated , and she and Joshua ending up moving to New York City with her parents . Mac and J.T. moved into the loft apartment with roommates Kevin and Scott Grainger . Kevin became close friends with Mackenzie again , and they decided to go into business together . They convinced Nick and Sharon to sell Crimson Lights , and began running it together . About the time Colleen returned to Genoa City intent on making Mac jealous , Mac discovered that she was pregnant with J.T. 's baby . She could n't bring herself to tell him , but she told her grandmother Kay and Kevin . It was n't until she miscarried that J.T. found out and was livid that she had n't told him , yet confided in Kevin instead , so J.T. had a one - night stand with Victoria Newman . Mac and J.T. broke up , and Mac moved out of the loft and back into the Chancellor Estate . She was getting closer with Kevin , then suddenly returned to the Indian reservation . Mac later returned to tell Kevin she was going to go to New Orleans to work with her father , Brock , and signed a power of attorney turning the coffee house over to Kevin . When Mac did not show up for her grandmother Katherine 's funeral , Brock said she was ill and living in Darfur in the Sudan , Africa , following in his footsteps of helping out the needy . 2009 -- 10 ( edit ) In April 2009 , after Brock let her know that Katherine was alive , Mac showed up at the Chancellor mansion just in time for Billy 's marriage to Chloe . Meanwhile , in the next room , the results of Brock 's blood test proved that he was Kay 's son , and that Jill was not Katherine 's daughter after all , which meant that Billy and Mac were not related either . Their reactions to the news made it quite obvious that both have never gotten over each other . After some persuasion by Murphy that Kay needed her , Mac decided to stay in Genoa City , which made Chloe concerned for her marriage . Mac 's old friend Kevin was committed for his own good after his arrest for bank robbery . Kevin became near - catatonic and delusional in a padded cell , and was OK with Mackenzie and Michael 's visits . Mac 's eighty - year - old grandmother , Katherine , married Patrick `` Murph '' Murphy in the Chancellor garden in a service officiated by her son Brock . Nikki was matron of honor , Victor best man ( because Kevin was still locked up ) , Amber and Mac were bridesmaids . Ana sang `` Let Met Call you Sweetheart '' , and the catering was by Joe 's Diner , complete with chicken nuggets . Amber designed Kay 's white lace suit dress , and Nikki caught the bouquet . Michael got Kevin out on bail just in time to attend . Billy and Mac danced and shared how this wedding reminded them of their own long ago . Mac resisted Billy 's advances , and when he grabbed and kissed her , she slapped him . Chloe saw it , kissed his smarting cheek , and took him home . Billy was upset when Cane bought his favorite escape , Jimmy 's Bar , but was elated when he hired Mac as a waitress , and began spending even more time there , avoiding Chloe . Billy keeps lamenting about their missed opportunity for happiness , and Mac keeps reminding him they have both moved on . On Memorial Day 2009 , Kay and Murphy threw a bar - b-q around the Chancellor pool with Esther , Billy , Chloe & Delia , Mac , Amber , Nina , and Jack in attendance . Later Sharon , Neil & Tyra , Kevin & Jana arrived . Raul Guittierez surprised everyone when he walked in . After reuniting with Billy and being introduced to Kay 's new husband Murphy , Billy 's new wife Chloe and their baby , Mac walked in and they embraced and passionately kissed . Mac had earlier revealed that there was someone she worked with in Darfur , Africa , and their year - long relationship was `` serious , but did n't work out '' - and it turned out to be Raul . After Billy reluctantly gave them his blessing , Raul asked Mac to marry him and return to Washington DC with him , and she said yes . But the more time Mac spent with Billy , the more she doubted her future with Raul . Chloe saw this coming and got Raul to return from DC , but it was only for Mac to tell him she was sorry , but the engagement was off . Billy and Mac were about to make love when Chloe interrupted with the news that the paternity test on Sharon 's baby was about to come back . Mac did not take the news well that Billy might be the father of his brother 's wife 's child , and left . But Mac realized this happened when they were not together , and after seeing Billy talking to God about saving Summer for him despite all his sins , she decided he was still the man she loved . Sharon got the paternity test results back and was ecstatic that she and Nick are expecting the daughter Faith that Cassie predicted on her death bed and in Nick 's dream . But after seeing Nick so distraught over his daughter Summer being in a coma , she realized that he needed to be there for Summer and Phyllis , and not run off with her like he did over Cassie , so she told everyone her baby was Jack 's . Billy and Mac faked being mad at each other at Kay 's 4th of July party , both made excuses and met at the Athletic Club to finally make love after all those years apart , but were interrupted by a phone call that Kay had another mini-stroke and was rushed to the hospital by ambulance . Cane sold Jimmy 's Bar to Mackenzie when he decided to leave town . But when Mac heard that Lily was in the hospital with ovarian cancer , and about to undergo surgery , she tracked down Cane , persuaded him not to leave town , and stashed him in Murphy 's trailer home that Billy had just bought as a rendezvous for them . Every time Mac and Billy met there , they had some intimate moments and memories , but always seemed to get interrupted by something , but have finally make love after a six - year wait . Victor called a press conference and named Mary Jane Benson as the person who hurt his grand daughter , so the entire city was looking for her . Mary Jane was discovered by Mac in an alley , and she befriended her thinking she was just a homeless person , giving her food , blankets and a place to stay in the back room at her bar . Meanwhile , Jack and Paul banded together to find her themselves . After Victor asked for JT 's resignation , Paul talked JT into joining him in a new detective partnership , and he became involved in the Mary Jane Benson investigation . JT discovered through Mac that she had been hiding out at her bar , stolen from her and disappeared , leaving a note that claimed Victor knew all about Mary Jane . After Mac admitted to Chloe that she and Billy were now together , Chloe got a divorce started , and Chance felt free to date Chloe . But when they met to sign the divorce papers , Billy started remembering the good times in the past , and backed out making excuses . So Chloe decided to use Chance to make Billy jealous and stay with her and Delia . Billy went back and signed the next day , but Chloe never did and they remained legally married , though separated . But after Chance was stabbed trying to stop a robber , Chloe realized how much she really cared and signed the divorce papers . Mac wanted to help Lily and Cane by being a surrogate mother for them , but Billy refused to let her do it . Billy was not happy when Mackenzie volunteered and began looking into the legal ramifications with Michael Baldwin . Mac got a physical , and told Cane she was ready no matter what Billy does not want her to do . Mac and Billy broke up , and Mac became pregnant with Cane and Lily 's child , which turned out to be twins . Billy 's life was spiraling downward again into drunkenness as he watched Chance take his place with Chloe and his daughter Delia , and after losing the love of his life , Mac . Then an end - of - 2009 visit from his dead father John , showing him what the future would be like with Billy dead if he kept this up , began to turn Billy around . He cleaned up the magazine 's reputation and mended fences with Jack and Mac , although Mac is still wary of him . But when it was time for Cane to be deported , she broke down and told Cane the truth , so of course he escaped . But just as he was apprehended , Michael saved the day with the news that he had arranged for Cane to stay legally because of Lily 's condition . A sonogram confirmed that the twins Mac was carrying were boy and girl . Olivia approached Lily with an experimental procedure using stem cells from the babies ' placentas that could save her life , but both Lily and Mac turned it down fearing it may harm the babies . Instead Lily left for Europe with Olivia to try an experimental procedure , without Cane who would not be allowed back in if he left the country . Cane then decided to sue Mac for the right to take the placenta fluid against their wishes . More and more , JT was left alone at home caring for Reed while Mackenzie grew larger pregnant with Cane and Lily 's twins , and she would often come by to help and they grew close again . Meanwhile , Victoria was enjoying an affair with Billy Abbott . Victoria 's appeal for custody of Reed was lost because Tucker reported to the court that Victor kept J.T. from arriving in time . To top it off her divorce decree arrived later , so to get away and forget their problems , Victoria and Billy took the next plane to Kingston , Jamaica , with no luggage or plans . They joined a Jamaican wedding party on the beach where rum and Billy 's teasing and charm made him the life of the party . He made her laugh and smile again telling everyone about their love / hate relationship . Deliriously drunk , they got married too . Meanwhile , Mac , J.T. , and Reed went for a drive in his GTO and ended up at a drive in movie watching The Three Stooges and eating nachos . They began to realize they had more in common now than ever , and the old spark was still there . As JT said , `` The stuff you never see coming , is exactly what you want . '' J.T. confessed to Mac that Tucker wanted a favor for helping him get custody of Reed . He needed information from Victoria 's files on a deal that Victor made years ago with Mitsukoshi department stores which caused his legal problems with them to go away . Tucker was hoping this information would seal the deal for him to get Beauty of Nature away from Newman to merge it with his company , Jabot . After Billy caught J.T. typing on Victoria 's laptop , and having secretive meetings with Tucker , he rehired Jill and assigned her to investigate what was going on between Tucker and the Newmans . Rafe invited his friends to a party at Jimmie 's Bar to celebrate the opening of his private law practice . On his arm was his new boyfriend , Tyler . Billy and Victoria attended but kept their distance . Abby had been trying to coerce Billy into funding and publicizing her television reality show `` The Naked Heiress '' , but because he refused she congratulated them on their marriage and played their Jamaican wedding video on her phone when no one believed her . J.T. and Mac , who have since reunited as a couple , were appalled . On September 8 , 2010 , the day Billy married Victoria , Mac made it clear to J.T. that she does n't approve nor like his constant bashing of Victoria in front of Reed . In September , Mac and J.T. discover that she is pregnant with their second child , the first ending in a miscarriage . In October , J.T. proposed to Mac , but she said no . That night a powerful storm / tornado hits the GC area . J.T. is found unconsciousness by Lily and Cane . However , after almost losing him due to this incident , and the realization of how her life would be without J.T. to love in it , she finally accepts his proposal . On November 5 , J.T and Mac got married with Katherine 's help . After Mackenzie receives a job offer , she and JT move to Washington , D.C. , taking Victoria 's son Reed . Victoria is devastated . On June 21 , 2011 , Mackenzie gives birth to a son , Dylan . 2017 - ( edit ) JT returned to Genoa City and it is revealed that he and Mac are getting divorced and she is suing for full custody of their children References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sally Sussman ( Head writer ) ; Owen Renfroe ( Director ) ; Rebecca Taylor McCarty ( Script writer ) ( January 4 , 2017 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 44 . Episode 11080 . CBS . Jump up ^ Mal Young ( Executive producer ) ; Mal Young ( Head writer ) ( December 13 , 2017 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 45 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless show guide : Mackenzie Browning character bio '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Browning - Site sur Les Feux de l'Amour '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless recap ( March 18 , 1999 ) - Soapcentral.com Jump up ^ `` Nicole Tarantini '' . imdb.com . IMDb . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2002 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Bashioum out as Mackenzie '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2002 - 01 - 18 ) . `` New Mackenzie named '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 2003 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Y&R trims cast of three contract roles '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless recap ( July 1 , 2003 ) - Soapcentral.com Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2004 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Bashioum to reprise role of Y&R 's Mac '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 2005 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Bashioum out as Y&R recasts Mackenzie '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 2006 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Kimsey Booted as Y&R 's Mackenzie '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless recap ( May 17 , 2006 ) - Soapcentral.com ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Former L Word star is cast as Y&R 's new Mackenzie '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Exclusive : Young L Word star is feeling Restless '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) . `` New `` Mac '' cast on `` Y&R '' ! `` . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Elizabeth ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Clementine Ford on being gay and being Mac '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Clementine Ford out at Y&R '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Clementine Ford to exit Y&R when Thad Luckinbill exits ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` More Alums Back To Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Stitch Rayburn Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters ( hide ) Past characters Kyle Abbott Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family reference : http://theyoungandtherestless.wetpaint.com/page/Mackenzie+Browning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackenzie_Browning&oldid=835691432 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional domestic abuse victims Fictional homeless people Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 05 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was mack on the young and the restless	[ "Mackenzie Browning is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. The role is presently portrayed by Kelly Kruger, who portrayed the role from February 19, 2002, to July 1, 2003; she returned to the role on March 28, 2018. Previously, the role was portrayed by Ashley Bashioum, Rachel Kimsey and Clementine Ford.", "Mackenzie Browning is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. The role is presently portrayed by Kelly Kruger, who portrayed the role from February 19, 2002, to July 1, 2003; she returned to the role on March 28, 2018. Previously, the role was portrayed by Ashley Bashioum, Rachel Kimsey and Clementine Ford.", "Mackenzie Browning is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. The role is presently portrayed by Kelly Kruger, who portrayed the role from February 19, 2002, to July 1, 2003; she returned to the role on March 28, 2018. Previously, the role was portrayed by Ashley Bashioum, Rachel Kimsey and Clementine Ford.", "Mackenzie Browning is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. The role is presently portrayed by Kelly Kruger, who portrayed the role from February 19, 2002, to July 1, 2003; she returned to the role on March 28, 2018. Previously, the role was portrayed by Ashley Bashioum, Rachel Kimsey and Clementine Ford." ]	[ "Ashley Bashioum", "Rachel Kimsey", "Clementine Ford", "Mackenzie Browning" ]
4728745745779987213	Leader of Opposition (Uganda)	Leader of Opposition ( Uganda ) - wikipedia Leader of Opposition ( Uganda ) Leader of Opposition Incumbent Winnie Kiiza since May 2016 Website www.winniekiiza.com The Leader of Opposition ( LOP ) in Uganda is the title bestowed upon the elected leader of the largest political party not within the ruling government . The Leader of Opposition appoints and heads an alternative Shadow Cabinet whose duty is to challenge and influence government legislation on the floor of Parliament The current Leader of Opposition and first Ugandan female to hold the position is Hon . Winnie Kiiza of the Forum for Democratic Change . The Opposition in Uganda is made up of members from Forum for Democratic Change , Democratic Party , Uganda People 's Congress , Congress Party and JEEMA . Contents 1 History of the Opposition in the Parliament of Uganda 1.1 Pre-Independence 1.2 Post-Independence 1.3 The Fall and Rise of Obote 1.4 Second Fall of Obote . Rise of NRM 1.5 Return to Multiparty System 2 References History of the Opposition in the Parliament of Uganda ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) After Uganda had been colonised in 1894 as a British Protectorate , the British rulers introduced the Legislative Council ( Legco ) in 1921 , whose overall mission was to enact appropriate laws for the Protectorate . However it was not until 1945 that the first 3 indigenous Ugandans were allowed to sit in the Legco . When the struggle for independence intensified in the early 1950s , an opposition side in the Legco began to emerge . The year 1958 saw two important milestones emerge in Uganda 's political history . That is when the first direct elections to the Legco were held and the position of `` Leader of Opposition '' formally created in the same institution . The first Leader of Opposition was Barbara Saben , a Briton who doubled as Mayor of Kampala Municipality at the time . Between 1958 - 1960 , she was deputised by Apollo Milton Obote , who had been elected on the Uganda National Congress ( UNC ) ticket by the then Lango District Council as its representative to the Legco . The major concerns of the opposition during those years were preparing the country for independence , including putting in place an appropriate national constitution . In March 1960 , Obote became the first president of the Uganda People 's Congress ( UPC ) which was born from the merger of the Uganda National Congress ( UNC ) and the Uganda People 's Union ( UPU ) which had been established in 1959 by some members of the Legco . This event further strengthened Obote 's position in national politics . So , after the April 1961 elections which enabled the Legco to be transformed into the `` National Assembly '' and the Democratic Party ( DP ) to get into power , Obote became the first Ugandan Leader of Opposition . On 1 March 1962 , Ben Kiwanuka , the DP leader became the first Prime Minister of Uganda . Unfortunately , two months later , the DP lost power in the April 1962 elections which Obote 's UPC won with the assistance of Kabaka Yekka ( KY ) Party in Buganda . In May 1962 , Obote became the second Prime Minister and the National Assembly was converted into a Parliament . Subsequently , Milton Obote became the first executive President of Uganda from 1966 until 1971 . Post-independence ( edit ) During the first four years since independence ( 1962 - 1966 ) , DP was the only party on the opposition benches in Parliament and it was not only fighting against the injustices of the UPC - KY coalition government but also fighting for its own survival . The Leader of Opposition was Basil K. Bataringaya , the then Secretary General of DP , hailing from Western Uganda in what was then known as Bushenyi District . But after the abrogation of the 1962 Constitution in Parliament and the death of the UPC - KY alliance in May 1964 , Bataringaya crossed over to UPC with a number of his fellow DP Members of Parliament , leaving the Opposition side heavily depleted . Between 1964 and 1971 , the Leader of Opposition was Alex Latim from Gulu who replaced Bataringaya as the DP Secretary General . During the following years , Latim together with his fellow DP colleagues and some of the KY and UPC members who had crossed to the Opposition side continued to fight bravely for the survival of the Opposition . Among other things , the Opposition put up a spirited fight against the harsh detention laws which had been imposed on the country , emerging corruption in the Obote regime and development towards one party rule . The fall and rise of Obote ( edit ) Later Parliament remained under lock for 8 years after General Idi Amin had grabbed power in January 1971 . The Amin regime preferred to rule through decrees and regular military announcements . As a result , most of the UPC and DP politicians went underground or kept a very low profile , while others fled into exile . Obote himself fled to Tanzania . Following the overthrow of the Amin regime in April 1979 by Tanzanian troops and some Ugandan exiles , Parliament was restored under the name ' National Consultative Council ( NCC ) ' whose responsibilities not only included enacting new laws for the country , but also supervising the executive systematically in order to prevent the reappearance of dictatorial rule . The NCC however did not divide itself into `` Government '' and `` Opposition '' sides . Instead it operated as a multi-party umbrella organisation under Uganda National Liberation Front ( UNLF ) which sought to reach consensus on each issue on non-ideological and non-party basis . The first post-independence elections were held in December 1980 during which Obote and his UPC was voted into power . But the elections were hotly disputed although Dr. Paul Kawanga Ssemogerere , the new DP Leader and his fellow DP MPs reluctantly accepted to it in the Opposition benches . Dr. Ssemogerere thus became Uganda 's fifth Leader of Opposition . The Opposition vociferously condemned the escalation of Uganda 's external debt , general insecurity and violation of basic human rights of ordinary Ugandans . They were also alleged to be sympathetic to the guerrilla activities which were started especially in the Luweero Triangle by the National Resistance Movement ( NRM ) led by Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ( the current President ) , Uganda Freedom Movement ( UFM ) led by Andrew Kayira and Uganda Freedom Fighters ( UFF ) led by Robert Serumaga . Second fall of Obote . Rise of NRM ( edit ) Again in July 1985 , Milton Obote and his second UPC government were overthrown in a military coup led by General Tito Okello Lutwa who also closed Parliament . But it was re-opened in February 1986 under a new name , `` National Resistance Council ( NRC ) '' , a month after the NRM had grabbed power . As was the case in the NCC in 1979 - 1980 , there was no official Opposition in the NRC . The NRC was originally the supreme policy organ of the NRM during the bush war of 1981 to 1986 . it is the same group that constituted itself into a Parliament , maintaining the name NRC After the 1996 Presidential and Parliamentary elections , the NRC was renamed Parliament but up to 2006 , the said Parliament and the whole of Uganda operated under a disguised one - party system called the `` Movement System '' later defined in the High Court as a one - party system . So there was also no Opposition side in Parliament from June 1996 to May 2006 . Return to multiparty system ( edit ) What acted as opposition were associations such as the Young Parliamentary Group and the Parliamentary Forum ( PAFO ) . faced with both national and international pressures , President Museveni was forced to open up the political space . A referendum was held in July 2005 and the majority voters preferred a return to multiparty politics . The 2006 elections were thus the first multiparty elections , 20 years after the NRA / M takeover . In this election , the Forum for Democratic Change ( FDC ) became the main opposition party . Subsequently , Prof. Morris Ogenga Latigo from Acholi became the sixth Leader of Opposition in the 8th Parliament . Coming in as MP for Agago County , Prof. Latigo led the Opposition in the House at a time when politicians in Uganda were still suffering a strong hangover of the Movement System in which members operated on individual merit . Transforming from that system into the loyalty and discipline that multiparty - ism demands was difficult and it counts for some of the many challenges that Latigo 's leadership faced in the 8th Parliament . Prof. Latigo did not make it to the 9th Parliament after a hotly contested election campaign exercise that saw the military take charge of some parts of the election process leaving him and his supporters crying foul . After the February 2011 Presidential and Parliamentary elections , Nathan Nandala Mafabi became the seventh Leader of Opposition , six years after the return of multiparty politics under Museveni 's regime . Hon . Mafabi was challenged with leading a minority opposition against a large number of the ruling NRM Members . In the two years of his tenure however , Hon . Mafabi saw through immense successes especially in legislative product among which were the two hotly contested Bills , i.e. the Public Order Management Bill and the Anti-Money Laundering Bill . Hon . Mafabi was however not able to complete a full five - year term in office . The mandatory review that came after two and a half years saw him leave office amidst high tensions largely played in the media . The media tensions resulted from the FDC Party Presidential race which was hotly contested by Hon . Nandala Mafabi , the Leader of Opposition and ( Rtrd ) Major General Mugisha Muntu was declared winner of the race . Mafabi challenged the results through the party structures and the dispute became a hot media issue leading to a difficult era of the leadership in the party . As the midterm review of the leadership in Parliament , the FDC Party President , Gen. Mugisha Muntu replaced Hon . Mafabi with Hon . Philip Wafula Oguttu , the MP for Bukoli Central to serve in the remaining period of the term . # Name Portrait Political Party Tenure Barbara Saben Apollo Milton Obote Uganda People 's Congress April 1961 - April 1962 Basil K. Bataringaya Democratic Party 1962 - 1964 Alex Latim Democratic Party 1964 - 1971 - - - - Paul K. Ssemogerere Democratic Party December 1980 - July 1985 - - - - 6 Morris Ogenga Latigo Forum for Democratic Change 2006 - 2010 7 Nathan Nandala Mafabi Forum for Democratic Change 2011 - 2013 8 Philip Wafula Oguttu Forum for Democratic Change 2013 - 2015 9 Winnie Kiiza Forum for Democratic Change 2015 - Incumbent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FDC 's Winnie Kizza chosen as new Leader of Opposition '' . www.ntv.co.ug . Jump up ^ REPORTER , OUR . `` FDC 's Winnie Kiiza , Ssemujju Nganda eat big '' . www.observer.ug . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Republic , Matooke ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) . `` FDC 's Winnie Kizza becomes first woman Leader of Opposition '' . Matooke Republic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` History of Parliament '' . www.parliament.go.ug . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracing the origin of the uganda Legislative Council '' . Daily Monitor . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` It was UPC rows which caused the 1966 crisis ! '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPC ... : : : : ... Uganda Peoples Congress '' . www.upcparty.net . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben Kiwanuka led Uganda to internal self - government '' . www.newvision.co.ug . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` President Apollo Milton Obote State House Uganda '' . www.statehouse.go.ug . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` President Idi Amin Dada ( Field Marshall ) State House Uganda '' . www.statehouse.go.ug . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leader_of_Opposition_(Uganda)&oldid=841807132 '' Categories : Government of Uganda Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 05 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is the current leader of opposition in uganda	[ "The Leader of Opposition (LOP) in Uganda is the title bestowed upon the elected leader of the largest political party not within the ruling government. The Leader of Opposition appoints and heads an alternative Shadow Cabinet whose duty is to challenge and influence government legislation on the floor of Parliament The current Leader of Opposition and first Ugandan female to hold the position is Hon. Winnie Kiiza of the Forum for Democratic Change.[1][2][3] The Opposition in Uganda is made up of members from Forum for Democratic Change, Democratic Party, Uganda People's Congress, Congress Party and JEEMA.\n" ]	[ "Winnie Kiiza" ]
-6660622692293501167	Epithelium	Epithelium - wikipedia Epithelium Jump to : navigation , search This article is about epithelium in animal anatomy . For the fungal structure of the same name , see Pileipellis . Epithelium Types of epithlium Identifiers TH H2. 00.02. 0.00002 FMA 9639 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series on Epithelia Squamous epithelial cell Simple Stratified Columnar epithelial cell Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal epithelial cell Simple Stratified Specialised epithelia Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Germinal female male Other Table of epithelia of human organs Epithelium ( epi - + thele + - ium ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with connective tissue , muscle tissue and nervous tissue . Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body . There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell : squamous , columnar , and cuboidal . These can be arranged in a single layer of cells as simple epithelium , either squamous , columnar , cuboidal , pseudo-stratified columnar or in layers of two or more cells deep as stratified ( layered ) , either squamous , columnar or cuboidal . All glands are made up of epithelial cells . Functions of epithelial cells include secretion , selective absorption , protection , transcellular transport , and sensing . Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels , so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue , through the basement membrane . Cell junctions are well - employed in epithelial tissues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 1.1 Simple epithelium 1.2 Stratified epithelium 2 Cell types 3 Structure 3.1 Location 3.2 Basement membrane 3.3 Cell junctions 3.4 Development 4 Functions 4.1 Glandular tissue 4.2 Sensing the extracellular environment 5 Clinical significance 6 Etymology and pronunciation 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Classification ( edit ) Summary showing different epithelial cells / tissues and their characteristics . In general , epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the shape and function of the cells . The three principal shapes associated with epithelial cells are -- squamous , cuboidal and columnar . Squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height ( flat and scale - like ) . Cuboidal epithelium has cells whose height and width are approximately the same ( cube shaped ) . Columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide ( column - shaped ) . By layer , epithelium is classed as either simple epithelium , only one cell thick ( unilayered ) or stratified epithelium as stratified squamous epithelium , stratified cuboidal epithelium , and stratified columnar epithelium that are two or more cells thick ( multi-layered ) , and both types of layering can be made up of any of the cell shapes . However , when taller simple columnar epithelial cells are viewed in cross section showing several nuclei appearing at different heights , they can be confused with stratified epithelia . This kind of epithelium is therefore described as pseudostratified columnar epithelium . Transitional epithelium has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal , depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium . Simple epithelium ( edit ) Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from the underlying connective tissue . In general , it is found where absorption and filtration occur . The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes . In general , simple epithelial tissues are classified by the shape of their cells . The four major classes of simple epithelium are : ( 1 ) simple squamous ; ( 2 ) simple cuboidal ; ( 3 ) simple columnar ; ( 4 ) pseudostratified . ( 1 ) simple squamous ; which is found lining areas where passive diffusion of gases occur . e.g. skin , walls of capillaries , linings of the pericardial , pleural , and peritoneal cavities , as well as the linings of the alveoli of the lungs . ( 2 ) simple cuboidal : these cells may have secretory , absorptive , or excretory functions . examples include small collecting ducts of kidney , pancreas , and salivary gland . ( 3 ) simple columnar ; cells can be secretory , absorptive , or excretory ; Simple columnar epithelium can be ciliated or non-ciliated ; ciliated columnar is found in the female reproductive tract and uterus . Non-ciliated epithelium can also possess microvilli . ( 4 ) pseudostratified columnar epithelium ; can be ciliated or non-ciliated . The ciliated type is also called respiratory epithelium as it is almost exclusively confined to the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity , trachea and bronchi . Stratified epithelium ( edit ) Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium in that it is multilayered . It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult such that layers can be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers . Cells flatten as the layers become more apical , though in their most basal layers the cells can be squamous , cuboidal or columnar . Stratified epithelia ( of columnar , cuboidal or squamous type ) can have the following specializations : Specialization Description Keratinized In this particular case , the most apical layers ( exterior ) of cells are dead and lose their nucleus and cytoplasm , instead contain a tough , resistant protein called keratin . This specialization makes the epithelium waterproof , so is found in the mammalian skin . The lining of the esophagus is an example of a non-keratinized or `` moist '' stratified epithelium . Parakeratinized In this case , the most apical layers of cells are filled with keratin , but they still retain their nuclei . These nuclei are pyknotic , meaning that they are highly condensed . Parakeratinized epithelium is sometimes found in the oral mucosa and in the upper regions of the esophagus . Transitional Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is not stretched or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches . It is sometimes called urothelium since it is almost exclusively found in the bladder , ureters and urethra . Cell types ( edit ) The basic cell types are squamous , cuboidal , and columnar classed by their shape . Type Description Squamous Squamous cells have the appearance of thin , flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above . Their name comes from squāma , Latin for scale -- as on fish or snake skin . The cells fit closely together in tissues ; providing a smooth , low - friction surface over which fluids can move easily . The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium . Squamous cells tend to have horizontally flattened , nearly oval shaped nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell . Squamous epitheliium is found lining surfaces such as the skin , and alveoli in the lung , enabling simple passive diffusion as also found in the alveolar epithelium in the lungs . Specialized squamous epithelium also forms the lining of cavities such as in blood vessels , as endothelium and in the pericardium , as mesothelium and in other body cavities . Cuboidal Cuboidal epithelial cells have a cube - like shape and appear square in cross-section . The cell nucleus is large , spherical and is in the centre of the cell . Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in secretive tissue such as the exocrine glands , or in absorptive tissue such as the pancreas , the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands . The germinal epithelium that covers the female ovary , and the germinal epithelium that lines the walls of the seminferous tubules in the testes are also of the cuboidal type . Cuboidal cells provide protection and may be active in pumping material in or out of the lumen , or passive depending on their location and specialisation . Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands . Stratified cuboidal epithelium protects areas such as the ducts of sweat glands , mammary glands , and salivary glands . Columnar Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column - shaped and have a height of at least four times their width . Their nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells . Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines . The cells here may possess microvilli for maximising the surface area for absorption and these microvilli may form a brush border . Other cells may be ciliated to move mucus in the function of mucociliary clearance . Other ciliated cells are found in the fallopian tubes , the uterus and central canal of the spinal cord . Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose , ears and the taste buds . Hair cells in the inner ears have stereocilia which are similar to microvilli . Goblet cells are modified columnar cells and are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum . They secrete mucus , which acts as a lubricant . Single - layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium tends to indicate an absorptive function . Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but is found in lobar ducts in the salivary glands , the eye , pharynx and sex organs . This consists of a layer of cells resting on at least one other layer of epithelial cells which can be squamous , cuboidal , or columnar . Pseudostratified These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights , giving the misleading ( hence `` pseudo '' ) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section . Ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells have cilia . Cilia are capable of energy dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction through interaction of cytoskeletal microtubules and connecting structural proteins and enzymes . In the respiratory tract the wafting effect produced causes mucus secreted locally by the goblet cells ( to lubricate and to trap pathogens and particles ) to flow in that direction ( typically out of the body ) . Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways ( nose , bronchi ) , but is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes , where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus . Structure ( edit ) Cells of epithelial tissue are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet . They have almost no intercellular spaces . All epithelia is usually separated from underlying tissues by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane . The lining of the mouth , lung alveoli and kidney tubules all are made of epithelial tissue . The lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of a specialised form of epithelium called endothelium . Location ( edit ) See also : Table of epithelia of human organs Epithelium lines both the outside ( skin ) and the inside cavities and lumina of bodies . The outermost layer of human skin is composed of dead stratified squamous , keratinized epithelial cells . Tissues that line the inside of the mouth , the esophagus and part of the rectum are composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium . Other surfaces that separate body cavities from the outside environment are lined by simple squamous , columnar , or pseudostratified epithelial cells . Other epithelial cells line the insides of the lungs , the gastrointestinal tract , the reproductive and urinary tracts , and make up the exocrine and endocrine glands . The outer surface of the cornea is covered with fast - growing , easily regenerated epithelial cells . A specialised form of epithelium -- endothelium forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart , and is known as vascular endothelium , and lining lymphatic vessels as lymphatic endothelium . Another type , mesothelium , forms the walls of the pericardium , pleurae , and peritoneum . In arthropods , the integument , or external `` skin '' , consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the cuticle , an outer covering of chitin the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition . Basement membrane ( edit ) Epithelial tissue rests on a basement membrane , which acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries . Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply , but no blood supply and must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue . The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that determines which substances will be able to enter the epithelium . Cell junctions ( edit ) Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues . They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells , between a cell and the extracellular matrix , or they build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport . Cell junctions are the contact points between plasma membrane and tissue cells . There are mainly 5 different types of cell junctions : tight junctions , adherens junctions , desmosomes , hemidesmosomes , and gap junctions . Tight junctions are a pair of trans - membrane protein fused on outer plasma membrane . Adherens junctions are a plaque ( protein layer on the inside plasma membrane ) which attaches both cells ' microfilaments . Desmosomes attach to the microfilaments of cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein . Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes on a section . They are made up of the integrin ( a transmembrane protein ) instead of cadherin . They attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane . Gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of two cells and are made up of proteins called connexins ( six of which come together to make a connexion ) . Development ( edit ) Epithelial tissues are derived from all of the embryological germ layers : from ectoderm ( e.g. , the epidermis ) ; from endoderm ( e.g. , the lining of the gastrointestinal tract ) ; from mesoderm ( e.g. , the inner linings of body cavities ) . However , it is important to note that pathologists do not consider endothelium and mesothelium ( both derived from mesoderm ) to be true epithelium . This is because such tissues present very different pathology . For that reason , pathologists label cancers in endothelium and mesothelium sarcomas , whereas true epithelial cancers are called carcinomas . Also , the filaments that support these mesoderm - derived tissues are very distinct . Outside of the field of pathology , it is , in general , accepted that the epithelium arises from all three germ layers . Functions ( edit ) Forms of secretion in glandular tissue Different characteristics of glands of the body Epithelial tissues have as their primary functions : to protect the tissues that lie beneath from radiation , desiccation , toxins , invasion by pathogens , and physical trauma the regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a body cavity the secretion of hormones into the blood vascular system , and / or the secretion of sweat , mucus , enzymes , and other products that are delivered by ducts to provide sensation Glandular tissue ( edit ) Glandular tissue is the type of epithelium that forms the glands from the infolding of epithelium and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue . There are two major classifications of glands : endocrine glands and exocrine glands : Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the blood vascular system . Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that then delivers the product to the lumen of an organ or onto the free surface of the epithelium . Sensing the extracellular environment ( edit ) `` Some epithelial cells are ciliated , especially in respiratory epithelium , and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarised cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the lumen . '' Primary cilia on epithelial cells provide chemosensation , thermoception , and mechanosensation of the extracellular environment by playing `` a sensory role mediating specific signalling cues , including soluble factors in the external cell environment , a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow , and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are motile . '' Clinical significance ( edit ) Epithelial cell infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae The slide shows at ( 1 ) an epithelial cell infected by Chlamydia pneumonia ; their inclusion bodies shown at ( 3 ) ; an uninfected cell shown at ( 2 ) and ( 4 ) showing the difference between an infected cell nucleus and an uninfected cell nucleus . Epithelium grown in culture can be identified by examining its morphological characteristics . Epithelial cells tend to cluster together , and have a `` characteristic tight pavementlike appearance '' . But this is not always the case , such as when the cells are derived from a tumor . In these cases , it is often necessary to use certain biochemical markers to make a positive identification . The intermediate filament proteins in the cytokeratin group are almost exclusively found in epithelial cells , and so are often used for this purpose . Carcinomas develop in epithelial tissues. ( Sarcomas develop in connective tissue ) . When epithelial cells or tissues are damaged from cystic fibrosis , it also damages the sweat glands , causing a frosty coating of the skin . Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) The word epithelium ( / ˌɛpɪˈθiːliəm / ) uses the Greek roots ἐπί ( epi ) , `` on '' or `` upon '' , and θηλή ( thēlē ) , `` nipple '' . Epithelium is so called because the name was originally used to describe the translucent covering of small `` nipples '' of tissue on the lip . The word has both mass and count senses ; the plural form is epithelia . Additional images ( edit ) Squamous Epithelium 100x Human cheek cells ( Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium ) 500x Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium See also ( edit ) Blastula Dark cell Epithelial - mesenchymal transition Epithelial polarity Gastrulation Glycocalyx Neuroepithelial cell Skin cancer Sulcular epithelium Triploblasty References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eurell , Jo Ann C. ; et al. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Dellmann 's textbook of veterinary histology . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4148 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Freshney , 2002 : p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine M. ( 1995 ) . Human Anatomy and Physiology ( 3rd ed . ) . Benjamin / Cummings . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4281 - 8 . Jump up ^ Platzer , Werner ( 2008 ) . Color atlas of human anatomy : Locomotor system . Thieme . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 533306 - 9 . Jump up ^ van Lommel , 2002 : p. 97 Jump up ^ van Lommel , 2002 : p. 94 Jump up ^ Melfi , Rudy C. ; Alley , Keith E. , eds. ( 2000 ) . Permar 's oral embryology and microscopic anatomy : a textbook for students in dental hygiene . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 30644 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Rebecca . `` Epithelial Cells '' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys , Inc . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Gail W. ; Tortora , Gerard J. ( 2013 ) . Anatomy and Physiology from Science to Life ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 110 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 12920 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ross , Michael H. ; Pawlina , Wojciech ( 2015 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas : With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology ( 7th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 528 , 604 . ISBN 978 - 1451187427 . Jump up ^ Kühnel , Wolfgang ( 2003 ) . Color atlas of cytology , histology , and microscopic anatomy . Thieme . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 562404 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Rebecca . `` Simple Cuboidal Epithelium '' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Eroschenko , Victor P. ( 2008 ) . `` Integumentary System '' . DiFiore 's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 212 -- 234 . ISBN 9780781770576 . Jump up ^ Marieb , Elaine ( 2011 ) . Anatomy & Physiology . Boston : Benjamin Cummings . p. 133 . ISBN 0321616405 . Jump up ^ Kristensen , Niels P. ; Georges , Chauvin ( 1 December 2003 ) . `` Integument '' . Lepidoptera , Moths and Butterflies : Morphology , Physiology , and Development : Teilband . Walter de Gruyter . p. 484 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 016210 - 3 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Thomas H. ( 2006 ) . The nature of disease : pathology for the health professions . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 5317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell ( 4 . ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Garland . p. 1067 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Jump up ^ van Lommel , 2002 : p. 91 Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell ( 4 ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Garland . p. 1267 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , M. ; Smith , U.M. ; Logan , C.V. ; Johnson , C.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Recent advances in the molecular pathology , cell biology and genetics of ciliopathies '' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 45 ( 5 ) : 257 -- 267 . PMID 18178628 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 2007.054999 . Jump up ^ Freshney , 2002 : p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Types of cancer '' . Cancer Research UK . 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Blerkom , edited by Jonathan Van ; Gregory , Linda ( 2004 ) . Essential IVF : basic research and clinical applications . Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 7551 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Freshney , R.I. ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Freshney , R. Ian ; Freshney , Mary . Culture of epithelial cells . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 40121 - 6 . van Lommel , Alfons T.L. ( 2002 ) . From cells to organs : a histology textbook and atlas . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 7257 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Green H ( September 2008 ) . `` The birth of therapy with cultured cells '' . BioEssays. 30 ( 9 ) : 897 -- 903 . PMID 18693268 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20797 . Kefalides , Nicholas A. ; Borel , Jacques P. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Basement membranes : cell and molecular biology . Gulf Professional Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 153356 - 4 . Nagpal R ; Patel A ; Gibson MC ( March 2008 ) . `` Epithelial topology '' . BioEssays. 30 ( 3 ) : 260 -- 6 . PMID 18293365 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20722 . Yamaguchi Y ; Brenner M ; Hearing VJ ( September 2007 ) . `` The regulation of skin pigmentation '' ( Review ) . J. Biol. Chem. 282 ( 38 ) : 27557 -- 61 . PMID 17635904 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. R700026200 . External links ( edit ) Look up epithelium in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Epithelium Photomicrographs 1 Histology at KUMC epithel - epith02 Simple squamous epithelium of the glomerulus ( kidney ) 2 Diagrams of simple squamous epithelium 3 Histology at KUMC epithel - epith12 Stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina 4 Histology at KUMC epithel - epith14 Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin ( thin skin ) 5 Histology at KUMC epithel - epith15 Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin ( thick skin ) 6 Stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus Microanatomy Web Atlas Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe Biological tissue Animals Epithelium Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal Vascular Ground Histology : Epithelial proteins ( TH H1. 00.01. 1 ) Lateral / cell - cell Cell adhesion molecules : Adherens junction Cadherin Desmosome Desmoglein Ion channels : Gap junction / Connexon Connexin Cytoskeleton : Desmosome Desmoplakin Plakoglobin Tonofibril other membrane proteins : Tight junction Claudin Occludin MARVELD2 Basal / cell - matrix Basal lamina Hemidesmosome / Tonofibril Focal adhesion Costamere Apical Cilia / Kinocilium Microvilli / Stereocilia ( STRC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&oldid=804522658 '' Categories : Epithelium Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 15 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where can epithelial tissue be found in the human body	[ "Epithelium (epi- + thele + -ium) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body." ]	[ "cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body" ]
5894670893274286992	Year of the Cat (song)	Year of the Cat ( song ) - wikipedia Year of the Cat ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Al Stewart song . For the Lemonheads song , see Lovey ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Year of the Cat '' Single by Al Stewart from the album Year of the Cat B - side `` Broadway Hotel '' Released July 1976 ( 1976 - 07 ) ( UK ) October 1976 ( US ) Recorded Abbey Road Studios , London , England , January 1976 Length 6 : 40 ( album ) 4 : 38 ( single ) Label RCA ( UK ) Janus ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Al Stewart Peter Wood Producer ( s ) Alan Parsons Al Stewart singles chronology `` Carol '' ( 1975 ) `` Year of the Cat '' ( 1976 ) `` On the Border '' ( 1977 ) `` Carol '' ( 1975 ) `` Year of the Cat '' ( 1976 ) `` On the Border '' ( 1977 ) Audio sample file help `` Year of the Cat '' is a single by singer - songwriter Al Stewart , released in July 1976 . The song is the title track of his 1976 album Year of the Cat , and was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , London in January 1976 by engineer Alan Parsons . The song reached # 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1977 . Although Stewart 's highest charting single on that chart was 1978 's `` Time Passages '' , `` Year of the Cat '' has remained Stewart 's signature recording , receiving regular airplay on both classic rock and folk rock stations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Structure 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 Appearances in media 6 References 7 External links Recording ( edit ) The track is noted for its lengthy instrumental sections -- over four minutes of the 6 : 40 album version is instrumental , including a long , melodic series of solos that encompasses cello , violin , piano , acoustic guitar , distorted electric guitar , synthesizer and saxophone . The transition from acoustic guitar to electric to saxophone was initiated by Tim Renwick . The acoustic lead is played by Peter White with Tim Renwick then taking the electric lead . Parsons had Phil Kenzie add the saxophone part of the song -- and by doing so transformed the original folk concept into the jazz - influenced ballad that put Al Stewart onto the charts . According to Al Stewart on an episode of In the Studio with Redbeard ( which devoted an episode to the making of the Year of the Cat album ) , Phil Kenzie was watching a movie and did n't want to be bothered with going to do session work ; but as a favour to Alan Parsons he went to Abbey Road , and the sax solos were recorded in one or two takes , after which Phil left the studio to go back home and watch the rest of his movie . Al also told Redbeard that he did n't like the sax solos at first but grew to like them . Shorter versions of the track can be found on some European 7 '' single formats . Though both of the discs carry the same label and catalogue number ( RCA PB 5007 ) , the French single features the A-side track clocking in at 4 : 30 , while the Italian one features an even shorter mix of just 3 : 30 so that the lengthy instrumental intro is completely missing . Co-written by Peter Wood , `` Year of the Cat '' is a narrative song written in the second person whose protagonist , a tourist , is visiting an exotic market when a mysterious silk - clad woman appears and takes him away for a gauzy romantic adventure . On wakening the next day beside her , the tourist realizes , with equanimity , that his tour bus has left without him and he has lost his ticket . The Cat is one of the twelve signs of the Vietnamese zodiac . It corresponds to that of the Rabbit in the Chinese zodiac . At the time of the song 's release , the most recent Year of the Rabbit had been 11 February 1975 to 30 January 1976 ; thus , the song was recorded in the Vietnamese Year of the Cat . The song `` Year of the Cat '' began as `` Foot of the Stage '' , a song written by Stewart in 1966 after seeing a performance by comedian Tony Hancock whose patter about `` being a complete loser '' who might as well `` end it all right here '' drew laughs from the audience : Stewart 's intuitive response that Hancock was in genuine despair led to the writing of `` Foot of the Stage '' . It was the melody for this never - recorded song which Stewart set the lyrics of `` Year of the Cat '' to in 1975 : pianist Peter Wood was given a co-writing credit on the song in recognition of his piano riff on the recorded track . Subsequent to the entry of the single on the US charts , the track afforded Stewart a major hit in Australia ( # 13 ) , Belgium / Flemish Region ( # 7 ) , Canada ( # 3 ) , Italy ( # 5 ) , the Netherlands ( # 6 ) and New Zealand ( # 15 ) . In the UK , where the single had been overlooked on its original July 1976 release , it gained renewed interest which was evident in a Top 40 chart entry although interest levelled off outside the Top 30 with a # 31 peak in January 1977 . `` Year of the Cat '' would remain Stewart 's sole chart single in his native UK . Structure ( edit ) The song is mainly written in E minor / G major , with the electric guitar solo in the bridge in D major . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 - 77 ) Peak position Australia 13 Belgium 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 6 Italy 5 Netherlands 6 New Zealand 15 UK 31 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 82 Canada 42 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 92 Cover versions ( edit ) Hector recorded the song with his own Finnish lyrics as `` Kissojen Yö '' on his 1978 album Kadonneet Lapset . The Spanish rendering `` El Año Del Gato '' was recorded by Érica García for her 2001 album release El Cerebro . A cover version by F.R. David appeared in this artist 's 1999 `` Words -- ' 99 Version '' album . The experimental band Psapp recorded a version for the compilation Take It Easy : 15 Soft Rock Anthems in 2006 , which contained cat sound effects . In 2012 , Washington DC based trio Volta Bureau released a remixed instrumental version entitled `` Alley Cat '' . Appearances in media ( edit ) Another version of the song , also performed by Stewart , appears on Volume 1 of the Cities 97 Sampler . The song appears in the film version of Running with Scissors ( 2006 ) and in the film Radiofreccia ( 1998 ) , the directorial debut of Italian rock star Luciano Ligabue . In 2013 , the song was used during the credits of `` The Dinner '' episode of HBO show Hello Ladies . The song is used frequently as bumper music on the late - night radio talk show Coast to Coast AM . The song also appears in the German movie Die Katze . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 603 . Jump up ^ Dave Thompson , 1000 Songs that Rock Your World , p. 142 , Krause Publications , Iola , WI ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1422 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . March 5 , 1977 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Schweitzer , Ally ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Defected Label To Release Volta Bureau 's `` Alley Cat '' - Arts Desk `` . Washingtoncitypaper.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093336/ External links ( edit ) `` Year of the Cat '' at songfacts.com For a sample of the lyrics to `` The Year of the Cat '' see Red Karaoke . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Al Stewart Studio albums Bed - Sitter Images ( 1967 ) Love Chronicles ( 1969 ) Zero She Flies ( 1970 ) Orange ( 1972 ) Past , Present and Future ( 1973 ) Modern Times ( 1975 ) Year of the Cat ( 1976 ) Time Passages ( 1978 ) 24 Carrots ( 1980 ) Russians & Americans ( 1984 ) Last Days of the Century ( 1988 ) Famous Last Words ( 1993 ) Between the Wars ( 1995 ) Down in the Cellar ( 2000 ) A Beach Full of Shells ( 2005 ) Sparks of Ancient Light ( 2008 ) Live albums Live / Indian Summer ( 1981 ) Rhymes in Rooms ( 1992 ) Uncorked ( 2009 ) Singles `` The Elf '' ( 1966 ) `` Bedsitter Images '' ( 1967 ) `` Electric Los Angeles Sunset '' ( 1970 ) `` The News From Spain '' ( 1971 ) `` Amsterdam '' ( 1972 ) `` You Do n't Even Know Me '' ( 1972 ) `` Terminal Eyes '' ( 1973 ) `` Nostradamus '' ( 1974 ) `` Carol '' ( 1975 ) `` Year of the Cat '' ( 1976 ) `` On The Border '' ( 1977 ) `` Time Passages '' ( 1978 ) `` Song on the Radio '' ( 1979 ) `` Midnight Rocks '' ( 1980 ) `` Mondo Sinistro '' ( 1980 ) `` Paint By Numbers '' ( 1980 ) `` Lori , Do n't Go Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` King of Portugal '' ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Forget Me '' ( 1993 ) `` Class of ' 58 '' ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Year_of_the_Cat_(song)&oldid=795768431 '' Categories : 1976 singles Al Stewart songs Debut singles 1976 songs RCA Records singles Song recordings produced by Alan Parsons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2007 All articles needing additional references Use British English from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Македонски Nederlands Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 10 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played piano on year of the cat	[ "The song \"Year of the Cat\" began as \"Foot of the Stage\", a song written by Stewart in 1966 after seeing a performance by comedian Tony Hancock whose patter about \"being a complete loser\" who might as well \"end it all right here\" drew laughs from the audience: Stewart's intuitive response that Hancock was in genuine despair led to the writing of \"Foot of the Stage\".[2] It was the melody for this never-recorded song which Stewart set the lyrics of \"Year of the Cat\" to in 1975: pianist Peter Wood was given a co-writing credit on the song in recognition of his piano riff on the recorded track." ]	[ "Peter Wood" ]
901060719166247045	The Power of Now	The Power of Now - wikipedia The Power of Now Jump to : navigation , search The Power of Now : A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment New World Library printing of the book Author Eckhart Tolle Language English Subject Spirituality , Psychology Published 1997 ( Namaste Publishing ) 1999 ( New World Library ) Media type Print Pages 236 ISBN 978 - 1 - 57731 - 152 - 2 OCLC 42061039 Dewey Decimal 291.4 / 4 21 LC Class BL624 . T64 1999 The Power of Now : A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment is a book by Eckhart Tolle . The book is intended to be a guide for day - to - day living and stresses the importance of living in the present moment and avoiding thoughts of the past or future . Published in the late 1990s , the book was recommended by Oprah Winfrey and has been translated into 33 languages . As of 2009 , it was estimated that three million copies had been sold in North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Selected chapters 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Chapter two : `` Consciousness : The Way Out of Pain '' 2.3 Chapter three : `` Moving Deeply Into the Now '' 2.4 Chapter four : `` Mind Strategies for Avoiding the Now '' 3 Reception 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The book draws from a variety of `` spiritual traditions '' , and has been described by one reviewer as `` Buddhism mixed with mysticism and a few references to Jesus Christ , a sort of New Age re-working of Zen . '' It uses these traditions to describe a `` belief system based on living in the present moment '' . Its core message is that people 's emotional problems are rooted in their identification with their minds . The author writes that an individual should be aware of their `` present moment '' instead of losing themselves in worry and anxiety about the past or future . According to the book , only the present moment is important , and both an individual 's past and future is created by their thoughts . The author maintains that people 's insistence that they have control of their life is an illusion `` that only brings pain '' . The book also describes methods of relaxation and meditation to aid readers in anchoring themselves in the present . These suggestions include slowing down life by avoiding multi-tasking , spending time in nature , and letting go of worries about the future . Some of the concepts contained in The Power of Now , such as the human ego and its negative effects on happiness , are further elaborated in the author 's later books , in particular A New Earth : Awakening to Your Life 's Purpose ( 2005 ) . Selected chapters ( edit ) The chapters of the book are : `` Introduction '' , `` You Are Not Your Mind '' , `` Consciousness : The Way Out of Pain '' , `` Moving Deeply into the Now '' , `` Mind Strategies for Avoiding the Now '' , `` The State of Presence '' , `` The Inner Body '' , `` Portals into the Unmanifested '' , `` Enlightened Relationships '' , `` Beyond Happiness and Unhappiness There Is Peace '' and `` The Meaning of Surrender '' . Various chapters emphasize a `` philosophy '' of destroying the `` destructive dominance of the mind and ego '' in an effort to overcome `` the pain body '' . According to the author , his philosophy is directed towards people and their search for personal happiness and also has the potential to give insight into `` historical disasters '' like the justification of an `` evil '' political system such as Communism . Introduction ( edit ) In the book 's introduction the author relates his past experiences of `` continuous anxiety '' with periods of `` suicidal depression '' . Later , when he was 29 years old , he had a `` personal epiphany '' and writes : `` I heard the words ' resist nothing ' as if spoken inside my chest . '' He relates that he felt as if he were falling into a void and afterwards `` there was no more fear . '' Chapter two : `` consciousness : the Way out of pain '' ( edit ) In chapter two , Tolle tells the reader that they must recognize their personal ego `` without the ego creating an antagonistic response to its own denial or destruction '' and explains the purposelessness of the `` mental pain and anguish '' that people hold on to . According to the book : `` The pain - body consists of trapped life - energy that has split off from your total energy field and has temporarily become autonomous through the unnatural process of mind identification . '' In this chapter the author writes : `` pain can only feed on pain . Pain can not feed on joy . It finds it quite indigestible '' . The author goes on to write that `` many people live with a tormentor in their head that continuously attacks and punishes them and drains them of vital energy . It is the cause of untold misery and unhappiness . '' Chapter three : `` Moving Deeply into the Now '' ( edit ) In chapter three , the author writes : `` In the normal , mind - identified or unenlightened state of consciousness , the power and creative potential that lie concealed in the Now are completely obscured by psychological time . You can not find yourself by going into the past . You can find yourself by coming into the present . Life is now . There was never a time when your life was not now , nor will there ever be . '' Chapter four : `` mind Strategies for avoiding the Now '' ( edit ) In chapter four , Tolle says that `` tomorrow 's bills are not the problem '' and can be a `` core delusion '' that changes a `` mere situation , event or emotion '' into a reason for suffering and unhappiness . The book also calls `` waiting '' a `` state of mind '' that we should snap ourselves out of . Reception ( edit ) The book was originally published in 1997 by Namaste Publishing in Vancouver . It was republished in 1999 by New World Library , and this edition reached and remained on the New York Times bestseller list for years afterwards . The book has been translated into 33 languages , including Arabic . In 2000 , the book was listed as recommended reading in Oprah Winfrey 's O magazine and , according to Winfrey , the actress Meg Ryan also recommended it . By 2009 an estimated three million copies of the book had been sold . A Christian author , Andrew Ryder , wrote a dissertation saying that `` Tolle moves the traditional ( Christian ) teaching forward by illustrating how our obsession with the past and the future ... ( prevents ) us from giving our full attention to the present moment . '' William Bloom , a spokesperson for the holistic , mind - body - spirit movement in the UK , wrote that `` Tolle 's approach is very body aware . He 's done it in a nice accessible way for people . '' Some reviewers were more critical of the book . According to a review in the Telegraph Herald , the book is not very well - written but contains some good teachings . Andrea Sachs wrote in TIME magazine that the book is `` awash in spiritual mumbo jumbo '' and `` unhelpful for those looking for practical advice '' . An article in The Independent said that `` there is not very much new about The Power of Now '' and described it as `` a sort of New Age re-working of Zen . '' In popular culture ( edit ) When Paris Hilton was incarcerated at the Century Regional Detention Facility in California in June 2007 she brought with her a copy of The Power of Now . Singer Annie Lennox chose The Power of Now as one of her `` desert island books '' . Singer Katy Perry stated that she was inspired to write `` This Moment '' , a song from her 2013 album Prism , after she heard the audio book of The Power of Now . See also ( edit ) Autobiography of a Yogi Mindfulness Satipatthana Be Here Now References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tolle , Power of Now , 2005 , p. xi . ^ Jump up to : From Power to Purpose USA Today , March 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Eckhart Tolle Biography New York Times , Times Topics , March 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ken MacQueen ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Eckhart Tolle vs. God '' . Macleans.ca . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . `` The two foundational books of his teachings , The Power of Now , initially published in Vancouver in 1997 with a press run of 3,000 , and its follow - up , A New Earth , have North American sales alone of three million and five million copies respectively , and are sold globally in 33 languages . '' ^ Jump up to : Christian , Rebecca ( March 1 , 2003 ) . `` Good books brighten dull March days ; Doldrums : Looming threat of war , grim economy add up to the blues '' . The Telegraph Herald . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Philippidou , Photini ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Tolle in his own words : The Power of Now '' . The Independent . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Staff reporter . `` Eckhart Tolle '' . NY Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff reporter ( June 21 , 2008 ) . The Independent `` Eckhart Tolle : This Man Could Change Your Life '' Check url = value ( help ) . The Independent . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Rachel ( August 3 , 2009 ) . `` How to live in the moment '' . The Independent . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tolle , The Power of Now , 2005 , `` Contents '' Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( March 26 , 2008 ) . `` The moment is now for a popular guru '' . International Herald Tribune . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Staff writer . `` The Power of Now : A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment Review '' . PuaLingo . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Jaci ( August 26 ) . `` Jaci Stephen : ' I 've started to see my debt differently . It is joyous , of the now '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` KALIMA publishes Eckhart Tolle 's ' A New Earth and the Power of Now ' in Arabic '' . WAM - United Arab Emirates News Agency . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ryder , Andrew . `` The Sacrament of Now '' ( PDF ) . The Way . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Andrea ( 2003 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Channeling Ram Dass '' . Time . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Katy Perry sheds light on ' Prism ' at L.A. preview event '' . USA Today . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Power of Now Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Power_of_Now&oldid=809371673 '' Categories : New Age books 1997 books Books about spirituality Self - help books Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with URL errors CS1 errors : dates Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 18 : 07 . About Wikipedia	is the power of now a religious book	[ "The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment is a book by Eckhart Tolle. The book is intended to be a guide for day-to-day living and stresses the importance of living in the present moment and avoiding thoughts of the past or future." ]	[ "The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment is a book by Eckhart Tolle. The book is intended to be a guide for day-to-day living and stresses the importance of living in the present moment and avoiding thoughts of the past or future." ]
8976443904594105443	Private limited company	Private limited company - wikipedia Private limited company Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany United Kingdom General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée ( SARL ) more ... Doctrines ( show ) Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas ( show ) Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Company portal Law portal A private limited company is a hybrid type of business entity used in many jurisdictions , with some differences from country to country . Examples include LLC in the US , private company limited by shares in the UK , GmbH in Germany or společnost s ručením omezeným in the Czech Republic . Country Business form Abbreviation ( s ) United States limited liability company LLC privately held company United Kingdom private company limited by shares Pvt. Ltd . India Hong Kong Ireland Nepal Netherlands besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid bv Belgium bvba Société Privée à Responsabilité Limitée SPRL France société à responsabilité limitée SARL Luxembourg Switzerland società a garanzia limitata Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung GmbH Liechtenstein Austria Germany Unternehmergesellschaft ( haftungsbeschränkt ) UG ( haftungsbeschränkt ) Greece Εταιρεία Περιορισμένης Ευθύνης Ε. Π. Ε . Ιδιωτική Κεφαλαιουχική Εταιρεία Ι. Κ. Ε . Czech Republic Společnost s ručením omezeným s.r.o. , spol . s r.o. Slovakia Spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným Hungary korlátolt felelősségű társaság kft . Poland spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością sp . z o.o. Croatia Društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću d.o.o. ( д. о. о . ) Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Друштво са ограниченом одговорношћу Macedonia Društvo so ograničena odgovornost Slovenia Družba z omejeno odgovornostjo Spain sociedad de responsabilidad limitada SRL Mexico Peru Argentina Chile Colombia compañía limitada Ltda . Italy società a responsabilità limitata SRL Portugal sociedade de responsabilidade limitada Lda . Brazil sociedade limitada Ltda. , Lda . Russia общество с ограниченной ответственностью ООО Denmark anpartsselskab ApS Sweden privat aktiebolag AB Finland ( Yksityinen ) osakeyhtiö OY Australia proprietary limited company Pty Ltd Malaysia Syarikat Sendirian Berhad Sdn Bhd Singapore ( exempt ) private company limited by shares Pte Ltd Estonia Osaühing OÜ Latvia Sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību SIA Lithuania Uždaroji akcinė bendrovė UAB Uzbekistan Masuliyati Cheklangan Jamiyat MCHJ Romania Societate cu Răspundere Limitată SRL Bulgaria Дружество с ограничена отговорност ООД Ukraine Товариство ( з обмеженою відповідальністю ) ТОВ ( Cyrillic ) Albania Shoqëria Me Përgjegjësi Të Kufizuar sh. p.k. Kosovo Contents ( hide ) 1 Albania 2 Argentina 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Brazil 5 Bulgaria 6 Chile 7 Colombia 8 Croatia 9 Czech Republic 10 Denmark 11 Dominican Republic 12 Estonia 13 Finland 14 Germany 15 Greece 16 Hong Kong 17 Hungary 18 Iceland 19 India 20 Iran 21 Italy 22 Japan 23 Latvia 24 Macedonia , Republic of 25 Mexico 26 Moldova 27 Norway 28 Pakistan 29 Peru 30 Poland 31 Portugal 32 Romania 33 Russia 34 Serbia 35 Slovakia 36 Slovenia 37 Spain 38 Sweden 39 Switzerland 40 Tajikistan 41 Turkey 42 Ukraine 43 United Arab Emirates 44 United Kingdom 45 United States 46 See also 47 References Albania ( edit ) In Albania a limited liability company ( Albanian : Shoqëri me përgjegjësi të kufizuar Sh. p.k ) is a commercial company founded by persons of physical or judicial status , who are not liable for the company and personally bear losses only up to the outstanding contribution agreements . Partners ' contributions constitute the registered capital of a limited liability company . Each partner has his quota in the company in proportion to the contribution of the capital so the registered capital of the company is divided between the partners based on the proportional ratio of their contribution . In Albania a limited liability company may not have a capital of less than 100 lek . Argentina ( edit ) Although not an exact equivalent , the Argentine variant of the LLC is called Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada ( S.R.L. ) and it limits the liability of its members up to their capital contribution in the company . The equity is divided into equal stakes ( can not be called `` shares '' ) , each one of which represents a percentage of the company and that can not be traded on the stock exchange . Their by - laws are regulated by law N ° 19550 and the commercial partnership is limited to a maximum of 50 partners . Bosnia and herzegovina ( edit ) Bosnian and Herzegovinian legislation , similarly to that in Serbia , Montenegro , Macedonia contemplates LLCs as društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću ( d.o.o. ) . Companies using this structure append the abbreviation d.o.o. to their company name . A shareholder or member in a d.o.o. is only personally liable up to the value of the member 's investment in the company . Brazil ( edit ) The corporate structure in Brazilian law most similar to the American LLC is the Sociedade Limitada ( `` Ltda . '' ) , under the new Brazilian Civil Code of 2002 . The sociedade limitada is the new name of the sociedade por quotas de responsabilidade limitada , and it can be organized as empresária or simples , under this new code , roughly corresponding to the form types of comercial ( `` commercial '' ) and civil ( `` non commercial '' ) of the Commercial Code . A new law in Brazil has made it legal to obtain an LLC by a sole - proprietor called Empresa Individual de Responsabilidade Limitada ( Eireli for short ) . The main requirement is a capital of 100 times the current minimum wage , R $ 78.800 , 00 ( US $26.267. 00 ) as of 2015 . Bulgaria ( edit ) Bulgarian legislation contemplates LLCs as Дружество с ограничена отговорност ( Druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost ; Limited liability company ) . Companies working under this structure append the abbreviation ООД ( OOD ) to their name . In case of an LLC with individual owner it is contemplated as Еднолично дружество с ограничена отговорност ( Ednolichno druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost ; One - man / Single - member limited liability company ) and abbreviated as ЕООД ( EOOD ) . Chile ( edit ) Chilean law contemplates a certain form of LLC known as `` Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada '' ( Limited Liability Association ) . Also ( LLC ) These companies are regulated by law N ° 3.918 . Among their most important characteristics we can say that : They can pursue a commercial or non-commercial purpose ( Sociedad Comercial de Responsabilidad Limitada / Sociedad Civil de Responsabilidad Limitada ) . They must be formed by two or more partners and can hold up to a maximum of fifty . Their equity is divided into `` cuotas '' ( not shares ) each one of which represents a percentage of the company . They can be managed by one or more managers ( external if need be ) , or by a board of directors . Their by - laws ca n't be modified , nor their partners be changed , without the consent of all the other partners . In tax considerations , they differ from the LLC 's because they pay a corporate tax for their income , amount that can be deducted by their owners as a credit against the taxes they pay . Chilean law also contemplates a very special kind of individual owner LLC called Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada ( Limited Liability Individual Company ) , which uses the E.I.R.L. abbreviation . Colombia ( edit ) Colombian legislation contemplates a very similar structure as mentioned above in the Chilean case . The Ltda . abbreviation is also used in Colombia . Croatia ( edit ) In Croatia , a private limited liability company is termed društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću ( literal : limited liability company ) , abbreviated d.o.o. . A public limited liability company is termed a dioničko društvo ( literal : joint stock company ) abbreviated d.d. . Czech Republic ( edit ) Czech legislation contemplates LLCs as společnost s ručením omezeným ( s.r.o. or spol . s r.o. ) . An s.r.o. is not technically comparable to an LLC because the profits are still subject to double taxation . Czech law does not offer a possibility to start up a limited company without the possibility of avoiding double taxation . As of 2014 the liability is not limited in Czech , since managing director ( jednatel , mandatory board member in Czech LLCs ) bears full liability that extends to all of his / her property , including private one . Denmark ( edit ) The Danish form of the LLC is the kommanditselskab ( K / S ) . There is no minimum capital requirements . In a K / S there are two types of shareholders , the komplementar which is fully liable , and the kommanditist which liability is limited . The K / S is a tax - transparent company , which means the income `` passes through '' the company directly to the shareholders . Dominican Republic ( edit ) Dominican Republic legislation contemplates LLCs as Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada , also known by their abbreviation S.R.L. ; ; S.R.L.s award limited liability to their members up to their contribution in the company ( i.e. , contribution of capital ) . This type of company began after the law number 479 of the year 2008 . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , a limited liability company is referred to as osaühing ( OÜ ) . The type of entity is also required to be identified in the name . An OÜ is taxed as a corporation . The minimum capital required by law is € 2,500 . Finland ( edit ) Although not an exact equivalent , the Finnish version of the LLC is the Oy ( osakeyhtiö ) or in Swedish Ab ( aktiebolag ) . An Oy is taxed as a corporation . The minimum capital required by law is € 2,500 . Germany ( edit ) Because of its hybrid characteristics it is very difficult to determine the German equivalent . On one hand it is possible to consider it as a kind of Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) because it has aspects of a corporation ; on the other hand it could be considered to be a kind of Kommanditgesellschaft ( KG ) , which is the German equivalent of a limited partnership . Based on the literal translation of the word `` company '' , an LLC should be considered to be a kind of KG without any liable partner . The German equivalent that comes closest to LLC , is GmbH & Co KG , a nested Kommanditgesellschaft ( KG ) where a Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) takes the role of the fully liable partner . For the purpose of taxation , the Bundesfinanzministerium ( German Federal Ministry of Finance ) gives detailed guidelines of the circumstances under which an LLC is to be considered to be a `` corporation '' or as a `` limited partnership '' . It is useful to note , however , that the original LLC statutes of Wyoming and other US states were more or less explicitly modeled after the GmbH . Greece ( edit ) A limited liability company ( LLC ) in Greece is synonymous to an EPE ( ΕΠΕ - Εταιρεία Περιορισμένης Ευθύνης ) . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , the Limited Company is the most commonly incorporated type of company and bears the characteristics of a Limited Liability Company . The core characteristics of a Hong Kong Limited Company include : i ) it requires a minimum of one shareholder and one director ( can be the same person ) , ii ) a Hong Kong company requires a company secretary resident in HK , iii ) foreign ownership is allowed , iv ) company shareholders have limited liability and v ) the company must have registered HK address . Entrepreneurs who register a company in Hong Kong can choose a Hong Kong offshore company . This company structure is basically a HK Limited Company but all business is conducted outside of Hong Kong . The advantage of this structure is that all business income that is sourced outside of Hong Kong is tax exempt . Hungary ( edit ) Hungarian legislation contemplates LLCs as Korlátolt felelősségű társaság . Companies working under this structure append the abbreviation Kft. to their name . Hungarian LLCs are required to have a 3 million HUF ( Hungarian Forint ) ( approx . 11,000 USD ) starting capital . The time of formation by the new electronic formation option has been reduced from 2 weeks to 2 hours , additional cost of formation is around 100,000 HUF ( approx. 540 USD ) . Kft. s can be formed by the cooperation of lawyers . The Hungarian Kft. is the most common form of doing business in Hungary . As being part of the European Union ( EU ) , Hungarian Kft. s can now obtain an EU VAT registration number for doing business across the EU . The Hungarian EU - VAT reg . number starts with `` HU '' . This way the existence of the subject company , VAT issues and the cross-check is available on the common EU website for companies . Iceland ( edit ) According to Icelandic legislation , there are two types of LLC forms , private and public held limited liability forms . Private LLC is abbreviated `` Ehf . '' The minimum capital of 500,000 Icelandic krónas ( kr . ) . Public LLC is abbreviated `` Hf . '' with minimum capital of 4,000,000 kr and goes to LLC . India ( edit ) Commonly used business forms in India are : ( a ) Public and Private Limited Companies - Incorporated entities with limited liabilities . These are very similar to `` Corporations '' under U.S law . ( b ) Limited Liability Partnerships ( LLPs ) - Incorporated entities with limited liability . The LLPs are organized as partnerships - they do not have a Board of Directors as such . LLP has lesser compliance requirements compared to Private limited companies . There is no maximum limit for the no. of partners in LLP . In the private limited company shareholders are limited to the extent of 200 shareholders . The above entities are treated as taxable entities ( `` persons '' ) , and as such are liable to tax on their incomes . These entities do not offer `` pass - through '' taxation benefits , unlike LLCs in the USA . India vide Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 introduced concept of LLP and it got implemented in 2009 . 2 persons are required to Incorporate LLP in India and they are called designated partners . This form is very organised in India and controlled under Ministry of Corporate Affairs . There is no specific minimum capital requirement . Foreign Direct Investment too allowed in LLP . Essential part is one of the 2 promoters must be Indian Resident . Iran ( edit ) As of 2015 , there are seven types of companies which can be registered under Iran 's company registration law . One of these seven types of companies and partnerships refers to LLPs . Like many other countries , two persons are required to form an LLP in Iran . Each person has his / her own shares and is responsible for business liability equivalent to his / her share percentage . LLPs in Iran are named according to the format illustrated by the following example : `` Sherkat Ba Masooliyate Mahdood '' translates as `` Sherkat شرکت Company '' + `` Mahdood محدود Limited '' + `` Masooliyat مسئولیت Liability '' . Italy ( edit ) The Italian Civil Code , approved in 1942 and as amended by the Government Act 6 / 2003 and furthers modifications , mainly provides three forms of limited liability company : Società per azioni ( S.p.A. ) : the minimum required starting capital for an SpA is € 50,000 . The capital is divided into shares ( azioni ) that can be transferred by endorsement or bought and sold on stock exchange . Only SpAs can be quoted in stock exchange market , issue corporate bonds , and other financial instruments . SpA form and a higher capital are required by law to operate in protected businesses ( i.e. banks , leasing companies , etc . ) . Società a responsabilità limitata ( Srl ) : the minimum required starting capital for an Srl is € 10,000 . Its capital is divided into stakes ( quote ) which can be bought or sold just by notarial act . Srls can issue corporate bonds but are subject to many limitations . Similar to the Srl is the Società Cooperativa a Responsabilità Limitata ( Scarl ) whose scope is not making profit but give benefits to stakes ' holders . Società in accomandita per azioni ( Sapa ) : the minimum required starting capital for a Sapa is € 120,000 divided into shares . Sapas have a mixed liability scheme , where standard shareholders have limited liability while managing shareholders have full liability . Except this , SAPAs are exactly like SPAs even if uncommon . Companies append the corresponding abbreviation to their company names . Japan ( edit ) Japan passed legislation in 1996 creating a new type of business organization , godo kaisha ( J - LLC ) , a close variant of the American LLC . Japanese Tax authority does not consider J - LLC ( Godo - Kaisha ) a pass - through entity , but as a taxable entity . Latvia ( edit ) Limited liability company in Latvia is referred to as sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību ( SIA ) . SIA is taxed as a corporation . The minimum share capital required by law is € 2,800 . But it is allowed to set up SIA with share capital € 1.00 , but it must be increased to minimum share capital € 2,800 by increasing share capital with money or by moving at least 25 % from annual profit until capital will be € 2,800 . Macedonia , Republic of ( edit ) Macedonian legislation contemplates LLCs as Друштво со ограничена одговорност ( Drushtvo so ogranichena odgovornost ) . Companies working under this structure append the abbreviation д. о. о . ( d.o.o. ) to their name . The minimum required starting capital for a d.o.o. is € 5,000 . Mexico ( edit ) Mexican legislation contemplates LLCs as Sociedades de Responsabilidad Limitada , also known for their abbreviation `` S. de R.L. '' . S. de R.L. 's award limited liability to its members up to their contribution in the company ( i.e. , contribution of capital ) and also act as pass - through or flow - through entities whereby profits are `` passed - through '' to its members , avoiding double taxation . This type of company is widely used by foreign investors in Mexico because of its `` pass - through '' modality and its `` check the box '' capability under the IRC ( Internal Revenue Code of the U.S. ) . Moldova ( edit ) Moldovan legislation contemplates LLCs as Societate cu Răspundere Limitată , abbreviated `` S.R.L. '' , and are regulated member ( s ) - founder ( s ) , and other non-founder members , minimum one member - founder and maximum total of 50 members , at least one of them must be the founder of the company , but all of the 50 could be also founders . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , the closest to an LLC is probably the kommandittselskap ( KS ) . In a K / S there are two types of participants , one komplementar which is fully liable , and one or more kommandittist , with limited liability . There are minimum capital requirements . The KS is a tax - transparent company , which means the income `` passes through '' the company directly to the shareholders . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , LLCs are known as private companies that end ( Local Liability Company ) with Pvt. Ltd . They should have at least Rs. 100,000 as their minimum paid up capital . The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan ( SECP ) has made it mandatory for all listed companies to file their documents , returns , accounts and applications through the commission 's eServices online filing facility , earlier , this requirement was only applicable to the companies , which had been incorporated through eServices online filing facility . Peru ( edit ) There is no direct equivalent of an LLC in Peru , but some similar corporate forms include : Sociedad anónima cerrada ( SAC ) , a corporation which must have at least two and not more than twenty shareholders ; its shares may not be offered to the public and can not be traded on the stock exchange . Sociedad comercial de responsabilidad limitada ( SRL ) , a commercial partnership divided in equal participations which may not be called `` shares '' . It must have at least two and not more than twenty partners . Sociedad civil de responsabilidad limitada ( S civil de RL ) , a professional partnership of at least two and not more than thirty individuals , with co-owner participation in the form of capital , of professional contribution , or of any combination of both . Empresa individual de responsabilidad limitada ( EIRL ) , a legal entity with one single owner . The capital for any of the above entities is freely determined by its statutes . There is no minimum requirement except for entities with certain types of activities , mainly in the financial markets , and then irrespective of their type . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , a limited liability company is referred to literally as `` company with limited liability '' ( spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością , legally abbreviated as sp . z o.o. ( or sometimes Sp . z o.o. in particular names ) . Informally , in the Polish speaking slang , it is abbreviated as spółka zoo ( pronounced with a long `` o '' , as in `` tow . '' ) . However , sp . z o.o. has a ( separate from its owners ) legal personality , which gives it the ability to do certain actions under law , and it is considered a `` corporation '' . The minimum start capital is 5,000 PLN ( since 2009 ; until then , 50,000 PLN ) . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , LLCs are called `` Sociedades de Responsabilidade Limitada '' , that is , `` company of limited responsibility '' , usually abbreviated Lda ... They are tax subject , and company shares can not be sold in a public market , since 2006 the transference of them is not required to be done in the presence of a civil law notary , except if the company owns buildings , in the same way other major properties have to be sold . Nonetheless , the responsibility of the partners is limited to the capital share they hold , and the minimum capital required by law for a Lda. of € 5000 . ( In 2006 the PS Government , led by José Socrates , did reduce the minimum capital to € 1 , but in 2011 the new PSD Government , led by Pedro Passos Coelho , reinstated the € 5000 minimum capital . ) The capital is not required to be deposited at the time of the registration of the company , instead the share holders have until 31 December of the year the registry was made . Romania ( edit ) Romania recognizes the limited liability company since 1990 under the name of societate cu răspundere limitată ( S.R.L. ) , in which the owners are personally liable for the company obligations within the limit of their contribution to social capital . The minimum start capital is 200 RON which currently amounts to less than € 50 . Russia ( edit ) In Russia and certain other former Soviet countries , an entity with a somewhat similar structure is known as Общество с ограниченной ответственностью ( Obshchestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennost'yu ) ( lit. , `` company with limited liability '' ) , usually abbreviated OOO , or in some CIS countries as OcOO . Although a Russian limited liability company shares the same name with an American LLC , it is different in many ways . Most importantly , a Russian LLC is not tax transparent : the company is taxed at the corporate level , and then , upon distribution of dividends , shareholders pay income tax ( personal or corporate ) . A limited liability company is the most popular form of legal undertaking in Russia for simple shareholding structures . The minimum capital required is 10,000 Russian rubles . Serbia ( edit ) Serbian legislation contemplates LLCs as Друштво са ограниченом одговорношћу . Companies working under this structure append the abbreviation d.o.o. or DOO to their name same as in Croatia . As in the Czech Republic , a d.o.o. is not technically comparable to an LLC because the profits are still subject to double taxation . In Kosovo a company does not need to provide proof for payment of capital . Slovakia ( edit ) In Slovakia , the law contemplates spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným ( abbreviation spol . s r.o. or s.r.o. ) or as the rough equivalent of a limited liability company . It is very popular form of business organization due to ensurance of limited liability in exchange for a relatively small investment into the registered capital . From one to 50 associates can found it through a founding agreement with minimum registered capital of € 5000 , minimum € 750 per person , in money or other property . ( § 105 -- 153 of Act . No 513 / 1991 Coll . -- Commercial Code as amended . ) Slovenia ( edit ) Slovenian legislation contemplates LLCs as družba z omejeno odgovornostjo . Companies working under this structure append the abbreviation d.o.o. to their name . The minimum required starting capital for a d.o.o. is € 7,500 . Due to the high cost and complicated bookkeeping of a real corporation , this is a more widespread form . Spain ( edit ) In Spain , LLCs are called Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada ( SRL ) , `` company of limited responsibility '' , or sociedad limitada ( SL ) , or `` limited partnership '' . They are tax subject , and company shares can not be sold in a public market , the transference of them having to be done compulsorily in the presence of a civil law notary , in the same way other major properties have to be sold . Nonetheless , the responsibility of the partners is limited to the capital share they hold , and the minimum capital required by law for a S.L. is at least € 3,000 . Sweden ( edit ) Sweden has no equivalent of an LLC . The closest company form is the handelsbolag ( lit. : `` trade company '' ) . The Swedish AB ( aktiebolag ; lit. : `` share company '' ) , like the handelsbolag , is a tax subject and is more similar to a US C Corporation than an LLC . The minimum capital required by law in a private company , privat aktiebolag , is SEK 50,000 , although this may be in the form of assets as well as capital . It should be noted that the AB structure requires shareholders , a Board of Directors , and regular meetings of both , together with complete accounts once per year . Depending on the size of the AB , the accounts may have to be audited . Creation or purchase `` off - the - shelf '' of an AB is relatively cheap and tax effective , but liquidation of a created aktiebolag can be an expensive and time - consuming operation . Creation of public limited liability companies , or publikt aktiebolag , which can raise capital from the public , requires a minimum capitalization of SEK 500,000 , however the overall regulation of public companies in Sweden , especially regarding accounting methods and taxes , is thorough and detailed . Switzerland ( edit ) The Swiss Code of Obligations provides for different kinds of companies with limited liability , the two most commonly used are : Swiss Limited Liability Company : The terms for this kind of company used in the three official languages of the Swiss Confederation are as follows : In German Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( abbreviation : GmbH ) , in French Société à responsabilité limitée ( abbreviation : S. à r.l. or SARL ) and in Italian Società a Garanzia Limitata ( abbreviation : SaGL ) . A Swiss LLC is similar to an LLC with respect to various matters , including the following : Members may also be natural persons , corporations , partnerships or other LLCs , the liability of a member of a Swiss LLC to pay for the LLC 's obligations is limited to its capital contribution , a Swiss LLC may be either member - managed or manager - managed , and , unless otherwise provided for in the operating agreement , the members ' right to control or manage a Swiss LLC is proportionate to their individual membership interest . The membership interests in a Swiss LLC have to be registered and , thus , they may only be issued in the name of a member but not to the bearer . Swiss Corporation ( in English common law context usually translated as company limited by shares ) : The terms for this kind of company used in the three official languages of the Swiss Confederation are as follows : In German Aktiengesellschaft ( abbreviation : AG ) , in French Société Anonyme ( abbreviation : SA ) and in Italian Società Anonima ( abbreviation : SA ) . A Swiss corporation is with respect to various matters different from an LLC ( including a Swiss LLC ) : Most important is that a Swiss corporation may , neither by default nor by exercising any respective option provided by the Swiss law , be member - managed like an LLC , as the respective mandatory provisions of Swiss law provide that the board of directors has certain non-transferable duties . Furthermore , the shares of a Swiss corporation may also be issued to the bearer ( bearer shares ) and , thus , not only in the name of a holder ( registered shares ) , which , however , applies to the membership interests in a Swiss LLC , which may only be registered . Tajikistan ( edit ) In Tajikistan , the same as in Russia , an entity with a somewhat similar structure is known as `` Ҷамъияти дорои масъулияти маҳдуд '' , Chamiyti Doroi Masuliyti Machdud , abbreviated as `` ҶДММ '' . Turkey ( edit ) Minimum capital should be 10,000 TL . That capital could be the minimum total capital of company . Number of founding shareholders ( real persons or legal entities ) could be minimum 1 and maximum 50 . All or some of the shareholders could be foreign nationals . There is no issued stock certificates and all shareholders liability is limited to their registered capital amount . 1 / 4 of capital should be blocked in a Bank until procedure of registration ends . The equivalent of LLC for Turkish is Ltd . Şti . ( Which means Limited Şirketi . ) Ukraine ( edit ) This type of entity has existed in Ukraine since the 1990s . LLC is the most common type of business entity in Ukraine . In Ukrainian , it is spelled `` Товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю '' ( abbreviated -- TОВ , TзОВ ) , in transliteration `` Tovarystvo z Obmezhenoyu Vidpovidalnistyu , '' that is , `` company with limited liability '' . By Ukrainian law LLC is a legal person . Authorized capital of LLC is divided into shares ( or stakes ) , the amount of which is determined by the charter . LLC is responsible to the creditors only with its assets . Legal entities ( foreign or Ukrainian companies ) individuals , regardless of their country of citizenship or residency can be the founders ( participants ) of LLC . Limited liability company can be formed either by one person or by several individuals or legal entities ( corporations ) . Maximum number of participants ( founders ) of LLC in Ukraine is 100 . Since 2014 registration procedure has been significantly simplified in Ukraine . Minimum amount of authorised capital is 1 ( one ) hryvnia ( less than 0 , 04 US cents ) . There is no state fee for LLC formation . By Ukrainian Law LLC dividend payment is possible after the declaration of company 's income or profit to the fiscal / tax authorities and the approval of the income statement . Thus , regardless of the tax system , LLC can make dividend payments up to 4 times a year , or one time a quarter . Taxation . LLC can be registered : -- as corporate / profit tax ( 18 % rate ) with or without VAT ( up to 20 % rate , depends on product or service ) tax payer ; -- fixed tax rate ( in transliteration `` yediniy podatok '' or `` sproschena sistema opodatkuvannia '' ) is a 5 % rate from revenue , with or without ( on request ) VAT registration . United arab Emirates ( edit ) A Limited Liability Company ( LLC ) is the most common type of registration in the UAE and is recommended where the purpose of the entity is to make sales within the region . However , it should be noted that 100 % foreign ownership of such an entity is not permitted . Under the UAE Commercial Companies Law ( CCL ) , foreign investors are permitted to hold up to 49 per cent equity ownership in UAE companies and 51 per cent of the equity must be held at all times by one or more UAE nationals . In accordance with Article ( 218 ) of the CCL a Limited Liability Company can be formed by a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 50 shareholders whose liability is limited to their shares in the capital of the company . Recent amendments to Article ( 217 ) of the CCL that came into force in June 2009 removed the requirement for minimum share capital ( previously AED 300,000 in Dubai and AED 150,000 in other Emirates ) allowing founders of a limited liability company the freedom to determine the company 's share capital which could be less than the earlier prescribed bottom line . Shares of an LLC are not open for subscription by the public . Despite the split in shareholdings , profits may be divided in other ratios agreed upon , taking into consideration efforts of foreign partners in management , provision of technology or expertise . Responsibility for the management of a LLC can be vested in the foreign partner or UAE national partners or a third party . A LLC must appoint a minimum of one manager and up to a maximum of five managers for the business . Managers must be appointed by a Memorandum of Association or by a management contract , for a fixed term or an unlimited term . Unless the Memorandum of Association states otherwise , the manager has full powers of administration and management of the LLC . LLC is not allowed to practice its activities in the UAE without a Trade License and Commercial Registration Certificate . United Kingdom ( edit ) The new form of limited liability partnership ( LLP ) , created in 2000 , is similar to a US LLC in being tax neutral : member partners are taxed at the partner level , but the LLP itself pays no tax . It is treated as a body corporate for all other purposes including VAT . Otherwise , all companies , including limited companies and US LLCs , are treated as bodies corporate subject to United Kingdom corporation tax if the profits of the entity belong to the entity and not to its members . United states ( edit ) A limited liability company ( LLC ) is a relatively new business structure authorized by state statutes . The LLC is chiefly inspired by the GmbH ( `` Company with limited liability '' ) , a type of business organization in Germany , and by the limitada , a type of business organization available in many Latin American countries . In the United States , the first limited liability company act appeared in Wyoming in 1977 as special interest legislation for an oil company . In 1980 , the Internal Revenue Service issued a private letter ruling to an LLC formed under the Wyoming LLC Act , indicating that the IRS would treat the LLC as a partnership for federal tax purposes . However , later that year , the IRS proposed regulations that would deny partnership classification to any business entity in which no member bore personal responsibility for the entity 's liabilities . In 1982 , Florida adopted an LLC act modeled on Wyoming 's LLC Act . Due to uncertainty over the tax treatment of LLCs , no other states introduced LLC legislation until after 1988 . In 1988 , the IRS issued a revenue ruling stating that it would treat a Wyoming - style LLC as a partnership for tax purposes . By 1996 , nearly every state had enacted an LLC statute . The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws adopted the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act in 1996 and revised it in 2006 . A potential disadvantage specific to the United States is that LLCs are not considered to be corporations for the purposes of federal civil procedure ; they are instead treated as partnerships . This affects the applicability of diversity jurisdiction in cases involving LLCs , barring application of diversity jurisdiction when even one member of the LLC is a citizen of the same state as one of the opposing parties . Should one member of an LLC be a citizen of a state of which one of the opposing parties is a citizen , any case between the LLC and those parties must be heard in that state 's courts ; corporations enjoy a more complete legal personhood that only denies diversity jurisdiction when the opposing party is a citizen of the state in which the corporation is incorporated ( most commonly Delaware for large corporations , which has a small population ) or has its principal place of business . AOL was set up as an LLC during its ownership by Time Warner from 2001 to 2008 . There is a similar setup for BMW 's American subsidiary , BMW of North America , LLC . Chrysler has been an LLC since restructuring during the auto industry bailout of 2009 , owned by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. . See also ( edit ) Besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid , a Belgian ( bvba ) and Dutch ( bv ) private limited company Société à responsabilité limitée , LLCs in French speaking countries Incorporation ( business ) Limited Liability Partnership ( LLP ) List of company registers Types of business entity Wholly Foreign - Owned Enterprise References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Format ligjore të shoqërive - Acitad '' . Jump up ^ Ley de Sociedades Comerciales ( Spanish ) http://www.cnv.gov.ar/LeyesYReg/Leyes/19550.htm Jump up ^ ( Types of Companies in BiH `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17. ) Jump up ^ `` Lei 12.441 / 11 '' ( Law 12.441 / 11 ) . Brazilian Chief of Staff ( in Portuguese ) . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Veja o valor do salário mínimo em 2015 '' ( Check the value of the minimum wage for 2015 ) . g1.com.br ( in Portuguese ) . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Commerce Law of Bulgaria , English translation , Chapter 13 , Section I , Article 116 Archived 16 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Código de Comercio de Colombia , just like S.A. . Jump up ^ `` Screening report : Croatia '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu. 18 December 2006 . Chapter 6 -- Company Law , section IIa . Company law , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Limited Liability Companies Act 2006 ( English translation ) http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2006/en20060624.pdf Jump up ^ Steuerliche Einordnung der nach dem Recht der Bundesstaaten der USA gegründeten Limited Liability Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Background of the Limited Liability Company '' . Llc-reporter.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Σκουζός , Ιάσων . `` Procedure for the incorporation of a Greek Limited Liability Company ( E.P.E. ) - Iason Skouzos & Partners - Law Firm '' . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Company type and name English . Investhk.gov.hk ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary KFT '' . Zenron Consulting . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Company Conversion into LLP In India - Legalraasta '' . 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La S.p.A. si costituisce con capitale minimo di 50.000 € - FISCOeTASSE.com '' . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Limited Liability Company Register-company.lv '' . register-company.lv . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Micro-capital or reduced capital company Register-company.lv '' . register-company.lv . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.irfanlaw.com/blog/company-annual-statutory-return-filing-karachi-pakistan/ '' . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` http://www.sunarp.gob.pe/Aten24h/pdf/Anexo02.pdf '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` LEGE nr. 31 din 16 noiembrie 1990 privind societăţile comerciale '' . Cdep.ro. 2003 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Limited Liability Company : Encyclopedia of Russian Law '' . Russianlawonline.com. 14 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ ITG . `` Llojet e bizneseve - ITG '' . Jump up ^ Zákon č. 513 / 1991 Zb . -- Obchodný zákonník ( in Slovak ) Jump up ^ `` Guide to doing business in Slovakia '' ( PDF ) . Ružička Csekes ; CMS . January 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Swedish Companies Registration Office about Aktiebolag `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Publika aktiebolag - Bolagsverket '' . Bolagsverket.se . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ official German text : http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/220/index3.html , official French text : http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/220/index3.html , official Italian text : http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/220/index3.html Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , articles 772ss ^ Jump up to : Unofficial translation of term pursuant to : Swiss Code of Obligations , Volume II , Company Law , Articles 552 -- 964 , English Translation of the Official Text , Swiss - American Chamber of Commerce , Zurich 1992 Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , article 722 paragraph 1 Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , article 802 Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , article 811 Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , article 808 paragraph 4 Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , article 790 Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , articles 620ss Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , article 716a Jump up ^ Swiss Code of Obligations , article 622 paragraph 1 Jump up ^ Thor , Anatoliy . `` LLC formation Ukraine '' . Jump up ^ Thor , Anatoliy . `` Dividend payment in Ukraine '' . Jump up ^ `` legal forms of business '' . Jump up ^ trinitygroup.eu Jump up ^ `` Limited Liability Company ( LLC ) '' . Irs.gov. 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State of Wyoming Legislature '' . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Keatinge et al. , `` The Limited Liability Company : A Study of the Emerging Entity , '' 47 Business Lawyer 375 , 383 - 384 ( Feb. 1992 ) ( citing Act of 4 March 1977 , ch. 155 , 1977 Wyo. Sess. Laws 512 ) . Jump up ^ Priv . Ltr . Rul. 81 - 06 - 082 , 1980 WL 137231 ( 18 Nov. 1980 ) Jump up ^ Prop . Treas . Reg. § 301.7701 - 2 , 45 Fed . Reg. 75,709 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Fla. Stat. Ann . § § 608.401 -- 471 Jump up ^ Keatinge et al. , `` The Limited Liability Company : A Study of the Emerging Entity , '' 47 Bus . Law . 375 , 383 - 384 ( Feb. 1992 ) Jump up ^ Rev. Rul. 88 - 76 , 1988 - 2 C.B. 360 . Jump up ^ Larry E. Ribstein , A Critique of the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act , 25 Stetson Law Review 312 , 322 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Limited Liability Company ( Revised ) . Uniform Law Commission . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_limited_company&oldid=795696738 '' Categories : Legal entities Types of business entity Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Articles containing Albanian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Galego 한국어 Ирон Коми Magyar 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 22 : 27 . About Wikipedia	what does pvt stand for in a company name	[ "\n\nCountry\nBusiness form\nAbbreviation(s)\n\n\n United States\nlimited liability company\nLLC\n\n\nprivately held company\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\nprivate company limited by shares\nPvt. Ltd.\n\n\n India\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\n\n Ireland\n\n\n Nepal\n\n\n Netherlands\nbesloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid\nbv\n\n\n Belgium\nbvba\n\n\nSociété Privée à Responsabilité Limitée\nSPRL\n\n\n France\nsociété à responsabilité limitée\nSARL\n\n\n Luxembourg\n\n\n Switzerland\n\n\nsocietà a garanzia limitata\n\n\n\nGesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung\nGmbH\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\n\n Austria\n\n\n Germany\n\n\nUnternehmergesellschaft (haftungsbeschränkt)\nUG (haftungsbeschränkt)\n\n\n Greece\nΕταιρεία Περιορισμένης Ευθύνης\nΕ.Π.Ε.\n\n\nΙδιωτική Κεφαλαιουχική Εταιρεία\nΙ.Κ.Ε.\n\n\n Czech Republic\nSpolečnost s ručením omezeným\ns.r.o., spol. s r.o.\n\n\n Slovakia\nSpoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným\n\n\n Hungary\nkorlátolt felelősségű társaság\nkft.\n\n\n Poland\nspółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością\nsp. z o.o.\n\n\n Croatia\nDruštvo s ograničenom odgovornošću\nd.o.o. (д.о.о.)\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\n\n Serbia\nДруштво са ограниченом одговорношћу\n\n\n Macedonia\nDruštvo so ograničena odgovornost\n\n\n Slovenia\nDružba z omejeno odgovornostjo\n\n\n Spain\nsociedad de responsabilidad limitada\nSRL\n\n\n Mexico\n\n\n Peru\n\n\n Argentina\n\n\n Chile\n\n\n Colombia\n\n\ncompañía limitada\nLtda.\n\n\n Italy\nsocietà a responsabilità limitata\nSRL\n\n\n Portugal\nsociedade de responsabilidade limitada\nLda.\n\n\n Brazil\nsociedade limitada\nLtda., Lda.\n\n\n Russia\nобщество с ограниченной ответственностью\nООО\n\n\n Denmark\nanpartsselskab\nApS\n\n\n Sweden\nprivat aktiebolag\nAB\n\n\n Finland\n(Yksityinen) osakeyhtiö\nOY\n\n\n Australia\nproprietary limited company\nPty Ltd\n\n\n Malaysia\nSyarikat Sendirian Berhad\nSdn Bhd\n\n\n Singapore\n(exempt) private company limited by shares\nPte Ltd\n\n\n Estonia\nOsaühing\nOÜ\n\n\n Latvia\nSabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību\nSIA\n\n\n Lithuania\nUždaroji akcinė bendrovė\nUAB\n\n\n Uzbekistan\nMasuliyati Cheklangan Jamiyat\nMCHJ\n\n\n Romania\nSocietate cu Răspundere Limitată\nSRL\n\n\n Bulgaria\nДружество с ограничена отговорност\nООД\n\n\n Ukraine\nТовариство (з обмеженою відповідальністю)\nТОВ (Cyrillic)\n\n\n Albania\nShoqëria Me Përgjegjësi Të Kufizuar\nsh.p.k.\n\n\n Kosovo\n\n" ]	[ "private company" ]
-3708100265796240296	Batman (1989 film)	Batman ( 1989 film ) - wikipedia Batman ( 1989 film ) Batman Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Burton Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Screenplay by Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters appearing in magazines published by DC Comics Batman characters by Bob Kane Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Production company Warner Bros. Pictures Guber - Peters Company Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date June 19 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 19 ) ( Westwood , California ) June 23 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $411.3 million Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters and Peter Guber , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . It is the first installment of Warner Bros . ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman and Jack Nicholson as the Joker , alongside Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough and Jack Palance . The film takes place early in the title character 's war on crime , and depicts a battle with his nemesis the Joker . After Burton was hired as director in 1986 , Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay . Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton 's Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) . Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast . Keaton 's casting caused a controversy since , by 1988 , he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role . Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated a high salary , a portion of the box office profits and his shooting schedule . The tone and themes of the film were influenced in part by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts the `` Red Hood '' origin story for the Joker , in which Batman creates the Joker by dropping him into Axis Chemical acid , resulting in his transformation into a psychopath , but it adds a unique twist in presenting him specifically as a gangster named Jack Napier . Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989 . The budget escalated from $ 30 million to $48 million , while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out . Warren Skaaren did rewrites . Additional uncredited drafts were done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was a critical and financial success , earning over $400 million in box office totals . It was the fifth - highest - grossing film in history at the time of its release . The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination , and won an Academy Award . It also inspired the equally successful Batman : The Animated Series , paving the way for the DC animated universe , and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre . Three sequels , Batman Returns , Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , were released on June 19 , 1992 , June 16 , 1995 , and June 20 , 1997 , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Design 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Legacy 6.4 Home video 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot As Gotham City approaches its bicentennial , Mayor Borg orders district attorney Harvey Dent and police commissioner James Gordon to make the city safer . Meanwhile , reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale begin to investigate rumors of a vigilante nicknamed `` Batman '' who is targeting the city 's criminals . Batman 's alter - ego is Bruce Wayne , a billionaire industrialist who , as a child , witnessed his parents ' murder at the hands of a psychotic mugger . At a fundraiser for the bicentennial in Wayne Manor , Bruce meets and falls for Vale , and the two begin a romantic relationship . However , the evening is cut short as Bruce is alerted to Commissioner Gordon 's sudden departure due to police business and leaves to investigate as Batman . Mob boss Carl Grissom , who has already been targeted by Dent and Gordon , discovers his mistress Alicia is involved with his second - in - command Jack Napier . With the help of corrupt police lieutenant Max Eckhardt , Grissom engineers Napier 's death in a raid at Axis Chemicals . However , Grissom 's plan is foiled with the sudden arrival of Commissioner Gordon , who wants Napier captured alive . In the ensuing shootout , Napier , who has realized he was set up , kills Eckhardt . Batman arrives and , in a struggle , Napier is knocked into a vat of chemicals . Batman escapes and Napier is presumed dead . Napier emerges from the vat , but is left disfigured with chalk white skin , emerald green hair , and a rictus grin . The sociopathic Napier is driven insane by the incident and begins calling himself `` the Joker '' . He kills Grissom and usurps authority over his criminal empire , and scars Alicia 's face to equal his disfigurement . The Joker terrorizes Gotham City by lacing hygiene products with `` Smilex '' , a deadly chemical which causes victims to die laughing with the same maniacal grin as the Joker . As he searches for information on Batman ( whom he blames for his disfigurement ) , the Joker also becomes obsessed with Vale . He lures her to the Gotham Museum of Art and his henchmen destroy the works of art . Batman arrives and rescues her . They escape in the Batmobile , pursued by the Joker 's men . Batman takes Vicki to the Batcave , where he gives her information from his research on Smilex that will allow the city 's residents to avoid exposure to the toxin . Bruce visits Vicki at her apartment , prepared to tell her about his alter - ego . The Joker interrupts their meeting , asking Bruce , `` ( Have you ) Ever danced with the devil by the pale moonlight ? '' before shooting him . Bruce uses a bended serving tray as body armor and plays dead . He remembers that the mugger who killed his parents asked the same question , and realizes that Napier was his parents ' killer . Vicki is brought to the Batcave by Bruce 's butler , Alfred Pennyworth , who has been coaxing their relationship because Vicki brings out Bruce 's human side . After telling her that he can not focus on their relationship with the Joker terrorizing Gotham , Bruce departs as Batman to destroy the Axis plant . Meanwhile , the Joker lures the citizens of Gotham to a parade with the promise of free money , but while throwing cash at the crowd as promised , also attacks them with Smilex gas released from his giant parade balloons . Batman arrives and tows the balloons above the clouds with the Batwing . The Joker shoots the Batwing using a long - barreled gun , causing it to crash , and takes Vicki to the top of a cathedral . Batman , who survived the crash , fends off the Joker 's remaining men despite his injuries , and confronts the Joker . The two struggle , with Joker eventually gaining the upper hand , leaving Batman and Vicki clinging onto an outcropping . The Joker tries to escape by helicopter , but Batman attaches a heavy granite gargoyle to the Joker 's leg with his grappling hook , causing him to lose his grip and fall to his death after it breaks off . Commissioner Gordon announces that the police have arrested the Joker 's men and unveils the Bat - Signal . Harvey Dent reads a note from Batman , promising that he will defend Gotham whenever crime strikes again . Vicki is taken to Wayne Manor by Alfred , who tells her that Bruce will be a little late . She responds that she is not surprised , as Batman looks at the signal 's projection from a rooftop , standing watch over the city . Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as Young Bruce Wayne Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as Young Jack Napier Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt John Dair as Vinnie Ricorso Christopher Fairbank as Nic George Roth as Eddie David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Garrick Hagon as Tourist Dad Liza Ross as Tourist Mom Adrian Meyers as Jimmy , Tourist Son Production Development `` I was never a giant comic book fan , but I 've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker . The reason I 've never been a comic book fan -- and I think it started when I was a child -- is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read . I do n't know if it was dyslexia or whatever , but that 's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read . It 's my favorite . It 's the first comic I 've ever loved . And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable . '' -- Tim Burton In the late 1970s , Batman 's popularity was waning . CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film . Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3 , 1979 . It was Uslan 's wish `` to make the definitive , dark , serious version of Batman , the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939 . A creature of the night ; stalking criminals in the shadows . '' Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct , but the two turned down the offer . Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s TV series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film . A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film . Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of The Dark Knight Returns , which his script pre-dated by six years . In November 1979 , producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project . Melniker and Uslan became executive producers . The four felt it was best to pattern the film 's development after that of Superman ( 1978 ) . Uslan , Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down . Though no movie studios were yet involved , the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York . Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983 , focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins , with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains , and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest . Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman : Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million . Originally , Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman , William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature . Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983 , so this would never come to pass . A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz ' script , including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin . Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers . Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However , it was Mankiewicz 's script that was still being used to guide the project . After the financial success of Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) , Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then - girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30 - page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and Batman : The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros . ' interest in a film adaptation . Burton was initially not a comic book fan , but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986 . Like Mankiewicz 's script , it was based on his own Strange Apparitions , and included Silver St. Cloud , Dick Grayson , the Joker and Rupert Thorne , as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed , but Englehart felt there were too many characters . He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment , finishing in May 1986 . Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan , to write the screenplay . Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that `` unlocking the mystery '' would become part of the storyline . He reasoned , `` You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman . '' Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation , Carl Grissom . He completed his script in October 1986 , which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character . One scene in Hamm 's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne 's parents . When Hamm 's script was rewritten , the scene was deleted , reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film . Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development , despite their enthusiasm for Hamm 's script , which Batman co-creator Bob Kane greeted with positive feedback . Hamm 's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States . Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988 , after the success of Burton 's Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) . When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role , controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in . Hamm explained , `` They hear Tim Burton 's name and they think of Pee - wee 's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton 's name and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies . You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film . We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone , but the fans did n't believe us . '' To combat negative reports on the film 's production , Kane was hired as creative consultant . Casting Parallel to the Superman casting , a who 's who of Hollywood top stars were considered for the role of Batman , including Mel Gibson , Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray , Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star , and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character . Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor , and offered Ray Liotta a chance to audition after having completed Something Wild , but Liotta declined , a decision he regrets . Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker , had actually been considered for Batman early in development . Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton , arguing he had the right `` edgy , tormented quality '' after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober . Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed . Keaton 's casting caused a controversy among comic book fans , with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices . Bob Kane , Sam Hamm and Michael Uslan also heavily questioned the casting . `` Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people . I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series , and make it campy , because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that . '' Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration . Brad Dourif , Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow and James Woods were considered for the Joker . Lithgow , during his audition , attempted to talk Burton out of casting him , a decision he would later publicly regret , stating , `` I did n't realize it was such a big deal '' . Burton wanted to cast Brad Dourif , but the studio refused . Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part . Jack Nicholson had been producer Michael Uslan 's and Bob Kane 's choice since 1980 . Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986 , during filming of The Witches of Eastwick . Nicholson had what was known as an `` off - the - clock '' agreement . His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day , from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming , as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games . Nicholson demanded to have all of his scenes shot in a three - week block , but the schedule lapsed into 106 days . He received a $6 million salary , as well as a large percentage of the box office gross estimated between $60 million to $90 million . Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale , but was injured in a horse - riding accident prior to commencement of filming . Young 's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who , besides being right for the part , could commit to the film at very short notice . Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast . As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer Film Productions , Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne 's butler , Alfred Pennyworth . Robert Wuhl was cast as reporter Alexander Knox . His character was originally supposed to die by the Joker 's poison gas in the climax , but the filmmakers `` liked ( my ) character so much , '' Wuhl said , `` that they decided to let me live . '' Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two - Face in a future film using the concept of an African - American Two - Face for the black and white concept , but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever , which disappointed Williams . Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker 's henchman , Bob . Kiefer Sutherland was considered as Robin before the character was deleted from the shooting script . The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt , Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg , William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt , and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom . Filming Knebworth House served as the Wayne Manor in the film The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , but media interest in the film made them change the location . It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 1988 to January 1989 . 18 sound stages were used , almost the entirety of Pinewood 's 95 - acre backlot . Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million . Filming was highly secretive . The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Jack Nicholson as the Joker . The police were later called in when two reels of footage ( about 20 minutes ' worth ) were stolen . With various problems during filming , Burton called it `` Torture . The worst period of my life ! '' Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton 's Beetlejuice , did rewrites . Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming . Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm . Hamm criticized the rewrites , but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. Burton explained , `` I do n't understand why that became such a problem . We started out with a script that everyone liked , although we recognized it needed a little work . '' Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted , as the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot . Bob Kane supported this decision . Keaton , who called himself a `` logic freak '' , was concerned that Batman 's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover , and discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character , including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately , Keaton decided to perform Batman 's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne , which became a hallmark of the film version of the character , with Christian Bale later using the same technique . Originally in the climax , the Joker was to kill Vicki Vale , sending Batman into a vengeful fury . Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38 - foot ( 12 m ) model of the cathedral . This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget . Burton disliked the idea , having no clue how the scene would end : `` Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral , and halfway up Jack turns around and says , ' Why am I walking up all these stairs ? Where am I going ? ' ' We 'll talk about it when you get to the top ! ' I had to tell him that I did n't know . '' Design `` I envisaged Gotham the way I see it now at Pinewood . They 've got it , every building , every trash can , every brick . '' -- Batman co-creator Bob Kane when looking at the buildings at Pinewood Studios Burton was impressed with Anton Furst 's designs in The Company of Wolves , and previously failed to hire Furst as production designer for Beetlejuice . Furst had been too committed on High Spirits , a choice he later regretted . Furst enjoyed working with Burton . `` I do n't think I 've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director '' , he said . `` Conceptually , spiritually , visually , or artistically . There was never any problem because we never fought over anything . Texture , attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at . '' Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to `` make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable '' . Furst continued , `` ( W ) e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime , with a riot of architectural styles . An essay in ugliness . As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going '' . The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film 's production design , as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , while Keith Short helped construct the newly created 1989 Batmobile , adding two Browning machine guns . On designing the Batmobile , Furst explained , `` We looked at jet aircraft components , we looked at war machines , we looked at all sorts of things . In the end , we went into pure expressionism , taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s '' . The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed . Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because `` the image of Batman in the comics is this huge , big six - foot - four hunk with a dimpled chin . Michael Keaton is a guy with average build '' , he stated . `` The problem was to make somebody who was average - sized and ordinary - looking into this bigger - than - life creature . '' Burton commented , `` Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him . The costume put him in a dark , Batman - like mood though , so he was able to use it to his advantage '' . Burton 's idea was to use an all - black suit , and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane . Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit . Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration . 28 sculpted latex designs were created ; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made , accumulating a total cost of $250,000 . Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit . Burton opted not to use tights , spandex , or underpants as seen in the comic book , feeling it was not intimidating . Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic - based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson 's chalk - white face . Part of Nicholson 's contract was approval over the makeup designer . Music See also : Batman ( album ) and Batman ( score ) Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee - wee 's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score . For inspiration , Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried , as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale . In addition , producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman , but was later convinced when he heard the opening number . Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs . Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson 's songs together for the entire film score . Burton protested the ideas , citing `` my movies are n't commercial like Top Gun . '' Elfman enlisted the help of Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek and Shirley Walker to arrange the compositions for the orchestra . Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score . `` Batman was done in England by technicians who did n't care , and the non-caring showed , '' he stated . `` I 'm not putting down England because they 've done gorgeous dubs there , but this particular crew elected not to . '' Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks . One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman 's score . Both were successful , and compilations of Elfman 's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman : The Animated Series , also composed by Shirley Walker . Themes `` The duel of the freaks '' When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained , `` the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks . It 's a fight between two disturbed people '' , adding that `` The Joker is such a great character because there 's a complete freedom to him . Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want ... They are the darker sides of freedom . Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have , because you 're not bound by the laws of society '' . Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity , exposing one while hiding the reality from the world . Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne , struggling with his alter - ego as Batman , is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals , such as the Joker . Kim Newman theorized that `` Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis , and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent '' . Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design . Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham 's design was a reference to films such as Metropolis ( 1927 ) and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( 1920 ) . `` Gotham City , despite being shot on a studio backlot '' , he continued , `` is literally another character in the script . It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens . '' Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that `` The citizens , cops , people and the black - and - white television looks like it takes place in 1939 '' ; but later said : `` Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir . '' Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo . Marketing Production designer Anton Furst designed the poster , which he called `` evocative but ubiquitous . Only featuring the Bat - Symbol . Not too much and not too little '' . Earlier designs `` had the word ' Batman ' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian - type font '' . Jon Peters unified all the film 's tie - ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control . During production , Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton . In response , Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas . It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music , but create enormous anticipation for the film . DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm 's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman : Blind Justice ( ISBN 978 - 1563890475 ) . Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork . Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins , albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra 's al Ghul . In the months before Batman 's release in June 1989 , a popular culture phenomenon known as `` Batmania '' began . Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold . Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered : `` That summer was huge . You could n't turn around without seeing the Bat - Signal somewhere . People were cutting it into their fucking heads . It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot . '' Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization , Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . It remained on the New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989 . Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity . David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film . He believed `` it is less movie than a corporate behemoth '' . Reception Box Office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22 , 1989 on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend . This broke the opening weekend record , set by Ghostbusters II one week earlier , with $29.4 million . Batman became the fastest film to earn $100 million , reaching it in 11 days ( 10 days plus late night previews ) , The film closed on December 14 , 1989 , with a final gross $251.2 million in North America and $160.15 million internationally , totaling $411.35 million . and was the highest grossing film based on a DC comic book until 2008 's The Dark Knight . The film 's gross is the 66th highest ever in North American ranks . Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989 , Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , and made a further $150 million in home video sales . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US . Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark , but nonetheless received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 72 % based on 68 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` An eerie , haunting spectacle , Batman succeeds as dark entertainment , even if Jack Nicholson 's Joker too often overshadows the title character . '' Metacritic gives an aggregated score of 66 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime . Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book , Joe Chill is responsible . Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton 's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne 's parents . `` The Writer 's Strike was going on , and Tim had the other writers do that . I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that , and I agree . That would have been Alfred 's last day of employment at Wayne Manor , '' Hamm said . The songs written by Prince were criticized for being `` too out of place '' . While Burton has stated he had no problem with the Prince songs , he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film . On the film , Burton remarked , `` I liked parts of it , but the whole movie is mainly boring to me . It 's OK , but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie . '' Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film 's release , Keaton 's portrayal of Batman was generally praised . James Berardinelli called the film entertaining , with the highlight being the production design . However , he concluded , `` the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort . '' Variety felt `` Jack Nicholson stole every scene '' but still greeted the film with positive feedback . Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design , but claimed `` Batman is a triumph of design over story , style over substance , a great - looking movie with a plot you ca n't care much about . '' He also called the film `` a depressing experience '' . His reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed , describing the film as having a ' refreshingly adult ' approach with performances , direction and set design that ' draws you into a psychological world ' . Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor ( Musical or Comedy ) . The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson ) , but it won none of the categories . Nicholson , Basinger , the makeup department , and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman : The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long - running DC animated universe and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre . Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show 's Art Deco design was inspired from the film . Timm commented , `` our show would never have gotten made if it had n't been for that first Batman movie . '' Burton joked , `` ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie . Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie . I guess I 'm the one responsible for that trend . '' Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels : Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) ; the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton , and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively . Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26 , 1992 . Melniker and Uslan claimed to be `` the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels . We were denied proper credits , and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman . '' A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit . Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion , with Uslan claiming to have `` not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless . '' Warner Bros. offered the pair an out - of - court pay - off , a sum described by Melniker and Uslan 's attorney as `` two popcorns and two Cokes '' . Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry , including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts ; the narrowing window between a film 's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second - run movie theaters ; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing , pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie - ins ; the primacy of the MPAA PG - 13 as the target rating for film producers ; and more off - beat , non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films . The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker -- # 45 Villain Batman -- # 46 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight ? '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Fantasy Film Home video Many versions of the film have been released . Included are VHS , Laserdisc , single - disc DVD , special edition DVD and an anthology set . The Batman : The Motion Picture Anthology released in 2005 included 2 - disc special edition DVDs of the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher Batman films . This anthology set was re-released on Blu - ray on March 10 , 2009 . On May 19 , 2009 a 20th anniversary stand - alone edition was released . This stand - alone version contains exactly the same special features as its anthology set ( both DVD and Blu - ray ) counterparts . There are two differences : This version includes a 50 - page booklet guide to the film , and a slight variation in packaging from normal Blu - ray cases ( i.e. a Warner Bros. digibook ) . They both include a digital copy of the film . Warner Bros. also released the 25th anniversary edition on Blu Ray on December 20 , 2014 with all of the same special features shown on DVD and Blu Ray and comes with a new featurette called `` Batman : The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster '' . The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD / Blu - ray set in 2012 , alongside its sequel , Batman Returns , and several other Burton films . References Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Salisbury ; Tim Burton ( 2006 ) . `` Batman '' . Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 70 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22926 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tim Burton , Burton on Burton : Revised Edition ( London : Faber and Faber , 2006 ) 71 . ^ Jump up to : Bill `` Jett '' Ramey ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` An Interview With Michael Uslan -- Part 1 '' . Batman - on - Film . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bill `` Jett '' Ramey ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` An Interview With Michael Uslan -- Part 2 '' . Batman - on - Film . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Griffin ; Kim Masters ( 1997 ) . `` Hit Men '' . Hit & Run : How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . Simon & Schuster . pp. 158 -- 174 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80931 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Jones ( November 1989 ) . `` Batman in Production '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 75 -- 88 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Uslan , Benjamin Melniker , Peter Guber , Tom Mankiewicz , Sam Hamm , Shadows of the Bat : The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight -- The Road to Gotham City , 2005 , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : Alan Jones ( November 1989 ) . `` Batman '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 55 -- 67 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stax ( December 1 , 2001 ) . `` The Stax Report Special Edition : Script Review of The Batman '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor L. White ( July 1989 ) . `` Batman '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 33 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Ken Hanke ( 1999 ) . `` Going Batty in Britain '' . Tim Burton : An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 75 -- 85 . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 162 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman '' . Steve Englehart.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Rebello ( November 1989 ) . `` Sam Hamm - Screenwriter '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 34 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Burton , Sam Hamm , Mark Canton , Michael Keaton , Shadows of the Bat : The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight -- The Gathering Storm , 2005 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/batmananthology/images/f/f4/GordonBeat.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20140217042511 ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Batman Backlash : Ben Affleck Has Nothing on Michael Keaton '' . Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Jenna ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Batman Producer Michael Uslan Talks the Legacy of Superhero Cinema '' . Superhero Hype ! . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce Brosnan : I turned down Tim Burton 's Batman '' . The Guardian . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Todd Gilchrist ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Ray Liotta Says Tim Burton Wanted To Meet With Him For ' Batman ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Josh Wigler ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Willem Dafoe As Batman ? It Almost Happened ! '' . MTV.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Peters , The Death of `` Superman Lives '' : What Happened ? , 2015 Jump up ^ Hilary de Vries ( February 5 , 1989 ) . `` Batman Battles for Big Money '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Les Daniels ( 2000 ) . Batman : The Complete History . Chronicle Books . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2470 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Nicholson was not the first choice to play The Joker '' . ^ Jump up to : David Hughes ( 2003 ) . `` Batman '' . Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 33 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0767 - 6 . Jump up ^ Van Syckle , Katie . `` John Lithgow Still Regrets Passing on Playing the Joker in Tim Burton 's Batman '' . Vulture . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Tim Burton Originally Wanted ' Chucky ' Voice Actor Brad Dourif To Play The Joker In ' Batman ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Iain Johnstone ( August 1989 ) . `` Dark Knight in the City of Dreams '' . Empire . pp. 46 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Celebrity Lakers Fans '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matt Carey ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` You do n't know Jack ( Nicholson ) '' . CNN . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shadows of the Bat : The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , `` Part 2 : The Gathering Storm '' , DVD documentary , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Tim Burton , DVD audio commentary , 2005 , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : Robert Wuhl , Billy Dee Williams , Pat Hingle , Batman : The Heroes , 2005 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ Batman Special Edition DVD / Blu - ray , Tim Burton Commentary Jump up ^ Jack Nicholson , Tracey Walter , Batman : The Villains , 2005 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ Sean Marland ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland Talks 24 : The Movie , Turning Down Batman and His New Show ' Touch ' '' . OnTheBox.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morgenstern , Joe ( April 9 , 1989 ) . `` Tim Burton , Batman and The Joker '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Hanke , p. 87 - 96 Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) Filming Locations '' . Ukonscreen.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Burton , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh . `` Michael Keaton Reveals The Secret Origin Of His Batman Voice '' . MTV . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Stone ( September 28 , 2004 ) . `` How Hollywood had the last laugh '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Anton Furst , Derek Meddings , Visualizing Gotham : The Production Design of Batman , 2005 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ; Elaine Dutka ( June 19 , 1989 ) . `` The Caped Crusader Flies Again '' . Time . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . Keith Short.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Keith Short , Building the Batmobile , 2005 , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : Jody Duncan Shannon ( February 1990 ) . `` Building the Bat - suit '' . Cinefex . pp. 16 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Bob Ringwood , Tim Burton , Designing the Batsuit , 2005 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ `` Reinventing the Batsuit for the Modern Era '' . American Movies Classic . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alan Jones ( November 1989 ) . `` The Joker 's Make - up '' . Cinefantastique . pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Danny Elfman , Tim Burton , Nocturnal Overtures : The Music of Batman , 2005 , Warner Home Video ^ Jump up to : Tim Burton , Sam Hamm , Danny Elfman , Shadows of the Bat : The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight -- The Legend Reborn , 2005 , Warner Home Video Jump up ^ Givens , Ron ( February 23 , 1990 ) . `` The Elfman Cometh '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Judy Sloane ( August 1995 ) . `` Elfman on scoring '' . Film Review . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Stephen Holden ( July 19 , 1989 ) . `` The Pop Life '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kim Newman ( September 1989 ) . `` Batman '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Hal Hinson ( June 23 , 1989 ) . `` Batman '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 19 , 1989 ) . `` Murk in The Myth '' . Time . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Alison McMahan ( 2005 ) . `` Burton 's Batman : Myth , Marketing , and Merchandising '' . The Films of Tim Burton : Animating Live Action in Contemporary Hollywood . Farmington Hills , Michigan : Gale . pp. 121 -- 156 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1566 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kevin Smith , An Evening with Kevin Smith , 2002 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Novelization ( Mass Market Paperback ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Best Sellers : June 18 , 1989 '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batman ( 1989 ) Daily Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joseph McBride ( June 28 , 1989 ) . `` ' Batman ' Swoops to Conquer '' . Variety . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Joseph McBride ( July 5 , 1989 ) . `` ' Batman ' Tops $100 - Million '' . Variety . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DC Comics Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Resner ( August 1992 ) . `` Three Go Mad in Gotham '' , Empire , pp. 44 - 52 . Retrieved on August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman ( 1989 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Sauriol , Patrick ( July 1998 ) . `` Dark Knight Triumphant '' . Wizard . p 208 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli ( June 5 , 2001 ) . `` Batman ( 1989 ) '' . ReelViews . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . Variety . January 1 , 1989 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Batman '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved October 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards.org . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Paul Dini ; Chip Kidd ( 1998 ) . Batman Animated . Titan Books . p. 2 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 016 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bruce Timm ; Erick Nolen - Weathington ( 2004 ) . Modern Masters Volume 3 : Bruce Timm . TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 38 -- 49 . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 30 - 6 . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Tim Burton talks about Johnny Depp , ' Alice in Wonderland ' and ' The Dark Knight ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Olly Richards ( September 1992 ) . `` Trouble in Gotham '' , Empire , pp. 21 - 23 . Retrieved on August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 24 , 2009 ) . `` 20 years later , how Batman changed the movie business ... '' Salon.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Greatest American Movie Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HollywoodBowlBallot '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Further reading Janet K. Halfyard , ( October 28 , 2004 ) . Danny Elfman 's Batman : A Film Score Guide ( Paperback ) . A careful study of Elfman 's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5126 - 1 . Craig Shaw Gardner ( June 1 , 1989 ) . Batman ( Mass Market Paperback ) . Novelization of the film . Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0 - 446 - 35487 - 2 . External links Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 1980s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Batman ( 1989 film ) Official Warner Bros. Page Batman at AllMovie Batman on IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database Batman at Box Office Mojo Batman at Metacritic Batman at Rotten Tomatoes Script review of The Batman IGN reviews Tom Mankiewicz 's unproduced script Behind - the - scenes photos Screenshots Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Legends of the Superheroes OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Live - action films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 1997 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Animated television The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes Animated films Batman : Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Batman : Gotham Knight Batman : Under the Red Hood Batman : Year One Batman : The Dark Knight Returns Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Batman : Assault on Arkham Batman vs. Robin Batman : Bad Blood Batman : The Killing Joke Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Batman : Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Supporting characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music Batman in film 1989 -- 1997 series Batman score soundtrack Batman Returns soundtrack Batman Forever score soundtrack Batman & Robin soundtrack The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins soundtrack video game Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight soundtrack canceled video game Joker The Dark Knight Rises soundtrack video games Batman home computer game Batman : The Video Game for the NES and Game Boy Batman : The Video Game for the Sega Genesis Batman arcade game Batman Returns Batman Forever video game Batman Forever pinball Batman Forever : The Arcade Game Batman and Robin Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin The Wild World of Batwoman James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight ! Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Batman : Dead End Grayson World 's Finest Robin 's Big Date City of Scars Seeds of Arkham Batman : Death Wish See also Batman franchise media Batman : Gotham Knight Batman OnStar commercials Catwoman Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Justice League Aquaman Shazam ! Franchises Batman 1960s Batman 1980s - 1990s Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2000s - 2010s Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1950s Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1970s - 2000s Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2010s Man of Steel Wonder Woman Wonder Woman Wonder Woman 1984 Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Films DC Extended Universe Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1983 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( `` The Jar '' , 1986 ) Faerie Tale Theatre ( `` Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp '' , 1986 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) BNE : XX4209227 BNF : cb165614818 ( data ) GND : 4228734 - 0 LCCN : n92021592 VIAF : 183956854 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman_(1989_film)&oldid=847949882 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s action films 1980s superhero films American films Batman films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films about revenge Films about psychopaths Films directed by Tim Burton Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films shot at Pinewood Studios PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 21 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first batman movie come out	[ "Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters and Peter Guber, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is the first installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film stars Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman and Jack Nicholson as the Joker, alongside Kim Basinger, Robert Wuhl, Pat Hingle, Billy Dee Williams, Michael Gough and Jack Palance. The film takes place early in the title character's war on crime, and depicts a battle with his nemesis the Joker.\n" ]	[ "1989" ]
-5841833942564902234	Jaime Murray	Jaime Murray - wikipedia Jaime Murray Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jamie Murray . Jaime Murray Murray at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International ( 1976 - 07 - 21 ) 21 July 1976 ( age 41 ) London , England Occupation Actress Years active 2001 -- present Spouse ( s ) Bernie Cahill ( m . 2014 ) Parent ( s ) Billy Murray Jaime Murray ( born 21 July 1976 ) is an English actress , known for playing Stacie Monroe in the BBC series Hustle and Lila West in the Showtime series Dexter . She is also known for her recurring roles as Gaia in the Starz miniseries Spartacus : Gods of the Arena , as Olivia Charles in The CW series Ringer , as Helena G. Wells in the Syfy series Warehouse 13 , as Stahma Tarr in the Syfy series Defiance , and as the Black Fairy in Once Upon a Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Acting 3 Modeling 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Murray was born in London , England , to Elaine and English actor Billy Murray . She was named after Lindsay Wagner 's character Jaime Sommers in the 1970s television series The Bionic Woman . Just before taking her A Levels , Murray was diagnosed with dyslexia . She briefly studied philosophy and psychology at the London School of Economics , but dropped out to train at the Drama Centre London , where she graduated in 2000 . Acting ( edit ) Murray 's first taste of stardom was miming the lyrics in the original video of Stretch & Vern 's dance track `` I 'm Alive '' ( 1996 ) . Some of her early television appearances included minor guest roles in BBC One 's Casualty , The Bill , Love Soup , and ShakespeaRe - Told : The Taming of the Shrew . Murray starred as Stacie Monroe in series 1 through series 4 of Hustle . In one episode , Murray so impressed her co-star Robert Vaughn with her modeling of a Wonder Woman costume that , according to several online sources , he showed it to studio executives in Hollywood . On the strength of this , Murray was invited to audition for the title part of the Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) movie . Later , Murray reprised her role as Stacie Monroe in Hustle , series 8 . Relocating to Los Angeles , Murray starred in Dexter as Lila Tourney , Dexter Morgan 's Narcotics Anonymous sponsor and the main antagonist in Season 2 . Dexter spends one night in a hotel with Lila without any sexual contact , the revelation of which leads to his breakup with his girlfriend Rita Bennett . Lila and Dexter have a brief relationship , but he eventually comes to believe that Lila is in fact a sociopath who hangs out in support groups in an attempt to vicariously experience emotions in a safe environment , by closely observing them in recovering addicts . She becomes obsessed with Dexter , believing that she sees through Dexter 's `` mask '' , and he is her soulmate . In mid-2008 , Murray joined the cast of The CW 's series Valentine , playing the lead character , Grace Valentine . The show began airing in October 2008 but was cancelled by the end of the month . Murray was cast in another CW show , The Beautiful Life : TBL , as a wardrobe stylist , but the show was canceled before she was able to appear . Murray finished shooting Possessions in 2010 and soon thereafter began shooting The Rapture . She starred in the horror film Devil 's Playground ( 2010 ) , directed by Mark McQueen , and then appeared as Helena G. Wells on the Syfy series Warehouse 13 . Murray 's portrayal of Helena G. Wells received critical praise . Her portrayal was described as `` saucy '' , `` superb '' , as able to `` anchor a series '' , and `` endlessly fascinating '' . Her absence as the villainess in the season 3 Christmas episode , `` The Greatest Gift '' , was bemoaned with the lamentation `` she would have done it better '' . Murray was nominated for a 2012 Portal Award for her portrayal of Helena G. Wells on Warehouse 13 . Murray also made a guest appearances on the Fox series The Finder , where she played a drug coordinator . Murray starred in the Starz miniseries Spartacus : Gods of the Arena , as Gaia , a longtime friend of Lucretia . Murray also had a guest appearance in 2009 on CBS series NCIS , playing ICE Agent Julia Foster - Yates . Murray made an appearance on the Partially Examined Life philosophy podcast , playing a part in Sartre 's No Exit , alongside Lucy Lawless , Mark Linsenmayer , and Wes Alwan . Most recently she portrayed the character of Stahma Tarr in the Syfy series Defiance , which aired its final episode in August 2015 . Murray will be guest starring in Once Upon a Time as the Black Fairy . Modeling ( edit ) Murray modeled clothing in television advertisements for Debenhams department store . She is signed to Models 1 in London and has appeared in men 's magazines such as GQ , Mayfair , and FHM , as well as women 's magazines such as Hello ! , Cosmopolitan , and OK ! . Personal Life ( edit ) Murray married Bernie Cahill , a partner in an entertainment management company , in May 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 Animal Saleswoman 2007 Deaths of Ian Stone , The The Deaths of Ian Stone Medea 2007 Botched Anna Devil 's Playground Lavinia 2012 Possessions Chloe 2013 Samuel Bleak Vivian Bleak 2013 Fright Night 2 : New Blood Gerri Dandridge Direct - to - video 2015 Rapture , The The Rapture Fiona In post-production Television Year Title Role Notes Bill , The The Bill Tania Matthews Episode : `` A Pound of Flesh '' 2002 Casualty Sonia Guzman Episode : `` Thicker Than Water '' 2002 Bill , The The Bill Melanie 3 episodes 2003 Keen Eddie Kiki Episode : `` Pilot ( a.k.a. Eddie ) '' Doctors and Nurses Bella Olazabal Episode : `` Bella Bella '' 2004 -- 07 ; 2012 Hustle Stacie Monroe Main cast ( series 1 -- 4 , 8 ) ; 25 episodes 2005 Love Soup Natalie Brown Episode : `` Death and Nurses '' 2005 ShakespeaRe - Told Bianca Minola Episode : `` The Taming of The Shrew '' 2005 Agatha Christie 's Poirot Ruth Kettering Episode : `` The Mystery of the Blue Train '' 2007 Dexter Lila West 10 episodes 2008 -- 2009 Valentine Grace Valentine / Aphrodite Main cast ; 8 episodes 2009 Mentalist , The The Mentalist Nadia Sobell Episode : `` Carnelian Inc . '' 2009 Eli Stone Diane Rundlet Episode : `` Flight Path '' 2009 NCIS ICE Agent Julia Foster - Yates Episode : `` Semper Fidelis '' 2009 Beautiful Life : TBL , The The Beautiful Life : TBL Vivienne 5 episodes 2010 -- 2014 Warehouse 13 Helena `` H.G. '' Wells 15 episodes 2011 Spartacus : Gods of the Arena Gaia Miniseries ; 4 episodes 2011 -- 12 Ringer Olivia Charles 10 episodes 2012 Finder , The The Finder Amadea Denaris Episode : `` An Orphan Walks Into a Bar '' 2012 Childrens Hospital Kitty Black Episode : `` British Hospital '' 2013 -- 15 Defiance Stahma Tarr Main cast 2015 Sleepy Hollow Carmilla Pines Episode : `` Kali Yuga '' 2016 -- 17 Once Upon a Time Fiona / the Black Fairy Recurring role ( 7 episodes ) Web Year Title Role Notes Suite 7 Jessy Episode : `` Good in Bed '' 2012 Jan Andie 4 episodes Music videos Year Title Artist 2012 `` Goodbye in Her Eyes '' Zac Brown Band References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lina Das ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` Hustle star Jaime Murray on why her father tried to stop her acting Mail Online '' . London : Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jamie Murray '' . BBC Drama Faces . Retrieved 11 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hustle '' . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US TV -- News -- ' Hustle ' star joins Showtime 's ' Dexter ' '' . Digital Spy. 15 June 2007 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Saget , Jaime Murray to star in CW shows '' . THR.com . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Natalie Finn ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Some Ugly News : The Beautiful Life Canceled '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rapture '' . Southend Radio . Retrieved 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yet Another Apocalyptic Tale in ' Devil 's Playground ' - Bloody Disgusting ! '' . 10 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( 20 August 2012 ) . `` Warehouse 13 : Photos of Lindsay Wagner 's Wild Date With Artie , Scoop on H.G. Wells ' Next Visit '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheldon A. Wiebe . `` The Fate of the World Hangs in the Balance in the Season Finale of Warehouse 13 ! '' . Eclipse Magazine . Jump up ^ Sheldon A. Wiebe . `` Lindsay Wagner Comes to Warehouse 13 and H.G. Wells Returns With an Unlikely Agenda ! '' . Eclipse Magazine . Jump up ^ Mark Wilson . `` H.G. Wells Gets ' Warehouse 13 ' Spin - Off '' . About.com . Jump up ^ Dorothy Snarker . `` Warehouse 13 star confirms the show 's lesbian subtext , and then some '' . AfterEllen.com . Jump up ^ Nick McHatton . `` Warehouse 13 Review : It 's a Wonderful Warehouse '' . TVFanatic.com . Jump up ^ Michael Hinman . `` Portal Awards 2012 '' . AirlockAlpha.com . Jump up ^ `` Jaime Murray returns as Stacie Monroe in the last series of Hustle '' . BBC . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lina Das ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` Hustle star Jamie Murray on why her father tried to stop her acting '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sartre 's `` No Exit '' Read with Lucy Lawless and Jaime Murray `` . 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Mitovich ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Yep , Defiance 's Jaime Murray Is Playing ( Spoiler ) '' . TV Line . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debenhams Signs Jaime Murray '' ( PDF ) . Debenhams. 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Models1 '' . Models1 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Blumm , K.C. ( 31 May 2014 ) . `` Jaime Murray Marries Bernie Cahill '' . people.com . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Jaime Murray on IMDb Jaime Murray on Twitter Jaime Murray on Instagram Jaime Murray on Facebook VIAF : 73627595 LCCN : no2007029802 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Murray&oldid=789732800 '' Categories : 1976 births 21st - century English actresses Actresses from London Alumni of the Drama Centre London English expatriates in the United States English female models English film actresses English television actresses Living people People diagnosed with dyslexia Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2017 , at 06 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the dark fairy on once upon a time	[ "Jaime Murray (born 21 July 1976) is an English actress, known for playing Stacie Monroe in the BBC series Hustle and Lila West in the Showtime series Dexter. She is also known for her recurring roles as Gaia in the Starz miniseries Spartacus: Gods of the Arena, as Olivia Charles in The CW series Ringer, as Helena G. Wells in the Syfy series Warehouse 13, as Stahma Tarr in the Syfy series Defiance, and as the Black Fairy in Once Upon a Time." ]	[ "Jaime Murray" ]
-9169534695904152995	Australia at the 1956 Summer Olympics	Australia at the 1956 Summer Olympics - wikipedia Australia at the 1956 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Australia at the 1956 Summer Olympics IOC code AUS NOC Australian Olympic Committee Website www.olympics.com.au in Melbourne / Stockholm Competitors 294 ( 250 men , 44 women ) Flag bearer Mervyn Wood ( rower ) Medals Ranked 3rd Gold 13 Silver 8 Bronze 14 Total 35 Summer Olympics appearances ( overview ) 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other related appearances 1906 Intercalated Games Australasia ( 1908 -- 1912 ) Australia was the host nation for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , Australia . However , due to Australian quarantine restrictions the equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . 294 competitors , 250 men and 44 women , took part in 140 events in 18 sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 1.1 Gold 1.2 Silver 1.3 Bronze 2 Athletics 3 Basketball 4 Boxing 5 Canoeing 6 Cycling 7 Diving 8 Fencing 9 Football 10 Gymnastics 11 Hockey 12 Modern pentathlon 13 Rowing 14 Sailing 15 Shooting 16 Swimming 17 Water polo 18 Weightlifting 19 Wrestling 20 References Medalists ( edit ) Gold ( edit ) Betty Cuthbert -- Athletics , Women 's 100 metres Betty Cuthbert -- Athletics , Women 's 200 metres Shirley Strickland -- Athletics , Women 's 80 m Hurdles Norma Croker , Betty Cuthbert , Fleur Wenham , and Shirley Strickland -- Athletics , Women 's 4 × 100 m Relay Joey Browne and Anthony Marchant -- Cycling , Men 's 2000 m Tandem Jon Henricks -- Swimming , Men 's 100 m Freestyle Murray Rose -- Swimming , Men 's 400 m Freestyle Murray Rose -- Swimming , Men 's 1500 m Freestyle David Theile -- Swimming , Men 's 100 m Backstroke John Devitt , Jon Henricks , Kevin O'Halloran , and Murray Rose -- Swimming , Men 's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay Dawn Fraser -- Swimming , Women 's 100 m Freestyle Lorraine Crapp -- Swimming , Women 's 400 m Freestyle Lorraine Crapp , Dawn Fraser , Faith Leech , and Sandra Morgan -- Swimming , Women 's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay Silver ( edit ) Graham Gipson , Kevan Gosper , Leon Gregory , and David Lean -- Athletics , Men 's 4 × 400 m Relay Chilla Porter -- Athletics , Men 's High Jump Stuart MacKenzie -- Rowing , Men 's Single Sculls John Devitt -- Swimming , Men 's 100 m Freestyle John Monckton -- Swimming , Men 's 100 m Backstroke Lorraine Crapp -- Swimming , Women 's 100 m Freestyle Dawn Fraser -- Swimming , Women 's 400 m Freestyle John Scott and Roland Tasker -- Sailing , Men 's Sharpie 12 m2 Bronze ( edit ) Hector Hogan -- Athletics , Men 's 100 metres John Landy -- Athletics , Men 's 1500 metres Allan Lawrence -- Athletics , Men 's 10.000 metres Norma Thrower -- Athletics , Women 's 80 m Hurdles Marlene Mathews -- Athletics , Women 's 100 metres Marlene Mathews -- Athletics , Women 's 200 metres Kevin Hogarth -- Boxing , Men 's Welterweight Walter Brown and Dennis Green -- Canoeing , Men 's K2 10,000 m Kayak Pairs Dick Ploog -- Cycling , Men 's 1000 m Sprint ( Scratch ) Murray Riley and Mervyn Wood -- Rowing , Men 's Double Sculls Michael Aikman , Angus Benfield , David Boykett , Bryan Doyle , Harold Hewitt , Jim Howden , Walter Howell , Garth Manton , and Adrian Monger -- Rowing , Men 's Eights Gary Chapman -- Swimming , Men 's 100 m Freestyle Faith Leech -- Swimming , Women 's 100 m Freestyle Douglas Buxton , Devereaux Mytton and Jock Sturrock -- Sailing , Men 's 51⁄2 Meter Class Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics Men 's 110m Hurdles James Joyce Heat -- 14.7 s ( → did not advance ) Kenneth Doubleday Heat -- 14.8 s ( → did not advance ) John Chittick Heat -- 14.9 s ( → did not advance ) Men 's Marathon John Russell -- 2 : 41 : 44 ( → 18th place ) Keith Ollerenshaw -- 2 : 48 : 12 ( → 25th place ) Les Perry -- did not finish ( → no ranking ) Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 1956 Summer Olympics Men 's Team Competition Preliminary Round : Lost to Brazil ( 66 - 89 ) Lost to Chile ( 56 - 78 ) Defeated Thailand ( 87 - 48 ) Lost to Formosa ( 73 - 86 ) Defeated Singapore ( 98 - 74 ) Classification Matches : 9th / 12th place : Lost to Canada ( 83 - 38 ) 11th / 12th place : Lost to Formosa ( 87 - 70 ) → 12th place Team Roster : Peter Demos Geoff Heskett Peter Bumbers Stan Dargis Inga Freidenfelds Colin Burdett George Dancis Peter Sutton Algis Ignatavicius Merv Moy Ken Finch Bruce Flick Head Coach : Ken Watson Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 1956 Summer Olympics Canoeing ( edit ) Main article : Canoeing at the 1956 Summer Olympics Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 1956 Summer Olympics Sprint Dick Ploog -- Bronze Medal Time trial Warren Scarfe -- 1 : 12.1 ( → 4th place ) Team pursuit Cliff Burvill Frank Brazier Roy Moore Warren Scarfe -- 9th place Tandem Anthony Marchant Joey Browne -- Gold Medal Individual road race John O'Sullivan -- 5 : 36 : 58 ( → 41st place ) Jim Nevin -- 5 : 47 : 02 ( → 44th place ) Ed Nestor -- did not finish ( → no ranking ) Jack Trickey -- did not finish ( → no ranking ) Diving ( edit ) Main article : Diving at the 1956 Summer Olympics Men 's 3m Springboard Arthur Winther Preliminary Round -- 71.04 ( → did not advance , 17th place ) Joseph McCann Preliminary Round -- 69.18 ( → did not advance , 19th place ) Ronald Faulds Preliminary Round -- 68.84 ( → did not advance , 20th place ) Men 's 10m Platform Francis Murphy Preliminary Round -- 66.29 ( → did not advance , 17th place ) William Tully Preliminary Round -- 65.49 ( → did not advance , 18th place ) Barry Holmes Preliminary Round -- 58.01 ( → did not advance , 22nd place ) Women 's 3m Springboard Barbara McAulay Preliminary Round -- 60.19 ( → did not advance , 13th place ) Roslyn Barton Preliminary Round -- 58.50 ( → did not advance , 15th place ) Pat Howard Preliminary Round -- 53.89 ( → did not advance , 17th place ) Women 's 10m Platform Barbara McAulay Preliminary Round -- 45.67 ( → did not advance , 14th place ) Roslyn Barton Preliminary Round -- 41.96 ( → did not advance , 15th place ) Adele Price Preliminary Round -- 35.28 ( → did not advance , 18th place ) Fencing ( edit ) Main article : Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics 21 fencers , 18 men and 3 women , represented Australia in 1956 . Men 's foil Brian McCowage Michael Sichel David McKenzie Men 's team foil Ray Buckingham , Brian McCowage , Rod Steele , David McKenzie , Michael Sichel , Tom Cross Men 's épée Ivan Lund Richard Stone Laurence Harding - Smith Men 's team épée James Wolfensohn , Ivan Lund , Keith Hackshall , Hilbert Van Dijk Men 's sabre Graham McKenzie Leslie Fadgyas Sandor Szoke Men 's team sabre Leslie Fadgyas , Alexander Martonffy , Emeric Santo , Leslie Kovacs , Sandor Szoke Women 's foil Denise O'Brien Lois Joseph Joy Hardon Football ( edit ) Main article : Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 1956 Summer Olympics Hockey ( edit ) Main article : Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics Men 's Team Competition Team Roster Alan Barblett Geoffrey Bennett Brian Booth Kevin Carton Kenneth Clarke Ian Dick John Dwyer Maurice Foley Louis Hailey Glen Jobson Dennis Kemp Keith Leeson Donald Mecklem Eric Pearce Gordon Pearce Melville Pearce Kenneth Reid Raymond Whiteside Modern pentathlon ( edit ) Main article : Modern pentathlon at the 1956 Summer Olympics Three male pentathletes represented Australia in 1956 . Individual Neville Sayers Sven Coomer George Nicoll Team Neville Sayers Sven Coomer George Nicoll Rowing ( edit ) Main article : Rowing at the 1956 Summer Olympics Australia had 26 male rowers participate in all seven rowing events in 1956 . Men 's single sculls Stuart MacKenzie Men 's double sculls Murray Riley Mervyn Wood Men 's coxless pair Peter Raper Maurice Grace Men 's coxed pair Robert Duncan Bruce Dickson John Cockbill ( cox ) Men 's coxless four John Harrison Peter Evatt Geoff Williamson Dave Anderson Men 's coxed four Gordon Cowey Kevin McMahon Reg Libbis Mick Allen John Jenkinson ( cox ) Men 's eight Michael Aikman David Boykett Angus Benfield Jim Howden Garth Manton Walter Howell Adrian Monger Bryan Doyle Harold Hewitt ( cox ) Sailing ( edit ) Main article : Sailing at the 1956 Summer Olympics Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 1956 Summer Olympics Twelve shooters represented Australia in 1956 . 25 m pistol Johnnie Maitland Peter Papps 50 m pistol Len Tolhurst Rodney Johnson 300 m rifle , three positions Ian Wrigley Norman Goff 50 m rifle , three positions Don Tolhurst Norman Rule 50 m rifle , prone Don Tolhurst Norman Rule 100m running deer Colin Anderson Noel Hall Trap John Bryant Clement Mudford Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 1956 Summer Olympics Water polo ( edit ) Main article : Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics Weightlifting ( edit ) Main article : Weightlifting at the 1956 Summer Olympics Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 1956 Summer Olympics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australia at the 1956 Melbourne Summer Games '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Evans , Hilary ; Gjerde , Arild ; Heijmans , Jeroen ; Mallon , Bill . `` Australia Rowing at the 1956 Melbourne Summer Games '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Australia at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 Australia and New Zealand participated together as Australasia during the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics . Australia hosted the 1956 and 2000 Summer Olympics Nations at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , Australia and Stockholm , Sweden Africa ( Egypt ) * Ethiopia Kenya Liberia Nigeria South Africa Uganda America Argentina Bahamas Bermuda Brazil British Guiana Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Jamaica Mexico Peru Puerto Rico Trinidad United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Burma ( Cambodia ) * Ceylon Republic of China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan South Korea Malaya North Borneo Pakistan Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg ( Netherlands ) * Norway Poland Portugal Romania Soviet Union ( Spain ) * Sweden ( Switzerland ) * Turkey Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand ( * ) ( competed at the Equestrian games in Stockholm only ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics&oldid=832920871 '' Categories : Nations at the 1956 Summer Olympics Australia at the Summer Olympics by year 1956 in Australian sport Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский ไทย Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 18 : 03 . 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About Wikipedia	how many medals did australia win in the 1956 olympics	[ "\n\nAustralia at the\n1956 Summer Olympics\n\n\n\n\n\nIOC code\nAUS\n\n\nNOC\nAustralian Olympic Committee\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.olympics.com.au\n\n\nin Melbourne/Stockholm\n\n\nCompetitors\n294 (250 men, 44 women)\n\n\nFlag bearer\nMervyn Wood (rower)\n\n\nMedals\nRanked 3rd\n\n\nGold\n13\nSilver\n8\nBronze\n14\nTotal\n35\n\n\n\n\nSummer Olympics appearances (overview)\n\n\n\n\n\n1896\n1900\n1904\n1908\n1912\n1920\n1924\n1928\n1932\n1936\n1948\n1952\n1956\n1960\n1964\n1968\n1972\n1976\n1980\n1984\n1988\n1992\n1996\n2000\n2004\n2008\n2012\n2016\n\n\n\n\n\nOther related appearances\n\n\n1906 Intercalated Games\n Australasia (1908–1912)\n\n" ]	[ "35" ]
3263034390184357331	Ionic compound	Ionic compound - wikipedia Ionic compound Jump to : navigation , search The crystal structure of sodium chloride , NaCl , a typical ionic compound . The purple spheres represent sodium cations , Na , and the green spheres represent chloride anions , Cl . In chemistry , an ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding . The compound is neutral overall , but consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions . These can be simple ions such as the sodium ( Na ) and chloride ( Cl ) in sodium chloride , or polyatomic species such as the ammonium ( NH + 4 ) and carbonate ( CO 2 − 3 ) ions in ammonium carbonate . Individual ions within an ionic compound usually have multiple nearest neighbours , so are not considered to be part of molecules , but instead part of a continuous three - dimensional network , usually in a crystalline structure . Ionic compounds containing hydrogen ions ( H ) are classified as acids , and those containing basic ions hydroxide ( OH ) or oxide ( O ) are classified as bases . Ionic compounds without these ions are also known as salts and can be formed by acid -- base reactions . Ionic compounds can also be produced from their constituent ions by evaporation of their solvent , precipitation , freezing , a solid - state reaction , or the electron transfer reaction of reactive metals with reactive non-metals , such as halogen gases . Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points , and are hard and brittle . As solids they are almost always electrically insulating , but when melted or dissolved they become highly conductive , because the ions are mobilized . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discovery 2 Formation 3 Bonding 4 Structure 4.1 Defects 5 Properties 5.1 Acidity / basicity 5.2 Melting and boiling points 5.3 Brittleness 5.4 Compressibility 5.5 Solubility 5.6 Electrical conductivity 5.7 Colour 6 Uses 7 Nomenclature 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography History of discovery ( edit ) The word ion is the Greek ἰόν , ion , `` going '' , the present participle of ἰέναι , ienai , `` to go '' . This term was introduced by English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday in 1834 for the then - unknown species that goes from one electrode to the other through an aqueous medium . X-ray spectrometer developed by Bragg In 1913 the crystal structure of sodium chloride was determined by William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg . This revealed that there were six equidistant nearest - neighbours for each atom , demonstrating that the constituents were not arranged in molecules or finite aggregates , but instead as a network with long - range crystalline order . Many other inorganic compounds were also found to have similar structural features . These compounds were soon described as being constituted of ions rather than neutral atoms , but proof of this hypothesis was not found until the mid-1920s , when X-ray reflection experiments ( which detect the density of electrons ) , were performed . Principal contributors to the development of a theoretical treatment of ionic crystal structures were Max Born , Fritz Haber , Alfred Landé , Erwin Madelung , Paul Peter Ewald , and Kazimierz Fajans . Born predicted crystal energies based on the assumption of ionic constituents , which showed good correspondence to thermochemical measurements , further supporting the assumption . Formation ( edit ) Halite , the mineral form of sodium chloride , forms when salty water evaporates leaving the ions behind . Ionic compounds can be produced from their constituent ions by evaporation , precipitation , or freezing . Reactive metals such as the alkali metals can react directly with the highly electronegative halogen gases to form an ionic product . They can also be synthesized as the product of a high temperature reaction between solids . If the ionic compound is soluble in a solvent , it can be obtained as a solid compound by evaporating the solvent from this electrolyte solution . As the solvent is evaporated , the ions do not go into the vapour , but stay in the remaining solution , and when they become sufficiently concentrated , nucleation occurs , and they crystallize into an ionic compound . This process occurs widely in nature , and is the means of formation of the evaporite minerals . Another method of recovering the compound from solution involves saturating a solution at high temperature and then reducing the solubility by reducing the temperature until the solution is supersaturated and the solid compound nucleates . Insoluble ionic compounds can be precipitated by mixing two solutions , one with the cation and one with the anion in it . Because all solutions are electrically neutral , the two solutions mixed must also contain counterions of the opposite charges . To ensure that these do not contaminate the precipitated ionic compound , it is important to ensure they do not also precipitate . If the two solutions have hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions as the counterions , they will react with one another in what is called an acid -- base reaction or a neutralization reaction to form water . Alternately the counterions can be chosen to ensure that even when combined into a single solution they will remain soluble as spectator ions . If the solvent is water in either the evaporation or precipitation method of formation , in many cases the ionic crystal formed also includes water of crystallization , so the product is known as a hydrate , and can have very different chemical properties . Molten salts will solidify on cooling to below their freezing point . This is sometimes used for the solid - state synthesis of complex ionic compounds from solid reactants , which are first melted together . In other cases , the solid reactants do not need to be melted , but instead can react through a solid - state reaction route . In this method the reactants are repeatedly finely ground into a paste , and then heated to a temperature where the ions in neighbouring reactants can diffuse together during the time the reactant mixture remains in the oven . Other synthetic routes use a solid precursor with the correct stoichiometric ratio of non-volatile ions , which is heated to drive off other species . In some reactions between highly reactive metals ( usually from Group 1 or Group 2 ) and highly electronegative halogen gases , or water , the atoms can be ionized by electron transfer , a process thermodynamically understood using the Born -- Haber cycle . Bonding ( edit ) A schematic electron shell diagram of sodium and fluorine atoms undergoing a redox reaction to form sodium fluoride . Sodium loses its outer electron to give it a stable electron configuration , and this electron enters the fluorine atom exothermically . The oppositely charged ions -- typically a great many of them -- are then attracted to each other to form a solid . Main article : Ionic bonding Ions in ionic compounds are primarily held together by the electrostatic forces between the charge distribution of these bodies , and in particular the ionic bond resulting from the long - ranged Coulomb attraction between the net negative charge of the anions and net positive charge of the cations . There is also a small additional attractive force from van der Waals interactions which contributes only around 1 -- 2 % of the cohesive energy for small ions . When a pair of ions comes close enough for their outer electron shells ( most simple ions have closed shells ) to overlap , a short - ranged repulsive force occurs , due to the Pauli exclusion principle . The balance between these forces leads to a potential energy well with a minimum energy when the nuclei are separated by a specific equilibrium distance . If the electronic structure of the two interacting bodies is affected by the presence of one another , covalent interactions ( non-ionic ) also contribute to the overall energy of the compound formed . Ionic compounds are rarely purely ionic , i.e. held together only by electrostatic forces . The bonds between even the most electronegative / electropositive pairs such as those in caesium fluoride exhibit a small degree of covalency . Conversely , covalent bonds between unlike atoms often exhibit some charge separation and can be considered to have a partial ionic character . The circumstances under which a compound will have ionic or covalent character can typically be understood using Fajans ' rules , which use only charges and the sizes of each ion . According to these rules , compounds with the most ionic character will have large positive ions with a low charge , bonded to a small negative ion with a high charge . More generally HSAB theory can be applied , whereby the compounds with the most ionic character are those consisting of hard acids and hard bases : small , highly charged ions with a high difference in electronegativities between the anion and cation . This difference in electronegativities means that the charge separation , and resulting dipole moment , is maintained even when the ions are in contact ( the excess electrons on the anions are not transferred or polarized to neutralize the cations ) . Structure ( edit ) The unit cell of the zinc blende structure Ions typically pack into extremely regular crystalline structures , in an arrangement that minimizes the lattice energy ( maximizing attractions and minimizing repulsions ) . The lattice energy is the summation of the interaction of all sites with all other sites . For unpolarizable spherical ions only the charges and distances are required to determine the electrostatic interaction energy . For any particular ideal crystal structure , all distances are geometrically related to the smallest internuclear distance . So for each possible crystal structure , the total electrostatic energy can be related to the electrostatic energy of unit charges at the nearest neighbour distance by a multiplicative constant called the Madelung constant that can be efficiently computed using an Ewald sum . When a reasonable form is assumed for the additional repulsive energy , the total lattice energy can be modelled using the Born -- Landé equation , the Born -- Mayer equation , or in the absence of structural information , the Kapustinskii equation . Using an even simpler approximation of the ions as impenetrable hard spheres , the arrangement of anions in these systems are often related to close - packed arrangements of spheres , with the cations occupying tetrahedral or octahedral interstices . Depending on the stoichiometry of the ionic compound , and the coordination ( principally determined by the radius ratio ) of cations and anions , a variety of structures are commonly observed , and theoretically rationalized by Pauling 's rules . Common ionic compound structures with close - packed anions Stoichiometry Cation : anion coordination Interstitial sites Cubic close packing of anions Hexagonal close packing of anions occupancy critical radius ratio name Madelung constant name Madelung constant MX 6 : 6 all octahedral 0.4142 sodium chloride 1.747565 nickeline < 1.73 4 : 4 alternate tetrahedral 0.2247 zinc blende 1.6381 wurtzite 1.641 MX 8 : 4 all tetrahedral 0.2247 fluorite 5.03878 6 : 3 half octahedral ( alternate layers fully occupied ) 0.4142 cadmium chloride 5.61 cadmium iodide 4.71 MX 6 : 2 one - third octahedral 0.4142 rhodium ( III ) bromide 6.67 bismuth iodide 8.26 M X 6 : 4 two - thirds octahedral 0.4142 corundum 25.0312 ABO two - thirds octahedral 0.4142 ilmenite depends on charges and structure AB O one - eighth tetrahedral and one - half octahedral r / r = 0.2247 , r / r = 0.4142 spinel , inverse spinel depends on cation site distributions olivine depends on cation site distributions In some cases the anions take on a simple cubic packing , and the resulting common structures observed are : Common ionic compound structures with simple cubic packed anions Stoichiometry Cation : anion coordination Interstitial sites occupied Example structure name critical radius ratio Madelung constant MX 8 : 8 entirely filled cesium chloride 0.7321 1.762675 MX 8 : 4 half filled calcium fluoride M X 4 : 8 half filled lithium oxide Some ionic liquids , particularly with mixtures of anions or cations , can be cooled rapidly enough that there is not enough time for crystal nucleation to occur , so an ionic glass is formed ( with no long - range order ) . Defects ( edit ) Frenkel defect Schottky defect See also : crystallographic defect Within an ionic crystal , there will usually be some point defects , but to maintain electroneutrality , these defects come in pairs . Frenkel defects consist of a cation vacancy paired with a cation interstitial and can be generated anywhere in the bulk of the crystal , occurring most commonly in compounds with a low coordination number and cations that are much smaller than the anions . Schottky defects consist of one vacancy of each type , and are generated at the surfaces of a crystal , occurring most commonly in compounds with a high coordination number and when the anions and cations are of similar size . If the cations have multiple possible oxidation states , then it is possible for cation vacancies to compensate for electron deficiencies on cation sites with higher oxidation numbers , resulting in a non-stoichiometric compound . Another non-stoichiometric possibility is the formation of an F - center , a free electron occupying an anion vacancy . When the compound has three or more ionic components , even more defect types are possible . All of these point defects can be generated via thermal vibrations and have an equilibrium concentration . Because they are energetically costly , but entropically beneficial , they occur in greater concentration at higher temperatures . Once generated , these pairs of defects can diffuse mostly independently of one another , by hopping between lattice sites . This defect mobility is the source of most transport phenomena within an ionic crystal , including diffusion and solid state ionic conductivity . When vacancies collide with interstitials ( Frenkel ) , they can recombine and annihilate one another . Similarly vacancies are removed when they reach the surface of the crystal ( Schottky ) . Defects in the crystal structure generally expand the lattice parameters , reducing the overall density of the crystal . Defects also result in ions in distinctly different local environments , which causes them to experience a different crystal - field symmetry , especially in the case of different cations exchanging lattice sites . This results in a different splitting of d - electron orbitals , so that the optical absorption ( and hence colour ) can change with defect concentration . Properties ( edit ) Acidity / basicity ( edit ) Ionic compounds containing hydrogen ions ( H ) are classified as acids , and those containing electropositive cations and basic anions ions hydroxide ( OH ) or oxide ( O ) are classified as bases . Other ionic compounds are known as salts and can be formed by acid -- base reactions . If the compound is the result of a reaction between a strong acid and a weak base , the result is an acidic salt . If it is the result of a reaction between a strong base and a weak acid , the result is a basic salt . If it is the result of a reaction between a strong acid and a strong base , the result is a neutral salt . Weak acids reacted with weak bases can produce ionic compounds with both the conjugate base ion and conjugate acid ion , such as ammonium acetate . Some ions are classed as amphoteric , being able to react with either an acid or a base . This is also true of some compounds with ionic character , typically oxides or hydroxides of less - electropositive metals ( so the compound also has significant covalent character ) , such as zinc oxide , aluminium hydroxide , aluminium oxide and lead ( II ) oxide . Melting and boiling points ( edit ) Electrostatic forces between particles are strongest when the charges are high , and the distance between the nuclei of the ions is small . In such cases , the compounds generally have very high melting and boiling points and a low vapour pressure . Trends in melting points can be even better explained when the structure and ionic size ratio is taken into account . Above their melting point ionic solids melt and become molten salts ( although some ionic compounds such as aluminium chloride and iron ( III ) chloride show molecule - like structures in the liquid phase ) . Inorganic compounds with simple ions typically have small ions , and thus have high melting points , so are solids at room temperature . Some substances with larger ions , however , have a melting point below or near room temperature ( often defined as up to 100 ° C ) , and are termed ionic liquids . Ions in ionic liquids often have uneven charge distributions , or bulky substituents like hydrocarbon chains , which also play a role in determining the strength of the interactions and propensity to melt . Even when the local structure and bonding of an ionic solid is disrupted sufficiently to melt it , there are still strong long - range electrostatic forces of attraction holding the liquid together and preventing ions boiling to form a gas phase . This means that even room temperature ionic liquids have low vapour pressures , and require substantially higher temperatures to boil . Boiling points exhibit similar trends to melting points in terms of the size of ions and strength of other interactions . When vapourized , the ions are still not freed of one another . For example , in the vapour phase sodium chloride exists as diatomic `` molecules '' . Brittleness ( edit ) Most ionic compounds are very brittle . Once they reach the limit of their strength , they can not deform malleably , because the strict alignment of positive and negative ions must be maintained . Instead the material undergoes fracture via cleavage . As the temperature is elevated ( usually close to the melting point ) a ductile -- brittle transition occurs , and plastic flow becomes possible by the motion of dislocations . Compressibility ( edit ) The compressibility of an ionic compound is strongly determined by its structure , and in particular the coordination number . For example , halides with the caesium chloride structure ( coordination number 8 ) are less compressible than those with the sodium chloride structure ( coordination number 6 ) , and less again than those with a coordination number of 4 . Solubility ( edit ) When ionic compounds dissolve , the individual ions dissociate and are solvated by the solvent and dispersed throughout the resulting solution . Because the ions are released into solution when dissolved , and can conduct charge , soluble ionic compounds are the most common class of strong electrolytes , and their solutions have a high electrical conductivity . The aqueous solubility of a variety of ionic compounds as a function of temperature . Some compounds exhibiting unusual solubility behaviour have been included . The solubility is highest in polar solvents ( such as water ) or ionic liquids , but tends to be low in nonpolar solvents ( such as petrol / gasoline ) . This is principally because the resulting ion -- dipole interactions are significantly stronger than ion - induced dipole interactions , so the heat of solution is higher . When the oppositely charged ions in the solid ionic lattice are surrounded by the opposite pole of a polar molecule , the solid ions are pulled out of the lattice and into the liquid . If the solvation energy exceeds the lattice energy , the negative net enthalpy change of solution provides a thermodynamic drive to remove ions from their positions in the crystal and dissolve in the liquid . In addition , the entropy change of solution is usually positive for most solid solutes like ionic compounds , which means that their solubility increases when the temperature increases . There are some unusual ionic compounds such as cerium ( III ) sulfate , where this entropy change is negative , due to extra order induced in the water upon solution , and the solubility decreases with temperature . Electrical conductivity ( edit ) Although ionic compounds contain charged atoms or clusters , these materials do not typically conduct electricity to any significant extent when the substance is solid . In order to conduct , the charged particles must be mobile rather than stationary in a crystal lattice . This is achieved to some degree at high temperatures when the defect concentration increases the ionic mobility and solid state ionic conductivity is observed . When the ionic compounds are dissolved in a liquid or are melted into a liquid , they can conduct electricity because the ions become completely mobile . This conductivity gain upon dissolving or melting is sometimes used as a defining characteristic of ionic compounds . In some unusual ionic compounds : fast ion conductors , and ionic glasses , one or more of the ionic components has a significant mobility , allowing conductivity even while the material as a whole remains solid . This is often highly temperature dependant , and may be the result of either a phase change or a high defect concentration . These materials are used in all solid - state supercapacitors , batteries , and fuel cells , and in various kinds of chemical sensors . Colour ( edit ) Anhydrous cobalt ( II ) chloride , CoCl Cobalt ( II ) chloride hexahydrate , CoCl 6H O See also : Color of chemicals The colour of an ionic compound is often different to the colour of an aqueous solution containing the constituent ions , or the hydrated form of the same compound . The anions in compounds with bonds with the most ionic character tend to be colourless ( with an absorption band in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum ) . In compounds with less ionic character , their colour deepens through yellow , orange , red and black ( as the absorption band shifts to longer wavelengths into the visible spectrum ) . The absorption band of simple cations shift toward shorter wavelength when they are involved in more covalent interactions . This occurs during hydration of metal ions , so colourless anhydrous ionic compounds with an anion absorbing in the infrared can become colourful in solution . Uses ( edit ) Ionic compounds have long had a wide variety of uses and applications . Many minerals are ionic . Humans have processed common salt ( sodium chloride ) for over 8000 years , using it first as a food seasoning and preservative , and now also in manufacturing , agriculture , water conditioning , for de-icing roads , and many other uses . Many ionic compounds are so widely used in society that they go by common names unrelated to their chemical identity . Examples of this include borax , calomel , milk of magnesia , muriatic acid , oil of vitriol , saltpeter , and slaked lime . Soluble ionic compounds like salt can easily be dissolved to provide electrolyte solutions . This is a simple way to control the concentration and ionic strength . The concentration of solutes affects many colligative properties , including increasing the osmotic pressure , and causing freezing - point depression and boiling - point elevation . Because the solutes are charged ions they also increase the electrical conductivity of the solution . The increased ionic strength reduces the thickness of the electrical double layer around colloidal particles , and therefore the stability of emulsions and suspensions . The chemical identity of the ions added is also important in many uses . For example , fluoride containing compounds are dissolved to supply fluoride ions for water fluoridation . Solid ionic compounds have long been used as paint pigments , and are resistant to organic solvents , but are sensitive to acidity or basicity . Since 1801 pyrotechnicians have described and widely used metal - containing ionic compounds as sources of colour in fireworks . Under intense heat , the electrons in the metal ions or small molecules can be excited . These electrons later return to lower energy states , and release light with a colour spectrum characteristic of the species present . In chemistry , ionic compounds are often used as precursors for high - temperature solid - state synthesis . Many metals are geologically most abundant as ionic compounds within ores . To obtain the elemental materials , these ores are processed by smelting or electrolysis , in which redox reactions occur ( often with a reducing agent such as carbon ) such that the metal ions gain electrons to become neutral atoms . Nomenclature ( edit ) See also : IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry According to the nomenclature recommended by IUPAC , ionic compounds are named according to their composition , not their structure . In the most simple case of a binary ionic compound with no possible ambiguity about the charges and thus the stoichiometry , the common name is written using two words . The name of the cation ( the unmodified element name for monatomic cations ) comes first , followed by the name of the anion . For example , MgCl is named magnesium chloride , and Na SO is named sodium sulfate ( SO 2 − 4 , sulfate , is an example of a polyatomic ion ) . To obtain the empirical formula from these names , the stoichiometry can be deduced from the charges on the ions , and the requirement of overall charge neutrality . If there are multiple different cations and / or anions , multiplicative prefixes ( di - , tri - , tetra - , ... ) are often required to indicate the relative compositions , and cations then anions are listed in alphabetical order . For example , KMgCl is named magnesium potassium trichloride to distinguish it from K MgCl , magnesium dipotassium tetrachloride ( note that in both the empirical formula and the written name , the cations appear in alphabetical order , but the order varies between them because the symbol for potassium is K ) . When one of the ions already has a multiplicative prefix within its name , the alternate multiplicative prefixes ( bis - , tris - , tetrakis - , ... ) are used . For example , Ba ( BrF ) is named barium bis ( tetrafluoridobromate ) . Compounds containing one or more elements which can exist in a variety of charge / oxidation states will have a stoichiometry that depends on which oxidation states are present , to ensure overall neutrality . This can be indicated in the name by specifying either the oxidation state of the elements present , or the charge on the ions . Because of the risk of ambiguity in allocating oxidation states , IUPAC prefers direct indication of the ionic charge numbers . These are written as an arabic integer followed by the sign ( ... , 2 − , 1 − , 1 + , 2 + , ... ) in parentheses directly after the name of the cation ( without a space separating them ) . For example , FeSO is named iron ( 2 + ) sulfate ( with the 2 + charge on the Fe ions balancing the 2 − charge on the sulfate ion ) , whereas Fe ( SO ) is named iron ( 3 + ) sulfate ( because the two iron ions in each formula unit each have a charge of 3 + , to balance the 2 − on each of the three sulfate ions ) . Stock nomenclature , still in common use , writes the oxidation number in Roman numerals ( ... , − II , − I , 0 , I , II , ... ) . So the examples given above would be named iron ( II ) sulfate and iron ( III ) sulfate respectively . For simple ions the ionic charge and the oxidation number are identical , but for polyatomic ions they often differ . For example , the uranyl ( 2 + ) ion , UO 2 + 2 , has uranium in an oxidation state of + 6 , so would be called a dioxouranium ( VI ) ion in Stock nomenclature . An even older naming system for metal cations , also still widely used , appended the suffixes - ous and - ic to the Latin root of the name , to give special names for the low and high oxidation states . For example , this scheme uses `` ferrous '' and `` ferric '' , for iron ( II ) and iron ( III ) respectively , so the examples given above were classically named ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate . See also ( edit ) Bonding in solids Ioliomics Ionic bond Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This structure type has a variable lattice parameter c / a ratio , and the exact Madelung constant depends on this . Jump up ^ This structure has been referred to in references as yttrium ( III ) chloride and chromium ( III ) chloride , but both are now known as the RhBr structure type . Jump up ^ The reference lists this structure as MoCl , which is now known as the RhBr structure . Jump up ^ The reference lists this structure as FeCl , which is now known as the BiI structure type . Jump up ^ This structure type can accommodate any charges on A and B that add up to six . When both are three the charge structure is equivalent to that of corrundum . The structure also has a variable lattice parameter c / a ratio , and the exact Madelung constant depends on this . Jump up ^ However , in some cases such as MgAl O the larger cation occupies the smaller tetrahedral site . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Faraday ( 1791 -- 1867 ) . UK : BBC . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Online etymology dictionary '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bragg , W.H. ; Bragg , W.L. ( 1 July 1913 ) . `` The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 88 ( 605 ) : 428 -- 438 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 88 ... 428B . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0040 . Jump up ^ Bragg , W.H. ( 22 September 1913 ) . `` The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals. ( II . ) '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 89 ( 610 ) : 246 -- 248 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 89 ... 246B . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0082 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Jack ( August 1932 ) . `` Crystal Energies of Ionic Compounds and Thermochemical Applications '' . Chemical Reviews . 11 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 170 . doi : 10.1021 / cr60038a002 . Jump up ^ James , R.W. ; Brindley , G.W. ( 1 November 1928 ) . `` A Quantitative Study of the Reflexion of X-Rays by Sylvine '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 121 ( 787 ) : 155 -- 171 . Bibcode : 1928RSPSA. 121 ... 155J . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1928.0188 . Jump up ^ Pauling 1960 , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl 1989 , p. 312 . ^ Jump up to : Wold & Dwight 1993 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Wold & Dwight 1993 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Wenk , Hans - Rudolf ; Bulakh , Andrei ( 2003 ) . Minerals : their constitution and origin ( Reprinted with corrections . ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 351 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52958 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Zumdahl 1989 , p. 133 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl 1989 , p. 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 2009 , p. 417 . Jump up ^ Wold & Dwight 1993 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Wold & Dwight 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl 1989 , p. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Barrow 1988 , p. 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Pauling 1960 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Kittel 2005 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Pauling 1960 , p. 507 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft & Mermin 1977 , p. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Pauling 1960 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Hannay , N. Bruce ; Smyth , Charles P. ( February 1946 ) . `` The Dipole Moment of Hydrogen Fluoride and the Ionic Character of Bonds '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 68 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 173 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01206a003 . Jump up ^ Pauling , Linus ( 1948 ) . `` The modern theory of valency '' . Journal of the Chemical Society ( Resumed ) : 1461 -- 1467 . doi : 10.1039 / JR9480001461 . Jump up ^ Lalena , John . N. ; Cleary , David . A. ( 2010 ) . Principles of inorganic materials design ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J : John Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 56753 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ralph G. ( November 1963 ) . `` Hard and Soft Acids and Bases '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 85 ( 22 ) : 3533 -- 3539 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00905a001 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ralph G. ( October 1968 ) . `` Hard and soft acids and bases , HSAB , part II : Underlying theories '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 45 ( 10 ) : 643 . Bibcode : 1968JChEd ... 45 ... 643P . doi : 10.1021 / ed045p643 . Jump up ^ Barrow 1988 , p. 676 . Jump up ^ Kittel 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Pauling 1960 , p. 509 . Jump up ^ Carter , Robert ( 2016 ) . `` Lattice Energy '' ( PDF ) . CH370 Lecture Material . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Ashcroft & Mermin 1977 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl 1989 , p. 444 -- 445 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Lesley E. Smart ; Elaine A. ( 2005 ) . Solid state chemistry : an introduction ( 3 . ed . ) . Boca Raton , Fla. ( u.a. ) : Taylor & Francis , CRC . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7487 - 7516 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft & Mermin 1977 , pp. 382 -- 387 . ^ Jump up to : Kittel 2005 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Zemann , J. ( 1 January 1958 ) . `` Berechnung von Madelung'schen Zahlen für den NiAs - Typ '' . Acta Crystallographica. 11 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 56 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X5800013X . Jump up ^ Ashcroft & Mermin 1977 , p. 386 . ^ Jump up to : Dienes , Richard J. Borg , G.J. ( 1992 ) . The physical chemistry of solids . Boston : Academic Press . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 118420 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brackett , Thomas E. ; Brackett , Elizabeth B. ( 1965 ) . `` The Lattice Energies of the Alkaline Earth Halides '' . Journal of Physical Chemistry . 69 ( 10 ) : 3611 -- 3614 . doi : 10.1021 / j100894a062 . Jump up ^ `` YCl3 -- Yttrium trichloride '' . ChemTube3D . University of Liverpool. 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Arthur B. ( ) ; et al. ( 1995 ) . Teaching general chemistry : a materials science companion ( 3 . print ed . ) . Washington : American Chemical Society . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 8412 - 2725 - X . ^ Jump up to : Hoppe , R. ( January 1966 ) . `` Madelung Constants '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 5 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 106 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 196600951 . Jump up ^ Bhagi , Ajay ; Raj , Gurdeep ( 2010 ) . Krishna 's IAS Chemistry . Meerut : Krishna Prakashan Media . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87224 - 70 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wenk & Bulakh 2004 , p. 778 . Jump up ^ Verwey , E.J.W. ( 1947 ) . `` Physical Properties and Cation Arrangement of Oxides with Spinel Structures I. Cation Arrangement in Spinels '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 15 ( 4 ) : 174 -- 180 . Bibcode : 1947JChPh ... 15 ... 174V . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1746464 . Jump up ^ Verwey , E.J.W. ; de Boer , F. ; van Santen , J.H. ( 1948 ) . `` Cation Arrangement in Spinels '' . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 16 ( 12 ) : 1091 . Bibcode : 1948JChPh ... 16.1091 V . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1746736 . Jump up ^ Thompson , P. ; Grimes , N.W. ( 27 September 2006 ) . `` Madelung calculations for the spinel structure '' . Philosophical Magazine . Vol. 36 no . 3 . pp. 501 -- 505 . Bibcode : 1977PMag ... 36 ... 501T . doi : 10.1080 / 14786437708239734 . Jump up ^ Alberti , A. ; Vezzalini , G. ( 1978 ) . `` Madelung energies and cation distributions in olivine - type structures '' . Zeitschrift für Kristallographie -- Crystalline Materials. 147 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 167 -- 176 . doi : 10.1524 / zkri. 1978.147. 14.167 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft & Mermin 1977 , p. 384 . ^ Jump up to : Souquet , J ( October 1981 ) . `` Electrochemical properties of ionically conductive glasses '' . Solid State Ionics. 5 : 77 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 2738 ( 81 ) 90198 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schmalzried , Hermann . `` Point defects in ternary ionic crystals '' . Progress in Solid State Chemistry . 2 : 265 -- 303 . doi : 10.1016 / 0079 - 6786 ( 65 ) 90009 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Prakash , Satya ( 1945 ) . Advanced inorganic chemistry . New Delhi : S. Chand & Company Ltd. p. 554 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 219 - 0263 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kittel 2005 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Kenneth W. ; Galley , Kenneth D. ; Davis , Raymond E. ( 1992 ) . General Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Saunders . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 072373 - 6 . Jump up ^ Davidson , David ( November 1955 ) . `` Amphoteric molecules , ions and salts '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 32 ( 11 ) : 550 . Bibcode : 1955JChEd ... 32 ... 550D . doi : 10.1021 / ed032p550 . Jump up ^ Weller , Mark ; Overton , Tina ; Rourke , Jonathan ; Armstrong , Fraser ( 2014 ) . Inorganic chemistry ( Sixth ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 129 -- 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 964182 - 6 . Jump up ^ McQuarrie & Rock 1991 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Pauling , Linus ( 1928 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Influence of Relative Ionic Sizes on the Properties of Ionic Compounds '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 50 ( 4 ) : 1036 -- 1045 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01391a014 . ISSN 0002 - 7863 . Jump up ^ Tosi , M.P. ( 2002 ) . Gaune - Escard , Marcelle , ed . Molten Salts : From Fundamentals to Applications . Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 010 - 0458 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Freemantle 2009 , p. 1 . 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Centers for Disease Control . Water fluoridation : a manual for engineers and technicians ( PDF ) ; 1986 ( archived 2017 - 02 - 08 ; Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 ) . Jump up ^ Satake , M ; Mido , Y ( 1995 ) . Chemistry of Colour . Discovery Publishing House . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7141 - 276 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Russell 2009 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Russell 2009 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Russell 2009 , pp. 108 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Russell 2009 , pp. 129 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Xu , Ruren ; Pang , Wenqin ; Huo , Qisheng ( 2011 ) . Modern inorganic synthetic chemistry . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53599 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2015 , pp. 822 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2015 , pp. 823 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Chiranjib Kumar ( 2003 ) . Chemical metallurgy principles and practice . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . pp. 359 -- 365 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 60525 - 5 . Jump up ^ IUPAC 2005 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ IUPAC 2005 , p. 70 . 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Solid state physics ( 27th repr . ed . ) . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . ISBN 0 - 03 - 083993 - 9 . Atkins , Peter ; de Paula , Julio ( 2006 ) . Atkins ' physical chemistry ( 8th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 870072 - 2 . Barrow , Gordon M. ( 1988 ) . Physical chemistry ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 003905 - 4 . Brown , Theodore L. ; LeMay , H. Eugene , Jr ; Bursten , Bruce E. ; Lanford , Steven ; Sagatys , Dalius ; Duffy , Neil ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : the central science : a broad perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Frenchs Forest , N.S.W. : Pearson Australia . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4425 - 1147 - 7 . Freemantle , Michael ( 2009 ) . An introduction to ionic liquids . Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84755 - 161 - 0 . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , Division of Chemical Nomenclature ( 2005 ) . Neil G. Connelly , ed . Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry : IUPAC recommendations 2005 ( New ed . ) . Cambridge : RSC Publ . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8 . Kittel , Charles ( 2005 ) . Introduction to solid state physics ( 8th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 41526 - X . McQuarrie , Donald A. ; Rock , Peter A. ( 1991 ) . General chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Co . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 2169 - 4 . Pauling , Linus ( 1960 ) . The nature of the chemical bond and the structure of molecules and crystals : an introduction to modern structural chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0333 - 2 . Russell , Michael S. ( 2009 ) . The chemistry of fireworks ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : RSC Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85404 - 127 - 5 . Wenk , Hans - Rudolph ; Bulakh , Andrei ( 2004 ) . Minerals : Their Constitution and Origin ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 39390 - 5 . Wold , Aaron ; Dwight , Kirby ( 1993 ) . Solid State Chemistry Synthesis , Structure , and Properties of Selected Oxides and Sulfides . Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 1476 - 9 . Zumdahl , Steven S. ( 1989 ) . Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Lexington , Mass. : D.C. Heath . ISBN 0 - 669 - 16708 - 8 . Zumdahl , Steven ; Zumdahl , Susan ( 2015 ) . Chemistry : An Atoms First Approach . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 68804 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionic_compound&oldid=821212916 '' Categories : Chemical compounds Ions Hidden categories : Good articles Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Português Simple English Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 01 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how lattice energy control the solubility of ionic compound	[ "Although ionic compounds contain charged atoms or clusters, these materials do not typically conduct electricity to any significant extent when the substance is solid. In order to conduct, the charged particles must be mobile rather than stationary in a crystal lattice. This is achieved to some degree at high temperatures when the defect concentration increases the ionic mobility and solid state ionic conductivity is observed. When the ionic compounds are dissolved in a liquid or are melted into a liquid, they can conduct electricity because the ions become completely mobile.[74] This conductivity gain upon dissolving or melting is sometimes used as a defining characteristic of ionic compounds.[75]" ]	[ "ionic compounds are dissolved in a liquid or are melted into a liquid, they can conduct electricity because the ions become completely mobile" ]
1476025765861847684	Battle of Agincourt	Battle of Agincourt - wikipedia Battle of Agincourt Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Agincourt Part of the Hundred Years ' War The Battle of Agincourt , 15th - century miniature , Enguerrand de Monstrelet Date 25 October 1415 ( Saint Crispin 's Day ) Location Azincourt , Pas - de-Calais , France 50 ° 27 ′ 49 '' N 2 ° 8 ′ 30 '' E / 50.46361 ° N 2.14167 ° E / 50.46361 ; 2.14167 Coordinates : 50 ° 27 ′ 49 '' N 2 ° 8 ′ 30 '' E / 50.46361 ° N 2.14167 ° E / 50.46361 ; 2.14167 Result English victory Belligerents Kingdom of England Kingdom of France Commanders and leaders Henry V of England Edward of York † Humphrey of Lancaster Charles d'Albret † Jean Le Maingre Jean d'Alençon † Charles d'Orléans Strength Modern estimates range from 6,000 to 9,000 ; see Numbers at Agincourt . About ⁄ longbowmen ⁄ dismounted knights and men - at - arms in heavy armour . Modern estimates range from 12,000 ( outnumbering the English 4 : 3 ) to 36,000 ( outnumbering the English 6 : 1 ; ) ; see Numbers at Agincourt . About 10,000 knights and men - at - arms ( of which about 1,200 were mounted ) unknown thousands of other infantry , crossbowmen and archers . Casualties and losses Around 600 dead , unknown wounded 7,000 -- 10,000 ( mostly killed ) and about 1,500 noble prisoners Hundred Years ' War Edwardian phase War of the Breton Succession War of the Two Peters Castilian Civil War Caroline phase Despenser 's Crusade 1383 -- 85 Crisis Lancastrian phase Armagnac -- Burgundian conflict Hundred Years ' War Lancastrian phase ( 1415 -- 53 ) Harfleur Agincourt Valmont Rouen 2nd La Rochelle Baugé Meaux Cravant La Brossinière Verneuil St. James Orléans Herrings Loire Jargeau Meung - sur - Loire Beaugency Patay Reims Paris La Charité Compiègne Gerberoy Calais Tartas Formigny Castillon The Battle of Agincourt ( / ˈæʒɪnkʊr / ; in French , Azincourt French pronunciation : ( azɛ̃kuʁ ) ) was a battle of the Hundred Years ' War that resulted in an English victory . The battle took place on 25 October 1415 ( Saint Crispin 's Day ) in the County of Saint - Pol , Artois , some 40 km south of Calais ( now Azincourt in northern France ) . It was one of the most important English triumphs in the conflict , along with the battles of Crécy ( 1346 ) and Poitiers ( 1356 ) . England 's victory at Agincourt against a numerically superior French army crippled France , and started a new period in the war , which was dominated by English military successes . After several decades of relative peace , the English had renewed their war effort in 1415 amid the failure of negotiations with the French . In the ensuing campaign , many soldiers perished due to disease and the English numbers dwindled , but as they tried to withdraw to English - held Calais they found their path blocked by a considerably larger French army . Despite the disadvantage , the following battle ended in an overwhelming tactical victory for the English . King Henry V of England led his troops into battle and participated in hand - to - hand fighting . The French king of the time , Charles VI , did not command the French army himself , as he suffered from severe psychotic illnesses with moderate mental incapacitation . Instead , the French were commanded by Constable Charles d'Albret and various prominent French noblemen of the Armagnac party . This battle is notable for the use of the English longbow in very large numbers , with the English and Welsh archers forming up to 80 percent of Henry 's army . The battle is the centrepiece of the play Henry V by William Shakespeare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contemporary accounts 2 Campaign 3 Battle 3.1 The battlefield 3.1. 1 English deployment 3.1. 2 French deployment 3.2 Terrain 3.3 Fighting 3.3. 1 Opening moves 3.3. 2 French cavalry attack 3.3. 3 Main French assault 3.3. 4 Attack on the English baggage train 3.3. 5 Henry orders the killing of the prisoners 3.4 Aftermath 3.5 Notable casualties 3.5. 1 French 3.5. 2 English 3.5. 3 French Prisoners 4 Numbers at Agincourt 5 Popular representations 6 Agincourt today 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 8.3 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Contemporary accounts ( edit ) The Battle of Agincourt is well documented by at least seven contemporary accounts , three of them eyewitnesses . The approximate location of the battle has never been in dispute and the place remains relatively unaltered even after 600 years . Immediately after the battle , Henry summoned the heralds of the two armies who had watched the battle together , and with the principal French herald , Montjoie , settled on the name of the battle as Azincourt , after the nearest fortified place . Two of the most frequently cited accounts come from Burgundian sources : one from Jean Le Fèvre de Saint - Remy , who was present at the battle , and the other from Enguerrand de Monstrelet . The English eyewitness account comes from the anonymous Gesta Henrici Quinti , believed to have been written by a chaplain in the King 's household , who would have been in the baggage train at the battle . A recent reappraisal of Henry 's strategy of the Agincourt campaign incorporates these three accounts , and argues that war was seen as a legal due process for solving the disagreement over claims to the French throne . Campaign ( edit ) Main article : Hundred Years War Henry V invaded France following the failure of negotiations with the French . He claimed the title of King of France through his great - grandfather Edward III , although in practice the English kings were generally prepared to renounce this claim if the French would acknowledge the English claim on Aquitaine and other French lands ( the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny ) . He initially called a Great Council in the spring of 1414 to discuss going to war with France , but the lords insisted that he should negotiate further and moderate his claims . In the following negotiations Henry said that he would give up his claim to the French throne if the French would pay the 1.6 million crowns outstanding from the ransom of John II ( who had been captured at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 ) , and concede English ownership of the lands of Normandy , Touraine , Anjou , Brittany and Flanders , as well as Aquitaine . Henry would marry Catherine , the young daughter of Charles VI , and receive a dowry of 2 million crowns . The French responded with what they considered the generous terms of marriage with Catherine , a dowry of 600,000 crowns , and an enlarged Aquitaine . By 1415 , negotiations had ground to a halt , with the English claiming that the French had mocked their claims and ridiculed Henry himself . In December 1414 , the English parliament was persuaded to grant Henry a `` double subsidy '' , a tax at twice the traditional rate , to recover his inheritance from the French . On 19 April 1415 , Henry again asked the Great Council to sanction war with France , and this time they agreed . Henry 's army landed in northern France on 13 August 1415 , carried by a fleet described by Shakespeare as `` a city on the inconstant billows dancing / For so appears this fleet majestical '' , often reported to comprise 1,500 ships , but probably far smaller , and besieged the port of Harfleur with an army of about 12,000 , and up to 20,000 horses . The siege took longer than expected . The town surrendered on 22 September , and the English army did not leave until 8 October . The campaign season was coming to an end , and the English army had suffered many casualties through disease . Rather than retire directly to England for the winter , with his costly expedition resulting in the capture of only one town , Henry decided to march most of his army ( roughly 9,000 ) through Normandy to the port of Calais , the English stronghold in northern France , to demonstrate by his presence in the territory at the head of an army that his right to rule in the duchy was more than a mere abstract legal and historical claim . He also intended the manoeuvre as a deliberate provocation to battle aimed at the dauphin , who had failed to respond to Henry 's personal challenge to combat at Harfleur . The French had raised an army during the siege which assembled around Rouen . This was not strictly a feudal army , but an army paid through a system similar to the English . The French hoped to raise 9,000 troops , but the army was not ready in time to relieve Harfleur . After Henry V marched to the north , the French moved to block them along the River Somme . They were successful for a time , forcing Henry to move south , away from Calais , to find a ford . The English finally crossed the Somme south of Péronne , at Béthencourt and Voyennes and resumed marching north . Without a river obstacle to defend , the French were hesitant to force a battle . They shadowed Henry 's army while calling a semonce des nobles , calling on local nobles to join the army . By 24 October , both armies faced each other for battle , but the French declined , hoping for the arrival of more troops . The two armies spent the night of 24 October on open ground . The next day the French initiated negotiations as a delaying tactic , but Henry ordered his army to advance and to start a battle that , given the state of his army , he would have preferred to avoid , or to fight defensively : that was how Crécy and the other famous longbow victories had been won . The English had very little food , had marched 260 miles ( 420 km ) in two and a half weeks , were suffering from sickness such as dysentery , and faced much larger numbers of well - equipped French men at arms . The French army blocked Henry 's way to the safety of Calais , however , and delaying battle would only further weaken his tired army and allow more French troops to arrive . Battle ( edit ) The battlefield ( edit ) The location of the battle is not precisely fixed in contemporary accounts . Most authors believe it was fought in the narrow strip of open land formed between the woods of Tramecourt and Azincourt ( close to the modern village of Azincourt ) . However , the lack of archaeological evidence at this traditional site has led to suggestions it was fought to the west of Azincourt . English deployment ( edit ) The battle of Agincourt Early on the 25th , Henry deployed his army ( approximately 1,500 men - at - arms and 7,000 longbowmen ) across a 750 - yard ( 690 m ) part of the defile . The army was organised into three `` battles '' or divisions : the vanguard , led by the Duke of York ; the main battle led by Henry himself ; and the rearguard , led by Lord Camoys . In addition , Sir Thomas Erpingham , one of Henry 's most experienced household knights , had a role in marshalling the archers . It is likely that the English adopted their usual battle line of longbowmen on either flank , with men - at - arms and knights in the centre . They might also have deployed some archers in the centre of the line . The English men - at - arms in plate and mail were placed shoulder to shoulder four deep . The English and Welsh archers on the flanks drove pointed wooden stakes , or palings , into the ground at an angle to force cavalry to veer off . This use of stakes could have been inspired by the Battle of Nicopolis of 1396 , where forces of the Ottoman Empire used the tactic against French cavalry . The English made their confessions before the battle , as was customary . Henry , worried about the enemy launching surprise raids , and wanting his troops to remain focused , ordered all his men to spend the night before the battle in silence , on pain of having an ear cut off . He told his men that he would rather die in the coming battle than be captured and ransomed . Henry made a speech emphasising the justness of his cause , and reminding his army of previous great defeats the kings of England had inflicted on the French . The Burgundian sources have him concluding the speech by telling his men that the French had boasted that they would cut off two fingers from the right hand of every archer , so that he could never draw a longbow again . Whether this was true is open to question ; as previously noted , death was the normal fate of any soldier who could not be ransomed . French deployment ( edit ) The French force was not only larger than that of the English , but their noble men - at - arms would have considered themselves superior to the large number of archers in the English army , whom the French ( based on their experience in recent memory of using and facing archers ) considered relatively insignificant . For example , the chronicler Edmond de Dyntner stated that there were `` ten French nobles against one English '' , ignoring the archers completely . Several French accounts emphasise that the French leaders were so eager to defeat the English ( and win the ransoms of the English men - at - arms ) that they insisted on being in the first line ; as one of the contemporary accounts put it : `` All the lords wanted to be in the vanguard , against the opinion of the constable and the experienced knights . '' The French were arrayed in three lines or `` battles '' . The first line was led by Constable d'Albret , Marshal Boucicault , and the Dukes of Orléans and Bourbon , with attached cavalry wings under the Count of Vendôme and Sir Clignet de Brebant . The second line was commanded by the Dukes of Bar and Alençon and the Count of Nevers . The third line was under the Counts of Dammartin and Fauconberg . The Burgundian chronicler , Jean de Wavrin , writes that there were 8,000 men - at - arms , 4,000 archers and 1,500 crossbowmen in the vanguard , with two wings of 600 and 800 mounted men - at - arms , and the main battle having `` as many knights , esquires and archers as in the vanguard '' , with the rearguard containing `` all of the rest of the men - at - arms '' . The Herald of Berry uses somewhat different figures of 4,800 men - at - arms in the first line , 3,000 men in the second line , with two `` wings '' containing 600 mounted men - at - arms each , and a total of `` 10,000 men - at - arms '' , but does not mention a third line . Thousands of troops appear to have been in the rearguard , containing servants and commoners whom the French were either unable or unwilling to deploy . Wavrin gives the total French army size as 50,000 : `` They had plenty of archers and crossbowmen but nobody wanted to let them fire ( sic ) . The reason for this was that the site was so narrow that there was only enough room for the men - at - arms . '' A different source says that the French did not even deploy 4,000 of the best crossbowmen `` on the pretext they had no need of their help '' . Terrain ( edit ) The field of battle was arguably the most significant factor in deciding the outcome . The recently ploughed land hemmed in by dense woodland favoured the English , both because of its narrowness , and because of the thick mud through which the French knights had to walk . Accounts of the battle describe the French engaging the English men - at - arms before being rushed from the sides by the longbowmen as the mêlée developed . The English account in the Gesta Henrici says : `` For when some of them , killed when battle was first joined , fall at the front , so great was the undisciplined violence and pressure of the mass of men behind them that the living fell on top of the dead , and others falling on top of the living were killed as well . '' Although the French initially pushed the English back , they became so closely packed that they were described as having trouble using their weapons properly . The French monk of St. Denis says : `` Their vanguard , composed of about 5,000 men , found itself at first so tightly packed that those who were in the third rank could scarcely use their swords , '' and the Burgundian sources have a similar passage . As the battle was fought on a recently ploughed field , and there had recently been heavy rain leaving it very muddy , it proved very tiring to walk through in full plate armour . The French monk of St. Denis describes the French troops as `` marching through the middle of the mud where they sank up to their knees . So they were already overcome with fatigue even before they advanced against the enemy '' . The deep , soft mud particularly favoured the English force because , once knocked to the ground , the heavily armoured French knights had a hard time getting back up to fight in the mêlée . Barker states that some knights , encumbered by their armour , actually drowned in their helmets . Fighting ( edit ) Opening moves ( edit ) Morning of the Battle of Agincourt , 25th October 1415 , painted by Sir John Gilbert in the 19th century On the morning of 25 October , the French were still waiting for additional troops to arrive . The Duke of Brabant ( about 2,000 men ) , the Duke of Anjou ( about 600 men ) , and the Duke of Brittany ( 6,000 men , according to Monstrelet ) , were all marching to join the army . For three hours after sunrise there was no fighting . Military textbooks of the time stated : `` Everywhere and on all occasions that foot soldiers march against their enemy face to face , those who march lose and those who remain standing still and holding firm win . '' On top of this , the French were expecting thousands of men to join them if they waited . They were blocking Henry 's retreat , and were perfectly happy to wait for as long as it took . There had even been a suggestion that the English would run away rather than give battle when they saw that they would be fighting so many French princes . Henry 's men , on the other hand , were already very weary from hunger , illness and marching . Even though Henry knew as well as the French did that his army would perform better on the defensive , he was eventually forced to take a calculated risk , and move his army further forward to start the battle . This entailed abandoning his chosen position and pulling out , advancing , and then re-installing the long sharpened wooden stakes pointed outwards toward the enemy , which helped protect the longbowmen from cavalry charges . ( The use of stakes was an innovation for the English : during the Battle of Crécy , for example , the archers had been instead protected by pits and other obstacles . ) The tightness of the terrain also seems to have restricted the planned deployment of the French forces . The French had originally drawn up a battle plan that had archers and crossbowmen in front of their men - at - arms , with a cavalry force at the rear specifically designed to `` fall upon the archers , and use their force to break them , '' but in the event , the French archers and crossbowmen were deployed behind and to the sides of the men - at - arms ( where they seem to have played almost no part , except possibly for an initial volley of arrows at the start of the battle ) . The cavalry force , which could have devastated the English line if it had attacked while they moved their stakes , charged only after the initial volley of arrows from the English . It is unclear whether the delay occurred because the French were hoping the English would launch a frontal assault ( and were surprised when the English instead started shooting from their new defensive position ) , or whether the French mounted knights instead did not react quickly enough to the English advance . French chroniclers agree that when the mounted charge did come , it did not contain as many men as it should have ; Gilles le Bouvier states that some had wandered off to warm themselves and others were walking or feeding their horses . French cavalry attack ( edit ) The French cavalry , despite being somewhat disorganised and not at full numbers , charged towards the longbowmen , but it was a disaster , with the French knights unable to outflank the longbowmen ( because of the encroaching woodland ) and unable to charge through the forest of sharpened stakes that protected the archers . John Keegan argues that the longbows ' main influence on the battle at this point was injuries to horses : armoured only on the head , many horses would have become dangerously out of control when struck in the back or flank from the high - elevation long range shots used as the charge started . The mounted charge and subsequent retreat churned up the already muddy terrain between the French and the English . Juliet Barker quotes a contemporary account by a monk of St. Denis who reports how the wounded and panicking horses galloped through the advancing infantry , scattering them and trampling them down in their headlong flight from the battlefield . Main French assault ( edit ) King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt , 1415 , by Sir John Gilbert in the 19th century . The plate armour of the French men - at - arms allowed them to close the 300 yards or so to the English lines while being under what the French monk of Saint Denis described as `` a terrifying hail of arrow shot '' . A complete coat of plate was considered such good protection that shields were generally not used , although the Burgundian contemporary sources specifically distinguish between Frenchmen who used shields and those who did not , and Rogers has suggested that the front elements of the French force used axes and shields . Modern historians are somewhat divided on how effective the longbow fire would have been against plate armour of the time , with some modern texts suggesting that arrows could not penetrate , especially the better quality steel armour , but others suggesting arrows could penetrate , especially the poorer quality wrought iron armour. Rogers suggests that the longbow could penetrate a wrought iron breastplate at short range and penetrate the thinner armour on the limbs even at 220 yards ( 200 m ) . He considers a knight in the best quality steel armour would have been more or less invulnerable to an arrow on the breastplate or top of the helmet , but would still have been vulnerable to shots hitting the limbs , particularly at close range . In any case , to protect themselves as much as possible from the arrows , the French had to lower their visors and bend their helmeted heads to avoid being shot in the face -- the eye and air - holes in their helmets were among the weakest points in the armour . This head lowered position restricted both their breathing and their vision . Then they had to walk a few hundred yards through thick mud , a press of comrades and wearing armour weighing 50 -- 60 pounds ( 23 -- 27 kg ) , gathering sticky clay all the way . Increasingly they had to walk around or over fallen comrades . Miniature from Vigiles du roi Charles VII . The battle of Azincourt 1415 . The surviving French men - at - arms reached the front of the English line and pushed it back , with the longbowmen on the flanks continuing to shoot at point - blank range . When the archers ran out of arrows , they dropped their bows and using hatchets , swords and the mallets they had used to drive their stakes in , attacked the now disordered , fatigued and wounded French men - at - arms massed in front of them . The French could not cope with the thousands of lightly armoured longbowmen assailants ( who were much less hindered by the mud and weight of their armour ) combined with the English men - at - arms . The impact of thousands of arrows , combined with the slog in heavy armour through the mud , the heat and lack of oxygen in plate armour with the visor down , and the crush of their numbers meant the French men - at - arms could `` scarcely lift their weapons '' when they finally engaged the English line . The exhausted French men - at - arms are described as being knocked to the ground by the English and then unable to get back up . As the mêlée developed , the French second line also joined the attack , but they too were swallowed up , with the narrow terrain meaning the extra numbers could not be used effectively . Rogers suggests that the French at the back of their deep formation would have been attempting to push forward and quite literally add their weight to the advance , without realising that they were hindering the ability of those at the front to manoeuvre and fight , actually pushing them into the English formation of lancepoints . After the initial wave , the French would have had to fight over and on the bodies of those who had fallen before them . In such a `` press '' of thousands of men , Rogers finds it plausible that a significant number could have suffocated in their armour , as is described by several sources , and is also known to have happened in other battles . The French men - at - arms were taken prisoner or killed in the thousands . The fighting lasted about three hours , but eventually the leaders of the second line were killed or captured , as those of the first line had been . The English Gesta Henrici describes three great heaps of the slain around the three main English standards . According to contemporary English accounts , Henry was directly involved in the hand - to - hand fighting . Upon hearing that his youngest brother Humphrey , Duke of Gloucester had been wounded in the groin , Henry took his household guard and stood over his brother , in the front rank of the fighting , until Humphrey could be dragged to safety . The king received an axe blow to the head , which knocked off a piece of the crown that formed part of his helmet . Attack on the English baggage train ( edit ) 1915 depiction of Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt : The King wears on this surcoat the Royal Arms of England , quartered with the Fleur de Lys of France as a symbol of his claim to the throne of France . The only French success was an attack on the lightly protected English baggage train , with Ysembart d'Azincourt ( leading a small number of men - at - arms and varlets plus about 600 peasants ) seizing some of Henry 's personal treasures , including a crown . Whether this was part of a deliberate French plan or an act of local brigandage is unclear from the sources . Certainly , d'Azincourt was a local knight but he might have been chosen to lead the attack because of his local knowledge and the lack of availability of a more senior soldier . In some accounts the attack happened towards the end of the battle , and led the English to think they were being attacked from the rear . Barker , following the Gesta Henrici , believed to have been written by an English chaplain who was actually in the baggage train , concludes that the attack happened at the start of the battle . Henry orders the killing of the prisoners ( edit ) Regardless of when the baggage assault happened , at some point after the initial English victory , Henry became alarmed that the French were regrouping for another attack . The Gesta Henrici places this after the English had overcome the onslaught of the French men - at - arms and the weary English troops were eyeing the French rearguard ( `` in incomparable number and still fresh '' ) . Le Fèvre and Wavrin similarly say that it was signs of the French rearguard regrouping and `` marching forward in battle order '' which made the English think they were still in danger . A slaughter of the French prisoners ensued . It seems it was purely a decision of Henry , since the English knights found it contrary to chivalry , and contrary to their interests to kill valuable hostages for whom it was commonplace to ask ransom . Henry threatened to hang whoever did not obey his orders . In any event , Henry ordered the slaughter of what were perhaps several thousand French prisoners , sparing only the highest ranked ( presumably those most likely to fetch a large ransom under the chivalric system of warfare ) . According to most chroniclers , Henry 's fear was that the prisoners ( who , in an unusual turn of events , actually outnumbered their captors ) would realize their advantage in numbers , rearm themselves with the weapons strewn about the field and overwhelm the exhausted English forces . Contemporary chroniclers did not criticise him for it . In his study of the battle , John Keegan argued that the main aim was not to actually kill the French knights but rather to terrorise them into submission and quell any possibility they might resume the fight , which would probably have caused the uncommitted French reserve forces to join the fray , as well . Such an event would have posed a risk to the still - outnumbered English and could have easily turned a stunning victory into a mutually - destructive defeat , as the English forces were now largely intermingled with the French and would have suffered grievously from the arrows of their own longbowmen had they needed to resume shooting . Keegan also speculated that due to the relatively low number of archers actually involved in killing the French knights ( roughly 200 by his estimate ) , together with the refusal of the English knights to assist in a duty they saw as distastefully unchivalrous and combined with the sheer difficulty of killing such a large number of prisoners in such a short space of time , the actual number of French knights killed might not have even reached the hundreds before the reserves fled the field and Henry called an end to the slaughter . Aftermath ( edit ) The lack of reliable sources makes it impossible to give a precise figure for the French and English casualties ( dead , wounded , taken prisoner ) . However , it is clear that though the English were outnumbered , their losses were far lower than those of the French . The French sources all give 4,000 -- 10,000 French dead , with up to 1,600 English dead . The lowest ratio in these French sources has the French losing six times more men than the English . It has been possible to name at least 500 individuals from the French army killed in the battle and over 300 prisoners . The English sources vary between about 1,500 and 11,000 for the French dead , with English dead put at no more than 100 . Barker identifies from the available records `` at least '' 112 Englishmen killed in the fighting , including Edward of Norwich , 2nd Duke of York , a grandson of Edward III . One widely used estimate puts the English casualties at 450 , not an insignificant number in an army of about 8,500 , but far fewer than the thousands the French lost , nearly all of whom were killed or captured . Using the lowest French estimate of their own dead of 4,000 would imply a ratio of nearly 9 to 1 in favour of the English , or over 10 to 1 if the prisoners are included . The French suffered heavily . Three dukes , at least eight counts , a viscount , and an archbishop died , along with numerous other nobles . Of the great royal office holders , France lost her Constable , Admiral , Master of the Crossbowmen and prévôt of the marshals . The baillis of nine major northern towns were killed , often along with their sons , relatives and supporters . In the words of Juliet Barker , the battle `` cut a great swath through the natural leaders of French society in Artois , Ponthieu , Normandy , Picardy . '' Estimates of the number of prisoners vary between 700 and 2,200 , amongst them the Duke of Orléans ( the famous poet Charles d'Orléans ) and Jean Le Maingre ( known as Boucicault ) Marshal of France . Although the victory had been militarily decisive , its impact was complex . It did not lead to further English conquests immediately as Henry 's priority was to return to England , which he did on 16 November , to be received in triumph in London on the 23rd . Henry returned a conquering hero , in the eyes of his subjects and European powers outside France , blessed by God . It established the legitimacy of the Lancastrian monarchy and the future campaigns of Henry to pursue his `` rights and privileges '' in France . Other benefits to the English were longer term . Very quickly after the battle , the fragile truce between the Armagnac and Burgundian factions broke down . The brunt of the battle had fallen on the Armagnacs and it was they who suffered the majority of senior casualties and carried the blame for the defeat . The Burgundians seized on the opportunity and within 10 days of the battle had mustered their armies and marched on Paris . This lack of unity in France allowed Henry eighteen months to prepare militarily and politically for a renewed campaign . When that campaign took place , it was made easier by the damage done to the political and military structures of Normandy by the battle . Notable casualties ( edit ) French ( edit ) Notable casualties ( most named by Enguerrand de Monstrelet ) include : Leading officers : Charles I d'Albret , Count of Dreux , the Constable of France Jacques de Châtillon de Dampière , Lord of Dampierre , the Admiral of France David de Rambures , the Grand Master of Crossbowmen ( along with his three youngest sons ) Guichard Dauphin , Master of the Royal Household Three dukes : Antoine of Burgundy , Duke of Brabant and Limburg , and consort Duke of Luxembourg ( a brother of John the Fearless , Duke of Burgundy ) John I , Duke of Alençon - Perche , the second - in - command after d'Albret . Edward III , Duke of Bar ( along with his brother and nephew ) Six counts ( seven with d'Albret ) : Philip of Burgundy , Count of Nevers and Rethel ( another brother of John the Fearless ) Frederick of Lorraine , Count of Vaudémont ( brother of Charles II , Duke of Lorraine ) Robert of Bar , Count of Marle and Soissons ( nephew of Edward III , Duke of Bar ) . John VI , Count of Roucy , Edward II , Count of Grandpré Henry II , Count of Blâmont and some 90 bannerets and others , including : Jean de Montaigu , Archbishop of Sens John of Bar , Lord of Puisaye ( brother of Edward III of Bar ) Jean I de Croÿ , Lord of Croÿ - d'Araines ( along with two of his sons , John and Archambaud ) Jean de Béthune , Lord of Marueil Gallois de Fougières , Provost Marshal , commemorated as the first French gendarme to lose his life in battle . Jean V de Hangest - Consular to the Grand Chamberlain of France Jean de Noyelles , Seigneur de Calonne , de Sailly , de Ricouart , Vicomte de Langle , Chambellan du Duc ( along with two of his brothers , Lancelot and Pierre ) English ( edit ) Notable casualties included : Edward of Norwich , 2nd Duke of York ( b . 1373 ) Michael de la Pole , 3rd Earl of Suffolk Dafydd Gam ( Davy Gam ) Welsh hero who reputedly saved Henry V 's life at Agincourt Jan I van Brederode French prisoners ( edit ) Among the circa 1,500 prisoners taken by the English , were the following French notables : Jean Le Maingre ( `` Boucicaut '' ) , the Marshal of France . Charles of Artois ( Count of Eu ) , the French Lieutenant of Normandy and Guyenne . John of Bourbon ( Duke of Bourbon - Auvergne - Forez ) , probably the greatest lord of southern France Charles of Orleans ( Duke of Orleans - Blois - Valois ) , a great lord of central France , titular head of the `` Armagnac '' party . ( his brother , John of Orleans ( Count of Angoulême - Périgord ) , another great lord , had been in English captivity since 1412 ) . Louis de Bourbon ( Count of Vendôme ) Arthur de Richemont , brother of John VI , Duke of Brittany , step - brother of Henry V ( he was the son of Joan of Navarre , dowager - queen of England ) . John VII , Count of Harcourt , holder of the largest fiefs in Normandy , close relative of the Capetians through his mother and wife Numbers at Agincourt ( edit ) Anne Curry in her 2005 book Agincourt : A New History , argues ( based on research into the surviving administrative records ) that the French army was about 12,000 strong , and the English army about 9,000 , giving proportions of four to three . By contrast , Juliet Barker in her book Agincourt : The King , the Campaign , the Battle ( also published in 2005 ) argues the English and Welsh were outnumbered `` at least four to one and possibly as much as six to one '' . She suggests figures of about 6,000 for the English and 36,000 for the French , based on the Gesta Henrici 's figures of 5,000 archers and 900 men - at - arms for the English , and Jean de Wavrin 's statement `` that the French were six times more numerous than the English '' . The 2009 Encyclopædia Britannica uses the figures of about 6,000 for the English and 20,000 to 30,000 for the French . The 1911 Britannica used somewhat different figures of 6,000 archers , 1,000 men - at - arms and `` a few thousands of other foot '' for the English , with the French outnumbering them by `` at least four times '' . While not necessarily agreeing with the exact numbers Curry uses , some historians have however given support to her assertion that the French army was much smaller than traditionally thought , and the English somewhat bigger . Bertrand Schnerb , a professor of medieval history at the University of Lille , has said that he thinks the French probably had 12,000 -- 15,000 troops . Ian Mortimer , in his 2009 book 1415 : Henry V 's Year of Glory , notes how Curry `` minimises French numbers ( by limiting her figures to those in the basic army and a few specific additional companies ) and maximises English numbers ( by assuming the numbers sent home from Harfleur were no greater than sick lists ) '' , but agrees that previous estimates have exaggerated the odds , and suggests that `` the most extreme imbalance which is credible is fifteen thousand French troops against 8,100 English : a ratio of about two - to - one '' . However , Clifford J. Rogers , professor of history at the United States Military Academy at West Point , has recently argued that archival records are too incomplete to substantially change his view that the English were outnumbered about 4 -- 1 . Juliet Barker also disagrees with Curry 's arguments in the acknowledgements section of her 2005 book on Agincourt , saying : `` Surviving administrative records on both sides , but especially the French , are simply too incomplete to support ( Curry 's ) assertion that nine thousand English were pitted against an army only twelve thousand strong . And if the differential really was as low as three to four then this makes a nonsense of the course of the battle as described by eyewitnesses and contemporaries . '' Those supporting a greater imbalance have generally put more store by contemporary ( and especially eyewitness ) accounts . The Gesta Henrici gives plausible figures for the English of 5,000 archers and 900 men - at - arms , but Mortimer notes it is `` wildly inaccurate '' in stating the English were outnumbered 30 -- 1 , and there have also been doubts as to how much it was written as propaganda for Henry V . The proportions also seem incorrect , as from surviving records we know that Henry set out with about four times as many archers as men - at - arms , not five and a half times as many . Those who have supported the Gesta figures for the English army have generally thought that although the English army may have left Harfleur with eight or nine thousand men , it is plausible that after weeks of campaigning and disease in hostile territory they would have lost two or three thousand fighting men ; however Mortimer states : `` Despite the trials of the march , Henry had lost very few men to illness or death ; and we have independent testimony that no more than 160 had been captured on the way . '' As Mortimer notes , the Burgundian numbers for the size of the French vanguard of 8,000 men - at - arms in the vanguard with 1,400 ( or 2,400 ) men - at - arms in the wings correspond roughly with the figures of ten thousand men - at - arms recorded by the duke of Berry 's herald . The Burgundians also recorded 4,000 archers and 1,500 crossbowmen in the `` vanguard '' , which would suggest `` fourteen or fifteen thousand fighting men '' . ( It should be noted that the Burgundians actually give the total size of the French army as an implausible 50,000 , and the numbers they use do not correspond closely to the odds they describe . Using very similar numbers , Jean Le Fevre states that the English were outnumbered 3 -- 1 , whereas Wavrin states that the English were outnumbered 6 -- 1 . ) One particular cause of confusion may have been the number of servants on both sides . Mortimer suggests that because there were a much higher proportion of men - at - arms on the French side , the number of non-combatants was much higher . Each man - at - arms could be expected to have a page , who would have ridden one of his spare horses . If the French army had an extra 10,000 mounted men ( as opposed to only 1,500 extra for the English ) , then `` the English probably did see an army about three times the size of their own fighting force '' . It is open to debate whether these should all be counted as non-combatants ; Rogers ( for example ) accepts that the French probably had about 10,000 men - at - arms , but explicitly includes one `` gros valet '' ( an armed , armoured and mounted military servant ) per French man - at - arms in his calculation of the odds . Popular representations ( edit ) The 15th century Agincourt Carol Music Soon after the English victory at Agincourt , a number of popular folk songs were created about the battle , the most famous being the `` Agincourt Carol '' , produced in the first half of the 15th century . Other ballads followed , including `` King Henry Fifth 's Conquest of France '' , raising the popular prominence of particular events mentioned only in passing by the original chroniclers , such as the gift of tennis balls before the campaign . Literature The most famous cultural depiction of the battle today , however , is through William Shakespeare 's Henry V , written in 1599 . The play focuses on the pressures of kingship , the tensions between how a king should appear -- chivalric , honest , and just -- and how a king must sometimes act -- Machiavellian and ruthless . Shakespeare illustrates these tensions by depicting Henry 's decision to kill some of the French prisoners , whilst attempting to justify it and distance himself from the event . This moment of the battle is portrayed both as a break with the traditions of chivalry and as key example of the paradox of kingship . Shakespeare 's depiction of the battle also plays on the theme of modernity . He contrasts the modern , English king and his army with the medieval , chivalric , older model of the French . Shakespeare 's play presented Henry as leading a truly English force into battle , playing on the importance of the link between the monarch and the common soldiers in the fight . The original play does not , however , feature any scenes of the actual battle itself , leading critic Rose Zimbardo to characterise it as `` full of warfare , yet empty of conflict . '' The play introduced the famous St Crispin 's Day Speech , considered one of Shakespeare 's most heroic speeches , in which Henry delivers movingly to his soldiers just before the battle , urging his `` band of brothers '' to stand together in the forthcoming fight . Critic David Margolies describes how it `` oozes honour , military glory , love of country and self - sacrifice '' , and forms one of the first instances of English literature linking solidarity and comradeship to success in battle . Partially as a result , the battle was used as a metaphor at the beginning of the First World War , when the British Expeditionary Force 's attempts to stop the German advances were widely likened to it . Films Shakespeare 's version of the battle of Agincourt has been turned into ( several minor and ) two major films , starring Laurence Olivier in 1944 and Kenneth Branagh in 1989 . Made just prior to the invasion of Normandy , Olivier 's rendition gives the battle what Sarah Hatchuel has termed an `` exhilarating and heroic '' tone , with an artificial , cinematic look to the battle scenes . Branagh 's version gives a longer , more realist portrayal of the battle itself , drawing on both historical sources and images from the Vietnam and Falkland Wars . In his film adaptation , Peter Babakitis uses digital effects to exaggerate realist features during the battle scenes , producing a more avant - garde interpretation of the fighting at Agincourt . Mock trial The battle remains an important symbol in popular culture . For example , a mock trial of Henry V for the crimes associated with the slaughter of the prisoners was held in Washington , D.C. in March 2010 , drawing from both the historical record and Shakespeare 's play . Participating as judges were Justices Samuel Alito and Ruth Bader Ginsburg . The trial ranged widely over whether there was just cause for war and not simply the prisoner issue . Although an audience vote was `` too close to call '' , Henry was unanimously found guilty by the court on the basis of `` evolving standards of civil society '' . Battlefield today Agincourt today ( edit ) Agincourt Memorial A list of English archers killed at Agincourt , as recorded in the village 's museum There is a modern museum in Agincourt village dedicated to the battle . The museum lists the names of combatants of both sides who died in the battle . See also ( edit ) V sign , for more on the `` two - finger salute '' which legends claim derives from the gestures of longbowmen fighting in the English army at the battle of Agincourt . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) a . Pronunciation : The story of the battle has been retold many times in English , from the fifteenth - century Agincourt song onwards , and an English pronunciation of / ˈædʒɪŋkɔːrt / has become established . Merriam - Webster has a small audio file here . The modern tendency , however , is to use a style closer to the original French pronunciation : ( azɛ̃kuʁ ) , such as / ˈædʒɪŋkɔːr / or / ˈæʒɪŋkʊər / , as exampled in this interview with Juliet Barker on Meet the Author , here . b . Dates in the fifteenth century are difficult to reconcile with modern calendars : see Barker 2005 , pp. 225 -- 7 for the way the date of the battle was established . c . The first known use of angled stakes to thwart a mounted charge was at the Battle of Nicopolis , an engagement between European states and Turkish forces in 1396 , twenty years before Agincourt . French knights , charging uphill , were unseated from their horses , either because their mounts were injured on the stakes or because they dismounted to uproot the obstacles , and were overpowered . News of the contrivance circulated within Europe and was described in a book of tactics written in 1411 by Boucicault , Marshal of France . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Curry 2006 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Barker 2005 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ `` Agincourt aftermath '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ de Monstrelet 1853 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1976 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Curry 2000 , pp. 22 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Honig , Jan Willem ( 2012 ) . `` Reappraising Late Medieval Strategy : The Example of the 1415 Agincourt Campaign '' . War in History . 19 ( 123 ) : 123 -- 151 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 107 , 114 . Jump up ^ Guardian newspaper : French correction : Henry V 's Agincourt fleet was half as big , historian claims , 28 July 2015 Jump up ^ Hibbert 1971 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Wylie & Waugh 1914 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Seward 1999 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ `` Living dictionary of the French language '' . 25 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer 2009 , pp. 436 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Sutherland ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 271 , 290 . Jump up ^ Curry 2006 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 283 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer 2009 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Rogers 2008b , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 276 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Battle of Agincourt 1415 , Wavrin Jump up ^ Quoted in Curry 2000 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Curry 2000 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Curry 2000 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Wason 2004 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1996 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Curry 2000 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Curry 2000 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 300 . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer 2009 , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Mortimer 2009 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1976 , pp. 90 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Bennett 1994 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1976 , pp. 92 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2004 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Rogers 2008 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Rogers 2008 , pp. 110 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 297 -- 298 . Jump up ^ Curry 2000 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Rogers 2008 , pp. 95 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Mortimer 2009 , p. 443 . Jump up ^ Curry 2006 , pp. 207 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barker 2005 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Curry 2000 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 302 -- 305 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1976 , pp. 107 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1976 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Curry & Mercer ( 2015 ) , p. 165 Jump up ^ All figures on number of dead from table in Curry 2000 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Casualty estimates from the Religeux of St Denis and Jean Juvenal des Ursins given in Curry 2000 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. x , 321 , 323 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 322 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , pp. 337 , 367 , 368 . Jump up ^ Mortimer 2009 , pp. 475 , 479 . Jump up ^ Mortimer 2009 , pp. 547 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ The Chronicles of Enguerrad de Monstrelet , ( Ch. 147 ) Jump up ^ For a fuller list of French casualties , see ^ Jump up to : Walsingham 2005 , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Gilliot ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Rosemary Horrox , ' Edward , second duke of York ( c. 1373 -- 1415 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 14 March 2011 Jump up ^ Simon Walker , ' Pole , Michael de la , second earl of Suffolk ( 1367 / 8 -- 1415 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 ; online edn , Jan 2008 accessed 14 March 2011 Jump up ^ T.F. Tout , ' Dafydd Gam ( d . 1415 ) ' , rev . R.R. Davies , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 ; online edn , Jan 2008 accessed 14 March 2011 Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. x . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ EB 1911 , p. 375 . ^ Jump up to : Glanz 2009 . Jump up ^ Mortimer 2009 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Rogers 2008a , pp. 114 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Barker 2005 , p. xvi . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer 2009 , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Curry 2000 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Curry 2000 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Mortimer 2009 , pp. 421 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Rogers 2008 , pp. 60 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Curry 2000 , p. 280 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Woolf 2003 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Cantor 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Cantor 2006 , pp. 21 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Cantor 2006 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cantor 2006 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hatchuel 2008 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Margolies 2006 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Adams 2002 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Adams 2002 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Hatchuel 2008 , pp. 194 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hatchuel 2008 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Hatchuel 2008 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ `` Judgment at Agincourt '' . C - SPAN . 16 March 2010 . link to video Jump up ^ Treanor , Tim ( 18 March 2010 ) . `` High Court Rules for French at Agincourt '' . DC Theater Scene . Jump up ^ Jones , Andy ( 8 March 2010 ) . `` High Court Justices , Legal Luminaries Debate Shakespeare 's ' Henry V ' '' . National Law Journal . Jump up ^ Agincourt Museum Jump up ^ `` Agincourt '' . Merriam - Webster Pronunciation . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Olausson , Lena ; Sangster , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation : The Essential Handbook of the Spoken Word . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280710 - 6 . aj - in - kor / ˈadʒɪnˌkɔː ( r ) / the established anglicization Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) . Roach , Peter ; et al. , eds . English Pronouncing Dictionary ( 16th ed . ) . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01712 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Juliet Barker '' . Meet the Author . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bennett 1994 , pp. 7 , 15 -- 16 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Michael C. ( 2002 ) . Echoes of War : a thousand years of military history in popular culture . Kentucky : University of Kentucky Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2240 - 3 . Barker , Juliet ( 2005 ) . Agincourt : The King , the Campaign , the Battle ( U.S. Title : Agincourt : Henry V and the Battle That Made England . ) . London : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 72648 - 1 . Bennett , Matthew ( 1994 ) . `` The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War '' . In Curry , Anne ; Hughes , Michael L. Arms , armies , and fortifications in the Hundred Years War . Woodbridge , England : Boydell Press . pp. 7 -- 20 . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 365 - 8 . Bennett , Matthew ( 1991 ) . Agincourt 1415 Triumph Against The Odds ; Osprey Campaign Series # 9 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 132 - 7 . Cantor , Paul A. ( 2006 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Henry V : From the Medieval to the Modern World in '' . In Murley , John A. ; Sutton , Sean D. Perspectives on politics in Shakespeare . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1684 - 5 . Curry , Anne ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Agincourt : Sources and Interpretations . The Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 802 - 1 . Curry , Anne ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . Agincourt : A New History . UK : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2828 - 4 . Curry , Anne and Malcolm Mercer , eds. ( 2015 ) . The Battle of Agincourt . Yale University Press , ISBN 9780300214307 Encyclopædia Britannica . I. London . 1911 . de Monstrelet , Enguerrand ( 1853 ) ( 1810 ) . `` The French and English meet in battle on the plains of Azincourt '' . The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet . Translated by Thomas Johnes . London : Henry Bohn . p. 340 . Gilliot , Christophe ( 2015 ) . `` Gallois de Fougières : An esquire during the Hundred Year 's War '' . Medieval Warfare ( 2015 Special Edition ) : 59 -- 62 . ISSN 2211 - 5129 . Glanz , James ( 24 October 2009 ) . `` Historians Reassess Battle of Agincourt '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Hatchuel , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` The Battle of Agincourt in Shakespeare 's , Laurence Olivier 's , Kenneth Branagh 's and Peter Babakitis 's Henry V '' . In Hatchuel , Sarah ; Vienne - Guerrin , Nathalie . Shakespeare on Screen : the Henriad . Rouen , France : Laboratoire ERIAC . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87775 - 454 - 5 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1971 ) . Great Battles -- Agincourt . London : Weidenfeld & Nicholson . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 718 - 7 . Holmes , Richard ( 1996 ) . War Walks . London : BBC Worldwide Publishing . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 563 - 38360 - 7 . Honig , Jan Willem ( 2012 ) . `` Reappraising Late Medieval Strategy : The Example of the 1415 Agincourt Campaign '' . War in History April 2012 vol. 19 no . 2 123 - 151 . Keegan , John ( 1976 ) . The Face of Battle : A Study of Agincourt , Waterloo , and the Somme . Penguin Classics Reprint . Viking Adult . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004897 - 1 . Margolies , David ( 2006 ) . `` Henry V and ideology '' . In Hatchuel , Sarah ; Vienne - Guerrin , Nathalie . Shakespeare on Screen : the Henriad . Rouen , France : Laboratoire ERIAC . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87775 - 454 - 5 . Mortimer , Ian ( 2009 ) . 1415 : Henry V 's Year of Glory . London : Bodley Head . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 07992 - 1 . Nicholson , Helen ( 2004 ) . Medieval Warfare . Palgrave Macmillan . Rogers , Clifford J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Battle of Agincourt '' . In Villalon , L.J. Andrew ; Kagay , Donald J. The Hundred Years War ( Part II ) : Different Vistas . Leiden : Brill . pp. 37 -- 132 . Rogers , Clifford J. ( 2008a ) . `` The Battle of Agincourt : Appendix II '' . In Villalon , L.J. Andrew ; Kagay , Donald J. The Hundred Years War ( Part II ) : Different Vistas . Leiden : Brill . pp. 114 -- 21 . Rogers , Clifford J. ( 2008b ) . `` The Battle of Agincourt '' . In Villalon , L.J. Andrew ; Kagay , Donald J. The Hundred Years War ( Part II ) : Different Vistas . Boston , MA : Brill . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16821 - 3 . Seward , Desmond ( 1999 ) . The Hundred Years War : The English in France 1337 -- 1453 . Penguin . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 028361 - 7 . Sutherland , Tim ( 2015 ) . `` The Battlefield '' . In Curry , Anne ; Mercer , Malcolm . The Battle of Agincourt . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300214307 . Walsingham , Thomas ( 2005 ) . `` The Reign of King Henry V '' . In Clark , James G . The Chronica maiora of Thomas Walsingham , 1376 -- 1422 . Translated by David Preest . Woodbridge , England : Boydell Press . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 144 - 9 . Wason , David ( 2004 ) . Battlefield Detectives . London : Carlton Books . p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 233 - 05083 - 3 . Woolf , Daniel ( 2003 ) . The Social Circulation of the Past : English historical culture , 1500 -- 1730 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925778 - 2 . Wylie , James Hamilton & Waugh , William Templeton ( 1914 ) . The Reign of Henry the Fifth . Cambridge : The University Press . p. 118 . OCLC 313049420 . Further reading ( edit ) Beck , Steve ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Agincourt , www.militaryhistoryonline.com . Bennett , Matthew ( 2000 ) . `` The Battle '' . In Curry , Anne . Agincourt 1415 . Stroud : Tempus . pp. 25 -- 30 . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1780 - 0 . Dupuy , Trevor N. ( 1993 ) . Harper Encyclopedia of Military History . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270056 - 8 . Family Chronicle.com , The Agincourt Honor Roll , Family Chronicle , March / April 1997 . The Fitzwilliam Museum , University of Cambridge Macclesfield Psalter CD Glanz , James ( 25 October 2009 ) . `` Henry V 's Greatest Victory is Besieged by Academia '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Grummitt , David . ( Oxford University ) , A review of Agincourt 1415 : Henry V , Sir Thomas Erpingham and the triumph of the English archers ed . Anne Curry , Pub : Tempus UK , 2000 ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1780 - 0 . Accessed 15 April 2008 . Hansen , Mogens Herman ( Copenhagen Polis Centre ) The Little Grey Horse -- Henry V 's Speech at Agincourt and the Battle Exhortation in Ancient Historiography Histos volume 2 ( March 1998 ) , website of the Department of Classics and Ancient History , University of Durham Jones , Michael J. ( 2005 ) . Agincourt 1415 . Barnsley : Pen & Sword . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 251 - 0 . `` Battle of Agincourt '' in Military Heritage , October 2005 , Volume 7 , No. 2 , pp. 36 to 43 . ISSN 1524 - 8666 . Nicolas , Harris ( 1833 ) . History of the Battle of Agincourt , and of the expedition of Henry the Fifth into France in 1415 ; to which is added the Roll of the men at arms in the English army . London : Johnson & Co . Strickland , Matthew ; Hardy , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Great Warbow . Stroud : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3167 - 1 . Sutherland , T.L. 2006 ' The Battle of Agincourt : An Alternative Location ? ' Journal of Conflict Archaeology 1 , 245 -- 265 . External links ( edit ) The Agincourt Battlefield Archaeology Project website http://tls509.wixsite.com/archaeologyagincourt by Tim Sutherland ( Project Director ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Agincourt . Azincourt Museum , Le Centre Historique Médiéval , Azincourt , France Accessed 2 December 2017. * Battle of Agincourt on In Our Time at the BBC . - Bragg , Melvyn ( presenter ) , with Anne Curry , Michael Jones and John Watts , 16 September 2004 . Contemporary account of battle written by Enguerrand de Monstrelet ( d. 1453 ) , governor of Cambrai and supporter of the French crown . Battle of Agincourt on Medieval Archives Podcast `` An animated map of the Battle of Agincourt '' by David Crowther `` An animated map of the Agincourt campaign '' by David Crowther Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Agincourt&oldid=816486713 '' Categories : 1415 in France Battles of the Hundred Years ' War History of archery Military history of the Pas - de-Calais Conflicts in 1415 Henry V of England Last stand battles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2011 Use British English from December 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 17 : 38 . 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About Wikipedia	who led the french in the battle of agincourt	[ "\n\n\n\nBattle of Agincourt\n\n\nPart of the Hundred Years' War\n\n\n\nThe Battle of Agincourt, 15th-century miniature, Enguerrand de Monstrelet\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day)\n\n\nLocation\nAzincourt, Pas-de-Calais, France\n50°27′49″N 2°8′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167Coordinates: 50°27′49″N 2°8′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167\n\n\nResult\nEnglish victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n Kingdom of England\n Kingdom of France\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Henry V of England\n Edward of York †\n Humphrey of Lancaster\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Charles d'Albret †\n Jean Le Maingre \n Jean d'Alençon †\n Charles d'Orléans \n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nModern estimates range from 6,000[1] to 9,000[2]; see Numbers at Agincourt.\n• About 5⁄6 longbowmen\n• 1⁄6 dismounted knights and men-at-arms in heavy armour.\nModern estimates range from 12,000 (outnumbering the English 4:3)[2] to 36,000 (outnumbering the English 6:1;[3]); see Numbers at Agincourt.\n• About 10,000 knights and men-at-arms (of which about 1,200 were mounted)\n• unknown thousands of other infantry, crossbowmen and archers.\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\nAround 600 dead, unknown wounded[3]\n7,000–10,000 (mostly killed) and about 1,500 noble prisoners[4]\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\nBattle of Agincourt\n\n\nPart of the Hundred Years' War\n\n\n\nThe Battle of Agincourt, 15th-century miniature, Enguerrand de Monstrelet\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day)\n\n\nLocation\nAzincourt, Pas-de-Calais, France\n50°27′49″N 2°8′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167Coordinates: 50°27′49″N 2°8′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167\n\n\nResult\nEnglish victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n Kingdom of England\n Kingdom of France\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Henry V of England\n Edward of York †\n Humphrey of Lancaster\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Charles d'Albret †\n Jean Le Maingre \n Jean d'Alençon †\n Charles d'Orléans \n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nModern estimates range from 6,000[1] to 9,000[2]; see Numbers at Agincourt.\n• About 5⁄6 longbowmen\n• 1⁄6 dismounted knights and men-at-arms in heavy armour.\nModern estimates range from 12,000 (outnumbering the English 4:3)[2] to 36,000 (outnumbering the English 6:1;[3]); see Numbers at Agincourt.\n• About 10,000 knights and men-at-arms (of which about 1,200 were mounted)\n• unknown thousands of other infantry, crossbowmen and archers.\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\nAround 600 dead, unknown wounded[3]\n7,000–10,000 (mostly killed) and about 1,500 noble prisoners[4]\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\nBattle of Agincourt\n\n\nPart of the Hundred Years' War\n\n\n\nThe Battle of Agincourt, 15th-century miniature, Enguerrand de Monstrelet\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day)\n\n\nLocation\nAzincourt, Pas-de-Calais, France\n50°27′49″N 2°8′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167Coordinates: 50°27′49″N 2°8′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167\n\n\nResult\nEnglish victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n Kingdom of England\n Kingdom of France\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Henry V of England\n Edward of York †\n Humphrey of Lancaster\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Charles d'Albret †\n Jean Le Maingre \n Jean d'Alençon †\n Charles d'Orléans \n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nModern estimates range from 6,000[1] to 9,000[2]; see Numbers at Agincourt.\n• About 5⁄6 longbowmen\n• 1⁄6 dismounted knights and men-at-arms in heavy armour.\nModern estimates range from 12,000 (outnumbering the English 4:3)[2] to 36,000 (outnumbering the English 6:1;[3]); see Numbers at Agincourt.\n• About 10,000 knights and men-at-arms (of which about 1,200 were mounted)\n• unknown thousands of other infantry, crossbowmen and archers.\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\nAround 600 dead, unknown wounded[3]\n7,000–10,000 (mostly killed) and about 1,500 noble prisoners[4]\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\nBattle of Agincourt\n\n\nPart of the Hundred Years' War\n\n\n\nThe Battle of Agincourt, 15th-century miniature, Enguerrand de Monstrelet\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day)\n\n\nLocation\nAzincourt, Pas-de-Calais, France\n50°27′49″N 2°8′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167Coordinates: 50°27′49″N 2°8′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167\n\n\nResult\nEnglish victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n Kingdom of England\n Kingdom of France\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Henry V of England\n Edward of York †\n Humphrey of Lancaster\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Charles d'Albret †\n Jean Le Maingre \n Jean d'Alençon †\n Charles d'Orléans \n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\nModern estimates range from 6,000[1] to 9,000[2]; see Numbers at Agincourt.\n• About 5⁄6 longbowmen\n• 1⁄6 dismounted knights and men-at-arms in heavy armour.\nModern estimates range from 12,000 (outnumbering the English 4:3)[2] to 36,000 (outnumbering the English 6:1;[3]); see Numbers at Agincourt.\n• About 10,000 knights and men-at-arms (of which about 1,200 were mounted)\n• unknown thousands of other infantry, crossbowmen and archers.\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\nAround 600 dead, unknown wounded[3]\n7,000–10,000 (mostly killed) and about 1,500 noble prisoners[4]\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Charles d'Albret", "Jean Le Maingre", "Jean d'Alençon", "Charles d'Orléans" ]
4403347832592839057	The Walking Dead (season 1)	The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) This article is about the first season of the television series . For the first season of The Walking Dead video game series , see The Walking Dead ( video game ) . The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Jon Bernthal Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Jeffrey DeMunn Steven Yeun Chandler Riggs Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network AMC Original release October 31 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) -- December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of The Walking Dead episodes The first season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 31 , 2010 , and concluded on December 5 , 2010 , consisting of 6 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , who wrote or co-wrote four of the season 's six episodes and directed the pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . It was executive produced by Darabont , Kirkman , David Alpert , Charles H. Eglee , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Darabont assuming the role of showrunner . The season received very positive reviews by critics . It was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and received nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in several categories , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special . The pilot episode received 5.35 million viewers , and the finale garnered six million viewers , including four million viewers among adults ages 18 -- 49 , making it the most viewed basic cable drama series at that time . Based on its reception , AMC renewed the series for a second season consisting of 13 episodes , which premiered on October 16 , 2011 . This season adapts material from issues # 1 -- 6 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic character Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , who awakens from a coma , after being shot , in a post-apocalyptic world filled with flesh - eating zombies , dubbed `` walkers '' . After befriending Morgan Jones ( Lennie James ) , Rick sets out to find his family and discover the origins of the walker virus . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Conception 1.2 Writing 1.3 Filming 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Promotion 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Ratings 6 Home media releases 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) A set - up of The Walking Dead at the San Diego Comic - Con in 2010 Robert Kirkman , who created the comic book series in 2003 , says he had considered the idea of a Walking Dead television series , but never actively pursued it . `` I certainly wanted it to happen , just because I knew it would be good for the book ... I 'm certainly not against adaptations , like some creators . '' When Frank Darabont became interested in adapting the comic books for television , Kirkman said it was `` extremely flattering '' and went on to say that , `` He definitely cares about the original source material , and you can tell that in the way he 's adapting it . It 's an extreme validation of the work ... Never in a million years could I have thought that if Walking Dead were to ever be adapted that everything would be going this well . I think that that 's all because of Frank . '' Darabont himself had been a fan of the zombie genre since seeing George A. Romero 's 1968 film Night of the Living Dead when he was fourteen years old . `` '' Night of the Living Dead '' had this weird vibe that was almost - it was like pornography ... It had this marvelously attractive , disreputable draw ... I loved it immediately . '' Darabont recalls walking into a comic book store in Burbank , California and seeing The Walking Dead on the shelf in 2005 . `` Being that I 've always had `` the love of zombies genre , '' I of course grabbed it , took it home and read it , and immediately started pursuing the rights to it . I thought it would make a great TV show ... I loved the idea of an extended , ongoing , serialized dramatic presentation set in the zombie apocalypse . '' He described the process of developing the series and getting it set up at a network as `` four years of frustration , '' and credits executive producer Gale Anne Hurd with finally getting the series on AMC . `` I ca n't remember what the hell prompted her to read it ( the script ) , but she said , `` Wow , I really love this pilot you wrote . What are you doing with it ? '' I said I 'd been trying to set it up forever ... She said `` I think AMC might be the place to take this . '' She did , and then bam ! They were immediately interested . I had to credit Gale , her insight into marrying the material and the buyer . '' Writing ( edit ) Darabont 's original pilot script was split in half and embellished , making the first two episodes instead of one , `` ... just to slow the narrative down and dig into the characters more deeply , so it 's not just plot - driven , event - driven stuff . You really want to drag these characters into the equation . '' To write the remaining episodes of the season , Darabont recruited Charles H. Eglee , Adam Fierro and Glen Mazzara , all of whom he had worked with while directing an episode of The Shield . Jack LoGiudice also joined the writing team , along with Robert Kirkman , also an executive producer . `` I have the best of both worlds , '' says Kirkman . `` It was a lot of fun writing Episode 104 , and I 'm hoping if it continues into Season 2 , I 'll be able to write more episodes . '' Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , began on May 15 , 2010 with the subsequent five episodes beginning filming a few weeks later on June 2 . The first season was filmed in and around Atlanta , Georgia where the episodes were primarily set . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the first season include ( from left to right ) : Amy , Shane , Glenn , Carl , Lori , Rick , Dale , and Andrea Main cast ( edit ) The first season features seven actors receiving opening credits billing : Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and former sheriff 's deputy from King County , Georgia , who awakens from a coma into the apocalypse . After becoming aware of the apocalypse , Rick sets out to find his wife , Lori , and son , Carl . Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , Rick 's best friend since high school and former colleague , who helped Rick 's family escape the apocalypse and is the leader of the Atlanta camp . Believing Rick to be dead , he also started a relationship with Lori , leading to complications when Rick unexpectedly returns alive and well . Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes , Rick 's wife and mother of Carl . Lori is an emotionally fragile yet independent woman , who started a relationship with Shane out of her grief for losing Rick , leaving her off - guard and very conflicted when Rick returns . Laurie Holden as Andrea , a former successful civil rights attorney and sister of Amy . Andrea has a slight temper , but has a compassionate side and is very protective of her sister ; both of them share a close bond with Dale . Jeffrey DeMunn as Dale Horvath , an elderly survivor , who owns the RV around which the survivors have formed a camp . Dale is a wise man of morals , who is n't afraid to voice his opinion and is very protective of everyone 's well - being , physically and emotionally . He serves as an adviser to Shane , then to Rick . Dale also has a close bond with Andrea and Amy . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , a former pizza delivery boy , who knows his way around Atlanta and often embarks on dangerous supply runs for the group . Glenn is a highly intelligent and resourceful , though slightly cocky yet hopeful individual , who cares for everyone yet he is easily taken advantage of by the other group members ; Rick trusts him on supply runs . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick and Lori 's son . He and his mother are taken to Atlanta by Shane after the initial outbreak . Supporting cast ( edit ) Emma Bell as Amy , Andrea 's younger , childish and innocent sister ; both have a close bond with Dale . Amy is shown to generally care for the children in the camp . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Merle 's equally aggressive and volatile younger brother and hunter . Unlike Merle , however , Daryl is far more reasonable and willing to follow the group 's lead . IronE Singleton as Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , a fellow survivor in the Atlanta group . T - Dog is a man of honor and duty , who always tries to do what 's right by people even if they do n't deserve it or he does n't like it , and is heavily burdened when he makes mistakes and always tries to make it right . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , Lori 's best friend since the outbreak occurred and the mother of Sophia and the friendly yet soft - spoken wife of Ed . Jeryl Prescott Sales as Jacqui , a member of the group , who is the only survivor of her family and a former zoning office worker . Andrew Rothenberg as Jim , a mechanic and a quiet yet tortured member of the group , who saw his wife and children killed and eaten by walkers . Juan Pareja as Morales , another member of the group , who knows the city 's infrastructure and puts his family first , and is also a fairly optimistic person . Madison Lintz as Sophia Peletier , Carol and Ed 's quiet daughter , and Carl 's best friend . Adam Minarovich as Ed Peletier , Carol 's abusive husband and Sophia 's father . He frequently has issues with Shane and is implicated to have also abused other women at the camp . Maddie Lomax as Eliza Morales , daughter of the aforementioned Morales and Miranda . She is the older sister of Louis . Viviana Chavez - Vega as Miranda Morales , wife of the aforementioned Morales and mother to Eliza and Louis . Noah Lomax as Louis Morales , son of the aforementioned Morales and Miranda . He is the younger brother of Eliza . Noah Emmerich as Dr. Edwin Jenner , a pathologist in the Atlanta CDC looking for any kind of cure . Guest cast ( edit ) Lennie James as Morgan Jones , Duane 's father , Jenny 's husband and the first survivor that Rick encounters . Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon , former military and drug dealer and Daryl 's racist , volatile and unreasonable older brother , who is also a hunter . His volatile tendencies often put him at odds with the group . Jim R. Coleman as Lambert Kendal , a police officer , who works with both Rick and Shane . Linds Edwards as Leon Basset , a somewhat inexperienced police officer , who works with both Rick and Shane . Keisha Tillis as Jenny Jones , Morgan 's wife and Duane 's mother . Adrian Kali Turner as Duane Jones , Morgan and Jenny 's son . Noel G. as Felipe , a member of Guillermo 's gang , the cousin of Miguel and the grandson of `` Abuela '' . Neil Brown Jr. as Guillermo , the leader of a Vatos group in Atlanta taking care of a hospital . Anthony Guajardo as Miguel , a teenage member of Guillermo 's gang , Felipe 's cousin and `` Abuela 's '' grandson . Gina Morelli as `` Abuela '' , Felipe and Miguel 's grandmother . James Gonzaba as Jorge , a member of Guillermo 's gang . The series features several actors Walking Dead developer Frank Darabont has worked with previously , including Laurie Holden , Jeffrey DeMunn , Melissa McBride and Juan Pareja . All four appeared in his 2007 film The Mist , along Samuel Witwer , who appeared as a dying soldier , and with Thomas Jane , who originally was set to star in the series when it was pitched to HBO . It was wanted to be Rick Grimes . He is also in talks with Darabont to possibly guest star on the series . Laurie Holden also appeared in the 2001 film The Majestic ( she played Adele Stanton , Jim Carrey 's love interest ) , which Darabont directed . DeMunn has additionally appeared in several of Darabont 's films , in addition to The Mist and The Majestic : The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) and The Green Mile ( 1999 ) . Promotion ( edit ) The show 's official website released a motion comic based on the first issue of the original comic and voiced by Phil LaMarr . The site also posted a making - of documentary primarily about the first episode , as well as a number of other behind - the - scenes videos and interviews . In the documentary , comic series creator and show executive producer Robert Kirkman as well as artist Charlie Adlard expressed that they were pleased with how faithful the show is to the comic and remark on the similarities between the actors and the comic 's original character drawings . Several scenes from `` Days Gone Bye '' were screened July 23 , 2010 as part of the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . Hurd asserted that `` ( they ) really are doing six one - hour movie '' , and Darabont insisted that the series would closely reflect the development in the comics . `` The path is a very strong template . But we 're going to take every interesting detour we feel like taking . As long as were staying on the path of what Robert has done , I do n't see any reason not to . If they have patience we 'll eventually catch up to what Robert is doing . '' The Walking Dead debuted during the same week in 120 countries . `` Days Gone Bye '' premiered in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl on August 30 , 2011 , while it expanded in international markets during the first week of November . Two weeks prior to its official premiere in the United States , the contents of the episode leaked online . As part of an expansive campaign to advertise and heighten anticipation for the premiere , international broadcasting affiliates of AMC and Fox coordinated a worldwide zombie invasion event proceeding days prior to premiere of the episode in the United States . The event occurred in twenty six cities worldwide , and were hosted in select locations including the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City , Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , Palace of Westminster in London , Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul , Acropolis of Athens in Athens , and the Museo del Prado in Madrid . The campaign events commenced in Hong Kong and Taipei , and culminated in Los Angeles . The Walking Dead was included on the cover of the December 2010 edition of Entertainment Weekly , which featured Rick Grimes pointing a gun at a horde of walkers . According to the journalist of the magazine , it `` examines the past , present , and future '' of the television franchise ; `` from the comic book 's humble beginnings , to unlikely path to the small screen , to even more unlikely path as a bona fide hit . '' Kirkman was ecstatic upon hearing of the news . `` I 've got to say -- not to kiss your magazine 's a -- or anything -- but when they called me and said Frank ( Darabont ) wanted to do the show , I was like , ' Yeah , I 'll believe it when I see it . ' And then when AMC was like , ' We 're picking up the show , ' I was like , ' Yeah , alright , whatever . ' When they actually started shooting the pilot I was like , ' Well , this is kind of real , this is neat . ' But when they called me and said , ' Your show 's on the cover of Entertainment Weekly , ' I think that was the first time I was like , ' Oh my god , I ca n't believe this is happening to me ! ' '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Days Gone Bye '' Frank Darabont Teleplay by : Frank Darabont October 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) 5.35 Sheriff 's deputy Rick Grimes wakes from a gunshot - inflicted coma to discover the world overrun with walkers . He goes back to his house to find his wife and son but meets survivor Morgan Jones and his son Duane . Rick decides to head to Atlanta to find his wife Lori and son Carl , unaware they are safe with other survivors led by his former partner Shane ) . He encounters hordes of walkers and becomes trapped inside a tank . `` Guts '' Michelle MacLaren Frank Darabont November 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 4.71 Rick is ambushed by a walker horde but is rescued by scavenger survivor Glenn when he becomes trapped inside a tank . They meet up with the rest of the survivors where they have to leave Merle handcuffed to the roof to stop him attracting walkers . They are forced to leave Rick 's gun bag behind as well as abandon the unhinged Merle as walkers surround them , but manage to escape the city . `` Tell It to the Frogs '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Story by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice Teleplay by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice and Frank Darabont November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 5.07 Glenn takes Rick to the survivors ' camp , where he finds Lori , Carl , and Shane . Rick leads a group , including Glenn , T - Dog , and Merle 's younger brother , Daryl back to Atlanta to recover his weapons , finding that Merle managed to free himself by sawing off his hand . `` Vatos '' Johan Renck Robert Kirkman November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 4.75 Rick 's group briefly scuffles with a group of Latino survivors protecting the residents of a nursing home in Atlanta , who want Rick 's weapons , but Rick is able to defuse the situation peacefully . They return to camp too late to stop a walker horde from attacking , killing Andrea 's sister Amy , and Carol 's husband Ed . 5 5 `` Wildfire '' Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara November 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 28 ) 5.56 As the survivors bury their dead , some split off on their own . Rick , against Shane 's judgement , leads the rest to the CDC facility in Atlanta , which initially appears abandoned and locked - down , but Rick spots signs of life and demands entry . 6 6 `` TS - 19 '' Guy Ferland Adam Fierro and Frank Darabont December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) 5.97 Dr. Edwin Jenner of the CDC welcomes the survivors , allowing them to enjoy the amenities of the powered building while explaining what he knows about walkers . When the survivors discover that the building will self - detonate once it runs out of backup power , Dr. Jenner initially prevents them from leaving . Rick convinces Jenner to let them go , and Jenner whispers something to Rick . They escape just before the building explodes , and the group departs the city . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of The Walking Dead received mostly positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 82 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 25 critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an 89 % with an average rating of 7.49 out of 10 , based on 24 reviews , and an average episode score of 87 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Blood - spattered , emotionally resonant , and white - knuckle intense , The Walking Dead puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre . '' Following the pilot episode 's debut , TV Guide 's Matt Roush called the show `` a stark and harrowing survival parable ... visually stunning ... and daring in its artful use of silence . '' Following the second episode , Simon Abrams from Slant Magazine awarded the show three and a half stars out of a possible four ; `` To say that Darabont has kicked his series off with a bang would be a serious understatement ... ( he ) has fashioned a fully realized alternate reality and it 's a thrilling thing to experience . '' In response to the season finale , James Poniewozik of TIME magazine gave the first season of The Walking Dead a glowing review stating , `` the show has an urgency and bravery that make it something special '' . Josh Jackson of Paste magazine also praised the season by writing , `` the characters are worth caring about '' despite `` occasional stilted monologues , quick tempers and unfortunate stereotypes '' . Some reviews were mixed , including one from Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant who concluded , `` The Walking Dead still has n't really defined itself as anything more than a vague survival story about the human condition '' but added , `` you can be sure I 'm one of those Dead - heads already chomping at the bit for season 2 '' . Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic also offered mixed criticism saying the first season `` had its ups and downs '' noting that the second season should focus on `` a more specific story arc and strengthening of the character development '' . Logan Hill of New York magazine was more critical , claiming the episodes contained `` atrocious dialogue '' and `` a lot of plot machinery that has been contrived to create action suspense but ... has n't really moved the story itself anywhere in particular '' , though he admits the fifth episode showed `` flashes of promise '' . The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2010 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead The first season of The Walking Dead was named one of the Top 10 Television Programs in 2010 by the American Film Institute . The season was also nominated for Outstanding New Program at the 27th TCA Awards and Best New Series at the 63rd Writers Guild of America Awards . It was also nominated for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards . For the 37th Saturn Awards , the season received six nominations , winning Best Television Presentation . The nominations were for Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) , Best Actress on Television ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Steven Yeun ) , Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Laurie Holden ) , and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Noah Emmerich ) . The pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special , and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Frank Darabont was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series for his work on `` Days Gone Bye '' . Ratings ( edit ) The pilot received 5.3 million viewers , making it the most - watched series premiere episode of any AMC television series . The first - season finale received 6 million viewers , a season high ; with 4 million viewers in the 18 - 49 demographic , making it the most watched basic cable series for the demographic . The first season had an average of 5.24 million viewers and a rating of 2.7 in the 18 - 49 demographic . In the United Kingdom , it premiered one week after it did in the United States , on November 5 , 2010 on digital channel , FX . The premiere had 579,000 viewers , almost double for any other show on FX that week . The viewership dipped during the season then rose to 522,000 viewers for the final episode . The terrestrial premiere on Channel 5 on April 10 , 2011 , averaged 1.46 million viewers . Based on its ratings , the series was renewed for a second season on November 8 , 2010 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Days Gone Bye '' October 31 , 2010 2.7 / 7 5.35 `` Guts '' November 7 , 2010 2.5 / 7 4.71 `` Tell It to the Frogs '' November 14 , 2010 2.5 / 7 5.07 `` Vatos '' November 21 , 2010 2.4 / 6 4.75 5 `` Wildfire '' November 28 , 2010 2.8 / 7 5.56 6 `` TS - 19 '' December 5 , 2010 3.0 / 8 5.97 Home Media releases ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on March 8 , 2011 and in region 2 on May 16 , 2011 . Special features on the sets include six featurettes -- `` The Making of The Walking Dead '' , `` Inside The Walking Dead : Episode 1 -- 6 '' , `` A Sneak Peek with Robert Kirkman '' , `` Behind the Scenes Zombie Make - Up Tips '' , `` Convention Panel with Producers '' and `` The Walking Dead Trailer '' . Also included are other behind the scenes featurettes -- `` Zombie School '' , `` Bicycle Girl '' , `` On Set with Robert Kirkman '' , `` Hanging with Steven Yeun '' , `` Inside Dale 's RV '' and `` On Set with Andrew Lincoln '' . A three - disc special edition of the first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 4 , 2011 . The sets include all the previous special features , plus brand new extras . The new extras include audio commentary on all six episodes , the black and white version of the pilot , and six new featurettes -- `` We Are The Walking Dead '' , `` Bring Out the Dead : KNB and the Art of Making Zombies '' , `` Digital Decay : The VFX of The Walking Dead '' , `` No More Room in Hell : The Walking Dead Phenomenon '' , `` Adapting the Dead '' and `` Killer Conversations : Frank Darabont & Greg Nicotero '' . In addition to the DVD and Blu - ray release , a limited edition Blu - ray collector 's tin contains an exclusive wearable zombie mask from the National Entertainment Collectibles Association designed by the series own make - up artist , Greg Nicotero . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - AMC Series '' . AMC . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy Winners and Nominees 2011 : Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' Finale Draws Series High 6 Million Viewers , 3.0 Adults 18 - 49 Rating `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC Resurrects `` The Walking Dead '' for a Second Season '' ( Press release ) . AMC . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . 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Keisha Tillis video interview '' . Axs.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Tony ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Adrian Kali Turner , Duane from Walking Dead '' . Comic Vine . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lebowitz , Stephen ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead returns tonight ! Adrian Kali Turner video interview '' . Axs.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Martenzie ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` All 27 black characters who have ever appeared on ' The Walking Dead ' '' . The Undefeated . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` Brown Jr. ' could return to Walking Dead ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Napier , Jim ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Actor Anthony Guajardo , Miguel On THE WALKING DEAD '' . Geek Tyrant . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucciardi , Antoine ( March 1 , 2017 ) . The Walking Dead décrypté : Les secrets de la saga . City Edition . p. 244 . ISBN 9782824645230 . Jump up ^ Ortega , Oralia ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` El Paso Comic Con Convention Expected To Draw Thousands To Convention Center '' . KTSM.com . ComCorp of El Paso Inc . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` AMC adds actor , producer to ' Walking Dead ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` What Could Have Been : Frank Darabont Speaks About His Original Walking Dead Season 2 Opener ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Being Human ' Star Slams AMC Over Aborted ' Walking Dead ' Web Series '' . Crave Online . Evolve Media , LLC . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sagers , Aaron ( January 2012 ) . `` Sam Witwer on ' Being Human , ' a vampire - and ' Walking Dead ' zombie ? '' . Paranormal Pop Culture . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vieira , Anthony ( December 26 , 2015 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Frank Darabont Originally Wanted Thomas Jane to Star '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( December 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Showrunner Originally Wanted Thomas Janes as Rick '' . Screen Crush . Townsquare Media , Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Thomas Jane Yearns To Be One of `` The Walking Dead '' `` . NBC Washington . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Motion Comic Arrives Online '' . AMC . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` The Making of The Walking Dead Documentary '' . AMC . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` SD Comic - Con 2010 : The Walking Dead Promotional One - Sheet '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` AMC 's ' Walking Dead ' panel : ' This is big ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 - Days Gone By '' . Television Broadcasts Limited . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Signs Unprecedented Deal with FOX International Channels for All International Rights to Original Series `` The Walking Dead '' `` . The Futon Critic . June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead TV - Series Premieres On BitTorrent '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Clayton ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Photos From The Walking Dead 's Worldwide Zombie Invasion '' . AMC . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' plans global zombie invasion stunt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Walking Dead ' : This week 's EW cover story goes behind the scenes on TV 's best new show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' writer Robert Kirkman talks about last night 's episode and teases next week 's season finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead Kills ; Boardwalk Empire Steady ; + Swamp People , Dexter , Ghost Hunters Live & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead Lives ! ; Boardwalk Empire Up ; + Real Housewives , Hannah Montana , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead , Sarah Palin ( again , still ) ; Boardwalk Empire Drops ; Real Housewives , Sonny With a Chance , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Sarah Palin 's Alaska Falls ; The Walking Dead ( again , still ) ; Boardwalk Empire Drops ; Real Housewives , Sonny With a Chance , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Boardwalk Empire Dips ; Soul Train Awards , Real Housewives , Dexter , Top Gear & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Boardwalk Empire ' Finales Rise ; ' Sarah Palin 's Alaska , ' ' Dexter , ' ' The Hasslehoffs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Roush Review : Zombie Terror Alert ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Season One '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Walking Dead Watch : The Big Decision '' . TIME . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Review ( Episode 1.6 `` TS - 19 '' ) `` . Paste . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season Finale Review & Discussion '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season Finale Review : `` TS - 19 '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Logan ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Recap : A Bang That 's a Whimper '' . New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards '' . AFI.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Walking Dead ' nominated for TCA Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Garners Six WGA Award Nominations for Acclaimed Original Dramas `` Mad Men , '' `` Breaking Bad '' and `` The Walking Dead '' '' ( Press release ) . AMC . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mad Men , Fringe , Good Wife , Modern Family , Community , Justified Lead Critics Choice Kudos '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead and Frank Darabont Win Saturn Awards '' . AMC . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception , ' ' Walking Dead ' Top Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Awards Nominees for TV and Commercials '' . AMC . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Original Series `` The Walking Dead '' Garners Highest 18 - 49 Delivery for Any Cable Series Premiere for 2010 '' ( Press release ) . AMC . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Walking Dead '' Finale Draws 6 Million Viewers , 3.0 Adults 18 - 49 Rating '' ( Press release ) . AMC . December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Year in Review / 2011 Year in Preview : AMC '' . The Futon Critic . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' ( Press release ) . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Andrew ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' scares up 1.5 m on C5 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - AMC / Anchor Bay 's Press Release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . January 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacy , Gord ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead - Press Release for Season 1 Special Edition '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead season 1 episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Video games Telltale series Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Four : The Final Season Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Overkill Tekken 7 Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Fear the Walking Dead The Walking Dead Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Arat Tara Chambler Clementine ( video game ) Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett ( video game ) King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Siddiq Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Fear the Walking Dead Alicia Clark Madison Clark Nick Clark Chris Manawa Travis Manawa Daniel Salazar Victor Strand Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Season 9 `` A New Beginning '' `` The Bridge '' `` Warning Signs '' `` The Obliged '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_1)&oldid=865184919 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) Television shows set in Atlanta Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from June 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Shqip Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 09 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the walking dead season 1 episode 2 release date	[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11\"Days Gone Bye\"Frank DarabontTeleplay by : Frank DarabontOctober 31, 2010 (2010-10-31)5.35[54]\nSheriff's deputy Rick Grimes wakes from a gunshot-inflicted coma to discover the world overrun with walkers. He goes back to his house to find his wife and son but meets survivor Morgan Jones and his son Duane. Rick decides to head to Atlanta to find his wife Lori and son Carl, unaware they are safe with other survivors led by his former partner Shane). He encounters hordes of walkers and becomes trapped inside a tank.\n22\"Guts\"Michelle MacLarenFrank DarabontNovember 7, 2010 (2010-11-07)4.71[55]\nRick is ambushed by a walker horde but is rescued by scavenger survivor Glenn when he becomes trapped inside a tank. They meet up with the rest of the survivors where they have to leave Merle handcuffed to the roof to stop him attracting walkers. They are forced to leave Rick's gun bag behind as well as abandon the unhinged Merle as walkers surround them, but manage to escape the city.\n33\"Tell It to the Frogs\"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonStory by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice Teleplay by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice and Frank DarabontNovember 14, 2010 (2010-11-14)5.07[56]\nGlenn takes Rick to the survivors' camp, where he finds Lori, Carl, and Shane. Rick leads a group, including Glenn, T-Dog, and Merle's younger brother, Daryl back to Atlanta to recover his weapons, finding that Merle managed to free himself by sawing off his hand.\n44\"Vatos\"Johan RenckRobert KirkmanNovember 21, 2010 (2010-11-21)4.75[57]\nRick's group briefly scuffles with a group of Latino survivors protecting the residents of a nursing home in Atlanta, who want Rick's weapons, but Rick is able to defuse the situation peacefully. They return to camp too late to stop a walker horde from attacking, killing Andrea's sister Amy, and Carol's husband Ed.\n55\"Wildfire\"Ernest DickersonGlen MazzaraNovember 28, 2010 (2010-11-28)5.56[58]\nAs the survivors bury their dead, some split off on their own. Rick, against Shane's judgement, leads the rest to the CDC facility in Atlanta, which initially appears abandoned and locked-down, but Rick spots signs of life and demands entry.\n66\"TS-19\"Guy FerlandAdam Fierro and Frank DarabontDecember 5, 2010 (2010-12-05)5.97[59]\nDr. Edwin Jenner of the CDC welcomes the survivors, allowing them to enjoy the amenities of the powered building while explaining what he knows about walkers. When the survivors discover that the building will self-detonate once it runs out of backup power, Dr. Jenner initially prevents them from leaving. Rick convinces Jenner to let them go, and Jenner whispers something to Rick. They escape just before the building explodes, and the group departs the city." ]	[ "November 7, 2010" ]
-6279566454312336299	Statue of Liberty	Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , American artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,673,969 in 2016 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,200,917 in 2016 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $660,275 in 2016 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . 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Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic - Copake Falls Area Taconic - Rudd Pond Area Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly New York Botanical Garden North and South Brother Islands Orchard Beach Pelham Bay Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City Times Square ( 35M ) Central Park ( 20M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 5.2 M ) High Line ( 5M ) Statue of Liberty ( 4.24 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 4M ) Empire State Building ( 4M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.67 M ) See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerderkill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point VIAF : 237749661 LCCN : sh85127593 GND : 4122611 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=809269599 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Museums in Manhattan National Park Service National Monuments in New York City National personifications National symbols of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Port of New York and New Jersey Richard Morris Hunt buildings Sculptures by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Tourist attractions in Manhattan World Heritage Sites in the United States National Park Service areas in New York City New Jersey Register of Historic Places Diplomatic gifts National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Allegorical sculptures in New York City Monuments and memorials in Manhattan Tourism in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the idea for the statue of liberty originate	[ "According to the National Park Service, the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: \"If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations.\"[7] The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870.[8] In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, \"With the abolition of slavery and the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy.\"[9]" ]	[ "Édouard René de Laboulaye" ]
-4221702160477203061	West Sussex	West Sussex - wikipedia West Sussex Jump to : navigation , search For the former parliamentary constituency , see West Sussex ( UK Parliament constituency ) . For a full list of settlements , see List of places in West Sussex . West Sussex County West Sussex in England Sovereign state United Kingdom Country England Region South East England Established ( Local Government Act 1972 ) Ceremonial county Area 1,991 km ( 769 sq mi ) Ranked 30th of 48 Population ( mid-2016 est . ) 843,800 Ranked 28th of 48 Density 423 / km ( 1,100 / sq mi ) Ethnicity 96.6 % White 1.7 % S. Asian Non-metropolitan county County council West Sussex County Council http://www.westsussex.gov.uk/ Executive Conservative Admin HQ Chichester Area 1,991 km ( 769 sq mi ) Ranked 21st of 27 Population 843,800 Ranked 9th of 27 Density 423 / km ( 1,100 / sq mi ) ISO 3166 - 2 GB - WSX ONS code 45 NUTS UKJ24 Unitary County council area Districts of West Sussex Districts Worthing Arun Chichester Horsham Crawley Mid Sussex Adur Members of Parliament 8 members Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) West Sussex is a county in the south of England , bordering East Sussex ( with Brighton and Hove ) to the east , Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north , and to the south the English Channel . Chichester in the southwest is the county town and only city in West Sussex , with the largest towns being Crawley , Worthing and Horsham . West Sussex has a range of scenery , including wealden , downland and coastal . The highest point of the county is Blackdown , at 280 metres ( 919 ft ) . It has a number of stately homes including Goodwood , Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle . Over half the county is protected countryside , offering walking , cycling and other recreational opportunities . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Provision for paupers 2 Settlements 3 Geography 3.1 Physical geography 3.2 Climate 4 Land economy 5 Communications and transport 6 National politics 7 Local government 7.1 County Council 7.2 West Sussex Youth Cabinet 8 Places of interest 8.1 Nature and zoos 8.2 Castles , houses and other buildings 8.3 Religious buildings 8.4 Museums 8.5 The arts 9 Economy and demography 10 Education 11 Sport 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Sussex Although the name Sussex , derived from the Old English ' Sūþsēaxe ' ( ' South Saxons ' ) , is from the Saxon period between AD 477 to 1066 , the history of human habitation in Sussex goes back to the Old Stone Age . The oldest hominin remains known in Britain were found at Eartham Pit , Boxgrove . Sussex has been occupied since those times and has succumbed to various invasions and migrations throughout its long history . Prehistoric monuments include the Devil 's Jumps , a group of Bronze Age burial mounds , and the Iron Age Cissbury Ring and Chanctonbury Ring hill forts on the South Downs . The Roman period saw the building of Fishbourne Roman Palace and rural villas such as Bignor Roman Villa together with a network of roads including Stane Street , the Chichester to Silchester Way and the Sussex Greensand Way . The Romans used the Weald for iron production on an industrial scale . The foundation of the Kingdom of Sussex is recorded by the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle for the year AD 477 ; it says that Ælle arrived at a place called Cymenshore in three ships with his three sons and killed or put to flight the local inhabitants . The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians , although the archaeology suggests that Saxons did start to settle in the area in the late 5th century . The Kingdom of Sussex was absorbed into Wessex as an earldom and became the county of Sussex . With its origins in the kingdom of Sussex , the later county of Sussex was traditionally divided into six units known as rapes . By the 16th century , the three western rapes were grouped together informally , having their own separate Quarter Sessions . These were administered by a separate county council from 1888 , the county of Sussex being divided for administrative purposes into the administrative counties of East and West Sussex . In 1974 , West Sussex was made a single ceremonial county with the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972 . At the same time a large part of the eastern rape of Lewes ( the Mid Sussex district which includes the towns of Haywards Heath , Burgess Hill and East Grinstead ) was transferred into West Sussex . Provision for paupers ( edit ) Until 1834 provision for the poor and destitute in West Sussex was made at parish level . From 1835 until 1948 eleven Poor Law Unions , each catering for several parishes , took on the job . Settlements ( edit ) See also : List of places in West Sussex and List of settlements in West Sussex by population Chichester Market Cross Most settlements in West Sussex are either along the south coast or in Mid Sussex , near the M23 / A23 corridor . The town of Crawley is the largest in the county with an estimated population of 106,600 . The coastal settlement of Worthing closely follows with a population of 104,600 . The seaside resort of Bognor Regis and market town Horsham are both large towns . Chichester , the county town , has a cathedral and city status , and is situated not far from the border with Hampshire . Other conurbations of a similar size are Burgess Hill , East Grinstead and Haywards Heath in the Mid Sussex district , Littlehampton in the Arun district , and Lancing , Southwick and Shoreham in the Adur district . Much of the coastal town population is part of the Brighton / Worthing / Littlehampton conurbation . Rustington and Southwater are the next largest settlements in the county . There are several more towns in West Sussex , although they are of similar size to other villages . The smaller towns of the county are Arundel , Midhurst , Petworth , Selsey and Steyning . The larger villages are Billingshurst , Copthorne , Crawley Down , Cuckfield , Henfield , Hassocks , Hurstpierpoint , Lindfield , Pulborough and Storrington . The current total population of the county makes up 1.53 % of England 's population . Geography ( edit ) 1813 / 54 one inch to the mile OS map Physical geography ( edit ) ( See also : Geology of West Sussex ) West Sussex is bordered by Hampshire to the west , Surrey to the north and East Sussex to the east . The English Channel lies to the south . The area has been formed from Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rock strata , part of the Weald -- Artois Anticline . The eastern part of this ridge , the Weald of Kent , Sussex and Surrey has been greatly eroded , with the chalk surface removed to expose older Lower Cretaceous rocks of the Wealden Group . In West Sussex the exposed rock becomes older towards the north of the county with Lower Greensand ridges along the border with Surrey including the highest point of the county at Blackdown . Erosion of softer sand and clay strata has hollowed out the basin of the Weald leaving a north facing scarp slope of the chalk which runs east and west across the whole county , broken only by the valleys of the River Arun and River Adur . In addition to these two rivers which drain most of the county a winterbourne , the River Lavant , flows intermittently from springs on the dip slope of the chalk downs north of Chichester . The county makes up 1.52 % of the total land of England , making it the 30th largest county in the country . See also : List of hills of West Sussex Bognor Regis Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 76 8 50 8 56 10 47 13 6 44 16 9 44 19 12 41 21 14 51 21 14 59 19 12 92 15 9 83 11 6 82 9 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Met Office ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 46 38 46 37 50 40 1.8 55 42 1.7 61 48 1.7 65 53 1.6 70 57 70 57 2.3 66 53 3.6 60 49 3.3 52 42 3.2 47 38 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Climate ( edit ) West Sussex is officially the sunniest county in the United Kingdom according to Met Office records over 29 years with an average 1902 hours per year . Sunshine totals are highest near the coast with Bognor Regis often having the highest in mainland England , including a total of 2237 hours in 1990 . Mean annual temperature for southern coastal counties is around 11 ° C. The coldest month , January , has mean daily minimum temperatures of around 3 ° C near the coast and lower inland . July tends to be the warmest month when mean daily maxima tend to be around 20 ° C. A maximum temperature of 35.4 ° C occurred at North Heath , Pulborough on 26 June 1976 . Coastal high temperatures are often moderated by cooler sea breezes . Monthly rainfall tends to be highest in autumn and early winter and lowest in the summer months , with July often being the driest month . There is less rainfall from summer convective showers and thunderstorms than in inland areas . The county can suffer both from localised flooding caused by heavy rainfall and from water shortages caused by prolonged periods of below average rainfall . Winter rainfall is needed to recharge the chalk aquifers from which much of the water supply is drawn . Land economy ( edit ) West Sussex developed distinctive land uses along with its neighbours in the weald . The Landrace cattle transformed into Sussex cattle and Sussex chickens emerged about the time of the Roman conquest . Some of the earliest evidence of horses in Britain has been found at Boxgrove , dated to 500,000 BC . Viticulture is a part of the economy , with wineries producing mainly sparkling wine of varied quality . Communications and transport ( edit ) The M23 Motorway runs from London to the south of Crawley . The A23 and A24 roads run from London to Brighton and Worthing respectively with the A29 a little further west ending in Bognor Regis . Other major roads are the A272 which runs east to west through the middle of the county and the A27 which does the same but closer to the coast . The A259 is a local alternate route to the A27 in the eastern coastal strip . Gatwick Airport , which handled over 33 million passengers and had over 250,000 aircraft movements in 2011 , is located within the borders of Crawley , and is the second largest airport in the United Kingdom . There is also a considerably smaller local airport at Shoreham and a grass airfield handling light aircraft and helicopters at Goodwood . There are three main railway routes : the Brighton Main Line , the Arun Valley Line and the West Coastway Line . The Portsmouth Direct Line serves and occasionally enters the westernmost part of West Sussex , although it has no railway stations in the county . National politics ( edit ) See also : List of Parliamentary constituencies in West Sussex Since the 2015 general election , West Sussex has been represented entirely by Conservative MPs . Arundel & South Downs - Nick Herbert , Conservative Bognor Regis & Littlehampton - Nick Gibb , Conservative Chichester - Andrew Tyrie , Conservative Crawley - Henry Smith , Conservative Horsham - Jeremy Quin , Conservative Mid Sussex - Nicholas Soames , Conservative Worthing East & Shoreham - Tim Loughton , Conservative Worthing West - Peter Bottomley , Conservative Local Government ( edit ) The Coat of Arms of West Sussex County Council , used 1889 to 1975 , is based on the heraldic shield of Sussex Further information : History of local government in Sussex County Council ( edit ) Main article : West Sussex County Council West Sussex County Council ( WSCC ) is the authority that governs the non-metropolitan county of West Sussex . The county contains 7 district and borough councils ( Adur , Arun , Chichester , Crawley , Horsham , Mid Sussex and Worthing ) , and 159 town , parish and neighbourhood councils . West Sussex County Council has 71 councillors ; the majority of them being Conservative . There are 46 Conservative councillors , 10 UK Independence Party , 8 Liberal Democrats , 6 Labour Party councillors and 1 Independent councillor . The Chief Executive and his team of Executive Directors are responsible for the day - to - day running of the council . West Sussex County Council is based at County Hall , Chichester and provides a large range of services including education , social services , fire and rescue , libraries , trading standards , town and country planning , refuse disposal and consumer services . West Sussex Youth Cabinet ( edit ) The West Sussex Youth Cabinet is a group of local representatives and four UK Youth Parliament ( UKYP ) representatives , who are elected by young people in West Sussex . The Youth Cabinet represents the views of the young people West Sussex at county level . Elections for the Youth Cabinet and UKYP in West Sussex run every year in March . Places of interest ( edit ) Nature and zoos ( edit ) Wakehurst Place Gardens , Ardingly Chichester Harbour Pagham Harbour - A protected area of wetland that is an important feeding ground for birds . RSPB Pulborough Brooks Selsey Bill South Downs Way - a long distance footpath Stansted Park St Leonard 's Forest Tilgate Park Wakehurst Place Warnham Local Nature Reserve , a 92 - acre site with visitor centre WWT Arundel ( a nature reserve of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust ) Castles , houses and other buildings ( edit ) Arundel Castle Barnham Windmill Bramber Castle Christ 's Hospital , an old charitable school notable for its archaic uniforms and picturesque campus . Goodwood House and Goodwood Motor Circuit High Salvington windmill Hurstpierpoint College , a public school , notable for its substantial Sussex flint buildings and large campus . Lancing College , a public school , notable for its substantial Sussex sandstone chapel and large campus . Seaford College , a public school known for its large campus Nymans house and gardens , a National Trust property near Handcross , Haywards Heath Petworth House and deer park . Queen Victoria Hospital , East Grinstead , where Sir Archibald McIndoe carried out reconstructive surgery for burns patients during the Second World War . Sackville College , a Jacobean almshouse in East Grinstead Shipley Windmill , ( no longer open to the public ) . Standen , East Grinstead Uppark , a 17th - century mansion high on the South Downs . Religious buildings ( edit ) See also : Category : Churches in West Sussex The Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity , otherwise called Chichester Cathedral , is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester . It was founded as a cathedral in 1075 , when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey Abbey . The cathedral has architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles , and has been called by the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner `` the most typical English Cathedral '' . The Cathedral Church of Our Lady and St Philip Howard in Arundel is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Arundel and Brighton . Built in French Gothic style and dedicated in 1873 as the Catholic parish church of Arundel , it was not designated a cathedral until the foundation of the diocese in 1965 . Bosham Church is partly of Saxon construction and is shown on the Bayeaux Tapestry as the local church of late Saxon and Danish kings of England . Many other Saxon and early Norman have survived in the county with little alteration including the Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin , Sompting , an 11th - century Anglo - Saxon church with a Rhenish helm unique in England and St. Nicholas ' Church , Worth , a 10th - century church in Worth , Crawley . Some Anglican churches and many of the numerous nonconformist chapels in the county have been converted to residential use . Cittaviveka is a Buddhist monastery in Chithurst . Museums ( edit ) Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre Manor Cottage Steyning Museum Tangmere Military Aviation Museum Horsham Museum Weald and Downland Open Air Museum of historic buildings at Singleton The arts ( edit ) Pallant House Gallery in Chichester houses one of the most significant collections of 20th - century British art outside London . It includes a substantial body of early and mid-20th - century work bequeathed by Walter Hussey and many later works donated by Sir Colin St John ' Sandy ' Wilson . Worthing Museum and Art Gallery houses a large collection of Georgian and Victorian costume . The Cass Sculpture Foundation has an outdoor sculpture park at Goodwood . Economy and demography ( edit ) This is a table of trend of regional gross value added of West Sussex at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling . Year Regional gross value added Agriculture Industry Services 1995 8,564 208 2,239 6,116 2000 10,576 162 2,545 7,869 2003 12,619 185 2,520 9,915 Significant companies in the county include Rolls - Royce Motor Cars , a substantial employer near Chichester . Gatwick Airport , with associated airlines including British Airways and Virgin Atlantic , is a major source of direct and indirect employment . Thales Group also has a presence in the county . The table below shows the population change up to the 2011 census , contrasting the previous census . It also shows the proportion of residents in each district reliant upon lowest income and / or joblessness benefits , the national average proportion of which was 4.5 % as at August 2012 , the year for which latest datasets have been published . It can be seen that the most populous district of West Sussex is Arun containing the towns of Arundel , Bognor Regis and Littlehampton : See also : List of settlements in West Sussex by population Population from census to census . Claimants of JSA or Income Support ( DWP ) Unit JSA or Inc . Supp . claimants ( August 2012 ) % of 2011 population JSA and Income Support claimants ( August 2001 ) % of 2001 population Population ( April 2011 ) Population ( April 2001 ) West Sussex 2.7 % 5.1 % 806,892 753,614 Ranked by district Crawley 3.8 % 5.3 % 106,597 99,744 Worthing 3.6 % 6.7 % 104,640 97,568 Adur 3.2 % 6.3 % 61,182 59,627 Arun 3.0 % 6.4 % 149,518 140,759 Chichester 2.3 % 4.8 % 113,794 106,450 Horsham 1.9 % 3.3 % 131,301 122,088 Mid Sussex 1.6 % 3.6 % 139,860 127,378 Education ( edit ) See also : List of schools in West Sussex West Sussex has a comprehensive education system , with a mix of county - maintained secondary schools and academies and over twenty independent senior schools . In addition primary education is provided through a mix of around 240 infant , junior , primary , first and middle schools . Colleges include The College of Richard Collyer , Central Sussex College , Northbrook College and The Weald School . Independent schools in the county include Christ 's Hospital , whose students wear Tudor style uniform , Seaford College , Lancing College and Hurstpierpoint College . Tertiary education is provided by the University of Chichester and Chichester College . Sport ( edit ) At least 40 sports are active in West Sussex . Sussex was the first First - Class cricket county formed in 1839 and was a cradle for club cricket . Sussex is home to Fontwell Park Racecourse . The county has one Football League club located in Crawley , that is Crawley Town F.C. . See also ( edit ) West Sussex portal List of Lord Lieutenants of West Sussex List of High Sheriffs of West Sussex List of hills of West Sussex The Royal Sussex Regiment Healthcare in Sussex References ( edit ) Jump up ^ West Sussex County Council : Leisure & Tourism Archived 6 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong . History of Sussex . Chapter 2 . The first Inhabitants Jump up ^ `` SSSI Citation -- Eartham Pit '' ( PDF ) . Natural England . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ A History of Britain , Richard Dargie ( 2007 ) , p. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ H. Cleere & D. Crossley , Iron industry of the Weald ( 2nd edn , Merton Priory Press , Cardiff , 1995 ) , 79 - 84 ; based on work by H.F. Cleere , including ' Some operating parameters for Roman ironworks ' Inst Archaeol . Bull . 13 ( 1976 ) , 233 - 46 . Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon Chronicle Parker MS . 477AD . Jump up ^ Welch , M.G. ( 1992 ) . Anglo - Saxon England . English Heritage . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6566 - 2 . pg 9 Jump up ^ `` West Sussex County Council : Poor Law Records '' . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Office for National Statistics . `` Census 2011 result shows increase in population of the South East '' . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallois R.W. & Edmunds M.A. ( 4th Ed 1965 ) , The Wealden District , British Regional Geology series , British Geological Survey , ISBN 0 - 11 - 884078 - 9 Jump up ^ Mantell , Gideon Algernon ; Jones ( 1857 ) . The Wonders of Geology . I. Thomas Rupert ( 7th ed . ) . London : Henry G. Bohn . p. 371 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Terry ; Hannaford , Jamie ( 2008 ) . `` UK Hydrometric Register '' ( PDF ) . Natural Environment Research Council . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9557672 - 2 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Mandy . `` Project Britain British Life and Culture '' . Project Britain . Mandy Barrow . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bognor Regis Climate '' . Met Office . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bognor Regis the sunniest spot in Britain '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southern England : climate '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Jeremy and Lewis , Celia . Choosing & Raising Chickens : The complete guide to breeds and welfare . Daniel and Charles Publishing . London . 2009 . p 94 - 95 Jump up ^ `` VisitSussex : Sussex Wine & Beer '' . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Election 2010 -- South East '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ West Sussex County Council : Councillors Archived 6 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Could you be a West Sussex youth MP ? - News '' . Worthing Herald . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warnham Local Nature Reserve '' . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Tatton - Brown and John Crook , The English Cathedral , New Holland ( 2002 ) , ISBN 1 - 84330 - 120 - 2 Jump up ^ Nikolaus Pevsner and Ian Nairn , Buildings of England : Sussex , Penguin Books ( 1965 ) ( now published by Yale University Press ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 09677 - 1 Jump up ^ Hudson , T.P. ( ed ) ( 1997 ) . `` A History of the County of Sussex : Volume 5 Part 1 -- Arundel Rape ( South - Western Part ) including Arundel . Arundel Rape : South - Western part '' . Victoria County History of Sussex . British History Online . pp. 7 -- 9 . Retrieved 28 April 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Salzman , L.F. ( ed ) ( 1953 ) . `` A History of the County of Sussex : Volume 4 -- The Rape of Chichester . Bosham '' . Victoria County History of Sussex . British History Online . pp. 182 -- 188 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Southwick ( Sussex ) Society - The Manor Cottage '' . Jump up ^ `` Steyning Museum Home Page '' . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Tangmere '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding Jump up ^ includes hunting and forestry Jump up ^ includes energy and construction Jump up ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured Jump up ^ Key Statistics : Population ; Quick Statistics : Economic indicators . ( 2011 census and 2001 census ) Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Sussex Info : Cricket clubs , cricket leagues and village cricket in West Sussex '' . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sussex CCC was the first First - Class County formed in 1839 '' . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cheltenham named Racegoers Club Racecourse of the Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the Red Devils - Crawley Town FC '' . External links ( edit ) Images of West Sussex at the English Heritage Archive West Sussex at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Neighbouring counties Hampshire Surrey Kent Hampshire West Sussex East Sussex Isle of Wight English Channel English Channel Ceremonial county of West Sussex West Sussex Portal Boroughs or districts Adur District Arun District Chichester District Crawley Borough Horsham District Mid Sussex District Worthing Borough Major settlements Arundel Bognor Regis Burgess Hill Chichester Crawley East Grinstead Haywards Heath Horsham Littlehampton Midhurst Petworth Selsey Shoreham - by - Sea Southwick Steyning Worthing See also : List of civil parishes in West Sussex Rivers Adur Arun Lavant Mole Ouse Rother Topics Places Population of major settlements Parliamentary constituencies Schools Geography South Downs South Downs National Park Weald SSSIs Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings History Museums Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Sussex Portal : Sussex Ceremonial counties East Sussex West Sussex Historic divisions Rape of Arundel Rape of Bramber Rape of Chichester Rape of Hastings Rape of Lewes Rape of Pevensey Geography South Coast Plain South Downs The Weald History Timeline Regnenses Britannia Kingdom of Sussex Haestingas High Middle Ages Local government Culture and heritage Beer Dialect Flag Music St Richard of Chichester `` Sussex by the Sea '' Sussex Day Sussex trug Sussex wine Symbols We wunt be druv Religion Diocese of Chichester Diocese of Arundel and Brighton History of Christianity in Sussex Sport Stoolball Sussex CCC Sussex FA Sussex County League Sussex RFU Other Sussex Police Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner 1974 -- 1996 ← Ceremonial counties of England → current Bedfordshire Berkshire Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Coordinates : 50 ° 55 ′ N 0 ° 30 ′ W / 50.917 ° N 0.500 ° W / 50.917 ; - 0.500 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Sussex&oldid=837515104 '' Categories : West Sussex Non-metropolitan counties South East England Coast to Capital Local Enterprise Partnership Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from July 2015 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük ייִדיש 粵語中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 09 : 28 . 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3520220695942418868	The Handmaid's Tale	The Handmaid 's Tale - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with The Handmaiden . The Handmaid 's Tale Cover of the first edition Author Margaret Atwood Cover artist Tad Aronowicz , design ; Gail Geltner , collage ( first edition , hardback ) Country Canada Language English Genre Dystopian novel , science fiction , speculative fiction Publisher McClelland and Stewart Publication date 1985 ( hardcover ) Pages 311 ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 The Handmaid 's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood , originally published in 1985 . It is set in a near - future New England , in a totalitarian , Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government . The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred . Her name derives from the possessive form `` of Fred '' ; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male , or master , whom they serve . The Handmaid 's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation to misogyny in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which is a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc . ) . The Handmaid 's Tale is structured into two parts , night and other various events . This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative , Offred 's tale and the handmaids ' tales . The night sections are solely about Offred , and the other sections ( shopping , waiting room , household , etc . ) are the stories that describe the possible life of every handmaid , though from the perspective of Offred . In many of these sections , Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women 's rights and the current details of the life which she now lives . The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a 1990 film , a 2000 opera , a television series , and other media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Offred 2.2 The Commander 2.3 Serena Joy 2.4 Ofglen 2.5 Nick 2.6 Moira 2.7 Luke 2.8 Professor Pieixoto 3 Setting 3.1 Politics 3.2 Religion 3.3 Caste and class 3.4 Gender and occupation 3.5 Legitimate women 3.6 Illegitimate women 3.7 Men 3.8 Babies 3.9 The Ceremony 3.10 Language 4 Genre classification 4.1 Historical context 5 Critical reception 5.1 Feminist reading 5.2 Race 5.3 Awards 6 Academic reception 6.1 Other use in academia 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.4 Audio 7.5 Stage 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead , a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America . Beginning with a staged attack that kills the President and most of Congress , a fundamentalist Christian Reconstructionist movement calling itself the `` Sons of Jacob '' launches a revolution and suspends the United States Constitution under the pretext of restoring order . They quickly remove women 's rights , largely attributed to financial records being stored electronically and labelled by sex . The new regime , the Republic of Gilead , moves quickly to consolidate its power , including overtaking all pre-existing religious groups , including Christianity , and reorganize society along a new militarized , hierarchical model of Old Testament - inspired social and religious fanaticism among its newly created social classes . In this society , human rights are severely limited and women 's rights are strictly curtailed . For example , women are forbidden to read , and anyone caught in homosexual acts would be hanged for `` Gender Treachery '' . The story is told in the first person by a woman called Offred . The character is one of a class of women kept for reproductive purposes and known as `` handmaids '' by the ruling class in an era of declining births due to sterility from pollution and sexually transmitted diseases . Offred describes her life during her third assignment as a handmaid , in this case to Fred ( referred to as `` The Commander '' ) . Interspersed in flashbacks are portions of her life from before and during the beginning of the revolution , when she finds she has lost all autonomy to her husband , their failed escape attempt to Canada , and finally her indoctrination into life as a handmaid by government - trained women called the Aunts . Offred describes the structure of Gilead 's society , including the different classes of women and their lives within the new theonomy . The women are physically segregated by colour of clothing -- blue , red , green , striped and white - to signify social class and assigned position , ranked highest to lowest . The Commanders ' wives are dressed in blue , handmaids in red , Marthas ( cooks and maids ) in green , and striped is for the lower class women who essentially do everything in the domestic sphere . Young girls are dressed in white . The Commander is a high - ranking official in Gilead . Although his contact with Offred is supposed to be limited to `` the ceremony , '' a ritual of sexual intercourse intended to result in conception and at which his wife is present , he begins an illegal relationship with Offred . Secret meetings occur in his study , which the Commander 's Wife is not permitted to enter . The room is filled with books and is considered a private place for the man of the house . During these meetings , he tries to earn her trust by talking and playing board games together , such as Scrabble . This is another offence , as women are not permitted to read and write . Despite this , the Commander offers her hidden or contraband products , such as old ( 1970s ) fashion magazines and cosmetics . His last gift is finally lingerie and the Commander takes her to a brothel run by the government . This brothel is meant to add variety to men 's sex lives which , as stated by the Commander , is necessary . Offred meets her long - lost friend , Moira , and learns how Moira ended up there after escaping from the Red Centre ( where the Handmaids are trained ) . Several types of women are present in the brothel , as they are seen as defiant against the new system . They are offered the choice of working at Jezebel 's or being sent to work in the colonies . If they choose the colonies , they are classified as UnWomen and clean up radioactive waste , eventually dying from radiation sickness . The women in the brothels are allowed alcohol and drugs , a freedom Offred notes . Though they are allowed to choose their patrons , they are discouraged from refusing a man 's advances . The Commander 's wife , Serena Joy , is seen as a minor antagonist . Offred remembers her as someone who supported women 's domesticity before the full oppression of women . Though Offred wants a sense of companionship , Serena hates sharing her husband with a handmaid and makes her feelings very clear . She is a conservative woman who keeps to herself in a stern and strict fashion . Ironically enough , though , Serena also has secret interactions with Offred , arranging for her to sleep with Nick , the Commander 's driver , in an effort to get Offred pregnant . In return , Serena Joy gives her news of her daughter and a recent photo , whom Offred has not seen since she and her family were captured trying to escape Gilead . After Offred 's initial meeting with Nick , they begin to meet more frequently . Offred discovers she enjoys sex with Nick , despite her indoctrination and her memories of her husband . She shares potentially dangerous information about her past with him . Through her shopping partner , a friend called Ofglen , Offred learns of the Mayday resistance , an underground network working to overthrow the Republic of Gilead . Shortly after Ofglen 's disappearance ( later revealed as a suicide ) , the Commander 's wife finds evidence of the relationship between Offred and the Commander . Offred contemplates suicide . As the novel concludes , Offred tells Nick that she thinks she is pregnant . Shortly afterwards , she is taken away from the Waterfords ' house by the secret police , the Eyes of God , known informally as `` the Eyes '' . Before she is put in the large black van , Nick tells her that the men are part of the Mayday resistance and to trust him . Offred does not know if he is a member of Mayday or an Eye posing as one , and is unsure if leaving will result in her escape or her capture . She enters the van with her future uncertain . The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called `` the Gilead Period . '' The epilogue is `` a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies '' written in 2195 . According to the symposium 's `` keynote speaker '' Professor Pieixoto , he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred 's story recorded onto cassette tapes . They transcribed the tapes , calling them collectively `` the handmaid 's tale . '' Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book , the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued , and Pieixoto discusses his team 's search for the characters named in the Tale , and the impossibility of proving the tapes ' authenticity . It is assumed that Offred survived and that the Eyes that collected her were , in fact , part of Mayday as her cassette tapes contain parts of the story that would have been impossible to tape if she had not escaped . Nevertheless , the epilogue implies that , following the collapse of the theonomic Republic of Gilead , a more equal society -- though not the United States that previously existed -- re-emerged , with a restoration of full rights for women and freedom of religion . Characters ( edit ) Offred ( edit ) Offred is the protagonist and narrator . She was labeled a `` wanton woman '' when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced . All divorces were nullified by the new government , meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife , making Offred an adulteress . In trying to escape Gilead , she was separated from her husband and daughter . She is part of the first generation of Gilead 's women , those who remember pre-Gilead times . Proved fertile , she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a handmaid in the home of the Commander Fred and his wife Serena Joy , to bear a child for them ( Serena Joy is believed to be infertile ) . Offred is a slave name that describes her function : she is `` of Fred '' , i.e. she belongs to Fred , her commander , and is considered a concubine . In the novel , Offred says that she is not a concubine , but a tool ; a `` two legged womb '' . The Handmaids ' names say nothing about who the women really are ( Offred Of Fred , Ofglen Of Glen ) ; their only identity is as the Commander 's property . `` Offred '' is also a pun on the word `` offered '' , as in `` offered as a sacrifice , '' as well as a play on the words `` off - red '' , referencing the color that handmaids wear and the character 's frustrations with her assigned position . The women in training to be handmaids whisper names across their beds at night . The names are `` Alma . Janine . Dolores . Moira . June '' , and all are later accounted for except June . In addition , one of the Aunts tells the handmaids - in - training to stop `` mooning and June - ing '' . From this and other references , some readers have inferred that her birth name could be `` June . '' Miner suggests that `` June '' is a pseudonym . As `` Mayday '' is the name of the Gilead resistance , June could be an invention by the protagonist . The Nunavit conference covered in the epilogue takes place in June . When the Hulu TV series chose to state outright that Offred 's real name is June , Atwood wrote that it was not her original intention to imply that Offred 's real name is June `` but it fits , so readers are welcome to it if they wish . '' The Commander ( edit ) The Commander says that he is a sort of scientist and was previously involved in something similar to market research , pre-Gilead . Later , it is hypothesized , but not confirmed , that he might have been one of the architects of the Republic and its laws . Presumably , his first name is `` Fred '' , though that , too , may be a pseudonym . He engages in forbidden intellectual pursuits with Offred , such as playing Scrabble , and introduces her to a secret club that serves as a brothel for high - ranking officers . Offred learns that the Commander carried on a similar relationship with his previous handmaid and that she killed herself when his wife found out . In the epilogue the academics speculate that one of two figures , both instrumental in the establishment of Gilead , may have been Fred , based on his first name . It is strongly suggested that the Commander was a man named Frederick R. Waterford who was killed in a purge shortly after Offred was taken away , charged with harboring an enemy agent . Serena Joy ( edit ) Serena Joy is a former televangelist and the Commander 's wife in the fundamentalist theonomy . The state took away her power and public recognition , and tries to hide her past as a television figure . Offred identifies her master 's wife by recalling seeing her on TV when she was a little girl early on Saturday mornings while waiting for the cartoons to air . Believed to be sterile ( although the suggestion is made that the Commander is sterile , Gileadean laws attribute sterility only to women ) , she is forced to accept that he has use of a handmaid . She resents having to take part in the monthly fertility ritual . She strikes a deal with Offred to arrange for her to have sex with Nick in order to become pregnant . According to Professor Pieixoto in the epilogue , `` Serena Joy '' or `` Pam '' are pseudonyms ; the character 's real name is implied to be Thelma . Ofglen ( edit ) Ofglen is a neighbour of Offred 's and a fellow Handmaid . She is partnered with Offred to do the daily shopping . Handmaids are never alone and are expected to police each other 's behaviour . Ofglen is a member of the Mayday resistance . In contrast to Offred , she is daring . She knocks out a Mayday spy who is to be tortured and killed in order to save him the pain of a violent death . Offred is told that when Ofglen vanishes , it is because she has committed suicide before the government can take her into custody due to her membership in the resistance , possibly to avoid giving away any information . A new handmaid , also called Ofglen , takes Ofglen 's place , and is assigned as Offred 's shopping partner . She threatens Offred against any thought of resistance . She breaks protocol by telling her what happened to the first Ofglen . Nick ( edit ) Nick is the Commander 's chauffeur , who lives above the garage . By Serena Joy 's arrangement , he and Offred start a sexual relationship to increase her chance of getting pregnant . If she were unable to bear the Commander a child , she would be declared sterile and shipped to the ecological wastelands of the Colonies . Offred begins to develop feelings for him . Nick is an ambiguous character , and Offred does not know if he is a party loyalist or part of the resistance , though he identifies himself as the former . The epilogue suggests that he really was part of the resistance , and aided Offred in escaping the Commander 's house . Moira ( edit ) Moira has been a close friend of Offred 's since college . A lesbian , she has resisted the homophobia of Gilead society . Moira is taken to be a Handmaid soon after Offred . She escapes by stealing an Aunt 's pass and clothes , but Offred later finds her working as a prostitute in a party - run brothel . She was caught and chose the brothel rather than be sent to the Colonies . Luke ( edit ) Luke was Offred 's husband prior to the formation of Gilead . He had divorced his first wife to marry her . Under Gilead , all divorces were retroactively nullified , resulting in Offred being considered an adulteress and their daughter a bastard . Offred was forced to become a Handmaid and her daughter was given to a loyalist family . Since their attempt to escape to Canada , Offred has heard nothing of Luke . Professor Pieixoto ( edit ) Pieixoto is the `` co-discoverer ( with Professor Knotly Wade ) of Offred 's tapes '' . In his presentation at an academic conference , he talks about `` the ' Problems of Authentication in Reference to The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Setting ( edit ) The novel is set in an indeterminate future , speculated to be around the year 2005 , with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead . Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions . The complex sumptuary laws ( dress codes ) play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex , occupation , and caste . The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge , Massachusetts ; Atwood studied at Radcliffe College , located in this area . Politics ( edit ) In Gilead , the bodies of fertile women are politicized and controlled . The North American population is falling as more men and women become infertile ( though in Gilead , legally , it is only women who can be the cause of infertility ) . Gilead 's treatment of women is based upon a narrow , fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible , meaning that women are the property of and subordinate to their husband , father , or head of household . They are not allowed to do anything that would grant them any power independent of this system . They are not allowed to vote , hold a job , read , possess money , or own anything , among many other restrictions . A particular quote from The Handmaid 's Tale sums this up : `` The Republic of Gilead , said Aunt Lydia , knows no bounds . Gilead is within you '' ( HT 5.2 ) . This describes that there is no way around the societal bounds of women in this new state of government . Handmaids , being not allowed to wed , are given two - year assignments with a commander , and lose their own name : they are called `` Of ( their Commander 's first name ) '' , such as the novel 's protagonist , known only as Offred . When a handmaid is reassigned , her name changes with her . Their original identities before the revolution are suppressed , although while being reeducated as handmaids , they surreptitiously share their names with each other . In this book , the government appears to be strong though `` no one in Gilead seems to be a true believer in its revolution '' ( Beauchamp ) . The Commanders , portrayed via Commander Fred , do not agree with their own doctrines . The commander takes Offred at one point to a brothel in order to have sex with her in an informal setting apart from the Ceremony . The wives , portrayed via Serena Joy , former television evangelist , disobey the rules set forth by their commander husbands . Serena smokes black market cigarettes and expresses the forbidden idea that men may be infertile , and schemes to get Offred impregnated by her chauffeur . Religion ( edit ) Bruce Miller , the executive producer of The Handmaid 's Tale television serial , declared with regard to Atwood 's book , as well as his series , that Gilead is `` a society that 's based kind of in a perverse misreading of Old Testament laws and codes '' . The author explains that Gilead tries to embody the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th - century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Both Atwood and Miller stated that the people running Gilead are `` not genuinely Christian '' . The group running Gilead , according to Atwood , is `` not really interested in religion ; they 're interested in power . '' In fact , in her prayers to God , Offred , reflecting on Gilead , prays `` I do n't believe for an instant that what 's going on out there is what You meant ... . I suppose I should say I forgive whoever did this , and whatever they 're doing now . I 'll try , but it is n't easy . '' Margaret Atwood , writing on this , says that `` Offred herself has a private version of the Lord 's Prayer and refuses to believe that this regime has been mandated by a just and merciful God . '' Christian churches that do not support the actions of the Sons of Jacob are systematically demolished , and the people living in Gilead are never seen attending church . Christian denominations , including Quakers , Baptists and Roman Catholics , are specifically named as enemies of the Sons of Jacob . Nuns who refuse conversion are considered `` Unwomen '' and banished to the Colonies , owing to their reluctance to marry and refusal ( or inability ) to bear children . Priests unwilling to convert are executed and hanged from the Wall . Atwood pits Quaker Christians against the régime by having them help the oppressed , something she feels they would do in reality : `` The Quakers have gone underground , and are running an escape route to Canada , as -- I suspect -- they would . '' Jews are named an exception and classified Sons of Jacob . Offred observes that Jews refusing to convert are allowed to emigrate to Israel , and most choose to leave . However , in the Epilogue , Professor Pieixoto reveals that many of the emigrating Jews ended up being dumped into the sea while on the ships ostensibly tasked with transporting them to Israel , due to privatization of the `` repatriation program '' and capitalists ' effort to maximize profits . Offred mentions that many Jews who chose to stay were caught secretly practicing Judaism and executed . Caste and class ( edit ) African Americans , the main non-white ethnic group in this society , are called the Children of Ham . A state TV broadcast mentions they have been relocated en masse to `` National Homelands '' in the Midwest , which are suggestive of the Apartheid - era homelands set up by South Africa . Gender and occupation ( edit ) The sexes are strictly divided . Gilead 's society values reproduction by white women most highly . Women are categorised `` hierarchically according to class status and reproductive capacity '' as well as `` metonymically colour - coded according to their function and their labour '' ( Kauffman 232 ) . The Commander expresses the prevailing opinion that women are considered intellectually and emotionally inferior to men . Women are segregated by clothing , as are men . With rare exception , men wear military or paramilitary uniforms . All classes of men and women are defined by the colors they wear ( as in Aldous Huxley 's dystopian Brave New World ) , drawing on colour symbolism and psychology . All lower - status individuals are regulated by this dress code . All `` non-persons '' are banished to the `` Colonies '' . Sterile , unmarried women are considered to be non-persons . Both men and women sent there wear grey dresses . Legitimate women ( edit ) The bonnets that Handmaids wear are modeled on the Old Dutch Cleanser . Wives The top social level permitted to women , achieved by marriage to higher - ranking officers . Wives always wear blue dresses and cloaks , suggesting traditional depictions of the Virgin Mary in historic Christian art . When a Commander dies , his Wife becomes a Widow and must dress in black . Daughters The natural or adopted children of the ruling class . They wear white until marriage , which is now arranged . The narrator 's daughter has been adopted by an infertile Wife and Commander . Handmaids Fertile women whose social function is to bear children for infertile , usually elderly , Wives . Handmaids dress in a red habit that completely conceals their shape , plus red shoes and gloves . In summer , they change into summer dresses and slatted shoes , still fully covering the woman 's body . They wear heavy white bonnets on their heads , which they call `` wings '' to prevent their seeing or being seen except when standing directly in front of another individual . Handmaids are produced by re-educating fertile women who have broken the new laws . Needing fertile Handmaids , Gilead gradually increased the number of gender crimes . The Republic of Gilead justifies the use of the handmaids for procreation by biblical stories : Jacob took his two wives ' handmaids , Bilhah and Zilpah , to bed to bear him children , when the wives could not ( Gen. 30 : 1 -- 3 ) , and Abraham took his wife 's handmaid , Hagar ( Gen. 16 : 1 -- 6 ) . Handmaids are assigned to Commanders and allowed to live in their houses , but sent back to Aunts ' facilities if a Commander is deployed ( and sent back to the Commander 's house upon his return ) . Handmaids who successfully bear children assist in raising them for a short time and are then sent away to a new assignment , never to see the child again . Their success as a Handmaid , however , means they will never be declared an `` Unwoman '' and sent to the Colonies , even if they never have another baby . Aunts They train and monitor the Handmaids . They promote the role of Handmaid as honorable and legitimate and a method by which women who have committed crimes can redeem themselves . They directly control and police women ; serving as an Aunt is the only role for some unmarried , infertile and often older women to have any autonomy . It allows them to avoid going to the Colonies . Aunts dress in brown . They are the only class of women permitted to read . ( `` The Aunts are allowed to read and write . '' Vintage Books , p. 139 . However , on p. 100 of the Vintage Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a disc ; the voice was a man 's . '' In the Anchor Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a tape , so not even an Aunt would be guilty of the sin of reading . The voice was a man 's . ( p. 89 . ) '' ) Many choose this livelihood out of pure respect for and belief in the religious and legal system , others understand that it is the best position offered for their stature . Marthas They are older infertile women who have domestic skills and are compliant , making them suitable as servants . They dress in green smocks . The title of `` Martha '' is based on a story in Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 , where Jesus visits Mary , sister of Lazarus and Martha ; Mary listens to Jesus while Martha works at `` all the preparations that had to be made '' . Econowives Women who have married relatively low - ranking men , not part of the elite . They are expected to perform all the female functions : domestic duties , companionship , and child - bearing . Their dress is multicoloured red , blue , and green to reflect these multiple roles , and is made of notably cheaper material . The division of labour among the women generates some resentment . Marthas , Wives and Econowives perceive Handmaids as promiscuous and are taught to scorn them . Offred mourns that the women of the various groups have lost their ability to empathize with each other . They are divided in their oppression . Illegitimate women ( edit ) Unwomen Sterile women , the unmarried , some widows , feminists , lesbians , nuns , and politically dissident women : all women who are incapable of social integration within the Republic 's strict gender divisions . Gilead exiles Unwomen to `` the Colonies , '' areas both of agricultural production and deadly pollution . Joining them are handmaids who fail to bear a child after three two - year assignments . Jezebels Women forced to become prostitutes and entertainers . They are available only to the Commanders and to their guests . Offred portrays Jezebels as attractive and educated ; they may be unsuitable as handmaids due to temperament . They have been sterilized , a surgery that is forbidden to other women . They operate in unofficial but state - sanctioned brothels , unknown to most women . Jezebels , whose title also comes from the Bible ( note Queen Jezebel in the Books of Kings ) , dress in the remnants of sexualized costumes from `` the time before , '' such as cheerleaders ' costumes , school uniforms , and Playboy Bunny costumes . Jezebels can wear make - up , drink alcohol and socialize with men , but are tightly controlled by the Aunts . When they pass their sexual prime and / or their looks fade , they are discarded without any precision as to whether they are killed or sent to the Colonies in the novel . Men ( edit ) Men are classified into four main categories : Commanders of the Faithful The ruling class . Because of their status , they are entitled to establish a patriarchal household with a Wife , a Handmaid if necessary , Marthas ( female servants ) and Guardians . They have a duty to procreate , but many may be infertile , as a possible result of exposure to a biological agent in pre-Gilead times . They wear black to signify superiority . They are allowed cars . Eyes The secret police attempting to discover those violating the rules of Gilead . Angels Soldiers who fight in the wars in order to expand and protect the country 's borders . Angels may be permitted to marry . Guardians ( of the Faith ) Soldiers `` used for routine policing and other menial functions '' . They are unsuitable for other work in the republic being `` stupid or older or disabled or very young , apart from the ones that are Eyes incognito '' ( chapter 4 ) . Young Guardians may be promoted to Angels when they come of age . They wear green uniforms . Men who engage in homosexuality or related acts are declared `` Gender Traitors '' ; they are either hanged or sent to the `` colonies '' to die a slow death . Babies ( edit ) In this society , birth defects have become increasingly common . There are two main categories of human children : Unbabies , also known as `` shredders '' Babies born physically deformed or with some other birth defect . They do not last but Offred does not know what happens to them . Pregnant Handmaids fear giving birth to a damaged child , or unbaby . Gilead forbids abortion and all tests to determine prenatal health of a fetus . Keepers Babies that are born alive with no defects . The ceremony ( edit ) `` The Ceremony '' is a non-marital sexual act sanctioned for reproduction . The ritual requires the Handmaid to lie on her back between the legs of the Wife during the sex act as if they were one person . The Wife has to invite the Handmaid to share her power this way ; many Wives consider this both humiliating and offensive . Offred describes the ceremony : My red skirt is hitched up to my waist , though no higher . Below it the Commander is fucking . What he is fucking is the lower part of my body . I do not say making love , because this is not what he 's doing . Copulating too would be inaccurate , because it would imply two people and only one is involved . Nor does rape cover it : nothing is going on here that I have n't signed up for . Language ( edit ) In the novel 's fictional fundamentalist society , sterile is an `` outlawed '' word . In this society , there is no such thing as a sterile man anymore . In this culture , women are either fruitful or barren , the latter of which are declared to be `` unwomen '' and are sent to the colonies with the rest of the `` unwomen '' to do life - threatening work until their death , which is , on average , three years . Atwood emphasises how changes in context affect behaviours and attitudes by repeating the phrase `` Context is all '' throughout the novel , establishing this precept as a motif . Playing the game of Scrabble with her Commander illustrates the key significance of changes in `` context '' ; once `` the game of old men and women '' , the game became forbidden for women to play and therefore `` desirable '' . Through living in a morally rigid society , Offred has come to perceive the world differently from earlier . Offred expresses amazement at how `` It has taken so little time to change our minds about things '' . Wearing revealing clothes and makeup had been part of her former life , but when she sees Japanese tourists dressed that way , she now feels the women are inappropriately dressed . Offred can read but not translate the phrase `` nolite te bastardes carborundorum '' carved into the closet wall of her small bedroom ; this mock - Latin aphorism signifies `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . The significance of this phrase is intensified by the challenges the book has faced , creating a `` Mise en abyme '' as both the protagonist and the reader decipher subversive texts . Genre classification ( edit ) See also : Social science fiction In interviews and essays Atwood has discussed generic classification of The Handmaid 's Tale as `` science fiction '' or `` speculative fiction '' , observing : I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Hugo - winning science fiction critic David Langford observed in a column : `` The Handmaid 's Tale won the very first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 . She 's been trying to live this down ever since . '' He says : Atwood prefers to say that she writes speculative fiction -- a term coined by SF author Robert A. Heinlein . As she told the Guardian , `` Science fiction has monsters and spaceships ; speculative fiction could really happen . '' She used a subtly different phrasing for New Scientist , `` Oryx and Crake is not science fiction . It is fact within fiction . Science fiction is when you have rockets and chemicals . '' So it was very cruel of New Scientist to describe this interview in the contents list as : `` Margaret Atwood explains why science is crucial to her science fiction . '' ... Play it again , Ms Atwood -- this time for the Book - of - the - Month Club : `` Oryx and Crake is a speculative fiction , not a science fiction proper . It contains no intergalactic space travel , no teleportation , no Martians . '' On BBC1 Breakfast News the distinguished author explained that science fiction , as opposed to what she writes , is characterized by `` talking squids in outer space '' . In distinguishing between these genre labels science fiction and speculative fiction , Atwood acknowledges that others may use the terms interchangeably . But she notes her interest in this type of work to explore themes in ways that `` realistic fiction '' can not do . Historical Context ( edit ) Fitting with her claims that The Handmaid 's Tale is a work of speculative fiction , not science fiction , Atwood 's novel offers a satirical view of various social , political , and religious trends of the 1980s United States . Further , Atwood questions what would happen if these trends , and especially `` casually held attitudes about women '' were taken to their logical end . Atwood continues to argue that all of the scenarios offered in The Handmaid 's Tale have actually occurred in real life -- in an interview she gave regarding Oryx and Crake , Atwood maintains that `` As with The Handmaid 's Tale , I did n't put in anything that we have n't already done , we 're not already doing , we 're seriously trying to do , coupled with trends that are already in progress ... So all of those things are real , and therefore the amount of pure invention is close to nil . '' Atwood was also known to carry around newspaper clippings to her various interviews to support her fiction 's basis in reality . Atwood has explained that The Handmaid 's Tale is a response to those who claim the oppressive , totalitarian , and religious governments that have taken hold in other countries throughout the years `` ca n't happen here '' -- but in this work , she has tried to show how such a takeover might play out . Atwood 's inspiration for the Republic of Gilead came from her time studying early American Puritans while at Harvard , which she attended on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship . Atwood argues that the modern view of the Puritans -- that they came to America to flee religious persecution in England and set up a religiously tolerant society -- is misleading , and that instead , these Puritan leaders wanted to establish a monolithic theocracy where religious dissent would not be accepted . Atwood also had a personal connection to the Puritans , and she dedicates the novel to her own ancestor Mary Webster , who was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England but survived her hanging . Due to the totalitarian nature of Gileadan society , Atwood , in creating the setting , drew from the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Atwood has argued that a coup , such as the one depicted in The Handmaid 's Tale , would misuse religion in order to achieve its own ends : ... if you wanted to seize power in the US , abolish liberal democracy and set up a dictatorship , how would you go about it ? What would be your cover story ? It would not resemble any form of communism or socialism : those would be too unpopular ... Nations never build apparently radical forms of government on foundations that are n't there already . Thus China replaced a state bureaucracy with a similar state bureaucracy under a different name , the USSR replaced the dreaded imperial secret police with an even more dreaded secret police , and so forth . The deep foundation of the US -- so went my thinking -- was not the comparatively recent 18th - century Enlightenment structures of the republic , with their talk of equality and their separation of church and state , but the heavy - handed theocracy of 17th - century Puritan New England , with its marked bias against women , which would need only the opportunity of a period of social chaos to reassert itself . Like any theocracy , this one would select a few passages from the Bible to justify its actions , and it would lean heavily towards the Old Testament , not towards the New . Atwood , with respect to those leading Gilead , further stated : I do n't consider these people to be Christians because they do not have at the core of their behavior and ideologies what I , in my feeble Canadian way , would consider to be the core of Christianity ... and that would be not only love your neighbors but love your enemies . That would also be ' I was sick and you visited me not ' and such and such ... And that would include also concern for the environment , because you ca n't love your neighbor or even your enemy , unless you love your neighbor 's oxygen , food , and water . You ca n't love your neighbor or your enemy if you 're presuming policies that are going to cause those people to die. ... Of course faith can be a force for good and often has been . So faith is a force for good particularly when people are feeling beleaguered and in need of hope . So you can have bad iterations and you can also have the iteration in which people have got too much power and then start abusing it . But that is human behavior , so you ca n't lay it down to religion . You can find the same in any power situation , such as politics or ideologies that purport to be atheist . Need I mention the former Soviet Union ? So it is not a question of religion making people behave badly . It is a question of human beings getting power and then wanting more of it . In the same vein , Atwood also declared that `` In the real world today , some religious groups are leading movements for the protection of vulnerable groups , including women . '' Atwood also draws connections between the ways in which Gilead 's leaders maintain their power and other examples of actual totalitarian governments . In her interviews , Atwood offers up Afghanistan as examples of religious theocracies forcing women out of the public sphere and into their homes , as in Gilead . The `` state - sanctioned murder of dissidents '' was inspired by the Philippines , and the last General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party Nicolae Ceausescu 's obsession with increasing the birth rate led to the strict policing of pregnant women and the outlawing of birth control and abortion . However , Atwood clearly explains that many of these deplorable acts were not just present in other cultures and countries , `` but within Western society , and within the ' Christian ' tradition itself '' . The Republic of Gilead struggles with infertility , making Offred 's services as a Handmaid vital to producing children and thus reproducing the society . Handmaids themselves are `` untouchable '' , but their ability to signify status is equated to that of slaves or servants throughout history . Atwood connects their concerns with infertility to real - life problems our world faces , such as radiation , chemical pollution , and venereal disease ( HIV / AIDS is specifically mentioned in the `` Historical Notes '' section at the end of the novel , which was a relatively new disease at the time of Atwood 's writing whose long - term impact was likely still unknown ) . Atwood 's strong stance on environmental issues and their negative consequences for our society has presented itself in other works such as her MaddAddam trilogy , and refers back to her growing up with biologists and her own scientific curiosity . Critical reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale was well received by critics , helping to cement Atwood 's status as a prominent writer of the 20th century . Not only was the book deemed well - written and compelling , but Atwood 's work was notable for sparking intense debates both in and out of academia . Atwood maintains that the Republic of Gilead is only an extrapolation of trends already seen in the United States at the time of her writing , a view supported by other scholars studying The Handmaid 's Tale . Indeed , many have placed The Handmaid 's Tale in the same category of dystopian fiction as Nineteen Eighty - Four and Brave New World , with the added feature of confronting patriarchy , a categorization that Atwood has accepted and reiterated in many articles and interviews . Even today , many reviewers hold that Atwood 's novel remains as foreboding and powerful as ever , largely because of its basis in historical fact . Yet when her book was first published in 1985 , not all reviewers were convinced of the `` cautionary tale '' Atwood presented . For example , Mary McCarthy 's New York Times review argued that The Handmaid 's Tale lacked the `` surprised recognition '' necessary for readers to see `` our present selves in a distorting mirror , of what we may be turning into if current trends are allowed to continue '' . In the aftermath of the television series ' debut in 2017 , there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , this book ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Feminist reading ( edit ) Much of the discussion about The Handmaid 's Tale has centered on its categorization as feminist literature . Atwood does not see the Republic of Gilead as a purely feminist dystopia , as not all men have greater rights than women . Instead , this society presents a typical dictatorship : `` shaped like a pyramid , with the powerful of both sexes at the apex , the men generally outranking the women at the same level ; then descending levels of power and status with men and women in each , all the way down to the bottom , where the unmarried men must serve in the ranks before being awarded an Econowife '' . Additionally , Atwood has argued that while some of the observations that informed the content of The Handmaid 's Tale may be feminist , her novel is not meant to say `` one thing to one person '' or serve as a political message -- instead , The Handmaid 's Tale is `` a study of power , and how it operates and how it deforms or shapes the people who are living within that kind of regime '' . Some scholars have offered such a feminist interpretation , however , connecting Atwood 's use of religious fundamentalism in the pages of The Handmaid 's Tale to a condemnation of their presence in current American society . Yet others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale critiques typical notions of feminism , as Atwood 's novel appears to subvert the traditional `` women helping women '' ideals of the movement and turn toward the possibility of `` the matriarchal network ... and a new form of misogyny : women 's hatred of women '' . Race ( edit ) Other critics have characterized The Handmaid 's Tale as `` White Feminism '' noting that Atwood does away with black people in a few lines by relocating the `` Children of Ham '' while borrowing heavily from the African - American experience and applying it to white women . Other critics have noted the parallels with apartheid and that it misrepresents how black people resist in times of crisis . The writer Mikki Kendall said about the book , It requires me to believe that not only are my people gone , but often that they vanished quietly without any real resistance . As if . Like ... Black people did not survive slavery , Jim Crow & the War on Drugs to be taken out by a handful of white boys with guns . Awards ( edit ) 1985 -- Governor General 's Award for English language fiction ( winner ) 1986 -- Booker Prize ( nominated ) 1986 -- Nebula Award ( nominated ) 1987 -- Arthur C. Clarke Award ( winner ) 1987 -- Prometheus Award ( nominated ) Academic reception ( edit ) Atwood 's novels , and especially her works of speculative fiction The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake , are frequently offered as examples for the final , open - ended question on the North American Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition exam each year . As such , her books are often assigned in high - school classrooms to students taking this Advanced Placement course , despite the mature themes the work presents . Atwood herself has expressed surprise that her books are being assigned to high - school audiences , largely due to her own censored education in the 1950s , but she has assured readers that this increased attention from high - school students has not altered the material she has chosen to write about since . Many people have expressed discontent at The Handmaid 's Tale 's presence in the classroom , as it has been frequently challenged or banned over the last 30 years . Some of these challenges have come from parents concerned about the explicit sexuality and other adult themes represented in the book . Others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale depicts a negative view of religion , a view supported by several academics who propose that Atwood 's work satirizes contemporary religious fundamentalists in the United States , offering a feminist critique of the trends this movement to the Right represents . The American Library Association ( ALA ) lists The Handmaid 's Tale as number 37 on the `` 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Atwood participated in discussing The Handmaid 's Tale as the subject of an ALA discussion series titled `` One Book , One Conference '' . Some complaints have included : 1990 : Challenged at Rancho Cotate High School , Rohnert Park , California , as too explicit for students . 1992 : Challenged in schools in Waterloo , Iowa , reportedly because of profanity , lurid passages about sex , and statements defamatory to minorities , God , women , and the disabled . 1993 : Removed because of profanity and sex from the Chicopee , Massachusetts , high - school English class reading list . 1998 : Challenged for use in Richland , Washington , high - school English classes , along with six other titles determined to be `` poor quality literature and ( that ) stress suicide , illicit sex , violence , and hopelessness '' . 1999 : Challenged because of graphic sex , but retained on the advanced placement English list , at George D. Chamberlain High School in Tampa , Florida . 2000 : Downgraded from `` required '' to `` optional '' on the summer reading list for eleventh graders in the Upper Moreland School District near Philadelphia due to `` age - inappropriate '' subject matter . 2001 : Challenged , but retained , in the Dripping Springs , Texas , senior Advanced Placement English course as an optional reading assignment . Some parents were offended by the book 's descriptions of sexual encounters . 2006 : Initially banned by Superintendent Ed Lyman from an advanced placement English curriculum in the Judson independent school district in Texas , after a parent complained . Lyman had overruled the recommendation of a committee of teachers , students , and parents ; the committee appealed the decision to the school board , which overturned his ban . According to Education Reporter Kristin Rushowy of the Toronto Star ( 16 January 2009 ) , in 2008 a parent in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , wrote a letter to his son 's high school principal , asking that the book no longer be assigned as required reading , stating that the novel is `` rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression '' . Rushowy quotes the response of Russell Morton Brown , a retired University of Toronto English professor , who acknowledged that `` The Handmaid 's Tale was n't likely written for 17 - year - olds , but neither are a lot of things we teach in high school , like Shakespeare ... And they are all the better for reading it . They are on the edge of adulthood already , and there 's no point in coddling them , '' he said , adding , `` they are n't coddled in terms of mass media today anyway '' ... He said the book has been accused of being anti-Christian and , more recently , anti-Islamic because the women are veiled and polygamy is allowed ... But that `` misses the point '' , said Brown . `` It 's really anti-fundamentalism . '' In her earlier account ( 14 January 2009 ) , Rushowy reported that a Toronto District School Board committee was `` reviewing the novel '' . While noting that `` The Handmaid 's Tale is listed as one of the 100 ' most frequently challenged books ' from 1990 to 1999 on the American Library Association 's website '' , Rushowy reports that `` The Canadian Library Association says there is ' no known instance of a challenge to this novel in Canada ' but says the book was called anti-Christian and pornographic by parents after being placed on a reading list for secondary students in Texas in the 1990s . '' In November 2012 two parents in Guilford County , North Carolina protested against inclusion of the book on a required reading list at a local high school . The parents presented the school board with a petition signed by 2,300 people , prompting a review of the book by the school 's media advisory committee . According to local news reports , one of the parents said `` she felt Christian students are bullied in society , in that they 're made to feel uncomfortable about their beliefs by non-believers . She said including books like The Handmaid 's Tale contributes to that discomfort , because of its negative view on religion and its anti-biblical attitudes toward sex . '' Other use in academia ( edit ) In institutions of higher education , professors have found The Handmaid 's Tale to be useful , largely because of its historical and religious basis and Atwood 's captivating delivery . The novel 's teaching points include : introducing politics and the social sciences to students in a more concrete way ; demonstrating the importance of reading to our freedom , both intellectual and political ; and acknowledging the `` most insidious and violent manifestations of power in Western history '' in a compelling manner . The chapter entitled `` Historical Notes '' at the end of the novel also represents a warning to academics who run the risk of misreading and misunderstanding historical texts , pointing to the satirized Professor Pieixoto as an example of a male scholar who has taken over and overpowered Offred 's narrative with his own interpretation . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( film ) The 1990 film The Handmaid 's Tale was based on a screenplay by Harold Pinter and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . It stars Natasha Richardson as Offred , Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy , and Robert Duvall as The Commander ( Fred ) . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Hulu has produced a 10 - episode series of the novel starring Elisabeth Moss as Offred . The first three episodes were released on April 26 , 2017 , with subsequent episodes following on a weekly basis . Margaret Atwood served as consulting producer . The show has been renewed for a second season , set to be released in early 2018 . Radio ( edit ) A dramatic adaptation of the novel for radio was produced for BBC Radio 4 by John Dryden in 2000 . A Canadian dramatic adaptation for radio was written by playwright Michael O'Brien and produced on CBC Radio in 2002 . Audio ( edit ) An audiobook of the unabridged text , read by Claire Danes ( ISBN 9781491519110 ) , won the 2013 Audie Award for fiction . In 2014 , Canadian band Lakes of Canada released their album Transgressions , which is intended to be a concept album inspired by The Handmaid 's Tale . Stage ( edit ) A stage adaptation written and directed by Bruce Shapiro played at Tufts University in 1989 . An operatic adaptation , The Handmaid 's Tale , by Poul Ruders , premiered in Copenhagen on 6 March 2000 , and was performed by the English National Opera , in London , in 2003 . It was the opening production of the 2004 -- 2005 season of the Canadian Opera Company . A stage adaptation of the novel , by Brendon Burns , for the Haymarket Theatre , Basingstoke , England , toured the UK in 2002 . A ballet adaptation choreographed by Lila York and produced by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet premiered on 16 October 2013 . Amanda Green appeared as Offred and Alexander Gamayunov as The Commander . A one - woman stage show , adapted from the novel , by Joseph Stollenwerk premiered in the U.S. in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) Canada portal 1980s portal Novels portal Canadian literature Feminist science fiction Pregnancy in science fiction Persepolis ( comics ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Handmaid 's Tale is the inaugural winner of this award for the best science fiction novel published in the United Kingdom during the previous year . Jump up ^ The Prometheus Award is an award for libertarian science fiction novels given out annually by the Libertarian Futurist Society , which also publishes a quarterly journal , Prometheus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cosstick , Ruth ( January 1986 ) . `` Book review : The Handmaids Tale '' . Vol. 14 no . 1 . CM Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Tad Aronowicz 's jaggedly surrealistic cover design is most appropriate . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : About Speculative Fiction '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 17 June 2005 ) . `` Aliens have taken the place of angels '' . The Guardian . UK . If you 're writing about the future and you are n't doing forecast journalism , you 'll probably be writing something people will call either science fiction or speculative fiction . I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Some use speculative fiction as an umbrella covering science fiction and all its hyphenated forms -- science fiction fantasy , and so forth -- and others choose the reverse ... I have written two works of science fiction or , if you prefer , speculative fiction : The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake . Here are some of the things these kinds of narratives can do that socially realistic novels can not do . ^ Jump up to : Langford 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Douthat , Ross ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale and Ours ' '' . The New York Times . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( 22 June 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grace , DM ( 1998 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale Historical Notes and Documentary Subversion '' . Science Fiction Studies . Science Fiction Studies . 25 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 94 . JSTOR 4240726 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : Character List '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1986 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Offred 's Real Name In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Is The Only Piece Of Power She Still Holds '' by Dana Getz , Bustle , April 26 , 2017 , `` In Margaret Atwood 's original novel , Offred 's real name is never revealed . Many eagle - eyed readers deduced that it was June based on contextual clues : Of the names the Handmaids trade in hushed tones as they lie awake at night , `` June '' is the only one that 's never heard again once Offred is narrating . '' https://www.bustle.com/p/offreds-real-name-in-the-handmaids-tale-is-the-only-piece-of-power-she-still-holds-53607 Jump up ^ Madonne 1991 Jump up ^ Oates , Joyce Carol ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , An Interview : ' Q : We can figure out that the main character lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts ' Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/09/books/no-headline-423986.html?pagewanted=2 ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' on Hulu : What Should Catholics Think ? '' . Faith & Family Media Blog . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucie - Smith , Alexander ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Should Catholics watch The Handmaid 's Tale ? '' . The Catholic Herald . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 144 , 192 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 178 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood 1998 , pp. 36 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 235 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale '' ( PDF ) . Nashville Public Library . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruss , Susanne ( 2004 ) . `` '' People confuse interpersonal relations with legal structures . '' An Interview with Margaret Atwood `` . Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Shirley ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Mervyn ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 1994 ) . Nicholson , Colin , ed . Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees . Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity . London : Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 177 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson interviews Margaret Atwood about ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Recently , someone said , `` Religion does n't radicalize people , people radicalize religion . '' So you can use any religion as an excuse for being repressive , and you can use any religion as an excuse for resisting repression ; it works both ways , as it does in the book . So that was one set of inspirations . Jump up ^ Curwood , Steve ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Gayle ( July 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books . JSTOR 4019952 . Jump up ^ Armbruster , Jane ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' `` . Social Justice . JSTOR 29766564 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( May 2004 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' `` . PMLA . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 20 December 2014 ) . `` Does The Handmaid 's Tale hold up ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Charlotte ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` Book Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hines , Molly ( 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' : Fundamentalist religiosity and the oppression of women `` . Angelo State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mercer , Naomi ( 2013 ) . `` '' Subversive Feminist Thrusts `` : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' , Louise Marley 's `` The Terrorists of Irustan '' , Marge Piercy 's `` He , She and It '' , and Sheri S. Tepper 's `` Raising the Stones '' `` . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Alanna ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A White Feminist Dystopia '' . theestablishment.co . Jump up ^ Kendall , Mikki ( June 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale 's Greatest Failing Is How It Handles Race '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` Mikki Kendall @ Karnythia '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AP English Literature and Composition Exam '' . College Board . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2002 -- 2003 : One Book , One Conference '' . American Library Association . June 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Concerns inaugural program featuring Margaret Atwood held in Toronto , 19 -- 25 June 2003 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Doyle ( 2007 ) . Banned Books Resource Guide . American Library Association . ISBN 978 - 0838984253 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy 2009 Jump up ^ Rushowy 2009b Jump up ^ Carr , Mitch ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Guilford County moms want reading list criteria changed '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burack , Cynthia ( Winter 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal . 1 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 283 . JSTOR 4315901 . Jump up ^ Laz , Cheryl ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology. 24 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . JSTOR 1318898 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Harriet ( December 1989 ) . `` '' Teaching Them to Read `` : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English . JSTOR 378090 . Jump up ^ Larson , Janet ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion and Literature . Jump up ^ Stein , Karen ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Hulu is adapting Margaret Atwood 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gummere , Joe . `` 2013 Audie Awards ® Finalists by category '' . joeaudio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artists : Lakes of Canada '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tufts University : Department of Drama and Dance : Performances & Events '' . dramadance.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 5 April 2003 ) . `` Classical music & opera '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Littler , William ( 15 December 2004 ) , Opera Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's tale '' . UKTW ... Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale debuts as ballet in Winnipeg '' . CA : CBC News . 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lyman , David ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' offers extreme view of future '' . Cincinnati.com . Online Reading The Handmaid 's Tale Works cited ( edit ) ( 17 June 2005 ) , `` Aliens Have Taken the Place of Angels '' , The Guardian ( 14 Jan 2009 ) , `` Complaint Spurs School Board to Review Novel by Atwood '' , The Toronto Star . Alexander , Lynn ( 22 May 2009 ) , `` The Handmaid 's Tale Working Bibliography '' , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Hyperlinked to online resources for Alexander , Dr Lynn ( Spring 1999 ) , Women Writers : Magic , Mysticism , and Mayhem ( course ) . Includes entry for book chap . by Kauffman . An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale ( n.d. ) . In Nashville Public Library . Armrbuster , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Social Justice 17 ( 3 ) , 146 -- 52 . Atwood , Margaret ( 1985 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 ( 1986 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books. ( 1998 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books ( div. of Random House ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49081 - 8 . Parenthetical page references are to the 1998 ed . Digitized 2 June 2008 by Google Books ( 311 pp . ) ( 2005 ) , La Servante écarlate ( The Handmaid 's Tale ) ( in French ) , Rué , Sylviane transl , Paris : J'ai Lu , ISBN 978 - 2 - 290 - 34710 - 2 . Atwood , M. ( 2004 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' . PMLA , 119 ( 3 ) , 513 -- 517 . Atwood , M. ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Bergmann , H.F. ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching Them to Read : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English , 51 ( 8 ) , 847 -- 854 . Burack , C. ( 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal 1 ( 2 ) , 274 -- 83 . Callaway , A.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Curwood , Steve . ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . n.p. Evans , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees '' . In C. Nicholson ( Ed . ) , Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity ( pp. 177 -- 188 ) . London , United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan UK . Greene , Gayle. ( 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books 3 ( 10 ) , 14 -- 15 . Gruss , S. ( 2004 ) . `` People confuse personal relations with legal structures '' . An Interview with Margaret Atwood . In Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Hines , M.E. ( 2006 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale : Fundamentalist Religiosity and the Oppression of Women . N.p. : Angelo State University . Kauffman , Linda ( 1989 ) , `` 6 . Special Delivery : Twenty - First Century Epistolarity in The Handmaid 's Tale '' , in Goldsmith , Elizabeth , Writing the Female Voice : Essays on Epistolary Literature , Boston : Northeastern University Press , pp. 221 -- 44 . Cited in Alexander . Langford , David ( Aug 2003 ) , `` Bits and Pieces '' , SFX ( UK : Ansible ) ( 107 ) . Larson , J.L. ( 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion & Literature 21 ( 1 ) , 27 -- 61 . Laz , C. ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) , 54 -- 63 . Lewis , Lapham H. ( September 2004 ) . `` Tentacles of rage : The Republican propaganda mill , a brief history '' . Harper 's Magazine . Mercer , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Subversive Feminist Thrusts '' : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , Louise Marley 's The Terrorists of Irustan , Marge Piercy 's He , She and I. Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin . Miner , Madonne ( 1991 ) , `` ' Trust Me ' : Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Twentieth Century Literature 37 : 148 -- 68 , doi : 10.2307 / 441844 . Morris , M. ( 1990 ) . `` Margaret Atwood , The Art of Fiction No. 121 '' . The Paris Review . Neuman , S.C. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly , 75 ( 3 ) , 857 -- 868 . Oates , J.C. ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Perry , D. ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Rothstein , Mervyn. ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Rushowy , Kristin ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Atwood Novel Too Brutal , Sexist For School : Parent '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Stein , K.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Canadian Literature , 148 , 57 -- 72 . The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , American Library Association , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Adami , Valentina ( 2011 ) . Bioethics Through Literature : Margaret Atwood 's Cautionary Tales . Trier : WVT . Atwood , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Handmaid 's Tale . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . Cooper , Pamela ( 1997 ) . `` ' A Body Story with a Vengeance ' : Anatomy and Struggle in The Bell Jar and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Women 's Studies . 26 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1997. 9979152 . Dopp , Jamie ( 1994 ) . `` Subject - Position as Victim - Position in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Studies in Canadian Literature. 19 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . Gardner , Laurel J ( 1994 ) . `` Pornography as a Matter of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Notes on Contemporary Literature. 24 ( 5 ) : 5 -- 7 . Garretts - Petts , WF ( 1988 ) . `` Reading , Writing and the Postmodern Condition : Interpreting Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Open Letter . Seventh . I . Geddes , Dan ( January 2001 ) . `` Negative Utopia as Polemic : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Satirist . Hammer , Stephanie Barbé ( 1990 ) . `` The World as It Will Be ? Female Satire and the Technology of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Modern Language Studies . XX ( 2 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194826 . Malak , Amin ( 1987 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale and the Dystopian Tradition '' . Canadian Literature. 112 : 9 -- 16 . McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` No Headline : The Handmaid 's Tale ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin ) '' . The New York Times ( review ) . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Mohr , Dunja M. ( 2005 ) , Worlds Apart : Dualism and Transgression in Contemporary Female Dystopias , Jefferson , NC : McFarland 2005 Long chapter on The Handmaid 's Tale as utopia and dystopia . Myrsiades , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` Law , Medicine , and the Sex Slave in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . In Myrsiades , Kostas ; Myrsiades , Linda . Un-Disciplining Literature : Literature , Law , and Culture . New York : Peter Lang . pp. 219 -- 45 . Stanners , Barbara ; Stanners , Michael ; Atwood , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale . Top Notes Literature Guides . Seven Hills , NSW , Australia : Five Senses Education . External links ( edit ) Atwood , Margaret ( April 2003 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale ( Audio file format ) . World Book Club . BBC World Service ... The Handmaid 's Tale ballet at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet ( hide ) Works by Margaret Atwood Novels The Edible Woman ( 1969 ) Surfacing ( 1972 ) Lady Oracle ( 1976 ) Life Before Man ( 1979 ) Bodily Harm ( 1981 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1988 ) The Robber Bride ( 1993 ) Alias Grace ( 1996 ) The Blind Assassin ( 2000 ) Oryx and Crake ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Year of the Flood ( 2009 ) MaddAddam ( 2013 ) The Heart Goes Last ( 2015 ) Hag - Seed ( 2016 ) Short fiction collections Dancing Girls ( 1977 ) Murder in the Dark ( 1983 ) Bluebeard 's Egg ( 1983 ) Wilderness Tips ( 1991 ) Good Bones ( 1992 ) Good Bones and Simple Murders ( 1994 ) The Labrador Fiasco ( 1996 ) The Tent ( 2006 ) Moral Disorder ( 2006 ) Stone Mattress ( 2014 ) Short stories `` Rape Fantasies '' ( 1977 ) `` The Resplendent Quetzal '' ( 1977 ) `` Happy Endings '' ( 1983 ) `` Unearthing Suite '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeforall '' ( 1986 ) Poetry collections Double Persephone ( 1961 ) The Circle Game ( 1964 ) Expeditions ( 1965 ) Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein ( 1966 ) The Animals in That Country ( 1968 ) The Journals of Susanna Moodie ( 1970 ) Procedures for Underground ( 1970 ) Power Politics ( 1971 ) Two - Headed Poems ( 1978 ) True Stories ( 1981 ) Interlunar ( 1984 ) Morning in the Burned House ( 1995 ) The Door ( 2007 ) Non-fiction Survival : A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature ( 1972 ) Negotiating with the Dead : A Writer on Writing ( 2002 ) Writing with Intent : Essays , Reviews , Personal Prose -- 1983 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Payback : Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth ( 2008 ) Winners of the Governor General 's Award for English - language fiction 1930s Bertram Brooker , Think of the Earth ( 1936 ) Laura Salverson , The Dark Weaver ( 1937 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Swiss Sonata ( 1938 ) Franklin D. McDowell , The Champlain Road ( 1939 ) 1940s Ringuet , Thirty Acres ( 1940 ) Alan Sullivan , Three Came to Ville Marie ( 1941 ) G. Herbert Sallans , Little Man ( 1942 ) Thomas Head Raddall , The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek ( 1943 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Earth and High Heaven ( 1944 ) Hugh MacLennan , Two Solitudes ( 1945 ) Winifred Bambrick , Continental Revue ( 1946 ) Gabrielle Roy , The Tin Flute ( 1947 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Precipice ( 1948 ) Philip Child , Mr. Ames Against Time ( 1949 ) 1950s Germaine Guèvremont , The Outlander ( 1950 ) Morley Callaghan , The Loved and the Lost ( 1951 ) David Walker , The Pillar ( 1952 ) David Walker , Digby ( 1953 ) Igor Gouzenko , The Fall of a Titan ( 1954 ) Lionel Shapiro , The Sixth of June ( 1955 ) Adele Wiseman , The Sacrifice ( 1956 ) Gabrielle Roy , Street of Riches ( 1957 ) Colin McDougall , Execution ( 1958 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Watch That Ends the Night ( 1959 ) 1960s Brian Moore , The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1960 ) Malcolm Lowry , Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place ( 1961 ) Kildare Dobbs , Running to Paradise ( 1962 ) Hugh Garner , Hugh Garner 's Best Stories ( 1963 ) Douglas LePan , The Deserter ( 1964 ) ( no award ) ( 1965 ) Margaret Laurence , A Jest of God ( 1966 ) ( no award ) ( 1967 ) Alice Munro , Dance of the Happy Shades ( 1968 ) Robert Kroetsch , The Studhorse Man ( 1969 ) 1970s Dave Godfrey , The New Ancestors ( 1970 ) Mordecai Richler , St. Urbain 's Horseman ( 1971 ) Robertson Davies , The Manticore ( 1972 ) Rudy Wiebe , The Temptations of Big Bear ( 1973 ) Margaret Laurence , The Diviners ( 1974 ) Brian Moore , The Great Victorian Collection ( 1975 ) Marian Engel , Bear ( 1976 ) Timothy Findley , The Wars ( 1977 ) Alice Munro , Who Do You Think You Are ? ( 1978 ) Jack Hodgins , The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne ( 1979 ) 1980s George Bowering , Burning Water ( 1980 ) Mavis Gallant , Home Truths : Selected Canadian Stories ( 1981 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Man Descending ( 1982 ) Leon Rooke , Shakespeare 's Dog ( 1983 ) Josef Skvorecky , The Engineer of Human Souls ( 1984 ) Margaret Atwood , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Alice Munro , The Progress of Love ( 1986 ) M.T. Kelly , A Dream Like Mine ( 1987 ) David Adams Richards , Nights Below Station Street ( 1988 ) Paul Quarrington , Whale Music ( 1989 ) 1990s Nino Ricci , Lives of the Saints ( 1990 ) Rohinton Mistry , Such a Long Journey ( 1991 ) Michael Ondaatje , The English Patient ( 1992 ) Carol Shields , The Stone Diaries ( 1993 ) Rudy Wiebe , A Discovery of Strangers ( 1994 ) Greg Hollingshead , The Roaring Girl ( 1995 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , The Englishman 's Boy ( 1996 ) Jane Urquhart , The Underpainter ( 1997 ) Diane Schoemperlen , Forms of Devotion ( 1998 ) Matt Cohen , Elizabeth and After ( 1999 ) 2000s Michael Ondaatje , Anil 's Ghost ( 2000 ) Richard B. Wright , Clara Callan ( 2001 ) Gloria Sawai , A Song for Nettie Johnson ( 2002 ) Douglas Glover , Elle ( 2003 ) Miriam Toews , A Complicated Kindness ( 2004 ) David Gilmour , A Perfect Night to Go to China ( 2005 ) Peter Behrens , The Law of Dreams ( 2006 ) Michael Ondaatje , Divisadero ( 2007 ) Nino Ricci , The Origin of Species ( 2008 ) Kate Pullinger , The Mistress of Nothing ( 2009 ) 2010s Dianne Warren , Cool Water ( 2010 ) Patrick deWitt , The Sisters Brothers ( 2011 ) Linda Spalding , The Purchase ( 2012 ) Eleanor Catton , The Luminaries ( 2013 ) Thomas King , The Back of the Turtle ( 2014 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Daddy Lenin and Other Stories ( 2015 ) Madeleine Thien , Do Not Say We Have Nothing ( 2016 ) Joel Thomas Hynes , We 'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night ( 2017 ) Awards Preceded by - Arthur C. Clarke Award Succeeded by The Sea and Summer GND : 4460070 - 7 BNF : cb12398637r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale&oldid=826642995 '' Categories : 1980s science fiction novels 1985 Canadian novels Boston in fiction Canadian novels adapted into films Canadian speculative fiction novels Debut speculative fiction novels Dystopian novels Feminist science fiction novels Fictional states of the United States Governor General 's Award - winning novels McClelland & Stewart books Metafictional novels Novels about totalitarianism Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Margaret Atwood Novels set in Boston Novels set in the future Philosophical novels Post-apocalyptic novels Feminist fiction Religion in science fiction Sterilization in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did atwood wrote the handmaid's tale	[ "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel[2] by Canadian author Margaret Atwood,[3][4] originally published in 1985. It is set in a near-future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government.[5] The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form \"of Fred\"; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve." ]	[ "1985" ]
-4937048778900656478	The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy	The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy - wikipedia The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Jump to : navigation , search The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Also known as Billy & Mandy Genre Fantasy Comedy horror Slapstick Black comedy Satire Created by Maxwell Atoms Written by Maxwell Atoms Gord Zajac Alex Almaguer C.H. Greenblatt Michael Diederich Brett Varon Nina Bargiel Jeremy Bargiel Craig Lewis Ian Wasseluk Directed by Maxwell Atoms ( `` Meet the Reaper '' ) Dave Brain ( Season 1 ) R. Michel Lyman ( Season 6 ) Phil Cummings ( Season 3 -- 4 ) Kris Sherwood ( Season 6 ) Matt Engstrom ( Season 6 ) Juli Hashiguchi Randy Myers ( Season 1 -- 4 ) Brian Hogan ( Season 1 ) Robert Alvarez ( Season 1 -- 4 ) Shaun Cashman ( Season 2 -- 6 ) Gordon Kent ( Season 6 ) Pat Shinagawa ( Season 1 ) Eddy Houchins ( Season 4 -- 6 ) Sue Perrotto ( Season 4 -- 5 ) John McIntyre ( Season 1 ) Russell Calabrese ( Season 4 -- 6 ) Brian Sheesley ( Season 2 -- 3 ) Supervising directors : John McIntyre ( Season 1 ) , and Juli Hashiguchi ( Season 2 -- 6 ) Voices of Richard Steven Horvitz Grey DeLisle Greg Eagles Theme music composer Gregory Hinde and Drew Neumann Composer ( s ) Gregory Hinde and Drew Neumann Guy Moon ( Season 1 only ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 86 ( including Grim & Evil segments and several specials ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Maxwell Atoms Producer ( s ) Vincent Davis ( Season 1 ) Louis J. Cuck ( Season 5 -- 6 ; line producer , Season 1 -- 4 ) Supervising producers : Shaun Cashman ( Season 6 ) , and Genndy Tartakovsky ( Pilot ) Camera setup Videotape , multi-camera Running time 7 minutes ( Grim & Evil segments ) 7 -- 22 minutes ( as a full series ) Production company ( s ) Cartoon Network Studios Hanna - Barbera ( Pilot only ) Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( Season 1 -- 5 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( Season 6 + Specials ) First shown in June 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 09 ) ( pilot ) Original release Grim & Evil era : August 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 24 ) -- October 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 18 ) Original series : June 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 13 ) -- October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) Chronology Preceded by Billy and Mandy in Trepanation of the Skull and You ( 1995 ) Grim & Evil ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Followed by Underfist : Halloween Bash ( 2008 ) Related shows Evil Con Carne External links Website The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( also known as Billy & Mandy ) is an American animated television series created by Maxwell Atoms for Cartoon Network , and is the 14th of the network 's Cartoon Cartoons ( albeit on when it was part of Grim & Evil , due to the Cartoon Cartoons brand being temporarily discontinued earlier in June 2003 ; the show itself is considered by some to still be a Cartoon Cartoon show regardless ) . It follows two children named Billy -- a slow - witted happy - go - lucky boy -- and Mandy -- his dark and cynical best friend -- who , after winning a limbo game to save Billy 's pet hamster , gain the mighty Grim Reaper as their best friend in eternal servitude and slavery . Billy & Mandy began as a series of segments on Grim & Evil , from which it was spun - off , along with Evil Con Carne , on August 24 , 2001 . The show ran as a separate series from June 13 , 2003 to November 11 , 2007 , but a telefilm , titled Underfist : Halloween Bash , aired on October 12 , 2008 , officially bringing the series to a close . In addition to the episodes , three movies , two special episodes , and nineteen shorts were made , with 3 award wins for the series as a whole . Billy & Mandy has also been made into a video game as well as various licensed merchandise . After the series ended on Cartoon Network , reruns currently aired on Boomerang from time to time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 Media 5.1 TV movies 5.2 Music 5.3 Video game 6 In other countries 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy characters The show 's main characters . From left to right : Billy , Mandy , and Grim . Graffiti of Grim Reaper in Aretxabaleta ( Spain ) The series is centered around the exploits of Billy ( voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz ) , a dimwitted and happy - go - lucky boy ; Mandy ( Grey DeLisle ) , a cynical and merciless girl , and Grim ( Greg Eagles ) , the Grim Reaper who is often tormented by the duo . After cheating at a limbo match against Grim ( in retaliation for putting the limbo rod too low for them to go under ) , he is enslaved in a permanently unwanted friendship with the children . Grim is miserable in the first days of his servitude , and even fantasizes about killing them multiple times . However , as the time passes , he gradually adapts to the new life , and even grows to care for Billy and Mandy , if only somewhat . Despite this , he retains a love - hate relationship with the two and desires to eventually break free from his servitude . Billy and Mandy use Grim 's supernatural abilities and powers to venture into supernatural locations or environments , such as the Underworld , or the Netherworld , inhabited by an assortment of grotesque monstrous beasts . The pair also use Grim 's enormously strong supernatural abilities or ties with a number of beastly characters to achieve goals or desires for themselves , often with twisted results . Famed fictional monsters including Dracula , the Wolfman , and the bogeyman are also comically depicted in the series . Supporting characters include Irwin ( Vanessa Marshall ) , a nerdy awkward boy who has a crush on Mandy ; Harold ( Richard Steven Horvitz ) , Billy 's father who is even dumber than his son ; Gladys ( Jennifer Hale ) , Billy 's loving yet mentally unstable mother ; Mindy ( Rachael MacFarlane ) , the snobby , stuck - up , and spoiled queen bee of Billy and Mandy 's school ; Sperg ( Greg Eagles ) , the local bully who has a sensitive side ; Fred Fredburger ( C.H. Greenblatt ) , a simple - minded , irritating underworld creature who loves frozen yogurt and nachos ; Dracula ( Phil LaMarr ) , a selfish elderly vampire who 's revealed to be Irwin 's paternal grandfather in the final season of the show . The show lacks continuity for the most part , as many episodes end with characters killed , exiled , or stuck in a situation . Characters sometimes display an awareness of some events from previous episodes , but there are no clear character arcs or coherent plot lines tying the show together . History ( edit ) The series had its genesis in 1996 , when Maxwell Atoms , while he was a junior at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia , made a two - minute short film for his junior thesis . Titled Billy and Mandy in : The Trepanation of the Skull and You , it centers around Billy and Mandy ( prototype versions ) discussing trepanning with each other . In the end , Mandy drills Billy 's head , causing him to pass out after too much blood loss even though he says he feels great . The short had never been shown publicly until April 30 , 2016 , during the first annual Tromanimation Film Festival . After the screening , Atoms uploaded the film , albeit in a deteriorating state after years of storage , on his YouTube channel . The show 's existence is the result of a viewer poll event by way of telephone and the Internet called Cartoon Network 's Big Pick which was held from June 16 to August 25 , 2000 . The three final choices were Grim and Evil ( later splitting into two separate series : The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy and Evil Con Carne ) , Whatever Happened to ... Robot Jones ? and Longhair and Doubledome . Out of the three , Grim and Evil attained the most votes with 57 % ; Robot Jones came in second place at 23 % while Longhair and Doubledome received 20 % of the vote . Originally part of Grim & Evil , Billy & Mandy served as the main show . In each episode , an Evil Con Carne short was put between two Grim shorts . On occasion , it was the other way around , with two Evil shorts and one Grim short . The series premiered on August 24 , 2001 , during the Cartoon Cartoon Fridays Big Pick Weekend . On June 13 , 2003 , the network separated the two and gave each their own full - length program . The short - lived Evil Con Carne show was cancelled once the already - produced season had aired . Some characters from Evil Con Carne occasionally appeared on The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy . General Skarr become an official character on the show in the episode `` Skarred for Life '' , where he becomes Billy 's new next - door neighbor , and in `` Company Halt '' , the ninth episode of the final season which functions as the true series finale for Evil Con Carne , Ghastly , Hector , Boskov , and Stomach restart their evil organization and convince Skarr to join them , but their plans are ultimately foiled by Billy and Mandy , and Skarr goes back to living his life as a normal person . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 23 August 24 , 2001 October 31 , 2003 8 June 11 , 2004 July 30 , 2004 13 October 1 , 2004 June 10 , 2005 14 June 17 , 2005 December 2 , 2005 5 13 January 6 , 2006 August 9 , 2006 6 11 October 6 , 2006 November 9 , 2007 M&S March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) Reception ( edit ) The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy received critical acclaim and became one of Cartoon Network 's top rated and most popular series . Common Sense Media gave the show a 3 / 5 star rating and stated that it has `` goofy punchlines and obscure cultural references '' , and recommends the viewer age be at least 8 years old . The series has won one Annie Award , two Emmy Awards and including those three wins , has been nominated a total of nine times for various awards . New episodes were broadcast on Cartoon Network Fridays at 7 : 30pm to over 1 million viewers an episode . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2002 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television Animation Glenn Oyabe , Jesse Aruda , and Rob Desales for `` The Smell of Vengeance : Pt. 1 & 2 / Fiend is Like Friend Without the `` R '' '' Nominated 2003 Best Sound Editing in Television Animation -- Music Glenn Oyabe for `` Little Rock of Horror / The Pie Who Loved Me / Dream a Little Dream / Billy and Mandy 's Jacked - Up Halloween '' Nominated 2005 Best Sound Editing in Television Animation Glenn Oyabe , Jesse Aruda , Erik Sequeira , and Cecil Broughton for `` Super Zero / Sickly Sweet '' Nominated Annie Awards Directing in an Animated Television Production Brian Sheesley for `` Nursery Crimes '' Nominated Shaun Cashman and Phil Cummings for `` Attack of the Clowns '' Won 2006 Annie Awards Directing in an Animated Television Production Shaun Cashman for `` Hill Billy '' Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Michael Diederich Won 2007 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Phil Rynda for Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure Won Daytime Emmy Awards Broadband - Children 's The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Nominated Media ( edit ) TV movies ( edit ) Main articles : Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure , Billy & Mandy : Wrath of the Spider Queen , and Underfist : Halloween Bash Three TV movies were made for the series . The first one was called Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure and was released on DVD in April , 2007 . Common Sense Media gave the movie 2 / 5 stars and is meant for kids over the age of 8 calling it `` undeniably gross and just as undeniably funny '' . DVDverdict.com gave the movie a good review as well . A second movie , Wrath of the Spider Queen , was also released in 2007 . It was based on a spider queen from Grim 's distant past , who tries to take revenge on him because she was meant to be the reaper . Meanwhile , keeping up with the spider theme , Billy learns to love his spider son Jeff . On October 12 , 2008 , a third and final spin - off movie , titled Underfist : Halloween Bash , premiered . The movie 's primary focus is on Irwin , Jeff the Spider , Hoss Delgado , General Skarr , and Fred Fredburger accidentally coming together to defeat an invasion of chocolate bar monsters , led by an evil marshmallow bunny , on Halloween night . Music ( edit ) The score composers for the series are Gregory Hinde , Drew Neumann and Guy Moon . In addition , two songs were made for the show by Aurelio Voltaire , the episode `` Little Rock of Horrors '' , which parodies the musical Little Shop of Horrors , features a song titled `` BRAINS ! '' and , in Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure , the song `` Land of the Dead '' is played in the opening credits . Both songs are a part of the album Spooky Songs For Creepy Kids . The season two episode `` Battle of the Bands '' also featured the song `` Darkness '' by metal band SPF 1000 . There was also an instance at the end of the Christmas special entitled `` Billy & Mandy Save Christmas '' , where the end credits music is the song `` Round and Round '' by heavy metal band Ratt . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( video game ) A video game inspired by the series was developed by Midway Games , and released on October 2 , 2006 , . It is a 3D fighting game . The video game received fair to good reviews : GameSpot gave it a 6.6 / 10 by Greg Mueller , he goes on to say that while it is fun for the `` first few hours '' and has `` Fast - paced gameplay '' the game action `` gets old quickly '' and has a very short story mode . IGN gave the game a good score of 7.2 / 10 highlighting its presentation and appeal . Metacritic gave the game a rating of 61 / 100 based on 10 critic reviews . In other countries ( edit ) Italy - `` Le Tenebrose Avventure di Billy e Mandy '' India - `` बिली मैंडी और जीवन में हादी '' ( 1st dub ) and `` हद्दी मेरा बडी '' ( 2nd dub ) Mexico - `` Las Sombrías Aventuras de Billy y Mandy '' Spain - `` Las macabras aventuras de Billy y Mandy '' Portugal - `` As Aventuras Assustadoras de Billy e Mandy '' Brazil - `` As Terríveis Aventuras de Billy e Mandy '' Hungary - `` Billy és Mandy kalandjai a kaszással '' Germany - `` Die gruseligen Abenteuer von Billy und Mandy '' France - `` Billy et Mandy , aventuriers de l'au - delà '' Netherlands - `` De Grimmige Avonturen van Billy en Mandy '' Russia - `` Ужасные приключения Билли и Мэнди '' Japan - `` ビリー & マンディ '' Greece - `` Οι Grim περιπέτειες του Billy και του Mandy '' Sweden - `` Grymma sagor med Billy och Mandy '' China - `` 愛酷一族 '' Finland - `` Billy ja Mandyn harhaiset seikkailut '' Denmark - `` Grumme eventyr med Billy og Mandy '' Norway - `` Skumle eventyr med Billy og Randi '' Israel - `` ההרפתקאות של בילי ומנדי '' Thailand - `` การ ผจญ ภัย ของ บิล ลี่ และ แมน ดี้ '' Bulgaria - `` Мрачните приключения на Били и Манди '' Romania - `` Negrele aventuri ale lui Billy și Mandy '' Poland - `` Mroczne przygody Billy'ego i Mandy '' See also ( edit ) Evil Con Carne Grim & Evil Book : Cartoon Network Book : Cartoon Cartoons Cartoon Network portal Animation portal United States portal Television portal 2000s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy - Metacritic.com Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Characters '' . Cartoon Network . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( 1 May 2016 ) . `` Maxwell Atoms Reveals Lost Student Film That Inspired ' Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy , Mandy and Grim Head to the Movies '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , John ( August 29 , 2000 ) . `` ' Billy & Mandy ' beats out ' Robot , ' ' Longhair ' to get greenlight '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for Grim & Evil ( 2001 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Annie Nominations and Awards Recipients '' . AnnieAwards.org . ASIFA - Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Annie Nominations and Awards Recipients '' . AnnieAwards.org . ASIFA - Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Creative Arts Emmy winners '' . USA Today . August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Television Arts & Sciences announces Emmy ® Award Winners in Costumes for Variety or Music Program and Individual Achievement in Animation '' . Emmy Awards . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Emmy Award noms make history at the KidScreen Summit '' . KidScreen.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure DVD '' . CD Universe . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billy and Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billy And Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure ( Review ) '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wrath of the Spider Queen '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Underfist : Halloween Bash '' . BCDB . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gregoryhinde resume '' . www.gregoryhinde.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Neumann Credits '' . DrewNeumann.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guy - Moon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brains ! ( From The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Little Rock of Horror '' . Cartoon Network . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Voltaire Album ! '' . AdventureQuest Worlds . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( Video game ) '' . BBFC . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ( Video game review ) '' . IGN . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Wii '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Official website The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy at the Big Cartoon DataBase The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy on IMDb The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy at TV.com The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Characters Films Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure ( 2007 ) Billy & Mandy : Wrath of the Spider Queen ( 2007 ) Underfist : Halloween Bash ( 2008 ) Seasons 5 6 Related shows Grim & Evil Evil Con Carne Characters Video games The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Category Cartoon Network original programming Former 1990s debuts The Moxy Show ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 1994 -- 2001 ) What a Cartoon ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the voice of grim from billy and mandy	[ "The series is centered around the exploits of Billy (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz), a dimwitted and happy-go-lucky boy; Mandy (Grey DeLisle), a cynical and merciless girl, and Grim (Greg Eagles), the Grim Reaper who is often tormented by the duo. After cheating at a limbo match against Grim (in retaliation for putting the limbo rod too low for them to go under), he is enslaved in a permanently unwanted friendship with the children.[2] Grim is miserable in the first days of his servitude, and even fantasizes about killing them multiple times. However, as the time passes, he gradually adapts to the new life, and even grows to care for Billy and Mandy, if only somewhat. Despite this, he retains a love-hate relationship with the two and desires to eventually break free from his servitude." ]	[ "Greg Eagles" ]
3921411853325058417	Good Times	Good Times - wikipedia Good Times Jump to : navigation , search For the Chinese television series , see Good Times ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Good Times ( disambiguation ) . Good Times Genre Sitcom Created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Gerren Keith Herbert Kenwith Bob LaHendro Donald McKayle Perry Rosemond Starring Esther Rolle John Amos ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Jimmie Walker Ja'net Dubois Bern Nadette Stanis Ralph Carter Johnny Brown ( Seasons 2 - 6 ) Janet Jackson ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Ben Powers ( Season 6 ) Theme music composer Dave Grusin Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Opening theme `` Good Times '' performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky Williams Composer ( s ) Dave Grusin Alan and Marilyn Bergman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 133 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norman Lear ( 1974 -- 75 ) Allan Manings ( 1974 -- 77 ) Austin and Irma Kalish ( 1976 -- 78 ) Norman Paul ( 1975 -- 79 ) Producer ( s ) Allan Manings Jack Elinson ( 1975 -- 76 ) Norman Paul Austin and Irma Kalish Lloyd Turner ( 1977 -- 78 ) Gordon Mitchell ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sid Dorfman ( 1978 -- 79 ) Location ( s ) CBS Television City , Hollywood , California ( 1974 -- 75 ) Metromedia Square , Hollywood , California ( 1975 -- 79 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions Columbia Pictures Television Distributor PITS Films ( 1978 -- 82 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1982 -- 86 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 88 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 96 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Original release February 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 02 - 08 ) -- August 1 , 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 01 ) Chronology Preceded by All in the Family Maude Related shows Checking In The Jeffersons Archie Bunker 's Place Gloria 704 Hauser Good Times is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from February 8 , 1974 , to August 1 , 1979 . Created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans , and developed by Norman Lear , the series ' primary executive producer , it was television 's first African American family sitcom . Good Times was billed as a spin - off of Maude , which was itself a spin - off of All in the Family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Cast conflicts 1.2 Final seasons 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Minor characters 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 3.1 Theme song and opening sequence 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Syndication 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) John Amos and Esther Rolle , 1974 Florida and James Evans and their three children live at 921 N. Gilbert Ave. , apartment 17C , in a housing project in a poor , black neighborhood in inner - city Chicago . The project is unnamed on the show , but is implicitly the infamous Cabrini -- Green projects , shown in the opening and closing credits . Florida and James have three children : James Jr. , also known as `` J.J. '' ; Thelma ; and Michael , called `` the militant midget '' by his father due to his passionate activism . When the series begins , J.J. is seventeen years old , Thelma is sixteen , and Michael is eleven . Their exuberant neighbor , and Florida 's best friend , is Willona Woods , a recent divorcée who works at a boutique . Their building superintendent is Nathan Bookman ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , who James , Willona and later J.J. refer to as `` Buffalo Butt '' , or , even more derisively , `` Booger '' . Florida and son J.J. , 1974 The characters originated on the sitcom Maude as Florida and Henry Evans , with Florida employed as Maude Findlay 's housekeeper in Tuckahoe , New York , and Henry employed as a New York City firefighter . When producers decided to feature the Florida character in her own show , they changed the characters ' history to fit a new series that was well into development rather than start from scratch to create a consistent starring vehicle . Henry 's name became James , he worked various odd jobs , there was no mention of Maude , and the couple lived in Chicago . Episodes of Good Times deal with the characters ' attempts to overcome poverty living in a high rise project building in Chicago . James Evans often works at least two jobs , mostly manual labor such as dishwasher , construction laborer , etc . Often he is unemployed , but he is a proud man who will not accept charity . When he has to , he hustles money playing pool , although Florida disapproves of this . Cast conflicts ( edit ) Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos . Both expected the show to deal with serious topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with . However , Jimmie Walker 's character of J.J. was an immediate hit with audiences and became the breakout character of the series . J.J. 's frequent use of the expression `` Dy - no - mite ! '' ( often in the phrase `` Kid Dy - no - mite ! '' ) , credited to director John Rich , became a popular catchphrase ( later included in TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases special ) . Rich insisted Walker say it in every episode . Walker and executive producer Norman Lear were skeptical of the idea , but the phrase and the J.J. Evans character caught on with the audience . As a result of the character 's popularity , the writers focused more on J.J. 's comedic antics instead of serious issues . Through seasons two and three , Rolle and Amos grew increasingly disillusioned with the direction of the show and especially with J.J. 's antics and stereotypically buffoonish behavior . Rolle was vocal about her hate of his character . In a 1975 interview with Ebony magazine she stated : He 's 18 and he does n't work . He ca n't read or write . He does n't think . The show did n't start out to be that ... Little by little -- with the help of the artist , I suppose , because they could n't do that to me -- they have made J.J. more stupid and enlarged the role . Negative images have been slipped in on us through the character of the oldest child . Although doing so less publicly , Amos also was outspoken about his dissatisfaction with the J.J. character . Amos stated : The writers would prefer to put a chicken hat on J.J. and have him prance around saying `` DY - NO - MITE '' , and that way they could waste a few minutes and not have to write meaningful dialogue . While Amos was less public with his dissatisfaction , he was ultimately fired after season three due to disagreements with Norman Lear . Amos ' departure was initially attributed to his desire to focus on a film career , but he admitted in a 1976 interview that Lear called him and told him that his contract option with the show was not being renewed . Amos stated , `` That 's the same thing as being fired . '' The producers decided not to recast the character of James Evans , instead opting to kill off the character in the two - part season four episode , `` The Big Move '' . Final seasons ( edit ) By the end of season four , Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show 's direction and decided to leave the series . In the final two episodes of the season , `` Love Has a Spot On His Lung '' , Rolle 's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) , a man she began dating toward the end of season four . In the season five premiere episode , it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl 's health . With Amos and Rolle gone , Ja'net Dubois took over as the lead character , as Willona checked in on the Evans children since they were now living alone . In season five Janet Jackson joined the cast , playing Penny Gordon Woods , an abused girl who is abandoned by her mother and eventually adopted by Willona . Before taping of season six began , CBS and the show 's producers decided that they had to do `` something drastic '' to increase viewership . According to then - vice president of CBS programming Steve Mills , `` We had lost the essence of the show . Without parental guidance the show slipped . Everything told us that : our mail , our phone calls , our research . We felt we had to go back to basics . '' Producers approached Esther Rolle with an offer to appear in a guest role on the series . Rolle was initially hesitant but when producers agreed to a number of her demands ( including an increased salary and higher quality scripts ) , she agreed to return to the series on a full - time basis . Rolle also wanted producers to make the character of J.J. more responsible , as she felt the character was a poor role model for black American youths . She also requested that producers write out the character of Carl Dixon ; Rolle reportedly disliked the storyline surrounding the Carl Dixon character , as she believed Florida would not have moved on so quickly after James ' death or leave her children . Rolle also thought the writers had disregarded Florida 's devout Christian beliefs by having her fall for and marry Carl , who was an atheist . In the season six premiere episode `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 1 '' , Florida returns from Arizona without Carl to attend Thelma 's upcoming wedding to professional football player Keith Anderson ( Ben Powers , who joined the cast for the final season ) . In a rare uncut version of `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 2 '' , after Florida arrives home from Arizona , Willona briefly pulls her aside and mentions Carl , to which Florida sadly smiles and shakes her head implying that Carl had died from cancer . Florida later mentions Carl one last time when she tells Michael about a book they 'd both bought him . Despite changes in the series at Esther Rolle 's request and her return , ratings did not improve and CBS canceled the series during the 1978 -- 79 season . In the series finale , `` The End of the Rainbow '' , each character finally gets a `` happy ending . '' J.J. gets his big break as an artist for a comic book company with his newly created character , DynoWoman , which is based on Thelma ( much to her surprise and delight ) , and is moving into an apartment with some lady friends . Michael attends college and moves into an on - campus dorm . Keith 's bad knee heals due to his exercise and own physical therapy , leading to the Chicago Bears offering him a contract to play football . Keith announces that he and Thelma are moving into a luxury apartment in the city 's upscale Gold Coast district . Thelma also announces that she is pregnant with the couple 's first child . Keith offers Florida the chance to move in with them so she can help Thelma with the new baby . Willona becomes the head buyer of the boutique she works in and announces that she and Penny are also moving out of the projects . Willona then reveals that her new apartment is in the same apartment building that Keith , Thelma and Florida are moving to ; once again , she and Penny become the Evans ' downstairs neighbors . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Esther Rolle Florida Evans Main Main John Amos James Evans Main Ja'net Dubois Willona Woods Main Jimmie Walker James `` J.J. '' Evans , Jr . Main Ralph Carter Michael Evans Main Bern Nadette Stanis Thelma Evans Anderson Main Johnny Brown Nathan Bookman Recurring Main Janet Jackson Millicent `` Penny '' Gordon Woods Main Ben Powers Keith Anderson Main Bern Nadette Stanis was credited as `` Bern Nadette '' during early episodes of season one , and later as `` Bernnadette Stanis . '' Minor characters ( edit ) Ned the Wino ( Raymond Allen ) is the local drunk who frequents the neighborhood and the apartment building where the Evans family reside . In the season one episode `` Black Jesus '' , J.J. uses Ned the Wino as the model for a portrait of Jesus . Another episode is centered on Michael 's plan to `` clean up '' Ned and get him off the booze by letting him stay at the Evans ' house . Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) is an atheist shop owner who Michael briefly works for . Despite their religious differences , Carl and Florida begin dating and become engaged in the final episode of season four . Carl breaks off the engagement after he is diagnosed with lung cancer . After a talk from Bookman , Carl again asks Florida for her hand in marriage . The two marry off - screen and move to Arizona . Florida returns at the beginning of season six , without Carl , for Thelma 's wedding . Carl is referenced briefly in episode two of season six , but he is never mentioned again ( Florida continues to use the surname Evans instead of Dixon ) . ( Esther Rolle decided to come back to the show if the character was written out . ) Florida then revealed he died from his battle of lung cancer . Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( Theodore Wilson ) is a menacing neighborhood numbers runner and pimp , who has a reputation for wearing flashy clothing and jewelry . He is usually accompanied by bodyguards ( one portrayed by Bubba Smith , the other by series painter Ernie Barnes ) and comes across as cool and threatening , but has shown a soft heart on occasion , particularly when he decided not to take an antique locket ( to settle a debt ) that Florida had given to Thelma because it had reminded him of his late mother . ( Wilson also plays a club owner named Stanley in the season four episode , `` The Comedian and the Loan Sharks '' ) . Alderman Fred C. Davis ( Albert Reed , Jr . ) is a local politician with a slightly shady disposition whom the Evans generally despise . Spoofing President Richard M. Nixon , he would state in a speech `` I am not a crook . '' He frequently relies on the support of the Evans family ( his `` favorite project family '' ) for reelection or support and resorts to threats of eviction to secure their support . In a running joke , Alderman Davis frequently forgets Willona 's name and calls her another similar - sounding name that began with a `` W '' ( such as Wilhemina , Winnifrieda , Winsomnium , Wyomia and even Waldorf - Astoria ) , thus earning him her everlasting ire as well as the nickname `` Baldy '' . Lenny ( Dap ' Sugar ' Willie ) is a neighborhood hustler and peddler who tries to sell presumably stolen items that are usually attached to the lining of his fur coat . He usually approaches people with a laid - back rap and a rhyme ( `` my name is Len - nay , if I ai n't got it , there ai n't an - nay '' ) . He is typically rebuffed by the people he approaches and responds by saying `` that 's cold '' or uses a small brush to `` brush off '' the negativity . `` Grandpa '' Henry Evans ( Richard Ward ) is James ' long lost father . He abandoned the family years before because he was ashamed that he could not do more to provide for them . This hurt James deeply , who disregarded his father 's existence , telling everyone he was dead . Thelma learns about her grandfather while doing some family research . She meets him and invites him to the Evans ' home to surprise James for his birthday , not knowing that James was well aware of his whereabouts but chose to stay out of his life . After Henry arrives at the Evans home and meets the rest of the family , he realizes that James would not welcome him in the home and decides to leave . Florida convinces him to stay and talk to James and explains that there may never be another chance to do so . Henry and James have a heart - to - heart talk , with Henry being remorseful and apologetic . James ultimately forgives his father . After James ' death , the Evans family embraces Henry into the family , alongside his common law ( and eventually legal ) wife Lena in later episodes . Wanda ( Helen Martin ) is another resident in the apartment building where the Evans reside . Earlier episodes show her at a women 's support group , and the tenants rallying around her by giving her a rent party . Later episodes show her appearing and crying at several funerals , whether she knew the person or not , thus earning her the nickname `` Weeping Wanda '' from J.J. and Willona . Mrs. Lynnetta Gordon ( Chip Fields ) is Penny 's abusive biological mother . Her first appearance is in the four part Fifth season opening episode , `` The Evans Get Involved '' . Penny 's father abandoned Mrs. Gordon when she became pregnant . As a result , she takes her anger and frustrations out on Penny , including burning her with a hot iron . After the abuse is finally brought to light , ( during which Mrs. Gordon gets into a shouting match with Willona and Thelma ) she abandons Penny , despite Willona and Thelma 's pleas to her to seek help . Just before she disappears , Mrs. Gordon expresses regret for hurting her child , telling Willona that Penny deserves better than her . This clears the way for Willona to adopt Penny . She reappears more than a year later , in the sixth - season episode , `` A Matter of Mothers '' , having remarried , and reveals that her new husband is from a very wealthy family . Mrs. Gordon uses her husband 's wealth to send Penny anonymous gifts and , in an effort to regain custody of Penny , she also attempts to frame Willona as an unfit adoptive parent who throws wild parties with less than wholesome attendees . However , her scheme is exposed by being recorded on tape admitting that the scheme was a set up to get Penny back . After trying to get the tape from Penny and threatening her again with physical abuse ( which is stopped by Willona ) , Penny outright rejects Mrs. Gordon , telling her birth mother that no matter what anyone says , she would always consider Willona to be her real mother . Mrs. Gordon is devastated by this , agrees to drop the charges against Willona and leaves Penny with her , never to be seen again . Cleatus ( Jack Baker ) is a cousin of J.J. Evans , Thelma Evans Anderson , and Michael Evans and nephew of Florida Evans and James Evans . He made one appearance in the episode `` Cousin Cleatus '' . Violet Bookman ( Marilyn Coleman ) is the wife of Bookman ( episodes : `` Bye , Bye Bookman '' and `` Willona , the Other Woman '' in season 5 ) . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Louis Gossett , Jr. as Florida 's brother , Wilbert Debbie Allen as J.J. 's drug - addicted fiancée , Diana in `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' ( season 3 ) Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard ( former Our Gang child actor ) in five episodes , including four appearances as James ' friend Monty Sorrell Booke as Mr. Galbraith , J.J. 's boss at the ad agency ( season 5 , episode 17 ) Roscoe Lee Browne as a shady televangelist Reverend Sam `` the Happiness Man '' , who befriended James in the military ( season 1 , episode 4 ) T.K. Carter as J.J. 's friend `` Head '' ( part of the `` Awesome Foursome '' , later the `` Gleesome Threesome '' , the `` Gruesome Twosome '' and the `` Lonesome Onesome '' , as stated in the episode `` The New Car '' Rosalind Cash as Thelma 's teacher , Jessica Bishop , who becomes romantically involved with a much younger J.J. ( season 4 , episode 3 ) Judith Cohen as herself in the episode `` The Judy Cohen Story '' ( season 4 , episode 12 ) Gary Coleman as Gary , a sharp - tongued classmate of Penny 's in two season five episodes Conchata Ferrell as Miss Johnson , Willona 's supervisor at her short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Kim Fields ( real - life daughter of Chip Fields ) as Penny 's friend , Kim , who has a tendency to add the suffix `` - ness '' to emphasize her anxiety such as `` hopelessnessness '' ( 2 season 6 episodes ) Carl Franklin as Larry , Thelma 's fiancé ' , ultimately breaking up when Larry is offered a job on the West Coast and Thelma is not ready to accompany him ( 2 episodes ) Alice Ghostley as Ms Dobbs , a social worker who is working on Penny being adopted by Willona ( 3 episodes ) Ron Glass as Michael 's elementary school principal ( 2.4 ) ; also made an appearance as a blind encyclopedia salesman who tries to swindle the Evans family ( 2.8 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. , in season two as Thelma 's older boyfriend , which Florida and James object to their relationship because of the age difference ( 2.6 ) ; also appears as Uncle Wilbert ( Florida 's brother ) , who comes from Detroit to look in on the family while James is away ( 3.8 ) Robert Guillaume as Fishbone the wino in the episode `` Requiem for a Wino '' ( season 5 , episode 11 ) Phillip Baker Hall as Motel Owner in the episode `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Part 2 ) '' ( season 3 , episode 18 ) Shirley Hemphill as `` Roz '' , the dimwitted sister of Edna , who was being tutored by Thelma ( season 4 , episode 10 ) Gordon Jump as Mr. Rogers , the head of security at Willona 's short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Paula Kelly as Dr. Kelly in the episode `` Where Have All The Doctors Gone '' ( season 6 , episode 17 ) Jay Leno as `` Young Man '' in the season three 's `` J.J. in Trouble '' , which was one of the first times that the subject of `` VD '' ( STD ) was addressed on a primetime series Calvin Lockhart as Florida 's cousin Raymond , who earned his riches by betting on horses ( season 6 , episode 23 ) Don Marshall as FBI Agent Lloyd in the episode `` The Investigation '' ( season 3 , episode 20 ) . Paul Mooney as `` The Second Guy '' in the episode `` J.J. and T.C. '' ( season 6 ) Debbi Morgan as Samantha , a date of J.J. 's ( 3.23 ) ; and as Ellen ( 4.18 ) J.A. Preston as Walter Ingles in the episode `` Wilona 's Dilemma '' ( season 3 , episode 10 ) Charlotte Rae as a hiring manager for a sales job that Florida stole from James ( season 2 , episode 14 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Vanessa in the episode `` J.J. and The Plumber 's Helper '' ( season 6 , episode 9 ) Bubba Smith as Claude , a bodyguard / thug working for Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( 4 season 6 episodes ) Thalmus Rasulala as Ernie Harris , a childhood friend of James with a gambling problem ( season 3 , episode 20 ) Philip Michael Thomas as Eddie , Thelma 's college - age boyfriend ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Adam Wade as successful businessman Frank Mason , Willona 's boyfriend ( 2 season 5 episodes ) Vernee Watson - Johnson as Thelma 's friend and college mate Valerie , in the episode `` Thelma 's African Romance ( Part 1 ) '' ( season 4 ) Carl Weathers as Calvin Brooks , husband of the ' nude ' model for J.J. 's painting ( season 2 , episode 16 ) Hal Williams as one of the movers in a season one episode ; James ' friend , Willie Washington ( season 2 ) ; and Mr. Mitchell , the father of Earl Mitchell , who is an art student of J.J. 's ( season 6 ) John Witherspoon as Officer Lawson in the episode `` A Matter of Mothers '' ( season 6 , episode 20 ) Production notes ( edit ) Good Times was created by Eric Monte and actor Mike Evans . The series also features a character named `` Michael Evans '' , after co-creator Mike Evans who portrayed Lionel Jefferson on the Norman Lear - produced series All in the Family and The Jeffersons . Theme song and opening sequence ( edit ) The gospel - styled theme song was composed by Dave Grusin with lyrics written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman . It was sung by Jim Gilstrap and Motown singer Blinky Williams with a gospel choir providing background vocals . The lyrics to the theme song are notorious for being hard to discern , notably the line `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' / `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' '' ( depending on the source used ) . Dave Chappelle used this part of the lyrics as a quiz in his `` I Know Black People '' skit on Chappelle 's Show in which the former was claimed as the answer . The insert for the Season One DVD box set has the lyric as `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' . However , the Bergmans confirmed that the lyric is actually `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' . '' Slightly different lyrics were used for the closing credits , with the song beginning on a verse instead of the chorus . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Good Times episodes Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The Evans family ( l -- r ) Michael , Thelma , J.J. , Florida , and James The program premiered in February 1974 ; high ratings led CBS to renew the program for the 1974 -- 75 season , as it was the seventeenth - highest - rated program that year . During its first full season on the air , 1974 -- 75 , the show was the seventh - highest - rated program in the Nielsen ratings , with more than 25 % of all American households tuning into an episode each week . Three of the top ten highest - rated programs on American TV that season centered on the lives of African - Americans : Sanford and Son , The Jeffersons , and Good Times . The Nielsen ratings for the series declined over time , partly because of its many time slot changes and the departure of John Amos . The ratings went down considerably when the show entered its final two seasons : Season TV Season No. of Episodes Time slot ( ET ) Nielsen ratings Rank Rating 1973 -- 1974 13 Friday at 8 : 30 pm 17 21.4 ( Tied with Barnaby Jones ) 1974 -- 1975 24 Tuesday at 8 : 00 pm 7 25.8 1975 -- 1976 24 24 21.0 1976 -- 1977 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 15 , 17 - 24 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 16 ) 26 20.5 5 1977 -- 1978 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 16 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) Monday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 17 - 24 ) 53 N / A 6 1978 -- 1979 22 Saturday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 1 ) Saturday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 2 - 10 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 11 - 22 ) 83 14.4 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) / work Result Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Best TV Actress -- Musical / Comedy Esther Rolle Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category John Baskin and Roger Shulman / episode : `` The Lunch Money Ripoff '' Nominated 30 Minute Category Bob Peete / episode : `` My Girl Henrietta '' Nominated 2006 TV Land Awards Impact Award John Amos , Ralph Carter , Ja'net DuBois , Esther Rolle ( posthumously ) , BernNadette Stanis , and Jimmie Walker Won Syndication ( edit ) The cable network TV One aired reruns of the show since its launch on January 19 , 2004 until 2012 . The network began airing the series again in June 2013 . Good Times has also aired at various times on TV Land , Antenna TV and on the Canadian specialty cable channel DejaView . Minisodes of the show are available for free on Crackle . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between February 2003 and August 2006 , with a complete box set following the separate seasons on October 28 , 2008 . Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 27 , 2006 . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Good Times . They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD . On September 1 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-release Good Times - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 13 February 4 , 2003 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Second Season 24 February 3 , 2004 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Third Season 24 August 10 , 2004 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fourth Season 24 February 15 , 2005 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fifth Season 24 August 23 , 2005 The Complete Sixth and Final Season 24 August 1 , 2006 The Complete Series 133 October 28 , 2008 September 1 , 2015 ( re-release ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cabrini - Green Set For Demolition '' . cbslocal.com . December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Simms , Gregory ( September 8 , 1977 ) . `` Ja'Net DuBois Tells Diet And ' Good Times ' Secrets During Swing Through Chi . '' . Jet . Vol. 52 no . 25 . Johnson Publishing Company . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 869 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger . December 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Jimmie ' J.J. ' Walker lights ' Dy - no - mite ' on gay marriage , Leno and dating '' . CNN . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks , Kathleen ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The A to Z of African - American Television . 49 . Scarecrow Press . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 810 - 86348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Louie ( September 1975 ) . `` Bad Times On the ' Good Times ' Set '' . Ebony . Vol. 30 no . 11 . Johnson Publishing Company . p. 35 . ISSN 0012 - 9011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , John L. ( April 14 , 2006 ) . `` Plotting His Next Big Break '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2006 . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Was Fired , ' Reveals Good Times ' John Amos '' . Jet . Vol. 50 no . 10 . Johnson Publishing Company . May 27 , 1976 . p. 57 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( January 17 , 1994 ) . `` Lear , Amos paired up again '' . Herald - Journal . p . C3 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 5000 Episodes and No Commercials : The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows On DVD . Random House Digital , Inc . November 9 , 2011 . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 79950 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marguiles , Lee ( June 10 , 1978 ) . `` Esther Rolle Returning To ' Good Times ' '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 11B . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ( September 23 , 1977 ) . `` It 's ' good times ' for Ja'net Dubois '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 14D . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 552 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Newcomb 2004 p. 1012 ^ Jump up to : Bodroghkozy , Aniko ( January 1 , 2012 ) . Equal Time : Television and the Civil Rights Movement . University of Illinois Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 09378 - X . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dan ( February 19 , 1974 ) . `` Good Times Is Maude Spinoff '' . St. Joseph News - Press . p. 15 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage with ... Alan and Marilyn Bergman '' . timeout.com . Time Out New York . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Good Times In Trouble ; Jeffersons Holding Own '' . Jet . Vol. 55 no . 13 . Johnson Publishing Company . December 14 , 1978 . p. 64 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1687 -- 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Deals With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment To Expand Their Distribution Partnership '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Dyn - O - Mite ! Mill Creek Brings the First Two Seasons Back to DVD Soon ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Good Times - We 've Got Mill Creek 's Box Art Now for Their 3rd and 4th Season Re-Releases ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` Good Times DVD news : Announcement for Good Times - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Good Times . Good Times on IMDb Good Times at TV.com Good Times at TVLand.com Maude Characters Maude Findlay Episodes `` Maude '' ( pilot ) Spin - offs Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Episodes Mr. Dugan ( 1979 ; unaired ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Related All in the Family ( 1971 -- 1979 ) Episodes `` And Then There 's Maude '' ( theme song ) All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Shows produced or created by Norman Lear The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Times&oldid=805584832 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series 1970s American television series American television sitcoms Black sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Television spin - offs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Chicago Television series about families Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Italiano Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 10 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did janet jackson play on good times	[ "With Amos and Rolle gone, Ja'net Dubois took over as the lead character, as Willona checked in on the Evans children since they were now living alone.[2][13] In season five Janet Jackson joined the cast, playing Penny Gordon Woods, an abused girl who is abandoned by her mother and eventually adopted by Willona.[12]" ]	[ "Penny Gordon Woods" ]
-6972062053350667388	Harley-Davidson Twin Cam engine	Harley - Davidson Twin Cam engine - wikipedia Harley - Davidson Twin Cam engine Jump to : navigation , search The Harley - Davidson Twin Cam engines are motorcycle engines made by Harley - Davidson since 1998 . Although these engines differed significantly from the Evolution engine , which in turn was derived from the series of single camshaft , overhead valve motors that were first released in 1936 , they share a number of characteristics with nearly all previous Harley - Davidson engines . Both engines have two cylinders in a V - twin configuration at 45 ° , are air - cooled ( some touring models use liquid cooling for the heads ) , and activate valves with push - rods . The crankshafts have a single pin with a knife and fork arrangement for the connecting rods . These are sandwiched between a pair of flywheels . The Twin Cam 88 was released for the 1999 model year in September 1998 . The Twin Cam 96 was released for the 2007 model year . Contents ( hide ) 1 88B and 96B Engines 2 Differences from predecessor ( Evolution engine ) 3 Development 4 Notes and references 5 External links 88B and 96B engines ( edit ) A police issue Twin Cam 96 . The Twin Cam initially was not used in the Softail model family before the year 2000 . This was due to the chassis design and vibration transfer to the Softail frame as a result of the direct ( hard ) mounting of the engine . Dyna models are `` rubber mounted '' , damping the majority of vibration transfer to the frame and rider . Another reason was that the engine and transmission on a Twin Cam are directly bolted ( but are still separate units ) to each other , with the chassis seat post on a Softail getting in the way of a Twin Cam transmission case . As the company determined that a rubber - mounted Softail would affect the line 's visual styling , Harley solved the issue by designing an engine variant known as Twin Cam 88B . It is basically the same engine as the original ( now retroactively referred to by enthusiasts as `` Twin Cam 88A '' ) , but with a modified engine block design that incorporates twin chain - driven balance shafts . The Twin Cam 96B engine was released at the same time as the Twin Cam 96A model , for the 2007 model year , and was equipped on all Softail models until it was replaced by the 103 ci version . It is possible , however , to mount a regular Twin Cam motor to a pre-2000 Softail ( or any chassis that accepts an Evolution engine ) , through third - party adapters . Differences from predecessor ( Evolution engine ) ( edit ) The engine design differed considerably from its predecessor the `` Evo '' although it shared some design elements with the Sportster line . The 88 represents the displacement in cubic inches of the standard engine . The bore is 95.3 mm ( 3.75 in ) and the stroke is 101.6 mm ( 4.00 in ) , meaning the displacement is 88 cu in ( 1,450 cc ) . The Twin Cam 96 displaces 96.7 cu in ( 1,584 cc ) . The company released 103 cu in ( 1,690 cc ) for 2010 Electra Glide Ultra Limited models , and later for 2012 Softail models and 110 cu in ( 1,801 cc ) for Screamin ' Eagle / CVO Models . Change Evo Twin Cam Displacement 82 cu in ( 1,340 cc ) 88 cu in ( 1,450 cc ) , 96 cu in ( 1,584 cc ) , 103 cu in ( 1,690 cc ) , 110 cu. in . ( 1,801 cc ) . Oil pump External . Connected through a series of gears . Internal twin - gerotor . Connected directly to the right side pinion shaft . This pump is more efficient , maintains a higher pressure and larger volume . Cams Single , with 4 lobes . One per cylinder , each with 2 lobes . This allows the push rods to be better aligned with the rocker arms . Cam drive Gears Silent chain . This change was reported as necessary to meet EPA noise requirements . Many users installed after market gear driven replacements to increase timing accuracy . Transmission attachment Displaced from motor Transmission casing is attached directly to the engine . Oil tank Usually surrounds battery box under the seat . Below and behind the transmission assembly ( except Softails , which are same as noted for the Evo ) Combustion chamber `` D '' shape `` Bathtub '' shape . Allowed for more efficient combustion and has higher compression . Spark firing Wasted spark ( both plugs fire at the same time ) . The ignition system uses single coil . Plugs are 14 mm ( 0.55 in ) . No wasted spark . The ignition system employs dual coils . Plugs are 12 mm ( 0.47 in ) . Cooling Air - cooled Also air - cooled . Increased cooling fin areas and an oil jet that sprays the bottom of the pistons provide additional cooling capability . Development ( edit ) Development of the Twin Cam started in the early 1990s , as Harley sought to address problems affecting the previous Evolution engine , particularly structural weaknesses within the crankcase , oil circulation and leakages . While aftermarket firms such as S&S Cycle previously responded with stronger crankcase components for high - performance Evolutions , Harley went for a completely new design , while keeping the engine fundamentally and aesthetically similar to the traditional 45 - degree , air - cooled overhead valve V - twin . The Twin Cam only shared 18 parts with its predecessor , as almost all of the components were unique to the engine . As the name implies , the engine uses two chain - driven cams , to comply with EPA noise regulations . The drivetrain was reinforced through a mounting scheme called the `` Revised Rear Interface '' , allowing the transmission case to be mounted directly to the rear of the engine , with the primary drive and clutch covers playing less of a structural role ; this was also partly the reason for Softails not initially receiving a Twin Cam for the 1999 model year . The early prototype Twin Cam engines had considerable trouble with the oiling system . These problems delayed release of the engine as scheduled for the 1997 model year . When the engines were run , oil came out any gasketed joint as well as the breather . Harley sought the help of Paul Troxler , a young engineer from Southwest Research Institute and eventually the problem was traced to a design which drained the cam case into the crankcase , and used a single scavenge pump . Due to airflow through ports in the crankcase wall , the cam case was not draining properly . After much testing , the solution was to seal the cam case from the crankcase and use a dual scavenge system , which was incorporated into the engine , rather than as an outboard pump as used on older Big Twins since the original Knucklehead . However , oil was still not scavenging properly from the crankcase , and this was traced to an acoustic phenomenon due to the caliber of the scavenge inlet . Restricting the diameter of the inlet , a counter-intuitive solution , solved that problem . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://thekneeslider.com/harley-davidsons-liquid-cooled-heads-arrive-as-twin-cooled-high-output-twin-cam-103/ ^ Jump up to : Denish , D. William ( 24 February 2009 ) . `` Twin Cam Engine - Chain Driven Cams And A Twisting Crank '' . Hot Bike Baggers . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Preview of 2007 Harley - Davidson Motorcycles & New 1584cc Engine '' . Motorcycle Cruiser . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Denish , William ( 24 February 2009 ) . `` Twin Cam B - Motor Balancer Mods '' . Hot Bike . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , Donny ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) . `` VII '' . Donny 's Unauthorized Technical Guide to Harley - davidson , 1936 to Present : The Twin Cam . iUniverse . pp. 307 -- . ISBN 9781450267724 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Big V - Twins Test '' . Motorcyclist Online . Source Interlink Media . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MD First Test : Harley - Davidson 's New Twin - Cam 96 Engine and Cruise Drive Six - Speed Transmission `` MotorcycleDaily.com -- Motorcycle News , Editorials , Product Reviews and Bike Reviews '' . Motorcycle Daily . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 + Twin Cam 96 '' Motor to EVO Frame Adapter Plate : : Twin Cam Engine Parts : : Motorway Engineering Co. `` . Vulcan Engineering . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Maida , Chris ; Zimmerman , Mark ( 28 March 2005 ) . 101 Harley - Davidson Twin Cam Performance Projects . MotorBooks International . ISBN 0760316392 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Steve ( August 1998 ) . `` Twin Cam 88 '' . Cycle World . Bonnier Corporation : 34 -- 37 . ISSN 0011 - 4286 . Jump up ^ Holmstrom , Darwin ( October 23 , 2004 ) . `` The Twin Cam Era '' . Harley - Davidson Century . Motorbooks . ISBN 9780760320730 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Detailed Harley Twin Cam Engine Animations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harley-Davidson_Twin_Cam_engine&oldid=796997330 '' Categories : Harley - Davidson engines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 09 : 52 . About Wikipedia	when did harley come out with the 103	[ "The engine design differed considerably from its predecessor the \"Evo\" although it shared some design elements with the Sportster line. The 88 represents the displacement in cubic inches of the standard engine. The bore is 95.3 mm (3.75 in) and the stroke is 101.6 mm (4.00 in), meaning the displacement is 88 cu in (1,450 cc). The Twin Cam 96 displaces 96.7 cu in (1,584 cc). The company released 103 cu in (1,690 cc) for 2010 Electra Glide Ultra Limited models, and later for 2012 Softail models and 110 cu in (1,801 cc) for Screamin' Eagle/CVO Models." ]	[ "2010" ]
5020024209237256346	Soccer Aid	Soccer Aid - wikipedia Soccer Aid Soccer Aid Genre Charity event Created by Robbie Williams Jonathan Wilkes Presented by Ant & Dec ( 2006 -- 08 ) Dermot O'Leary ( 2010 -- ) Kirsty Gallacher ( 2010 -- ) Backstage : Cat Deeley ( 2012 -- 14 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 7 No. of episodes 14 Production Location ( s ) Old Trafford , Greater Manchester Release Original network ITV TV3 ( Republic of Ireland ) Original release 22 May 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 22 ) -- present External links Website Soccer Aid Founded 2006 Number of teams Current champions England ( 5th title ) Most successful club ( s ) England ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters ITV TV3 Soccer Aid is a biennial British charity event that has raised over £ 20 million in aid of UNICEF UK , through ticket sales and donations from the public . The event is a friendly - style football match between two teams , England and the Soccer Aid World Eleven ( WXI ) ( formerly Rest of the World ( ROW ) until 2018 ) , composed of celebrities and former professional players representing their countries . Soccer Aid was initiated by Robbie Williams and Jonathan Wilkes . Television coverage began on ITV on 22 May 2006 in a show presented by Ant & Dec . Dermot O'Leary took over as main presenter in 2010 . The event returned on 7 September 2008 , won by England for a second time and again on 6 June 2010 , won by the Rest of the World after a penalty shoot - out . England beat the RoW a third time on 27 May 2012 and RoW won for a second time in June 2014 . England won for the fourth time on 5 June 2016 and a fifth time on 10 June 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Event details 2 Soccer Aid 2006 2.1 Event schedule 2.2 England squad 2.3 Rest of the World squad 2.4 The match 3 Soccer Aid 2008 3.1 Event schedule 3.2 England squad 3.3 Rest of the World squad 3.4 Other notable participants 3.5 The match 4 Soccer Aid 2010 4.1 England squad 4.2 Rest of the World squad 4.3 The match 5 Soccer Aid 2012 5.1 England squad 5.2 Rest of the World squad 5.3 The match 6 Soccer Aid 2014 6.1 England squad 6.2 Rest of the World squad 6.3 The match 7 Soccer Aid 2016 7.1 England squad 7.2 Rest of the World squad 7.3 The match 8 Soccer Aid 2018 8.1 England squad 8.2 Soccer Aid World XI squad 8.3 The Match 9 Statistics 9.1 Top Scorers 10 References 11 External links Event details ( edit ) Year Winners Score Runners -- up Venue Attendance 2006 England 2 -- 1 Rest of The World Old Trafford , Manchester 71,960 2008 England ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 Rest of The World Wembley Stadium , London 45,000 Rest of The World 2 -- 2 ( 7 -- 6 p ) England Old Trafford , Manchester 65,493 2012 England ( 3 ) 3 -- 1 Rest of The World 67,346 2014 Rest of The World ( 2 ) 4 -- 2 England 65,574 2016 England ( 4 ) 3 -- 2 Rest of The World 70,000 2018 England ( 5 ) 3 -- 3 ( 4 - 3 p ) Soccer Aid World XI 71,965 Soccer Aid 2006 ( edit ) 2006 Soccer Aid Tournament details Host country England Dates 22 May -- 27 May Venue ( s ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Rest of the World Tournament statistics Matches played Goals scored 14 ( 3.5 per match ) Attendance 71,960 ( 17,990 per match ) 2008 → ITV , 22 -- 27 May 2006 Event schedule ( edit ) 22 May 2006 -- Start of the television coverage , presented by Ant and Dec . Rest of the World defeats England in a penalty shoot - out 23 May 2006 -- Practice match : England 1 -- 0 England Legends ( Craven Cottage , London ) 24 May 2006 -- Practice match : Rest of the World 3 -- 7 Scotland Legends ( Craven Cottage , London ) 25 May 2006 -- Rest of the World defeats England in a Football Quiz 26 May 2006 -- Coaches name starting line - ups for the match 27 May 2006 -- Soccer Aid Match : England 2 -- 1 Rest of the World ( Old Trafford , Manchester ) , attendance 71,960 The practice matches were over 60 minutes , with the Soccer Aid match over 90 minutes . The competition was organised on behalf of UNICEF UK , with profits from the matches along with donations and sponsorship donated to UNICEF programs in Africa , Asia and the Americas . England beat the Rest Of The World 2 -- 1 with the goals coming from Les Ferdinand and Jonathan Wilkes , which put England into a two - goal lead but a handball inside the area from David Gray resulted in a penalty converted by Diego Maradona . Wilkes won the Man of the Match award . England squad ( edit ) The England squad was managed by former England national football team manager Terry Venables , assisted by David Geddis and Ted Buxton . The original squad comprised 16 players , with Bryan Robson added later . A handful of the players , notably Angus Deayton , had previous celebrity international experience from the previous month 's England v Germany : The Legends match in Reading , which Germany won 4 -- 2 . The England squad went into the match with no major injury worries . Their victory over a squad of ex-England internationals from the 1960s to 1990s on Tuesday morning was tempered with defeats to the Rest of the World in a penalty shootout and football quiz . Celebrities Robbie Williams ( captain ) David Gray Jamie Theakston Bradley Walsh Jonathan Wilkes Ben Shephard Ronnie O'Sullivan Damian Lewis Angus Deayton Dean Lennox Kelly Legends David Seaman Tony Adams Paul Gascoigne Jamie Redknapp Les Ferdinand John Barnes Bryan Robson Graeme Le Saux Rest of the World squad ( edit ) The Rest of the World squad was managed by Ruud Gullit , with Gus Poyet as his assistant . Captain Gordon Ramsay injured his leg in the early training sessions and was considered doubtful for the match . The original squad of 16 players , which later saw 2 changes , was supplemented by the addition of Diego Maradona during the buildup to the competition . Lothar Matthäus had appeared in the England v Germany : The Legends match the previous month . The Rest of the World squad was wracked by injuries and withdrawals , and suffered from a lack of players . Desailly , Matthäus , Schmeichel and Ginola all arrived with only 2 or 3 days to spare before the match ; Ginola arrived during half time of their warm - up defeat to the Scotland Legends on Wednesday afternoon , and Diego Maradona only joined the squad on the day before the match . Also , Craig Doyle and Brian McFadden went into the match carrying knocks , which led to management members Ruud Gullit and Gus Poyet coming on as substitutes on Wednesday and in the match itself . Celebrities Gordon Ramsay ( captain ) David Campese Patrick Kielty Eddie Irvine ( withdrew and was replaced by Gareth Thomas ) Gareth Thomas ( replacement for Eddie Irvine ) Ben Johnson Sergei Fedorov Brian McFadden Alastair Campbell Craig Doyle Alessandro Nivola Michael Greco Legends Gianfranco Zola Marcel Desailly David Ginola Dunga Lothar Matthäus Peter Schmeichel Diego Maradona Ruud Gullit ( Player / Manager ) Gus Poyet ( Player / Assistant Manager ) Other notable participants The match was refereed by Pierluigi Collina , the Italian referee considered by many fans as the best referee of all time . The match ( edit ) 27 May 2006 19 : 45 BST England 2 -- 1 Rest of the World Ferdinand 14 ' Wilkes 20 ' Maradona 75 ' ( pen . ) Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 71,960 Referee : Pierluigi Collina GK David Seaman 45 ' David Gray Tony Adams Ben Shephard Robbie Williams ( c ) 85 ' Damian Lewis Paul Gascoigne 55 ' Jonathan Wilkes Bradley Walsh 55 ' Les Ferdinand 52 ' Dean Lennox Kelly 64 ' Substitutes : GK Jamie Theakston 45 ' John Barnes 85 ' Graeme Le Saux 55 ' Jamie Redknapp 55 ' Angus Deayton 52 ' Bryan Robson 62 ' Manager : Terry Venables GK Peter Schmeichel 45 ' Craig Doyle 45 ' Marcel Desailly Lothar Matthäus 45 ' Michael Greco Bryan McFadden 8 ' Alastair Campbell 45 ' Alessandro Nivola Sergei Fedorov Gordon Ramsay 11 ' Diego Maradona Substitutes : GK Patrick Kielty 45 ' Ben Johnson 45 ' Dunga 45 ' 73 ' Gareth Thomas 8 ' David Ginola 45 ' 55 ' Ruud Gullit 55 ' Gianfranco Zola 11 ' Gus Poyet 73 ' Manager : Ruud Gullit Soccer Aid 2008 ( edit ) 2008 Soccer Aid Tournament details Host country England Dates 7 September Venue ( s ) Final positions Champions England ( 2nd title ) Runners - up Rest of the World Tournament statistics Matches played Goals scored 7 ( 7 per match ) Attendance 45,000 ( 45,000 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Alan Shearer ( 2 goals ) Paolo Di Canio ( 2 goals ) ← 2006 2010 → Event schedule ( edit ) England v Rest of the World , at 19 : 30 just before kick - off Jonathan Ansell sang the footballing anthem `` Nessun Dorma '' whilst the players were introduced to Sir Geoff Hurst . England squad ( edit ) The England squad was coached by Harry Redknapp , with Bryan Robson as his assistant manager . Celebrities Ben Shephard Jamie Theakston Kyran Bracken Jonathan Wilkes Gareth Gates Tom Felton Danny Jones Craig David Chris Fountain Angus Deayton Hugo Speer Legends Alan Shearer Jamie Redknapp Teddy Sheringham David Seaman Graeme Le Saux Des Walker Rest of the World squad ( edit ) The Rest Of The World squad was coached by Kenny Dalglish , with Ian Rush as player - assistant manager . Celebrities Gordon Ramsay Brian Lara Nicky Byrne Kenny Logan Patrick Kielty Alastair Campbell Gethin Jones Rodrigo Santoro Santiago Cabrera Gilles Marini Brian McFadden Legends Franco Baresi Jaap Stam Paolo Di Canio Romário Luís Figo Cláudio Taffarel ( replacement for Peter Schmeichel ) Ian Rush Peter Schmeichel ( withdrew and was replaced by Cláudio Taffarel ) Other notable participants ( edit ) The referee at the start of the match was Pierluigi Collina , who also refereed the previous match in 2006 and is regarded as the best referee of all time . However , after Collina was injured in the first half he was replaced by Scottish referee Hugh Dallas . The process of two professional referees overseeing one half of the match each has since been maintained in subsequent series . The match ( edit ) 7 September 2008 19 : 30 BST England 4 -- 3 Rest of the World Sheringham 9 ' Shearer 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Wilkes 81 ' Di Canio 14 ' , 47 ' Marini 43 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 45,000 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Hugh Dallas 45 ' ) GK David Seaman 45 ' DF Angus Deayton 43 ' DF Des Walker 15 ' DF Ben Shephard DF Chris Fountain 45 ' MF Danny Jones MF Jonathan Wilkes MF Jamie Redknapp MF Craig David 45 ' 74 ' FW Alan Shearer FW Teddy Sheringham Substitutes : GK Jamie Theakston 45 ' DF Graeme Le Saux 15 ' Kyran Bracken 43 ' Gareth Gates 45 ' 81 ' Hugo Speer 45 ' 74 ' Tom Felton 81 ' Manager : Harry Redknapp GK Cláudio Taffarel 45 ' DF Gethin Jones DF Jaap Stam DF Gordon Ramsay 9 ' DF Santiago Cabrera MF Paolo Di Canio MF Luís Figo 45 ' MF Kenny Logan 65 ' MF Nicky Byrne FW Gilles Marini 60 ' FW Romário 81 ' Substitutes : GK Patrick Kielty 45 ' Brian Lara 9 ' Franco Baresi 45 ' 81 ' Bryan McFadden 65 ' Rodrigo Santoro 60 ' Ian Rush 81 ' Alastair Campbell 81 ' Manager : Kenny Dalglish Soccer Aid 2010 ( edit ) 2010 Soccer Aid Tournament details Host country England Dates 6 June Teams Venue ( s ) Final positions Champions Rest of the World ( 1st title ) Runners - up England Tournament statistics Matches played Goals scored 4 ( 4 per match ) Attendance 65,493 ( 65,493 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Jamie Redknapp ( 1 goal ) ← 2008 2012 → Soccer Aid 2010 was played on 6 June 2010 . It was broadcast in the United Kingdom on ITV and presented by Dermot O'Leary . England squad ( edit ) Celebrities Robbie Williams ( captain ) Paddy McGuinness Bradley Walsh Jamie Theakston Ricky Hatton Damian Lewis Olly Murs Jonathan Wilkes Dominic Cooper Ralf Little Rupert Penry - Jones ( injured ) Ben Shephard Legends David Seaman Alan Shearer Teddy Sheringham Jamie Redknapp Martin Keown Nicky Butt Manager : Harry Redknapp Assistant manager : James Corden Coach : Bryan Robson Rest of the World squad ( edit ) Celebrities Michael Sheen ( captain ) James Kyson Lee Gordon Ramsay Brian Lara Patrick Kielty Nicky Byrne Shane Filan Mike Myers Joe Calzaghe Gethin Jones Woody Harrelson Simon Baker Legends Jens Lehmann Henrik Larsson Zinedine Zidane Ryan Giggs Luís Figo Sami Hyypiä ( replacement for Paolo Maldini ) Paolo Maldini ( withdrew and was replaced by Sami Hyypiä ) Manager : Kenny Dalglish Coaches : Ian Rush and Eric Harrison Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( replaced at half time by Mark Clattenburg ) The match ( edit ) 6 June 2010 19 : 45 BST England 2 -- 2 Rest of the World Redknapp 45 + 1 ' Sheringham 61 ' Calzaghe 64 ' Hyypiä 78 ' Penalties Wilkes Little McGuinness Shephard Williams Lewis Murs Hatton Walsh Cooper Theakston 6 -- 7 Lara Byrne Filan Ramsay Jones Calzaghe Sheen Kielty Myers Baker Harrelson Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 65,493 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Mark Clattenburg 45 ' ) GK David Seaman 45 ' RB Ben Shephard 84 ' CB 5 Martin Keown 45 ' CB Jonathan Wilkes LB Robbie Williams ( c ) 65 ' RM 11 Olly Murs 65 ' CM 6 Jamie Redknapp CM 8 Damian Lewis 73 ' LM 14 Ralf Little CF 9 Alan Shearer CF 10 Teddy Sheringham Substitutes : GK 13 Jamie Theakston 45 ' DF 12 Patrick McGuinness 65 ' MF 7 Nicky Butt 45 ' MF 16 Dominic Cooper 84 ' FW 17 Ricky Hatton 65 ' FW 50 Bradley Walsh 73 ' Manager : Harry Redknapp GK Jens Lehmann 45 ' RB Gethin Jones CB 9 Henrik Larsson CB Sami Hyypiä LB Gordon Ramsay 78 ' RM 16 Nicky Byrne 75 ' CM 10 Michael Sheen ( c ) 45 ' CM 11 Ryan Giggs 45 ' LM 6 Joe Calzaghe 75 ' SS 5 Zinedine Zidane CF 8 Mike Myers 45 ' Substitutes : GK 20 Patrick Kielty 45 ' DF 17 Brian Lara 45 ' DF 18 Woody Harrelson 78 ' MF 7 Luís Figo 45 ' MF 12 Shane Filan 45 ' MF 14 Simon Baker 75 ' MF 15 James Kyson Lee 75 ' Manager : Kenny Dalglish Soccer Aid 2012 ( edit ) 2012 Soccer Aid Tournament details Host country England City Manchester Dates 27 May Teams Venue ( s ) Final positions Champions England ( 3rd title ) Tournament statistics Matches played Goals scored 4 ( 4 per match ) Attendance 67,346 ( 67,346 per match ) ← 2010 2014 → Soccer Aid 2012 was played on 27 May 2012 , as something of a precursor to UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2012 Summer Olympics . It was broadcast in the United Kingdom on ITV and presented by Dermot O'Leary . Cat Deeley presented the backstage build up show before the main event . England squad ( edit ) Celebrities Robbie Williams Paddy McGuinness Marvin Humes Jamie Theakston Aston Merrygold John Bishop Olly Murs Jonathan Wilkes ( Captain ) Jason Isaacs Mark Owen Legends David Seaman Des Walker Teddy Sheringham Kevin Phillips * Martin Keown Graeme Le Saux Coaching Staff Manager : Sam Allardyce Assistant manager : Peter Reid Coach : Bradley Walsh Rest of the World squad ( edit ) Celebrities Michael Sheen ( captain ) Will Ferrell Gordon Ramsay Gerard Butler Patrick Kielty James McAvoy Serge Pizzorno Mike Myers Joe Calzaghe Edward Norton Woody Harrelson Legends Edwin van der Sar Jaap Stam Clarence Seedorf Roy Keane Hernán Crespo Fredrik Ljungberg Coaching Staff Manager : Kenny Dalglish Assistant manager : Ian Rush Coach : Eric Harrison The match ( edit ) 27 May 2012 20 : 00 BST England 3 -- 1 Rest of the World Sheringham 69 ' Wilkes 72 ' Phillips 89 ' Report Pizzorno 22 ' Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 67,346 Referee : Mark Clattenburg ( Howard Webb 45 ' ) GK David Seaman 45 ' RB Ben Shephard CB 5 Martin Keown 45 ' CB Des Walker LB 12 Paddy McGuinness 55 ' 63 ' RM 7 Olly Murs 33 ' CM 6 John Bishop CM 8 Jonathan Wilkes ( c ) LM 11 Aston Merrygold 76 ' CF 9 Kevin Phillips CF 10 Teddy Sheringham Substitutes : GK 13 Jamie Theakston 45 ' DF 14 Graeme Le Saux 45 ' MF 15 Marvin Humes 33 ' 89 ' MF 16 Mark Owen 76 ' DF Robbie Williams 63 ' MF 17 Jason Isaacs 89 ' Manager : Sam Allardyce GK Edwin van der Sar 45 ' RB Michael Sheen ( c ) CB 5 Jaap Stam CB 16 Roy Keane 23 ' LB Gordon Ramsay 66 ' RM 12 Gerard Butler 82 ' CM 10 Clarence Seedorf CM 8 Fredrik Ljungberg LM 7 Serge Pizzorno SS Will Ferrell 74 ' CF 11 Mike Myers 52 ' Substitutes : GK 20 Patrick Kielty 45 ' CF 9 Hernán Crespo 23 ' LM 14 Joe Calzaghe 52 ' MF 6 Woody Harrelson 82 ' MF 15 Edward Norton 74 ' DF 17 James McAvoy 66 ' Manager : Kenny Dalglish Soccer Aid 2014 ( edit ) 2014 Soccer Aid Tournament details Host country England City Manchester Dates 8 June Teams Venue ( s ) Final positions Champions Rest of the World ( 2nd title ) Runners - up England Tournament statistics Matches played Goals scored 6 ( 6 per match ) Attendance 65,574 ( 65,574 per match ) ← 2012 2016 → The 2014 match was played at Old Trafford on 8 June 2014 . The main match was hosted by Dermot O'Leary with Kirsty Gallagher , and Cat Deeley presented the backstage build - up show before the main event . Caroline Flack presented from the BT Tower in London . Match commentators were Sam Matterface and Graham Taylor , and Sol Campbell was a studio guest . By full - time , the total raised for UNICEF was £ 4,233,019 . England squad ( edit ) Celebrities Danny Jones Stephen Moyer Jack Whitehall Mark Owen Olly Murs Paddy McGuinness Jonathan Wilkes ( captain ) Jamie Theakston Ben Shephard John Bishop Marvin Humes Dominic Cooper Matt Smith ( withdrawn injured ) Legends Jamie Redknapp Jamie Carragher Des Walker David Seaman Teddy Sheringham ( withdrawn injured ) Matt Le Tissier Kevin Phillips ( replacement for Sheringham ) Coaching Staff Manager : Sam Allardyce Assistant manager : Robbie Williams ( injured ) Coach : Peter Reid Coach : Bradley Walsh Rest of the World squad ( edit ) Celebrities Michael Sheen ( captain ) James McAvoy Gordon Ramsay Kevin Bridges Nicky Byrne Patrick Kielty Adam Richman Jeremy Renner Santiago Cabrera Sam Worthington Mark Salling Martin Compston Legends Edwin van der Sar Jaap Stam Edgar Davids Alessandro Del Piero Clarence Seedorf Andriy Shevchenko Coaching Staff Manager : José Mourinho Assistant manager : Rui Faria Coach : José Morais Coach : Vic Bettinelli The match ( edit ) 8 June 2014 20 : 00 BST England 2 -- 4 Rest of the World Redknapp 75 ' Phillips 82 ' ( pen . ) Report Seedorf 47 ' , 86 ' , 90 + 1 ' Byrne 69 ' Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 65,574 Referee : Phil Dowd ( Anthony Taylor 45 ' ) GK David Seaman 45 ' RB Marvin Humes 87 ' CB Jamie Carragher CB 5 Des Walker 38 ' LB Paddy McGuinness 45 ' CM 14 John Bishop CM 15 Ben Shephard RM 10 Olly Murs 72 ' AM 8 Jonathan Wilkes ( c ) LM 11 Danny Jones CF 9 Kevin Phillips Substitutes : GK 13 Jamie Theakston 45 ' CM 6 Jamie Redknapp 50 ' AM 7 Matt Le Tissier 38 ' 50 ' LB 12 Jack Whitehall 45 ' 87 ' RM 16 Mark Owen 72 ' LB 17 Stephen Moyer 87 ' RB 18 Dominic Cooper 87 ' Manager : Sam Allardyce GK Edwin van der Sar 45 ' RB Michael Sheen ( c ) 10 ' CB Sam Worthington CB 5 Jaap Stam LB Gordon Ramsay ( vc ) CM 8 Edgar Davids CM 10 Clarence Seedorf RM 11 James McAvoy 45 ' 83 ' 90 ' SS 10 Alessandro Del Piero 45 ' LM 16 Nicky Byrne CF 9 Santiago Cabrera Substitutes : GK 20 Patrick Kielty 45 ' RM 6 Mark Salling 73 ' 78 ' CF 7 Andriy Shevchenko 45 ' RB 14 Martin Compston 10 ' RM 15 Jeremy Renner 45 ' 66 ' 90 ' RM 17 Kevin Bridges 66 ' 73 ' RM 18 Adam Richman 78 ' 83 ' Manager : José Mourinho Man of the match : Jaap Stam ( RoW ) Match officials : Referee : Phil Dowd ( Staffordshire ) Assistant referees : Gary Beswick ( Durham ) Jake Collin ( Liverpool ) Fourth official : Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Soccer Aid 2016 ( edit ) 2016 Soccer Aid Tournament details Host country England City Manchester Dates 5 June 2016 Teams Venue ( s ) Final positions Champions England ( 4th title ) Runners - up Rest of the World ← 2014 2018 → The 2016 match was played at Old Trafford on Sunday , 5 June . The main match was hosted by Dermot O'Leary and Kirsty Gallacher , with commentary from Clive Tyldesley and Chris Kamara . England squad ( edit ) Celebrities Louis Tomlinson Olly Murs Paddy McGuinness Damian Lewis Ben Shephard Jonathan Wilkes ( Captain ) Jack Whitehall Jamie Theakston ( Goalkeeper ) John Bishop Mark Wright Marvin Humes Danny Jones ( Withdrawn due to injury ) Legends Jamie Carragher Robbie Fowler Phil Neville Sol Campbell Jermain Defoe Danny Murphy Kieron Dyer David Seaman ( Goalkeeper ) Coaching Staff Manager : Sam Allardyce and José Mourinho Assistant manager : Robbie Williams ( Player - assistant manager ) Coach : Bradley Walsh Rest of the World squad ( edit ) Celebrities Gordon Ramsay ( Withdrawn due to injury ) Nicky Byrne Niall Horan Serge Pizzorno AP McCoy Michael Sheen ( Captain ) Matthew Morrison Shayne Ward Iwan Rheon Sean Fletcher Thom Evans Rickie Haywood Williams Patrick Kielty ( Goalkeeper ) Gareth Thomas ( Replacement for Gordon Ramsay ) Legends Ronaldinho Cafu Jaap Stam Fabio Cannavaro Dimitar Berbatov Edgar Davids Dida ( Goalkeeper ) Coaching Staff Manager : Claudio Ranieri Assistant Manager : Niall Horan ( Player - assistant manager ) The match ( edit ) 5 June 2016 20 : 00 BST England 3 -- 2 Rest of the World Wright 50 ' Defoe 65 ' , 77 ' Report Berbatov 54 ' , 59 ' ( pen . ) Old Trafford , Manchester Referee : Howard Webb ( Jon Moss 46 ' ) GK David Seaman 46 ' RB 7 John Bishop 56 ' CB 6 Sol Campbell 46 ' CB 23 Jamie Carragher LB 5 Mark Wright 83 ' RM Ben Shephard 31 ' , 52 ' CM Phil Neville 46 ' LM 8 Jonathan Wilkes ( c ) RF 11 Olly Murs 66 ' CF 9 Robbie Fowler 46 ' LF 10 Marvin Humes 46 ' Substitutes : GK 13 Jamie Theakston 46 ' MF 17 Danny Murphy 46 ' MF 14 Jack Whitehall 46 ' MF 19 Kieron Dyer 46 ' FW 18 Jermain Defoe 46 ' DF 12 Paddy McGuinness 56 ' 83 ' MF 15 Damian Lewis 66 ' DF 16 Louis Tomlinson 83 ' DF Robbie Williams 83 ' Managers : Sam Allardyce José Mourinho GK Dida 45 ' RB Matthew Morrison 73 ' CB Cafu 46 ' CB 6 Jaap Stam 37 ' LB Michael Sheen ( c ) 25 ' RM 11 Thom Evans 77 ' CM 16 Nicky Byrne 81 ' CM 8 Edgar Davids LM 7 Serge Pizzorno 46 ' SS 10 Ronaldinho CF 15 Shayne Ward 76 ' Substitutes : GK 20 Patrick Kielty 46 ' DF 19 Sean Fletcher 25 ' DF 5 Fabio Cannavaro 49 ' 37 ' DF 21 Gareth Thomas 46 ' FW 9 Dimitar Berbatov 46 ' DF 18 Rickie Haywood Williams 73 ' FW 14 Niall Horan 76 ' MF 17 AP McCoy 77 ' MF 12 Iwan Rheon 81 ' Manager : Claudio Ranieri Man of the match : Mark Wright ( England ) Match officials : Referee : Howard Webb ( South Yorkshire ) Assistant referees : Darren Cann ( Norfolk ) Scott Ledger ( South Yorkshire ) Fourth official : Jon Moss ( West Riding Yorkshire ) Soccer Aid 2018 ( edit ) The 2018 match was played at Old Trafford on Sunday 10 June . The main match was hosted by Dermot O'Leary and Kirsty Gallacher , with commentary from Clive Tyldesley and Robbie Savage . 2018 Soccer Aid Tournament details Host country England City Manchester Dates 10 June 2018 Teams Venue ( s ) Final positions Champions England ( 5th title ) Runners - up Soccer Aid World XI ← 2016 2020 → England squad ( edit ) Celebrities Olly Murs ( Captain ) Mo Farah Joe Wicks Mark Wright Paddy McGuinness Damian Lewis Myles Stephenson David Harewood Andrew Flintoff Lee Mack Blake Harrison Jack O'Connell Jeremy Lynch Robbie Williams ( Withdrawn due to injury ) Billy Wingrove ( withdrawn due to injury ) Ben Shephard ( withdrawn due to injury ) Legends David Seaman Wes Brown Phil Neville Jamie Redknapp Danny Murphy Michael Owen Darren Bent Darius Vassell Coaching Staff Manager : Sam Allardyce Assistant Manager : Bradley Walsh Coach : Robbie Williams Coach : John Bishop Coach : Ben Shephard Soccer Aid World XI squad ( edit ) Celebrities Usain Bolt ( Captain ) Gordon Ramsay Brendan Cole Kevin Pietersen Dan Carter Ashley Fongho Martin Compston Ioan Gruffudd Nicky Byrne Danny O'Carroll Hayden Christensen Legends Edwin van der Sar Jaap Stam Clarence Seedorf Yaya Touré Robert Pirès Juan Sebastián Verón Claude Makélélé Patrick Kluivert Eric Cantona Robbie Keane Coaching Staff Manager : Harry Redknapp and Eric Cantona Coach : Michael Sheen The match ( edit ) 10 June 2018 20 : 00 BST England 3 -- 3 Soccer Aid World XI Bent 13 ' Lynch 17 ' Owen 82 ' Report Keane 26 ' Verón 43 ' Seedorf 57 ' Penalties Flintoff Wicks Wright McGuinness Mack Harrison 4 -- 3 Bolt Fongho Pietersen Byrne Cole Christensen Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 71,965 Referee : Mark Clattenburg GK David Seaman 46 ' RB Mo Farah 46 ' CB 12 Phil Neville CB 6 Wes Brown LB 5 Mark Wright RM 14 Myles Stephenson CM 13 Danny Murphy 46 ' LM 8 Damian Lewis RF 7 Jeremy Lynch CF 9 Darren Bent LF 11 Olly Murs ( c ) Substitutes : GK 20 David Harewood 46 ' MF 23 Jamie Redknapp 46 ' CF 10 Michael Owen DF 15 Joe Wicks RF 16 Darius Vassell RB 17 Blake Harrison LM 18 Jack O'Connell CB 19 Andrew Flintoff CF 21 Lee Mack LB 22 Paddy McGuinness Manager : Sam Allardyce GK Edwin van der Sar 45 ' CB Ashley Fongho CB 6 Jaap Stam 46 ' CB 5 Kevin Pietersen RWB 12 Danny O'Carroll CM 18 Juan Sebastian Veron 46 ' CM 67 Martin Compston CM 42 Yaya Toure LWB 14 Dan Carter SS 7 Robbie Keane CF 9.58 Usain Bolt ( c ) Substitutes : GK 16 Nicky Byrne 46 ' DF Claude Makelele 46 ' CF 7 Eric Cantona 73 ' CM 8 Robert Pires 46 ' SS 9 Patrick Kluivert 46 ' CM 10 Clarence Seedorf 46 ' LWB 11 Hayden Christensen CM 20 Brendan Cole CB Gordon Ramsay MF 15 Ioan Gruffudd Managers : Harry Redknapp Man of the match : Usain Bolt ( Soccer Aid World XI ) Match officials : Referee : Mark Clattenburg Assistant referees : Jake Collin Stephen Donaldson ( South Yorkshire ) Fourth official : Andrew Dallas Statistics ( edit ) Top Scorers ( edit ) Rank Player Goals Clarence Seedorf Teddy Sheringham Jonathan Wilkes Alan Shearer Paolo Di Canio Jamie Redknapp Kevin Phillips Dimitar Berbatov Jermaine Defoe 10 Les Ferdinand Diego Maradona Serge Pizzorno Gilles Marini Joe Calzaghe Sami Hyypiä Nicky Byrne Mark Wright Darren Bent Jeremy Lynch Robbie Keane Juan Verón Michael Owen References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : IFFHS : `` All - Time World Referee Ranking '' Jump up ^ `` Soccer Aid returns to ITV '' . ITV Press Centre . 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho takes out Olly Murs during Soccer Aid charity match to halt pop star 's lively performance at Old Trafford '' . Daily Mail . 8 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Aid raises over £ 4 million as Jose Mourinho 's all stars win out '' . ITV. 8 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / socceraid : A statement from Matt Smith '' . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gemma Thompson ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Soccer Aid 2014 : England 2 Rest of the World 4 - Official Manchester United Website '' . Manchester United Ltd . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ socceraid : News : Teddy Sheringham withdraws ... on Twitter Jump up ^ `` Soccer Aid Champion '' . Fulham Football Club . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Chris Slater ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Soccer Aid 2014 : Celebs and football legends come together to raise £ 4m for charity - Manchester Evening News '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Aid 2016 '' . Unicef. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THIS SUMMER MARKS THE 10TH ANNIVERSARY OF SOCCER AID -- THE FOOTBALL MATCH WHERE THE STARS UNITE FOR UNICEF '' . Unicef. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soccer Aid Teams '' . Unicef. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Aid 2016 '' . Unicef. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Aid ⚽ ️ on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Shephard on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Aid ⚽ ️ on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Soccer Aid at itv.com Soccer Aid at UNICEF.org.uk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soccer_Aid&oldid=849094228 '' Categories : UNICEF 2006 British television programme debuts 2000s British television series 2010s British television series 2006 in British television 2008 in British television 2010 in British television 2012 in British television 2014 in British television 2016 in British television 2018 in British television Biennial events Charity events in the United Kingdom ITV television programmes Recurring events established in 2006 Hidden categories : Twitter username not in Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 13 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does wxi stand for in soccer aid	[ "Soccer Aid is a biennial British charity event that has raised over £20 million in aid of UNICEF UK, through ticket sales and donations from the public. The event is a friendly-style football match between two teams, England and the Soccer Aid World Eleven (WXI) (formerly Rest of the World (ROW) until 2018), composed of celebrities and former professional players representing their countries. Soccer Aid was initiated by Robbie Williams and Jonathan Wilkes.\n" ]	[ "World Eleven" ]
9151657424267432288	Couvade syndrome	Couvade syndrome - wikipedia Couvade syndrome Jump to : navigation , search Couvade syndrome , also called sympathetic pregnancy , is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior as an expectant mother . These most often include minor weight gain , altered hormone levels , morning nausea , and disturbed sleep patterns . In more extreme cases , symptoms can include labor pains , postpartum depression , and nosebleeds . The labor pain symptom is commonly known as sympathy pain . Couvade syndrome is not recognized as a real syndrome by many medical professionals . Its source is a matter of debate . Some believe it to be a psychosomatic condition , while others believe it may have biological causes relating to hormone changes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Symptoms 2 Psychological theories 3 Physiological theories 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Symptoms ( edit ) Symptoms experienced by the partner can include stomach pain , back pain , indigestion , changes in appetite , weight gain , acne , diarrhea , constipation , headache , toothache , cravings , nausea , breast augmentation , breast growth , dry navel , hardening of the nipple , excessive earwax , and insomnia . A qualitative study listed 35 symptoms from Couvade literature , including gastro - intestinal , genito - urinary , respiratory , oral or dental , stiffening of the glutes , generalized aches and pains , and other symptoms . Psychological theories ( edit ) Psychological causes suggested have included anxiety , pseudo-sibling rivalry , identification with the fetus , ambivalence about fatherhood , or parturition envy . According to Osvlosky and Culp ( 1989 ) , pregnancy causes the male counterpart to experience an emergence of ambivalence as well as a recurrence of Oedipal conflict . In 1920s France , Couvade was claimed to be more common in conditions where sex roles are flexible and the female is of a dominant status . Physiological theories ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2011 ) Studies have shown that the male partner cohabitating with a pregnant female will experience hormonal shifts in his prolactin , cortisol , estradiol , and testosterone levels , typically starting at the end of the first trimester and continuing through several weeks post-partum . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lack , Evonne ( April 2012 ) . `` Strange but true : Couvade syndrome ( sympathetic pregnancy ) '' . Baby Center . Jump up ^ Counihan , Carole ( 1999 ) . The Anthropology of Food and Body : Gender , Meaning , and Power . New York : Routledge . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92193 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Sympathetic Pregnancy : Is Couvade Syndrome Real ? '' . BabyMed . ^ Jump up to : `` Partners suffer from phantom pregnancy '' . BBC . 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Hilary ( 1991 ) . `` Couvade syndrome : Male counterpart to pregnancy '' . International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine . 21 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 69 . doi : 10.2190 / FLE0 - 92JM - C4CN - J83T . PMID 2066258 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Arthur ; Marshall - Lucette , Sylvie ; Ayers , Susan ; Ahmed , Hafez ( February 2007 ) . `` A qualitative exploration of the Couvade syndrome in expectant fathers '' . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology . 25 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 39 . doi : 10.1080 / 02646830601117142 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` Things That Go Bump : A Brief Overview of Couvade Syndrome '' . Jump up ^ Brennan , Arthur ; Ayers , Susan ; Ahmed , Hafez ; Marshall - Lucette , Sylvie ( August 2007 ) . `` A critical review of the Couvade syndrome : the pregnant male '' . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology . 25 ( 3 ) : 173 -- 89 . doi : 10.1080 / 02646830701467207 . Jump up ^ Abensour , Léon ( 1921 ) . Histoire générale du féminisme des origines à nos jours ( General History of feminism origins to the present day ) ( in French ) . Delagrave . p. 11 . OCLC 220162157 . Jump up ^ Storey , Anne E. ; Walsh , Carolyn J. ; Quinton , Roma L. ; Wynne - Edwards , Katherine E. ( March 2000 ) . `` Hormonal correlates of paternal responsiveness in new and expectant fathers '' . Evolution and Human Behavior . 21 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / S1090 - 5138 ( 99 ) 00042 - 2 . PMID 10785345 . Further reading ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nippoldt , Todd B. ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` What can you tell me about Couvade syndrome ? Can men really experience sympathetic pregnancy symptoms ? '' . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . Trethowan , W.H. ; Conlon , M.F. ( 1965 ) . `` The Couvade Syndrome '' . The British Journal of Psychiatry . 111 ( 470 ) : 57 -- 66 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 111.470. 57 . PMID 14261730 . Lipkin , Mack ; Lamb , G.S. ( 1982 ) . `` The Couvade Syndrome : An Epidemiologic Study '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 96 ( 4 ) : 509 -- 11 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 96 - 4 - 509 . PMID 7199885 . Trethowan , W.H. ( 1968 ) . `` The couvade syndrome -- some further observations '' . Journal of Psychosomatic Research . 12 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 3999 ( 68 ) 90016 - 0 . PMID 5663941 . Khanobdee , Chantima ; Sukratanachaiyakul , Varunee ; Gay , Janice Templeton ( 1993 ) . `` Couvade syndrome in expectant Thai fathers '' . International Journal of Nursing Studies . 30 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / 0020 - 7489 ( 93 ) 90062 - Y . PMID 8496024 . Masoni , S. ; Maio , A. ; Trimarchi , G. ; De Punzio , C. ; Fioretti , P. ( 1994 ) . `` The couvade syndrome '' . Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 15 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 31 . doi : 10.3109 / 01674829409025637 . PMID 8000469 . Bogren , L.Y. ( 1984 ) . `` The couvade syndrome : Background variables '' . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 70 ( 4 ) : 316 -- 20 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0447.1984. tb01215. x . PMID 6496155 . External links ( edit ) The Elusive Couvade Syndrome Feeling Her Pain The Male Pregnancy Experience `` Lecturer investigates hormonal link to ' sympathy pregnancies ' in men '' ( Press release ) . Kingston University . 24 June 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couvade_syndrome&oldid=810044222 '' Categories : Andrology Culture - bound syndromes Human pregnancy Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from March 2015 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles to be expanded from September 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Français Հայերեն עברית Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский کوردی தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 01 : 39 . About Wikipedia	who experiences the early pregnancy symptom called couvade	[ "Couvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior as an expectant mother.[1] These most often include minor weight gain, altered hormone levels, morning nausea, and disturbed sleep patterns. In more extreme cases, symptoms can include labor pains, postpartum depression, and nosebleeds.[2] The labor pain symptom is commonly known as sympathy pain." ]	[ "partner" ]
-1839545426189660206	Girls Just Want to Have Fun	Girls Just Want to Have Fun - wikipedia Girls Just Want to Have Fun Jump to : navigation , search `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' redirects here . For other uses , see Girls Just Want to Have Fun ( disambiguation ) . `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album She 's So Unusual B - side `` Right Track Wrong Train '' Released September 6 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 06 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Recorded June 1983 ; Record Plant ( New York City , New York ) Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 58 Label Portrait Songwriter ( s ) Robert Hazard Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff William Wittman Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' is a song written by and first recorded in 1979 by American musician Robert Hazard . It is better known as a single by American singer Cyndi Lauper , whose version was released in 1983 . It was the first major single released by Lauper as a solo artist and the lead single from her debut studio album She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) . Lauper 's version gained recognition as a feminist anthem and was promoted by a Grammy - winning music video . It has been covered , either as a studio recording or in a live performance , by over 30 other artists . The single was Lauper 's breakthrough hit , reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and becoming a worldwide hit throughout late 1983 and early 1984 . It remains one of Lauper 's signature songs and was a widely popular song during the era of its release , the 1980s . The `` Rolling Stone & MTV : ' 100 Greatest Pop Songs ' : 1 - 50 '' , `` Rolling Stone : `` The 100 Top Music Videos '' '' and the `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos '' lists ranked the song at No. 22 , No. 39 and No. 45 , respectively . The song received Grammy Award nominations for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . In 2013 , the song was remixed by Yolanda Be Cool , taken from the 30th anniversary reissue of the album She 's So Unusual . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Awards and nominations 4 Chart performance 5 Usage in media 6 Track listings 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) 10.1 Track listing 10.2 Charts 10.3 Certifications 11 Race for Life version 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) With the inclusion of promotional releases , the single has seen about 40 individual versions of the release . The most common is a 7 '' vinyl single ( with varying cover artwork ) released in 1983 / 1984 ( depending on the country ) and the second most common is a 12 '' vinyl single ( also with varying cover artwork ) released in 1983 / 1984 . The song was written by Robert Hazard , who recorded only a demo of it in 1979 . He wrote it from a male point of view . For Lauper 's version , she changed the lyrics with Hazard 's approval . Her version appeared on her 1983 debut solo record , She 's So Unusual . It is a synthesizer - backed anthem about the roles of women in society . Gillian G. Gaar , author of She 's a Rebel : The History of Women in Rock & Roll ( 2002 ) , described the single and corresponding video as a `` strong feminist statement '' , an `` anthem of female solidarity '' and a `` playful romp celebrating female camaraderie . '' The variety of releases of the single includes an Austrian birthday card with a 3 '' CD of the song inside . The song has been heavily distributed in karaoke version as well . Lauper later went on to completely re-work the song in 1994 resulting in the new hit `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' . The song was remade by Lauper yet again in 2005 on her The Body Acoustic album , also produced by Chertoff and Wittman with Lauper , with guest support vocals from Japanese pop / rock duo Puffy AmiYumi . Music video ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The release of the single was accompanied by a quirky music video . It cost less than $35,000 , largely due to a volunteer cast and the free loan of the most sophisticated video equipment available at the time . The cast included professional wrestling manager `` Captain '' Lou Albano in the role of Lauper 's father while her real mother , Catrine , played herself . Lauper would later appear in World Wrestling Federation storylines opposite Albano and guest - star in an episode of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show , in which Albano portrayed Mario ( Albano also played himself in the episode ) . Lauper 's attorney , Elliot Hoffman , appeared as her uptight dancing partner . Also in the cast were Lauper 's manager , David Wolf , her brother , Butch Lauper , fellow musician Steve Forbert , and a bevy of secretaries borrowed from Portrait / CBS , Lauper 's record label . A clip of The Hunchback of Notre Dame is featured as Lauper watches it on television . Lorne Michaels ( Broadway Video , SNL ) , another of Hoffman 's clients , agreed to give Lauper free run of his brand new million - dollar digital editing equipment , with which she and her producer created several first - time - ever computer generated images of Lauper dancing with her buttoned - up lawyer , leading the entire cast in a snake - dance through New York streets and ending up in Lauper 's bedroom in her home . The bedroom scene is an homage to the famous stateroom scene in the Marx Brothers ' film A Night at the Opera . `` The year 1983 makes a watershed in the history of female - address video . It is the year that certain issues and representations began to gain saliency and the textual strategies of female address began to coalesce . '' In the video , Lauper wanted to show in a more fun and light - hearted manner that girls want the same equality and recognition boys had in society . Before the song starts , the beginning of her version of `` He 's So Unusual '' plays . The music video was directed by Edd Griles . The producer was Ken Walz while the cinematographer was Francis Kenny . The treatment for the video was co-written by Griles , Walz , and Cyndi Lauper . The video was shot in the Lower East Side of Manhattan in summer 1983 and premiered on television in December 1983 . The choreography was by a New York dance and music troupe called XXY featuring Mary Ellen Strom , Cyndi Lee and Pierce Turner . The music video in YouTube has 460 million views as of November 1 , 2017 . Critical reception ( edit ) Accolades ( edit ) Year By List Work Ranked 1985 The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics ' poll of 1984 `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' 10 Rolling Stone The 100 Top Music Videos 22 1999 MTV 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made 58 VH1 100 Greatest Videos 45 2006 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's 23 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' American Video Awards for Best Female Performance Won 1984 MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year Nominated MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist Nominated MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video Won MTV Video Music Award for Best Concept Video Nominated MTV Video Music Award -- Viewer 's Choice Nominated MTV Video Music Award for Best Overall Performance Nominated 1985 Grammy Award for Record of the Year Nominated Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Nominated Chart performance ( edit ) The song was released in late 1983 but much of its success on the charts came during the first half of 1984 . The single reached the Top 10 in over 25 countries and reached No. 1 in ten of those countries including Australia , Canada , Ireland , Japan , New Zealand , and Norway . It also reached No. 2 in both the United Kingdom and the United States . In the United States , the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 80 on December 17 , 1983 . It ultimately peaked at No. 2 on March 10 , 1984 where it stayed for two weeks , behind Van Halen 's `` Jump '' . In the United Kingdom , the song entered the chart at No. 50 on January 14 , 1984 and peaked at No. 2 on February 4 , 1984 where it stayed for one week . In Ireland , the song entered the chart on January 29 , 1984 . It peaked at number one for two weeks and was on the chart for a total of seven weeks . In Australia , the song debuted on the Kent Music Report Top 100 on February 27 , 1984 . It entered the Top 10 in only its third week on the chart and reached number one on March 26 , 1984 . It topped the chart for two weeks and then remained at number two for four weeks behind Nena 's `` 99 Luftballons '' . It stayed on the chart for 21 weeks and was the 9th biggest - selling single of the year . In Belgium , the song debut at No. 38 on February 18 , 1984 and peaked at No. 4 on April 7 , 1984 . In the Netherlands , the song entered the chart at No. 38 on February 25 , 1984 and peaked at No. 4 on March 31 , 1984 . In Sweden , the song entered at No. 13 on March 6 , 1984 and peaked at No. 5 on April 3 , 1984 , charting for six weeks . In Switzerland , the song entered the chart at No. 15 on April 1 , 1984 and peaked at No. 6 on April 29 , 1984 . In New Zealand , the song debuted at No. 21 on April 1 , 1984 and peaked at No. 1 on May 6 , 1984 where it stayed for three weeks . In Austria , the single entered at No. 3 on May 1 , 1984 which was its peak position . Usage in media ( edit ) Katy Perry and Nicki Minaj performing `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' at VH1 Divas Salute The Troops . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is featured in the films Clueless , Girls Just Want to Have Fun , To Wong Foo , Thanks for Everything ! Julie Newmar , Riding in Cars with Boys , I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry , Hysterical Blindness , Midnight Heat , The Other Woman , Housefull 3 , Peter 's Friends , The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 , Anomalisa and Baby Mama . It 's also used in the television shows The Simpsons , Friends , Bones , Alvin and the Chipmunks ( as performed by The Chipettes ) , Gilmore Girls , The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 , Married with Children , Daria , Hinter Gittern -- Der Frauenknast , The Comeback , Drawn Together , 90210 , Secret Diary of a Call Girl , 20 to 1 , Celebrity Big Brother , Two and a Half Men , Family Guy , Coronation Street , and Miami Vice among others . There are multiple cover versions of this song . For example , one is by STRFKR in their album Jupiter . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single A. `` Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' -- 3 : 55 ( R. Hazard ) B. `` Right Track Wrong Train '' -- 4 : 40 ( C. Lauper , E. Greenwich , J. Kent ) 12 '' Vinyl Promo A. `` Girls Just Want To Have Fun ( Extended Version ) '' -- 6 : 08 B1 . `` Fun With V. Knutsn ( Instrumental ) '' -- 7 : 10 B2 . `` Xtra Fun '' -- 5 : 05 Single A CD single was issued in 2007 , known as a ringle , which included bonus interactive computer material as well as a code to download a free ringtone of the title track . It featured the title track and for the first time on CD , `` Right Track Wrong Train '' . The ringle , as well as all other issued ringles , were recalled by Sony Music due to issues with the ringtone not working correctly . They have yet to be reissued . `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Right Track Wrong Train '' Computer media Official versions Album Version -- 3 : 51 Video Version -- 4 : 19 Extended version -- 6 : 08 Fun with V. Knutsn ( Instrumental ) -- 7 : 10 Xtra Fun -- 5 : 05 Remix ( released in 1993 , mixed by Junior Vasquez ) -- 6 : 30 ( 12 '' Promo ) / 5 : 30 ( commercial release ) Radio remix ( released in 1993 , mixed by Junior Vasquez ) -- 3 : 39 The Body Acoustic version featuring Puffy AmiYumi -- 2 : 59 Girls Just Wanna Have Fun X Set Your Heart -- 3 : 52 Girls Just Wanna Have Fun X Set Your Heart Long Version -- 5 : 55 Official versions ( Hey Now version ) Factory Dub version -- 6 : 50 Junior Vasquez remix `` Dancehall Main '' -- 5 : 46 Junior Vasquez remix `` Harder Dancehall '' -- 5 : 46 Junior Vasquez remix `` Lounge Dub '' -- 6 : 00 Junior Vasquez remix `` Lounge Mix '' -- 6 : 12 Junior Vasquez remix `` Pop Goes the Dancehall '' -- 4 : 58 Junior Vasquez Soundfactory mix -- 7 : 40 Mikey Bennett 's `` Carnival '' version -- 6 : 04 Mikey Bennett 's `` Carnival '' version edited -- 4 : 09 Single edit -- 3 : 39 Sly & Robbie 's `` Home Grown '' version -- 4 : 16 Sly & Robbie 's `` Home Grown '' version -- 6 : 15 Straight Up Pass version -- 7 : 13 Techno dub -- 3 : 55 Techno Main mix -- 8 : 23 Credits and personnel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lyrics : Robert Hazard . Production : Rick Chertoff . Lyrics : Cyndi Lauper , Ellie Greenwich , Jeffrey B. Kent . Production : Rick Chertoff Cyndi Lauper -- lead vocals , background vocals Jules Shear -- backing vocals Ellie Greenwich -- backing vocals Eric Bazilian -- bass , backing vocals Krystal Davis -- backing vocals Rick DiFonzo -- guitar Anton Fig -- drums Rob Hyman -- keyboards , synthesizers , backing vocals Neil Jason -- guitar Maretha Stewart -- backing vocals Richard Termini -- synthesizer Diane Wilson -- backing vocals Peter Wood -- synthesizer Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 84 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria Top 40 Canada -- RPM Magazine Dutch Singles Chart European Hot 100 German Singles Chart 6 Ireland Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart Japanese Oricon International Chart New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Norwegian VG - lista Chart Swedish Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Country Chart Ranking US Billboard Year - End 15 UK UK Year - End Singles 32 Canada RPM Year - End Singles 9 Australia Kent Music Report 9 Preceded by `` Love Is a Battlefield '' by Pat Benatar Australian Kent Music Report number - one single March 19 , 1984 - March 26 , 1984 Succeeded by `` 99 Luftballoons '' by Nena Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 515,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 195,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Diamond 10,000,000 Digital sales Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Mastertone sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) ( edit ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some Released July 25 , 1994 Format CD single Recorded 1994 Genre Reggae fusion Length 3 : 54 ( album version ) 3 : 39 ( single edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Robert Hazard Lolly Vegas Producer ( s ) Cyndi Lauper Jimmy Bralower Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Hat Full of Stars '' ( 1993 ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( 1994 ) `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' ( 1994 ) `` Hat Full of Stars '' ( 1993 ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( 1994 ) `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' ( 1994 ) Music video `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' on YouTube `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' was the first single from Cyndi Lauper 's Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some hits collection from 1994 , and her first charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 since `` My First Night Without You '' in 1989 . This song is a new reggae - tinged arrangement of Lauper 's own `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' standard , with a musical tip of the hat to Redbone 's `` Come and Get Your Love '' . The arrangement evolved as she experimented with the song 's style over the course of the 1993 -- 94 Hat Full of Stars Tour . The song was a big comeback hit for Lauper , landing in the top 10 and top 40 in many countries . It was also a big dance hit in the United States . It peaked at # 4 in the UK and New Zealand , its highest position . `` Hey Now '' plays over a pivotal closing sequence of the film To Wong Foo , Thanks for Everything ! Julie Newmar . The song was covered by Triple Image and Jamie Lynn Spears in 2002 . Track listing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) US CD single `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( single edit ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Mickey Bennett 's version ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Sly & Robbie 's Home Grown version ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Vasquez remix ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( original version ) Japanese CD single `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( single edit ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Mickey Bennett 's version ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Sly & Robbie 's Home Grown version ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Vasquez remix ) French CD Single `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( single edit ) -- 3 : 39 `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Mickey Bennett 's `` Carnival '' version featuring Patra ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Sly & Robbie 's `` Home Grown '' version featuring Snow ) `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' ( Junior Vasquez Remix `` Pop Goes the Dancehall '' featuring Snow ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( original version ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 62 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 50 French SNEP Singles Chart German Singles Chart 56 Irish Singles Chart 10 Japanese International Singles Chart 8 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 38 Swiss Singles Chart 37 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 87 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales United Kingdom Silver 200,000 Race for Life version ( edit ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Single by Race for Life Released April 26 , 2010 Format 7 `` , digital download Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 22 Label Epic , Portrait , CBS Songwriter ( s ) Robert Hazard Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff , William Wittman In 2010 , Cancer Research UK arranged for a charity record for their Race for Life campaign . It features many celebrities such as EastEnders actress Nina Wadia , Coronation Street actress Kym Marsh , Life of Riley actress Caroline Quentin , glamour girl Danielle Lloyd , X Factor finalist Lucie Jones , singer Sonique ( herself a breast cancer survivor ) , former EastEnders actress Lucy Benjamin , and Celebrity Big Brother 's Nicola T . Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 107 UK Indie Chart 7 In popular culture ( edit ) On Sesame Street , Oscar the Grouch , Grundgetta and a couple other Grouch girls sang a parody of the song , `` Grouch Girls Do n't Wanna Have Fun '' . See also ( edit ) 1983 in music List of number - one dance singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Hazard Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VH1 ( 1997 -- 2012 ) . `` Rolling Stone & MTV : ' 100 Greatest Pop Songs ' : 1 - 50 '' . Rock On The Net.com . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rolling Stone ( 1997 -- 2012 ) . `` Rolling Stone : `` The 100 Top Music Videos '' `` . Rock On The Net.com . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : VH1 ( 1997 -- 2012 ) . `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos '' . Rock On The Net.com . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` She 's So Unusual : A 30th Anniversary Celebration ( Deluxe Edition ) ( Boxset ) '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Gaar , Gillian G. ( 2002 ) . She 's a rebel : the history of women in rock & roll . Seal Press . pp. 264 -- 265 . ISBN 1 - 58005 - 078 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Lisa A. ( 1990 ) . Gender Politics and MTV : Voicing the Difference . Temple University Press . p. 117 . Jump up ^ `` mvdbase.com -- Cyndi Lauper - `` Girls just want to have fun '' `` . mvdbase.com . Jump up ^ CyndiLauperVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) , Cyndi Lauper - Girls Just Want To Have Fun ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Pazz & Jop critics ' poll of 1984 '' . The Village Voice. 1985 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 : ' 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll ' '' . VH1 . Rock On The Net . 1999 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 : ' 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's ' '' . VH1 . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs -- Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs -- Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Girls Just Want To Have Album Search Official Charts ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- 1984 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ultratop.be -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun Jump up ^ dutchcharts.nl -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun Jump up ^ swedishcharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun Jump up ^ Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun -- hitparade.ch Jump up ^ charts.org.nz -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun Jump up ^ Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun -- austriancharts.at ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want To Have Fun ( Vinyl , 12 '' , Promo ) `` . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper -- Who Let In the Rain ( CD , Single , Limited Edition ) '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper -- Floor Remixes '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( April 1 , 1984 ) . `` Austrian Singles Chart '' . Austrian Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( February 25 , 1984 ) . `` Dutch Singles Chart '' . Dutch Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts , Neuerscheinungen , Tickets , Genres , Genresuche , Genrelexikon , Künstler - Suche , Musik - Suche , Track - Suche , Ticket - Suche -- musicline.de '' . musicline.de . Jump up ^ Irish Recording Music Association ( January 30 , 1986 ) . `` Irish Singles Chart '' . Irish Charts . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hitparadeitalia ( August 1984 ) . `` Hitparadeitalia Chart '' . Hitparadeitalia Charts . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Oricon ( April 9 , 1984 ) . `` Japan # 1 IMPORT DISKS Chart '' . Oricon Charts . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( April 9 , 1984 ) . `` New Zealand Singles Chart '' . New Zealand Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( April 9 , 1984 ) . `` Norwegian Singles Chart '' . Norwegian Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( April 1 , 1984 ) . `` Swedish Singles Chart '' . Swedish Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ MegaCharts ( March 6 , 1984 ) . `` Dutch Singles Chart '' . Swiss Charts . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` CYNDI LAUPER '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Cyndi Lauper '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 17 , 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girl 's Just Want to Have Fun '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Select CYNDI LAUPER and click OK Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girl 's Just Want to Have Fun '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tatsaku , Ren ( December 2011 ) . Oricon The Oricon Sales Report ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo , Japan : Oricon Style -- Recording Industry Association of Japan . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Enter Girls Just Want to Have Fun in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 4 Dec 1994 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/b5a/Cyndi-Lauper-%7BHey-Now%7D-Girls-Just-Want-To-Have-Fun Jump up ^ http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Cyndi+Lauper&titel=%7BHey+Now%7D+Girls+Just+Want+To+Have+Fun&cat=s Jump up ^ http://germancharts.de/showitem.asp?interpret=Cyndi+Lauper&titel=%7BHey+Now%7D+Girls+Just+Want+To+Have+Fun&cat=s Jump up ^ http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Cyndi+Lauper&titel=%7BHey+Now%7D+Girls+Just+Want+To+Have+Fun&cat=s Jump up ^ http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Cyndi+Lauper&titel=%7BHey+Now%7D+Girls+Just+Want+To+Have+Fun&cat=s Jump up ^ http://hitparade.ch/song/Cyndi-Lauper/%7BHey-Now%7D-Girls-Just-Want-To-Have-Fun-2906 Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . BPI British Phonographic Industry . BPI . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Just Want To Have Fun : Sonique Records Cancer Charity Single After Beating Breast Cancer Showbiz News Sky News '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Grouch Girls Do n't Wanna Have Fun '' External links ( edit ) Official music video Media related to Girls Just Want to Have Fun at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Cyndi Lauper singles She 's So Unusual `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Time After Time '' `` She Bop '' `` All Through the Night '' `` Money Changes Everything '' `` When You Were Mine '' True Colors `` True Colors '' `` Change of Heart '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Boy Blue '' `` Maybe He 'll Know '' A Night to Remember `` I Drove All Night '' `` My First Night Without You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` Heading West '' `` Primitive '' `` Unconditional Love '' Hat Full of Stars `` Who Let In the Rain '' `` That 's What I Think '' `` Sally 's Pigeons '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` Come on Home '' Sisters of Avalon `` You Do n't Know '' `` Sisters of Avalon '' `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life `` Early Christmas Morning '' Shine `` Shine '' At Last `` At Last '' `` Walk On By '' The Body Acoustic `` Time After Time '' Bring Ya to the Brink `` Set Your Heart '' `` Same Ol ' Story '' `` Into the Nightlife '' Memphis Blues `` Just Your Fool '' Detour `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Funnel of Love '' Other singles `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` We Are the World '' `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' `` Another Brick in the Wall '' `` The World Is Stone '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` A Christmas Duel '' `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girls_Just_Want_to_Have_Fun&oldid=810621550 '' Categories : 1979 songs 1983 singles 1994 singles 2008 singles Cyndi Lauper songs Songs written by Robert Hazard MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Songs with feminist themes Debut singles Epic Records singles Portrait Records singles CBS Records singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2016 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 11 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote girls just wanna have fun	[ "\"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" is a song written by and first recorded in 1979 by American musician Robert Hazard. It is better known as a single by American singer Cyndi Lauper, whose version was released in 1983.[1] It was the first major single released by Lauper as a solo artist and the lead single from her debut studio album She's So Unusual (1983). Lauper’s version gained recognition as a feminist anthem and was promoted by a Grammy-winning music video. It has been covered, either as a studio recording or in a live performance, by over 30 other artists." ]	[ "American musician Robert Hazard" ]
1547493758536533107	Sofitel	Sofitel - wikipedia Sofitel Jump to : navigation , search Sofitel Hotels & Resorts Type Privately held subsidiary Industry Hotels Founded 1964 ( 1964 ) Headquarters Paris , France Number of locations 120 addresses in over 41 countries Area served Global Parent AccorHotels Website www.sofitel.com Sofitel Hotels & Resorts is a chain of luxury hotels based in Paris , France , and owned by AccorHotels since 1980 . Founded in 1964 in France , Sofitel quickly developed worldwide to reach more than 200 properties . In 2008 , Sofitel became a brand of luxury hotels only , downsized its property count to 89 , and created new brands . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 International development 1.2 Luxury and asset - light strategy 1.3 Other Sofitel products 2 Activities 2.1 Description 2.2 Services 3 Properties 4 Sustainable development 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Banque Paribas opened the first Sofitel in Strasbourg ( France ) on 26 June 1964 , the Sofitel Strasbourg Grande Île , which was the first 5 - star hotel in the city . International development ( edit ) In the 1970s , Sofitel became an international chain of hotels . The first Sofitel in the United States opened in 1975 in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Sofitel entered the US market with a French approach to hospitality , making French baguettes on site , offering a wide selection of wines , providing bidets in 1 / 3 of the rooms , and hiring French chefs to manage the kitchens . The hotel turned a profit within 18 months of operations . In 1976 , Sofitel opened the Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila , the first 5 - star hotel in Manila , a building designed by Filipino architect Leandro Locsin . In 1980 , Sofitel was purchased by Accor and joined the group 's portfolio of hotel brands : Novotel , Mercure , Ibis . The first Sofitel in Colombia opened in 1995 , and the first Sofitel in Japan opened in 1996 . In 1997 , the group announced the opening of the Sofitel New York Hotel , a $90 million investment on West 44th Street between Fifth Avenue and Avenue of the Americas ( next to the New York Yacht Club ) . In the early 2000s , Sofitel went through a major expansion plan in Asia , targeting beach resorts in Thailand , China and Indonesia . Sofitel also multiplied openings throughout the world , including the Sofitel Tokyo , the Sofitel St James London , Sofitel Chicago Water Tower , Sofitel Lafayette Square Washington D.C. , Sofitel Marrakech , Sofitel Silom Bangkok , Sofitel Montréal and Sofitel Buenos Aires . Between 2003 and 2004 , Sofitel opened 14 locations , including the Sofitel Cancún , its first hotel in Mexico , and 7 new locations in Asia . By 2010 , Sofitel had + 20 properties in China . Luxury and asset - light strategy ( edit ) In 2005 , Accor North America decided to apply a joint - venture model on the ownership of 6 of its 11 North - American Sofitel properties to develop new growth opportunities . Then in 2007 , the brand underwent a global overhaul . The number of hotels was reduced by 50 % and a high - end offer around the Sofitel brand inspired by the French Art de vivre was developed . The brands Sofitel Legend ( flagship palaces ) and SO Sofitel ( tradition and lifestyle ) were also created . Sofitel adopted an asset - light strategy ( less ownership in properties ) to bring more focus on hotel management and related services . Between 2009 and 2012 , 30 new properties were added to Sofitel 's portfolio : The Hotel Carrasco in Montevideo , its first hotel in Uruguay , and the Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi in Vietnam , the first of the Sofitel Legend collection ( 2009 ) ; The 182 - room Sofitel Vienna Stephansdom designed by French architect Jean Nouvel ( 2010 ) ; The Grand Amsterdam ( 2011 ) . By 2013 , Sofitel managed 8 properties in the Middle East with plans for further expansion . The Dubai Downtown opened in 2014 , and Sofitel Jeddah in 2015 . The Sofitel Dubai The Palm Resort & Spa and the Sofitel Bali Nusa Dua Beach Resort both opened in 2013 with plans to further develop Sofitel 's network of resorts in the Middle East and Africa . In June 2017 , Sofitel announced the construction of its highest property so far in the Middle East , the Sofitel Dubaï Wafi . Sofitel worked with top fashion designers to create the So Sofitel artsy hotels : Kenzo Takada for the Sofitel So Mauritius , Christian Lacroix for the Sofitel So Bangkok , Karl Lagerfeld for the Sofitel So Singapore , and Polpat Asavaprapha for the Sofitel So Hua Hin . Other Sofitel products ( edit ) In July 2009 , Sofitel launched the `` So SPA by Sofitel '' concept at the Saint James Hotel in London and at the Sofitel Marseille Vieux Port location . So SPA 's development in Asia started in 2013 . In 2011 , Sofitel launched the De-Light menu , a below - 500 - calorie menu initially developed by the Thalassa Sea & Spa of the Sofitel Quiberon . In December 2014 , during the Marrakech International Film Festival , Sofitel launched the first edition of La Nuit by Sofitel , recurring parties organized by Sofitel and happening around noteworthy fashionable events worldwide . Activities ( edit ) Description ( edit ) Sofitel Hotels & Resorts is a luxury hotel chain brand with properties mainly in large cities . Sofitel is headquartered in Paris , France . It is part of AccorHotels ' collection of luxury brands , which also includes Raffles , Fairmont , Pullman , MGallery and Swissôtel . Sofitel Hotels & Resorts owns and manages two sister brands , Sofitel Legend and SO Sofitel . The So Boutique hotel stores provide customers with the exclusively - designed products found in Sofitel 's venues Services ( edit ) Sofitel Hotels & Resorts owns and manages hotel - related brands distributed in its venues : SoSPA and SoFIT , Sofitel 's spa and wellness centers The So Boutique hotel stores provide customers with the exclusively - designed products found in Sofitel 's venues MyBed , a sleeping experience La Nuit by Sofitel , recurring parties organized by Sofitel and happening around noteworthy fashionable events worldwide Sofitel restaurants ' menus are prepared by famous chefs Roland Villard ( Sofitel Rio de Janeiro ) and Christian Constant ( Sofitel Paris Arc de Triomphe ) . All Sofitel restaurants carry the below - 500 - calorie DeLight menus . Properties ( edit ) This is a non-exhaustive list of Sofitel Hotels & Resorts properties worldwide : Photo of properties Name City Country Managed by Sofitel since Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi Hanoi Vietnam 1992 Sofitel Old Cataract Hotel Aswan Egypt Sofitel Legend The Grand Amsterdam Netherlands 1992 Sofitel Legend Santa Clara Cartagena Colombia 1995 So Sofitel Bangkok Bangkok Thailand Sofitel Chicago Water Tower Chicago United States of America Sofitel Bali Nusa Dua Beach Resort Nusa Dua Indonesia 2013 Sofitel Paris Le Faubourg Paris France Sofitel Frankfurt Opera Frankfurt Germany 2011 Sofitel Saint James London Great Britain Sofitel Vienna Stephansdom Vienna Austria Sustainable development ( edit ) As a member of the AccorHotels group , Sofitel Hotels & Resorts applies the sustainable development policies set by the group . In April 2016 , AccorHotels announced that a 1,000 of its hotels , including Sofitel properties , now needed to weigh and record all thrown away foods to reduce food waste . The number of items on menus shrank to 10 - 20 and those courses must use seasonal local products as much as possible . The group also planned the opening of 1,000 vegetable gardens within its properties , including Sofitel properties , by 2020 . In Etterbeek , the honey served by Sofitel is produced on the building 's roof by a professional beekeeper . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sofitel Strasbourg Grande Ile : Sofitel 's first hotel turns 50 ( France ) '' . Luxury-hospitality-daily.com. 4 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Susan B. Tribich ( 10 April 1977 ) . `` A Touch of Paris in the Land of the Vikings '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila Unveils New and Improved Official Website ! '' . Orangemagazine.ph. 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AccorHotels Overview '' . Accorhotels. group . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Más Hoteles Sofitel '' . Eltiempo.com ( in Spanish ) . 14 July 1997 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Accor ouvre son premier hôtel Sofitel au Japon '' . Lesechos.fr ( in French ) . 12 September 1996 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POSTINGS : $90 Million New York Sofitel Hotel to Open in 2000 ; On W. 44th St. , a Touch of France '' . Nytimes.com. 25 January 1998 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles V. Bagli ( 28 February 1997 ) . `` French Luxury Hotel Planned for West Side of Manhattan '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Owners of The Royal Seminyak Bali Rebranding the Resort to Sofitel Seminyak Bali '' . Hotel-online.com. 15 July 2003 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sofitel Continues Worldwide Expansion With New Properties in 2003 and 2004 '' . Wiredhotelier.com. 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robb Young ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` Robert Gaymer - Jones , CEO , Sofitel '' . Luxurysociety.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Accor U.S Announces Growth Strategy '' . Hotelexecutive.com. 9 September 2005 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Monica Poling ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Sofitel Celebrates the Art de Vivre '' . Travelagewest.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Higley ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` Revamped Sofitel gains ground in luxury market '' . Hotelnewsnow.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Lundin ( 14 December 2009 ) . `` Sofitel to open its first hotel in Uruguay '' . Cntraveler.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Monica Poling ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Sofitel Celebrates the Art de Vivre '' . Travelagewest.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Wildman ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` Hotel Review : Sofitel Vienna Stephansdom , in Vienna '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Shane McGinley ( 26 September 2013 ) . `` France 's Sofitel in talks for Doha , Saudi hotels - CEO '' . Arabianbusiness.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Parinaaz Navdar ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` Sofitel Dubai Downtown to open on May 1 '' . Hoteliermiddleeast.com . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sofitel announces a new 5 - star property in a prime location of Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . Sofitel.com. 5 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sofitel develops its resort offer '' . Hospitality-on.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Florian Guillemin ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` Sofitel voit grand à Dubai '' . Voyages-d-affaires.com ( in French ) . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After collaborations with Kenzo , Lacroix , SOFITEL commissions Lagerfeld for Sofitel So Singapore '' . Ccp-luxury.com. 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceil Miller - Bouchet ( 11 September 2014 ) . `` Boutique Hotels Get a French Design Touch '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing So Sofitel Hua Hin : An Imaginative Escape In An Iconic Thai Destination '' . Chinanewswire.com. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sofitel lance son nouveau concept `` So Spa by Sofitel '' '' ( PDF ) . Elisabelle0108.free.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Theodore Koumelis ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Sofitel Luxury Hotels expands So Spa concept in Asia Pasific '' . Traveldailynews.asia . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sofitel Luxury Hotels Expands Successful De-Light Concept In North America '' . Prnewswire.com. 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Reena Patel ( February 2014 ) . `` Sofitel Hotels Delight With Its Latest De-Light Menu '' . Luxuriousmagazine.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' La Nuit by Sofitel '' : Un concept sur le thème de la culture `` . Luxe-magazine.com ( in French ) . December 2014 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Nuit by Sofitel brings the next party estination to BKC '' . Hotelierindia.com. 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Oates ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Accor 's New CEO for Luxury Hotels Wants to Protect Brand Integrity in a Crowded Field '' . Skift.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham Smith ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` Had a great night 's sleep ? Where to buy that hotel bed '' . Businesstraveller.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham Smith ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` Had a great night 's sleep ? Where to buy that hotel bed '' . Businesstraveller.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Caron ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` A romantic anniversary in Amsterdam ahead of Valentine 's Day '' . Jewish News . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Christina Ohly ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` A long weekend in Cartagena with Lauren Santo Domingo '' . Financial times . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bangkok dining : Best sky - high restaurants CNN Travel '' . Cnn.com. 2017 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lonely Planet Bali & Lombok . Travel Guide . Lonely Planet Publications . 2017 . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78701 - 068 - 0 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nhà văn Mỹ gốc Việt đạt giải thưởng văn học Prix du Meilleur Livre Etranger Sofitel '' . ELLE Vietman ( in Vietnamese ) . December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Six hôtels à Londres '' . LExpress.fr ( in French ) . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wildman , Sarah ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hotel Review : Sofitel Vienna Stephansdom , in Vienna '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Kristan ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Spot Gorgeous Architecture in Vienna '' . NYMag.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major hotel chain to grow vegetables at 1000 properties to cut food waste '' . Theguardian.com. 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnaud Farr ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` Le Sofitel produit son propre miel à Etterbeek '' . Lalibre.be ( in French ) . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sofitel . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which is the oldest sofitel in north america	[ "In the 1970s, Sofitel became an international chain of hotels. The first Sofitel in the United States opened in 1975 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sofitel entered the US market with a French approach to hospitality, making French baguettes on site, offering a wide selection of wines, providing bidets in 1/3 of the rooms, and hiring French chefs to manage the kitchens. The hotel turned a profit within 18 months of operations.[2] In 1976, Sofitel opened the Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila, the first 5-star hotel in Manila, a building designed by Filipino architect Leandro Locsin.[3]" ]	[ "Minneapolis, Minnesota" ]
-9106030627725217449	David Beckham	David Beckham - wikipedia David Beckham David Beckham OBE Beckham at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships David Robert Joseph Beckham ( 1975 - 05 - 02 ) 2 May 1975 ( age 43 ) Leytonstone , London , England Residence Rowneybury House ( 1999 -- 2014 ) Beverly Hills , California , United States London ( 2014 -- present ) Los Angeles , California , United States Nationality British Occupation Footballer businessman model spokesperson Organisation UNICEF , Malaria No More Agent Simon Fuller ( XIX Entertainment ) Net worth US $450 million ( 2017 ) Height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Spouse ( s ) Victoria Adams ( m . 1999 ) Children Parent ( s ) Ted and Sandra Beckham Association football career Playing position Midfielder Youth career 1985 -- 1987 Ridgeway Rovers 1987 -- 1991 Tottenham Hotspur 1989 -- 1991 Brimsdown Rovers 1991 -- 1993 Manchester United Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1992 -- 2003 Manchester United 265 ( 62 ) 1994 -- 1995 → Preston North End ( loan ) 5 ( 2 ) 2003 -- 2007 Real Madrid 116 ( 13 ) 2007 -- 2012 LA Galaxy 98 ( 18 ) 2009 → Milan ( loan ) 18 ( 2 ) → Milan ( loan ) 11 ( 0 ) 2013 Paris Saint - Germain 10 ( 0 ) Total 523 ( 97 ) National team 1992 -- 1993 England U18 ( 0 ) 1994 -- 1996 England U21 9 ( 0 ) 1996 -- 2009 England 115 ( 17 ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Website davidbeckham.com David Robert Joseph Beckham OBE ( / ˈbɛkəm / ; born 2 May 1975 ) is an English retired professional footballer . He played for Manchester United , Preston North End , Real Madrid , Milan , LA Galaxy , Paris Saint - Germain and the England national team for which he held the appearance record for an outfield player until 2016 when Wayne Rooney surpassed his total . He is the first English player to win league titles in four countries : England , Spain , the United States and France . He announced his retirement in May 2013 after a 20 - year career , during which he won 19 major trophies . Known for his range of passing , crossing ability and bending free - kicks as a right winger , Beckham was runner up in the Ballon d'Or , twice runner - up for FIFA World Player of the Year and in 2004 he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players . He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . A global ambassador for the sport , Beckham is regarded as a British cultural icon . Beckham 's professional club career began with Manchester United , where he made his first - team debut in 1992 aged 17 . With United , he won the Premier League title six times , the FA Cup twice , and the UEFA Champions League in 1999 . He then played four seasons with Real Madrid , winning the La Liga championship in his final season with the club . In July 2007 Beckham signed a five - year contract with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy . While a Galaxy player , he spent two loan spells in Italy with Milan in 2009 and 2010 . He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games . In international football , Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21 . He was captain for six years , earning 58 caps during his tenure . He made 115 career appearances in total , appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments , in 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and two UEFA European Championship tournaments , in 2000 and 2004 . Beckham has consistently ranked among the highest earners in football , and in 2013 was listed as the highest - paid player in the world , having earned over $50 million in the previous 12 months . He has been married to Victoria Beckham since 1999 and they have four children . He has been a UNICEF UK ambassador since 2005 , and in 2015 he launched 7 : The David Beckham UNICEF Fund . In 2014 , MLS announced that Beckham and a group of investors would own an expansion team in Miami , which would begin in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Manchester United 2.1. 1 Youth and early career 2.1. 2 Preston North End ( loan ) 2.1. 3 Return to Manchester United 2.2 Real Madrid 2.3 LA Galaxy 2.3. 1 Milan ( loan ) 2.4 Return to Galaxy 2.4. 1 Return to Milan ( loan ) 2.5 Second return to Galaxy 2.5. 1 MLS Cup champion 2.6 Paris Saint - Germain and retirement 3 International career 4 Discipline 4.1 Training and praise from managers 4.2 Discipline 5 David Beckham Academy 6 Major League Soccer team in Miami 7 Personal life 8 Outside football 9 Charitable work 10 Appearances in films 11 Records 12 Tattoos 13 Awards 14 Career statistics 14.1 Club 14.2 International 14.3 International goals 15 Honours 15.1 Club 15.2 Individual 15.3 Orders and special awards 15.4 Records 16 References 16.1 Books 16.2 Internet 17 Further reading 18 External links Early life Beckham was born at Whipps Cross University Hospital in Leytonstone , London , England . He is the son of Sandra Georgina ( née West ; b . 1949 ) , a hairdresser , and David Edward Alan `` Ted '' Beckham ( b . Edmonton , London , July -- September 1948 ) , a kitchen fitter , who married at the London Borough of Hackney in 1969 . He has an older sister , Lynne Georgina , and a younger sister , Joanne Louise . He regularly played football in Ridgeway Park , Chingford , as a child , and attended Chase Lane Primary School and Chingford County High School . In a 2007 interview , Beckham said that , `` At school whenever the teachers asked , ' What do you want to do when you 're older ? ' I 'd say , ' I want to be a footballer . ' And they 'd say , ' No , what do you really want to do , for a job ? ' But that was the only thing I ever wanted to do . '' Beckham 's maternal grandfather was Jewish , and Beckham has referred to himself as `` half Jewish '' and wrote in his autobiography `` I 've probably had more contact with Judaism than with any other religion '' . In his book Both Feet on the Ground , he stated that growing up he attended church every week with his parents , because that was the only way he could play football for their team . His parents were fanatical Manchester United supporters who would frequently travel to Old Trafford from London to attend the team 's home matches . David inherited his parents ' love of Manchester United , and his main sporting passion was football . He attended one of Bobby Charlton 's football schools in Manchester and won the chance to take part in a training session with Barcelona , as part of a talent competition . He played for a local youth team called Ridgeway Rovers , which was coached by his father , Stuart Underwood , and Steve Kirby . Beckham was a Manchester United mascot for a match against West Ham United in 1986 . Young Beckham had trials with his local club Leyton Orient , Norwich City and attended Tottenham Hotspur 's school of excellence . Tottenham Hotspur was the first club he played for . During a two - year period in which Beckham played for Brimsdown Rovers ' youth team , he was named Under - 15 Player of the Year in 1990 . He also attended Bradenton Preparatory Academy , but signed schoolboy forms at Manchester United on his 14th birthday , and subsequently signed a Youth Training Scheme contract on 8 July 1991 . Club career Manchester United Youth and early career Having signed for Manchester United as a trainee on 8 July 1991 , Beckham was part of a group of young players , including Ryan Giggs , Gary Neville , Phil Neville , Nicky Butt and Paul Scholes , who were coached by Eric Harrison , and helped the club win the FA Youth Cup in May 1992 . Beckham scored Manchester United 's second goal in the 30th minute of their 3 -- 1 first - leg win of the final against Crystal Palace on 14 April 1992 . In the second leg on 15 May , Beckham played a full 90 - minutes of the fixture which ended 3 -- 2 in favour of Manchester United and 6 -- 3 on aggregate . Beckham 's impact led to a first - team debut on 23 September 1992 , as a substitute for Andrei Kanchelskis in a League Cup match against Brighton & Hove Albion . Shortly afterwards , Beckham signed as a professional on 23 January 1993 . Manchester United would again reach the final of the FA Youth Cup , where they would face Leeds United . The first leg was played on 10 May 1993 , where Beckham started in Manchester United 's 2 -- 0 home loss but was replaced by substitute Robbie Savage . In the second leg on 13 May 1993 , Beckham played the full 90 minutes of Manchester United 's 2 -- 1 defeat , which gave Leeds United a 4 -- 1 aggregate score . Beckham would also receive honours with the club 's reserve team when the squad won the league in 1994 . In September 1994 , Beckham went on to gain his first full appearance in the club 's first team against Port Vale in a League Cup fixture . On 7 December 1994 , Beckham made his UEFA Champions League debut , scoring a goal in a 4 -- 0 victory at home to Galatasaray in the final game of the group stage . Despite the victory , however , they finished third out of four in their group , behind Barcelona . Preston North end ( loan ) Beckham then went to Preston North End on loan for part of the 1994 -- 95 season to get some first team experience . He impressed , scoring two goals in five appearances , notably scoring directly from a corner kick . Return to Manchester United Beckham returned to Manchester and made his Premier League debut for Manchester United on 2 April 1995 , in a goalless draw against Leeds United . He played four times for United in the league that season , as they finished second behind Blackburn Rovers , missing out on a third successive Premier League title by a single point . He was not in the squad for the FA Cup final with Everton on 20 May , which United lost 1 -- 0 , leaving the club without a major trophy for the first time since 1989 . United manager Sir Alex Ferguson had a great deal of confidence in the club 's young players . Beckham was part of a group of young talents Ferguson brought into United in the 1990s ( known as `` Fergie 's Fledglings '' ) , which included Nicky Butt and Gary and Phil Neville . When experienced players Paul Ince , Mark Hughes , and Andrei Kanchelskis left the club after the end of the 1994 -- 95 season , his decision to let youth team players replace them instead of buying star players from other clubs ( United had been linked with moves for players including Darren Anderton , Marc Overmars and Roberto Baggio , but no major signings were made that summer ) , drew a great deal of criticism . The criticism increased when United started the season with a 3 -- 1 defeat at Aston Villa , with Beckham scoring United 's only goal of the game . However , United would recover from this early season defeat and the young players performed well . Beckham swiftly established himself as United 's right - sided midfielder ( rather than a right - winger in the style of his predecessor Andrei Kanchelskis ) and helped them to win the Premier League title and FA Cup double that season , scoring the winner in the semi-final against Chelsea and also providing the corner from which Eric Cantona scored in the FA Cup Final . Beckham 's first title medal had , for a while , looked like it would not be coming that season , as United were still 10 points adrift of leaders Newcastle United at the turn of the new year , but Beckham and his teammates had overhauled the Tynesiders at the top of the league by mid March and they remained top until the end of the season . Despite playing regularly and to a consistently high standard for Manchester United , Beckham did not break into the England squad before Euro 1996 . `` It changed my life . The ball seemed to be in the air for hours and it all went quiet . Then the ball went in and it just erupted . I was on cloud nine . I just wanted to shake everybody 's hand and be out on the pitch for an hour . '' -- Beckham on the goal from the half - way line against Wimbledon in August 1996 that made him a household name . At the beginning of the 1996 -- 97 season , Beckham was given the number 10 shirt that had most recently been worn by Mark Hughes . On 17 August 1996 ( the first day of the Premier League season ) , Beckham became something of a household name when he scored a spectacular goal in a match against Wimbledon . With United leading 2 -- 0 , Beckham noticed that Wimbledon 's goalkeeper Neil Sullivan was standing a long way out of his goal , and hit a shot from the halfway line that floated over the goalkeeper and into the net . When Beckham scored his famous goal , he did so in Adidas Predator shoes custom - made for Charlie Miller ( `` Charlie '' was embroidered on boots ) which had been given to Beckham by mistake . In a UK poll conducted by Channel 4 in 2002 , the British public voted the goal No. 18 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments . During the 1996 -- 97 season , Beckham became an automatic first - choice player at Manchester United , helping them to retain the Premier League championship , and was voted PFA Young Player of the Year by his peers . Manchester United started the 1997 -- 98 season well but erratic performances in the second half of the season saw United finish second behind Arsenal . Beckham preparing to take a corner kick for Manchester United during the 1999 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium In the 1998 -- 99 season , he was part of the United team that won the treble of the Premier League , FA Cup and Champions League , a unique feat in English football . There had been speculation that the criticism that he had received after being sent off in the World Cup would lead to him leaving England , but Beckham decided to stay at Manchester United . To ensure they would win the Premier League title , United needed to win their final league match of the season , at home to Tottenham . There were reports suggesting that the opposition would allow themselves to be beaten to prevent their deadly local rivals Arsenal from retaining the title , but Tottenham took an early lead in the match . Beckham scored the equaliser with a curling strike from 25 yards out into the top left corner of the goal and United went on to win the match and the league . Beckham played in central midfield in United 's win over Bayern Munich in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final , since United 's first string centre - midfielders Paul Scholes and Roy Keane were suspended for the match . United were losing the match 1 -- 0 at the end of normal time , but won the trophy by scoring two goals in injury time . Both of the goals came from corners taken by Beckham . Those crucial assists , coupled with great performances over the rest of the season , led to him finishing runner up to Rivaldo for 1999 's European Footballer of the Year and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . Despite Beckham 's achievements in the 1998 -- 99 season , he was still unpopular among some opposition fans and journalists , and he was criticised after being sent off for a deliberate foul in Manchester United 's World Club Championship match against Necaxa . It was suggested in the press that his wife was a bad influence on him , and that it might be in United 's interests to sell him , but his manager publicly backed him and he stayed at the club . During the 1999 -- 2000 season , there was a talk of a transfer to Juventus in Italy , but this never happened . Beckham helped United retain the Premier League title in 1999 -- 2000 by an 18 - point margin , after being pushed by Arsenal and Leeds United for much of the season . United won their final 11 league games of the season , with Beckham scoring five goals during this run , with his last goal coming from a swerving shot from the edge of the penalty area in their final home game against Tottenham Hotspur . By the early 2000s , the relationship between Ferguson and Beckham had begun to deteriorate , possibly as a result of Beckham 's fame and commitments away from football . In 2000 , Beckham was given permission to miss training to look after his son Brooklyn , who had gastroenteritis , but Ferguson was furious when Victoria Beckham was photographed at a London Fashion Week event on the same night , claiming that Beckham would have been able to train if Victoria had looked after Brooklyn that day . He responded by fining Beckham the maximum amount that was permitted ( two weeks ' wages -- then £ 50,000 ) and dropping him for a crucial match against United 's rivals Leeds United . He later criticised Beckham for this in his autobiography , claiming he had not been `` fair to his teammates '' Beckham had a good season for his club , though , and helped United to win the Premier League by a record margin . `` He was never a problem until he got married . He used to go into work with the academy coaches at night time , he was a fantastic young lad . Getting married into that entertainment scene was a difficult thing -- from that moment , his life was never going to be the same . He is such a big celebrity , football is only a small part . '' ' -- Alex Ferguson speaking about Beckham 's marriage in 2007 . He was a key player in United 's third successive league title in 2000 -- 01 , only the fourth time that any club had achieved three league titles in a row . He scored nine goals that season , all in the Premier League . On 10 April 2002 , Beckham was injured during a Champions League match against Deportivo de La Coruña , breaking the second metatarsal bone in his left foot . There was speculation in the British media that the injury might have been caused deliberately , as the player who had injured Beckham was Argentine Aldo Duscher , and England and Argentina were due to meet in that year 's World Cup . The injury prevented Beckham from playing for United for the rest of the season and they missed out on the Premier League title to Arsenal ( also being knocked out of the Champions League by Bayer Leverkusen on away goals in the semi-finals ) , but he signed a three - year contract in May , following months of negotiations with the club , mostly concerning extra payments for his image rights . The income from his new contract , and his many endorsement deals , made him the highest - paid player in the world at the time . Despite the injury , 2001 -- 02 was arguably Beckham 's best season as a United player ; he scored 11 goals in 28 league games , and a total of 16 goals in 42 games in all competitions , the best of his career . Following an injury early in the 2002 -- 03 season , Beckham was unable to regain his place on the Manchester United team , with Ole Gunnar Solskjær having replaced him on the right side of midfield . His relationship with his manager deteriorated further on 15 February 2003 when , in the changing room following an FA Cup defeat to Arsenal , a furious Alex Ferguson threw or kicked a boot that struck Beckham over the eye , causing a cut that required stitches . The incident led to a great deal of transfer speculation involving Beckham , with bookmakers offering odds on whether he or Ferguson would be first to leave the club . Although the team had started the season badly , their results improved greatly from December onwards and they won the league , with Beckham managing a total of 11 goals in 52 games in all competitions . He was still a first - choice player for England , however , and was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) for services to football on 13 June 2003 . Beckham had made 265 Premier league appearances for United and scored 61 goals . He also made 81 Champions league appearances , scoring 15 goals . Beckham won six Premier League titles , two FA Cups , one European Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FA Youth Cup in the space of 12 years . By this stage , he was their joint second longest serving player behind Ryan Giggs ( having joined them at the same time as Nicky Butt , Gary Neville and Paul Scholes ) . Real Madrid `` He is a great player who is going to become part of the club 's great history . He is a man of our times and a symbol of modern - day stardom and what is certain is Real Madrid have signed Beckham because he 's a great footballer and a very dedicated professional . His team spirit is unsurpassed and he is one of the best English players of all - time and if only because of that he is with us . '' -- Real Madrid President Florentino Pérez during Beckham 's unveiling . As the summer 2003 transfer window approached , Manchester United appeared keen to sell Beckham to Barcelona and the two clubs even announced that they reached a deal for Beckham 's transfer , but instead he joined reigning Spanish champions Real Madrid for € 37 million on a four - year contract . Beckham was the latest signing in the Galácticos era of global stars signed by club president Florentino Pérez every summer . The news came as a bitter blow to the newly elected Barcelona president Joan Laporta , who based much of his presidential campaign on signing Beckham . Though announced in mid-June , the transfer was completed on 1 July 2003 , making him the third Englishman to play for the club , after Laurie Cunningham and Steve McManaman . Following a successful medical on 2 July , Beckham was unveiled in front of 500 accredited journalists from 25 countries at Real 's basketball facility , where he was handed the famous white shirt by club legend Alfredo Di Stéfano . Although Beckham had worn the number seven shirt for Manchester United and England , he was unable to wear it at Madrid as it was assigned to club captain Raúl . He decided to wear number 23 instead , citing his admiration of basketball player Michael Jordan , who also wore the number 23 shirt , as the reason behind his decision . Beckham ( top ) and Zinedine Zidane at Real Madrid in August 2003 In the week before Beckham 's presentation , Real named Carlos Queiroz as their new head coach , meaning that Beckham was reunited with a familiar face upon arriving to Madrid , since Queiroz had spent the previous season as Alex Ferguson 's assistant at Manchester United . In late July 2003 , the club went on a tour of the Far East as part of pre-season training , but also to cash in on Beckham 's huge marketing appeal in Asia , where he enjoyed tremendous following . Real 's brand recognition in that part of the globe was already well established as the club made financially successful trips to Asia during previous off - seasons . The presence of a global marketing icon such as Beckham , however , made this particular tour a financial smash for los Merengues . Shortly after his transfer to Real , Beckham also ended his relationship with agent Tony Stephens of SFX Europe , who had guided him through his career until that point , including helping to engineer Beckham 's move from Manchester to Madrid . Beckham signed on with Simon Fuller and his company 19 Entertainment , which already managed the career of Victoria . Beckham also appointed close friend Terry Byrne to be his personal manager . In late August 2003 , Real Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup over two legs versus RCD Mallorca , with Beckham scoring the final goal in a 3 -- 0 return leg win at home , thus setting the stage for the start of the league season . Playing in a star - laden team which included three former FIFA World Player of the Year recipients , Zinedine Zidane , Ronaldo and Luís Figo , in addition to Roberto Carlos , Raúl and Iker Casillas , Beckham did not require much time to settle in , scoring five times in his first 16 matches ( including a goal less than three minutes into his La Liga debut ) . Queiroz mostly favoured the adaptable 5 -- 3 -- 2 formation , with two fullbacks Míchel Salgado and Roberto Carlos , often joining the attack down the wings , while Beckham played on the right of the three - man midfield , alongside Zidane and Figo . Real Madrid were runners - up in the Copa del Rey , were knocked out of the UEFA Champions League at the quarter - final stage and finished the league season in fourth place , meaning the team , whose president Pérez expected them to win either the Spanish league or the Champions League each season , did not match expectations . In July 2004 , while Beckham was in pre-season training in Spain , an intruder scaled a wall at the Beckham home while carrying a can of petrol . Victoria and their children were in the house at the time , but security guards apprehended the man before he reached the house . The league season began with new head coach José Antonio Camacho at the helm , but he ended up lasting only three matches , handing in his resignation as Real dropped to eighth spot in the La Liga standings . Camacho 's assistant Mariano García Remón took over on temporary basis as Real 's leadership scrambled to find a permanent replacement . Beckham made more headlines on 9 October 2004 when he admitted intentionally fouling Ben Thatcher in an England match against Wales to get himself booked . Beckham was due to receive a one - match suspension for his next caution , and had picked up an injury which he knew would keep him out of England 's next match , so he deliberately fouled Thatcher to serve his suspension in a match that he would have had to miss anyway . The Football Association asked Beckham for an explanation of his actions and he admitted that he had `` made a mistake '' and apologised . He was sent off shortly afterwards , this time in a league match for Real Madrid against Valencia . Having received a yellow card , he was judged to have sarcastically applauded the referee and was given a second yellow card , causing an automatic dismissal , although the suspension was cancelled on appeal . By Christmas 2004 , with the team sitting in second position in the league , García Remón was dismissed , and Vanderlei Luxemburgo became the new head coach . However , the well - travelled Brazilian failed to inspire the team to the title as Real again finished the season in second position . On 3 December 2005 , Beckham was sent off for the third time that season in a league match against Getafe CF . A day later Luxemburgo was sacked and was replaced by Juan Ramón López Caro . By the end of that season , Beckham led La Liga in number of assists . Beckham warming up with Real Madrid in August 2006 During the season , Beckham established football academies in Los Angeles and east London and was named a judge for the 2006 British Book Awards . Real Madrid finished second to Barcelona in the 2005 -- 06 La Liga , albeit with a large 12 - point gap , and only reached the last 16 in the Champions League after losing to Arsenal . The season also marked the end of an era for the club as Pérez resigned his post as president in January 2006 , with Vicente Boluda named as replacement on an interim basis until the end of the season . The summer 2006 off - season marked a turbulent time as the club 's presidential elections were held . Ramón Calderón became the new Real president . As expected , none of the club officials who served under the previous president was kept , including head coach López Caro . Initially out of favour with newly arrived head coach Fabio Capello , Beckham started only a few games at the beginning of the season , as the speedier José Antonio Reyes was normally preferred on the right wing . Of the first nine matches Beckham started , Real lost seven . On 10 January 2007 , after prolonged contractual negotiations , Real Madrid 's sporting director Predrag Mijatović announced that Beckham would not remain at Real Madrid after the end of the season . However , he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham 's contract had not yet been renewed . On 11 January 2007 , Beckham announced that he had signed a five - year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007 . On 13 January 2007 , Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid , although he would continue to train with the team . A few days later , while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid , Calderón said that Beckham is `` going to Hollywood to be half a film star '' , adding `` our technical staff were right not to extend his contract , which has been proved by the fact that no other technical staff in the world wanted him except Los Angeles '' . About a month later , however , Capello backtracked on his earlier statement , allowing Beckham to rejoin the team for the match against Real Sociedad on 10 February 2007 . The player immediately repaid his head coach 's trust by scoring the equalising goal from a 27 - yard free kick , as Real Madrid eventually recorded a 2 -- 1 victory . In his final UEFA Champions League appearance for the club , Real Madrid were knocked out of the competition by Bayern Munich at the round - of - 16 stage ( on the away goals rule ) on 7 March 2007 . Beckham played a pivotal role in all three Madrid goals in the home game , with Bayern goalkeeper Oliver Kahn describing his performance as `` world class '' . Beckham during his last season with Real Madrid On 17 June 2007 , the last day of the La Liga season , Beckham started in his final match for the club , a 3 -- 1 win over Mallorca which saw them clinch the title from Barcelona . With Real down 0 -- 1 , Beckham limped off the field and was replaced by José Antonio Reyes , who scored two goals , leading the team to that season 's La Liga title , their first since Beckham had signed with them and 30th overall in the club 's history . Although Real and Barçelona both finished level on points , Madrid took the title because of their superior head - to - head record , capping a remarkable six - month turnaround for Beckham . With his wife and children , along with celebrity friends Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes , watching from a luxury box at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , it was only Beckham 's second piece of silverware since he joined the famous club . Towards the end of the season , as Beckham was getting back into Capello 's good books after successfully fighting his way back into the first team , Real Madrid announced they would try to untie his transfer to LA Galaxy , but were ultimately unsuccessful . Several weeks before Beckham 's scheduled arrival in the United States , Real 's management contacted LA Galaxy 's ownership group about reacquiring the player , but were quickly turned down . A month after the conclusion of Beckham 's Real career , Forbes magazine reported that he had been the party primarily responsible for the team 's huge increase in merchandise sales , a total reported to top US $600 million during Beckham 's four years at the club . LA Galaxy I 'm coming there not to be a superstar . I 'm coming there to be part of the team , to work hard and to hopefully win things . With me , it 's about football . I 'm coming there to make a difference . I 'm coming there to play football ... I 'm not saying me coming over to the States is going to make soccer the biggest sport in America . That would be difficult to achieve . Baseball , basketball , American football , they 've been around . But I would n't be doing this if I did n't think I could make a difference . Beckham on going to America Beckham 's involvement with Major League Soccer ( MLS ) began while he was still a Real Madrid player when it was confirmed on 11 January 2007 that he would be leaving Madrid in six months to join MLS side LA Galaxy . The speculation about his new contract in Madrid was thus put to an end and the following day Beckham 's official press conference was held in conjunction with the 2007 MLS SuperDraft . Beckham scores his first goal for LA Galaxy with a trademark free - kick . The announcement made top news all across the globe . Though many worldwide media outlets reported the deal to be worth US $250 million , the astronomical figure was soon revealed to be something of a PR stunt engineered by Beckham 's media handlers ( British representative agency 19 Entertainment ) . To maximise the media effect , in the press release they decided to list the potential sum that Beckham could make over the five - year period from all his revenue sources , which in addition to his Galaxy pay also include his personal endorsements . Beckham 's actual deal with the Galaxy was a five - year contract worth US $32.5 million in total or $6.5 million per year . The high - profile acquisition paid immediate financial dividends for Galaxy long before Beckham joined the team . On the strength of the signing and the media frenzy it created , the club was able to pull off a new five - year shirt sponsorship deal with Herbalife nutrition company worth US $20 million . The gate revenue peaked as well with 11,000 new season tickets holders and sold - out luxury suites ( each one of the 42 inside the team 's home ground , the Home Depot Center ) . Even the LA Galaxy owners Anschutz Entertainment Group ( AEG ) saw an immediate spike in business . Involved on many business fronts worldwide , AEG was already leveraging its Beckham association in places such as China , where the company had been working aggressively in Shanghai and Beijing for years to receive clearance to build arenas and stadiums . The company 's CEO Tim Leiweke put it as follows : `` Suddenly , we 're known as the company that owns the team that David Beckham is going to play for , so our world changed '' . In the months following the announcement , the additional terms of Beckham 's contract became public knowledge . One unique contract provision was giving him the option of buying an MLS expansion franchise in any market except New York City at the fixed price of $25 million whenever he stopped playing in the league -- an allowance that the league 's owners had never given to a player before . Another provision was the opt - out clause after the 2009 season , meaning that should he decide so , Beckham was free to leave the club after completing year three of his five - year contract . In April 2007 , he and wife Victoria bought an $18.2 million home on San Ysidro Drive in Beverly Hills . Beckham ( with a blue captain 's armband ) became LA Galaxy captain immediately upon joining the team Beckham 's contract with LA Galaxy took effect on 11 July , and on 13 July , the famous Englishman was officially unveiled as a Galaxy player at the Home Depot Center to much fanfare and world media interest in front of more than 5,000 gathered fans and some 700 accredited media members . Beckham chose to wear number 23 . It was announced that Galaxy jersey sales had already reached a record figure of over 250,000 prior to this formal introduction . In parallel , Beckham 's handlers at 19 Entertainment succeeded in putting together an unprecedented US media rollout designed to expand his carefully crafted personal brand in America . He made the cover of Sports Illustrated , a few weeks earlier Adidas launched the extensive 13 - part ad campaign `` Fútbol meets Football '' starring Beckham and NFL running back Reggie Bush , and W magazine published a racy photo spread featuring David and wife Victoria photographed by Steven Klein . Meanwhile , ESPN sports network was running a promotional campaign and it also agreed to air David Beckham : New Beginnings documentary produced by 19 Entertainment before the friendly match versus Chelsea , which was expected to be Beckham 's American debut . In addition to popularising soccer , Beckham 's arrival was used as platform for entertainment industry endeavours . Since both Beckham 's and his wife 's often overlapping careers were handled by 19 Entertainment , which is owned by Simon Fuller , who in turn has a business relationship with the Creative Artists Agency ( CAA ) , one of Hollywood 's most powerful talent agencies , it was important also for CAA that the Beckhams made as big an impact as possible upon their arrival in the United States . On 16 July , CAA had hosted a welcoming bash for David at its new eight - storey , $400 million headquarters in Century City with CAA employees reportedly instructed beforehand to line the staircase and clap for Beckham upon his arrival . That night Victoria 's reality show prime - time special Victoria Beckham : Coming to America aired on NBC , drawing negative reviews in the press and poor viewership ratings . Beckham during a LA Galaxy game in November 2007 On Saturday afternoon , 21 July , despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga 's season , Beckham made his Galaxy debut , coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0 -- 1 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer . With a capacity crowd , along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise , Katie Holmes , Eva Longoria , Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger , and Drew Carey among others , present at the Home Depot Center , the match was broadcast live on ESPN 's main network . However , the proceedings on the field of play took a back seat to the Beckham spectacle , and despite the presence of worldwide football stars such as Andriy Shevchenko , Didier Drogba , Michael Ballack , and Frank Lampard , the US television cameras were firmly focused on Beckham who spent most of the match on the bench . The match 's added time featured a scare for already injured Beckham when he got tackled by Steve Sidwell whose cleats struck Beckham 's right foot , sending him airborne before he crumpled hard to the ground . Though the existing injury was not aggravated too much , Beckham 's recovery process was set back by about a week . ESPN 's presentation of Beckham 's debut earned a 1.0 TV rating , meaning it was seen in an average of 947,000 television homes in the US -- a disappointing figure given the national media buzz and two weeks of constant promotion by ESPN . As far as sporting events that were televised that weekend in the United States , Beckham 's much publicised debut drew fewer TV viewers than British Open golf tournament , a regular - season national baseball game , and even the Indy Racing League 's Honda 200 motor race . The day after the made - for - TV debut was reserved for the welcoming party for the Beckhams at LA 's Museum of Contemporary Art , formally billed as being hosted by Tom Cruise , Katie Holmes , Will Smith , and Jada Pinkett Smith though in actuality a CAA - organized event . Attended by many Hollywood A-listers , the lavish bash was big news in the US celebrity tabloid media , including daily entertainment TV magazines such as Entertainment Tonight and Access Hollywood . Beckham missed the next four LA Galaxy matches -- three in the North American SuperLiga and an MLS game away at Toronto FC though he still made the trip with his teammates , sitting on the bench in street clothes . It was in Toronto on 5 August that the team got its first taste of what life would be like on the road with Beckham on the roster . Due to security concerns , it was the first time the team flew on a charter for a road match , rather than flying commercial ( MLS normally forbids charter flights for away matches , claiming they provide competitive advantage , but in this case they made an exception due to the frenzy created around Beckham and resulting security issues ) . Also , instead of the usual MLS - mandated modest hotels , LA Galaxy stayed at the five - star Le Méridien King Edward in downtown Toronto ( an expense paid for by the local Toronto promoter ) , while the glitz and glamour continued with the velvet rope , red carpet party at the Ultra Supper Club with Beckham as the centerpiece guest . Beckham playing for LA Galaxy in March 2008 Two weeks after his 12 - minute appearance against Chelsea , Beckham made his league debut as a substitute on 9 August away versus D.C. United in front of the sellout crowd of 46,686 ( nearly three times the average D.C. United home crowd ) at the RFK Stadium , coming on for Quavas Kirk in the 71st minute . Coming into the nationally televised match on ESPN , played under a heavy downpour with his team down a man and down a goal , Beckham left a mark during the remaining 20 - plus minutes . He hit a long free kick that Carlos Pavón failed to finish on for the equaliser , and then in the final minutes Beckham served a weighted through ball into Landon Donovan 's path that United 's keeper Troy Perkins managed to break up in the last moment -- the Galaxy lost 1 -- 0 . The next match on the road trip was at New England Revolution and Beckham decided to sit it out , fearing further aggravating his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium 's artificial surface . Beckham returned to the pitch the following week , again facing D.C. United , in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August . During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy ; his first start , first yellow card and first game as team captain . He also scored his first goal for the team , from a free kick , and also made his first assist , for Landon Donovan in the second half . These goals gave the team a 2 -- 0 victory , and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August . During the SuperLiga final against Pachuca , Beckham injured his right knee , with an MRI scan revealing that he had sprained his medial collateral ligament and would be out for six weeks . He returned to play in the final home match of the season . The Galaxy were eliminated from playoff contention on 21 October , in the final MLS match of the season , a 1 -- 0 loss to the Chicago Fire . Beckham played as a substitute in the match , bringing his season totals to eight matches played ( 5 league ) ; one goal scored ( 0 league ) ; and three assists ( 2 league ) . Beckham trained with Arsenal from 4 January 2008 for three weeks until he returned to the Galaxy for pre-season training . Beckham scored his first league goal with the Galaxy on 3 April against the San Jose Earthquakes in the ninth minute . On 24 May 2008 , the Galaxy defeated the Kansas City Wizards 3 -- 1 , giving the Galaxy their first winning record in two years and moving the club into first place in the Western Conference . In the match , Beckham scored an empty - net goal from 70 yards out . The goal marked the second time in Beckham 's career that he had scored from his own half , the other being a 1996 - goal from the half - way line against Wimbledon at Selhurst Park . Overall , however , the Galaxy had a disappointing year , failing to qualify for the end - of - season play - offs . Milan ( loan ) Beckham playing for Milan In 2008 , Beckham 's success in the England national team under Fabio Capello led to speculation that he might return to Europe to retain match fitness for the World Cup qualifying matches in 2009 . On 30 October 2008 , Milan announced that Beckham was to join them on loan from 7 January 2009 . Despite this and other speculation , Beckham made it clear that the move in no way signalled his intent to leave MLS and announced his intent to return to the Galaxy in time for the start of the 2009 season in March . Many at Milan both within and outside of the club expressed serious reservations about the transfer , with it considered by some players no more than a marketing move . Beckham was unveiled at Milan 's training facility by the club 's chief executive Adriano Galliani on 20 December 2008 . The player chose the number 32 shirt previously worn by Christian Vieri , as both the number 7 and 23 shirts were already used by Alexandre Pato and club vice captain Massimo Ambrosini , respectively . After his physical , Beckham was reportedly told by a club doctor that he believed he could continue playing football for another five years , up to the age of 38 . The day after his unveiling , Beckham was brought to San Siro where he got introduced to home fans by walking out on the pitch before the league match versus Udinese and proclaiming `` Forza Milan '' over the public address system . Afterwards , he and wife Victoria watched from a luxury box as Milan won 5 -- 1 . `` On the pitch , Beckham sees everything before everyone else . His vision of play is better now than during his time in Manchester . He is slower but much stronger tactically and technically . He is very intelligent and works a lot . '' -- A.C. Milan coach Carlo Ancelotti on Beckham 's condition at 33 years old . Playing on the squad led by the 26 - year - old superstar Kaká in addition to several other world - class players at or near the peak of their careers -- 28 - year - old Ronaldinho , and 29 - year - old Andrea Pirlo -- as well as club veterans Paolo Maldini , Clarence Seedorf , Massimo Ambrosini , Giuseppe Favalli , Gianluca Zambrotta , Filippo Inzaghi and Andriy Shevchenko , Beckham made his competitive debut for the rossoneri in Serie A as a starter away at Roma on 11 January 2009 , playing 89 minutes of the 2 -- 2 draw in front of 53,444 at the Stadio Olimpico . Playing his first competitive match in almost three months , Beckham gave a decent performance in right midfield alongside Pirlo . Though clearly lacking match fitness , occasionally struggling to keep up in a high - tempo match , Beckham put in enough useful crosses and corners to justify the coach Carlo Ancelotti 's decision to play him from the start . Going into Beckham 's home debut versus Fiorentina a week later , all the talk was around Kaká being the target of a reported £ 100 million transfer bid by Manchester City . Beckham turned in another understated performance on the right side of midfield before advancing into a more active central role in the second half thus effectively taking over Seedorf 's role after the Dutchman was subbed off . Milan won 1 -- 0 courtesy of Pato , but the 65,000 + San Siro crowd mostly focused on Kaká , imploring him to stay . A noticeably older team , Ancelotti - coached Milan was proving a good fit for the 33 - year - old Englishman . He scored his first goal in Serie A for Milan in a 4 -- 1 victory over Bologna on 25 January , his third appearance for the club . Though Beckham was expected to return to Los Angeles in March , after impressing at the Italian club , scoring two goals in his first four matches and assisting on several more , rumours began to swirl that Beckham would stay in Milan , with the Italian club reportedly offering to pay a multimillion - dollar fee for him . The rumours were confirmed on 4 February , when Beckham stated that he was seeking a permanent transfer to Milan in a bid to sustain his England career through the 2010 World Cup . Milan , however , failed to match Galaxy 's valuation of Beckham , in the US $10 -- 15 million range . Still , negotiations continued during a month of speculation . On 2 March , the Los Angeles Times reported that Beckham 's loan had been extended through mid-July . This was later confirmed by Beckham , revealing what was described as a unique `` timeshare '' deal , in which Beckham would play with L.A. from mid-July till the end of the 2009 MLS season . Return to Galaxy After his return from Milan , many LA fans showed dislike and anger towards him as he missed the first half of the season and several held up signs saying `` Go home fraud '' , and `` Part - time player '' . The Galaxy , however , had a much more successful season than in previous years , rising from third to first in the Western Conference during Beckham 's time with them . He remained a key part of the squad which saw Galaxy win the 2009 Western Conference final after a 2 -- 0 overtime victory over the Houston Dynamo . In the final on 22 November 2009 , the Galaxy lost to Real Salt Lake by 5 -- 4 in a penalty shoot - out after a 1 -- 1 draw . Beckham also scored in the shootout . Return to Milan ( loan ) In November 2009 , after the end of 2009 MLS season , it was confirmed that Beckham would return to Milan for a second loan period beginning in January 2010 . On 6 January 2010 , Beckham made a winning return in a Milan shirt , playing 75 minutes of a 5 -- 2 victory over Genoa . On 16 February 2010 , Beckham played against Manchester United for the first time since he left the club in 2003 . He played 76 minutes of the match at the San Siro -- which ended 3 -- 2 to Manchester United -- before being substituted for Clarence Seedorf . Beckham returned to Old Trafford for the second leg of the tie on 10 March 2010 ; he did not start the match , but was brought on for Ignazio Abate in the 64th minute to a positive reception from the Manchester United fans . The score was 3 -- 0 for United at that point and the tie was all but decided . The match was the first time Beckham had played against Manchester United at Old Trafford and saw him create several scoring opportunities via crosses and corner kicks , but Manchester United dominated Milan and beat them 4 -- 0 , winning the tie 7 -- 2 . Following the final whistle , he aroused a bit of controversy by draping the green - and - gold scarf around his neck that was given to him by the Manchester United supporters protesting against club owner Malcolm Glazer . As the fan protests against Glazer by the people gathered around Manchester United Supporters ' Trust gained steam in 2010 , the green - and - gold scarf had come to be seen as an anti-Glazer symbol , and by extension many saw Beckham 's decision to publicly put it on as gesture of support . When asked about it later , however , Beckham responded that protests are not his business . In Milan 's next game , against Chievo , Beckham suffered a torn left Achilles tendon , causing him to miss the World Cup as well as the MLS season due to the injury , which took him out of action for the next five months . Doctor Sakari Orava performed surgery on Beckham 's tendon in Turku , Finland , on 15 March 2010 . After the operation , Orava affirmed that , `` it went quite fine . The prognosis is he needs a rehabilitation for the next few months , and the plaster cast is the next six to eight weeks . I would say that ( it will be ) maybe four months before he 's running , but six months before he 's jumping and kicking . '' Second return to Galaxy Beckham in 2010 On 11 September 2010 , after recovering from his Achilles tendon injury , Beckham returned to the game as a substitute in the 70th minute in the Galaxy 's 3 -- 1 win over Columbus Crew . On 4 October , Beckham scored a trademark free kick in a 2 -- 1 win over Chivas USA to mark his first goal in 2010 . On 24 October , Beckham scored his second goal of the season in the Galaxy 's 2 -- 1 win over FC Dallas which secured them their second successive Western Conference title and first MLS Supporters ' Shield since 2002 . During January and February 2011 , ahead of the 2011 MLS season , Beckham trained with Tottenham Hotspur . Rumours in the media claimed that the club were in talks with the Galaxy to sign the player on loan , but , according to Spurs manager Harry Redknapp , the move was blocked by Galaxy , who wanted a full final season from their number 23 . As a result , he ended up only training with the club as he had done with Arsenal three years earlier . With Beckham playing in the centre of midfield , the Galaxy won the 2011 MLS cup . MLS Cup champion Beckham with LA Galaxy in 2012 On 15 May , Beckham scored his first goal of the season for the Galaxy from a 30 - yard free kick , in a 4 -- 1 victory over Sporting Kansas City . On 9 July , Beckham scored directly from a corner in a 2 -- 1 win over Chicago Fire , repeating a feat he also achieved while playing for Preston North End . After having his best season with the Galaxy to date and finishing second in the league in assists , Beckham finished his fifth MLS season on a high . On 20 November 2011 , he joined an elite group of players to have won three league titles in three different countries , when Los Angeles won their third MLS Cup against the Houston Dynamo , winning 1 -- 0 on a goal by captain Landon Donovan , with assists from Beckham and fellow designated player Robbie Keane . Had it been Beckham 's final match for the Galaxy , it would have been the third time he has won a league championship in his final match for a club , repeating the feat he accomplished with Manchester United in 2003 and Real Madrid in 2007 . Following the 2011 season , in which the Galaxy won their second consecutive Supporters ' Shield , having the second most points in MLS history , Beckham 's five - year contract with the Galaxy expired on 31 December 2011 . Despite being 36 , he stated that he did not intend to retire . Beckham was heavily linked with Paris Saint - Germain , but on 18 January 2012 , Galaxy announced Beckham had signed a new two - year contract to remain in Los Angeles . In May 2012 , Beckham and his victorious teammates were received by President of the United States Barack Obama at the White House . Beckham helped the Galaxy to a fourth - place finish in the MLS Western Conference 2012 regular season with Beckham scoring seven goals and adding nine assists . The Galaxy defeated Vancouver Whitecaps FC , the San Jose Earthquakes , Seattle Sounders FC and then 3 -- 1 over the Houston Dynamo to retain the MLS Cup . He was subbed off in the 89th minute for Marcelo Sarvas and was given a standing ovation at their home venue . Beckham had earlier announced that the 2012 MLS Cup Final would be his final game with the Galaxy despite having another year remaining on his contract . Paris Saint - Germain and retirement On 31 January 2013 , ahead of the transfer deadline it was announced that Beckham would be undergoing a medical with Paris Saint - Germain ahead of a potential move to the Ligue 1 side . Beckham signed a five - month deal with the club later that afternoon and confirmed that his entire salary during his time in Paris would be donated to a local children 's charity . His PSG debut came on 24 February 2013 , when he came off the bench in the 76th minute in a Ligue 1 home match against Marseille . This made him the 400th player in the history of the club . On 12 May 2013 , Beckham won a fourth different top flight winners ' medal after PSG beat Lyon 1 -- 0 to claim the Ligue 1 title . On 16 May 2013 , Beckham announced that he would retire from professional football at the end of that year 's French football season . Following his decision to retire at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season , Beckham was given specially designed boots in the colours of the Union Jack to wear in his final game . These boots had the names of his wife and children stitched on to them . On 18 May 2013 , Beckham was made captain in his final home game against Brest . In this game , Beckham assisted a goal by Matuidi from a corner . Beckham was subbed after 80 minutes , receiving hugs from his fellow players and manager , as well as a standing ovation from fans . PSG went on to win the game 3 -- 1 . International career Beckham as England captain Beckham made his first appearance for the England national team on 1 September 1996 , in a World Cup qualifying match against Moldova . Beckham had played in all of England 's qualifying matches for the 1998 World Cup and was part of the England squad at the World Cup finals in France , but the team 's manager Glenn Hoddle publicly accused him of not concentrating on the tournament , and he did not start in either of England 's first two games . He was picked for the third game against Colombia and scored with a bending 30 - yard free kick in a 2 -- 0 victory , which was his first goal for England . In the second round ( last 16 ) of that competition , he received a red card in England 's match against Argentina . Beckham , after having been fouled by Diego Simeone , kicked Simeone while lying on the floor , striking him on the calf muscle . Sports Illustrated was critical of the Argentinians ' theatrics in that incident , stating that Simeone first delivered a `` heavy - handed challenge '' on Beckham and then `` fell like a ton of bricks '' when Beckham retaliated . Simeone later admitted to trying to get Beckham sent off by over-reacting to the kick and then , along with other members of his team , urging the referee to send Beckham off . The match finished in a draw and England were eliminated in a penalty shootout . Many supporters and journalists blamed him for England 's elimination and he became the target of criticism and abuse , including the hanging of an effigy outside a London pub , and the Daily Mirror printing a dartboard with a picture of him centred on the bullseye . Beckham also received death threats after the World Cup . The abuse that Beckham was receiving from English supporters peaked during England 's 3 -- 2 defeat by Portugal in Euro 2000 , a match where Beckham set up two goals , when a group of England supporters taunted him throughout the match . Beckham responded by raising his middle finger and , while the gesture attracted some criticism , many of the newspapers that had previously encouraged his vilification asked their readers to stop abusing him . On 15 November 2000 , following Kevin Keegan 's resignation as England manager in October , Beckham was promoted to team captain by the caretaker manager Peter Taylor , and then kept the role under new manager Sven - Göran Eriksson . `` We 've played two and a half minutes of stoppage time . England trail by 2 goals to 1 . Beckham could raise the roof here with a goal ... I do n't believe it ! David Beckham scores the goal to take England all the way to the World Cup Finals ! ... Give that man a Knighthood ! '' -- Television commentary on Beckham 's stoppage time 30 - yard curling free - kick against Greece in the 2002 World Cup qualifying game in October 2001 . Beckham played a major role in helping England qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup , starring in an impressive 5 -- 1 victory over Germany in Munich . The final step in Beckham 's conversion from villain to national hero happened in England 's final qualifying game against Greece on 6 October 2001 . England needed to win or draw the match to qualify outright for the World Cup , but were losing 2 -- 1 with little time remaining . When Teddy Sheringham was fouled eight yards outside the Greek penalty area , England were awarded a free - kick and Beckham ensured England 's qualification with a curling strike of the kind that had become his trademark . Beckham was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year for 2001 , and finished runner - up , to Luís Figo of Portugal , for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . Beckham was partially fit by the time of the 2002 World Cup held in Japan and South Korea , and played in the first match against Sweden . After the events of four years earlier , Beckham achieved a degree of revenge over Argentina by scoring the winning goal with a penalty , causing Argentina to fail to qualify for the knockout stage . England defeated Denmark in the second round with Beckham providing an assist in a 3 -- 0 win . England were knocked out in the quarter - finals by eventual winners Brazil after Ronaldinho scored the winner . The following month , at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester , Beckham escorted Kirsty Howard as she presented the Jubilee Baton to the Queen . Beckham played in all of England 's matches at Euro 2004 . He had a penalty saved in England 's 2 -- 1 defeat to France and missed another in a penalty shootout in the quarter - final match against Portugal . England lost the shootout thus going out of the competition . Beckham became a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in January 2005 and was involved in promoting London 's successful bid for the 2012 Olympic Games . In October 2005 , Beckham 's sending off against Austria made him the first England captain to be sent off and the first player to be sent off twice while playing for England . He captained England for the 50th time in a friendly international against Argentina the following month . In England 's opening game at the 2006 World Cup , against Paraguay on 10 June 2006 , Beckham 's free kick led to an own - goal by Carlos Gamarra as England won 1 -- 0 . In England 's next match , played against Trinidad and Tobago on 15 June 2006 , Beckham 's cross in the 83rd minute led to a Peter Crouch goal , which put England into the lead 1 -- 0 . Beckham gave another assist to Steven Gerrard . In the end they won 2 -- 0 . He was named Man of the Match by tournament sponsor Budweiser . During England 's second round match against Ecuador , Beckham scored from a free kick in the 59th minute , becoming the first English player to score in three separate World Cups , and giving England a 1 -- 0 victory and a place in the quarter - finals . He was sick before the game and vomited several times as a result of dehydration and illness that he got after having scored the winning goal for England . In the quarter - final against Portugal , Beckham was substituted following an injury shortly after half time and the England team went on to lose the match on penalties ( 3 -- 1 ) , the score having been 0 -- 0 after extra time . After his substitution , Beckham was visibly shaken and emotional for not being able to play , being in tears at one point . A day after England were knocked out of the World Cup , an emotional Beckham made a statement in a news conference that he had stepped down as England captain , stating , `` It has been an honour and privilege to captain my country but , having been captain for 58 of my 95 games , I feel the time is right to pass on the armband as we enter a new era under Steve McClaren . '' ( Beckham had won 94 caps up to that point . ) He was succeeded by Chelsea captain John Terry . Having stepped down as captain after the World Cup , Beckham was dropped completely from the England national team selected by new coach Steve McClaren on 11 August 2006 . McClaren claimed that he was `` looking to go in a different direction '' with the team , and that Beckham `` was n't included within that . '' McClaren said Beckham could be recalled in future . Shaun Wright - Phillips , Kieran Richardson , and the World Cup alternative to Beckham , Aaron Lennon , were all included , although McClaren eventually opted to employ Steven Gerrard in that role . Beckham takes the free kick against Brazil from which John Terry scored . On 26 May 2007 , McClaren announced that Beckham would be recalled to the England squad for the first time since stepping down as their captain . Beckham started against Brazil in England 's first match at the new Wembley Stadium and put in a positive performance . In the second half , he set up England 's goal converted by captain John Terry . It looked as though England would claim victory over Brazil , but newcomer Diego equalised in the dying seconds . In England 's next match , a Euro 2008 qualifier against Estonia , Beckham sent two trademark assists for Michael Owen and Peter Crouch , helping England to prevail 3 -- 0 . Beckham had assisted in three of England 's four total goals in those two games , and he stated his desire to continue to play for England after his move to Major League Soccer . On 22 August 2007 , Beckham played in a friendly for England against Germany , becoming the first to play for England while with a non-European club team . On 21 November 2007 , Beckham earned his 99th cap against Croatia , setting up a goal for Peter Crouch to tie the game at 2 -- 2 . Following the 2 -- 3 loss , England failed to qualify for the Euro 2008 Finals . Despite this , Beckham said that he has no plans to retire from international football and wanted to continue playing for the national team . After being passed over by new England coach and Beckham 's former manager at Real Madrid , Fabio Capello , for a friendly against Switzerland which would have given him his hundredth cap ; Beckham admitted that he was not in shape at the time , as he had not played a competitive match in three months . On 20 March 2008 , Beckham was recalled to the England squad by Capello for the friendly against France in Paris on 26 March . Beckham became only the fifth Englishman to win 100 caps . Capello had hinted on 25 March 2008 that Beckham had a long - term future in his side ahead of crucial qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup . On 11 May 2008 , Capello included an in - form Beckham in his 31 - man England squad to face the United States at Wembley Stadium on 28 May before the away fixture with Trinidad and Tobago on 1 June . Beckham was honoured before the match by receiving an honorary gold cap representing his 100th cap from Bobby Charlton , and was given a standing ovation from the crowd . He played well and assisted John Terry on the match - winning goal . When substituted at half - time for David Bentley , the pro-Beckham crowd booed the decision . In a surprise move , Capello handed Beckham the captaincy for England 's friendly against Trinidad and Tobago on 1 June 2008 . The match was the first time since the 2006 World Cup that Beckham had skippered England and marked a dramatic turnaround for Beckham . In two years , he had gone from being dropped completely from the England squad to being reinstated ( though temporarily ) as England captain . During the 2010 World Cup Qualifier against Belarus in which England won 3 -- 1 in Minsk , Beckham came off the bench in the 87th minute to earn his 107th cap making him England 's third-most - capped player in history , overtaking Bobby Charlton in the process . On 11 February 2009 , Beckham drew level with Bobby Moore 's record of 108 caps for an English outfield player , coming on as a substitute for Stewart Downing in a friendly match against Spain . On 28 March 2009 , Beckham surpassed Moore to hold the record outright when he came on as a substitute in a friendly against Slovakia , providing the assist for a goal from Wayne Rooney in the process . In all , Beckham had made 16 appearances out of a possible 20 for England under Capello until his ruptured Achilles tendon of March 2010 ruled him out of selection for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . His last game for England before injury had been on 14 October 2009 as a substitute in England 's last World Cup qualifying game , which ended England 3 -- 0 Belarus . After a poor performance from England at the World Cup Capello remained as manager , but was under pressure to revamp the England squad for the imminent UEFA Euro 2012 qualification campaign . He unveiled a new team at the next England match , a home friendly game against Hungary on 11 August 2010 , with Beckham still unavailable for selection but aiming for a return to playing in MLS by the following month . In the post-match interview , Capello said of the prospect of the now 35 - year - old Beckham playing any future competitive matches for England , that `` I need to change it . David is a fantastic player but I think we need new players for the future '' , referring to the new players that play in Beckham 's right midfield position , including Theo Walcott and Adam Johnson , adding `` This is the future of the team under Fabio Capello or another manager . '' He said that Beckham may be selected for one last friendly game , stating , `` If he is fit , I hope we will play one more game here at Wembley so the fans can say goodbye . '' In response to the comments , Beckham 's agent released a statement reiterating Beckham 's position that he had no desire to retire from international football , and would always make himself available for selection for England if fit and if needed . He remains 10 caps short of the record number of 125 caps by goalkeeper Peter Shilton , for a player of any position . Beckham was named in the provisional squad to represent the Great Britain Olympic football team at the 2012 Olympics . He was not included in the final selection by manager Stuart Pearce . Discipline Training and praise from managers `` David Beckham is Britain 's finest striker of a football not because of God - given talent but because he practises with a relentless application that the vast majority of less gifted players would n't contemplate . '' -- Former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson . Beckham is a `` product of Sir Alex Ferguson 's school of hard graft '' at Manchester United . Renowned for his long - range passing , crossing ability , and bending free - kicks as a right winger , Ferguson noted that Beckham `` practised with a discipline to achieve an accuracy that other players would n't care about . '' Beckham reportedly spent hours practising his free kicks after training sessions had ended . Beckham maintained his training routine at Real Madrid and even when his relationship with management was strained in early 2007 , Real Madrid president Ramón Calderón and manager Fabio Capello praised Beckham for maintaining his professionalism and commitment to the club . Beckham 's Real Madrid teammate Roberto Carlos regarded Beckham to be the best free - kick exponent he had ever seen . Two of the best free kick exponents of their generation , Roberto Carlos commented on the dilemma the team faced when they won a free kick on the edge of the penalty area : `` I would stand on one side and Beckham on the other but I wanted to see Beckham take the free - kick because it 's beautiful how he hits the ball . '' In May 2013 , asked about how he wanted to be remembered in his retirement , Beckham said , `` I just want people to see me as a hardworking footballer , someone that 's passionate about the game , someone that -- every time I stepped on the pitch -- I 've given everything that I have , because that 's how I feel . That 's how I look back on it and hope people will see me . '' Discipline Beckham was the first England player ever to collect two red cards , and the first England captain to be sent off . Beckham 's most notorious red card was during the 1998 World Cup after Argentina 's Diego Simeone had fouled him : Beckham , lying face down on the pitch , kicked out at the Argentine midfielder , who fell dramatically . He amassed 41 yellow cards and four red cards in his time at Real Madrid ; all four reds came in La Liga . He received one red card while at Paris Saint - Germain , picked up in injury time in a match against Evian on 28 April 2013 . Between 2000 and 2013 , Beckham played 420 competitive games for England , Milan , LA Galaxy , Manchester United , Real Madrid and PSG , and received seven red cards , one every 60 matches on average . David Beckham Academy Beckham Academy in London In 2005 , Beckham founded the David Beckham Academy football school , operating from two sites , in London and Los Angeles . It was announced in late 2009 that both would close . A mobile academy is being developed by Beckham , to travel around the UK and further afield . Major League Soccer team in Miami Main article : Miami MLS team On 5 February 2014 , MLS announced that Beckham had exercised his option to buy a MLS expansion team for $25 million , which he had received as part of the contract he signed with the LA Galaxy in 2007 . The ownership group , led by Beckham , originally hoped the Miami - based team would begin play in 2016 or 2017 . After delays getting a stadium deal completed , MLS announced in January 2018 that the team had been approved and would likely begin play in 2020 . Personal life Beckham and his wife Victoria at the 2007 British Grand Prix at Silverstone In 1997 , Beckham started dating Victoria Adams , after she attended a Manchester United match . She was famously known as `` Posh Spice '' of the pop music group Spice Girls , one of the world 's top pop groups at the time , and his team was also enjoying a great run of success . Therefore , their relationship instantly attracted a great deal of media attention . The couple were dubbed `` Posh and Becks '' by the media . He proposed to her on 24 January 1998 in a restaurant in Cheshunt , England . On 4 July 1999 , they married at Luttrellstown Castle in Ireland . Beckham 's teammate Gary Neville was the best man , and the couple 's infant son , Brooklyn , was the ring bearer . The media were kept away from the ceremony , as the Beckhams had an exclusive deal with OK ! Magazine , but newspapers were still able to obtain photographs showing them sitting on golden thrones. 437 staff were employed for the wedding reception , which was estimated to have cost £ 500,000 . David and Victoria Beckham have four children : sons Brooklyn Joseph ( born 4 March 1999 in Westminster , London ) , Romeo James ( born 1 September 2002 in Westminster , London ) , Cruz David ( born 20 February 2005 in Madrid , Spain ) , and daughter Harper Seven ( born 10 July 2011 , in Los Angeles ) . Elton John is godfather to Brooklyn and Romeo Beckham ; their godmother is Elizabeth Hurley . Beckham 's three sons have all played football in the Arsenal Academy . Like their father , Brooklyn and Romeo have both done modelling work and been named among GQ 's best dressed British men . Brooklyn previously played football for Arsenal U16 , but was released at the end of the 2014 -- 15 season . In his early Manchester United career , Beckham lived in a four - bedroom house in Worsley that he bought directly from the property developer as a 20 - year - old in 1995 . Beckham suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , which he says makes him `` have everything in a straight line or everything has to be in pairs . '' Victoria Beckham claims , `` If you open our fridge , it 's all co-ordinated down either side . We 've got three fridges -- food in one , salad in another and drinks in the third . In the drinks one , everything is symmetrical . If there 's three cans , he 'll throw one away because it has to be an even number . '' In April 2004 , the British tabloid News of the World carried claims by Beckham 's former personal assistant Rebecca Loos that he and Loos had an extramarital affair . A week later , the Malaysian - born Australian model Sarah Marbeck claimed that she had slept with Beckham on two occasions . Beckham dismissed both accusations as `` ludicrous '' . In September 2010 , Beckham announced that he was making a court application against prostitute Irma Nici and several others over claims in the magazine In Touch that he had sex with her . Although the magazine later accepted that the allegations against Beckham were untrue , his court application was dismissed under US freedom of speech laws . Outside football Beckham in Cape Town , South Africa , December 2009 Beckham 's fame extends beyond the pitch ; in much of the world his name is `` as instantly recognisable as that of multinational companies like Coca - Cola and IBM . '' Beckham 's relationship and marriage to Victoria , who has been famous in her own right as part of the Spice Girls , contributed to his celebrity beyond football . Beckham became known as a fashion icon , and together with Victoria , the couple became lucrative spokespeople sought after by clothing designers , health and fitness specialists , fashion magazines , perfume and cosmetics manufacturers , hair stylists , exercise promoters , and spa and recreation companies . One example is a line of aftershave and fragrances called David Beckham Instinct . In 2002 , Beckham was hailed as the ultimate `` metrosexual '' by the man who invented the term and has been described as such by numerous other articles since . The Beckhams were paid $13.7 million in 2007 to launch his fragrance line in the United States In the world of fashion , David has already appeared on the covers of many magazines . United States covers have included the men 's magazine Details , and with his wife for the August 2007 issue of W. According to Google , `` David Beckham '' was searched for more than any other sports topic on their site in 2003 and 2004 . According to Ask Jeeves , Beckham ranked third , after Britney Spears and Osama bin Laden , among subjects most searched for by British users of that site in the first decade of the 2000s . Upon their arrival in Los Angeles on 12 July 2007 , the night before Beckham 's formal introduction , Los Angeles International Airport was filled with paparazzi and news reporters . On the next night , Victoria appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno to talk about their move to LA , and presented Leno with a number 23 Galaxy jersey with his own name on the back . Victoria also talked about her NBC TV show Victoria Beckham : Coming to America . On 22 July , a private welcoming party was held for the couple at the Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles . A-list celebrities attending included Steven Spielberg , Jim Carrey , George Clooney , Tom Cruise , Katie Holmes , Will Smith , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Oprah Winfrey . Beckham 's many endorsement deals make him one of the most recognisable athletes throughout the world . Having worn Adidas football boots from the start of his career ( notably Adidas Predator ) , in 2003 he signed a $160 million lifetime contract with Adidas , earning nearly half the money upfront , and will continue to earn percentages of profits on all of his branded Adidas products . He had a 10 - year collaboration with Pepsi Co. that expired in 2009 . He has also promoted The Walt Disney Company theme parks . Beckham with United States First Lady Michelle Obama at the White House , March 2012 Beckham has several eponymous video games , including Go ! Go ! Beckham ! Adventure on Soccer Island , a platform game for the Game Boy Advance , and David Beckham Soccer , a football game for a number of different platforms , and he was brand ambassador for exercise video game EA Sports Active 2 . Beckham featured in EA Sports ' FIFA video game series ; he was on the cover for the International edition of FIFA 98 . During his playing career ( which ended in May 2013 ) , Beckham generated an estimated £ 1 billion in shirt and boot sales . In 2006 , Lloyd 's of London insured his legs for £ 100m , at the time he was playing for Real Madrid . In March 2015 Beckham had the third highest social media rank in the world among sportspeople , behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi , with over 52 million Facebook fans . At the closing ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics , Beckham , Jimmy Page and Leona Lewis represented Britain during the handover segment for the 2012 Games to be held in London . Beckham rode a London double - decker bus into the stadium and Page and Lewis performed `` Whole Lotta Love '' . Beckham visited Afghanistan in May 2010 for a morale - boosting visit to British troops fighting the Taliban insurgency . The appearance of Beckham as well as British Foreign Secretary William Hague and Defence Secretary Liam Fox was believed to have prompted a Taliban attack on Kandahar airfield . Chinese authorities appointed Beckham as global ambassador for Chinese football in March 2013 . After numerous officials had been banned for match - fixing , and the Chinese Super League had failed to retain the services of well - known international names , Beckham 's role was to help improve the image of the game and raise its profile both in China and abroad . From 14 July 2013 , Beckham started appearing in adverts for BSkyB advertising their Sky Sports coverage via the Sky Go app . In January 2014 , Beckham appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on NBC in the U.S , and in March he made a guest appearance in the BBC 's Sport Relief special of Only Fools and Horses . He was named one of GQ 's 50 best dressed British men in 2015 . Beckham was announced as the new Ambassadorial president of the British Fashion Council on 11 May 2018 . Prior to the June 2018 vote by FIFA member nations for selecting the hosts of the 2026 FIFA World Cup , Beckham endorsed the North American bid ( Canada , Mexico and the United States ) . Charitable work Beckham has supported UNICEF since his days at Manchester United and in January 2005 , the English national team captain became a Goodwill Ambassador with a special focus on UNICEF 's Sports for Development program . In 2012 , he met with UK Prime Minister David Cameron at 10 Downing Street to call for more action to help children affected by malnutrition around the world . In 2015 , his tenth year as a UNICEF Ambassador , Beckham launched 7 : The David Beckham UNICEF Fund to help protect children in danger . In June 2015 he visited Siem Reap in Cambodia , where he met with child victims of violence . Beckham has pledged his support for the Unite for Children , Unite Against AIDS campaign . He is a former patron of the Elton John AIDS Foundation . In 2013 , he also donated all his £ 3.4 million salary taken from Paris Saint - Germain to two children 's charities in France . Beckham has been supporting the charity named Help For Heroes for many years whose aim is to help soldiers injured in Iraq and Afghan wars . On 17 January 2007 , Rebecca Johnstone , a 19 - year - old cancer patient from Hamilton , Ontario , Canada , received a surprise phone call from Beckham . After the conversation , he sent her a Real Madrid jersey with his signature on it . Rebecca died on 29 January 2007 . On 1 July 2007 , Beckham appeared as a speaker at the Concert for Diana held at Wembley Stadium , London to celebrate the life of Princess Diana almost 10 years after her death . Proceeds from the concert went to Diana 's charities as well as to charities of which her sons Princes William and Harry are patrons . Beckham is a founding member of the Malaria No More UK Leadership Council and helped launch the charity in 2009 with Andy Murray at Wembley Stadium . Beckham also appeared in a 2007 public service announcement for Malaria No More U.S , advertising the need for inexpensive bed nets . The TV spot aired in the United States on Fox Networks , including Fox Soccer Channel , and can also be seen on YouTube . Since joining Major League Soccer , Beckham has been a very public advocate in the United States for related charities such as `` MLS W.O.R.K.S. '' On 17 August 2007 , he conducted a youth clinic in Harlem , along with other current and former MLS players . This was in advance of his first New York City area match the following day against the New York Red Bulls . That team 's Jozy Altidore and Juan Pablo Ángel were also with Beckham , teaching skills to disadvantaged youth to benefit FC Harlem Lions . Appearances in films Beckham never personally appeared in the 2002 film Bend It Like Beckham , except in archive footage . He and his wife wanted to make cameo appearances , but scheduling proved difficult , so the director used lookalike Andy Harmer instead . Beckham makes a cameo appearance with Zinedine Zidane and Raúl , in the 2005 film Goal ! . Harmer also doubled for him in the party scene . Beckham himself appears in the sequel Goal II : Living the Dream in a larger role , when the film 's lead character gets transferred to Real Madrid . This time , the story centres on the Real Madrid team , and besides Beckham , other real life Real Madrid players also appear on and off the pitch , alongside the fictional characters . Though the use of stock footage from the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Beckham appeared in Goal III : Taking on the World , which was released straight to DVD on 15 June 2009 . Despite moving to Los Angeles , California , Beckham has expressed no personal interest in pursuit of acting roles , saying he is too `` stiff '' . However , due to his friendship with Guy Ritchie , he has made two cameo appearances in Ritchie 's films : as a projectionist in The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( based on the 1964 MGM television series of the same name ) , and as Trigger in King Arthur : Legend of the Sword . Beckham has played along to jokes about his voice . In a 2018 promo for Deadpool 2 , Beckham is seen watching the first instalment of the film franchise in which Ryan Reynolds ' character compares Beckham 's voice to inhaling helium . Beckham is seen rolling his eyes at the voice jibe before receiving an apology text from Deadpool . Beckham answers his door to the antihero who presents him with milk and cookies , before Deadpool knocks again and has a bunch of helium - filled red balloons . Records Beckham captained England 59 times , the fourth highest after Bobby Moore and Billy Wright both with 90 , and Bryan Robson with 65 . With his free kick goal against Ecuador in the second round of the 2006 World Cup , Beckham gained membership into two of football 's exclusive clubs : he became the only English player -- and the 21st player in the world -- to score in three World Cups ; Real Madrid teammate Raúl also achieved this feat a few days earlier . It also made him only the fifth player in World Cup history to score twice from a direct free kick ; the other four were Pelé , Roberto Rivelino , Teófilo Cubillas , and Bernard Genghini ( Beckham had previously scored this way against Colombia in the first round of the 1998 World Cup ) . All three goals were against South American teams ( Colombia , Argentina and Ecuador ) and from set pieces ( the two aforementioned free kicks and a penalty against Argentina ) . Tattoos As of 2016 , Beckham had more than 40 tattoos . There are names of his sons Romeo , Cruz and Brooklyn , and of his wife Victoria . His wife 's name , tattooed on his left forearm , is in Sanskrit script because Beckham thought it would be `` tacky '' to have it in English . Unfortunately , this was misspelt as the equivalent of `` Vihctoria '' . In his autobiography David Beckham : My Side , he said that the idea of having tattoos came to him in 1999 after his son Brooklyn was born , following a conversation on the subject of tattoos with Mel B and her then - husband , Jimmy Gulzar . Beckham said : `` I ended up going to this Dutch guy who 'd done all of Jimmy 's . I 'd finally realised what I wanted a tattoo to represent . Mine are all about the people in my life , my wife and sons , who I want with me always . When you see me , you see the tattoos . You see an expression of how I feel about Victoria and the boys . They 're part of me . '' Awards Year Event Award Result 2006 Teen Choice Awards Choice Male Athlete Won 2008 Won 2009 Won Won 2012 Won 2013 Won 2014 Kids ' Choice Sports Awards Legend Award Won Career Statistics Club Club Season League League Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Manchester United 1992 -- 93 FA Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 1993 -- 94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Preston North End ( loan ) 1994 -- 95 Third Division 5 0 0 0 0 -- 0 0 5 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 FA Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 10 1995 -- 96 33 7 0 0 -- 40 8 1996 -- 97 36 8 0 0 10 49 12 1997 -- 98 37 9 0 0 8 0 0 50 11 1998 -- 99 34 6 7 0 12 0 55 9 1999 -- 2000 31 6 -- 0 0 12 5 0 48 8 2000 -- 01 31 9 0 0 0 12 0 0 46 9 2001 -- 02 28 11 0 0 0 13 5 0 43 16 2002 -- 03 31 6 5 13 -- 52 11 Manchester United total 265 62 24 6 12 83 15 10 394 85 Real Madrid 2003 -- 04 La Liga 32 -- 7 45 7 2004 -- 05 30 0 0 -- 8 0 0 0 38 2005 -- 06 31 -- 7 0 0 41 5 2006 -- 07 23 -- 6 0 0 0 31 Real Madrid total 116 13 9 -- 28 155 20 LA Galaxy 2007 MLS 5 0 0 0 -- -- 7 2008 25 5 0 0 -- -- 0 0 25 5 Milan ( loan ) 2008 -- 09 Serie A 18 0 0 -- 0 0 0 20 LA Galaxy 2009 MLS 11 0 0 -- -- 0 15 Milan ( loan ) 2009 -- 10 Serie A 11 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 13 0 Milan total 29 0 0 -- 0 0 0 33 LA Galaxy MLS 7 0 0 -- -- 0 10 2011 26 0 0 -- -- 0 30 2012 24 7 0 0 -- 6 0 31 8 LA Galaxy total 98 18 0 0 -- 19 118 20 Paris Saint - Germain 2012 -- 13 Ligue 1 10 0 0 -- 0 0 0 14 0 Career total 523 97 35 10 12 118 18 31 719 129 Jump up ^ Includes other competitive competitions , including the FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup , Intercontinental Cup , FIFA Club World Cup , Supercopa de España , SuperLiga and the MLS Cup Playoffs International England national team Year Apps Goals 0 1997 9 0 1998 8 1999 7 0 2000 10 0 2001 10 5 2002 9 2003 9 12 2005 9 2006 8 2007 5 0 2008 8 0 2009 8 0 Total 115 17 International goals Scores and results list England 's goal tally first . # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 . 26 June 1998 Stade Bollaert - Delelis , Lens , France Colombia 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1998 FIFA World Cup 2 . 24 March 2001 Anfield , Liverpool , England Finland 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification 3 . 25 May 2001 Pride Park , Derby England Mexico 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 Friendly 4 . 6 June 2001 Olympic Stadium , Athens , Greece Greece 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification 5 . 6 October 2001 Old Trafford , Manchester , England Greece 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 . 10 November 2001 Old Trafford , Manchester , England Sweden 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 Friendly 7 . 7 June 2002 Sapporo Dome , Sapporo , Japan Argentina 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2002 FIFA World Cup 8 . 12 October 2002 Tehelné pole , Bratislava , Slovakia Slovakia 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2004 qualification 9 . 16 October 2002 St Mary 's Stadium , Southampton , England Macedonia 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 UEFA Euro 2004 qualification 10 . 29 March 2003 Rheinpark Stadion , Vaduz , Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2004 qualification 11 . 2 April 2003 Stadium of Light , Sunderland , England Turkey 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2004 qualification 12 . 20 August 2003 Portman Road , Ipswich , England Croatia 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Friendly 13 . 6 September 2003 Skopje City Stadium , Skopje , Macedonia Macedonia 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2004 qualification 14 . 18 August 2004 St James ' Park , Newcastle , England Ukraine 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 Friendly 15 . 9 October 2004 Old Trafford , Manchester , England Wales 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 16 . 30 March 2005 St James ' Park , Newcastle , England Azerbaijan 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 17 . 25 June 2006 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart , Germany Ecuador 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2006 FIFA World Cup Honours Club Manchester United Youth FA Youth Cup : 1992 Manchester United Premier League : 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 FA Cup : 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 FA Community Shield : 1996 , 1997 UEFA Champions League : 1998 -- 99 Intercontinental Cup : 1999 Real Madrid La Liga : 2006 -- 07 Supercopa de España : 2003 LA Galaxy MLS Cup : 2011 , 2012 Supporters ' Shield : 2010 , 2011 Paris Saint - Germain Ligue 1 : 2012 -- 13 Individual Beckham 's 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year runner - up trophy Ballon d'Or -- Runner - up : 1999 FIFA World Player of the Year -- Silver Award : 1999 , 2001 Premier League Player of the Month : August 1996 PFA Young Player of the Year : 1996 -- 97 FWA Tribute Award : 2008 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year : 1996 -- 97 England Player of the Year : 2003 ESM Team of the Year : 1998 -- 99 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 1998 -- 99 UEFA Club Midfielder of the Year : 1998 -- 99 UEFA Team of the Year : 2001 , 2003 Premier League 10 Seasons Awards ( 1992 -- 93 to 2001 -- 02 ) : Domestic & Overall Team of the Decade Goal of the Decade ( vs. Wimbledon , 17 August 1996 ) BBC Sports Personality of the Year : 2001 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award : 2010 Real Madrid Player of the Year : 2005 -- 06 PFA Team of the Year : 1996 -- 97 Premier League , 1997 -- 98 Premier League , 1998 -- 99 Premier League , 1999 -- 2000 Premier League FIFA 100 ESPY Awards : Best Male Soccer Player : 2004 Best MLS Player : 2008 , 2012 English Football Hall of Fame : 2008 MLS Comeback Player of the Year Award : 2011 PFA Team of the Century ( 1997 -- 2007 ) : 2007 IFFHS Legends Orders and special awards Officer of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II : 2003 United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) Goodwill Ambassador ( 2005 -- present ) `` Britain 's Greatest Ambassador '' -- 100 Greatest Britons awards The Celebrity 100 , number 15 -- Forbes , 2007 Number 1 on the list of the 40 most influential men under the age of 40 in the UK -- Arena , 2007 Time 100 : 2008 Gold Blue Peter Badge winner , 2001 Do Something Athlete Award , 2011 A.C. Milan Hall of Fame Records First Englishman to win league titles in four different countries ( England , Spain , United States , France ) . First England player to score at three FIFA World Cups . First British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games . Seventh in the Premier League 's all time assist provider chart , with 80 assists in 265 appearances . References Books Beckham , David ( 2002 ) . David Beckham : My Side . HarperCollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715732 - 0 . Beckham , David ; Freeman , Dean ( 2001 ) . Beckham : My World . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 79270 - 4 . Beckham , David ; Watt , Tom ( 2003 ) . Beckham : Both Feet on the Ground . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 057093 - 4 . Crick , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Boss -- The Many Sides of Alex Ferguson . Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 2991 - 7 . Ferguson , Alex ; McIlvanney , Hugh ( 1999 ) . Managing My Life -- My Autobiography . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 72855 - 0 . 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Jump up ^ This was an error on Beckham 's part -- he had played 94 times for England by this stage . Jump up ^ `` Terry named new England skipper '' . BBC Sport. 10 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` McLaren ends Beckham England era '' . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three 's the magic number '' . The Football Association . 6 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Insider , The ( 22 August 2007 ) . `` Becks and England suffer Wembley woe '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham dismisses retirement talk '' . BBC Sport. 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham acknowledges lack of fitness '' . Fox Sports . 28 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham to start in Paris for 100th cap '' . CNN . 26 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hart & Jagielka in England Squad '' . BBC . 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Capello names Beckham as captain for T&T friendly '' . Fox Sports . 31 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Spain vs England -- International Friendly '' . ESPN Soccernet. 11 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 28 March 2009 ) . `` International football as it happened '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Beckham has no England future , says Fabio Capello '' . BBC Sport. 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham set to be included in provisional Team GB Olympic squad '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team GB : David Beckham left out for football reasons -- Stuart Pearce '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Paul ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` David Beckham : product of Sir Alex Ferguson 's school of hard graft '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of the free - kick '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 December 2014 Jump up ^ Barclay , Patrick . `` Ferguson happy as Beckham takes a great leap forward '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Legends -- David Beckham '' . manutdzone.com . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham will not play for Real again -- Capello '' . China Daily . 14 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coach says Beckham wo n't play again for Real Madrid '' . International Herald Time . 13 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beckham is best says Roberto Carlos '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 18 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` Beckham red card but joy for Sven '' . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ESPN player statistics : David Beckham ( accessed 29 April 2013 ) http://espnfc.com/player/_/id/8880/david-beckham?cc=5739 Jump up ^ `` David Beckham sent off after six minutes in PSG victory '' . BBC Sport. 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California Branch of David Beckham Academy Closes '' . Goal. 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham academy ' likely to close ' '' . BBC Sport. 27 November 2009 . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham launches Miami Major League Soccer team '' . BBC Sport. 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sun pips OK ! to Posh wedding photos '' . BBC News . 6 July 1999 . Retrieved 25 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wedded spice '' . BBC News . 5 July 1999 . Retrieved 2 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham Biography : Soccer Player ( 1975 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams name their new son Romeo '' . The Telegraph . 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams celebrate birth of Cruz '' . BBC . Retrieved 11 December 2016 Jump up ^ Byrne , Alla and Perry , Simon `` Victoria and David Beckham Welcome a Daughter '' . People . 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria and David Beckham Marriage Profile '' . Marriage.about.com . Retrieved 13 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Beckham and son Brooklyn ' shaken ' after car crash following Arsenal training session '' . The Daily Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 29 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` 50 Best Dressed Men in Britain 2015 '' . GQ. 5 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Beckham set to be released by Arsenal already '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 14 November 2015 Jump up ^ Bartlett , Nicola ( 7 March 2014 ) . `` Beckham 's first home up for sale '' . Manchester Evening News . MEN Media . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Frith , Maxine ( 3 April 2006 ) . `` Beckham reveals his battle with obsessive disorder '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham story is tabloids ' dream '' . BBC News . 9 April 2004 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ News , Pa ( 7 April 2004 ) . `` Beckham flies back to Madrid from holiday '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham to stay in Spain '' . BBC Sport. 20 May 2004 . Retrieved 7 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham 's lawyers serve $25 million writ on prostitute Irma Nici '' . The Daily Telegraph . 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham loses In Touch , Irma Nici lawsuit : Judge says cheating story is of public interest '' . New York Daily News . 14 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham loses appeal to sue magazine over prostitute Irma Nici 's false claims '' . news.com.au. 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham the worldwide brand '' . This is Money . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham Instinct '' . Beckham-fragrances.com . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the metrosexual '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 13 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America -- meet David Beckham '' . Marksimpson.com . Retrieved 13 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham 's career by the numbers '' . E ! Online . 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Beckhams : American Idols : W Feature Story on Style.com '' . Style.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Year - End Google Zeitgeist '' . Google . Retrieved 9 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Year - End Google Zeitgeist '' . Google . Retrieved 9 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears tops Noughties web search list '' . The Telegraph . 21 December 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Beckhams go to Hollywood '' . www.scotsman.com . Jump up ^ `` NBC.com -- Victoria Beckham Coming To America '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ( 19 July 2007 ) . `` Hollywood breathlessly awaits Beckhams '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The face of ... Ten celebrities who have earned big bucks from endorsements '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi and Beckham end endorsement relationship '' . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham Endorsing Disney '' . 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Tom ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Go ! Go ! Beckham ! Adventure on Soccer Island Review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Varanini , Giancarlo ( 14 August 2002 ) . `` David Beckham Soccer Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 28 August 2009 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , John ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` EA lands Beckham for brand ambassador role '' . Marketing . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International FIFA 13 Covers '' . fifauteam.com. 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Beckham : his club and international career in stats '' . The Guardian . 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , Katie ; Papasian , John ( 2 July 2015 ) . Duff , Oliver , ed . `` Premium cover '' . The i ( 1435 ) . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` GOING OUT ON A LIMB -- BODY PARTS AND OTHERS '' . Lloyd's.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo overtakes Shakira as Facebook 's most ' liked ' person '' . Yahoo.com. 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knight , Tom ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` London rap troupe fly flag at Beijing Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham flies to Afghanistan to boost British troops ' morale '' . Sports.gaeatimes.com. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham visits British troops in Afghanistan '' . Sports.gaeatimes.com. 23 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham targetted by Taliban in Afghanistan ? '' . Rediff.com. 24 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Anoop ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Taliban targeted Beckham in Afghanistan ! '' . MyNews Interactive Media Co . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham named as global ambassador for Chinese football '' . The Independent . Reuters. 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham stars in Sky Sports TV advert -- video -- Showbiz News '' . Digital Spy. 14 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport Relief 2014 : Watch David Beckham in Peckham in Only Fools and Horses special '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham appointed Ambassadorial President of British Fashion Council '' . Sky News . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham : 2026 World Cup in North America would be ' very special '' . ESPN . 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DAVID BECKHAM CALLS FOR ACTION ON CHILD STUNTING '' . UNICEF. 16 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John AIDS Foundation patrons '' . Ejaf.com . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham '' . Independent.co.uk . Independent . Jump up ^ `` Brand David Beckham '' . LinkedIn.com . LinkedIn Corporation . Jump up ^ Radley , Scott ( 26 January 2007 ) . `` To Rebecca , with love '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Princes open Wembley Diana concert with joke '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Concert for Diana ? '' . BBC . 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Diana concert a ' perfect tribute ' . BBC News . Retrieved 12 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` David Beckham : Fight Malaria by Donating a $10 Bed Net '' . ( 25 April 2007 ) . Retrieved 4 May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Video : Juan Pablo Angel , David Beckham to Assist MLS W.O.R.K.S. '' paddocktalk.com. 18 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Bend It Like Beckham on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Andy Harmer ~ BeckhamLookalike.com '' . BeckhamLookalike.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Goal ! 2 : Living the Dream ... on IMDb Jump up ^ `` David Beckham '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 13 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham 's Hollywood snub '' . askmen.com. 2 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Ritchie Backs David Beckham As An Actor '' . Huffington Post . 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham 's Film Career Takes Another Step With First Clip Of Him In ' King Arthur : Legend Of The Sword ' '' . Huffington Post . 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadpool sorry for joking about Beckham 's voice '' . Sky News . 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham stands down '' . 2 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` England 1 -- 0 Ecuador '' . BBC Sport. 25 June 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Vivinetto , Gina ( 31 March 2016 ) . `` David Beckham reveals massive new ankle tattoo on Instagram '' . Today.com . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham 's tattoo misspelt '' . BBC News . 28 November 2000 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Beckham , David ( 2010 ) . `` David Beckham : My Side '' . HarperCollins ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Award for Choice Male Athlete '' . AwardsAndWinners.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Torrelio , Sebastian ( 18 July 2014 ) . `` Best and Worst of Nickelodeon 's 2014 Kids ' Choice Sports Awards '' . variety.com . Variety Media . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham '' . Stretfordend.co.uk . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham '' . MLSsoccer.com . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Robert Joseph Beckham -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 29 October 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham Bio , Stats , News -- Football / Soccer -- -- ESPN Soccernet '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Robert Beckham '' . England Stats . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` D. Beckham '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierrend , José Luis . `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) 1999 '' . Rec. Sports. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pierrend , José Luis . `` FIFA Awards '' . Rec. Sports. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1996 / 97 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football writers honour United duo '' . Football Writers ' Association . 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Award '' . MUFCInfo.com . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners : David Beckham '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Beckham '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Seasons Awards '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 20 December 2002 . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Beckham receives Lifetime Achievement award '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 1997 ) . The 1997 -- 98 Official PFA Footballers Factfile . Queen Anne Press . p. 317 . ISBN 1 - 85291 - 581 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The 1998 -- 99 Official PFA Footballers Factfile . Queen Anne Press . p. 352 . ISBN 1 - 85291 - 588 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 1999 ) . The 1999 -- 2000 Official PFA Footballers Factfile . AFS . p. 352 . ISBN 1 - 85291 - 607 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 2000 ) . The 2000 -- 2001 Official PFA Footballers Factfile . AFS . p. 384 . ISBN 1 - 85291 - 626 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 's top 100 list '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 13 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ESPYS 2008 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Keane wins Best MLS Player at 2015 ESPY Awards '' . LAGalaxy.com . MLS. 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham '' . National Football Museum . Archived from the original on 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LA 's Beckham named Comeback Player of the Year '' . MLS. 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the Century : 1997 -- 2007 -- the Premiership 's finest of the last decade '' . GiveMeFootball.com . Give Me Football . 5 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IFFHS announce the 48 football legend players '' . IFFHS. 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100 great British heroes '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Celebrity 100 '' . Forbes . 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's original style magazine -- for men '' . Arena . Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 13 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham : Soccer 's Metrosexual '' . Time . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham : Do Something Athlete Award Winner ! '' . Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A.C. Milan Hall of Fame : David Beckham '' . A.C. Milan . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Player Stats : Assists -- All Seasons '' . Premier League . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Player Records '' . Premiersoccerstats.com. 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Further reading Wahl , Grant ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` Beckham 's Last Stand : In the fifth and final year of his MLS contract , he 's back at the top of his game at last . Now , as the 2011 playoffs begin , he and the Galaxy look to stamp his American experiment a success by winning a championship '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ' In ( Major League Soccer ) his ability to hold the ball in that position and pass makes him unique , ' says ( coach Bruce ) Arena . ' He 's right in the middle of things . In every game , he touches the ball the most of any player . ' External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Beckham . Wikiquote has quotations related to : David Beckham Official website David Beckham -- FIFA competition record David Beckham -- UEFA competition record David Beckham at National-Football-Teams.com David Beckham at RealMadrid.com David Beckham at ManUtd.com David Beckham at Major League Soccer David Beckham on IMDb Awards 1996 -- 97 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Seaman DF : Neville DF : Adams DF : Wright DF : Bjørnebye MF : Beckham MF : Keane MF : Batty MF : McManaman FW : Shearer FW : Wright 1997 -- 98 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Martyn DF : Neville DF : Pallister DF : Hendry DF : Le Saux MF : Beckham MF : Butt MF : Batty MF : Giggs FW : Owen FW : Bergkamp 1998 -- 99 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Martyn DF : Neville DF : Campbell DF : Stam DF : Irwin MF : Beckham MF : Petit MF : Vieira MF : Ginola FW : Yorke FW : Anelka 1999 -- 2000 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Martyn DF : Kelly DF : Stam DF : Hyypiä DF : Harte MF : Beckham MF : Keane MF : Vieira MF : Kewell FW : Cole FW : Phillips PFA Young Player of the Year 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli 2018 : Sané UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo Best MLS Player ESPY Award winners 2006 : Landon Donovan 2007 : Landon Donovan 2008 : David Beckham 2009 : Landon Donovan 2010 : Landon Donovan 2011 : Landon Donovan 2012 : David Beckham 2013 : Thierry Henry 2014 : Tim Cahill 2015 : Robbie Keane 2016 : Sebastian Giovinco 2017 : David Villa 2001 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Santiago Cañizares RWB : Cosmin Contra CB : Sami Hyypiä CB : Patrik Andersson LWB : Bixente Lizarazu MF : David Beckham MF : Patrick Vieira MF : Zinedine Zidane MF : Kily González FW : Thierry Henry FW : David Trezeguet Coach : Gérard Houllier 2003 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RWB : Paulo Ferreira CB : Alessandro Nesta CB : Paolo Maldini LWB : Roberto Carlos MF : Luís Figo MF : David Beckham MF : Zinedine Zidane MF : Pavel Nedvěd FW : Thierry Henry FW : Ruud van Nistelrooy Coach : José Mourinho MLS Comeback Player of the Year 2000 : Meola 2001 : Dayak 2002 : Klein 2003 : Armas 2004 : Ching 2005 : Klein 2006 : Mulrooney 2007 : Johnson 2008 : Cooper 2009 : Thornton 2010 : Convey 2011 : Beckham 2012 : Johnson 2013 : Alston 2014 : Wallace 2015 : Melia 2016 : Pontius 2017 : Dempsey Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera 2018 : De Gea England Player of the Year 2003 : Beckham 2004 : Lampard 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Hargreaves 2007 : Gerrard 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Rooney 2010 : Cole 2011 : Parker 2012 : Gerrard 2013 : Award not given 2014 : Rooney 2015 : Rooney 2016 : Lallana 2017 : Kane FIFA 100 UEFA Baggio Ballack Banks Baresi Van Basten Beckenbauer Beckham Bergkamp Bergomi Best Boniek Boniperti Breitner Buffon Butragueño Cantona Ceulemans Charlton Cruyff Dalglish Dasayev Davids Del Piero Desailly Deschamps Emre Eusébio Facchetti Figo Fontaine Gullit Hagi Henry Kahn Keane Keegan R. van de Kerkhof W. van de Kerkhof Klinsmann Kluivert Kopa B. Laudrup M. Laudrup Lineker Luis Enrique Maier Maldini Masopust Matthäus Müller Nedvěd Neeskens Nesta Van Nistelrooy Owen Papin Pfaff Pirès Platini Puskás Raúl Rensenbrink Rijkaard Rivera Rossi Rui Costa Rummenigge Rüştü Schmeichel Seedorf Seeler Shearer Shevchenko Stoichkov Šuker Thuram Totti Trésor Trezeguet Van der Elst Vieira Vieri Zidane Zoff CONMEBOL Carlos Alberto Batistuta Cafu Crespo Cubillas Di Stéfano Falcão Figueroa Francescoli Júnior Kempes Maradona Passarella Pelé Rivaldo Rivelino Roberto Carlos Romário Romero Ronaldinho Ronaldo Djalma Santos Nílton Santos Saviola Sívori Sócrates Valderrama Verón Zamorano Zanetti Zico CAF Diouf Milla Okocha Abedi Pelé Weah CONCACAF Akers Hamm Sánchez AFC Hong Nakata BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award 1954 Christopher Chataway 1955 Gordon Pirie 1956 Jim Laker 1957 Dai Rees 1958 Ian Black 1959 John Surtees 1960 David Broome 1961 Stirling Moss 1962 Anita Lonsbrough 1963 Dorothy Hyman 1964 Mary Rand 1965 Tom Simpson 1966 Bobby Moore 1967 Henry Cooper 1968 David Hemery 1969 Ann Jones 1970 Henry Cooper 1971 HRH The Princess Anne 1972 Mary Peters 1973 Jackie Stewart 1974 Brendan Foster 1975 David Steele 1976 John Curry 1977 Virginia Wade 1978 Steve Ovett 1979 Sebastian Coe 1980 Robin Cousins 1981 Ian Botham 1982 Daley Thompson 1983 Steve Cram 1984 Torvill and Dean ( Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean ) 1985 Barry McGuigan 1986 Nigel Mansell 1987 Fatima Whitbread 1988 Steve Davis 1989 Nick Faldo 1990 Paul Gascoigne 1991 Liz McColgan 1992 Nigel Mansell 1993 Linford Christie 1994 Damon Hill 1995 Jonathan Edwards 1996 Damon Hill 1997 Greg Rusedski 1998 Michael Owen 1999 Lennox Lewis 2000 Steve Redgrave 2001 David Beckham 2002 Paula Radcliffe 2003 Jonny Wilkinson 2004 Kelly Holmes 2005 Andrew Flintoff 2006 Zara Phillips 2007 Joe Calzaghe 2008 Chris Hoy 2009 Ryan Giggs 2010 Tony McCoy 2011 Mark Cavendish 2012 Bradley Wiggins 2013 Andy Murray 2014 Lewis Hamilton 2015 Andy Murray 2016 Andy Murray 2017 Mo Farah 2011 MLS Best XI GK : Kasey Keller DF : Todd Dunivant DF : Omar Gonzalez DF : Jámison Olave MF : David Beckham MF : Brad Davis MF : Dwayne De Rosario MF : Landon Donovan MF : Brek Shea FW : Thierry Henry FW : Chris Wondolowski English Football Hall of Fame Players Men Adams Allchurch Anderson Ardiles Armfield Ball Banks Barnes Bastin Beardsley Bell Bergkamp Beckham Best Blanchflower Bloomer Bonds Brady Bremner Brooking Buchan Callaghan Cantona Carter Charles J. Charlton R. Charlton Clemence Cohen Crompton Dalglish Dean Doherty Edwards Ferdinand Finney Francis Gallacher Gascoigne Gerrard Giggs Giles Gray Greaves Hansen Haynes Henry Hoddle E. Hughes L. Hughes Hunt Hunter Hurst Irwin James Jennings Jones Keane Keegan Lampard Law Lawrenson Lawton Lee Le Tissier Liddell Lineker Lofthouse Mackay Mannion Matthews McGrath McIlroy McLintock Meredith Milburn Moore Mortensen Mullery Neville Owen Pearce Peters Ramsey Roberts Robertson Robson Rush Schmeichel Scholes Seaman Shackleton Shearer Sheringham Shilton Souness Southall Speed Stephenson Stiles Strachan Summerbee Swift Trautmann Vieira Wharton Wilkins R. Wilson R.P. Wilson I. Wright W. Wright Zola Women Bampton Brown - Finnis Cope Coultard Gore Lopez Parker Parr Powell Sempare Spacey Smith Unitt Walker Whalley White Yankey Managers Allison Busby Catterick Clough Ferguson Gradi Greenwood Kendall Mee Mercer Paisley Ramsey Revie Shankly Venables Wenger Winterbottom England squads England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- UEFA Euro 2000 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach : Keegan England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid board Chairman and directors Geoff Thompson ( Chairman ) David Gill ( Deputy Chairman ) Lord Mawhinney ( Deputy Chairman ) Sir Dave Richards ( Deputy Chairman ) Gerry Sutcliffe ( Director ) Andy Anson ( Chief Executive ) Simon Johnson ( Chief Operating Officer ) Non-executive directors Baroness Amos Lord Coe Sir Keith Mills Sir Martin Sorrell Observer Richard Caborn Vice presidents David Beckham John Barnes Fabio Capello Hope Powell Geoff Thompson Peter Kenyon Gordon Taylor Sir Terry Leahy Lord Stern of Brentford The Football Association 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids Victoria Beckham Discography Studio albums Victoria Beckham Singles `` Out of Your Mind '' `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' `` A Mind of Its Own '' `` Let Your Head Go '' / `` This Groove '' Other songs `` Resentment '' Related articles Spice Girls Victoria Beckham : Coming to America David Beckham VB Rocks Posh and Becks BNE : XX1651133 BNF : cb146018513 ( data ) GND : 123314178 ISNI : 0000 0001 1452 3898 LCCN : n98880012 MusicBrainz : 2729bedf - e062 - 4820 - 8d07 - a3555b528948 NDL : 00826605 NKC : xx0005611 SELIBR : 235498 SUDOC : 138499675 VIAF : 95036002 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Beckham&oldid=846618255 '' Categories : David Beckham 1975 births 1998 FIFA World Cup players 2002 FIFA World Cup players 2006 FIFA World Cup players A.C. Milan players Association football midfielders BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners Brimsdown Rovers F.C. players British expatriate sportspeople in the United States British people of Jewish descent Designated Players ( MLS ) England international footballers England under - 21 international footballers England youth international footballers English bloggers English expatriate footballers English expatriates in Italy English expatriates in Spain English expatriates in the United States English Football Hall of Fame inductees English footballers English male models People with obsessive - compulsive disorder English people of Jewish descent Expatriate footballers in Italy Expatriate footballers in Spain Expatriate soccer players in the United States FIFA 100 FIFA Century Club Footballers from Leytonstone LA Galaxy players La Liga players Ligue 1 players Living people Major League Soccer All - Stars Major League Soccer players Manchester United F.C. players Officers of the Order of the British Empire Paris Saint - Germain F.C. players People from Leytonstone Premier League players Preston North End F.C. players Real Madrid C.F. players Serie A players English Football League players UEFA Euro 2000 players UEFA Euro 2004 players Victoria Beckham UEFA Champions League winning players Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use British English from August 2013 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards FIFA player template using Wikidata UEFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Tok Pisin Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 91 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 21 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	how many goals did david beckham scored for real madrid	[ "\n\nDavid Beckham\nOBE\n\n\n\nBeckham at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships\n\n\n\nBorn\nDavid Robert Joseph Beckham[1]\n(1975-05-02) 2 May 1975 (age 43)[1]\nLeytonstone, London, England\n\n\nResidence\nRowneybury House (1999–2014)\nBeverly Hills, California, United States\nLondon (2014–present)\nLos Angeles, California, United States\n\n\nNationality\nBritish\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nFootballer\nbusinessman\nmodel\nspokesperson\n\n\n\n\n\nOrganisation\nUNICEF, Malaria No More[2]\n\n\nAgent\nSimon Fuller (XIX Entertainment)\n\n\nNet worth\nUS$450 million (2017)[3]\n\n\nHeight\n6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[1]\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nVictoria Adams (m. 1999)\n\n\nChildren\n4\n\n\nParent(s)\nTed and Sandra Beckham\n\n\n\nAssociation football career\n\n\nPlaying position\nMidfielder\n\n\nYouth career\n\n\n1985–1987\nRidgeway Rovers\n\n\n1987–1991\nTottenham Hotspur\n\n\n1989–1991\nBrimsdown Rovers\n\n\n1991–1993\nManchester United\n\n\nSenior career\n\n\nYears\nTeam\nApps\n(Gls)\n\n\n1992–2003\nManchester United\n265\n(62)\n\n\n1994–1995\n→ Preston North End (loan)\n5\n(2)\n\n\n2003–2007\nReal Madrid\n116\n(13)\n\n\n2007–2012\nLA Galaxy\n98\n(18)\n\n\n2009\n→ Milan (loan)\n18\n(2)\n\n\n2010\n→ Milan (loan)\n11\n(0)\n\n\n2013\nParis Saint-Germain\n10\n(0)\n\n\nTotal\n\n523\n(97)\n\n\nNational team\n\n\n1992–1993\nEngland U18\n3\n(0)\n\n\n1994–1996\nEngland U21\n9\n(0)\n\n\n1996–2009\nEngland\n115\n(17)\n\n\n Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\ndavidbeckham.com\n\n" ]	[ "13" ]
479354341627745502	Weak interaction	Weak interaction - wikipedia Weak interaction Jump to : navigation , search The radioactive beta decay is due to the weak interaction , which transforms a neutron into : a proton , an electron , and an electron antineutrino . Standard Model of particle physics Elementary particles of the standard model Background ( show ) Particle physics Standard Model Quantum field theory Gauge theory Spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs mechanism Constituents ( show ) Electroweak interaction Quantum chromodynamics CKM matrix Standard Model mathematics Limitations ( show ) Strong CP problem Hierarchy problem Neutrino oscillations Physics beyond the Standard Model Scientists ( show ) Rutherford Thomson Chadwick Bose Sudarshan Koshiba Davis Jr . Anderson Fermi Dirac Feynman Rubbia Gell - Mann Kendall Taylor Friedman Powell P.W. Anderson Glashow Iliopoulos Maiani Meer Cowan Nambu Chamberlain Cabibbo Schwartz Perl Majorana Weinberg Lee Ward Salam Kobayashi Maskawa Yang Yukawa ' t Hooft Veltman Gross Politzer Wilczek Cronin Fitch Vleck Higgs Englert Brout Hagen Guralnik Kibble Ting Richter In particle physics , the weak interaction ( the weak force or weak nuclear force ) is the mechanism of interaction between sub-atomic particles that causes radioactive decay and thus plays an essential role in nuclear fission . The theory of the weak interaction is sometimes called quantum flavourdynamics ( QFD ) , in analogy with the terms quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) dealing with the strong interaction and quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) dealing with the electromagnetic force . However , the term QFD is rarely used because the weak force is best understood in terms of electro - weak theory ( EWT ) . The weak interaction takes place only at very small , sub-atomic distances , less than the diameter of a proton . It is one of the four known fundamental interactions of nature , alongside the strong interaction , electromagnetism , and gravitation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 3 Properties 3.1 Weak isospin and weak hypercharge 4 Interaction types 4.1 Charged - current interaction 4.2 Neutral - current interaction 5 Electroweak theory 6 Violation of symmetry 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 General readers 8.3 Texts 9 External links Background ( edit ) The Standard Model of particle physics provides a uniform framework for understanding the electromagnetic , weak , and strong interactions . An interaction occurs when two particles , typically but not necessarily half - integer spin fermions , exchange integer - spin , force - carrying bosons . The fermions involved in such exchanges can be either elementary ( e.g. electrons or quarks ) or composite ( e.g. protons or neutrons ) , although at the deepest levels , all weak interactions ultimately are between elementary particles . In the case of the weak interaction , fermions can exchange three distinct types of force carriers known as the W , W , and Z bosons . The mass of each of these bosons is far greater than the mass of a proton or neutron , which is consistent with the short range of the weak force . The force is in fact termed weak because its field strength over a given distance is typically several orders of magnitude less than that of the strong nuclear force or electromagnetic force . Quarks , which make up composite particles like neutrons and protons , come in six `` flavours '' -- up , down , strange , charm , top and bottom -- which give those composite particles their properties . The weak interaction is unique in that it allows for quarks to swap their flavour for another . The swapping of those properties is mediated by the force carrier bosons . For example , during beta minus decay , a down quark within a neutron is changed into an up quark , thus converting the neutron to a proton and resulting in the emission of an electron and an electron antineutrino . Also , the weak interaction is the only fundamental interaction that breaks parity - symmetry , and similarly , the only one to break charge parity symmetry . Other important examples of phenomena involving the weak interaction include beta decay , and the fusion of hydrogen into deuterium that powers the Sun 's thermonuclear process . Most fermions will decay by a weak interaction over time . Such decay makes radiocarbon dating possible , as carbon - 14 decays through the weak interaction to nitrogen - 14 . It can also create radioluminescence , commonly used in tritium illumination , and in the related field of betavoltaics . During the quark epoch of the early universe , the electroweak force separated into the electromagnetic and weak forces . History ( edit ) In 1933 , Enrico Fermi proposed the first theory of the weak interaction , known as Fermi 's interaction . He suggested that beta decay could be explained by a four - fermion interaction , involving a contact force with no range . However , it is better described as a non-contact force field having a finite range , albeit very short . In 1968 , Sheldon Glashow , Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg unified the electromagnetic force and the weak interaction by showing them to be two aspects of a single force , now termed the electro - weak force . The existence of the W and Z bosons was not directly confirmed until 1983 . Properties ( edit ) A diagram depicting the various decay routes due to the weak interaction and some indication of their likelihood . The intensity of the lines is given by the CKM parameters . The weak interaction is unique in a number of respects : It is the only interaction capable of changing the flavour of quarks ( i.e. , of changing one type of quark into another ) . It is the only interaction that violates P or parity - symmetry . It is also the only one that violates charge - parity CP symmetry . It is mediated ( propagated ) by force carrier particles that have significant masses , an unusual feature which is explained in the Standard Model by the Higgs mechanism . Due to their large mass ( approximately 90 GeV / c ) these carrier particles , termed the W and Z bosons , are short - lived with a lifetime of under 10 seconds . The weak interaction has a coupling constant ( an indicator of interaction strength ) of between 10 and 10 , compared to the strong interaction 's coupling constant of 1 and the electromagnetic coupling constant of about 10 ; consequently the weak interaction is weak in terms of strength . The weak interaction has a very short range ( around 10 to 10 m ) . At distances around 10 meters , the weak interaction has a strength of a similar magnitude to the electromagnetic force , but this starts to decrease exponentially with increasing distance . At distances of around 3 × 10 m , a distance which is scaled up by just one and a half decimal orders of magnitude from before , the weak interaction is 10,000 times weaker than the electromagnetic . The weak interaction affects all the fermions of the Standard Model , as well as the Higgs boson ; neutrinos interact through gravity and the weak interaction only , and neutrinos were the original reason for the name weak force . The weak interaction does not produce bound states nor does it involve binding energy -- something that gravity does on an astronomical scale , that the electromagnetic force does at the atomic level , and that the strong nuclear force does inside nuclei . Its most noticeable effect is due to its first unique feature : flavour changing . A neutron , for example , is heavier than a proton ( its sister nucleon ) , but it can not decay into a proton without changing the flavour ( type ) of one of its two down quarks to an up quark . Neither the strong interaction nor electromagnetism permit flavour changing , so this proceeds by weak decay ; without weak decay , quark properties such as strangeness and charm ( associated with the quarks of the same name ) would also be conserved across all interactions . All mesons are unstable because of weak decay . In the process known as beta decay , a down quark in the neutron can change into an up quark by emitting a virtual boson which is then converted into an electron and an electron antineutrino . Another example is the electron capture , a common variant of radioactive decay , wherein a proton and an electron within an atom interact , and are changed to a neutron ( an up quark is changed to a down quark ) and an electron neutrino is emitted . Due to the large masses of the W bosons , particle transformations or decays ( e.g. , flavour change ) that depend on the weak interaction typically occur much more slowly than transformations or decays that depend only on the strong or electromagnetic forces . For example , a neutral pion decays electromagnetically , and so has a life of only about 10 seconds . In contrast , a charged pion can only decay through the weak interaction , and so lives about 10 seconds , or a hundred million times longer than a neutral pion . A particularly extreme example is the weak - force decay of a free neutron , which takes about 15 minutes . Weak isospin and weak hypercharge ( edit ) Main article : Weak isospin Left - handed fermions in the Standard Model Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3 Fermion Symbol Weak isospin Fermion Symbol Weak isospin Fermion Symbol Weak isospin Electron neutrino ν e ( \ displaystyle \ nu _ ( e ) \ , ) + 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle + 1 / 2 \ , ) Muon neutrino ν μ ( \ displaystyle \ nu _ ( \ mu ) \ , ) + 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle + 1 / 2 \ , ) Tau neutrino ν τ ( \ displaystyle \ nu _ ( \ tau ) \ , ) + 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle + 1 / 2 \ , ) Electron e − ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( - ) \ , ) − 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle - 1 / 2 \ , ) Muon μ − ( \ displaystyle \ mu ^ ( - ) \ , ) − 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle - 1 / 2 \ , ) Tau τ − ( \ displaystyle \ tau ^ ( - ) \ , ) − 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle - 1 / 2 \ , ) Up quark u ( \ displaystyle u \ , ) + 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle + 1 / 2 \ , ) Charm quark c ( \ displaystyle c \ , ) + 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle + 1 / 2 \ , ) Top quark t ( \ displaystyle t \ , ) + 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle + 1 / 2 \ , ) Down quark d ( \ displaystyle d \ , ) − 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle - 1 / 2 \ , ) Strange quark s ( \ displaystyle s \ , ) − 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle - 1 / 2 \ , ) Bottom quark b ( \ displaystyle b \ , ) − 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle - 1 / 2 \ , ) All left - handed antiparticles and right - handed ( regular ) particles have weak isospin of 0 . Right - handed antiparticles have the opposite weak isospin . All particles have a property called weak isospin ( symbol T ) , which serves as a quantum number and governs how that particle behaves in the weak interaction . Weak isospin plays the same role in the weak interaction as does electric charge in electromagnetism , and color charge in the strong interaction . All left - handed fermions have a weak isospin value of either + ⁄ or − ⁄ . For example , the up quark has a T of + ⁄ and the down quark − ⁄ . A quark never decays through the weak interaction into a quark of the same T : Quarks with a T of + ⁄ only decay into quarks with a T of − ⁄ and vice versa . π decay through the weak interaction In any given interaction , weak isospin is conserved : the sum of the weak isospin numbers of the particles entering the interaction equals the sum of the weak isospin numbers of the particles exiting that interaction . For example , a ( left - handed ) π , with a weak isospin of 1 normally decays into a ν ( + ⁄ ) and a μ ( as a right - handed antiparticle , + ⁄ ) . Following the development of the electroweak theory , another property , weak hypercharge , was developed . It is dependent on a particle 's electrical charge and weak isospin , and is defined by : Y W = 2 ( Q − T 3 ) ( \ displaystyle \ qquad Y_ ( W ) = 2 ( Q - T_ ( 3 ) ) ) where Y is the weak hypercharge of a given type of particle , Q is its electrical charge ( in elementary charge units ) and T is its weak isospin . Whereas some particles have a weak isospin of zero , all spin - ⁄ particles have non-zero weak hypercharge . Weak hypercharge is the generator of the U ( 1 ) component of the electroweak gauge group . Interaction types ( edit ) There are two types of weak interaction ( called vertices ) . The first type is called the `` charged - current interaction '' because it is mediated by particles that carry an electric charge ( the or bosons ) , and is responsible for the beta decay phenomenon . The second type is called the `` neutral - current interaction '' because it is mediated by a neutral particle , the Z boson . Charged - current interaction ( edit ) The Feynman diagram for beta - minus decay of a neutron into a proton , electron and electron anti-neutrino , via an intermediate heavy boson In one type of charged current interaction , a charged lepton ( such as an electron or a muon , having a charge of − 1 ) can absorb a boson ( a particle with a charge of + 1 ) and be thereby converted into a corresponding neutrino ( with a charge of 0 ) , where the type ( `` flavour '' ) of neutrino ( electron , muon or tau ) is the same as the type of lepton in the interaction , for example : μ − + W + → ν μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ^ ( - ) + W ^ ( + ) \ to \ nu _ ( \ mu ) ) Similarly , a down - type quark ( d with a charge of − ⁄ ) can be converted into an up - type quark ( u , with a charge of + ⁄ ) , by emitting a boson or by absorbing a boson . More precisely , the down - type quark becomes a quantum superposition of up - type quarks : that is to say , it has a possibility of becoming any one of the three up - type quarks , with the probabilities given in the CKM matrix tables . Conversely , an up - type quark can emit a boson , or absorb a boson , and thereby be converted into a down - type quark , for example : d → u + W − d + W + → u c → s + W + c + W − → s ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) d& \ to u + W ^ ( - ) \ \ d + W ^ ( + ) & \ to u \ \ c& \ to s + W ^ ( + ) \ \ c + W ^ ( - ) & \ to s \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The W boson is unstable so will rapidly decay , with a very short lifetime . For example : W − → e − + ν _̄ e W + → e + + ν e ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) W ^ ( - ) & \ to e ^ ( - ) + ( \ bar ( \ nu ) ) _ ( e ) ~ \ \ W ^ ( + ) & \ to e ^ ( + ) + \ nu _ ( e ) ~ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Decay of the W boson to other products can happen , with varying probabilities . In the so - called beta decay of a neutron ( see picture , above ) , a down quark within the neutron emits a virtual boson and is thereby converted into an up quark , converting the neutron into a proton . Because of the energy involved in the process ( i.e. , the mass difference between the down quark and the up quark ) , the boson can only be converted into an electron and an electron - antineutrino . At the quark level , the process can be represented as : d → u + e − + ν _̄ e ( \ displaystyle d \ to u + e ^ ( - ) + ( \ bar ( \ nu ) ) _ ( e ) ~ ) Neutral - current interaction ( edit ) In neutral current interactions , a quark or a lepton ( e.g. , an electron or a muon ) emits or absorbs a neutral Z boson . For example : e − → e − + Z 0 ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( - ) \ to e ^ ( - ) + Z ^ ( 0 ) ) Like the W boson , the Z boson also decays rapidly , for example : Z 0 → b + b _̄ ( \ displaystyle Z ^ ( 0 ) \ to b+ ( \ bar ( b ) ) ) Electroweak theory ( edit ) Main article : Electroweak interaction The Standard Model of particle physics describes the electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction as two different aspects of a single electroweak interaction . This theory was developed around 1968 by Sheldon Glashow , Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg , and they were awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work . The Higgs mechanism provides an explanation for the presence of three massive gauge bosons ( , , Z , the three carriers of the weak interaction ) and the massless photon ( γ , the carrier of the electromagnetic interaction ) . According to the electroweak theory , at very high energies , the universe has four components of the Higgs field whose interactions are carried by four massless gauge bosons -- each similar to the photon -- forming a complex scalar Higgs field doublet . However , at low energies , this gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken down to the U ( 1 ) symmetry of electromagnetism , since one of the Higgs fields acquires a vacuum expectation value . This symmetry - breaking would be expected to produce three massless bosons , but instead they become integrated by the other three fields and acquire mass through the Higgs mechanism . These three boson integrations produce the , and Z bosons of the weak interaction . The fourth gauge boson is the photon of electromagnetism , and remains massless . This theory has made a number of predictions , including a prediction of the masses of the Z and W - bosons before their discovery . On 4 July 2012 , the CMS and the ATLAS experimental teams at the Large Hadron Collider independently announced that they had confirmed the formal discovery of a previously unknown boson of mass between 125 -- 127 GeV / c , whose behaviour so far was `` consistent with '' a Higgs boson , while adding a cautious note that further data and analysis were needed before positively identifying the new boson as being a Higgs boson of some type . By 14 March 2013 , the Higgs boson was tentatively confirmed to exist . Violation of symmetry ( edit ) Left - and right - handed particles : p is the particle 's momentum and S is its spin . Note the lack of reflective symmetry between the states . The laws of nature were long thought to remain the same under mirror reflection . The results of an experiment viewed via a mirror were expected to be identical to the results of a mirror - reflected copy of the experimental apparatus . This so - called law of parity conservation was known to be respected by classical gravitation , electromagnetism and the strong interaction ; it was assumed to be a universal law . However , in the mid-1950s Chen - Ning Yang and Tsung - Dao Lee suggested that the weak interaction might violate this law . Chien Shiung Wu and collaborators in 1957 discovered that the weak interaction violates parity , earning Yang and Lee the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics . Although the weak interaction was once described by Fermi 's theory , the discovery of parity violation and renormalization theory suggested that a new approach was needed . In 1957 , Robert Marshak and George Sudarshan and , somewhat later , Richard Feynman and Murray Gell - Mann proposed a V − A ( vector minus axial vector or left - handed ) Lagrangian for weak interactions . In this theory , the weak interaction acts only on left - handed particles ( and right - handed antiparticles ) . Since the mirror reflection of a left - handed particle is right - handed , this explains the maximal violation of parity . Interestingly , the V − A theory was developed before the discovery of the Z boson , so it did not include the right - handed fields that enter in the neutral current interaction . However , this theory allowed a compound symmetry CP to be conserved . CP combines parity P ( switching left to right ) with charge conjugation C ( switching particles with antiparticles ) . Physicists were again surprised when in 1964 , James Cronin and Val Fitch provided clear evidence in kaon decays that CP symmetry could be broken too , winning them the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics . In 1973 , Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa showed that CP violation in the weak interaction required more than two generations of particles , effectively predicting the existence of a then unknown third generation . This discovery earned them half of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics . Unlike parity violation , CP violation occurs in only a small number of instances , but remains widely held as an answer to the difference between the amount of matter and antimatter in the universe ; it thus forms one of Andrei Sakharov 's three conditions for baryogenesis . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Weakless Universe -- the postulate that weak interactions are not anthropically necessary Gravity Nuclear force Electromagnetism References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffiths , David ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Elementary Particles . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 40601 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 : Press Release '' . NobelPrize.org . Nobel Media . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fermi , Enrico ( 1934 ) . `` Versuch einer Theorie der β - Strahlen . I '' . Zeitschrift für Physik A. 88 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 161 -- 177 . Bibcode : 1934ZPhy ... 88 ... 161F . doi : 10.1007 / BF01351864 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Fred L. ( December 1968 ) . `` Fermi 's Theory of Beta Decay '' . American Journal of Physics. 36 ( 12 ) : 1150 -- 1160 . Bibcode : 1968AmJPh ... 36.1150 W . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1974382 . Jump up ^ Cottingham & Greenwood ( 1986 , 2001 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ W. - M. Yao et al. ( Particle Data Group ) ( 2006 ) . `` Review of Particle Physics : Quarks '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Physics G. 33 : 1 -- 1232 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0601168 . Bibcode : 2006JPhG ... 33 ... 1Y . doi : 10.1088 / 0954 - 3899 / 33 / 1 / 001 . Jump up ^ Peter Watkins ( 1986 ) . Story of the W and Z . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 31875 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coupling Constants for the Fundamental Forces '' . HyperPhysics . Georgia State University . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : J. Christman ( 2001 ) . `` The Weak Interaction '' ( PDF ) . Physnet . Michigan State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Electroweak '' . The Particle Adventure . Particle Data Group . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Walter Greiner ; Berndt Müller ( 2009 ) . Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions . Springer . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 87842 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cottingham & Greenwood ( 1986 , 2001 ) , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Cottingham & Greenwood ( 1986 , 2001 ) , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Cottingham & Greenwood ( 1986 , 2001 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ Baez , John C. ; Huerta , John ( 2009 ) . `` The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories '' . Bull . Am. Math . Soc. 0904 : 483 -- 552 . arXiv : 0904.1556 . Bibcode : 2009arXiv0904. 1556B . doi : 10.1090 / s0273 - 0979 - 10 - 01294 - 2 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : K. Nakamura et al. ( Particle Data Group ) ( 2010 ) . `` Gauge and Higgs Bosons '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Physics G. 37 . Bibcode : 2010JPhG ... 37g5021N . doi : 10.1088 / 0954 - 3899 / 37 / 7a / 075021 . Jump up ^ K. Nakamura et al. ( Particle Data Group ) ( 2010 ) . `` n '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Physics G. 37 : 7 . Bibcode : 2010JPhG ... 37g5021N . doi : 10.1088 / 0954 - 3899 / 37 / 7a / 075021 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 '' . NobelPrize.org . Nobel Media . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : C. Amsler et al. ( Particle Data Group ) ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Particle Physics -- Higgs Bosons : Theory and Searches '' ( PDF ) . Physics Letters B. 667 : 1 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2008PhLB ... 667 ... 1A . doi : 10.1016 / j. physletb. 2008.07. 018 . Jump up ^ `` New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson CERN '' . Home.web.cern.ch . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Carey ( 2006 ) . `` Lee , Tsung - Dao '' . American scientists . Facts on File Inc. p. 225 . ISBN 9781438108070 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 '' . NobelPrize.org . Nobel Media . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 '' . NobelPrize.org . Nobel Media . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Kobayashi ; T. Maskawa ( 1973 ) . `` CP - Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction '' . Progress of Theoretical Physics. 49 ( 2 ) : 652 -- 657 . Bibcode : 1973PThPh ... 49 ... 652K . doi : 10.1143 / PTP. 49.652 . hdl : 2433 / 66179 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 '' . NobelPrize.org . Nobel Media . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Langacker ( 2001 ) ( 1989 ) . `` Cp Violation and Cosmology '' . In Cecilia Jarlskog . CP violation . London , River Edge : World Scientific Publishing Co. p. 552 . ISBN 9789971505615 . General readers ( edit ) R. Oerter ( 2006 ) . The Theory of Almost Everything : The Standard Model , the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics . Plume . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 236678 - 6 . B.A. Schumm ( 2004 ) . Deep Down Things : The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7971 - X . Texts ( edit ) Walter Greiner ; B. Müller ( 2000 ) . Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 67672 - 4 . G.D. Coughlan ; J.E. Dodd ; B.M. Gripaios ( 2006 ) . The Ideas of Particle Physics : An Introduction for Scientists ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67775 - 2 . W.N. Cottingham ; D.A. Greenwood ( 2001 ) ( 1986 ) . An introduction to nuclear physics ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65733 - 4 . D.J. Griffiths ( 1987 ) . Introduction to Elementary Particles . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 60386 - 4 . G.L. Kane ( 1987 ) . Modern Elementary Particle Physics . Perseus Books . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11749 - 5 . D.H. Perkins ( 2000 ) . Introduction to High Energy Physics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62196 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Weak interaction Harry Cheung , The Weak Force @ Fermilab Fundamental Forces @ Hyperphysics , Georgia State University . Brian Koberlein , What is the weak force ? The fundamental interactions of physics Physical forces Strong interaction Weak interaction Electromagnetism Gravitation Radiations Electromagnetic radiation Gravitational radiation Hypothetical forces Quintessence Weak gravity conjecture Glossary of physics Particle physics Philosophy of physics Universe Weakless Universe Standard Model Background Particle physics Fermions Gauge boson Higgs boson Quantum field theory Gauge theory Quantum electrodynamics Strong interaction Color charge Quantum chromodynamics Quark model Weak interaction Electroweak interaction Fermi 's interaction Weak hypercharge Weak isospin Constituents CKM matrix Spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs mechanism Standard Model ( mathematical formulation ) Beyond the Standard Model Evidence Hierarchy problem Dark matter Cosmological constant problem Strong CP problem Neutrino oscillation Theories Technicolor Kaluza -- Klein theory Grand Unified Theory Theory of everything Supersymmetry MSSM Superstring theory Supergravity Quantum gravity String theory Loop quantum gravity Causal dynamical triangulation Canonical quantum gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Twistor theory Experiments Gran Sasso INO LHC SNO Super-K Tevatron LCCN : sh85145822 GND : 4129644 - 8 SUDOC : 027577767 BNF : cb11958802q ( data ) BNE : XX529197 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak_interaction&oldid=829191577 '' Categories : Nuclear physics Electroweak theory Concepts in physics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do the nuclear and weak interaction forces occur	[ "The weak interaction takes place only at very small, sub-atomic distances, less than the diameter of a proton. It is one of the four known fundamental interactions of nature, alongside the strong interaction, electromagnetism, and gravitation." ]	[ "at very small, sub-atomic distances, less than the diameter of a proton" ]
-3013342194912801879	Darin Brooks	Darin Brooks - wikipedia Darin Brooks This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Darin Brooks Brooks at the 2014 Daytime Emmy Awards Nominees Cocktail Reception in June 2014 Darin Lee Brooks ( 1984 - 05 - 27 ) May 27 , 1984 ( age 34 ) Honolulu , Hawaii , U.S. Occupation Actor Spouse ( s ) Kelly Kruger ( m . 2016 ) Darin Lee Brooks ( born May 27 , 1984 ) is an American actor . He is best known for portraying Max Brady on the NBC drama series Days of Our Lives , Alex Moran on the Spike TV series Blue Mountain State , and Wyatt Spencer on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Brooks was born and raised in Honolulu , Hawaii . He is of Polish descent . Career ( edit ) Brooks started his acting career with the theater program at his high school . He played Rapunzel 's prince in his high school 's production of Into the Woods . He later enrolled in acting classes , began modeling , and worked as an extra in films . He was discovered by casting director Kathy Henderson . When Brooks moved to Los Angeles , California , he called Henderson immediately , took acting classes at the renowned Ivana Chubbuck Studios , and got an agent . Two years after the move , he was portraying Max Brady on the NBC drama series Days of Our Lives . He later starred as Alex Moran on the Spike TV series Blue Mountain State . In 2010 , Brooks starred as Mr. Blake Owens on the web series Miss Behave . In June 2013 , Brooks began playing Wyatt Spencer on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . Personal life ( edit ) Brooks enjoys playing the guitar , bass guitar , and drums . In 2010 , he started dating actress Kelly Kruger . In February 2014 , they partnered with an organization called Aid Still Required . On March 21 , 2016 , Brooks married Kruger in a wedding ceremony in his home state of Hawaii . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 Staring at the Sun Smoker # 1 Short Spotlight Austin Pembelton Short 2012 Choices Jeff Hayes Short 2012 Bad Girls Benny Television film 2012 The Seven Year Hitch Kevin Television film 2013 Liars All Brax Movie 2016 Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland Alex Moran Movie Television Year Title Role Notes 2005 -- 2010 Days of Our Lives Max Brady Regular role 2010 -- 2011 Blue Mountain State Alex Moran Regular role Miss Behave Mr. Owens Recurring role 2011 CSI : Miami Ian Kaufman Guest role ; `` F-T-F '' 2011 Castle Nick , Jr . Guest role ; `` Slice of Death '' 2013 Bloomers Ryan Guest role ; `` Unexpecting '' and `` Mum 's the Word '' 2013 -- present The Bold and the Beautiful Wyatt Spencer Regular role 2013 Super Fun Night Jason Guest role ; `` Engagement Party '' and `` Dinner Party '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2008 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series Days of Our Lives Nominated 2009 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series Days of Our Lives Won 2014 Indie Series Awards Bloomers Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Daytime Stars On How They Met Their Sweethearts '' . CBS . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Emmy Winner Darin Brooks Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet . `` Catching up with Darin Brooks '' . About.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parziale , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tag Archives : Darin Brooks '' . Aidstillrequired.org . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seaver , Maggie ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Actors Kelly Kruger and Darin Brooks Had a Gorgeous Wedding in Hawaii '' . Theknot.com . United States : XO Group Inc . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Darin Brooks on IMDb hide Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series Brian Bloom ( 1985 ) Michael E. Knight ( 1986 ) Michael E. Knight ( 1987 ) Billy Warlock ( 1988 ) Justin Gocke ( 1989 ) Andrew Kavovit ( 1990 ) Rick Hearst ( 1991 ) Kristoff St. John ( 1992 ) Monti Sharp ( 1993 ) Roger Howarth ( 1994 ) Jonathan Jackson ( 1995 ) Kevin Mambo ( 1996 ) Kevin Mambo ( 1997 ) Jonathan Jackson ( 1998 ) Jonathan Jackson ( 1999 ) David Tom ( 2000 ) Justin Torkildsen ( 2001 ) Jacob Young ( 2002 ) Jordi Vilasuso ( 2003 ) Chad Brannon ( 2004 ) David Lago ( 2005 ) Tom Pelphrey ( 2006 ) Bryton McClure ( 2007 ) Tom Pelphrey ( 2008 ) Darin Brooks ( 2009 ) Drew Tyler Bell ( 2010 ) Scott Clifton ( 2011 ) Chandler Massey ( 2012 ) Chandler Massey ( 2013 ) Chandler Massey ( 2014 ) Freddie Smith ( 2015 ) Bryan Craig ( 2016 ) Bryan Craig ( 2017 ) Rome Flynn ( 2018 ) GND : 1070870846 ISNI : 0000 0001 3994 5907 LCCN : no2011164136 VIAF : 187206103 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_Brooks&oldid=804666294 '' Categories : 1984 births American male soap opera actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Honolulu Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series winners Male actors from Hawaii 21st - century American male actors American people of Polish descent Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 12 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who plays wyatt spencer on bold and the beautiful	[ "Darin Lee Brooks (born May 27, 1984) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Max Brady on the NBC drama series Days of Our Lives, Alex Moran on the Spike TV series Blue Mountain State, and Wyatt Spencer on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful." ]	[ "Darin Lee Brooks" ]
-5067868867794327939	History of Jerusalem	History of Jerusalem - wikipedia History of Jerusalem Jump to : navigation , search See also : Timeline of Jerusalem Part of a series on Jerusalem History Timeline City of David Second Temple Period Aelia Capitolina Middle Ages Kingdom of Jerusalem Mutasarrifate British Mandate Jordanian annexation Reunification Sieges 701 BCE 587 BCE 70 614 637 1099 1244 1917 1948 Places East West Old City Temple Mount Temple Western Wall Dome of the Rock Synagogues Mosques Al - Aqsa Church of the Holy Sepulchre Hebrew University Knesset Biblical Zoo People Demographic history Mayor Chief Rabbi Grand Mufti Greek Orthodox Patriarch Crusader kings Positions Religious significance Judaism Christianity Islam Jerusalem Law Jerusalem Day Quds Day Judaization Islamization U.S. Jerusalem Embassy Act U.S. recognition Other topics Names Flag Emblem Municipality Greater Jerusalem City Line Transport Holyland Model Songs Jerusalem portal During its long history , Jerusalem has been attacked 52 times , captured and recaptured 44 times , besieged 23 times , and destroyed twice . The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE , making Jerusalem one of the oldest cities in the world . Given the city 's central position in both Israeli nationalism and Palestinian nationalism , the selectivity required to summarize more than 5,000 years of inhabited history is often influenced by ideological bias or background ( see Historiography and nationalism ) . For example , the Jewish periods of the city 's history are important to Israeli nationalists , whose discourse states that modern Jews descend from the Israelites and Maccabees , while the Islamic periods of the city 's history are important to Palestinian nationalists , whose discourse suggests that modern Palestinians descend from all the different peoples who have lived in the region . As a result , both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city , and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city 's history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient period 1.1 Proto - Canaanite period 1.2 Canaanite and New Kingdom Egyptian period 1.3 Independent Israel and Judah ( House of David ) period 1.4 Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires period 1.5 Persian ( Achaemenid ) Empire period 2 Classical antiquity 2.1 Hellenistic Kingdoms ( Ptolemaic / Seleucid ) period 2.2 Hasmonean Period 2.3 Roman Jerusalem 2.4 Roman Aelia Capitolina period 2.5 Post-Crisis Roman and Early Byzantine Empire period 3 Middle Ages 3.1 Rashidun , Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period 3.2 Fatimid period 3.3 Seljuk period 3.4 Crusader period 3.5 Ayyubid , Bahri Mamluk and Burji Mamluk period 4 Early modern period 4.1 Early Ottoman period 5 Modern era 5.1 Decline of the Ottoman Empire 5.2 British Mandate period 5.3 Partition between Israel and Jordan 6 Division between Jordan and Israel ( 1948 -- 1967 ) 7 State of Israel 8 Graphical overview of Jerusalem 's historical periods 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Ancient period Proto - Canaanite period Further information : Canaan Ú - ru - sa - lim inscription in the Amarna letters , 14th century BCE Archaeological evidence suggests that the first settlement was established near Gihon Spring between 4500 -- 3500 BCE . The first known mention of the city was in c. 2000 BCE in the Middle Kingdom Egyptian Execration Texts in which the city was recorded as Rusalimum . The root S-L-M in the name is thought to refer to either `` peace '' ( compare with modern Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew ) or Shalim , the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion . Canaanite and new Kingdom Egyptian period Further information : City of David Archaeological evidence suggests that by the 17th century BCE , the Canaanites had built massive walls ( 4 and 5 ton boulders , 26 feet high ) on the eastern side of Jerusalem to protect their ancient water system . By c. 1550 -- 1400 BCE , Jerusalem had become a vassal to Egypt after the Egyptian New Kingdom under Ahmose I and Thutmose I had reunited Egypt and expanded into the Levant . The Amarna letters contain correspondence from Abdi - Heba , headman of Urusalim and his suzerain Amenhotep III . The power of the Egyptians in the region began to decline in the 12th century BCE , during the Bronze Age collapse . The Battle of Djahy ( Djahy being the Egyptian name for Canaan ) in 1178 BCE between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marked the beginning of this decline . The gradual loss of a central power gave rise to independent kingdoms in the region . According to the Bible , Jerusalem at this time was known as Jebus and its independent Canaanite inhabitants at this time were known as Jebusites . Independent Israel and Judah ( house of David ) period Main article : History of ancient Israel and Judah This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to the Bible , the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE , with King David 's sack of Jerusalem , following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel . According to the Books of Samuel , the Jebusites managed to resist attempts by the Israelites to capture the city , and by the time of King David were mocking such attempts , claiming that even the blind and lame could defeat the Israelite army . Nevertheless , the masoretic text for the Books of Samuel states that David managed to capture the city by stealth , sending his forces through a `` water shaft '' and attacking the city from the inside . Archaeologists now view this as implausible as the Gihon spring -- the only known location from which water shafts lead into the city -- is now known to have been heavily defended ( and hence an attack via this route would have been obvious rather than secretive ) . The older Septuagint text , however , suggests that rather than by a water shaft , David 's forces defeated the Jebusites by using daggers rather than through the water tunnels coming through the Gihon spring . There was another king in Jerusalem , Araunah , during , and possibly before , David 's control of the city , according to the biblical narrative , who was probably the Jebusite king of Jerusalem . The city , which at that point stood upon the Ophel , was , according to the biblical account , expanded to the south , and declared by David to be the capital city of the Kingdom of Israel . David also , according to the Books of Samuel , constructed an altar at the location of a threshing floor he had purchased from Araunah ; a portion of biblical scholars view this as an attempt by the narrative 's author to give an Israelite foundation to a pre-existing sanctuary . Later , according to the biblical narrative , King Solomon built a more substantive temple , the Temple of Solomon , at a location which the Book of Chronicles equates with David 's altar . The Temple became a major cultural centre in the region ; eventually , particularly after religious reforms such as those of Hezekiah and of Josiah , the Jerusalem temple became the main place of worship , at the expense of other , formerly powerful , ritual centres , such as Shiloh and Bethel . However , according to K.L. Noll , in Canaan and Israel in Antiquity : A Textbook on History and Religion , the Biblical account of the centralization of worship in Jerusalem is a fiction , although by the time of Josiah , the territory he ruled was so small that the Jerusalem temple became de facto the only shrine left . Solomon is also described as having created several other important building works at Jerusalem , including the construction of his palace , and the construction of the Millo ( the identity of which is somewhat controversial ) . Archaeologists are divided over whether the biblical narrative is supported by the evidence from excavations . Eilat Mazar contends that her digging uncovered remains of large stone buildings from the correct time period , while Israel Finkelstein disputes both the interpretation and the dating of the finds . When the Kingdom of Judah split from the larger Kingdom of Israel ( which the Bible places near the end of the reign of Solomon , c. 930 BCE , though Israel Finkelstein and others dispute the very existence of a unified monarchy to begin with ) , Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Judah , while the Kingdom of Israel located its capital at Shechem in Samaria . Thomas L. Thompson argues that it only became a city and capable of acting as a state capital in the middle of the 7th century . Both the Bible and regional archaeological evidence suggest the region was politically unstable during the period 925 -- 732 BCE . In 925 BCE , the region was invaded by Egyptian Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period , who is possibly the same as Shishak , the first Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible who captured and pillaged Jerusalem . Around 75 years later , Jerusalem 's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against the Neo-Assyrian King Shalmaneser III in the Battle of Qarqar . According to the bible , Jehoshaphat of Judah was allied to Ahab of the Northern Kingdom of Israel at this time . The Bible records that shortly after this battle , Jerusalem was sacked by Philistines , Arabs and Ethiopians , who looted King Jehoram 's house , and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son Jehoahaz . Two decades later , most of Canaan including Jerusalem was conquered by Hazael of Aram Damascus . According to the Bible , Jehoash of Judah gave all of Jerusalem 's treasures as a tribute , but Hazael proceeded to destroy `` all the princes of the people '' in the city . And half a century later , the city was sacked by Jehoash of Israel , who destroyed the walls and took Amaziah of Judah prisoner . By the end of the First Temple Period , Jerusalem was the sole acting religious shrine in the kingdom and a centre of regular pilgrimage ; a fact which archaeologists generally view as being corroborated by the evidence , though there remained a more personal cult involving Asherah figures , which are found spread throughout the land right up to the end of this era . Neo-Assyrian and neo-babylonian empires period Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah for some 400 years . It had survived an Assyrian siege in 701 BCE by Sennacherib , unlike Samaria , the capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel , that had fallen some twenty years previously . According to the Bible , this was a miraculous event in which an angel killed 185,000 men in Sennacherib 's army . According to Sennacherib 's own account preserved in the Taylor prism , an inscription contemporary with the event , the king of Judah , Hezekiah , was `` shut up in the city like a caged bird '' and eventually persuaded Sennacherib to leave by sending him `` 30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver , and diverse treasures , a rich and immense booty '' . The siege of Jerusalem in 597 BCE led to the city being overcome by the Babylonians , who then took the young King Jehoiachin into Babylonian captivity , together with most of the aristocracy . Zedekiah , who had been placed on the throne by Nebuchadnezzar ( the Babylonian king ) , rebelled , and Nebuchadnezzar , who at the time ( 587 / 586 BCE ) was ruler of a most powerful empire , recaptured the city , killed Zedekiah 's descendants in front of him , and plucked out Zedekiah 's eyes so that that would be the last thing he ever saw . The Babylonians then took Zedekiah into captivity , along with prominent members of Judah . The Babylonians then burnt the temple , destroyed the city 's walls , and appointed Gedaliah son of Achikam as governor of Judah . After 52 days of rule , Yishmael , son of Netaniah , a surviving descendant of Zedekiah , assassinated Gedaliah after encouragement by Baalis , the king of Ammon . Some of the remaining population of Judah , fearing the vengeance of Nebuchadnezzar , fled to Egypt . Persian ( Achaemenid ) Empire period This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Jerusalem during the Achaemenid period Judean silver Yehud coin ( ma'ah ) from the Persian era with an Aramaic inscription `` יהד '' ( Yehud `` Judea '' ) and a lily as a symbol of Jerusalem on the reverse According to the Bible , and perhaps corroborated by the Cyrus Cylinder , after several decades of captivity in Babylon and the Achaemenid conquest of Babylonia , Cyrus II of Persia allowed the Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the Temple . The books of Ezra - Nehemiah record that the construction of the Second Temple was finished in the sixth year of Darius the Great ( 516 BCE ) , following which Artaxerxes I sent Ezra and then Nehemiah to rebuild the city 's walls and to govern the Yehud province within the Eber - Nari satrapy . These events represent the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible . During this period , Aramaic - inscribed `` Yehud coinage '' were produced -- these are believed to have been minted in or near Jerusalem , although none of the coins bear a mint mark . Classical Antiquity See also : Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period Hellenistic kingdoms ( Ptolemaic / seleucid ) period When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire , Jerusalem and Judea fell under Greek control and Hellenistic influence . After the Wars of the Diadochoi following Alexander 's death , Jerusalem and Judea fell under Ptolemaic control under Ptolemy I and continued minting Yehud coinage . In 198 BCE , as a result of the Battle of Panium , Ptolemy V lost Jerusalem and Judea to the Seleucids under Antiochus the Great . Prutah of John Hyrcanus ( 134 to 104 BCE ) with the ancient Hebrew inscription `` Yehochanan Kohen Gadol Chaver Hayehudim '' ( `` Yehochanan the High Priest , Chaver of the Jews '' ) Under the Seleucids many Jews had become Hellenized and with their assistance tried to Hellenize Jerusalem , eventually culminating in a rebellion by the High Priest Matityahu ben Yoḥanan and his five sons : Simon , Yochanan , Eleazar , Jonathan and Yehuda ha - Makabi , also known as the Maccabees . As a result of the rebellion , Jerusalem became the capital of the independent Hasmonean Kingdom . Hasmonean period The Hasmonean Kingdom lasted for 103 years . It was ruled by Simon Maccabaeus , the son of Matityahu ; then by his son Yochanan , known as John Hyrcanus , who started minting his own Hasmonean coins ; then by his son Yehuda Aristobulus ; then by his wife Salome Alexandra ; then by his brother Alexander Yannai ; then by his sons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II . When the brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus each asked for Rome to intervene on their behalf , Judea fell under the greater rule of Rome as an autonomous province but still with a significant amount of independence . The last Hasmonean king was Aristobulus ' son Antigonus II Matityahu . Roman Jerusalem Prutah of Agrippa I. with Greek inscription `` of king Agrippa '' In 37 BCE , Herod the Great captured Jerusalem after forty - day siege , ending Hasmonean rule . Herod ruled the Province of Judea as a client - king of the Romans , rebuilt the Second Temple , upgraded the surrounding complex , and expanded the minting of coins to many denominations . Pliny the Elder , writing of Herod 's achievements , called Jerusalem `` the most famous by far of the Eastern cities and not only the cities of Judea . '' The Talmud comments that `` He who has not seen the Temple of Herod has never seen a beautiful building in his life . '' And Tacitus wrote that `` Jerusalem is the capital of the Jews . In it was a Temple possessing enormous riches . '' Sack of Jerusalem . Inside wall from the Arch of Titus , Rome . The Menorah from the Temple is seen being carried in the victory procession . First Jewish revolt shekel issued in 68 , saying `` Shekel Israel , year 3 '' , and on the reverse : `` Jerusalem the Holy '' . Herod also built Caesarea Maritima which replaced Jerusalem as the capital of the Roman province . In 6 CE , following Herod 's death in 4 BCE , Judea and the city of Jerusalem came under direct Roman rule through Roman prefects , procurators , and legates ( see List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers ) . Nevertheless , Herod 's descendants remained nominal kings of Iudaea Province as Agrippa I ( 41 -- 44 ) and Agrippa II ( 48 -- 100 ) . In 66 CE , the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire in what is now known as the First Jewish -- Roman War or Great Revolt . Roman legions under future emperor Titus reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem in 70 CE . Also the Second Temple was burnt and all that remained was the great external ( retaining ) walls supporting the esplanade on which the Temple had stood , a portion of which has become known as the Western Wall . Titus ' victory is commemorated by the Arch of Titus in Rome . Agrippa II died c. 94 CE , which brought the Herodian dynasty to an end almost thirty years after the destruction of the Second Temple . After the end of this revolt , Jews continued to live in Jerusalem in significant numbers , and were allowed to practice their religion , only if they paid the Jewish Tax . In the 1st century CE , Jerusalem became the birthplace of Early Christianity . According to the New Testament , it is the location of the crucifixion , resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ ( see also Jerusalem in Christianity ) . It was in Jerusalem that , according to the Acts of the Apostles , the Apostles of Christ received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and first began preaching the Gospel and proclaiming his resurrection . Jerusalem eventually became an early centers of Christianity and home to one of the five Patriarchates of the Christian Church . After the Great Schism , it remained a part of the Eastern Orthodox Church . Roman Aelia Capitolina period Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage , silver shekel with the Jewish Temple facade and a rising star , surrounded by `` Shimon '' ( obverse ) . The reverse shows a lulav and the words `` To the , freedom of Jerusalem '' . See also : Aelia Capitolina What is today known as the `` Old City '' was laid out by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century , when he began to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city . In 130 , Hadrian visited the ruins of Jerusalem remaining after the First Jewish - Roman War of 66 -- 73 . He rebuilt the city , renaming it Aelia Capitolina in 135 CE . Hadrian placed the city 's main Roman Forum at the junction of the main Cardo and Decumanus , now the location of the ( smaller ) Muristan . Hadrian built a large temple to Jupiter Capitolinus , which later became the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . He placed restrictions on some Jewish practices , which caused a revolt led by Simon Bar Kokhba . Hadrian responded with overwhelming force , putting down the rebellion , killing as many as a half million Jews , and resettling the city as a Roman colonia . Jews were forbidden to enter the city but for a single day of the year , Tisha B'Av , ( the Ninth of Av ) , the fast day on which Jews mourn the destruction of both Temples . For the next 150 years , the city remained a relatively unimportant pagan Roman town . Post-crisis Roman and early byzantine Empire period The Emperor Constantine , however , rebuilt Jerusalem as a Christian center of worship , building the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 335 . Jerusalem had received special recognition in Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 . Constantine 's mother , Helena , made a pilgrimage to the city and claimed to have recovered the cross of Christ . Jews were still banned from the city throughout the remainder of its time as a Roman province , except during a brief period of Persian rule from 614 to 629 . Middle ages Rashidun , Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates period Main article : History of Jerusalem ( Middle Ages ) Map of Jerusalem as it appeared in the years 958 -- 1052 , according to Arab geographers such as al - Muqaddasi The Hereford Mapa Mundi , depicting Jerusalem at the centre of the world Although the Qur'an does not mention the name `` Jerusalem '' , the hadith assert that it was from Jerusalem that Muhammad ascended to heaven in the Night Journey , or Isra and Miraj . The city was one of the Arab Caliphate 's first conquests in 638 CE ; according to Arab historians of the time , the Rashidun Caliph Umar ibn al - Khattab personally went to the city to receive its submission , cleaning out and praying at the Temple Mount in the process . Sixty years later the Dome of the Rock was built , a structure enshrining a stone from which Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven during the Isra . ( The octagonal and gold - sheeted Dome is not the Al - Aqsa Mosque to the south , the latest version of which was built more than three centuries later ) . Umar ibn al - Khattab also allowed the Jews back into the city and freedom to live and worship after four hundred years . Under the early centuries of Muslim rule , especially during the Umayyad ( 650 -- 750 ) and Abbasid ( 750 -- 969 ) dynasties , the city prospered ; geographers Ibn Hawqal and al - Istakhri ( 10th century ) describe it as `` the most fertile province of Palestine '' , while its native son , the geographer al - Muqaddasi ( born 946 ) devoted many pages to its praises in his most famous work , The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Climes . Under Muslim rule Jerusalem did not achieve the political or cultural status enjoyed by the capitals Damascus , Baghdad , Cairo etc . Interestingly , al - Muqaddasi derives his name from the Arabic name for Jerusalem , Bayt al - Muqaddas , which is linguistically equivalent to the Hebrew Beit Ha - Mikdash , the Holy House . Fatimid period The early Arab period was also one of religious tolerance . However , in the early 11th century , the Egyptian Fatimid Caliph Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the destruction of all churches . In 1033 , there was another earthquake , severely damaging the Al - Aqsa Mosque . The Fatimid caliph Ali az - Zahir rebuilt and completely renovated the mosque between 1034 and 1036 . The number of naves was drastically reduced from fifteen to seven . Az - Zahir built the four arcades of the central hall and aisle , which presently serve as the foundation of the mosque . The central aisle was double the width of the other aisles and had a large gable roof upon which the dome -- made of wood -- was constructed . Persian geographer , Nasir Khusraw describes the Aqsa Mosque during a visit in 1047 : The Haram Area ( Noble Sanctuary ) lies in the eastern part of the city ; and through the bazaar of this ( quarter ) you enter the Area by a great and beautiful gateway ( Dargah ) ... After passing this gateway , you have on the right two great colonnades ( Riwaq ) , each of which has nine - and - twenty marble pillars , whose capitals and bases are of colored marbles , and the joints are set in lead . Above the pillars rise arches , that are constructed , of masonry , without mortar or cement , and each arch is constructed of no more than five or six blocks of stone . These colonnades lead down to near the Maqsurah . Seljuk period Under Az - Zahir 's successur al - Mustansir Billah , the Fatimid Caliphate entered a period of instability and decline , as factions fought for power in Cairo . In 1071 , Jerusalem was captured by the Turkish warlord warlord Atsiz ibn Uvaq , who seized most of Syria and Palestine as part of the expansion of the Seljuk Turks throughout the Middle East . As the Turks were staunch Sunnis , they were opposed not only to the Fatimids , but also to the numerous Shia Muslims , who saw themselves removed from dominance after a century of Fatimid rule . In 1176 , riots between Sunnis and Shiites in Jerusalem led to a massacre of the latter . Although the Christians of the city were left unmolested , and allowed access to the Christian holy sites , the wars with Byzantium and the general instability in Syria impeded the arrival pilgrims from Europe . The Seljuks also forbade the repair of any church , despite the damages suffered in the recent turmoils . There does not appear to have been a significant Jewish community in the city at this time . In 1086 , the Seljuk emir of Damascus , Tutush I , appointed Artuk Bey governor of Jerusalem . Artuk died in 1091 , and his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi succeeded him . In August 1098 , while the Seljuks were distracted by the arrival of the First Crusade in Syria , the Fatimids under vizier al - Afdal Shahanshah appeared before the city and laid siege to it . After six weeks , the Seljuk garrison capitulated and was allowed to leave for Damascus and Diyar Bakr . The Fatimid takeover was followed by the expulsion of most of the Sunnis , in which many of them were also killed . Crusader period Main article : History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period Fatimid control of Jerusalem ended when it was captured by Crusaders in July 1099 . The capture was accompanied by a massacre of almost all of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants . Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Godfrey of Bouillon , was elected Lord of Jerusalem on 22 July 1099 , but did not assume the royal crown and died a year later . Barons offered the lordship of Jerusalem to Godfrey 's brother Baldwin , Count of Edessa , who had himself crowned by the Patriarch Daimbert on Christmas Day 1100 in the basilica of Bethlehem . Christian settlers from the West set about rebuilding the principal shrines associated with the life of Christ . The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was ambitiously rebuilt as a great Romanesque church , and Muslim shrines on the Temple Mount ( the Dome of the Rock and the al - Aqsa Mosque ) were converted for Christian purposes . It is during this period of Frankish occupation that the Military Orders of the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar have their beginnings . Both grew out of the need to protect and care for the great influx of pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem in the 12th century . Ayyubid , bahri Mamluk and burji Mamluk period The Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted until 1291 ; however , Jerusalem itself was recaptured by Saladin in 1187 ( see Siege of Jerusalem ( 1187 ) ) , who permitted worship of all religions . According to Rabbi Elijah of Chelm , German Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century . The story is told that a German - speaking Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger . Thus when the knights of the First Crusade came to besiege Jerusalem , one of Dolberger 's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to the German city of Worms to repay the favor . Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakic questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century . Medieval Tower of David ( Migdal David ) in Jerusalem today In 1173 Benjamin of Tudela visited Jerusalem . He described it as a small city full of Jacobites , Armenians , Greeks , and Georgians . Two hundred Jews dwelt in a corner of the city under the Tower of David . In 1219 the walls of the city were razed by order of al - Mu'azzam , the Ayyubid sultan of Damascus . This rendered Jerusalem defenseless and dealt a heavy blow to the city 's status . The Ayyubids destroyed the walls in expectation of ceding the city to the Crusaders as part of a peace treaty . In 1229 , by treaty with Egypt 's ruler al - Kamil , Jerusalem came into the hands of Frederick II of Germany . In 1239 , after a ten - year truce expired , he began to rebuild the walls ; these were again demolished by an - Nasir Da'ud , the emir of Kerak , in the same year . In 1243 Jerusalem came again into the power of the Christians , and the walls were repaired . The Khwarezmian Empire took the city in 1244 and were in turn driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247 . In 1260 the Mongols under Hulagu Khan engaged in raids into Palestine . It is unclear if the Mongols were ever in Jerusalem , as it was not seen as a settlement of strategic importance at the time . However , there are reports that some of the Jews that were in Jerusalem temporarily fled to neighboring villages . In 1267 the Jewish Catalan sage Nahmanides travelled to Jerusalem . In the Old City he established the Ramban Synagogue , the second oldest active synagogue in Jerusalem , after that of the Karaite Jews built about 300 years earlier . In the middle of the 13th century , Jerusalem was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate . Early modern period The first provincial or superior of the Franciscan religious order , founded by Francis of Assisi , was Brother Elia from Assisi . In the year 1219 the founder himself visited the region in order to preach the Gospel to the Muslims , seen as brothers and not enemies . The mission resulted in a meeting with the sultan of Egypt , Malik al - Kamil , who was surprised by his unusual behaviour . The Franciscan Province of the East extended to Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , and the Holy Land . Before the taking over of Acre ( on 18 May 1291 ) , Franciscan friaries were present at Acre , Sidon , Antioch , Tripoli , Jaffa , and Jerusalem . From Cyprus , where they took refuge at the end of the Latin Kingdom , the Franciscans started planning a return to Jerusalem , given the good political relations between the Christian governments and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt . Around the year 1333 the French friar Roger Guerin succeeded in buying the Cenacle ( the room where the Last Supper took place ) on Mount Zion and some land to build a monastery nearby for the friars , using funds provided by the king and queen of Naples . With two papal bullae , Gratias Agimus and Nuper Carissimae , dated in Avignon , 21 November 1342 , Pope Clement VI approved and created the new entity which would be known as the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land ( Custodia Terrae Sanctae ) . The friars , coming from any of the Order 's provinces , under the jurisdiction of the father guardian ( superior ) of the monastery on Mount Zion , were present in Jerusalem , in the Cenacle , in the church of the Holy Sepulcher , and in the Basilica of the Nativity at Bethlehem . Their principal activity was to ensure liturgical life in these Christian sanctuaries and to give spiritual assistance to the pilgrims coming from the West , to European merchants resident or passing through the main cities of Egypt , Syria , and Lebanon , and to have a direct and authorized relation with the Eastern Christianity Oriental communities . View and Plan of Jerusalem . A woodcut in the Liber Chronicarum Mundi ( Nuremberg 1493 ) . The monastery on Mount Zion was used by Brother Alberto da Sarteano for his papal mission for the union of the Oriental Christians ( Greeks , Copts , and Ethiopians ) with Rome during the Council of Florence ( 1440 ) . For the same reason the party guided by Brother Giovanni di Calabria halted in Jerusalem on his way to meet the Christian Negus of Ethiopia ( 1482 ) . In 1482 , the visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as `` a dwelling place of diverse nations of the world , and is , as it were , a collection of all manner of abominations '' . As `` abominations '' he listed Saracens , Greeks , Syrians , Jacobites , Abyssinians , Nestorians , Armenians , Gregorians , Maronites , Turcomans , Bedouins , Assassins , a possible Druze sect and Mamluks . Christians and Jews alike in Jerusalem lived in great poverty and in conditions of great deprivation , there are not many Christians but there are many Jews , and these the Muslims persecute in various ways . '' Only the Latin Christians `` long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome '' . In 1551 the Friars were expelled by the Turks from the Cenacle and from their adjoining monastery . However , they were granted permission to purchase a Georgian monastery of nuns in the northwest quarter of the city , which became the new center of the Custody in Jerusalem and developed into the Latin Convent of Saint Saviour ( known as Dayr al Ātīn دير الاتين دير اللاتين Arabic ) ) Old Yishuv Jewish life in the Land of Israel under Ottoman rule Key events Aliya of Nachmanides ( 1267 ) Alhambra ( 1492 ) Manuel I decree ( 1496 ) Hebron and Safed massacres ( 1517 ) Revival of Tiberias ( 1563 ) Sack of Tiberias ( 1660 ) Hebron massacre ( 1834 ) Safed attack ( 1838 ) Jerusalem expansion Moshavot establishment Key figures Ishtori Haparchi ( d . 1313 ) Joseph Saragossi ( d . 1507 ) Obadiah MiBartenura ( d . 1515 ) Levi ibn Habib ( d . 1545 ) Jacob Berab ( d . 1546 ) Joseph Nasi ( d . 1579 ) Moses Galante ( d . 1689 ) Moses ibn Habib ( d . 1696 ) Yehuda he - Hasid ( d . 1700 ) Haim Abulafia ( d . 1744 ) Menachem Mendel ( d . 1788 ) Haim Farhi ( d . 1820 ) Jacob Saphir ( d . 1886 ) Haim Aharon Valero ( d . 1923 ) Economy Etrog cultivation Winemaking Banking Printing Soap production Textiles Philanthropy Kollel Halukka Montefiore Judah Touro Communities Musta'arabim Sephardim Perushim Hasidim Jerusalem Mea Shearim Mishkenot Sha'ananim Hebron Safed Tiberias Jaffa Haifa Peki'in Acco Shechem Gaza Kafr Yasif Shefa - ' Amr Petah Tikva Synagogues Great Academy of Paris ( 1258 ) Ramban ( 1267 ) Abuhav ( 1490s ) Abraham Avinu ( 1540 ) Ari ( 1570s ) Johanan ben Zakai ( 1600s ) Hurva ( 1700 ) Tifereth Israel ( 1872 ) Related articles History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel Four Holy Cities Applicability of religious laws History of Zionism Timeline Pre-Modern Aliyah Return to Zion Three Oaths Haredim and Zionism Edah HaChareidis ShaDaR Early Ottoman period Main article : Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem In 1517 , Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent , including the construction of the walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem ( although some foundations were remains of genuine antique walls ) . The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of `` religious peace '' ; Jew , Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue , a church and a mosque on the same street . The city remained open to all religions , although the empire 's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation . In 1700 , Judah HeHasid led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to the Land of Israel in centuries . His disciples built the Hurva Synagogue , which served as the main synagogue in Jerusalem from the 18th century until 1948 , when it was destroyed by the Arab Legion . The synagogue was rebuilt in 2010 . Between 1703 and 1705 , Jerusalem 's Muslim religious leadership and the majority of its inhabitants revolted against the Ottoman governor of the district , Mehmed Pasha Kurd - Bayram in what became known as the Naqib al - Ashraf Revolt . During the course of the revolt , Jerusalem 's residents administered their own affairs , engaging in virtual self - rule , until the central Ottoman authorities restored their control over the city . Modern era Decline of the Ottoman Empire See also : Departure from the walls In the mid-19th century , with the decline of the Ottoman Empire , the city was a backwater , with a population that did not exceed 8,000 . Nevertheless , it was , even then , an extremely heterogeneous city because of its significance to Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . The population was divided into four major communities -- Jewish , Christian , Muslim , and Armenian -- and the first three of these could be further divided into countless subgroups , based on precise religious affiliation or country of origin . The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was meticulously partitioned between the Greek Orthodox , Catholic , Armenian , Coptic , and Ethiopian churches . Tensions between the groups ran so deep that the keys to the shrine and its doors were safeguarded by a pair of ' neutral ' Muslim families . At the time , the communities were located mainly around their primary shrines . The Muslim community surrounded the Haram ash - Sharif or Temple Mount ( northeast ) , the Christians lived mainly in the vicinity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre ( northwest ) , the Jews lived mostly on the slope above the Western Wall ( southeast ) , and the Armenians lived near the Zion Gate ( southwest ) . In no way was this division exclusive , though it did form the basis of the four quarters during the British Mandate ( 1917 -- 1948 ) . 1883 map of Jerusalem Several changes with long - lasting effects on the city occurred in the mid-19th century : their implications can be felt today and lie at the root of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict over Jerusalem . The first of these was a trickle of Jewish immigrants from the Middle East and Eastern Europe . The first such immigrants were Orthodox Jews : some were elderly individuals , who came to die in Jerusalem and be buried on the Mount of Olives ; others were students , who came with their families to await the coming of the Messiah , adding new life to the local population . At the same time , European colonial powers began seeking toeholds in the city , hoping to expand their influence pending the imminent collapse of the Ottoman Empire . This was also an age of Christian religious revival , and many churches sent missionaries to proselytize among the Muslim and especially the Jewish populations , believing that this would speed the Second Coming of Christ . Finally , the combination of European colonialism and religious zeal was expressed in a new scientific interest in the biblical lands in general and Jerusalem in particular . Archeological and other expeditions made some spectacular finds , which increased interest in Jerusalem even more . By the 1860s , the city , with an area of only one square kilometer , was already overcrowded . Thus began the construction of the New City , the part of Jerusalem outside of the city walls . Seeking new areas to stake their claims , the Russian Orthodox Church began constructing a complex , now known as the Russian Compound , a few hundred meters from Jaffa Gate . The first attempt at residential settlement outside the walls of Jerusalem was undertaken by Jews , who built a small complex on the hill overlooking Zion Gate , across the Valley of Hinnom . This settlement , known as Mishkenot Sha'ananim , eventually flourished and set the precedent for other new communities to spring up to the west and north of the Old City . In time , as the communities grew and connected geographically , this became known as the New City . In 1882 , around 150 Jewish families arrived in Jerusalem from Yemen . Initially they were not accepted by the Jews of Jerusalem and lived in destitute conditions supported by the Christians of the Swedish - American colony , who called them Gadites . In 1884 , the Yemenites moved into Silwan . Panorama of Jerusalem , early 20th century British Mandate period The Ottoman surrender of Jerusalem to the British , 9 December 1917 The British were victorious over the Ottomans in the Middle East during World War I and victory in Palestine was a step towards dismemberment of that empire . General Sir Edmund Allenby , commander - in - chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , entered Jerusalem on foot out of respect for the Holy City , on 11 December 1917 . By the time General Allenby took Jerusalem from the Ottomans in 1917 , the new city was a patchwork of neighborhoods and communities , each with a distinct ethnic character . This continued under British rule , as the New City of Jerusalem grew outside the old city walls and the Old City of Jerusalem gradually emerged as little more than an impoverished older neighborhood . Sir Ronald Storrs , the first British military governor of the city , issued a town planning order requiring new buildings in the city to be faced with sandstone and thus preserving some of the overall look of the city even as it grew . During the 1930s , two important new institutions , the Hadassah Medical Center and Hebrew University were founded on Jerusalem 's Mount Scopus . British rule marked , however , a period of growing unrest . Arab resentment at British rule and the influx of Jewish immigrants ( by 1948 one in six Jews in Palestine lived in Jerusalem ) boiled over in anti-Jewish riots in Jerusalem in 1920 , 1929 , and the 1930s that caused significant damage and several deaths . The Jewish community organized self - defense forces in response to the Jerusalem pogrom of April 1920 and later disturbances ; while other Jewish groups carried out bombings and attacks against the British , especially in response to suspected complicity with the Arabs and restrictions on immigration during World War II imposed by the White Paper of 1939 . The level of violence continued to escalate throughout the 1930s and 1940s . In July 1946 members of the underground Zionist group Irgun blew up a part of the King David Hotel , where the British forces were temporarily located , an act which led to the death of 91 civilians . On 29 November 1947 , the United Nations General Assembly approved a plan which would partition the British Mandate of Palestine into two states : one Jewish and one Arab . Each state would be composed of three major sections , linked by extraterritorial crossroads , plus an Arab enclave at Jaffa . Expanded Jerusalem would fall under international control as a Corpus Separatum . Jewish Legion soldiers at the Western Wall after taking part in 1917 British conquest of Jerusalem Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem during 1944 British demolition of recent construction obscuring the historic city walls Main residential areas of Jerusalem in 1947 The Jerusalem boundary in 1947 and the proposed boundary of a Corpus Separatum . Partition between Israel and Jordan See also : Battle for Jerusalem Jordanian artillery shelling Jerusalem during the 1948 war After partition , the fight for Jerusalem escalated , with heavy casualties among both fighters and civilians on the British , Jewish , and Arab sides . By the end of March 1948 , just before the British withdrawal , and with the British increasingly reluctant to intervene , the roads to Jerusalem were cut off by Arab irregulars , placing the Jewish population of the city under siege . The siege was eventually broken , though massacres of civilians occurred on both sides , before the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War began with the end of the British Mandate in May 1948 . The 1948 Arab -- Israeli War led to massive displacement of Arab and Jewish populations . According to Benny Morris , due to mob and militia violence on both sides , 1,500 of the 3,500 ( mostly ultra-Orthodox ) Jews in the Old City evacuated to west Jerusalem as a unit . See also Jewish Quarter . The comparatively populous Arab village of Lifta ( today within the bounds of Jerusalem ) was captured by Israeli troops in 1948 , and its residents were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem . The villages of Deir Yassin , Ein Karem and Malcha , as well as neighborhoods to the west of Jerusalem 's Old City such as Talbiya , Katamon , Baka , Mamilla and Abu Tor , also came under Israeli control , and their residents were forcibly displaced ; in some cases , as documented by Israeli historian Benny Morris and Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi , among others , expulsions and massacres occurred . In May 1948 the US Consul , Thomas C. Wasson , was assassinated outside the YMCA building . Four months later the UN mediator , Count Bernadotte , was also shot dead in the Katamon district of Jerusalem by the Jewish Stern Group . Division between Jordan and Israel ( 1948 -- 1967 ) See also : Jordanian annexation of the West Bank and Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian occupation The United Nations proposed , in its 1947 plan for the partition of Palestine , for Jerusalem to be a city under international administration . The city was to be completely surrounded by the Arab state , with only a highway to connect international Jerusalem to the Jewish state . Following the 1948 Arab - Israeli War , Jerusalem was divided . The Western half of the New City became part of the newly formed state of Israel , while the eastern half , along with the Old City , was occupied by Jordan . According to David Guinn , Concerning Jewish holy sites , Jordan breached its commitment to appoint a committee to discuss , among other topics , free access of Jews to the holy sites under its jurisdiction , mainly in the Western Wall and the important Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives , as provided in the Article 8.2 of the Cease Fire Agreement between it and Israel dated April 3 , 1949 . Jordan permitted the paving of new roads in the cemetery , and tombstones were used for paving in Jordanian army camps . The Cave of Shimon the Just became a stable . According to Gerald M. Steinberg , Jordan ransacked 57 ancient synagogues , libraries and centers of religious study in the Old City Of Jerusalem , 12 were totally and deliberately destroyed . Those that remained standing were defaced , used for housing of both people and animals . Appeals were made to the United Nations and in the international community to declare the Old City to be an ' open city ' and stop this destruction , but there was no response . ( See also Hurva Synagogue ) On 23 January 1950 , the Knesset passed a resolution that stated Jerusalem was the capital of Israel . It is also the largest city in the country . State of Israel IDF chief rabbi Shlomo Goren blows a shofar in front of the Western Wall after its capture during the Six - Day War East Jerusalem was captured by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1967 Six - Day War . The Moroccan Quarter containing several hundred homes was demolished and its inhabitants expelled ; thereafter a public plaza was built in its place adjoining the Western Wall . However , the Waqf ( Islamic trust ) was granted administration of the Temple Mount and thereafter Jewish prayer on the site was prohibited by both Israeli and Waqf authorities . Most Jews celebrated the event as a liberation of the city ; a new Israeli holiday was created , Jerusalem Day ( Yom Yerushalayim ) , and the most popular secular Hebrew song , `` Jerusalem of Gold '' ( Yerushalayim shel zahav ) , became popular in celebration . Many large state gatherings of the State of Israel take place at the Western Wall today , including the swearing - in of various Israel army officers units , national ceremonies such as memorial services for fallen Israeli soldiers on Yom Hazikaron , huge celebrations on Yom Ha'atzmaut ( Israel Independence Day ) , huge gatherings of tens of thousands on Jewish religious holidays , and ongoing daily prayers by regular attendees . The Western Wall has become a major tourist destination spot . Under Israeli control , members of all religions are largely granted access to their holy sites . The major exceptions being security limitations placed on some Arabs from the West Bank and Gaza Strip from accessing holy sites due to their inadmissibility to Jerusalem , as well as limitations on Jews from visiting the Temple Mount due to both politically motivated restrictions ( where they are allowed to walk on the Mount in small groups , but are forbidden to pray or study while there ) and religious edicts that forbid Jews from trespassing on what may be the site of the Holy of the Holies . Concerns have been raised about possible attacks on the al - Aqsa Mosque after a serious fire broke in the mosque in 1969 ( started by Denis Michael Rohan , an Australian fundamentalist Christian found by the court to be insane ) . Riots broke out following the opening of an exit in the Arab Quarter for the Western Wall Tunnel on the instructions of the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , which prior Prime Minister Shimon Peres had instructed to be put on hold for the sake of peace ( stating `` it has waited for over 1000 years , it could wait a few more '' ) . Conversely , Israeli and other Jews have showed concerns over excavations being done by the Waqf on the Temple Mount that could harm Temple Relics , particularly excavations to the north of Solomon 's Stables that were designed to create an emergency exit for them ( having been pressured to do so by Israeli authorities ) . Some Jewish sources allege that the Waqf 's excavations in Solomon 's Stables also seriously harmed the Southern Wall ; however an earthquake in 2004 that damaged the eastern wall could also be to blame . The status of East Jerusalem remains a highly controversial issue . The international community does not recognize the annexation of the eastern part of the city , and most countries , including the US , maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv . The United States Congress has pledged to move its embassy to Jerusalem , subject to Presidential approval , which has not been forthcoming as the peace process continues . The United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared that the Knesset 's 1980 `` Jerusalem Law '' declaring Jerusalem as Israel 's `` eternal and indivisible '' capital was `` null and void and must be rescinded forthwith '' . This resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure . The council has also condemned Israeli settlement in territories captured in 1967 , including East Jerusalem ( see UNSCR 452 , 465 and 741 ) . Since Israel gained control over East Jerusalem in 1967 , Jewish settler organizations have sought to establish a Jewish presence in neighborhoods such as Silwan . In the 1980s , Haaretz reports , the Housing Ministry `` then under Ariel Sharon , worked hard to seize control of property in the Old City and in the adjacent neighborhood of Silwan by declaring them absentee property . The suspicion arose that some of the transactions were not legal ; an examination committee ... found numerous flaws . '' In particular , affidavits claiming that Arab homes in the area were absentee properties , filed by Jewish organizations , were accepted by the Custodian without any site visits or other follow - up on the claims . ElAd , a settlement organization which Haaretz says promotes the `` Judaization '' of East Jerusalem , and the Ateret Cohanim organization , are working to increase Jewish settlement in Silwan in cooperation with the Committee for the Renewal of the Yemenite Village in Shiloah . See Jewish Quarter ( Jerusalem ) . Graphical overview of Jerusalem 's historical periods Notes Jump up ^ `` No city in the world , not even Athens or Rome , ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time , as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people . '' Jump up ^ `` For three thousand years , Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing . No other city has played such a dominant role in the history , culture , religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism . Throughout centuries of exile , Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history , the symbol of ancient glory , spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal . This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history , that word would be ' Jerusalem . ' '' Jump up ^ `` Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland : Canaanites , Jebusites , Philistines from Crete , Anatolian and Lydian Greeks , Hebrews , Amorites , Edomites , Nabateans , Arameans , Romans , Arabs , and European crusaders , to name a few . Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land . Others , such as Ancient Egyptians , Hittites , Persians , Babylonians , and Mongols , were historical ' events ' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars , the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine . The people , however , survive . In their customs and manners , fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity -- albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and Arabic culture . '' Jump up ^ `` ( With reference to Palestinians in Ottoman times ) Although proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry , the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the 7th century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial , including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them . Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history , the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations . '' Jump up ^ `` When Judea was converted into a Roman province in 6 CE , Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country . The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea . The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem , and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities ( Sebaste , Caesarea and others ) . '' Jump up ^ `` This was not done in the heat of battle , but by official order . Explosives were placed carefully and thoughtfully under the springing points of the domes , of the great Hurva synagogue . '' References Jump up ^ `` Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City ? '' . Moment Magazine . Archived from the original on 3 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2008 ... According to Eric H. Cline 's tally in Jerusalem Besieged . Jump up ^ `` Timeline for the History of Jerusalem '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Azmi Bishara . `` A brief note on Jerusalem '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Pipes . `` Constructing a Counterfeit History of Jerusalem '' . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ David Ben - Gurion , 1947 Jump up ^ Teddy Kollek ( 1990 ) . Jerusalem . Policy Papers. 22 . Washington , DC : Washington Institute For Near East Policy . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 9780944029077 . Jump up ^ Ali Qleibo , Palestinian anthropologist Jump up ^ Walid Khalidi , 1984 , Before Their Diaspora : A Photographic History of the Palestinians , 1876 -- 1948 . Institute for Palestine Studies Jump up ^ Eric H. Cline . `` How Jews and Arabs Use ( and Misuse ) the History of Jerusalem to Score Points '' . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Eli E. Hertz . `` One Nation 's Capital Throughout History '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Slavik , Diane . 2001 . Cities through Time : Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem . Geneva , Illinois : Runestone Press , p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 3218 - 7 Jump up ^ Mazar , Benjamin . 1975 . The Mountain of the Lord . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc. , p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04843 - 2 Jump up ^ `` ' Massive ' ancient wall uncovered in Jerusalem '' . CNN . 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Donald B. Redford , Egypt , Canaan , and Israel in Ancient Times , Princeton University Press , 1992 pp. 268 , 270 . Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24 : 23 , which literally has `` Araunah the King gave to the King ( David ) '' . Jump up ^ Biblical Archaeology Review , Reading David in Genesis , Gary A. Rendsburg . Jump up ^ Peake 's commentary on the Bible . Jump up ^ Rainbow , Jesse . `` From Creation to Babel : Studies in Genesis 1 -- 11 '' ( PDF ) . RBL . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Asaf Shtull - Trauring ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` The Keys to the Kingdom '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ Amihai Mazar ( 2010 ) . `` Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative : The Case of the United Monarchy '' . In Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann . One God , One Cult , One Nation ( PDF ) . De Gruyter . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein ( 2010 ) . `` A Great United Monarchy ? '' . In Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann . One God , One Cult , One Nation ( PDF ) . De Gruyter . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780743223386 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Thomas L. , 1999 , The Bible in History : How Writers Create a Past , Jonathan Cape , London , ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 03977 - 2 p. 207 Jump up ^ Albright , William ( 1963 ) . The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra : An Historical Survey . Harpercollins College Div . ISBN 0 - 06 - 130102 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kasher , Aryeh . King Herod : a persecuted persecutor : a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography , Walter de Gruyter , 2007 , p. 229 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 018964 - X Jump up ^ A History of the Jewish People , ed. by H.H. Ben - Sasson , 1976 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Virgilio Corbo , The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Ma'oz , Moshe and Nusseibeh , Sari. ( 2000 ) . Jerusalem : Points of Friction , and Beyond Brill . pp. 136 -- 38 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 8843 - 6 . Jump up ^ Elad , Amikam. ( 1995 ) . Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship Holy Places , Ceremonies , Pilgrimage Brill , pp. 29 -- 43 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10010 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The travels of Nasir - i - Khusrau to Jerusalem , 1047 C.E. '' Homepages.luc.edu . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bréhier , Louis Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem ( 1099 -- 1291 ) Catholic Encyclopedia 1910 , accessed 11 March 2008 Jump up ^ Seder ha - Dorot , 1878 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Epstein , in Monatsschrift , vol . xlvii , p. 344 ; Jerusalem : Under the Arabs . ^ Jump up to : `` Franciscans '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` cenacle - definition of cenacle by the Free Online Dictionary , Thesaurus and Encyclopedia '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Custodia Terræ Sanctæ '' . Custodia.org . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Palestinian -- Israel Conflict '' Felix Fabri `` . Zionismontheweb.org. 9 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Stewart , Palestine Pilgrims Text Society , Vol. 9 -- 10 , pp. 384 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` Holy Land Custody '' . Fmc-terrasanta.org. 30 November 1992 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Custody '' . Custodia.org . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Role of Franciscans Jump up ^ Moshe Safdie ( 1989 ) Jerusalem : the Future of the Past , Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 9780395353752 . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Tudor Parfitt ( 1997 ) . The road to redemption : the Jews of the Yemen , 1900 -- 1950 . Brill 's series in Jewish Studies , vol 17 . Brill Academic Publishers . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Fromkin , David ( 1 September 2001 ) . A Peace to End All Peace : The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East ( 2nd reprinted ed . ) . Owl Books e . pp. 312 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6884 - 8 . Jump up ^ Amos Elon , `` Jerusalem : City of Mirrors '' . New York : Little , Brown 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Benny Morris , The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem , 1947 -- 1949 , Revisited , Cambridge , 2004 Jump up ^ Krystall , Nathan . `` The De-Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947 -- 50 '' , Journal of Palestine Studies ( 27 ) , Winter 1998 Jump up ^ Al - Khalidi , Walid ( ed . ) , All That Remains : The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 , ( Washington DC : 1992 ) , `` Lifta '' , pp. 300 -- 03 Jump up ^ Al - Khalidi , Walid ( ed . ) , All that remains : the Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948 , ( Washington DC : Institute for Palestine Studies , 1992 ) Jump up ^ Protecting Jerusalem 's Holy Sites : A Strategy for Negotiating a Sacred Peace by David E. Guinn ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) p. 35 ISBN 0 - 521 - 86662 - 6 Jump up ^ Jerusalem -- 1948 , 1967 , 2000 : Setting the Record Straight by Gerald M. Steinberg ( Bar - Ilan University ) Jump up ^ `` Modern Israel & the Diaspora Timeline ( 1950 - 1959 ) '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action , 8 February 2005 by Michael McCormack , Baptist Press `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Letter dated October 16 , 1987 , from the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary - General '' UN General Assembly Security Council Jump up ^ `` Elad in Silwan : Settlers , Archaeologists and Dispossession '' . mathaba.net . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Meron Rapoport. Land lords Archived 20 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. ; Haaretz , 20 January 2005 Jump up ^ Yigal Bronner . `` Archaeologists for hire : A Jewish settler organisation is using archaeology to further its political agenda and oust Palestinians from their homes '' ; The Guardian , 1 May 2008 Jump up ^ Ori Kashti and Meron Rapoport. `` Settler group refuses to vacate land slated for school for the disabled '' ; Haaretz , 15 January 2008 Jump up ^ The Other Israel : America - Israel Council for Israeli - Palestinian Peace newsletter Archived 8 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seth Freedman . `` Digging into trouble '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Group ' Judaizing ' East Jerusalem accused of withholding donation sources '' . Haaretz. 21 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Jewish families move into J'lem neighborhood of Silwan '' . Haaretz. 1 April 2004 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Jerusalem . Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Jerusalem ( Before 71 CE ) '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jerusalem ( 71 -- 1099 ) -- Catholic Encyclopedia article Jerusalem , Latin Kingdom of ( 1099 -- 1291 ) -- Catholic Encyclopedia article Jerusalem ( After 1291 ) -- Catholic Encyclopedia article 4,000 - year - old cemetery uncovered in Jerusalem ( 8 November 2006 ) Jerusalem Through Coins History.com -- Jerusalem Timeline from Kind David to the 20th Century Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jerusalem&oldid=842550568 '' Categories : History of Jerusalem Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from October 2016 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2012 All articles lacking sources Articles needing more viewpoints from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles lacking reliable references from April 2009 Articles needing more viewpoints from April 2009 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 05 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the ottoman empire take over jerusalem	[ "In 1517, Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent, including the construction of the walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem (although some foundations were remains of genuine antique walls). The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of \"religious peace\"; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation.[citation needed]" ]	[ "1517" ]
2316734535379783908	Chief of the Army Staff (India)	Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) - Wikipedia Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Chief of the Army Staff COAS Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff Incumbent General Bipin Rawat since 31 December 2016 Seat Central Secretariat Appointer The President of India Term length 3 years or at the age of 62 , whichever is earlier . Precursor Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army Formation 1 April 1955 First holder General Rajendrasinhji Jadeja The Chief of the Army Staff is the commander and usually the highest - ranking officer of the Indian Army . The position is abbreviated as COAS in Indian Army , and usually held by a four - star officer in the rank of General . The current COAS is General Bipin Rawat , who took office on 31 December 2016 following the retirement of General Dalbir Singh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Office of the Chief of the Army Staff 2 Appointees 2.1 Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) 2.2 Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources Office of the Chief of the Army Staff ( edit ) The office of the Chief of the Army Staff was created through The Commanders - In - Chief ( Change in Designation ) Act of the Indian Parliament in 1955 . It replaced the erstwhile office of the Commander - in - Chief , Army . The office is based at South Block of the Central Secretariat at Raisina Hill , New Delhi . Appointments to the office are made by the President of India . The COAS reaches superannuation upon three years in the office or at the age of 62 , whichever is earlier . Appointees ( edit ) The following table chronicles the appointees to the office of the Chief of the Army Staff or its preceding positions since the independence of India . Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) ( edit ) ( * Seconded from the British Army ) No . Name Rank Photo Appointment Date Left Office Unit of Commission Decorations Rob Lockhart * General 15 August 1947 31 December 1947 51st Sikhs KCB , CIE , MC Roy Bucher * General 1 January 1948 15 January 1949 Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) KBE , CB , MC KM Cariappa General ( later Field Marshal ) 16 January 1949 14 January 1953 Rajput Regiment OBE Rajendrasinhji Jadeja General 14 January 1953 1 April 1955 2nd Lancers ( Gardner 's Horse ) DSO Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) ( edit ) No . Name Rank Photo Appointment Date Left Office Unit of Commission Decorations Rajendrasinhji Jadeja General 1 April 1955 14 May 1955 2nd Lancers ( Gardner 's Horse ) DSO SM Shrinagesh General 15 May 1955 7 May 1957 19th Hyderabad Regiment ( now Kumaon Regiment ) KS Thimayya General 8 May 1957 7 May 1961 19th Hyderabad Regiment ( now Kumaon Regiment ) Padma Bhushan , DSO , ADC PN Thapar General 8 May 1961 19 November 1962 1st Punjab Regiment 5 JN Chaudhuri General 20 November 1962 7 June 1966 7th Light Cavalry Padma Vibhushan , OBE 6 PP Kumaramangalam General 8 June 1966 7 June 1969 Regiment of Artillery Padma Vibhushan , DSO , MBE 7 SHFJ Manekshaw General ( later Field Marshal ) 8 June 1969 15 January 1973 12th Frontier Force Regiment ( 54th Sikhs ( Frontier Force ) ) Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan , MC 8 GG Bewoor General 16 January 1973 31 May 1975 10th Baluch Regiment PVSM 9 TN Raina General 1 June 1975 31 May 1978 Kumaon Regiment Padma Bhushan , MVC 10 OP Malhotra General 1 June 1978 31 May 1981 Regiment of Artillery PVSM 11 KV Krishna Rao General 1 June 1981 31 July 1983 Mahar Regiment PVSM 12 AS Vaidya General 1 August 1983 31 January 1985 9th Deccan Horse Padma Vibhushan , PVSM , MVC ( Bar ) , AVSM 13 Krishnaswamy Sundarji General 1 February 1985 31 May 1988 Mahar Regiment PVSM , ADC 14 V N. Sharma General 1 June 1988 30 June 1990 16th Light Cavalry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 15 SF Rodrigues General 1 July 1990 30 June 1993 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , VSM 16 BC Joshi General 1 July 1993 19 November 1994 64th Cavalry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 17 S Roy Chowdhury General 20 November 1994 30 September 1997 20th Lancers PVSM , ADC 18 VP Malik General 1 October 1997 30 September 2000 Sikh Light Infantry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 19 Sundararajan Padmanabhan General 1 October 2000 31 December 2002 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 20 NC Vij General 1 January 2003 31 January 2005 Dogra Regiment PVSM , UYSM , AVSM 21 JJ Singh General 1 February 2005 30 September 2007 Maratha Light Infantry PVSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 22 Deepak Kapoor General 1 October 2007 31 March 2010 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , AVSM , SM , VSM , ADC 23 VK Singh General 1 April 2010 31 May 2012 Rajput Regiment PVSM , AVSM , YSM , ADC 24 Bikram Singh General 1 June 2012 31 July 2014 Sikh Light Infantry PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , SM , VSM , ADC 25 Dalbir Singh General 1 August 2014 31 December 2016 5 Gorkha Rifles PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 26 Bipin Rawat General 31 December 2016 Incumbent 11 Gorkha Rifles UYSM , AVSM , YSM , SM , VSM See also ( edit ) Chief of the General Staff ( India ) - for those holding the preceding role before 1947 Chief of Air Staff ( India ) Chief of the Naval Staff ( India ) Field marshal ( India ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Army Chief . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Bipin Rawat to be the next Army chief - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Commanders - In - Chief ( Change in Designation ) Act , 1955 '' . VakilNo1.com . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chief of the Army Staff '' . Indian Army . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Sources ( edit ) Khanduri , Chandra B. ( 2006 ) . Thimayya : an amazing life . New Delhi : Knowledge World . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87966 - 36 - 4 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) Rob Lockhart * * Roy Bucher * * Kodandera M. Cariappa Rajendrasinhji Jadeja Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) Rajendrasinhji Jadeja S.M. Shrinagesh Kodandera Subayya Thimayya Pran Nath Thapar Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Sam Manekshaw Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Tapishwar Narain Raina Om Prakash Malhotra K.V. Krishna Rao Arun Shridhar Vaidya Krishnaswamy Sundarji Vishwa Nath Sharma Sunith Francis Rodrigues Bipin Chandra Joshi Shankar Roychowdhury Ved Prakash Malik Sundararajan Padmanabhan Nirmal Chander Vij Joginder Jaswant Singh Deepak Kapoor Vijay Kumar Singh Bikram Singh Dalbir Singh Bipin Rawat ( * * Seconded from the British Army ) Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)&oldid=803605331 '' Categories : Chiefs of Army Staff ( India ) Army chiefs of staff Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 14 : 40 . About Wikipedia	who is the chief army staff of india	[ "The current COAS is General Bipin Rawat, who took office on 31 December 2016 following the retirement of General Dalbir Singh.[1]" ]	[ "General Bipin Rawat" ]
-3775207531632970073	Eight Is Enough	Eight is Enough - wikipedia Eight is Enough Jump to : navigation , search Eight Is Enough Genre Comedy - drama Developed by William Blinn Starring Dick Van Patten Diana Hyland Betty Buckley Grant Goodeve Lani O'Grady Laurie Walters Susan Richardson Dianne Kay Connie Newton Willie Aames Adam Rich Theme music composer Fred Werner ( Season 1 & 2 opening theme ) Song : from Season 3 onwards -- `` Eight Is Enough '' Music by Lee Holdridge Lyrics by Molly - Ann Leikin Composer ( s ) John Beal Alexander Courage Earle Hagen Miles Goodman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 112 Production Executive producer ( s ) Philip Capice Lee Rich Producer ( s ) Robert L. Jacks Gary Adelson Greg Strangis Phil Fehrle Camera setup Single - camera Running time 50 minutes Production company ( s ) Lorimar Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) -- May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) Chronology Followed by Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion ( 1987 ) and Eight Is Enough : A Wedding ( 1989 ) Eight Is Enough is an American television comedy - drama series that ran on ABC from March 15 , 1977 until May 23 , 1981 . The show was modeled on the life of syndicated newspaper columnist Thomas Braden , a real - life parent with eight children , who wrote a book by the same title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Theme 5 Score 6 Reception and cancellation 7 Nielsen Ratings 8 Series overview 9 Episodes 9.1 Season 1 ( 1977 ) 9.2 Season 2 ( 1977 -- 78 ) 9.3 Season 3 ( 1978 -- 79 ) 9.4 Season 4 ( 1979 -- 80 ) 9.5 Season 5 ( 1980 -- 81 ) 10 Post-series movies 11 Syndication 11.1 International 12 DVD releases 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The show centers on a Sacramento , California family with eight children ( from oldest to youngest : David , Mary , Joanie , Susan , Nancy , Elizabeth , Tommy , and Nicholas ) . The father , Tom Bradford , was a newspaper columnist for the fictional Sacramento Register . His wife Joan ( Diana Hyland ) took care of the children . Hyland was only in four episodes before falling ill ; she was written out for the remainder of the first season and died five days after the second episode aired . The second season began in the fall of 1977 with the revelation that Tom had become a widower . Tom fell in love with Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott , ( Betty Buckley ) a schoolteacher who came to the house to tutor Tommy who had broken his leg in a football game . They were married in one of the series ' TV movie broadcasts on November 9 , 1977 . The role went to Buckley after being approved by network chief Brandon Tartikoff , who felt the character of the sympathetic teacher she had played in the 1976 film Carrie would also be great for the series . In another TV movie event in September 1979 , David and Susan were both married in a double wedding . As the series progressed , Abby got her Ph. D. in education and started a job counseling students at the local high school , oldest daughter Mary became a doctor , and second - youngest son Tommy became a singer in a rock - and - roll band . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Dick Van Patten -- Tom Bradford Diana Hyland -- Joan Wells Bradford ( season 1 ) Betty Buckley -- Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott Bradford ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Grant Goodeve ( Mark Hamill in the series pilot ) -- David Bradford ( 22 years old at start of series ) Lani O'Grady -- Mary Bradford ( 21 ) Laurie Walters -- Joanie Bradford ( 20 ) Susan Richardson -- Susan Bradford ( 19 ) ; later Susan ( Bradford ) Stockwell Dianne Kay ( Kimberly Beck in the series pilot ) -- Nancy Bradford ( 18 ) Connie Needham -- Elizabeth Bradford ( 15 ) ( originally credited as Connie Newton before she married ) Willie Aames ( Chris English in the series pilot ) -- Tommy Bradford ( 14 ) Adam Rich -- Nicholas Bradford ( 8 ) The actors ' ages varied greatly from their characters . Hyland was 41 when the show began , Buckley was 29 , Goodeve was 24 , O'Grady was 22 , Walters was older than Buckley at 30 , Richardson was 25 , Kay was 22 , Needham was 17 , Aames was 16 , and Rich actually was eight . In the pilot , the role of David was played by Mark Hamill , Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck , and Tommy played by Chris English . When ABC screened the pilot they were unhappy with a couple of performances . Beck and English were let go and replaced by Dianne Kay and Willie Aames . Hamill sought to get out of his contract on Eight Is Enough to take the opportunity to star in George Lucas ' Star Wars . His request was rejected by Lorimar Productions as he had signed a five - year - contract with them . However , in December 1976 Hamill had been involved in a car crash that resulted in his needing reconstructive facial surgery . By the time ABC had greenlit the series , Hamill was still hospitalized and unavailable . They let him out of his contract and the role was re-cast with Grant Goodeve now playing David for the series . The cast of Eight Is Enough Top row ( left to right ) : Kay , Van Patten , Goodeve , and Walters . Middle row : Richardson , Newton , and Buckley . Bottom row : Rich , O'Grady , and Aames Recurring ( edit ) Brian Patrick Clarke -- Merle `` The Pearl '' Stockwell ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Jennifer Darling -- Donna ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Janis Paige -- Vivian `` Auntie V '' Bradford ( 1977 -- 1980 ) Michael Goodrow -- Ernie Fields ( 1979 -- 1981 ) James Karen -- Eliot Randolph Ralph Macchio -- Jeremy Andretti ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Joan Prather -- Janet McArthur Bradford ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Michael Thoma -- Dr. Greg Maxwell ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Virginia Vincent -- Daisy Maxwell ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Production ( edit ) The show was developed by writer William Blinn and was a Lorimar Production . It was originally distributed by Worldvision Enterprises . For the first three years the show filmed interior scenes at The Burbank Studios now known as the Warner Bros. Ranch . From the fourth season the show filmed interiors at MGM Studios in Culver City . The home featured in the exterior shots was on Chiquita St , near Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles . The house has since been demolished and replaced . The interiors were filmed on two separate sound stages at the studio : one for the main floor and one for the upstairs . The show 's team of producers included Robert L. Jacks , Gary Adelson , Greg Strangis , and Phil Fehrle . Executive producers were Lee Rich and Philip Capice . As a production of the Lorimar stable , who were concurrently producing CBS 's The Waltons , writers were often contracted by the producers and were shared between both programs . ( Waltons costar Will Geer also made an Eight is Enough guest appearance during season 2 . ) Regular writers included Peter Lefcourt , the writing teams of Gwen Bagni and Paul Dubov , Rod Peterson and Claire Whittaker , Bill Nuss and Dusty Kay , Nick Thiel and David Braff , J. Miyoko Hensley and Steven Hensley , Bruce Shelly , Sandra Kay Siegel , Gil Grant , Karen I. Hall , and Hindi Brooks , who soon became the show 's long - time story editor . In - house directors included Philip Leacock , Harry Harris , and Irving J. Moore . As an in - joke , the character name of one of Nicholas Bradford 's best friends was Irving Julius Moore , a nod to the director of the same name whose middle name was in fact Joseph . Music ( edit ) Theme ( edit ) For the show 's first two seasons , an upbeat instrumental piece written by Fred Werner was used as the show 's opening theme . Beginning with the show 's third season , this was replaced by a slowed - down vocal theme titled `` Eight Is Enough , '' which was sung by series co-star Grant Goodeve . The song had music by Lee Holdridge and lyrics by Molly - Ann Leikin , and was first heard in a longer arrangement on the last episode of the second season titled `` Who 's on First ? '' , which was also performed by Goodeve . Score ( edit ) Early episodes had instrumental music by Fred Werner and the prolific Alexander Courage , but the show 's real musical stamp came from veteran composer Earle Hagen , who had a knack of composing memorable cues as he had previously been the in - house composer on The Andy Griffith Show . He composed a love theme for Tom and Abby , a theme that permeated the show in various incarnations throughout the remainder of the series . Some later episodes were scored by John Beal and Miles Goodman . In 1980 there was a writer 's strike in Hollywood , and one of the offshoots of this industry problem was making cost cutting measures in the music department on the show . Some of the later episodes were tracked with a combination of uncredited library music and with some original music by those of the aforementioned Messrs. Hagen , Beal , and Goodman . Reception and cancellation ( edit ) The series jump - started acting careers for several of its young stars . It cemented teen idol status for Grant Goodeve ( David ) , Willie Aames ( Tommy ) , and Ralph Macchio , who played Abby 's orphaned nephew Jeremy later in the show 's last season . Aames would go on to star with Scott Baio in Charles in Charge . Goodeve started a minor singing career , following his rendition of the show 's theme song ( see `` Theme music '' ) and initially hosted HGTV 's If Walls Could Talk . Macchio would gain the most fame in feature films such as The Karate Kid and its sequels , as well as My Cousin Vinny . After the end of the show 's fifth season ( 112 hour episodes ) , production costs and declining ratings caused the show to be canceled , along with seven other shows that season ( including The Waltons ) . Variety 's headline on the cancellation stated , `` Eight Shows In , Eight Shows Out '' . In a 2000 episode of E ! True Hollywood Story , Dick Van Patten stated that no one contacted him to inform him of the cancellation . Instead , he read about it in a newspaper . The series had two reunion movies on NBC . In An Eight Is Enough Reunion on October 18 , 1987 , Mary Frann replaced Betty Buckley as Abby ; Buckley had been filming Frantic during its production . This was followed by An Eight Is Enough Wedding on October 22 , 1989 , this time with Sandy Faison as Abby . By coincidence , both movies aired opposite game two of the World Series on ABC . Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) 1977 - # 23 1977 - 1978 - # 12 1978 - 1979 - # 11 1979 - 1980 - # 12 1980 - 1981 - Not in Top 30 Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) August 10 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 10 ) 24 September 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 14 ) May 10 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 10 ) 25 September 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 06 ) May 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 23 ) 26 September 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 05 ) April 30 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 30 ) 5 21 October 29 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 29 ) May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) Episodes ( edit ) All airdates have been compiled from either TV listings in the Los Angeles Times or publicity photos . Unless otherwise specified , all episodes , including the pilot , were standard hour - long ones . No = Overall episode number Ep = Episode number by season Season 1 ( 1977 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date `` Never Try Eating Nectarines Since Juice May Dispense '' E.W. Swackhamer William Blinn March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) Pilot episode : After 15 - year - old Elizabeth is arrested for the possession of narcotics , Tom and Joan Bradford are faced with the dual problems of raising money for her defense and trying to understand why 21 - year - old David Bradford moved away from home after objecting to the way they handled the drug bust . Note : In the Pilot , David was played by Mark Hamill , Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck , and Tommy played by Chris English . When ABC picked up the show , they were recast respectively with Grant Goodeve , Dianne Kay , and Willie Aames . `` Schussboomer '' David Moessinger Norman Lessing March 22 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 22 ) Tom and Joan are reluctant to let Susan go away for an unchaperoned ski weekend . `` The Gipper Caper '' William F. Claxton William Blinn March 29 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 29 ) Filming date : February 23 -- March 4 , 1977 A football game becomes a blood and guts event . Note : This episode 's working title was `` What Hath Roone Arledge Wrought ? '' `` Pieces of Eight '' Reza Badiyi Greg Strangis April 5 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 05 ) Tom is forced to face a newspaper strike , a wife who wants a job , and a daughter who wants to become a model . 5 5 `` Women , Ducks , and the Domino Theory '' TBA TBA April 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 12 ) Tommy falls in love for the first time and learns life 's most difficult lesson . 6 6 `` Turnabout '' TBA TBA April 19 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 19 ) David 's romance with an older woman becomes a topic for argument . Note : Adrienne Barbeau guest stars . 7 7 `` Quarantine '' TBA TBA April 26 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 26 ) When Mary 's new boyfriend is hospitalized with an exotic illness , the Bradford family and a visitor are questioned by the health department . 8 8 `` V Is for Vivian '' TBA TBA May 3 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 03 ) Tom 's swinging sister comes for a visit and the family is impressed . Note : Janis Paige guest stars . 9 9 `` Hit and Run '' TBA TBA August 10 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 10 ) Tom finds that daughter Joanie has been blackmailed into asking for a retraction in his newspaper column after she crumples the fender on a classic sports car . Notes : Peter Coffield and Molly Dodd guest star . This was held back by ABC until the show moved to Wednesday nights , after a 13 - week - hiatus . Season 2 ( 1977 -- 78 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 10 `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' TBA TBA September 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 14 ) Tom and the temporary single Doctor Maxwell try their luck as middle - aged swinging singles . 11 `` Trial Marriage '' TBA TBA September 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 21 ) Tom disapproves when his oldest daughter moves in with her new boyfriend . Enter a teacher named Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott ( Betty Buckley 's first appearance ) , who is needed to sort all this out , and is also Tommy 's tutor who wants to teach Tom a thing or two . 12 `` Triangles '' TBA TBA September 28 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 28 ) David 's roommate dates both Joanie and Susan . 13 `` Double Trouble '' TBA TBA October 5 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 05 ) Problems develop when Tom and Abby break up and he begins dating Ellen Manning , a divorcee . 14 5 `` Mortgage Burnin ' Blues '' TBA TBA October 19 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 19 ) A party at the Bradfords ' spirals out of control . 15 6 `` Dark Horse '' TBA TBA October 26 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 26 ) Tom and Abby decide to get married after having put aside their own problems to help Mary run for the board of education . 16 7 `` The Bard and the Bod '' TBA TBA November 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 02 ) Joanie is all excited about winning the lead in a Shakesperean production , but Tom is not . 17 8 `` Children of the Groom '' TBA TBA November 9 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 09 ) Tom and Abby decide to marry despite complications caused by his children . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 18 9 `` I Quit '' TBA TBA November 16 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 16 ) Tom Bradford `` resigns '' as father when the kids accuse him of being a dictator . 19 10 `` All 's Fair in Love and War '' TBA TBA November 23 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 23 ) Tom 's liberal attitudes are put to the test when he surprises a romance between Mary and the black son of his old Navy friend . 20 11 `` The Return of Auntie V '' TBA TBA November 30 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 30 ) Turmoil strikes the Bradford household when Tom 's flamboyant sister gives the newlyweds the down payment of a new mansion . Note : Janis Paige guests . 21 12 `` Yes , Nicholas , There Is a Santa Claus '' TBA TBA December 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 14 ) A present hidden by Joan before her death restores the Bradfords ' spirit after a Christmas burglar ( dressed up as Santa Claus ) steals their gifts . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Will Geer and Judy Strangis guest star . 22 13 `` Dear Miss Dinah '' TBA TBA December 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 21 ) Tom doles out sage advice in the hometown newspaper 's advice to the lovelorn column , but loses his cool when Elizabeth asks if she should take `` The Pill '' . 23 14 `` A Hair of the Dog '' TBA TBA January 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 11 ) Tommy Bradford and his father Tom have a man - to - man talk on his father 's birthday . 24 15 `` Author ! Author ! '' TBA TBA January 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 18 ) Tom Bradford decides to write a novel and receives unexpected resistance from his family . 25 16 `` Much Ado About Garbage '' TBA TBA January 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 25 ) Tom has been suspended from his job without pay after accusing the city officials and garbage company of corruption and refusing to reveal his sources to a grand jury . 26 17 `` Seven Days in February '' TBA TBA February 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 01 ) Nancy decides to convert to Judaism when she falls in love with a man she thinks is Jewish . 27 18 `` Hard Hats and Hard Heads '' TBA TBA February 8 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 08 ) Encouraged by his friend 's success , David trades in his hard hat for a newsman 's notepad . 28 19 `` The Boyfriend '' TBA TBA February 15 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 15 ) Abby and Susan 's boyfriend are suspected of having an affair when they work together on a project . 29 20 `` Great Expectations '' TBA TBA February 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 22 ) Tommy cheats in school in order to meet his father 's expectations . 30 21 `` Long Night 's Journey into Day '' TBA TBA March 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 01 ) Members of the Bradford family are forced to take shifts to keep Abby awake for 24 hours after she falls and suffers a concussion . 31 22 `` Poor Little Rich Girl '' TBA TBA March 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 22 ) Filming date : February 8 -- 17 , 1978 The self - assured daughter of a prominent contractor showers David Bradford with expensive gifts in an attempt to buy his affections . 32 23 `` The Lost Weekend '' TBA TBA May 3 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 03 ) The Bradford children quickly transform an idyllic holiday away from parents . 33 24 `` Who 's on First ? '' TBA TBA May 10 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 10 ) The Bradfords stage a show to support a local orphanage . Note : The first appearance of the season three theme song . Season 3 ( 1978 -- 79 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 34 `` Nine Is Too Much '' TBA TBA September 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 06 ) When Abby manages Nicholas ' Little League team , Tom provides unwanted coaching from the bleachers , and America 's favorite pastime becomes the Bradford 's biggest headache . 35 `` Here We Go Again ! '' `` Oh No -- Not Again ! '' TBA TBA September 13 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 13 ) All the Bradfords wonder if there is going to be a new Bradford . 36 `` Who 's Crazy Here ? '' TBA TBA September 20 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 20 ) Abby is convinced Tom is having an affair with another woman . 37 `` Cinderella 's Understudy '' TBA TBA September 27 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 27 ) Joanne 's debut as an actress becomes a conflict of interests for Tom , torn between his role of proud parent , and his unexpected role as theater critic . 38 5 `` Milk and Sympathy '' TBA TBA October 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 11 ) Nicholas falls head - over-heels in puppy love with his fourth grade teacher . 39 6 `` The Flunked and the Funked '' TBA TBA October 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 18 ) Nancy drops out of school to get a job and finds that excitement and wealth are not part of the life of an unskilled worker . 40 7 `` Cops and Toddlers '' TBA TBA October 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 25 ) Nancy brings home a group of toddlers , and Susan goes into basic training as a police cadet . 41 8 `` The Hipbone 's Connected to the Thighbone '' TBA TBA November 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 01 ) Mary is banished from the Bradford household after making her father angry . 42 9 `` Fast and Loose '' TBA TBA November 8 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 08 ) David struggles to cope with the loss of a close friend , and ends up being arrested for bar - room brawling . 43 10 `` War Between the Bradfords '' TBA TBA November 15 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 15 ) Abby 's schoolboard speech on modern women in society creates a Bradford battle of the sexes . 44 11 `` All the Vice-President's Men '' TBA TBA November 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 22 ) Thanksgiving for the Bradford clan arrives in a storm of red tape when the nation 's Vice-President accepts an invitation from Nicholas to visit their home for the holiday . 45 12 `` You Wo n't Have Nicholas to Kick Around Anymore '' TBA TBA November 29 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 29 ) When Nicholas accidentally starts a fire that destroys the celebration of Tom and Abby 's first anniversary , the unhappy youngster leaves home in search of a new family . Notes : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Jack Elam guest stars . 46 13 `` Alone at Last '' TBA TBA December 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 06 ) After bundling their brood off to the mountains for a camping trip , Tom and Abby soon find their romantic weekend alone disturbed by too much peace and quiet . 47 14 `` The Yearning Point '' TBA TBA January 10 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 10 ) Elizabeth 's dream of going to a posh Eastern school conflicts with the Bradford household budget . 48 15 `` Moving Out '' `` Mother 's Rule '' TBA TBA January 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 17 ) When Tom gets upset about Susan 's boyfriend taking a shower in the upstairs bedroom , Joannie coming in after curfew , and Nancy sunbathing topless in the backyard , the girls move out of the house into their own apartment . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 49 16 `` Inlaws and Outlaws '' TBA TBA January 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 24 ) The mutiny by Susan , Joannie , and Nancy continues , and Abby 's parents announce their marital estrangement . 50 17 `` Horror Story '' TBA TBA January 31 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 31 ) When a thunderstorm causes power failure , the Bradford children use their vivid imaginations to transform the old homestead into a hysterical Haunted House . 51 18 `` Just the Ten of Us '' TBA TBA February 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 14 ) When David and his girlfriend decide to live together , their decision threatens Tom 's chance to win the `` Father of the Year '' award , along with an all - expense - paid - trip to Hawaii for the entire Bradford family . 52 19 `` Best of Friends '' TBA TBA February 21 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 21 ) Tommy rocks the Bradford family foundation with the shocking news of his impending marriage and fatherhood . 53 20 `` The Kid Who Came to Dinner '' TBA TBA February 28 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 28 ) When Nicholas Bradford discovers that his new playmate has no parents , the youngest Bradford tries to turn friendship into brotherhood . 54 21 `` The Better Part of Valor '' TBA TBA March 7 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 07 ) Abby finds her relationship with Tommy threatened when she returns to teaching and flunks a failed basketball star , causing Tommy peer - group problems . 55 22 `` Dads , Daughters , Different Drummers '' TBA TBA March 28 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 28 ) When Tom forbids Joannie to see her new boyfriend , she runs away from home to be with the handsome young writer she loves . 56 23 `` The Final Days '' TBA TBA May 2 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 02 ) Tom 's editorial , on `` Passing the torch to a younger generation '' , ignites a Grey Power demonstration by Sacramento 's indignant senior citizens . 57 24 `` Marriage and Other Flights of Fancy '' `` The Two of Us '' TBA TBA May 9 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 09 ) David , despite the family 's concern and his father 's objections , teams up with an outspoken female in a cross-country quest for new beginnings . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 58 25 `` The Graduates '' TBA TBA May 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 23 ) Graduation is hardly what the Bradfords expected -- with Joanne upset over her future and Elizabeth suspended from her commencement exercises where her father is to be the guest speaker . Season 4 ( 1979 -- 80 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 59 `` Merle the Pearl '' TBA TBA September 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 05 ) Nicholas ' plan to impress his little girlfriend backfires when star pitcher Merle ( Brian Patrick Clarke ) ignores him at the ballpark . 60 `` The Cupid Crisis '' TBA TBA September 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 12 ) When Tom makes a `` losers pay for the dinners '' bet on a touch football game between his family and his neighbor 's , it 's a wild `` hut , hut , hut '' . 61 `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' TBA TBA September 19 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 19 ) David and Janet set a wedding night , which turns out to be the same day Merle and Susan accommodate Merle 's ball - playing career move . 62 `` Ten Ships in the Night '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 63 5 `` The Night They Raided Bradfords '' TBA TBA October 3 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 03 ) Merle 's sister , Linda Mae , pays the Bradfords a visit . However , she is shocked when she finds out they are not who they seem . 64 6 `` Letter to One Bradford '' TBA TBA October 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 17 ) Because he broke a chain letter , Nicholas believes he is to blame for Tommy being rushed to the hospital for surgery . 65 7 `` The Devil and Mr. Bradford '' TBA TBA October 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 24 ) Tom Bradford makes a hasty exit from a movie theater with little Nicholas in tow after he discovers too late that the movie -- `` Snow White ... '' -- is X-rated . 66 8 `` Big Shoes , Little Feet '' TBA TBA October 31 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 31 ) Nicholas plays hooky because his new teacher is holding him to ridicule because she feels he has not lived up to the academic standards of a Bradford . 67 9 `` Fathers and Other Strangers '' TBA TBA November 7 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 07 ) Aunt Vivian comes up with a plan to take the entire Bradford clan to Hawaii . Notes : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Janis Paige and David Wayne guest star . 68 10 `` Separate Ways '' TBA TBA November 21 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 21 ) Susan and Merle reach an impasse regarding their careers when he wants to fly to Puerto Rico to play winter baseball and she wants to finish her last semester of college at home . 69 11 `` Arrivals '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 70 12 `` Brotherhood , Sisterhood '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 71 13 `` Mary , He 's Married '' TBA TBA December 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 12 - 12 ) Mary 's friendship with a doctor begins to develop into a romance . Nicholas dabbles in sales with face cream . Joannie tries to produce a documentary on her family for a promotion at work . 72 14 `` My Son , The Prom Queen '' TBA TBA January 9 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 09 ) When Tommy gets embroiled in a battle of the sexes - he runs for the title of Prom Queen at high school -- he gets some unexpected help from the female population at the school . 73 15 `` The Courage to Be '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 74 16 `` Semi-Centennial Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 75 17 `` The Commitment '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 76 18 `` Seven More Days in February '' TBA TBA February 6 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 06 ) Cupid runs amok in the Bradford household during Spring Break , causing Mary to fall for a young psychiatrist who really wants to be a stand - up comic , Nancy to swoon over an archaeologist on his way to his first dig , and Joannie to be swept away by an SAP ( self - analysis programmer ) . 77 19 `` The Return of Joe Simons '' TBA TBA February 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 13 ) When Joe Simons returns promising Nicholas gold nuggets , Tom questions the motives of both Joe and his secretary ( Mary Betten ) as well . 78 20 `` Bradford vs. Bradford '' TBA TBA February 27 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 27 ) Janet and David 's marriage is threatened when she starts working in overtime at the office with a handsome lawyer . 79 21 `` Memories '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 80 22 `` Official Positions '' TBA TBA March 19 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 19 ) Merle recruits the girls for a charity basketball team , Tom is jealous when a publisher offers to publish Abby 's thesis and Tom ca n't get his accepted , and Nicholas gets his friend 's mom a job helping with the book . 81 23 `` A Matter of Mentors '' TBA TBA March 26 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 26 ) Joannie gets an important assignment at work but Jeffrey believes that the boss will be expecting a favor in return . Joannie blows her chance at a big story . An experienced reporter makes her his partner and the result is an important scoop . Meanwhile , Nicholas has a problem with a bully that he ca n't hit back , and fed up with the way that Tom divvies up the family 's discretionary funds , Tommy takes over budgeting for it . 82 24 `` Roll Over Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 83 25 `` A Little Triangle '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 84 26 `` Grad Night '' TBA TBA April 30 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 30 ) The Bradford clan vacates the house for Tommy , Ernie and their girlfriends on Graduation Night . Season 5 ( 1980 -- 81 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 85 `` And Baby Makes Nine '' TBA TBA October 29 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 29 ) A very pregnant Susan is in an automobile accident ; Elizabeth moves in with her boyfriend and Merle pitches for the New York Mets . Notes : This was a special 90 - minute episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . This season started later than normal due to the actors ' strike of 1980 . 86 `` Jeremy '' TBA TBA November 5 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 05 ) There 's trouble brewing when the newest member of the Bradford household ( Ralph Macchio ) shares a smoke with Nicholas . 87 `` Welcome to Memorial Dr. Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 88 `` Generations '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 89 5 `` Holly '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) Tommy falls for a girl who 's a lyricist . The garage is transformed into a small nursery for Susan & her baby . 90 6 `` The Maltese Airline Bag '' TBA TBA December 10 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 10 ) Nicholas and his friend Marvin ( John Louie ) split up the loot when they come into possession of an airlines bag a mysterious woman in a blonde wig gave them to deliver to an equally mysterious red - haired woman who ran off before they could finish their mission . 91 7 `` Strike '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 92 8 `` Bradfordgate '' TBA TBA January 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 07 ) Tom 's nomination to the Board of Education makes him compromise his beliefs . Meanwhile , Joannie goes undercover as a TV reporter , and Nicholas tries to change his `` cute '' image . 93 9 `` The Darlene Dilemma '' TBA TBA January 14 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 14 ) Tommy has a new girlfriend ; unfortunately , he is n't her only boyfriend - in fact , he is n't even her only boyfriend in his own house . 94 10 `` Second Thoughts '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 95 11 `` David 's Rib '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 96 12 `` Vows '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 97 13 `` The Way We Were '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) Tommy tries to get back with Jill when she starts liking Ernie . David 's depressed over his new bachelor apartment complex . Nicholas & Jeremy deliver papers for the Sacramento Tribune . 98 14 `` If the Glass Slipper Fits '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 99 15 `` The Best Little Telethon in Sacramento '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) Joanie organizes a telethon for Cannel 8 . Jeremy tries to be Tommy 's manager . The episode features performances by Willie Aames , Connie Needham , Betty Buckley , Grant Goodeve , Dianne Kay & Adam Rich . 100 16 `` Yet Another Seven Days in February '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) This time , the boys get weird dates . 101 17 `` The Idolbreaker : Part 1 '' TBA TBA April 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 11 ) Tommy 's band gets the biggest gig of its career when the group 's agent signs them for a national tour with a top star . 102 18 `` The Idolbreaker : Part 2 '' TBA TBA April 18 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 18 ) Tommy moves into Ellen 's apartment and makes plans for their future wedding ; a new sexy female reporter stirs jealousy in Joanie ; Jeremy celebrates his 16th birthday . 103 19 `` Starting Over '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 104 20 `` Goals '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 105 21 `` Father Knows Best ? '' TBA TBA May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) Filming date : March 21 - 27 , 1981 Jeremy 's father shows up to assert his parental rights . David 's old high school classmates arrive for their reunion . Post-series movies ( edit ) Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion ( 1987 ) An Eight Is Enough Wedding ( 1989 ) Syndication ( edit ) Reruns of all 112 episodes of Eight is Enough have aired sporadically since the show 's syndication debut in September 1982 . The show aired on FX in 1994 , on PAX in 1998 , and as part of a 50th - anniversary Warner Bros. marathon on TV Land in 2005 . Eight Is Enough also aired on the Chicago - based MeTV and MeToo , a sister station of MeTV , from 2008 to 2010 before MeTV spread to other markets around the U.S. During its network run , the show was distributed by Worldvision Enterprises ( also internationally in rebroadcasts ) , and later by Lorimar - Telepictures . All syndication rights are now held by ( Lorimar successor ) Warner Bros. Television . International ( edit ) In Italy , RAI public networks aired the first season of Eight Is Enough under the title Otto Bastano in 1978 , the literal Italian translation of the original title . The remaining seasons were aired in the 1980s on Retequattro , a commercial network from Fininvest ( now Mediaset ) , under the title La Famiglia Bradford . The Italian version excludes the laugh track . The French version , Huit , ça suffit ! was a big success in the 1980s both in France and Quebec , Canada , and among all Francophone ( French - speaking ) Canadians . In Spain , Eight Is Enough was aired also in the 1980s . RTVE ( public network ) aired all the seasons under the title Con Ocho Basta ( the Spanish translation ) in Friday 's evening time . In the Philippines , Eight Is Enough aired on GMA 7 from 1978 to 1981 . DVD releases ( edit ) On April 17 , 2012 , Warner Home Video released the complete first season of Eight Is Enough on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time . The release includes the pilot episode ( featuring Mark Hamill in the role of eldest son David ) and a cast reunion special . Several of the episodes have the wrong end credits , and the Lorimar Productions logo has also been edited out of the end credits . On November 13 , 2012 , Warner Bros. released Season 2 , Parts one and two on DVD - R via their Warner Archive Collection . These are Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) releases and are available through Warner 's online store and Amazon.com . Season 3 , Parts One and Two were released on April 30 , 2013 . Season 4 , Parts one and two were released on August 13 , 2013 . The fifth and final season was released on March 11 , 2014 . DVD name Episodes Release date The Complete First Season 9 April 17 , 2012 The Complete Second Season , Part 1 14 November 13 , 2012 The Complete Second Season , Part 2 12 November 13 , 2012 The Complete Third Season , Part 1 14 April 30 , 2013 The Complete Third Season , Part 2 14 April 30 , 2013 The Complete Fourth Season , Part 1 14 August 13 , 2013 The Complete Fourth Season , Part 2 13 August 13 , 2013 The Complete Fifth Season 22 March 11 , 2014 See also ( edit ) The Brady Bunch ( 1969 ) Just the Ten of Us ( 1988 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ONSTAGE & BACKSTAGE : Cable Is a Harsh Mistress , Plus Betty Buckley and Ilene Kristen - Playbill.com '' . playbill.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ E ! True Hollywood Story , `` Eight Is Enough '' ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Image : 1_Pilot_Never_Try_Eating_Nectarines_Since_Jui. jpg , ( 1164 × 1600 px ) '' . s22.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s29.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s29.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s24.postimg.org/ajhsq040l/rak1272.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_Is_There_a_Doctor_in_the_House_September_14. jpg , ( 1095 × 1600 px ) '' . s2.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 11028022_10203680361683099_4166322259125080184_o. jpg '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 02_I_Quit_November_16_1977. jpg , ( 1036 × 1600 px ) '' . s24.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s27.postimg.org/n4b9439sh/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s23.postimg.org/y23hrzih6/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Long_Night_s_Journey_into_Day_March_01_197. jpg '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 966 × 1600 px ) '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 1743577_10203680351162836_705332190937296926_n. jpg , ( 603 × 960 px ) '' . s17.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s15.postimg.org/9pdtezxmx/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_Cinderella_s_Understudy_September_27_1978. jpg , ( 1078 × 1600 px ) '' . s13.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s14.postimg.org/5deidtt3l/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s11.postimg.org/81nj1ep2r/image.jpg Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/fyK05mR.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_I_Do_I_Do_I_Do_I_Do_September_19_1979. jpg , ( 1036 × 1600 px ) '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 02_The_Night_They_Raided_the_Bradfords_October. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s12.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Letter_to_One_Bradford_October_17_1979. jpg '' . s1.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 04_The_Devil_and_Mr_Bradford_October_24_1979. jpg , ( 1244 × 1600 px ) '' . s27.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://s29.postimg.org/4j5zii96v/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s21.postimg.org/82mmjm4ly/Eight_is_Enough_Fathers_and_Other_Strangers.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 05_Separate_Ways_November_21_1979. jpg , ( 1018 × 1600 px ) '' . s23.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s24.postimg.org/pyjzxmfn9/My_Son_the_Prom_Queen.jpg Jump up ^ http://s10.postimg.org/e0mff10m1/ABC_Primetime_February_06_1980.jpg Jump up ^ http://s21.postimg.org/gr0cwagxj/image.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 06_Bradford_vs_Bradford_February_27_1980. jpg , ( 916 × 1600 px ) '' . s14.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://s3.postimg.io/pwbm8xy9v/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s12.postimg.org/gegwu3n65/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_And_Baby_Makes_Nine_Part_1_October_29_19. jpg , ( 1235 × 1600 px ) '' . s18.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Jeremy_November_05_1980. jpg , ( 920 × 1600 px ) '' . s21.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s23.postimg.org/qht870h6z/image.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 04_Bradfordgate_January_07_1981. jpg , ( 946 × 1600 px ) '' . s15.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/zYsAAOSwFe5X0IB0/s-l1600.jpg ^ Jump up to : https://s3.postimg.io/95ca9lkbn/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://i.imgur.com/EYWjxA6.jpg Jump up ^ `` http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/81-OCR/1981-10-12-BC-OCR-Page-0011.pdf#search=%22eight%20enough%22 '' ( PDF ) . americanradiohistory.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ME - Too in Chicago '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Me - TV and Me - Too Winter 2009 Schedules ; BET January 2009 '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watching Classic Television on Television '' . Television Obscurities . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . TV Sorrisi e Canzoni # 33 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Press Release for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 1st Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough - Warner Archive Releases - The Complete 2nd Season , Part 1 and Part 2 '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Your Plate of Homemade Wishes Comes True : Season 3 DVDs are Out ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Announcement for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 4th Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Announcement for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 5th Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Eight Is Enough on IMDb Eight Is Enough at TV.com Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion on IMDb ( 1987 reunion movie ) An Eight Is Enough Wedding on IMDb ( 1989 reunion movie ) Eightisenough.com contains episode summaries People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St. Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A. Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight_Is_Enough&oldid=801215304 '' Categories : 1977 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1970s American comedy television series 1980s American comedy television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American comedy - drama television series English - language television programs Television series by Lorimar Television Television shows set in Sacramento , California Television series about families Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the eight is enough house located	[ "The home featured in the exterior shots was on Chiquita St, near Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles. The house has since been demolished and replaced. The interiors were filmed on two separate sound stages at the studio: one for the main floor and one for the upstairs." ]	[ "Chiquita St, near Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles" ]
123589181725830479	Eye of the Tiger	Eye of the Tiger - wikipedia Eye of the Tiger Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Survivor . For other uses , see Eye of the Tiger ( disambiguation ) . `` Eye of the Tiger '' Single by Survivor from the album Rocky III and Eye of the Tiger B - side `` Take You on a Saturday '' Released May 29 , 1982 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single ( 45 rpm ) Recorded 1982 Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 04 Label EMI Scotti Brothers Songwriter ( s ) Frankie Sullivan Jim Peterik Producer ( s ) Frankie Sullivan Survivor singles chronology `` Summer Nights '' ( 1982 ) `` Eye of the Tiger '' ( 1982 ) `` American Heartbeat '' ( 1982 ) `` Summer Nights '' ( 1982 ) `` Eye of the Tiger '' ( 1982 ) `` American Heartbeat '' ( 1982 ) Audio sample file help Music video Eye of the Tiger on YouTube `` Eye of the Tiger '' is a song by American rock band Survivor . It was released as a single from their third album Eye of the Tiger and was also the theme song for the film Rocky III , which was released a day before the single . The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik and was done so at the request of Rocky III star , writer , and director Sylvester Stallone , after Queen denied him permission to use `` Another One Bites the Dust '' , the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme . The version of the song that appears in the movie is the demo version of the song . The movie version also contained tiger growls , something that did not appear on the album version . It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals . It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982 . In the United States , it held No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks and was the No. 2 single of 1982 , behind Olivia Newton - John 's `` Physical '' . The band won a 1982 Grammy Award for `` Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group With Vocal '' at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards . In September 1982 , it also peaked at No. 1 in the United Kingdom , remaining at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks . The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name . It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA , signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies . The song had sold over 4.1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015 . It was voted VH1 's 63rd greatest hard rock song . Combined sales of original vinyl release and digital downloads total over 9 million copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Accolades 3 Cover versions 3.1 Covers 3.2 Parodies 4 Lawsuits 4.1 Newt Gingrich campaign 4.2 Mike Huckabee 's campaign 5 Credits and personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) In an interview with Songfacts , co-writer Jim Peterik , who shared writing credit with Frankie Sullivan , explained the song 's title . At first , we wondered if calling it `` Eye of the Tiger '' was too obvious . The initial draft of the song , we started with `` It 's the eye of the tiger , it 's the thrill of the fight , rising up to the spirit of our rival , and the last known survivor stalks his prey in the night , and it all comes down to survival . '' We were going to call the song `` Survival '' . In the rhyme scheme , you can tell we had set up `` rival '' to rhyme with `` survival '' . At the end of the day , we said , `` Are we nuts ? '' That hook is so strong , and `` rival '' does n't have to be a perfect rhyme with the word `` tiger '' . We made the right choice and went with `` Eye of the Tiger '' . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Original Song , the only Oscar nomination for Rocky III . It lost to `` Up Where We Belong '' from An Officer and a Gentleman . The song was also nominated for the 1983 Grammy Award for Song of the Year , but lost to the Willie Nelson hit `` Always on My Mind '' . Cover versions ( edit ) Covers ( edit ) Frank Bruno , a British world Heavyweight champion boxer , covered it in 1995 , the year of his championship coronation , reaching number 28 in the British music charts . American metalcore band Devil You Know covered it in the 2015 album They Bleed Red . Parodies ( edit ) `` Theme from Rocky XIII ( The Rye or the Kaiser ) '' , by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in his 1984 album `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3 - D . `` I Have to Die First '' , by ApologetiX . `` Eye of the Potato '' in Sesame Street Lawsuits ( edit ) Newt Gingrich campaign ( edit ) In 2012 , Survivor sued Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in Illinois federal court for using `` Eye of the Tiger '' without authorization as entrance music at his political rallies going back as far as 2009 . The suit was later settled out of court . The same year Sullivan also demanded that Mitt Romney , also a Republican candidate for president , stop using `` Eye of the Tiger '' at his campaign rallies . Romney agreed to drop the song from the campaign 's playlists . Mike Huckabee 's campaign ( edit ) Frankie Sullivan 's company Rude Music filed a lawsuit in federal court in Chicago , Illinois , on November 18 , 2015 , against the former Governor of Arkansas and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee 's campaign organization for using `` Eye of the Tiger '' at a political rally without permission . The rally took place on September 8 , 2015 , when Kim Davis , a Kentucky county clerk , was released from jail after spending five days there for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same - sex couples in Kentucky . In June 2016 it was reported by CNN that Huckabee had agreed , in a confidential , out - of - court settlement with Sullivan 's Rude Music , to pay $25,000 in compensation . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album Eye of the Tiger . Dave Bickler -- lead vocals Frankie Sullivan -- lead and rhythm guitars , vocals Jim Peterik -- grand piano , electric guitar , vocals Stephan Ellis -- bass Marc Droubay -- drums Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark ( IFPI ) 8 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon International Chart ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Adult Contemporary 27 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 59 US Billboard Top Tracks US Cash Box Year Chart Peak position 2006 US Billboard Hot Ringtones 9 2007 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 80 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 47 2008 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 83 2009 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 77 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 64 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 50 2011 France ( SNEP ) 62 2012 France ( SNEP ) 162 2013 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 95 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 72 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 65 2015 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 66 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 54 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Italy ( FIMI ) 23 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 39 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Chart ( 1983 ) Rank France ( IFOP ) 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 877,300 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 244,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) ( Digital ) Gold 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 1,460,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Digital ) Platinum 4,100,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Mastertone ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Physical ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 Total available sales : 9,511,300 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Top 25 singles for 1982 in Australia List of best - selling singles List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one songs of the 1980s List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1982 List of number - one singles of 1982 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1982 ( Ireland ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Winistorfer , Andrew ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` VH1 's 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs list only slightly less annoying than their hip - hop list '' . VH1 . Prefix Magazine . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Guitarist Jim Peterik Talks ' Tiger ' and the New Pride of Lions Album , ' Immortal ' '' . Guitar World . October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Blair R. ( June 2010 ) . `` Who 's Left ? '' . Spin . Vol. 26 no . 5 . p. 74 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the Tiger ( 1986 ) -- Soundtracks '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Dan ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH `` Canadian single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Music Canada . `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . `` Italian single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . `` List of best - selling international singles in Japan '' ( in Japanese ) . Homepage1.nifty.com. 2002 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Japanese ) `` レコード協会調べ 3 月度有料音楽配信認定 < 略称 : 3 月度認定 > '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2014 ... Recording Industry Association of Japan . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the Tiger by Survivor '' . Songfacts . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Bruno '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiVita , Joe . `` Devil You Know Unveil Hard - Hitting Cover of Survivor 's ' Eye of the Tiger ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newt Gingrich Sued For Using Survivor 's ' Eye of the Tiger ' at Rallies '' . Rolling Stone . 31 January 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Christian ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Rock band Survivor has been going after GOP politicians over the years for using their song `` Eye of the Tiger '' without permission `` . Newsy . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Nolan D. ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Huckabee sued for playing ' Eye of the Tiger ' at Kim Davis rally '' . Politico . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Huckabee Owes Survivor $25,000 for Playing ' Eye of the Tiger ' At Rally '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Huckabee Settles ' Eye of the Tiger ' Lawsuit for $25,000 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eye of the Tiger ( liner notes ) . Survivor . Scotti Bros. 1982 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australia No. 1 hits -- 1980 's '' . World Charts . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6557 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 94 ( 41 ) : 79 . October 16 , 1982 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Le Détail par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` Survivor '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1982 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan # 1 IMPORT DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles '' . Hbr3.sakura.ne.jp . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Survivor -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JULY 31 , 1982 '' . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Survivor : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1982 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1982 '' . RPM . Vol. 37 no . 19 . December 25 , 1982 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1982 '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rees , Dafydd ; Lazell , Barry ; Jones , Alan ( 1983 ) . `` The Top 100 UK Singles '' . Chart File Volume 2 . London , England : Virgin Books . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 907080 - 73 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1982 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1982 '' . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1983 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles / Titres Certifiés `` Or '' '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` List of best - selling international singles in Japan '' ( in Japanese ) . Homepage1.nifty.com. 2002 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Eye of the Tiger in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Survivor Frankie Sullivan Billy Ozzello Walter Tolentino Ryan Sullivan Cameron Barton Jim Peterik Dave Bickler Dennis Keith Johnson Gary Smith Marc Droubay Stephan Ellis Jimi Jamison Bill Syniar Mickey Curry Kyle Woodring Klem Hayes Randy Riley Chris Grove Gordon Patriarca Barry Dunaway Robin McAuley Michael Young Mitchell Sigman Studio albums Survivor Premonition Eye of the Tiger Caught in the Game Vital Signs When Seconds Count Too Hot to Sleep Reach Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Survivor The Best of Survivor Singles `` Eye of the Tiger '' `` I Ca n't Hold Back '' `` The Search Is Over '' `` Burning Heart '' `` How Much Love '' `` Man Against the World '' Related articles The Ides of March Pride of Lions Book : Survivor Rocky Films Rocky ( 1976 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Characters Rocky Balboa Adonis Creed Apollo Creed Ivan Drago Tony `` Duke '' Evers Mickey Goldmill Clubber Lang Adrian Pennino Paulie Pennino Music Rocky `` Gonna Fly Now '' `` Eye of the Tiger '' Rocky IV `` Burning Heart '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Living in America '' Rocky V Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky Rocky the Musical ( 2012 ) Creed Video games Rocky Super Action Boxing ( 1983 ) Rocky ( 1987 ) Rocky ( 2002 ) Rocky Legends ( 2004 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2007 ) Real Boxing 2 : CREED / ROCKY ( 2015 / 16 ) Related Anderson v. Stallone Rocky Steps Rocky statue in Žitište Rocky VI ( 1986 ) Ricky 1 ( 1988 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_the_Tiger&oldid=814648444 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1982 singles 1995 singles EMI Records singles Survivor ( band ) songs Songs from Rocky Songs written by Frankie Sullivan Songs written by Jim Peterik Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in South Africa Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Scotti Brothers Records singles Boxing culture Songs about animals Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with Japanese - language external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the eye of the tiger made	[ "\n\n\"Eye of the Tiger\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Survivor\n\n\nfrom the album Rocky III and Eye of the Tiger\n\n\nB-side\n\"Take You on a Saturday\"\n\n\nReleased\nMay 29, 1982\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\n7-inch single\n12-inch single (45 rpm)\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n1982\n\n\nGenre\nHard rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n4:04\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nEMI\nScotti Brothers\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nFrankie Sullivan\nJim Peterik\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nFrankie Sullivan\n\n\nSurvivor singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Summer Nights\"\n(1982)\n\"Eye of the Tiger\"\n(1982)\n\"American Heartbeat\"\n(1982)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Summer Nights\"\n(1982)\n\"Eye of the Tiger\"\n(1982)\n\"American Heartbeat\"\n(1982)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\nEye of the Tiger on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "May 29, 1982" ]
6007792105878625800	Surface Book 2	Surface Book 2 - wikipedia Surface Book 2 Jump to : navigation , search Surface Book 2 Developer Microsoft Product family Microsoft Surface Type 2 - in - 1 PC Generation Release date November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) Operating system Windows 10 Pro CPU 13.5 `` : Intel Core i5 - 7300U dual - core processor , Intel Core i7 - 8650U quad - core processor 15 `` : Intel Core i7 - 8650U quad - core processor Memory 13.5 `` : 8 or 16 GB LPDDR3 RAM 15 `` : 16 GB LPDDR3 RAM Storage SSD : 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB , 1 TB Removable storage Full - size SD card slot ( supports SDXC cards ) Display 13.5 `` : 13.5 in ( 34 cm ) , 3000 × 2000 ( 267 PPI ) LCD 15 `` : 15 in ( 38 cm ) , 3240 × 2160 ( 260 PPI ) LCD Graphics 13.5 `` : Intel HD Graphics 620 or NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050 with 2GB of GDDR5 RAM 15 `` : NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 with 6GB of GDDR5 RAM Sound Stereo speakers , dual microphones , headset jack Input Keyboard , touchpad mouse , stylus pen , sensors : accelerometer , gyroscope , magnetometer , ambient light , Surface Dial Camera 5.0 MP front , 8.0 MP rear 1080p HD video recording 13.5 `` : 12.3 inches ( 31 cm ) ( length ) 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) ( width ) 0.51 to 0.90 inches ( 1.3 to 2.3 cm ) ( depth ) 15 `` : 13.5 inches ( 34 cm ) ( length ) 9.87 inches ( 25.1 cm ) ( width ) 0.568 to 0.90 inches ( 1.44 to 2.29 cm ) ( depth ) Weight 13.5 `` : i5 : 3.38 pounds ( 1,530 g ) i7 : 3.62 pounds ( 1,640 g ) 15 `` : 4.2 pounds ( 1,900 g ) Predecessor Surface Book Website Surface.com This article is part of a series on the Microsoft Surface Surface Surface Pro Pro 2 Pro 3 Pro 4 Pro ( 2017 ) Surface Book Surface Laptop Surface Studio Surface Hub Accessories Surface Pen Covers Dock Dial The Surface Book 2 is a 2 - in - 1 PC designed and produced by Microsoft , part of the company 's Surface line of personal computing . It was unveiled on October 17 , 2017 and released on November 16 , 2017 . Starting on November 9 , one week prior to the release date , consumers were able to place a pre-order through Microsoft 's website . It succeeds the Surface Book released in October 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Hardware 1.2 Software 1.3 Accessories 2 Reception 3 Issues 4 Timeline 5 References 6 External links Features ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) Like the Surface Book , the Surface Book 2 is shipped with a keyboard . It contains two USB 3.0 Generation 1 ports , a USB - C port , 3.5 mm headphone jack , full - size SD card slot on the left and two SurfaceConnect ports ( one in the tablet , one in the base ) . The front camera contains an infrared sensor that supports logging in with Windows Hello . ( hide ) Surface Book 2 Configuration Options Price Tier ( USD ) Size CPU Integrated GPU RAM Internal Storage 1,199 13.5 '' Intel Core i5 Intel HD 620 8 GB 128 GB 1,499 256 GB 1,999 Intel Core i7 quad - core NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050 2,499 16 GB 512 GB 2,999 1 TB 2,499 15 '' NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 256 GB 2,899 512 GB 3,299 1 TB Software ( edit ) Surface Book 2 models ship with a pre-installed 64 - bit version of Windows 10 Pro and a 30 - day trial Microsoft Office suite . Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail , Calendar , People , Xbox ( app ) , Photos , Movies and TV , Groove , and Microsoft Edge . With Windows 10 the Tablet mode is available when the base is detached from the device . In this mode , all windows are opened full - screen and the interface becomes more touch - centric . Accessories ( edit ) The Surface Book 2 is backward - compatible with all accessories of its predecessor model , such as the Surface Pen . Unlike the previous Book , the Surface Book 2 supports Surface Dial . Reception ( edit ) The Surface Book 2 received broadly positive reviews , being compared favorably to Apple 's Macbook Pro line . Devindra Hardawar of Engadget said of the 15 - inch model , `` The Surface Book 2 is exactly what we 've wanted from a high - end Microsoft laptop . It 's powerful , sturdy and its unique hinge does n't come with any compromises . '' Hardawar also directly compared the Surface Book 2 to Apple 's Macbook Pro saying , `` It 's the closest a PC maker has come to taking on the MacBook Pro , both in style and substance . '' Tom Warren , of The Verge , also gave the Surface Book 2 positive notice , praising its performance , keyboard , and trackpad . However Mr. Warren expressed some reservations about the hardware being largely the same as the previous version , noting `` I 'd still like to see Microsoft refine the design more to address the hinge and screen wobble fully , and pack in a better power supply . It 's surprising to see the same design after two years , and I was expecting bigger refinements and changes . '' Issues ( edit ) When the power scheme is tuned to `` best performance '' and continuous GPU stress is imposed , the 15 - inch Surface Book 2 can have higher power consumption than what the charger can deliver , draining the battery in the process and making it unsuitable for long GPU intensive workloads , like games or any other GPU intensive application . It should be noted however , that this issue is only found on the 15 - inch Surface Book 2 . Mark Coppock of Digital Trends pointed out that the Surface Book 2 is a powerful computer that can also provide a good gaming experience rather than a dedicated gaming machine , remarking , `` In the end , this ( battery drain issue ) does n't change our impression of the Surface Book 2 at all . As we noted in our review , the machine is a creative powerhouse that can provide a very good gaming experience . You can run AutoCAD , Sketchup , and other demanding creative applications all day long , but if you want to engage in 24 - hour gaming competitions , then you 'll want to buy a dedicated gaming machine instead . '' Timeline ( edit ) Source : Microsoft Devices Blog References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Surface Book 2 release date , price , news and features '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Microsoft Surface Book 2 : UK price , release date , specs , and features '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft unveils Surface Book 2 , promising double the power and speed of Apple MacBook Pro '' . GeekWire. 2017 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Surface Book 2 review : Microsoft gets closer to the ' ultimate laptop ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Surface Book 2 review : Microsoft gets closer to the ' ultimate laptop ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Surface Book 2 review : beauty and brawn , but with limits '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2 's power problem - The Verge Jump up ^ Microsoft confirms Surface Book 2 battery drain problems while gaming TechRadar Jump up ^ `` Yes , the Surface Book 2 can drain its battery while gaming , but does it matter ? '' . Digital Trends . 2017 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Introducing the new Surface Book 2 on YouTube Preceded by Surface Book Surface Book 2th generation Succeeded by Latest Model Windows - powered tablet computers and 2 - in - 1 PCs Windows 10 available Acer Iconia Tab W500 Iconia Tab W510 Iconia W700 Asus Transformer VivoTab Dell XPS 12 Dell Inspiron 11 3000 Series 2 - in - 1 HP Envy X2 Pavilion x360 Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11S Yoga 13 Lynx ThinkPad ThinkPad Helix ThinkPad Tablet 2 ThinkPad 8 ThinkPad 10 ThinkPad Yoga Microsoft Surface Pro Surface Pro 2 Surface Pro 3 Surface 3 Surface Pro 4 Surface Book Surface Pro ( 5th generation ) Surface Book 2 Samsung Ativ Ativ Q Galaxy TabPro S Galaxy Book Huawei MateBook Windows RT Asus VivoTab RT Dell XPS 10 Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11 Nokia Lumia 2520 Surface Surface 2 Samsung Ativ Tab Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Dina Dublon Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Mason Morfit John W. Stanton Senior leadership team Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood ( CFO ) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Phil Spencer Corporate VPs Gabe Aul ( VP ) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid ( SVP ) S. Somasegar ( SVP ) Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . NET Foundation Outercurve Foundation Estates Microsoft Redmond campus Microsoft Talo Microsoft Algeria Microsoft Egypt Microsoft India Microsoft Japan Product families Operating systems Windows Software Office Servers Visual Studio Hardware HoloLens Surface Xbox Web properties Bing Channel 9 CodePlex Developer Network MSN Mixer Office.com OneDrive Outlook.com TechNet Microsoft Store Conferences Build MIX PDC TechEd WinHEC Inspire Campaigns Where do you want to go today ? 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Microsoft Acquisitions 6Wunderkinder Altamira Software AltspaceVR aQuantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software GreenButton Groove Networks High Heat : Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare Revolution Analytics ScreenTonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier SwiftKey Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty VoloMetrix VXtreme WebTV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi LinkedIn Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_Book_2&oldid=825639459 '' Categories : Microsoft Surface Tablet computers introduced in 2017 2 - in - 1 PCs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 14 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when will microsoft surface book 2 be released	[ "The Surface Book 2 is a 2-in-1 PC designed and produced by Microsoft, part of the company's Surface line of personal computing. It was unveiled on October 17, 2017[1] and released on November 16, 2017. Starting on November 9, one week prior to the release date, consumers were able to place a pre-order through Microsoft's website. It succeeds the Surface Book released in October 2015.[2]" ]	[ "November 16, 2017" ]
-8441364515772001179	Near-field communication	Near - Field communication - Wikipedia Near - Field communication Near - field communication ( NFC ) is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices , one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone , to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm ( 1.6 in ) of each other . NFC devices are used in contactless payment systems , similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards and allow mobile payment to replace / supplement these systems . This is sometimes referred to as NFC / CTLS ( Contactless ) or CTLS NFC . NFC is used for social networking , for sharing contacts , photos , videos or files . NFC - enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards . NFC offers a low - speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections . The Secure Element chip . This is an NFC chip that contains data such as the SEID ( Secure Element Identifier ) for secure transactions . This chip is commonly found in smartphones and other NFC enabled devices Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Design 4 Standards 4.1 ISO / IEC 4.2 GSMA 4.3 StoLPaN 4.4 NFC Forum 4.5 Other standardization bodies 5 Applications 5.1 Commerce 5.2 Bootstrapping other connections 5.3 Social networking 5.4 Identity and access tokens 5.5 Smartphone automation and NFC tags 5.6 Gaming 6 Bluetooth comparison 7 Devices 8 Deployments 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially , outpaced by technologies such as barcodes and UHF RFID tags . NFC protocols established a generally supported standard . When one of the connected devices has Internet connectivity , the other can exchange data with online services . NFC - enabled portable devices can be provided with application software , for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC - compliant apparatus . Earlier close - range communication used technology that was proprietary to the manufacturer , for applications such as stock ticket , access control and payment readers . Like other `` proximity card '' technologies , NFC employs electromagnetic induction between two loop antennas when NFC - enabled devices -- for example a smartphone and a printer -- exchange information , operating within the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz on ISO / IEC 18000 - 3 air interface at rates ranging from 106 to 424 kbit / s . Each full NFC device can work in three modes : NFC card emulation Enables NFC - enabled devices such as smartphones to act like smart cards , allowing users to perform transactions such as payment or ticketing . NFC reader / writer Enables NFC - enabled devices to read information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters . NFC peer - to - peer Enables two NFC - enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information in an adhoc fashion . NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read , and under some circumstances written to , by an NFC device . They typically contain data ( as of 2015 between 96 and 8,192 bytes ) and are read - only in normal use , but may be rewritable . Applications include secure personal data storage ( e.g. debit or credit card information , loyalty program data , personal identification numbers ( PINs ) , contacts ) . NFC tags can be custom - encoded by their manufacturers or use the industry specifications . The standards were provided by the NFC Forum . The forum was responsible for promoting the technology and setting standards and certifies device compliance . Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms as is done for credit cards and if they fit the criteria for being considered a personal area network . NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing radio - frequency identification ( RFID ) standards including ISO / IEC 14443 and FeliCa . The standards include ISO / IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum . In addition to the NFC Forum , the GSMA group defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets . GSMA 's efforts include Trusted Services Manager , Single Wire Protocol , testing / certification and secure element . A patent licensing program for NFC is under deployment by France Brevets , a patent fund created in 2011 . This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation , an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories , and was terminated in May 2012 . A platform - independent free and open source NFC library , libnfc , is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License . Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions , data exchange and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi - Fi . History ( edit ) NFC is rooted in radio - frequency identification technology ( known as RFID ) which allows compatible hardware to both supply power to and communicate with an otherwise unpowered and passive electronic tag using radio waves . This is used for identification , authentication and tracking . 1983 The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation `` RFID '' was granted to Charles Walton . 1997 Early form patented and first used in Star Wars character toys for Hasbro . The patent was originally held by Andrew White and Marc Borrett at Innovision Research and Technology ( Patent WO9723060 ) . The device allowed data communication between two units in close proximity . 2002 Sony and Philips agreed to establish a technology specification and created a technical outline on March 25 , 2002 . 2003 NFC was approved as an ISO / IEC standard on December 8 , and later as an ECMA standard . 2004 Nokia , Philips and Sony established the NFC Forum 2006 Initial specifications for NFC Tags 2006 Specification for `` SmartPoster '' records 2007 Innovision 's NFC tags used in the first consumer trial in the UK , in the Nokia 6131 handset . 2009 In January , NFC Forum released Peer - to - Peer standards to transfer contacts , URLs , initiate Bluetooth , etc . 2010 Innovision released a suite of designs and patents for low cost , mass - market mobile phones and other devices . 2010 Samsung Nexus S : First Android NFC phone shown 2010 Nice , France launches the `` Nice City of contactless mobile '' project , providing inhabitants with NFC mobile phones and bank cards , and a `` bouquet of services '' covering transportation , tourism and student 's services 2011 Tapit Media launches in Sydney , Australia as the first specialized NFC marketing company 2011 Google I / O `` How to NFC '' demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact , URL , app or video . 2011 NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile operating system with the release of Symbian Anna version . 2011 Research In Motion devices are the first ones certified by MasterCard Worldwide for their PayPass service 2012 UK restaurant chain EAT. and Everything Everywhere ( Orange Mobile Network Operator ) , partner on the UK 's first nationwide NFC - enabled smartposter campaign . A specially created mobile phone app is triggered when the NFC - enabled mobile phone comes into contact with the smartposter . 2012 Sony introduced NFC `` Smart Tags '' to change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range , included with the Sony Xperia P Smartphone released the same year . 2013 Samsung and VISA announce their partnership to develop mobile payments . 2013 IBM scientists , in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches , develop an NFC - based mobile authentication security technology . This technology works on similar principles to dual - factor authentication security . 2014 AT&T , Verizon and T - Mobile released Softcard ( formally ISIS mobile wallet ) . It runs on NFC - enabled Android phones and iPhone 4 and iPhone 5 when an external NFC case is attached . The technology was purchased by Google and the service ended on March 31 , 2015 . 2014 Apple introduced Apple Pay for NFC - enabled mobile payment on iPhone 6 and 6 Plus , and the Apple Watch , which was released on April 24 , 2015 . In November 2015 , Swatch and Visa Inc. announced a partnership to enable NFC financial transactions using the `` Swatch Bellamy '' wristwatch . The system is currently online in Asia thanks to a partnership with China UnionPay and Bank of Communications . The partnership will bring the technology to the US , Brazil , and Switzerland . November 2015 , Google 's Android Pay function was launched , a direct rival to Apple Pay , and it started rolling out across the US . Design ( edit ) Computer network types by spatial scope Nanoscale Near - field ( NFC ) Body ( BAN ) Personal ( PAN ) Near - me ( NAN ) Local ( LAN ) Home ( HAN ) Storage ( SAN ) Wireless ( WLAN ) Campus ( CAN ) Backbone Metropolitan ( MAN ) Wide ( WAN ) Cloud ( IAN ) Internet Interplanetary Internet NFC is a set of short - range wireless technologies , typically requiring a separation of 10 cm or less . NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on ISO / IEC 18000 - 3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit / s to 424 kbit / s . NFC always involves an initiator and a target ; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target . This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as unpowered tags , stickers , key fobs , or cards . NFC peer - to - peer communication is possible , provided both devices are powered . NFC tags contain data and are typically read - only , but may be writeable . They can be custom - encoded by their manufacturers or use NFC Forum specifications . The tags can securely store personal data such as debit and credit card information , loyalty program data , PINs and networking contacts , among other information . The NFC Forum defines four types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability , memory , security , data retention and write endurance . Tags currently offer between 96 and 4,096 bytes of memory . As with proximity card technology , near - field communication uses electromagnetic induction between two loop antennas located within each other 's near field , effectively forming an air - core transformer . It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz . Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed ± 7 kHz bandwidth range , but the spectral mask for the main lobe is as wide as 1.8 MHz . Theoretical working distance with compact standard antennas : up to 20 cm ( practical working distance of about 10 cm ) . Note because the pickup antenna may be quenched by nearby metallic surfaces , the tags may need to be spaced slightly away from the surface . Supported data rates : 106 , 212 or 424 kbit / s ( the bit rate 848 kbit / s is not compliant with the standard ISO / IEC 18092 ) The two modes are : Passive The initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating the existing field . In this mode , the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator - provided electromagnetic field , thus making the target device a transponder . Active Both initiator and target device communicate by alternately generating their own fields . A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data . In this mode , both devices typically have power supplies . Speed ( kbit / s ) Active device Passive device 424 Man , 10 % ASK Man , 10 % ASK 212 Man , 10 % ASK Man , 10 % ASK 106 Modified Miller , 100 % ASK Man , 10 % ASK NFC employs two different codings to transfer data . If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit / s , a modified Miller coding with 100 % modulation is used . In all other cases Manchester coding is used with a modulation ratio of 10 % . NFC devices are full - duplex -- they are able to receive and transmit data at the same time . Thus , they can check for potential collisions if the received signal frequency does not match the transmitted signal 's frequency . Although the range of NFC is limited to a few centimeters , plain NFC does not ensure secure communications . In 2006 , Ernst Haselsteiner and Klemens Breitfuß described possible attacks and detailed how to leverage NFC 's resistance to man - in - the - middle attacks to establish a specific key . As this technique is not part of the ISO standard , NFC offers no protection against eavesdropping and can be vulnerable to data modifications . Applications may use higher - layer cryptographic protocols ( e.g. SSL ) to establish a secure channel . The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with antennas . The distance from which an attacker is able to eavesdrop the RF signal depends on multiple parameters , but is typically less than 10 meters . Also , eavesdropping is highly affected by the communication mode . A passive device that does n't generate its own RF field is much harder to eavesdrop on than an active device . An attacker can typically eavesdrop within 10 m and 1 m for active devices and passive devices , respectively . Because NFC devices usually include ISO / IEC 14443 protocols , relay attacks are feasible . For this attack the adversary forwards the request of the reader to the victim and relays its answer to the reader in real time , pretending to be the owner of the victim 's smart card . This is similar to a man - in - the - middle attack . One libnfc code example demonstrates a relay attack using two stock commercial NFC devices . This attack can be implemented using only two NFC - enabled mobile phones . Standards ( edit ) NFC Protocol stack overview NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats , and are based on existing RFID standards including ISO / IEC 14443 and FeliCa . The standards include ISO / IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum . ISO / IEC ( edit ) NFC is standardized in ECMA - 340 and ISO / IEC 18092 . These standards specify the modulation schemes , coding , transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices , as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision - control during initialization for both passive and active NFC modes . They also define the transport protocol , including protocol activation and data - exchange methods . The air interface for NFC is standardized in : ISO / IEC 18092 / ECMA - 340 -- Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol - 1 ( NFCIP - 1 ) ISO / IEC 21481 / ECMA - 352 -- Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol - 2 ( NFCIP - 2 ) NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO / IEC 14443 Type A and Type B , and FeliCa . NFC - enabled phones work at a basic level with existing readers . In `` card emulation mode '' an NFC device should transmit , at a minimum , a unique ID number to a reader . In addition , NFC Forum defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format ( NDEF ) that can store and transport items ranging from any MIME - typed object to ultra-short RTD - documents , such as URLs . The NFC Forum added the Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol ( SNEP ) to the spec that allows sending and receiving messages between two NFC devices . GSMA ( edit ) The GSM Association ( GSMA ) is a trade association representing nearly 800 mobile telephony operators and more than 200 product and service companies across 219 countries . Many of its members have led NFC trials and are preparing services for commercial launch . GSM is involved with several initiatives : Standards : GSMA is developing certification and testing standards to ensure global interoperability of NFC services . Pay - Buy - Mobile initiative : Seeks to define a common global approach to using NFC technology to link mobile devices with payment and contactless systems . On November 17 , 2010 , after two years of discussions , AT&T , Verizon and T - Mobile launched a joint venture to develop a platform through which point of sale payments could be made using NFC in cell phones . Initially known as Isis Mobile Wallet and later as Softcard , the venture was designed to usher in broad deployment of NFC technology , allowing their customers ' NFC - enabled cell phones to function similarly to credit cards throughout the US . Following an agreement with -- and IP purchase by -- Google , the Softcard payment system was shuttered in March , 2015 , with an endorsement for its earlier rival , Google Wallet . Stolpan ( edit ) StoLPaN ( Store Logistics and Payment with NFC ) is a pan-European consortium supported by the European Commission 's Information Society Technologies program . StoLPaN will examine the potential for NFC local wireless mobile communication . NFC Forum ( edit ) NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association formed on March 18 , 2004 , by NXP Semiconductors , Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC wireless interaction in consumer electronics , mobile devices and PCs . Standards include the four distinct tag types that provide different communication speeds and capabilities covering flexibility , memory , security , data retention and write endurance . NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services . As of June 2013 , the NFC Forum had over 190 member companies . NFC Forum promotes NFC and certifies device compliance and whether it fits in a personal area network . Other standardization bodies ( edit ) GSMA defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets . GSMA 's efforts include , Single Wire Protocol , testing and certification and secure element . The GSMA standards surrounding the deployment of NFC protocols ( governed by NFC Forum ) on mobile handsets are neither exclusive nor universally accepted . For example , Google 's deployment of Host Card Emulation on Android KitKat provides for software control of a universal radio . In this HCE Deployment the NFC protocol is leveraged without the GSMA standards . Other standardization bodies involved in NFC include : ETSI / SCP ( Smart Card Platform ) to specify the interface between the SIM card and the NFC chipset . GlobalPlatform to specify a multi-application architecture of the secure element . EMV Co for the impacts on the EMV payment applications Applications ( edit ) N - Mark Logo for NFC - enabled devices NFC allows one - and two - way communication between endpoints , suitable for many applications . Commerce ( edit ) NFC devices can be used in contactless payment systems , similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards and allow mobile payment to replace / supplement these systems . In Android 4.4 , Google introduced platform support for secure NFC - based transactions through Host Card Emulation ( HCE ) , for payments , loyalty programs , card access , transit passes and other custom services . HCE allows any Android 4.4 app to emulate an NFC smart card , letting users initiate transactions with their device . Apps can use a new Reader Mode to act as readers for HCE cards and other NFC - based transactions . On September 9 , 2014 , Apple announced support for NFC - powered transactions as part of Apple Pay . With the introduction of iOS 11 , Apple devices allow third - party developers to read data from NFC tags . Bootstrapping other connections ( edit ) NFC offers a low - speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections . For example , Android Beam software uses NFC to enable pairing and establish a Bluetooth connection when doing a file transfer and then disabling Bluetooth on both devices upon completion . Nokia , Samsung , BlackBerry and Sony have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets , media players and speakers with one tap . The same principle can be applied to the configuration of Wi - Fi networks . Samsung Galaxy devices have a feature named S - Beam -- an extension of Android Beam that uses NFC ( to share MAC Address and IP addresses ) and then uses Wi - Fi Direct to share files and documents . The advantage of using Wi - Fi Direct over Bluetooth is that it permits much faster data transfers , running up to 300Mbit / s . Social networking ( edit ) NFC can be used for social networking , for sharing contacts , photos , videos or files and entering multiplayer mobile games . Identity and access Tokens ( edit ) NFC - enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards . NFC 's short range and encryption support make it more suitable than less private RFID systems . Smartphone automation and NFC tags ( edit ) NFC - equipped smartphones can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers that can be programmed by NFC apps . These programs can allow a change of phone settings , texting , app launching , or command execution . Such apps do not rely on a company or manufacturer , but can be utilized immediately with an NFC - equipped smartphone and an NFC tag . The NFC Forum published the Signature Record Type Definition ( RTD ) 2.0 in 2015 to add integrity and authenticity for NFC Tags . This specification allows an NFC device to verify tag data and identify the tag author . Gaming ( edit ) See also : List of gaming NFC platforms NFC was used in video games starting with Skylanders : Spyro 's Adventure . With it you buy figurines that are customizable and contain personal data with each figure , so no two figures are exactly alike . The Wii U was the first system to include NFC technology out of the box via the GamePad . It was later included in the Nintendo 3DS range ( being built into the New Nintendo 3DS / XL and in a separately sold reader which uses Infrared to communicate to the system ) . The Amiibo range of accessories utilizes NFC technology to unlock features . Bluetooth comparison ( edit ) Aspect NFC Bluetooth Bluetooth Low Energy Tag requires power No Yes Yes Cost of tag US $0.10 US $5.00 US $5.00 RFID compatible ISO 18000 - 3 Active Active Standardisation body ISO / IEC Bluetooth SIG Bluetooth SIG Network standard ISO 13157 etc . IEEE 802.15. 1 ( no longer maintained ) IEEE 802.15. 1 ( no longer maintained ) Network type Point - to - point WPAN WPAN Cryptography Not with RFID Available Available Range < 20 cm ≈ 100 m ( class 1 ) ≈ 50 m Frequency 13.56 MHz 2.4 -- 2.5 GHz 2.4 -- 2.5 GHz Bit rate 424 kbit / s 2.1 Mbit / s 1 Mbit / s Set - up time < 0.1 s < 6 s < 0.006 s Current consumption < 15mA ( read ) Varies with class < 15 mA ( read and transmit ) NFC and Bluetooth are both relatively short - range communication technologies available on mobile phones . NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth and has a much shorter range , but consumes far less power and does n't require pairing . NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth , but has a lower transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy . With NFC , instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices , the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established in less than . 1 second . The maximum data transfer rate of NFC ( 424 kbit / s ) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2. 1 ( 2.1 Mbit / s ) . NFC 's maximum working distance of less than 20 cm reduces the likelihood of unwanted interception , making it particularly suitable for crowded areas that complicate correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device ( and by extension , its user ) . NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID ( 13.56 MHz ISO / IEC 18000 - 3 ) infrastructures . It requires comparatively low power , similar to the Bluetooth V4. 0 low - energy protocol . When NFC works with an unpowered device ( e.g. on a phone that may be turned off , a contactless smart credit card , a smart poster ) , however , the NFC power consumption is greater than that of Bluetooth V4. 0 Low Energy , since illuminating the passive tag needs extra power . Devices ( edit ) Main article : List of NFC - enabled mobile devices In 2011 , handset vendors released more than 40 NFC - enabled handsets with the Android mobile operating system . The iPhone 6 line is the first set of handsets from Apple to support NFC . BlackBerry devices support NFC using BlackBerry Tag on devices running BlackBerry OS 7.0 and greater . MasterCard added further NFC support for PayPass for the Android and BlackBerry platforms , enabling PayPass users to make payments using their Android or BlackBerry smartphones . A partnership between Samsung and Visa added a ' payWave ' application on the Galaxy S4 smartphone . Microsoft added native NFC functionality in their mobile OS with Windows Phone 8 , as well as the Windows 8 operating system . Microsoft provides the `` Wallet hub '' in Windows Phone 8 for NFC payment , and can integrate multiple NFC payment services within a single application . Deployments ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2016 ) Main article : List of applications of near - field communication As of April 2011 , hundreds of NFC trials had been conducted . Some firms moved to full - scale service deployments , spanning one or more countries . Multi-country deployments include Orange 's rollout of NFC technology to banks , retailers , transport , and service providers in multiple European countries , and Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologies deploying to 15 countries throughout Africa . China telecom ( China 's 3rd largest mobile operator ) made its NFC rollout in November 2013 . The company signed up multiple banks to make their payment apps available on its SIM Cards . China telecom stated that the wallet would support coupons , membership cards , fuel cards and boarding passes . The company planned to achieve targets of rolling out 40 NFC phone models and 30 Mn NFC SIMs by 2014 . Softcard ( formerly Isis Mobile Wallet ) , a joint venture from Verizon Wireless , AT&T and T - Mobile , focuses on in - store payments making use of NFC technology . After doing pilots in some regions , they launched across the US . Vodafone launched the NFC - based Vodafone SmartPass mobile payment service in Spain in partnership with Visa . It enables consumers with an NFC - enabled mobile device to make contactless payments via their SmartPass credit balance at any POS . OTI , an Israeli company that designs and develops contactless microprocessor - based smart card technology , contracted to supply NFC - readers to one of its channel partners in the US . The partner was required to buy $10 MM worth of OTI NFC readers over 3 years . Rogers Communications launched virtual wallet Suretap to enable users to make payments with their phone in Canada in April 2014 . Suretap users can load up gift cards and pre-paid MasterCards from national retailers . Sri Lanka 's first workforce smartcard uses NFC . As of December 13 , 2013 Tim Hortons TimmyME BlackBerry 10 Application allowed users to link their prepaid Tim Card to the app , allowing payment by tapping the NFC - enabled device to a standard contactless terminal . Google Wallet allows consumers to store credit card and store loyalty card information in a virtual wallet and then use an NFC - enabled device at terminals that also accept MasterCard PayPass transactions . Germany , Austria , Finland , New Zealand , Italy , Iran , Turkey and Greece trialed NFC ticketing systems for public transport . The Lithuanian capital of Vilnius fully replaced paper tickets for public transportation with ISO / IEC 14443 Type A cards on July 1 , 2013 . NFC sticker - based payments in Australia 's Bankmecu and card issuer Cuscal completed an NFC payment sticker trial , enabling consumers to make contactless payments at Visa payWave terminals using a smart sticker stuck to their phone . India was implementing NFC - based transactions in box offices for ticketing purposes . A partnership of Google and Equity Bank in Kenya introduced NFC payment systems for public transport in the Capital city Nairobi under the branding `` Beba Pay '' . See also ( edit ) Bluetooth Low Energy CIPURSE Device - to - device EZ - link Smart keychain Mobile phone accessories BebaPay Near and far field New Nintendo 3DS NTAG Object hyperlinking Poken RuBee TecTiles TransferJet UICC configuration Wii U GamePad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cameron Faulkner . `` What is NFC ? Everything you need to know '' . Techradar.com . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pelly , Nick ; Hamilton , Jeff ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` How to NFC '' . Google I / O 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFC as Technology Enabler '' . NFC Forum . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Home - NFC Forum '' . NFC Forum . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Forum '' . NFC Forum . Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical Specifications '' . NFC Forum . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISO / IEC 18092 : 2004 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Near Field Communication -- Interface and Protocol ( NFCIP - 1 ) '' . ISO . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSMA NFC Standards '' . Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Trusted Service Manager in Mobile Commerce '' ( PDF ) . Digital Commerce ( white paper ) . GSM Association . December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mobile NFC Infrastructure '' ( PDF ) . Digital Commerce . GSM Association . 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public platform independent Near Field Communication ( NFC ) library '' . 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` libnfc download page ( current version ) '' . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is NFC ? '' . NFC Forum . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Walton `` Portable radio frequency emitting identifier '' U.S. Patent 4,384,288 issue date May 17 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` APPARATUS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL DATA AND UNIDIRECTIONAL POWER TRANSMISSION BETWEEN MASTER AND SLAVE UNITS USING INDUCTIVE COUPLING '' . 26 June 1997 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PHILIPS AND SONY ANNOUNCE STRATEGIC COOPERATION TO DEFINE NEXT GENERATION NEAR FIELD RADIO - FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS '' . Sony Global . 5 September 2002 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia , Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication ( NFC ) Forum '' . NFC Forum. 18 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NFC Forum Unveils Technology Architecture And Announces Initial Specifications And Mandatory Tag Format Support '' . 5 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NFC Forum Publishes Specification For `` SmartPoster '' Records `` . 5 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia 6131 NFC '' . 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFC Forum Announces Two New Specifications to Foster Device Interoperability and Peer - to - Peer Device Communication '' . 19 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarah Clark ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` InnovisionNFC '' . www.nfcworld.com . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Google CEO talks Android , Gingerbread , and Chrome OS '' . Computerworld. 16 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gingerbread feature : Near Field Communication '' . Android Central . 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Pelly , Nick ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` How to NFC '' . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , Sarah ( 18 August 2011 ) . `` Nokia releases Symbian Anna NFC update '' . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Penfold , Andy ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` RIM Scores MasterCard NFC Certification '' . Mobile Marketing . London : Dot Media . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange -- Quick Tap Treats '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Note : images from the site did not archive properly . Jump up ^ Sony 's SmartTags could change phone habits Crave - CNET . News.cnet.com ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Two - factor security for mobile transactions '' . IBM . 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Hsuan - hua ( October 2014 ) . EverydayNFC : Near Field Communication Explained ( Second ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0982434024 . Jump up ^ John Biggs , TechCrunch . `` Swatch Is Teaming With Visa To Offer Payments From Your Wrist . '' November 30 , 2015 Jump up ^ Chinavasion blog page . `` Google Launches Android Pay App . '' ^ Jump up to : Nosowitz , Dan ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Near Field Communication '' . Pop . Sci . Jump up ^ Patauner , C. ; Witschnig , H. ; Rinner , D. ; Maire , A. ; Merlin , E. ; Leitgeb , E. ( 24 September 2007 ) . High Speed RFID / NFC at the Frequency of 13.56 MHz ( PDF ) . RFID 2007 . Vienna , Austria . ^ Jump up to : Haselsteiner , Ernst ; Breitfuß , Klemens . `` Security in near field communication ( NFC ) ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hancke , Gerhard P ( July 2008 ) . `` Eavesdropping Attacks on High - Frequency RFID Tokens '' ( PDF ) . 4th Workshop on RFID Security ( RFIDsec'08 ) . Jump up ^ Gerhard P. Hancke : A practical relay attack on ISO / IEC 14443 proximity cards , February 2005 . Jump up ^ Timo Kasper et al. 2007 Jump up ^ Gerhard P. Hancke , et al. : Confidence in Smart Token Proximity : Relay Attacks Revisited Jump up ^ Lishoy Francis , et al. : Practical Relay Attack on Contactless Transactions by Using NFC Mobile Phones Jump up ^ Ecma International : Standard ECMA - 340 , Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol ( NFCIP - 1 ) , December 2004 Jump up ^ Ecma International : Standard ECMA - 352 , Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -- 2 ( NFCIP - 2 ) , December 2003 Jump up ^ `` NFC-forum.org '' . NFC Forum . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Electronista Article : New NFC spec lets two phones swap messages , October 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` World 's leading mobile operators announce commitment to NFC technology '' ( Press release ) . www.gsmworld.com . February 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ GSM Association Aims For Global Point Of Sale Purchases by Mobile Phone , GSM Association , 13 February 2007 Jump up ^ Momentum Builds Around GSMA 's Pay - Buy Mobile Project Archived 2007 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , GSM Association , 25 April 2007 Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Softcard is shutting down on March 31st , and Google Wallet will replace it '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Trusted Services Manager '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` HCE Deployment '' . Jump up ^ `` Apple Pay '' . apple.com . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Alex Hern ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` The 10 biggest changes Apple did n't announce on stage at WWDC '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Android 4.1 APIs '' . Android Developer Network . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Australia One Touch '' . sony.com.au . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFC will catch on ' like wildfire ' says Sundance festival game creator '' . Near Field Communications World . 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wrye , Eric . `` NFC Tag Ideas and Video Demos '' . Jump up ^ `` NFC Forum Brings Advanced Security to NFC Tags with Signature RTD 2.0 Technical Specification - NFC Forum '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Near Field Communication Versus Bluetooth '' . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ COOK , JAMES . `` In Challenge To Android , Apple Has Banned Apps From Using The iPhone 6 's NFC Payment Chip '' . businessinsider . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry - BlackBerry 7 OS - BB7 - BB 7 OS - New BlackBerry 7 for the new Torch , Curve , & Bold - Canada . Ca.blackberry.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ MasterCard Bets On NFC : Releases PayPass Developer Toolkit For Android , BlackBerry Platforms . TechCrunch ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren. ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) Visa and Samsung ink worldwide NFC deal , practically guarantees payWave on your Galaxy S IV . Engadget.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon . ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) Windows Phone 8 to support multi-core CPUs , HD resolutions , SD cards and NFC . Engadget.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Orange to roll out NFC services across Europe in 2011 '' . NFC World . December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Airtel Africa to launch NFC services in 15 African countries '' . NFC World . February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Redirect to the right page '' . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rian Boden ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` Tim Hortons launches NFC payments service using Host Card Emulation '' . NFC World+ . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google Wallet -- where it works '' . Google . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany : Transit Officials Enable Users to Tap or Scan in New Trial '' . NFC Times . February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austria : ' Rollout ' Uses NFC Reader Mode To Sell Tickets and Snacks '' . NFC Times . March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saylor , Michael ( 2012 ) . The Mobile Wave : How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything . Perseus Books / Vanguard Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1593157203 . Jump up ^ `` Telecom New Zealand and Westpac test NFC with Auckland Transport '' . NFC World . April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italy : Telecom Italia and ATM to launch NFC ticketing service in Milan '' . NFC World . April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Irancell demonstrates NFC payments and ticketing '' . NFC World . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkcell Wallet Transport '' . NFC. April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Athens Transport Tickets and Cards '' . Athens Transport ( in Greek ) . 2011 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vilniaus miesto viešojo transporto ELEKTRONINIS BILIETAS - Dažniausiai užduodami klausimai apie pokyčius viešojo transporto bilietų sistemoje . Vilnieciokortele.lt . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nikita Upadhyay ( June 2012 ) . `` India : NFC used for ticketing '' . Financialexpress . References ( edit ) Ortiz , C. Enrique ( June 2006 ) . `` An Introduction to Near - Field Communication and the Contactless Communication API '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Kasper , Timo ; Dario Carluccio ; Christof Paar ( May 2007 ) . `` An embedded system for practical security analysis of contactless smartcards '' ( PDF ) . Springer LNCS . Workshop in Information Security Theory and Practices 2007 , Heraklion , Crete , Greece . 4462 : 150 -- 60 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Near - field communication . A summary video of near - field communication BNF : cb166033922 ( data ) GND : 7678305 - 4 LCCN : sh2009007845 SUDOC : 15888437X hide Standards of Ecma International Application interfaces ANSI escape code Common Language Infrastructure Office Open XML OpenXPS File systems ( tape ) Advanced Intelligent Tape DDS DLT Super DLT Holographic Versatile Disc Linear Tape - Open ( Ultrium - 1 ) VXA File systems ( disk ) CD - ROM CD File System ( CDFS ) FAT FAT12 FAT16 FAT16B FD UDF Ultra Density Optical Universal Media Disc Graphics Universal 3D Programming languages C++ / CLI C# Eiffel JavaScript ( E4X , ECMAScript ) Radio link interfaces NFC UWB Other ECMA - 35 List of Ecma standards ( 1961 - Present ) hide List of International Electrotechnical Commission standards IEC standards IEC 60027 IEC 60034 IEC 60038 IEC 60062 IEC 60063 IEC 60068 IEC 60112 IEC 60228 IEC 60269 IEC 60297 IEC 60309 IEC 60320 IEC 60364 IEC 60446 IEC 60559 IEC 60601 IEC 60870 IEC 60870 - 5 IEC 60870 - 6 IEC 60906 - 1 IEC 60908 IEC 60929 IEC 60958 AES3 S / PDIF IEC 61030 IEC 61131 IEC 61131 - 3 IEC 61158 IEC 61162 IEC 61334 IEC 61346 IEC 61355 IEC 61400 IEC 61499 IEC 61508 IEC 61511 IEC 61850 IEC 61851 IEC 61883 IEC 61960 IEC 61968 IEC 61970 IEC 62014 - 4 IEC 62056 IEC 62061 IEC 62196 IEC 62262 IEC 62264 IEC 62304 IEC 62325 IEC 62351 IEC 62365 IEC 62366 IEC 62379 IEC 62386 IEC 62455 IEC 62680 IEC 62682 IEC 62700 ISO / IEC standards ISO / IEC 646 ISO / IEC 2022 ISO / IEC 4909 ISO / IEC 5218 ISO / IEC 6429 ISO / IEC 6523 ISO / IEC 7810 ISO / IEC 7811 ISO / IEC 7812 ISO / IEC 7813 ISO / IEC 7816 ISO / IEC 7942 ISO / IEC 8613 ISO / IEC 8632 ISO / IEC 8652 ISO / IEC 8859 ISO / IEC 9126 ISO / IEC 9293 ISO / IEC 9592 ISO / IEC 9593 ISO / IEC 9899 ISO / IEC 9945 ISO / IEC 9995 ISO / IEC 10021 ISO / IEC 10116 ISO / IEC 10165 ISO / IEC 10179 ISO / IEC 10646 ISO / IEC 10967 ISO / IEC 11172 ISO / IEC 11179 ISO / IEC 11404 ISO / IEC 11544 ISO / IEC 11801 ISO / IEC 12207 ISO / IEC 13250 ISO / IEC 13346 ISO / IEC 13522 - 5 ISO / IEC 13568 ISO / IEC 13818 ISO / IEC 14443 ISO / IEC 14496 ISO / IEC 14882 ISO / IEC 15288 ISO / IEC 15291 ISO / IEC 15408 ISO / IEC 15444 ISO / IEC 15445 ISO / IEC 15504 ISO / IEC 15511 ISO / IEC 15693 ISO / IEC 15897 ISO / IEC 15938 ISO / IEC 16262 ISO / IEC 17024 ISO / IEC 17025 ISO / IEC 18000 ISO / IEC 18004 ISO / IEC 18014 ISO / IEC 19752 ISO / IEC 19757 ISO / IEC 19770 ISO / IEC 19788 ISO / IEC 20000 ISO / IEC 21000 ISO / IEC 21827 ISO / IEC 23000 ISO / IEC 23003 ISO / IEC 23008 ISO / IEC 23270 ISO / IEC 23360 ISO / IEC 24707 ISO / IEC 24727 ISO / IEC 24744 ISO / IEC 24752 ISO / IEC 26300 ISO / IEC 27000 ISO / IEC 27000 - series ISO / IEC 27002 ISO / IEC 27040 ISO / IEC 29119 ISO / IEC 33001 ISO / IEC 38500 ISO / IEC 42010 ISO / IEC 80000 Related International Electrotechnical Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-field_communication&oldid=846251791 '' Categories : Bandplans Ecma standards ISO standards Mobile telecommunications Near Field Communications Wireless Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2011 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 13 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of near field communication	[ "Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of each other.[1]" ]	[ "enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of each other." ]
5969370416791929000	List of best-selling video games	List of best - selling video games - wikipedia List of best - selling video games This is a list of the best - selling video games of all time . The best - selling video game to date is Tetris , a tile - matching puzzle video game originally released for the Electronika 60 in 1984 and then popularised upon its Game Boy release in 1989 . The game has been ported to a wide range of platforms and sold in excess of 170 million units , including 100 million paid downloads on mobile phones and 35 million as sales for the Game Boy version . Minecraft is the only other video game to have sold over 100 million units , with 144 million units sold as of January 2018 . The best - selling game on a single platform is Wii Sports , with nearly 83 million sales for the Wii console . Of the top 50 best - selling video games , 19 were developed or published by Nintendo , including over half of the top ten , and a further five titles were published by its subsidiary , The Pokémon Company . Other publishers with multiple entries in the top 50 include Activision ( seven titles , all in the Call of Duty franchise ) , Rockstar Games ( five titles , four of which are Grand Theft Auto releases ) and Electronic Arts ( three games in three different series ) . Aside from Nintendo 's internal development divisions , Game Freak is the developer with the most games in the top 50 , with seven titles from the Pokémon series included . The oldest game in the top 50 is Frogger , which was released in June 1981 ; while the most recent game in the top 50 is PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds , which was released in December 2017 . Key Game was shipped with a console during its lifetime Sales figure includes paid mobile downloads No . Sales Title Developer ( s ) Publisher ( s ) Release date Platform ( s ) Ref . 170,000,000 Tetris Elektronorgtechnica Spectrum HoloByte 000000001984 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1984 Multi-platform 144,000,000 Minecraft Mojang Mojang 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 Multi-platform 95,000,000 Grand Theft Auto V Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002013 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2013 Multi-platform 82,850,000 Wii Sports Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2006 Wii 6 50,000,000 PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds PUBG Corporation PUBG Corporation 000000002017 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2017 Multi-platform 40,240,000 Super Mario Bros . Nintendo Nintendo 000000001985 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 1985 NES 7 37,100,000 Mario Kart Wii Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002008 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2008 Wii 8 33,080,000 Wii Sports Resort Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 Wii 9 31,380,000 Pokémon Red and Blue Game Freak Nintendo 000000001996 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1996 Game Boy 10 30,800,000 New Super Mario Bros . Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2006 Nintendo DS 11 30,200,000 New Super Mario Bros. Wii Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2009 Wii 12 30,000,000 The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002011 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2011 Multi-platform 13 28,300,000 Duck Hunt Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo 000000001984 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1984 NES 14 28,020,000 Wii Play Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2006 Wii 15 27,500,000 Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002004 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2004 Multi-platform 16 26,500,000 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Activision 000000002011 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2011 Multi-platform 17 26,200,000 Call of Duty : Black Ops Treyarch Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2010 Multi-platform 18 25,000,000 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002008 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2008 Multi-platform 19 24,200,000 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Treyarch Activision 000000002012 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2012 Multi-platform 20 24,000,000 Kinect Adventures ! Good Science Studio Microsoft Studios 000000002010 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2010 Xbox 360 21 23,960,000 Nintendogs Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002005 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2005 Nintendo DS 22 23,600,000 Mario Kart DS Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002005 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2005 Nintendo DS 23 23,100,000 Pokémon Gold and Silver Game Freak Nintendo 000000001999 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1999 Game Boy Color 24 22,700,000 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 Infinity Ward Activision 000000002009 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2009 Multi-platform 25 22,670,000 Wii Fit Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002007 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2007 Wii 26 21,130,000 Wii Fit Plus Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2009 Wii 27 20,610,000 Super Mario World Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000001990 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1990 Super NES 28 20,000,000 Frogger Konami Sega 000000001981 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1981 Multi-platform 29 20,000,000 Lemmings DMA Design Psygnosis 000000001991 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1991 Multi-platform 30 20,000,000 Terraria Re-Logic Re-Logic 000000002011 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2011 Multi-platform 31 19,010,000 Brain Age Nintendo SPD Nintendo 000000002005 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2005 Nintendo DS 32 19,000,000 Call of Duty : Ghosts Infinity Ward Activision 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 Multi-platform 33 18,140,000 Super Mario Land Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo 000000001989 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1989 Game Boy 34 17,670,000 Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002006 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2006 Nintendo DS 35 17,500,000 Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002002 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2002 Multi-platform 36 17,280,000 Super Mario Bros. 3 Nintendo R&D4 Nintendo 000000001988 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1988 NES 37 17,040,000 Mario Kart 7 Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002011 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2011 Nintendo 3DS 38 17,000,000 The Last of Us Naughty Dog Sony Computer Entertainment 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2013 Multi-platform 39 16,290,000 Pokémon X and Y Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002013 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2013 Nintendo 3DS 40 16,220,000 Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002002 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2002 Game Boy Advance 41 16,100,000 Pokémon Sun and Moon Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002016 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2016 Nintendo 3DS 42 16,000,000 The Sims Maxis Electronic Arts 000000002000 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2000 Multi-platform 43 16,000,000 Need for Speed : Most Wanted EA Black Box Electronic Arts 000000002005 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2005 Multi-platform 44 15,700,000 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Infinity Ward Activision 000000002007 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2007 Multi-platform 45 15,700,000 Call of Duty : World at War Treyarch Activision 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 Multi-platform 46 15,640,000 Pokémon Black and White Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002010 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2010 Nintendo DS 47 15,000,000 Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic Team Sega 000000001991 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1991 Sega Genesis 48 15,000,000 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games 000000002010 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2010 Multi-platform 49 15,000,000 Battlefield 3 EA DICE Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2011 Multi-platform 50 15,000,000 Battlefield 1 EA DICE Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2016 Multi-platform See also List of video games considered the best Lists of best - selling video games by platform List of best - selling video game franchises List of best - selling game consoles Notes ^ Jump up to : Only developers and publishers for the original release of each game are listed , except where noted otherwise . Jump up ^ Tetris was originally licensed and published by Spectrum HoloByte , although other publishers of early ports of the game included Mirrorsoft , Infogrames and Bullet - Proof Software . In 1996 , the license to Tetris was officially transferred to The Tetris Company , which would publish later releases of the title with Bullet - Proof Software . Jump up ^ Although Minecraft was first publicly available on May 17 , 2009 , and the 1.0 version on November 18 , 2011 , the first version of Minecraft which required a paid account was first publicly available on December 23 , 2009 , therefore it started accumulating sales on that year . References Jump up ^ Sparkes , Matthew ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tetris at 30 : a history of the world 's most successful game '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` This is how Tetris wants you to celebrate for its 30th anniversary '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tetris sells 100 million on mobile devices '' . GameSpot . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynne - Jones , Jonathan ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Computer game Tetris celebrates 25 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Horti , Samuel . `` Minecraft had 74 million active players in December , a new record for the game '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Wii Software '' . Nintendo . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tetris Inventor Gets His Due in Historic Russia / US Joint Venture '' . PR Newswire. April 25 , 1996 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Persson , Markus ( May 17 , 2009 ) . `` Minecraft 0.0. 11a for public consumption : The Word of Notch '' . Tumblr . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Minecraft Wiki 's contributors ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Version history / Indev - Minecraft Wiki '' . Minecraft Wiki . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dring , Christopher ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` Microsoft : ' We 're growing our gaming business beyond the console ' '' . gamesindustry.biz . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( 16 May 2018 ) . `` Record years from Grand Theft Auto Online and NBA 2K18 drive Take - Two '' . gamesindustry.biz . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael . `` PUBG reaches 50M copies sold , 400M total players '' . Polygon . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Super Mario Bros : 25 Mario facts for the 25th anniversary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pokken Tournament ' and Pokemon 's $1.5 Billion Brand '' . The Huffington Post . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo DS Software '' . Nintendo . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Skyrim ' Creator on Why We 'll Have to Wait for Another ' Elder Scrolls ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Hanuman ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` 1984 : Duck Hunt - The Best Selling Video Game Of Every Year Since 1977 '' . Complex . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From 1997 - 2013 : How the Grand Theft Auto series has evolved '' . ITV . September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : A Short History '' . IGN . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` GTA 5 has already beaten GTA 4 's lifetime sales '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Matt ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` The downfall of Kinect : Why Microsoft gave up on its most promising product '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Top 10 of Everything 2017 . London , England : Hachette UK . October 6 , 2016 . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0600633747 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , James ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` 30 Best - Selling Super Mario Games of All Time on the Plumber 's 30th Birthday '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Frogger game arrives on mobiles '' . Gamesindustry.biz . February 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 10 things you did n't know about Frogger '' . Digital Spy . June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` What do Grand Theft Auto and Lemmings Have In Common ? '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Terraria Passes 20 Million Units Sold , Future Plans Teased '' . GameSpot . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Where Will Activision Take the Call of Duty Franchise Next ? '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Videos , leaks and rumours : The inside track to Rockstar 's Grand Theft Auto V '' . ITV . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo 3DS Software '' . Nintendo . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Last of Us Has Sold Over 17 Million Copies '' . IGN . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , Mike ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Pokemon X & Y sell 4M copies in first weekend '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims Franchise Celebrates Its Fifth Anniversary and Continues to Break Records '' . Business Wire . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Totu , Florian ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` 100 million Need for Speed Games Have Been Sold to This Day '' . Softpedia . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Dave ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Twenty years of Sonic the Hedgehog '' . BBC . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 : Take - Two Talks Competition With GTA Online , Marketing Support , And More '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oshry , Dave ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Sells 15 Million , Prompts EA to Give More Games the `` Premium '' Treatment `` . Kotaku . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Morgan Stanley raises Battlefield 1 sales estimate to 15 million '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Best - selling video game hardware and software General Video games Video game franchises longest - running Console hardware by region Arcade games Best - selling video games by platform Atari Atari 2600 Microsoft Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One Nintendo Nintendo Entertainment System Super Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo 64 GameCube Wii Wii U Nintendo Switch Game Boy and Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance Nintendo DS and DSi Nintendo 3DS and New 3DS Sega Sega Genesis / Mega Drive Sony PlayStation PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Other PC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_video_games&oldid=846596042 '' Categories : Lists of best - selling video games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source About Wikipedia Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	whats the best selling video game of all time	[ "This is a list of the best-selling video games of all time. The best-selling video game to date is Tetris, a tile-matching puzzle video game originally released for the Electronika 60 in 1984 and then popularised upon its Game Boy release in 1989.[1] The game has been ported to a wide range of platforms and sold in excess of 170 million units,[2] including 100 million paid downloads on mobile phones[3] and 35 million as sales for the Game Boy version.[4] Minecraft is the only other video game to have sold over 100 million units, with 144 million units sold as of January 2018.[5] The best-selling game on a single platform is Wii Sports, with nearly 83 million sales for the Wii console.[6]" ]	[ "Tetris" ]
37338966234501240	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	the last time england reached the world cup semi finals	[ "\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n" ]	[ "2018" ]
3071699584208890305	Treaty of Versailles	Treaty of Versailles - wikipedia Treaty of Versailles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919 , at the end of World War I . For other uses , see Treaty of Versailles ( disambiguation ) . Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany Cover of the English version Signed 28 June 1919 Location Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France Effective 10 January 1920 Condition Ratification by Germany and three of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers Signatories Principal Allied and Associated Powers British Empire France Italy United States Japan Other Allied powers ( show ) Belgium Bolivia Brazil China Cuba Ecuador Greece Guatemala Haiti Hejaz Honduras Liberia Nicaragua Panama Peru Poland Portugal Romania Serb - Croat - Slovene State Siam Czechoslovakia Uruguay Central Powers Germany Depositary French government Languages French and English Treaty of Versailles at Wikisource Paris Peace Conference League of Nations ( show ) Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles ( show ) War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Treaties Possible cause of World War II International Opium Convention Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( show ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( show ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon ( show ) Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres ( show ) Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Others ( show ) American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry The Treaty of Versailles ( French : Traité de Versailles ) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end . The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which directly lead to World War I . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 . Of the many provisions in the treaty , one of the most important and controversial required `` Germany ( to ) accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage '' during the war ( the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles ) . This article , Article 231 , later became known as the War Guilt clause . The treaty forced Germany to disarm , make substantial territorial concessions , and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers . In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks ( then $31.4 billion or £ 6.6 billion , roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £ 284 billion in 2018 ) . At the time economists , notably John Maynard Keynes ( a British delegate to the Paris Peace Conference ) , predicted that the treaty was too harsh -- a `` Carthaginian peace '' -- and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive , views that , since then , have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries . On the other hand , prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently . The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one content : Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated , nor was it permanently weakened . The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties , which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers , and the re-negotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan , the Young Plan , and the indefinite postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932 . Although it is often referred to as the `` Versailles Conference '' , only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace . Most of the negotiations were in Paris , with the `` Big Four '' meetings taking place generally at the Quai d'Orsay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 World War I 1.2 Fourteen Points 1.3 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 1.4 Armistice 1.5 Occupation 1.6 Blockade 1.7 Polish uprising 2 Negotiations 2.1 French aims 2.2 British aims 2.3 American aims 3 Treaty 3.1 Territorial changes 3.2 Mandates 3.3 Military restrictions 3.4 Reparations 3.5 Guarantees 3.6 International organizations 4 Reactions 4.1 Among the allies 4.1. 1 Britain 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Italy 4.1. 4 Portugal 4.1. 5 United States 4.1. 6 China 4.1. 6.1 House 's views 4.2 In Germany 5 Violations 6 Historical assessments 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Background World war I Main article : World War I Play media The Signing of the Peace Treaty of Versailles The First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) was fought across Europe , the Middle East , Africa and Asia . Countries beyond the war zones were also affected by the disruption of international trade , finance and diplomatic pressures from the belligerents . In 1917 , two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire , which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin . Fourteen Points Main article : Fourteen Points On 6 April 1917 , the United States entered the war against the Central Powers due to German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain , which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives , as well as the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram , sent by the Empire of Germany to Mexico , urging for a declaration of war against the United States . The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies . The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions . On 8 January 1918 , United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . This speech outlined a policy of free trade , open agreements , democracy and self - determination . It also called for a diplomatic end to the war , international disarmament , the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories , the creation of a Polish state , the redrawing of Europe 's borders along ethnic lines , and the formation of a League of Nations to afford `` mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike '' . Wilson 's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin 's Decree on Peace of November 1917 , which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations . The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry , a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign - policy advisor Edward M. House , into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference . Europeans generally welcomed Wilson 's intervention , but Allied colleagues Georges Clemenceau of France , David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy were sceptical of Wilsonian idealism . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 Main article : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk The borders of Eastern Europe , as drawn up in Treaty of Brest - Litovsk After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front , the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918 . This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles ( 3,400,000 km ) of territory and 62 million people . This loss equated to a third of the Russian population , a quarter of its territory , around a third of the country 's arable land , three - quarters of its coal and iron , a third of its factories ( totalling 54 percent of the nation 's industrial capacity ) , and a quarter of its railroads . Armistice Main article : Armistice with Germany During the autumn of 1918 , the Central Powers began to collapse . Desertion rates within the German army began to increase , and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production . On the Western Front , the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies . Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied , which prompted uprisings in Germany , which became known as the German Revolution . The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points , and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered . Following negotiations , the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice , which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium . Occupation Main article : Occupation of the Rhineland The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium , France , and Luxembourg within fifteen days . In addition , it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland . In late 1918 , Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation . Blockade Main article : Blockade of Germany Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials , primarily from the Americas , which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean . The Blockade of Germany ( 1914 -- 1919 ) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers . The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade . The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade , although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people . Polish uprising Main article : Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) In late 1918 , a Polish government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed . In December , Poles launched an uprising within the German province of Posen . Fighting lasted until February , when an armistice was signed that left the province in Polish hands , but technically still a German possession . Negotiations The heads of the `` Big Four '' nations at the Paris Peace Conference , 27 May 1919 . From left to right : David Lloyd George , Vittorio Orlando , Georges Clemenceau , and Woodrow Wilson Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris . Initially , 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations . The defeated nations of Germany , Austria , and Hungary were excluded from the negotiations . Russia was also excluded because it had negotiated a separate peace ( the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ) with Germany in 1918 . The terms of this treaty awarded Germany a large proportion of Russia 's land and resources . Its terms were extremely harsh , as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out . At first a `` Council of Ten '' comprising two delegates each from Britain , France , the United States , Italy and Japan met officially to decide the peace terms . It became the `` Big Four '' when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four nations met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions to be ratified by the entire assembly . Apart from Italian issues , the main conditions were determined at personal meetings among the leaders of the `` Big Three '' nations : British Prime Minister David Lloyd George , French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau , and American President Woodrow Wilson . The minor nations attended a weekly `` Plenary Conference '' that discussed issues in a general forum , but made no decisions . These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations , many of which were incorporated into the final treaty . French aims As the only major allied power sharing a land border with Germany , France was chiefly concerned with weakening Germany as much as possible . The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau described France 's position best by telling Wilson : `` America is far away , protected by the ocean . Not even Napoleon himself could touch England . You are both sheltered ; we are not . '' Clemenceau and his colleagues hoped at the very least to have Allied troops occupy bridges over the Rhine and proposed a plan to create a buffer state in the Rhineland in order to create a barrier between a revitalized Germany and France . However , their demands would not be met by the treaty . Instead , France obtained the demilitarization of the Rhineland , a mandate over the Saar and promises of Anglo - American support in case of a new German aggression ( a commitment that could not be relied on after the United States failed to ratify the treaty ) . Clemenceau 's inability to procure the Rhineland state led to fierce criticism of him in France and contributed to his subsequent fall from power . British economist John Maynard Keynes argued , So far as possible , therefore , it was the policy of France to set the clock back and undo what , since 1870 , the progress of Germany had accomplished . By loss of territory and other measures her population was to be curtailed ; but chiefly the economic system , upon which she depended for her new strength , the vast fabric built upon iron , coal , and transport must be destroyed . If France could seize , even in part , what Germany was compelled to drop , the inequality of strength between the two rivals for European hegemony might be remedied for generations . France , which suffered significant destruction in its northern territories ( the worst damage sustained in areas that formed a so - called Red Zone ) and the second heaviest ( after the Russian empire ) human losses among allies ( see main article World War I casualties ) , was adamant on the payment of reparations . The failure of the government of the Weimar Republic to pay these reparations led to the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian forces . British aims Further information : Heavenly Twins ( Sumner and Cunliffe ) Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war and Prime Minister David Lloyd George supported reparations to a lesser extent than the French . Britain began to look on a restored Germany as an important trading partner and worried about the effect of reparations on the British economy . American aims Main article : Fourteen Points Before the end of the war , President Woodrow Wilson put forward his Fourteen Points , which represented the liberal position at the Conference and helped shape world opinion . Wilson was concerned with rebuilding the European economy , encouraging self - determination , promoting free trade , creating appropriate mandates for former colonies , and above all , creating a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace . He opposed harsh treatment of Germany but was outmanoeuvered by Britain and France . He brought along top intellectuals as advisors , but his refusal to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation made his efforts seem partisan , and it contributed to a risk of political defeat at home . Treaty Further information : Full text of the treaty German Johannes Bell signs the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors , with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him . In June 1919 , the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves . The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position , and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty . Gustav Bauer , the head of the new government , sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn , including Articles 227 , 230 and 231 . In response , the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours . On 23 June , Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty . On 28 June 1919 , the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( the immediate impetus for the war ) , the peace treaty was signed . The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes , the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations , freedom of navigation on major European rivers , to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz . Territorial changes Germany after Versailles : Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The treaty stripped Germany of 25,000 square miles ( 65,000 km ) of territory and 7 million people . It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established . In Western Europe Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and cede control of the Eupen - Malmedy area . Within six months of the transfer , Belgium was required to conduct a plebiscite on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control , communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League 's decision . To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines , Germany was to cede the output of the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years ; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty . The treaty `` restored '' the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871 as they pertained to this issue . The sovereignty of Schleswig - Holstein was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time ( see Schleswig Plebiscites ) . In Eastern Europe , Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia . Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce `` all rights and title over the territory '' . Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland , with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite . The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality . The province of Posen ( now Poznan ) , which had come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising , was also to be ceded to Poland . Pomerelia ( Eastern Pomerania ) , on historical and ethnic grounds , was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor . The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East Prussian Soldau area , which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig , was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite . An area of 51,800 square kilometres ( 20,000 square miles ) was granted to Poland at the expense of Germany . Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers , for disposal according to their wishes . Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland , including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea , for the League of Nations to establish the Free City of Danzig . Mandates Main article : League of Nations mandate German colonies ( light blue ) made into League of Nations mandates . Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states . Togoland and German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) were transferred to France . Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium , whereas German South - West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained German East Africa . As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa , Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle , a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique . Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong , China , to Japan , not to China . Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia , except for German Samoa , which was taken by New Zealand . Military restrictions The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces ( the Reichswehr ) . The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament . Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions . The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units , and the General Staff was to be dissolved . Military schools for officer training were limited to three , one school per arm , and conscription was abolished . Private soldiers and Non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of 25 years , with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises . To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men , the number of men allowed to leave early was limited . Workmen decommission a heavy gun , to comply with the treaty . The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size , with increases limited to population increases ; paramilitary forces were forbidden . The Rhineland was to be demilitarized , all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden . Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed . Germany was prohibited from the arms trade , limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons , armoured cars , tanks and military aircraft . The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers ( not exceeding 6,000 long tons ( 6,100 t ) ) , twelve destroyers ( not exceeding 800 long tons ( 810 t ) ) and twelve torpedo boats ( not exceeding 200 long tons ( 200 t ) ) and was forbidden submarines . The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men , including manning for the fleet , coast defences , signal stations , administration , other land services , officers and men of all grades and corps . The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed 1,500 men . Germany surrendered eight battleships , eight light cruisers , forty - two destroyers , and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning . Thirty - two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use . Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force , including naval air forces , and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials . In conjunction , Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty . Reparations Main article : World War I reparations In Article 231 Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war `` as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies . '' The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers , and it also established an Allied `` Reparation Commission '' to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take . The commission was required to `` give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard '' , and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921 . In the interim , the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ( $5 billion ) in gold , commodities , ships , securities or other forms . The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany . Guarantees Location of the Rhineland To ensure compliance , the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years . If Germany had not committed aggression , a staged withdrawal would take place ; after five years , the Cologne bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated . After ten years , the bridgehead at Coblenz and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn . If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations , the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately . International organizations Main articles : Covenant of the League of Nations and International Labour Organization § History Part I of the treaty , as per all the treaties signed during the Paris Peace Conference , was the Covenant of the League of Nations , which provided for the creation of the League , an organization for the arbitration of international disputes . Part XIII organized the establishment of the International Labour Officer , to regulate hours of work , including a maximum working day and week ; the regulation of the labour supply ; the prevention of unemployment ; the provision of a living wage ; the protection of the worker against sickness , disease and injury arising out of his employment ; the protection of children , young persons and women ; provision for old age and injury ; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad ; recognition of the principle of freedom of association ; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures . The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the International Opium Convention . Reactions Among the Allies Britain The surrender of the German High Seas Fleet following the Armistice and its internment ( and eventual scuttling ) in Scapa Flow meant that Britain had already accomplished her primary war goal even before the Paris Peace Conference opened . With the German naval threat removed , Britain began focusing on Germany as a bulwark against the threat posed by the new Soviet Union . Thus , British policy towards Germany began diverging from France 's almost from the moment the guns fell silent . British officials at the conference declared French policy to be `` greedy '' and `` vindictive , '' with Ramsay MacDonald later announcing , after Hitler 's re-militarisation of the Rhineland in 1936 , that he was `` pleased '' that the treaty was `` vanishing '' , expressing his hope that the French had been taught a `` severe lesson '' . In 1938 , Lloyd George published a massive two - volume memoir titled The Truth About the Peace Treaties , in which he effectively repudiated the terms of the treaty that bore his signature . France France signed the treaty and was active in the League . The French people rejoiced that Alsace and Lorraine had been returned to France and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations . But the perception that Clemenceau had failed to achieve all of France 's demands damaged him politically . When he stood for election as President of France in January 1920 , he was defeated . Through much of the 1920s , France was the most vigorous of the wartime Allies in seeking to enforce the treaty 's harsher terms , especially with regard to reparations . Without strong British support , however , she was largely unsuccessful . French Marshal Ferdinand Foch -- who felt the restrictions on Germany were too lenient -- prophetically predicted that `` this ( treaty ) is not peace . It is an Armistice for twenty years . '' Italy Reaction in Italy to the treaty was extremely negative . The country had suffered high casualties , yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals , notably gaining control of the Dalmatian coast and Fiume . President Wilson rejected Italy 's claims on the basis of `` national self - determination . '' For their part , Britain and France -- who had been forced in the war 's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse -- were disinclined to support Italy 's position at the peace conference . Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier Vittorio Orlando and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino further undermined Italy 's position at the conference . A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference ( though he later returned ) . He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed , effectively ending his active political career . Anger and dismay over the treaty 's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of Benito Mussolini 's dictatorship three years later . Portugal Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its African colonies , which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany . To this extent , she succeeded in her war aims . The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany 's bordering overseas colonies . Otherwise , however , Portugal obtained little at the peace conference . Her promised share of German reparations never materialized , and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new League of Nations went instead to Spain -- which had remained neutral in the war . In the end , Portugal ratified the treaty , but got little out of the war , which cost more than 8,000 Portuguese troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives . United States Senator Borah , Lodge and Johnson refuse Lady Peace a seat . Refers to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of Treaty of Versailles establishing the League of Nations . After the Versailles conference , Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that `` at last the world knows America as the savior of the world ! '' However , the Republican Party , led by Henry Cabot Lodge , controlled the US Senate after the election of 1918 , and the senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two - thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty . A discontent bloc of 12 -- 18 `` Irreconcilables '' , mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats , fiercely opposed the treaty . One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty , even with reservations added by Lodge . A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations . The largest bloc , led by Senator Lodge , comprised a majority of the Republicans . They wanted a treaty with reservations , especially on Article 10 , which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the US Congress . All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson , and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them . However , Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills . The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919 , as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats , and were close to a two - thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations , but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification . Among the American public as a whole , the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the treaty , saying it favored the British . After Wilson 's presidency , his successor Republican President Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations . Congress subsequently passed the Knox -- Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers . It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921 . Soon after , the US -- German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921 , the US -- Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921 , and the US -- Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921 . China China felt betrayed as the German territory in China was handed to Japan . The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China and the fall of the nascent Chinese Republic 's government and poisoned relations with the West . House 's views Wilson 's former friend Edward Mandell House , present at the negotiations , wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919 : I am leaving Paris , after eight fateful months , with conflicting emotions . Looking at the conference in retrospect , there is much to approve and yet much to regret . It is easy to say what should have been done , but more difficult to have found a way of doing it . To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement , I feel like admitting it . But I would also say in reply that empires can not be shattered , and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance . To create new boundaries is to create new troubles . The one follows the other . While I should have preferred a different peace , I doubt very much whether it could have been made , for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris . In Germany See also : Stab - in - the - back legend German delegates in Versailles : Professor Walther Schücking , Reichspostminister Johannes Giesberts , Justice Minister Otto Landsberg , Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau , Prussian State President Robert Leinert , and financial advisor Carl Melchior . On 29 April , the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau arrived in Versailles . On 7 May , when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors , including the so - called `` War Guilt Clause '' , von Brockdorff - Rantzau replied to Clemenceau , Wilson and Lloyd George : `` We know the full brunt of hate that confronts us here . You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war ; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie . '' Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations , the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands , and a `` violation of honour '' , soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference . Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty -- particularly the provision that blamed Germany for starting the war -- as an insult to the nation 's honor . They referred to the treaty as `` the Diktat '' since its terms were presented to Germany on a take - it - or - leave - it basis . Germany ′ s first democratically elected head of government , Philipp Scheidemann , resigned rather than sign the treaty . In a passionate speech before the National Assembly on 21 March 1919 , he called the treaty a `` murderous plan '' and exclaimed , Which hand , trying to put us in chains like these , would not wither ? The treaty is unacceptable . After Scheidemann ′ s resignation , a new coalition government was formed under Gustav Bauer . President Friedrich Ebert knew that Germany was in an impossible situation . Although he shared his countrymen 's disgust with the treaty , he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it . He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty , the Allies would invade Germany from the west -- and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion . With this in mind , he asked Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war . If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out , Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty . Hindenburg -- after prodding from his chief of staff , Wilhelm Groener -- concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale . However , rather than inform Ebert himself , he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities . Upon receiving this , the new government recommended signing the treaty . The National Assembly voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138 , with five abstentions ( there were 421 delegates in total ) . This result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline . Foreign minister Hermann Müller and colonial minister Johannes Bell travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany . The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116 . Demonstration against the treaty in front of the Reichstag . Conservatives , nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the treaty . Politicians of the Weimar Republic who supported the treaty , socialists , communists , and Jews were viewed with suspicion as persons of questionable loyalty . It was rumored that Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling Germany out to its enemies . Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germany and the newly formed Weimar Republic were regarded as having `` stabbed Germany in the back '' . Those who instigated unrest and strikes in the critical military industries on the home front or who opposed German nationalism were seen to have contributed to Germany 's defeat . These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918 , its armies were still on French and Belgian territory . Furthermore , on the Eastern Front , Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . In the West , Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918 . Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive , leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel . The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors , with the Jews taking most of the blame . Violations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hitler announces the Anschluss of Austria in violation of Art . 80 on the Heldenplatz , Vienna , 15 March 1938 . The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency . Nonetheless , even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations ( 132 billion gold marks ) still placed a significant burden on the German economy . Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed , Germans blamed the near - collapse of their economy on the treaty , and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one - third of the hyper - inflation . In March 1921 , French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg , which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland , according to the Treaty of Versailles . In January 1923 , French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty . The German government answered with `` passive resistance '' , which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces . Production and transportation came to a standstill , but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany . Consequently , passive resistance was called off in late 1923 . The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan , which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925 . Some significant violations of the provisions of the treaty were : At the time of signing in 1919 , the dissolution of the General Staff according to Article 160 appeared to happen ; however , the core of the General Staff was reestablished and hidden in the Truppenamt . March 1935 , under the government of Adolf Hitler , Germany violated the Part V of the Treaty of Versailles by introducing compulsory military conscription in Germany and rebuilding the armed forces . March 1936 , Germany violated Article 43 of the treaty by reoccupying the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland . March 1938 , Germany violated Article 80 of the treaty by annexing Austria in the Anschluss . Historical assessments John Maynard Keynes , the principal representative of the British Treasury , referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' . According to David Stevenson , since the opening of French archives , most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference , though Stevenson notes that `` ( t ) he jury is still out '' , and that `` there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way . '' In his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace , John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' , a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French revanchism , rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , which Germany had accepted at the armistice . He stated : `` I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible . '' Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference , and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others ( including some US officials ) had used at Paris . He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay , and that these would produce drastic instability . French economist Étienne Mantoux disputed that analysis . During the 1940s , Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace , or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes ' claims . More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments . It has been argued ( for instance by historian Gerhard Weinberg in his book A World At Arms ) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany . The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up , and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation ( in contrast to the situation following World War II ) . In a 1995 essay , Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of Austria - Hungary and with Russia withdrawn from Europe , that Germany was now the dominant power in Eastern Europe . The British military historian Correlli Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was `` extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself , when she was expecting to win the war , had had in mind to impose on the Allies '' . Furthermore , he claimed , it was `` hardly a slap on the wrist '' when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918 , which had taken away a third of Russia 's population ( albeit of non-Russian ethnicity ) , one - half of Russia 's industrial undertakings and nine - tenths of Russia 's coal mines , coupled with an indemnity of six billion marks . Eventually , even under the `` cruel '' terms of the Treaty of Versailles , Germany ′ s economy had been restored to its pre-war status . Barnett also claims that , in strategic terms , Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914 . Germany ′ s eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria , who had both in the past balanced German power . Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer , because the former Austrian Empire fractured after the war into smaller , weaker states , Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war , and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany . In the West , Germany was balanced only by France and Belgium , both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany . Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany , the treaty `` much enhanced '' German power . Britain and France should have ( according to Barnett ) `` divided and permanently weakened '' Germany by undoing Bismarck 's work and partitioning Germany into smaller , weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again . By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe , Britain `` had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War '' . American contemporary view of German World War I reparations . Political cartoon 1921 . The British historian of modern Germany , Richard J. Evans , wrote that during the war the German right was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa . Consequently , any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them . Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles . Evans further noted that the parties of the Weimar Coalition , namely the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , the social liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) and the Christian democratic Centre Party , were all equally opposed to Versailles , and it is false to claim as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the Weimar Republic . Finally , Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic , instead contending that it was the Great Depression of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy . He also argued that Versailles was not the `` main cause '' of National Socialism and the German economy was `` only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations '' . Ewa Thompson points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule , a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography , more interested in understanding the German point of view . In nations that found themselves free as the result of the treaty -- such as Poles or Czechs -- it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours . Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis , resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party . The German historian Detlev Peukert wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the interwar period , and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany . Rather , Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty , and it was this `` perception '' rather than the `` reality '' of the Versailles treaty that mattered . Peukert noted that because of the `` millenarian hopes '' created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe , any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated German Reich were bound to create a nationalist backlash , and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash . Having noted that much , Peukert commented that the policy of rapprochement with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe , and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles . Finally , Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of autarky within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic , not the Treaty of Versailles . French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of Germans in the Sudetenland and in Posen - West Prussia were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment , where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented . Cartier asserts that , out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen - West Prussia in 1921 , 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment . In 1926 , the Polish Ministry of the Interior estimated the remaining number of Germans at fewer than 300,000 . These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler ′ s annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland . See also United Nations portal World War I portal Aftermath of World War I Causes of World War II Decree on Peace International Opium Convention , incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles Little Treaty of Versailles Minority Treaties Neutrality Acts of 1930s Septemberprogramm Treaty of Rapallo ( 1920 ) Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ see the Reparations section . Jump up ^ Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers . Article 117 of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye with Austria , Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary , Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria and Article 231 of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey . Jump up ^ see The Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , The Treaty of Trianon , The Treaty of Neuilly , and The Treaty of Sèvres . Citations ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Preamble ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 114 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 107 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Article 5 . Form of a Treaty '' , The American Journal of International Law , Vol. 29 , Supplement : Research in International Law ( 1935 ) , pp. 722 -- 39 , at p. 725 . Jump up ^ The order below is as it appears in the preamble of the treaty . The states are divided into two groups . In each , the states are listed alphabetically according to the French language . The United States is alphabetised as Amérique . The order is otherwise the same as for English , except Czechoslovakia , which in French is Tchécoslovaquie . ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Signatures and Protocol Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) with Austria ; Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria ; Treaty of Trianon with Hungary ; Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire ; Davis , Robert T. , ed. ( 2010 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security : Chronology and Index for the 20th Century . 1 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger Security International . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38385 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes , Hickey , p. 9 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 19 Jump up ^ Folly , p. xxxiv Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 429 Jump up ^ Fourteen Points Speech Jump up ^ Irwin Unger , These United States ( 2007 ) p. 561 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes , Hickey , p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Truitt , p. 114 Jump up ^ Beller , pp. 182 -- 95 Jump up ^ Bessel , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Hardach , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Simkins , p. 71 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 638 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 101 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 102 Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 8 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 526 Jump up ^ Edmonds , ( 1943 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Martel ( 1999 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . 1940 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Frucht , p. 24 Jump up ^ Lentin , Antony ( 1985 ) ( 1984 ) . Guilt at Versailles : Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 41130 - 0 . Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Venzon , p. 439 Jump up ^ Keylor , William R. ( 1998 ) . The Legacy of the Great War : Peacemaking , 1919 . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 669 - 41711 - 4 . Jump up ^ Larousse ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sontag , p. 22 Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes , The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( Harcourt Brace and Howe , 1920 ) p. 34 Jump up ^ David Thomson , Europe Since Napoleon . Penguin Books . 1970 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 73 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 227 -- 230 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XII Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 246 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 33 and 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 45 and 49 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Section V preamble and Article 51 Jump up ^ Peckham , p. 107 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 81 and 83 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 88 and annex Jump up ^ Martin , p. lii Jump up ^ Boemeke , p. 325 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 94 Jump up ^ Ingrao , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brezina , p. 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 99 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 100 -- 104 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 22 and 119 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 437 ^ Jump up to : Benians , p. 658 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 1224 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 496 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 156 Jump up ^ Shuster , p. 74 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V preamble Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 159 , 160 , 163 and Table 1 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 173 , 174 , 175 and 176 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 161 , 162 , and 176 ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles , Articles 42 , 43 , and 180 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 115 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 165 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 198 and tables No. II and III . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 181 and 190 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 185 and 187 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 198 , 201 , and 202 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 231 Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Article 177 Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , Article 161 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine , Article 121 Jump up ^ Treaty of Sèvres , Article 231 Jump up ^ Martel ( 2010 ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 232 -- 35 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 428 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 429 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 430 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part I Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XIII preamble and Article 388 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 295 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Lloyd George , 1938 , p . Jump up ^ R. Henig , Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 ( London : Routledge , 1995 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses , Post-war Settlement ( Portugal ) in : 1914 -- 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War , ed. by Ute Daniel , Peter Gatrell , Oliver Janz , Heather Jones , Jennifer Keene , Alan Kramer , and Bill Nasson , issued by Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR . 66th Cong. , 1st sess . Senate Documents : Addresses of President Wilson ( May -- November 1919 ) , vol. 11 , no . 120 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal ( 1945 ) online Jump up ^ William C. Widenor , Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Ralph A. Stone , The Irreconcilables : The Fight Against the League of Nations ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) ch 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duff , John B. ( 1968 ) . `` The Versailles Treaty and the Irish - Americans '' . Journal of American History . 55 ( 3 ) : 582 -- 598 . doi : 10.2307 / 1891015 . JSTOR 1891015 . Jump up ^ Wimer , Kurt ; Wimer , Sarah ( 1967 ) . `` The Harding Administration , the League of Nations , and the Separate Peace Treaty '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 29 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 24 . doi : 10.1017 / S0034670500023706 . JSTOR 1405810 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 3 July 1921 ) . `` HARDING ENDS WAR ; SIGNS PEACE DECREE AT SENATOR 'S HOME . Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Britains Forgotten Army , Director / Producer Simon Chu , Radio Times , p. 61 , 63 11 - 17 November 2017 Jump up ^ The Betrayed Ally , China in the Great War , Introduction , Christopher Arnander & Frances Wood , Pen and Sword , 2016 Jump up ^ Bibliographical Introduction to `` Diary , Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House '' . Archived 23 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foreign Minister Brockdorff - Ranzau when faced with the conditions on 7 May : `` Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses , die uns hier entgegentritt . Es wird von uns verlangt , daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Krieg bekennen ; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge '' . 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ Lauteinann , Geschichten in Quellen Bd. 6 , S. 129 . Jump up ^ Koppel S. Pinson ( 1964 ) . Modern Germany : Its History and Civilization ( 13th printing ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . p. 397 f . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 160 Jump up ^ Michael Geyer , Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860 bis 1980 , Frankfurt 1984 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V Jump up ^ Fischer , Klaus ( 1995 ) . Nazi Germany : A New History , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Parker ( 1956 ) , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ CBS World Roundup Broadcast 13 March 1938 Columbia Broadcasting System retrieved from http://otr.com/ra/news/CBS_Roundup_3-13-1938.mp3 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes . The Economic Consequences of the Peace at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Keynes ( 1919 ) . The Economic Consequences of the Peace . Ch VI . The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe -- nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours , nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe , nothing to reclaim Russia ; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves ; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy , or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New . The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues , being preoccupied with others -- Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy , Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week , the President to do nothing that was not just and right . It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes , was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four . Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field , and they settled it as a problem of theology , of polities , of electoral chicane , from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling . Jump up ^ Hantke , Max ; Spoerer , Mark ( 2010 ) . `` The imposed gift of Versailles : the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany 's armed forces , 1924 -- 9 '' ( PDF ) . Economic History Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 849 -- 864 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2009. 00512. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David . ( 20 February 1994 ) . `` Over There , and There , and There . '' Review of : `` A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , '' by Gerhard L. Weinberg . New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard Germany , Hitler and World War II , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Correlli Barnett , The Collapse of British Power ( London : Pan , 2002 ) , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Richard In Hitler 's Shadow , New York : Panatheon 1989 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson , Rice University ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Peukert , Detlev The Weimar Republic , New York : Hill & Wang , 1992 page 278 . ^ Jump up to : La Seconde Guerre mondiale , Raymond Cartier , Paris , Larousse Paris Match , 1965 , quoted in : Pater Lothar Groppe ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Die `` Jagd auf Deutsche '' im Osten : Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem `` Bromberger Blutsonntag '' vor 50 Jahren `` . Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung / 28 . August 2004 ( in German ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . ' Von 1.058. 000 Deutschen , die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten ' , ist bei Cartier zu lesen , ' waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert . Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15 . Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt . ' Further reading Andelman , David A. ( 2008 ) . A Shattered Peace : Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today . New York / London : J. Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 78898 - 0 . Bell , Origins of the Second World War Birdsall , Paul . Versailles twenty years after ( 1941 ) old but still useful summary Boemke , Manfred F. , Gerald D. Feldman , and Elisabeth Gläser ( eds . ) , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 Years . Washington , D.C. : German Historical Institute , 1998 . Cooper , John Milton . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Demarco , Neil ( 1987 ) . The World This Century . London : Collins Educational . ISBN 0 - 00 - 322217 - 9 . Fischer , Klaus . Nazi Germany : A New History . New York : Continuum , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 82640 - 797 - 9 Graebner , Norman A. and Edward M. Bennett , The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy : The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2011 . Herron , George D. ( 1924 ) . The Defeat in the Victory . Boston : Christopher Publishing House . xvi , ( 4 ) , 202 pp . Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Peacemakers . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5939 - 1 . Also published as Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76052 - 0 . Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829236 - 8 . Martel , Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Parker , R.A.C. `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' pages 355 -- 373 from World Politics , Volume 8 , Issue # 3 , April 1956 . Sharp , Alan ( 2011 ) . Consequences of Peace : The Versailles Settlement : Aftermath and Legacy 1919 -- 2010 . Haus Publishing . Sharp , Alan . The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking After the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2008 ) Shepley , Nick . The Paris Peace Conference 1919 : A student 's guide to the Treaty of Versailles ( 2015 ) ; 51pp online Sontag , Richard ( 1971 ) . A Broken World , 1919 - 1939 . Michigan : Harper and Row . Stevenson , David ( 1998 ) . `` France at the Paris Peace Conference : Addressing the Dilemmas of Security '' . In Robert W.D. Boyce . French Foreign and Defence Policy , 1918 -- 1940 : The Decline and Fall of a Great Power . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15039 - 2 . Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John ( 1972 ) . The Wreck of Reparations , being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement , 1932 . New York : H. Fertig . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Versailles . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Versailles Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Peace between Germany and the United States of America Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Photographs of the document The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today 's world Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty Woodrow Wilson Original Letters on Treaty of Versailles , Shapell Manuscript Foundation My 1919 -- A film from the Chinese point of view , the only country that did not sign the treaty `` Versailles Revisted '' ( Review of Manfred Boemeke , Gerald Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment after 75 Years . Cambridge , UK : German Historical Institute , Washington , and Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , Strategic Studies 9 : 2 ( Spring 2000 ) , 191 -- 205 Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty at omniatlas.com Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France World War I treaties During the war Sykes -- Picot St. - Jean - de-Maurienne Damascus Protocol London Brest - Litovsk Ukraine Batum Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint - Germain - en - Laye Neuilly - sur - Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath Rapallo ( 1920 ) Tartu ( 1920 ) Warsaw Riga ( 1920 ) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga ( 1921 ) Tartu ( 1921 ) Cilicia Ankara Kars Lausanne Rapallo ( 1922 ) Territories of the Former Austro - Hungarian Monarchy Italian Reparation Payments Sino - German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Turkish Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt British ( Egypt ) Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal See also : Fourteen Points Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1858 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1858 ) Anglo - 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Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1894 ) Italo -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Japan - China Peace Treaty ( 1895 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan ( 1895 ) Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula ( 1895 ) ( ja ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Komura - Weber Memorandum ( 1896 ) Yamagata -- Lobanov Agreement ( 1896 ) Japan -- China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) ( ja ) Franco -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Japan -- Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan ( 1897 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan ( 1898 ) Nishi -- Rosen Agreement ( 1898 ) Japan - Thailand Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Treaty ( 1898 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Anglo - Japanese Alliance ( 1902 ) Japan - China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1903 ) ( ja ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1904 Japan -- Korea Agreement of August 1904 Japan - Russia Treaty of Peace ( 1905 ) Taft -- Katsura agreement ( 1905 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Additional Agreement of the Japan - China Treaty relating to Manchuria ( 1905 ) ( ja ) Franco - Japanese Treaty of 1907 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1907 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1907 Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 Root -- Takahira Agreement ( 1908 ) Japan - China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao ( 1909 ) ( ja ) Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1910 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1911 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1912 World War I -- II ( 1912 -- 45 ) Japan - China Treaty of 1915 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1916 Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ( 1917 ) Japan - China Co-defense Military Pact ( 1918 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1919 ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( 1919 ) Svalbard Treaty ( 1920 ) Gongota Agreement of 1920 Treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1921 ) Four - Power Treaty ( 1921 ) Nine - Power Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues ( 1922 ) ( ja ) Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) Klaipėda Convention ( 1924 ) Soviet -- Japanese Basic Convention ( 1925 ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1927 ) Kellogg -- Briand Pact ( 1928 ) Japan - China Customs Agreement ( 1930 ) London Naval Treaty ( 1930 ) Cease Fire Agreement in Shanghai ( 1932 ) ( ja ) Japan - Manchukuo Protocol ( 1932 ) Tanggu Truce ( 1933 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1934 Japan - Manchukuo - Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway ( 1935 ) ( ja ) He -- Umezu Agreement ( 1935 ) Chin - Doihara Agreement ( 1935 ) Canada - Japan New Trade Agreement ( 1935 ) Japan - Netherlands Shipping Agreement ( 1936 ) Anti-Comintern Pact ( 1936 ) Hart - Ishizawa Agreement ( 1937 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1937 Van Mook - Kotani Agreement ( 1938 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Japan - China Basic Relations Treaty ( 1940 ) Japan - Manchukuo - China Joint Declaration ( 1940 ) ( ja ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( 1941 ) Japan - Thailand Attack / Defence Alliance Treaty ( 1941 ) ( ja ) Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( 1945 ) During Cold War ( 1945 -- 89 ) Security Treaty between the United States and Japan ( 1951 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma ( 1954 ) Japan -- Philippines Reparations Agreement ( 1956 ) Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia ( 1958 ) Japan -- South Vietnam Reparations Agreement ( 1959 ) Japan -- US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security ( 1960 ) Tokyo Convention ( 1963 ) Japan -- South Korea Treaty ( 1965 ) Ogasawara Reversion Agreement ( 1968 ) Okinawa Reversion Agreement ( 1971 ) Japan -- China Joint Communiqué ( 1972 ) Japan -- North Vietnam Agreement ( 1973 ) Japan -- China Trade Agreement ( 1974 ) Basic Treaty between Japan and Australia ( 1976 ) Sino -- Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty ( 1978 ) VIAF : 216082262 GND : 4063141 - 2 BNF : cb162047487 ( data ) HDS : 26467 NDL : 00574105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Versailles&oldid=833788945 '' Categories : Treaty of Versailles 1919 in France Arms control treaties France -- Germany relations Germany -- Italy relations Germany -- Japan relations Germany -- United Kingdom relations Germany -- United States relations International relations Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Peace treaties of France Peace treaties of Germany Peace treaties of Italy Peace treaties of Japan Peace treaties of the United Kingdom Peace treaties of the United States Treaties concluded in 1919 Treaties entered into force in 1920 Treaties of the Empire of Japan Treaties of the French Third Republic Treaties of the German Empire Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) World War I treaties June 1919 events Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Project Gutenberg links CS1 German - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was blamed for ww1 in the treaty of versailles	[ "In Article 231 Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war \"as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies.\"[76][nb 2] The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers, and it also established an Allied \"Reparation Commission\" to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take. The commission was required to \"give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard\", and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921. In the interim, the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ($5 billion) in gold, commodities, ships, securities or other forms. The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany.[81][82]" ]	[ "Germany and her allies" ]
2144895851798232321	Indian Premier League	Indian Premier League - Wikipedia Indian Premier League Indian Premier League ( IPL ) Official IPL logo Countries India Administrator BCCI Format Twenty20 First tournament 2008 Last tournament 2018 Next tournament 2019 Tournament format Double round - robin league and Playoffs Number of teams 8 Current champion Chennai Super Kings Most successful Mumbai Indians Chennai Super Kings ( 3 titles each ) Most runs Suresh Raina ( 4985 ) Most wickets Lasith Malinga ( 154 ) TV List of broadcasters Website iplt20.com 2018 IPL season Tournaments 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 The Indian Premier League ( IPL ) , officially Vivo Indian Premier League for sponsorship reasons , is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India contested during April and May of every year by teams representing Indian cities and some states . The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) in 2008 , and is regarded as the brainchild of Lalit Modi , the founder and former commissioner of the league . IPL has an exclusive window in ICC Future Tours Programme . The IPL is the most - attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues . In 2010 , the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube . The brand value of IPL in 2018 was US $ 6.3 billion , according to Duff & Phelps . According to BCCI , the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹ 11.5 billion ( US $182 million ) to the GDP of the Indian economy . There have been eleven seasons of the IPL tournament . The current IPL title holders are the Chennai Super Kings , who won the 2018 season . The most successful franchises in the tournament are the Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians with 3 tournament wins each . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Foundation 1.3 Expansions and terminations 2 Organization 2.1 Tournament format 2.2 Player acquisition , squad composition and salaries 2.3 Prize money 2.4 Rules 3 Teams 3.1 Current teams 3.2 Former teams 4 Tournament seasons and results 4.1 Teams ' performances 5 Awards 5.1 Orange Cap 5.2 Purple Cap 6 Financials 6.1 Title sponsorship 6.2 Brand value 7 Broadcasting 7.1 International broadcasters 8 IPL Governing Council 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History Background The Indian Cricket League ( ICL ) was founded in 2007 , with funding provided by Zee Entertainment Enterprises . The ICL was not recognised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) or the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) and the BCCI were not pleased with its committee members joining the ICL executive board . To prevent players from joining the ICL , the BCCI increased the prize money in their own domestic tournaments and also imposed lifetime bans on players joining the ICL , which was considered a rebel league by the board . Foundation `` The IPL has been designed to entice an entire new generation of sports fans into the grounds throughout the country . The dynamic Twenty20 format has been designed to attract a young fan base , which also includes women and children . '' -- Modi during the launch of the IPL . On 13 September 2007 , the BCCI announced the launch of a franchise - based Twenty20 cricket competition called Indian Premier League whose first season was slated to start in April 2008 , in a `` high - profile ceremony '' in New Delhi . BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi , said to be the mastermind behind the idea of IPL , spelled out the details of the tournament including its format , the prize money , franchise revenue system and squad composition rules . It was also revealed that the IPL would be run by a seven - man governing council composed of former India players and BCCI officials , and that the top two teams of the IPL would qualify for that year 's Champions League Twenty20 . Modi also clarified that they had been working on the idea for two years and that IPL was not started as a `` knee - jerk reaction '' to the ICL . The league 's format was similar to that of the Premier League of England and the NBA in the United States . In order to decide the owners for the new league , an auction was held on 24 January 2008 with the total base prices of the franchises costing around $400 million . At the end of the auction , the winning bidders were announced , as well as the cities the teams would be based in : Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Kolkata , Mohali , and Mumbai . In the end , the franchises were all sold for a total of $723.59 million . The Indian Cricket League soon folded in 2008 . Expansions and terminations Crowd during a match of the 2015 IPL season in Hyderabad , India . On 21 March 2010 , it was announced that two new franchises -- Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala -- would join the league before the fourth season in 2011 . Sahara Adventure Sports Group bought the Pune franchise for $370 million while Rendezvous Sports World bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million . However , one year later , on 11 November 2011 , it was announced that the Kochi Tuskers Kerala side would be terminated following the side breaching the BCCI 's terms of conditions . Then , on 14 September 2012 , following the team not being able to find new owners , the BCCI announced that the 2009 champions , the Deccan Chargers , would be terminated . The next month , on 25 October , an auction was held to see who would be the owner of the replacement franchise , with Sun TV Network winning the bid for the Hyderabad franchise . The team would be named Sunrisers Hyderabad . Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL on 21 May 2013 over financial differences with the BCCI . The franchise was officially terminated by the BCCI , on 26 October 2013 , on account of the franchise failing to provide the necessary bank guarantee . On 14 June 2015 , it was announced that two - time champions , Chennai Super Kings , and the inaugural season champions , Rajasthan Royals , would be suspended for two seasons following their role in a match - fixing and betting scandal . Then , on 8 December 2015 , following an auction , it was revealed that Pune and Rajkot would replace Chennai and Rajasthan for two seasons . The two teams were the Rising Pune Supergiant and the Gujarat Lions . Organization Tournament format Currently , with eight teams , each team plays each other twice in a home - and - away round - robin format in the league phase . At the conclusion of the league stage , the top four teams will qualify for the playoffs . The top two teams from the league phase will play against each other in the first Qualifying match , with the winner going straight to the IPL final and the loser getting another chance to qualify for the IPL final by playing the second Qualifying match . Meanwhile , the third and fourth place teams from league phase play against each other in an eliminator match and the winner from that match will play the loser from the first Qualifying match . The winner of the second Qualifying match will move onto the final to play the winner of the first Qualifying match in the IPL Final match , where the winner will be crowned the Indian Premier League champions . Player acquisition , squad composition and salaries A team can acquire players through any of the three ways : the annual player auction , trading players with other teams during the trading windows , and signing replacements for unavailable players . Players sign up for the auction and also set their base price , and are bought by the franchise that bids the highest for them . Unsold players at the auction are eligible to be signed up as replacement signings . In the trading windows , a player can only be traded with his consent , with the franchise paying the difference if any between the old and new contract . If the new contract is worth more than the older one , the difference is shared between the player and the franchise selling the player . There are generally three trading windows -- two before the auction , and one after the auction but before the start of the tournament . Players can not be traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament , whereas replacements can be signed before or during the tournament . Some of the team composition rules ( as of 2018 season ) are as follows : The squad strength must be between 18 and 25 players , with a maximum of 8 overseas players . Salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹ 80 crore . Under - 19 players can not be picked unless they have previously played first - class or List A cricket . A team can play a maximum of 4 overseas players in their playing eleven but there are some instances in IPL when a team have been played with less than 4 overseas players . The term of a player contract is one year , with the franchise having the option to extend the contract by one or two years . Since the 2014 season , the player contracts are denominated in the Indian rupee , before which the contracts were in U.S. dollars . Overseas players can be remunerated in the currency of the player 's choice at the exchange rate on either the contract due date or the actual date of payment . Prior to the 2014 season , Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool and could be signed up by the franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹ 10 to 30 lakh would get deducted per signing from the franchise 's salary purse . This received significant opposition from franchise owners who complained that richer franchises were `` luring players with under - the - table deals '' following which the IPL decided to include domestic players in the player auction . According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine , the average IPL salary when pro-rated is US $ 4.33 million per year , the second highest among all sport leagues in the world . Since the players in IPL are only contracted for the duration of the tournament ( less than two months ) , the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro rata to obtain average annual salary , unlike other sport leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year . Prize money The 2015 season of the IPL offered a total prize money of ₹ 40 crore ( US $5.8 million ) , with the winning team netting ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.2 million ) . The first and second runners up received 10 and 7.5 crores , respectively , with the fourth placed team also winning 7.5 crores . The others teams are not awarded any prize money . The IPL rules mandate that half of the prize money must be distributed among the players . Rules IPL games utilise television timeouts and hence there is no time limit in which teams must complete their innings . However , a penalty may be imposed if the umpires find teams misusing this privilege . Each team is given a two - and - a-half - minute `` strategic timeout '' during each innings ; one must be taken by the bowling team between the ends of the 6th and 9th overs , and one by the batting team between the ends of the 13th and 16th overs . Teams Current teams Team City Home ground Debut Current Coach Current Captain Chennai Super Kings Chennai , Tamil Nadu M.A. Chidambaram Stadium MCA Stadium , Pune 2008 Stephen Fleming MS Dhoni Delhi Daredevils Delhi , NCR Feroz Shah Kotla Ground 2008 Ricky Ponting Shreyas Iyer Kings XI Punjab Mohali , Punjab PCA Stadium , Mohali Holkar Stadium , Indore 2008 Brad Hodge Ravichandran Ashwin Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata , West Bengal Eden Gardens 2008 Jacques Kallis Dinesh Karthik Mumbai Indians Mumbai , Maharashtra Wankhede Stadium 2008 Mahela Jayawardene Rohit Sharma Rajasthan Royals Jaipur , Rajasthan Sawai Mansingh Stadium 2008 Shane Warne Ajinkya Rahane Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore , Karnataka M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2008 Daniel Vettori Virat Kohli Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad , Telangana Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 2013 Tom Moody Kane Williamson Former teams Team City Home ground Debut Dissolved Deccan Chargers Hyderabad , Telangana Rajiv Gandhi Cricket Stadium 2008 2012 Gujarat Lions Rajkot , Gujarat SCA Stadium 2016 2017 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Kochi , Kerala Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 2011 2011 Pune Warriors India Pune , Maharashtra MCA Stadium 2011 2013 Rising Pune Supergiant Pune , Maharashtra MCA Stadium 2016 2017 Tournament seasons and results Main articles : List of Indian Premier League seasons and results and List of Indian Premier League records and statistics Out of the thirteen teams that have played in the Indian Premier League since its inception , two teams has won the competition three times , one team have won the competition twice each and three other teams have won it once each . The Mumbai Indians and Chennai Super Kings are the most successful team in league 's history in terms of the number of titles won . The Kolkata Knight Riders have won two titles , and the other three teams who have won the tournament are the Deccan Chargers , Rajasthan Royals and Sunrisers Hyderabad . The current champions are Chennai Super Kings who beat Sunrisers Hyderabad in the final of the 2018 season to secure their third title and thus became the joint most successful team in IPL history ever with Mumbai Indians . IPL season results Season Final Final venue Number of teams Player of the series Winner Winning margin Runner - up 2008 Details Rajasthan Royals 164 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Won by 3 wickets ( Scorecard ) Chennai Super Kings 163 / 5 ( 20 overs ) DY Patil Stadium 8 Shane Watson 2009 Details Deccan Chargers 143 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Won by 6 runs ( Scorecard ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 137 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Wanderers Stadium ( South Africa ) 8 Adam Gilchrist Details Chennai Super Kings 168 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Won by 22 runs ( Scorecard ) Mumbai Indians 146 / 9 ( 20 overs ) DY Patil Stadium 8 Sachin Tendulkar 2011 Details Chennai Super Kings 205 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Won by 58 runs ( Scorecard ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 147 / 8 ( 20 overs ) M.A. Chidambaram Stadium 10 Chris Gayle 2012 Details Kolkata Knight Riders 192 / 5 ( 19.4 overs ) Won by 5 wickets ( Scorecard ) Chennai Super Kings 190 / 3 ( 20 overs ) M.A. Chidambaram Stadium 9 Sunil Narine 2013 Details Mumbai Indians 148 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Won by 23 runs ( Scorecard ) Chennai Super Kings 125 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Eden Gardens 9 Shane Watson 2014 Details Kolkata Knight Riders 200 / 7 ( 19.3 overs ) Won by 3 wickets ( Scorecard ) Kings XI Punjab 199 / 4 ( 20 overs ) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 8 Glenn Maxwell 2015 Details Mumbai Indians 202 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Won by 41 runs ( Scorecard ) Chennai Super Kings 161 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Eden Gardens 8 Andre Russell 2016 Details Sunrisers Hyderabad 208 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Won by 8 runs ( Scorecard ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 200 / 7 ( 20 overs ) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 8 Virat Kohli 2017 Details Mumbai Indians 129 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Won by 1 run ( Scorecard ) Rising Pune Supergiant 128 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 8 Ben Stokes 2018 Details Chennai Super Kings 181 / 2 ( 18.3 overs ) Won by 8 wickets ( Scorecard ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 178 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Wankhede Stadium 8 Sunil Narine Teams ' performances Team \ Host 2008 ( 8 ) 2009 ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 2011 ( 10 ) 2012 ( 9 ) 2013 ( 9 ) 2014 ( 8 ) 2015 ( 8 ) 2016 ( 8 ) 2017 ( 8 ) 2018 ( 8 ) Chennai Super Kings 2nd SF 1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd Sus . Sus . 1st Delhi Daredevils SF SF 5th 10th 3rd 9th 8th 7th 6th 6th 8th Deccan Chargers 8th 1st 4th 7th 8th Gujarat Lions 3rd 7th Kings XI Punjab SF 5th 8th 5th 6th 6th 2nd 8th 8th 5th 7th Kochi Tuskers Kerala 8th Kolkata Knight Riders 6th 8th 6th 4th 1st 7th 1st 5th 4th 3rd 3rd Mumbai Indians 5th 7th 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 4th 1st 5th 1st 5th Pune Warriors India 9th 9th 8th Rajasthan Royals 1st 6th 7th 6th 7th 3rd 5th 4th Sus . Sus . 4th Rising Pune Supergiant 7th 2nd Royal Challengers Bangalore 7th 2nd 3rd 2nd 5th 5th 7th 3rd 2nd 8th 6th Sunrisers Hyderabad 4th 6th 6th 1st 4th 2nd † No longer exists . Awards Main article : List of Indian Premier League awards Orange cap Main article : Orange Cap The Orange Cap is awarded to the top run - scorer in the IPL during a season . It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game , with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season . Purple cap Main article : Purple Cap The Purple Cap is awarded to the top wicket - taker in the IPL . It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game , with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season . Financials Title sponsorship From 2008 to 2012 , the title sponsor was DLF , India 's largest real estate developer , who had secured the rights with a bid of ₹ 200 crore for five seasons . After the conclusion of the 2012 season , PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for ₹ 396.8 crore for the subsequent five seasons . However , the company terminated the deal in October 2015 two years before the expiry of the contract , reportedly due to the two - season suspension of Chennai and Rajasthan franchises from the league . The BCCI then transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo for ₹ 190 crore . In June 2017 , Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons ( 2018 -- 2022 ) with a winning bid of ₹ 2199 crore , in a deal more expensive than Barclays ' Premier League title sponsorship contract between 2013 and 2016 . Title sponsor Industry Period Sponsorship fee ( per year ) DLF Real Estate 2008 -- 2012 ₹ 40 crores Pepsi Beverages Food Processing 2013 -- 2015 ₹ 79.2 crores Vivo Consumer electronics 2016 -- 2017 ₹ 95 crores 2018 -- 2022 ₹ 439.8 crores Brand value The IPL has seen a spike in its brand valuation to US $5.3 billion after the 10th edition , according to research conducted by global valuation and corporate finance advisor Duff & Phelps . The brand value of IPL was estimated to be US $5.3 billion after 2017 IPL by American Appraisal , a Division of Duff & Phelps . Duff & Phelps added that the value of brand IPL has jumped to $4.16 billion after the 2016 edition , against $3.54 billion in 2015 . The 19 % jump is despite the fact that the US dollar to Indian rupee currency has depreciated by nearly 10 % . According to managing director at Duff & Phelps India . `` What IPL has achieved in this short time is phenomenal . Not just in India , but internationally also , '' IPL not only negotiated a tough pitch but also ultimately came out on top as a true winner . This IPL season has grabbed the eyeballs for all the right reasons with a relatively controversy free tournament , coupled with some scintillating on - field performances which have brought the spotlight back on the game . '' According to another independent report conducted by Brand Finance , a London - based company , after the conclusion of the 2018 Indian Premier League , the IPL has seen its business value grow by 37 % to an all - time high of US $5.3 billion -- crossing the five billion mark for the first time in a season . According to the director of the company : `` Now in it 's 11th season , the Indian Premier League is here to stay . The league has delivered financially for the players , franchisees , sponsors and India as a whole , prompting a strong desire among a range of stakeholders to appropriately value it . To ensure continued development , management and team owners will have to explore innovative ways of engaging fans , clubs , and sponsors . With the brand value of $65 million and winning the 2018 season title , Chennai Super Kings ( CSK ) have been ranked as the most valuable IPL franchise brand . CSK has topped the Brand Finance IPL league table for the third time , after leading the rankings in 2010 and 2013 . Last year 's most valuable brand , Kolkata Knight Riders ( KKR ) come second in IPL 2018 ranking with brand value up 5 % from 2017 . Sun Risers Hyderabad ( SRH ) retained their third position with a brand value up 17 % , Mumbai Indians ( MI ) were ranked fourth with a brand value up 11 % , Royal Challengers Bangalore ( RCB ) is at number five , Delhi Daredevils ( DD ) , Rajasthan Royals ( RR ) and Kings XI Punjab ( KXIP ) are at sixth , seventh & eighth in the valuation table . Despite being at the bottom half of the table , all these teams have seen a 10 % growth in brand valuation . Team Brand Valuation in 2018 , Team Brand Value in US $ Chennai Super Kings 65 million Kolkata Knight Riders 62 million Sunrisers Hyderabad 54 million Mumbai Indians 53 million Royal Challengers Bangalore 49 million Delhi Daredevils 44 million Rajasthan Royals 40 million Kings XI Punjab 40 million Broadcasting The IPL 's broadcast rights were originally held by a partnership between Sony Pictures Networks and World Sport Group , under a ten - year contract valued at US $1.026 billion . Sony would be responsible for domestic television , while WSG would handle international distribution . The initial plan was for 20 % of these proceeds to go to the IPL , 8 % as prize money and 72 % would be distributed to the franchisees from 2008 until 2012 , after which the IPL would go public and list its shares . However , in March 2010 , IPL decided not to go public and list its shares . As of the 2016 season , Sony MAX , Sony SIX , and Sony ESPN served as the domestic broadcasters of the IPL ; MAX and SIX aired broadcasts in Hindi , while SIX also aired broadcasts in the Bengali , Tamil , and Telugu languages . Sony ESPN broadcast English - language feeds . The IPL became a major television property within India ; Sony MAX typically became the most - watched television channel in the country during the tournament , and by 2016 , annual advertising revenue surpassed ₹ 1,200 crore . Viewership numbers were expected to increase further during the 2016 season due to the industry adoption of the new BARC ratings system , which also calculates rural viewership rather than only urban markets . In the 2016 season , Sony 's broadcasts achieved just over 1 billion impressions ( television viewership in thousands ) , jumping to 1.25 billion the following year . Sony also broadcast a companion talk show , Extraaa Innings T20 . On 4 September 2017 , it was announced that the then - current digital rightsholder , Star India ( a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox ) , had acquired the global media rights to the IPL under a five - year contract beginning in 2018 . Valued at ₹ 16,347.5 crore ( ₹ 163.475 billion , US $2.55 billion , £ 1.97 billion ) , it is a 158 % increase over the previous deal , and the most expensive broadcast rights deal in the history of cricket . The IPL sold the rights in packages for domestic television , domestic digital , and international rights ; although Sony held the highest bid for domestic television , and Facebook had made a US $600 million bid for domestic digital rights ( which U.S. media interpreted as a sign that the social network was interested in pursuing professional sports rights ) , Star was the only bidder out of the shortlist of 14 to make bids in all three categories . Star CEO Uday Shankar stated that the IPL was a `` very powerful property '' , and that Star would `` remain very committed to make sure that the growth of sports in this country continues to be driven by the power of cricket '' . He went on to say that `` whoever puts in that money , they put in that money because they believe in the fans of the sport . The universe of cricket fans , it tells you , continues to very healthy , continues to grow . What was paid in 2008 , that was 2008 . India and cricket and IPL -- all three have changed dramatically in the last 10 years . It is a reflection of that . '' The deal led to concerns that Star India now held a monopoly on cricket rights in the country , as it is also the rightsholder of ICC competitions and the Indian national team . For its inaugural season , Star aimed to put a larger focus on widening the IPL 's appeal with a `` core '' cricket audience . The network aimed to broadcast at least two hours of IPL - related programming daily from January until the start of the season , having organized televised announcements of player retention selections and new team captains . Viewership of the player auction , which featured pre - and post-auction reactions and analysis , increased six-fold to 46.5 million . In March , Star Sports broadcast Game Plan : In Your City specials from the home city of each of the IPL 's franchises . Star Sports stated that its in - season coverage and studio programming would focus more on the game itself and behind - the - scenes coverage of the IPL 's teams , rather than trying to incorporate irrelevant entertainment elements . The network introduced a new studio program known as The Dugout , which broadcasts coverage of matches with analysis from a panel of experts . International broadcasters Territory Network Afghanistan Lemar TV ( 2017 - present ) Africa ( Sub-Sahara ) SuperSport ( 2008 -- present ) Australia Network Ten ( 2008 ) One HD ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Fox Sports Australia ( 2018 -- present ) Bangladesh Maasranga ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Channel 9 ( 2016 -- present ) Bhutan Sony ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Star Sports ( 2018 -- present ) Brunei Astro ( 2008 -- present ) Canada Rogers Media ( Sportsnet , Omni Television ) ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Ethnic Channels Group , CricketGateway Caribbean SportsMax ( 2008 -- present ) Hong Kong PCCW ( 2010 -- present ) India Sony ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Star Sports ( 2018 -- present ) Malaysia Astro ( 2008 -- present ) Arab world OSN Sports ( 2015 -- present ) Nepal Sony ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Star Sports ( 2018 -- present ) New Zealand Sky Sport ( 2012 -- present ) Pakistan Geo Super ( 2008 -- present ) Singapore StarHub ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Singtel ( 2015 -- 2017 ) YuppTV ( 2018 ) United Kingdom ITV4 ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Sky Sports ( 2015 -- present ) United States Willow ( 2017 -- present ; cable / satellite and TV Everywhere - only digital rights ) Worldwide internet rights Times Internet ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Hotstar ( 2015 -- present ) IPL governing Council The IPL Governing Council is responsible for all the functions of the tournament . The members are Rajeev Shukla , Ajay Shirke , Sourav Ganguly , Anurag Thakur and Anirudh Chaudhary . In January 2016 , the Supreme Court appointed Lodha Committee to recommend separate governing bodies for the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) and the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) , where Justice RM Lodha suggested a One State - One Member pattern for the board . See also India portal Cricket portal Indian Premier League portal List of Indian Premier League players List of current Indian Premier League team rosters Controversies involving the Indian Premier League References Jump up ^ `` IPL Most runs '' . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL Most wickets '' . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How can the IPL become a global sports giant ? '' . Jump up ^ `` IPL confirms South Africa switch '' . BBC . 24 March 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IPL now has window in ICC Future Tours Programme '' . 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3393742488695520169	Metaphor	Metaphor - wikipedia Metaphor This article is about the figure of speech . For other uses , see Metaphor ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A political cartoon from an 1894 Puck magazine by illustrator S.D. Ehrhart , shows a farm woman labeled `` Democratic Party '' sheltering from a tornado of political change . A metaphor is a figure of speech that , for rhetorical effect , directly refers to one thing by mentioning another . It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas . Antithesis , hyperbole , metonymy and simile are all types of metaphor . One of the most commonly cited examples of a metaphor in English literature is the `` All the world 's a stage '' monologue from As You Like It : All the world 's a stage , And all the men and women merely players ; They have their exits and their entrances ... -- William Shakespeare , As You Like It , 2 / 7 This quotation expresses a metaphor because the world is not literally a stage . By asserting that the world is a stage , Shakespeare uses points of comparison between the world and a stage to convey an understanding about the mechanics of the world and the behavior of the people within it . The Philosophy of Rhetoric ( 1937 ) by rhetorician I.A. Richards describes a metaphor as having two parts : the tenor and the vehicle . The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed . The vehicle is the object whose attributes are borrowed . In the previous example , `` the world '' is compared to a stage , describing it with the attributes of `` the stage '' ; `` the world '' is the tenor , and `` a stage '' is the vehicle ; `` men and women '' is the secondary tenor , and `` players '' is the secondary vehicle . Other writers employ the general terms ground and figure to denote the tenor and the vehicle . Cognitive linguistics uses the terms target and source , respectively . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Comparison with other types of analogy 3 Subtypes 4 In rhetoric 5 Larger applications 5.1 Conceptual metaphors 5.2 Nonlinguistic metaphors 6 In historical linguistics 7 Historical theories 7.1 As style in speech and writing 7.2 As a foundation of our conceptual system 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The English metaphor derived from the 16th - century Old French word métaphore , which comes from the Latin metaphora , `` carrying over '' , in turn from the Greek μεταφορά ( metaphorá ) , `` transfer '' , from μεταφέρω ( metapherō ) , `` to carry over '' , `` to transfer '' and that from μετά ( meta ) , `` after , with , across '' + φέρω ( pherō ) , `` to bear '' , `` to carry '' . Comparison with other types of analogy ( edit ) Metaphors are most frequently compared with similes . It is said , for instance , that a metaphor is ' a condensed analogy ' or ' analogical fusion ' or that they ' operate in a similar fashion ' or are ' based on the same mental process ' or yet that ' the basic processes of analogy are at work in metaphor ' . It is also pointed out that ' a border between metaphor and analogy is fuzzy ' and ' the difference between them might be described ( metaphorically ) as the distance between things being compared ' . A simile is a specific type of metaphor that uses the words `` like '' or `` as '' in comparing two objects . A metaphor asserts the objects in the comparison are identical on the point of comparison , while a simile merely asserts a similarity . For this reason a common - type metaphor is generally considered more forceful than a simile . The metaphor category contains these specialized types : Allegory : An extended metaphor wherein a story illustrates an important attribute of the subject . Antithesis : A rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words , clauses , or sentences . Catachresis : A mixed metaphor , sometimes used by design and sometimes by accident ( a rhetorical fault ) . Hyperbole : Excessive exaggeration to illustrate a point . Metonymy : A figure of speech using the name of one thing in reference to a different thing to which the first is associated . In the phrase `` lands belonging to the crown '' , the word `` crown '' is metonymy for ruler or monarch . Parable : An extended metaphor told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral or spiritual lesson , such as in Aesop 's fables or Jesus ' teaching method as told in the Bible . Pun : Similar to a metaphor , a pun alludes to another term . However , the main difference is that a pun is a frivolous allusion between two different things whereas a metaphor is a purposeful allusion between two different things . Metaphor , like other types of analogy , can be distinguished from metonymy as one of two fundamental modes of thought . Metaphor and analogy work by bringing together concepts from different conceptual domains , while metonymy uses one element from a given domain to refer to another closely related element . A metaphor creates new links between otherwise distinct conceptual domains , while a metonymy relies on the existing links within them . Subtypes ( edit ) A dead metaphor is a metaphor in which the sense of a transferred image has become absent . The phrases `` to grasp a concept '' and `` to gather what you 've understood '' use physical action as a metaphor for understanding . The audience does not need to visualize the action ; dead metaphors normally go unnoticed . Some distinguish between a dead metaphor and a cliché . Others use `` dead metaphor '' to denote both . A mixed metaphor is a metaphor that leaps from one identification to a second inconsistent with the first , e.g. : I smell a rat ( ... ) but I 'll nip him in the bud `` - Irish politician Boyle Roche This form is often used as a parody of metaphor itself : If we can hit that bull 's - eye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards ... Checkmate . -- Futurama character Zapp Brannigan . An extended metaphor , or conceit , sets up a principal subject with several subsidiary subjects or comparisons . In the above quote from As You Like It , the world is first described as a stage and then the subsidiary subjects men and women are further described in the same context . In Rhetoric ( edit ) Aristotle writes in his work the Rhetoric that metaphors make learning pleasant : `` To learn easily is naturally pleasant to all people , and words signify something , so whatever words create knowledge in us are the pleasantest . '' When discussing Aristotle 's Rhetoric , Jan Garret stated `` metaphor most brings about learning ; for when ( Homer ) calls old age `` stubble '' , he creates understanding and knowledge through the genus , since both old age and stubble are ( species of the genus of ) things that have lost their bloom . '' Metaphors , according to Aristotle , have `` qualities of the exotic and the fascinating ; but at the same time we recognize that strangers do not have the same rights as our fellow citizens '' . Other rhetoricians have asserted the relevance of metaphor when used for a persuasive intent . Sonja K. Foss characterizes metaphors as `` nonliteral comparisons in which a word or phrase from one domain of experience is applied to another domain '' . She argues that since reality is mediated by the language we use to describe it , the metaphors we use shape the world and our interactions to it . Larger applications ( edit ) A metaphorical visualization of the word anger . The term metaphor is used to describe more basic or general aspects of experience and cognition : A cognitive metaphor is the association of object to an experience outside the object 's environment A conceptual metaphor is an underlying association that is systematic in both language and thought A root metaphor is the underlying worldview that shapes an individual 's understanding of a situation A nonlinguistic metaphor is an association between two nonlinguistic realms of experience A visual metaphor uses an image to create the link between different ideas Metaphors can be implied and extended throughout pieces of literature . Conceptual metaphors ( edit ) Main article : Conceptual metaphor Some theorists have suggested that metaphors are not merely stylistic , but that they are cognitively important as well . In Metaphors We Live By , George Lakoff and Mark Johnson argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life , not just in language , but also in thought and action . A common definition of metaphor can be described as a comparison that shows how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in another important way . They explain how a metaphor is simply understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another , called a `` conduit metaphor '' . A speaker can put ideas or objects into containers , and then send them along a conduit to a listener who removes the object from the container to make meaning of it . Thus , communication is something that ideas go into , and the container is separate from the ideas themselves . Lakoff and Johnson give several examples of daily metaphors in use , including `` argument is war '' and `` time is money '' . Metaphors are widely used in context to describe personal meaning . The authors suggest that communication can be viewed as a machine : `` Communication is not what one does with the machine , but is the machine itself . '' Nonlinguistic metaphors ( edit ) Metaphors can map experience between two nonlinguistic realms . Musicologist Leonard Meyer demonstrated how purely rhythmic and harmonic events can express human emotions . It is an open question whether synesthesia experiences are a sensory version of metaphor , the `` source '' domain being the presented stimulus , such as a musical tone , and the target domain , being the experience in another modality , such as color . Art theorist Robert Vischer argued that when we look at a painting , we `` feel ourselves into it '' by imagining our body in the posture of a nonhuman or inanimate object in the painting . For example , the painting The Lonely Tree by Caspar David Friedrich shows a tree with contorted , barren limbs . Looking at the painting , we imagine our limbs in a similarly contorted and barren shape , evoking a feeling of strain and distress . Nonlinguistic metaphors may be the foundation of our experience of visual and musical art , as well as dance and other art forms . In historical linguistics ( edit ) In historical onomasiology or in historical linguistics , a metaphor is defined as a semantic change based on a similarity in form or function between the original concept and the target concept named by a word . For example , mouse : small , gray rodent with a long tail → small , gray , computer device with a long cord . Some recent linguistic theories view all language in essence as metaphorical . Historical theories ( edit ) Friedrich Nietzsche makes metaphor the conceptual center of his early theory of society in On Truth and Lies in the Non-Moral Sense . Some sociologists have found his essay useful for thinking about metaphors used in society and for reflecting on their own use of metaphor . Sociologists of religion note the importance of metaphor in religious worldviews , and that it is impossible to think sociologically about religion without metaphor . As style in speech and writing ( edit ) Tombstone of a Jewish woman depicting broken candles , a visual metaphor of the end of life . As a characteristic of speech and writing , metaphors can serve the poetic imagination . This allows Sylvia Plath , in her poem `` Cut '' , to compare the blood issuing from her cut thumb to the running of a million soldiers , `` redcoat s , every one '' ; and enabling Robert Frost , in `` The Road Not Taken '' , to compare a life to a journey . Metaphor can serve as a device for persuading an audience of the user 's argument or thesis , the so - called rhetorical metaphor . As a foundation of our conceptual system ( edit ) Cognitive linguists emphasize that metaphors serve to facilitate the understanding of one conceptual domain -- typically an abstraction such as `` life '' , `` theories '' or `` ideas '' -- through expressions that relate to another , more familiar conceptual domain -- typically more concrete , such as `` journey '' , `` buildings '' or `` food '' . For example : we devour a book of raw facts , try to digest them , stew over them , let them simmer on the back - burner , regurgitate them in discussions , and cook up explanations , hoping they do not seem half - baked . A convenient short - hand way of capturing this view of metaphor is the following : CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN ( A ) IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN ( B ) , which is what is called a conceptual metaphor . A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains , in which one domain is understood in terms of another . A conceptual domain is any coherent organization of experience . For example , we have coherently organized knowledge about journeys that we rely on in understanding life . Lakoff and Johnson greatly contributed to establishing the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in language , leading scholars to investigate the original ways in which writers used novel metaphors and question the fundamental frameworks of thinking in conceptual metaphors . From a sociological , cultural , or philosophical perspective , one asks to what extent ideologies maintain and impose conceptual patterns of thought by introducing , supporting , and adapting fundamental patterns of thinking metaphorically . To what extent does the ideology fashion and refashion the idea of the nation as a container with borders ? How are enemies and outsiders represented ? As diseases ? As attackers ? How are the metaphoric paths of fate , destiny , history , and progress represented ? As the opening of an eternal monumental moment ( German fascism ) ? Or as the path to communism ( in Russian or Czech for example ) ? Some cognitive scholars have attempted to take on board the idea that different languages have evolved radically different concepts and conceptual metaphors , while others hold to the Sapir - Whorf hypothesis . German philologist Wilhelm von Humboldt contributed significantly to this debate on the relationship between culture , language , and linguistic communities . Humboldt remains , however , relatively unknown in English - speaking nations . Andrew Goatly , in `` Washing the Brain '' , takes on board the dual problem of conceptual metaphor as a framework implicit in the language as a system and the way individuals and ideologies negotiate conceptual metaphors . Neural biological research suggests some metaphors are innate , as demonstrated by reduced metaphorical understanding in psychopathy . James W. Underhill , in Creating Worldviews : Ideology , Metaphor & Language ( Edinburgh UP ) , considers the way individual speech adopts and reinforces certain metaphoric paradigms . This involves a critique of both communist and fascist discourse . Underhill 's studies are situated in Czech and German , which allows him to demonstrate the ways individuals are thinking both within and resisting the modes by which ideologies seek to appropriate key concepts such as `` the people '' , `` the state '' , `` history '' , and `` struggle '' . Though metaphors can be considered to be `` in '' language , Underhill 's chapter on French , English and ethnolinguistics demonstrates that we can not conceive of language or languages in anything other than metaphoric terms . See also ( edit ) Alliteration Camel 's nose Colemanballs Conceptual blending Description Hypocatastasis Ideasthesia List of English - language metaphors Literal and figurative language Metaphor in philosophy Misnomer Origin of language Origin of speech Pataphor Personification Reification ( fallacy ) Sarcasm Simile Analogy Tertium comparationis War as metaphor World Hypotheses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of METAPHOR '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : The Oxford Companion to the English Language ( 1992 ) pp. 653 Jump up ^ `` As You Like It : Entire Play '' . Shakespeare.mit.edu . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ μεταφορά , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ cdasc3D % 2367010 μεταφέρω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ μετά , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ φέρω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ See Maciej Koszowski ( 2017 ) Multiple Functions of Analogical Reasoning in Science and Everyday Life . Polish Sociological Review no . 1 / 2017 , pp. 13 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th edition ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of ANTITHESIS '' . Jump up ^ `` Definition of HYPERBOLE '' . Jump up ^ `` Definition of METONYMY '' . Jump up ^ Herscberger , Ruth ( Summer 1943 ) . `` The Structure of Metaphor '' . The Kenyan Review . 5 ( 3 ) : 433 -- 443 . JSTOR 4332426 . Jump up ^ `` Zapp Brannigan ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , W. Rhys Roberts , Ingram Bywater , and Friedrich Solmsen . Rhetoric . New York : Modern Library , 1954 . Print . Jump up ^ Garret , Jan . `` Aristotle on Metaphor . '' , Excerpts from Poetics and Rhetoric . N.p. , 28 Mar. 2007 . Web . 29 Sept. 2014 . Jump up ^ Moran , Richard . 1996 . Artifice and persuasion : The work of metaphor in the rhetoric . In Essays on Aristotle 's rhetoric , ed . Amelie Oksenberg Rorty , 385 - 398 . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Foss , Sonja K. ( 2009 ) ( 1988 ) . Rhetorical Criticism : Exploration and Practice ( 4 ed . ) . Long Grove , Illinois : Waveland Press . p. 249 . ISBN 9781577665861 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lakoff , G. & Johnson , M. Metaphors We Live By ( IL : University of Chicago Press , 1980 ) , Chapters 1 -- 3 . ( pp. 3 -- 13 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer , L. ( 1956 ) Emotion and Meaning in Music . Chicago : University of Chicago Press Jump up ^ Blechner , M. ( 2018 ) The Mindbrain and Dreams : An Exploration of Dreaming , Thinking , and Artistic Creation . NY : Routledge Jump up ^ Blechner , M. ( 1988 ) Differentiating empathy from therapeutic action . Contemporary Psychoanalysis , 24 : 301 -- 310 . Jump up ^ Vischer , R. ( 1873 ) Über das optische Formgefühl : Ein Beitrag zur Aesthetik . Leipzig : Hermann Credner . For an English translation of selections , see Wind , E. ( 1963 ) Art and Anarchy . London : Faber and Faber . Jump up ^ Johnson , M. & Larson , S. ( 2003 ) `` Something in the way she moves '' -- Metaphors of musical motion . Metaphor and Symbol , 18 : 63 -- 84 Jump up ^ Whittock , T. ( 1992 ) The role of metaphor in dance . British Journal of Aesthetics , 32 : 242 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Cf . Joachim Grzega ( 2004 ) , Bezeichnungswandel : Wie , Warum , Wozu ? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie , Heidelberg : Winter , and Blank , Andreas ( 1997 ) , Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen , Tübingen : Niemeyer . Jump up ^ `` Radio 4 -- Reith Lectures 2003 -- The Emerging Mind '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T he Nietzsche Channel : On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense '' . oregonstate.edu . Jump up ^ McKinnon , A.M. ( 2012 ) . `` Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion : Towards a Theory after Nietzsche '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Contemporary Religion . pp. 203 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` Cut '' . Sylvia Plath Forum . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 12 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1 . The Road Not Taken . Frost , Robert . 1920 . Mountain Interval '' . Bartleby.com . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lakoff G. ; Johnson M. ( 2003 ) ( 1980 ) . Metaphors We Live By . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46801 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Zoltán Kövecses. ( 2002 ) Metaphor : a practical introduction . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514511 - 3 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , AM . ( 2013 ) . ' Ideology and the Market Metaphor in Rational Choice Theory of Religion : A Rhetorical Critique of `` Religious Economies '' ' . Critical Sociology , vol 39 , no . 4 , pp. 529 - 543. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Meier , Brian P. ; et al. ( September 2007 ) . `` Failing to take the moral high ground : Psychopathy and the vertical representation of morality '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 43 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 767 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2007.02. 001 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article `` Metaphor '' , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL . Stefano Arduini ( 2007 ) . ( ed . ) Metaphors , Roma , Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura . Aristotle . Poetics . Trans . I. Bywater . In The Complete Works of Aristotle : The Revised Oxford Translation. ( 1984 ) . 2 Vols . Ed . Jonathan Barnes . Princeton , Princeton University Press . Max Black ( 1954 ) . Metaphor , Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society , 55 , pp. 273 -- 294 . Max Black ( 1962 ) . Models and metaphors : Studies in language and philosophy , Ithaca : Cornell University Press . Max Black ( 1979 ) . More about Metaphor , in A. Ortony ( ed ) Metaphor & Thought . Clive Cazeaux ( 2007 ) . Metaphor and Continental Philosophy : From Kant to Derrida . New York : Routledge . L.J. Cohen ( 1979 ) . The Semantics of Metaphor , in A. Ortony ( ed ) , Metaphor & Thought Donald Davidson . ( 1978 ) . `` What Metaphors Mean . '' Reprinted in Inquiries Into Truth and Interpretation. ( 1984 ) , Oxford , Oxford University Press . Jacques Derrida ( 1982 ) . `` White Mythology : Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy . '' In Margins of Philosophy . Trans . Alan Bass . Chicago , University of Chicago Press . René Dirvens ; Ralf Pörings , eds. ( 2002 ) . Metaphor and Metonymy in Contrast . Berlin. : Mouton de Gruyter . Fass , Dan ( 1988 ) . `` Metonymy and metaphor : what 's the difference ? '' . Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics. 1 . pp. 177 -- 81 . doi : 10.3115 / 991635.991671 . ISBN 963 - 8431 - 56 - 3 . Jakobson , Roman ( 1990 ) . `` Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances '' . In Linda Waugh ; Monique Monville - Burston . On Language . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 115 -- 133 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 63536 - 1 . Koszowski , M. ( 2017 ) . Multiple Functions of Analogical Reasoning in Science and Everyday Life . Polish Sociological Review no . 1 / 2017 : 3 -- 19 . Lakoff , G. & Johnson , M. Metaphors We Live By ( IL : University of Chicago Press , 1980 ) , Chapters 1 -- 3 . ( pp. 3 -- 13 ) . Lakoff , George ( 1980 ) . Metaphors We Live By . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46801 - 1 ... Low , Graham . `` An Essay is a Person '' . In Cameron , Lynne ; Low , Graham . Researching and Applying Metaphor . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 221 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64964 - 3 . Peters , Wim ( 2003 ) . `` Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Lexicon and figurative language '' . 14 : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.3115 / 1118975.1118976 . chapter = ignored ( help ) McKinnon , AM . ( 2012 ) . ' Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion : Towards a Theory after Nietzsche ' . Journal of Contemporary Religion , vol 27 , no . 2 , pp. 203 -- 216 . ( 3 ) David Punter ( 2007 ) . Metaphor , London , Routledge . Paul Ricoeur ( 1975 ) . The Rule of Metaphor : Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language , trans . Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello , S.J. , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul 1978 . ( Toronto : University of Toronto Press 1977 ) I.A. Richards . ( 1936 ) . The Philosophy of Rhetoric . Oxford , Oxford University Press . John Searle ( 1979 ) . `` Metaphor , '' in A. Ortony ( ed . ) Metaphor and Thought , Cambridge University Press . Underhill , James W. , Creating Worldviews : Metaphor , Ideology & Language , Edinburgh UP , 2011 . Herscberger , Ruth ( Summer 1943 ) . `` The Structure of Metaphor '' . The Kenyan Review . 5 ( 3 ) : 433 -- 443 . JSTOR 4332426 . Rudmin , Floyd W. ( 1991 ) . `` Having : A Brief History of Metaphor and Meaning '' . Syracuse Law Review . 42 : 163 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Somov , Georgij Yu ( 2013 ) . `` The interrelation of metaphors and metonymies in sign systems of visual art : An example analysis of works by V.I. Surikov '' . Semiotica. 193 : 31 -- 66 . doi : 10.1515 / sem - 2013 - 0003 . External links ( edit ) Look up metaphor in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Metaphors Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metaphors . History of metaphor on In Our Time at the BBC A short history of metaphor Audio illustrations of metaphor as figure of speech Top Ten Metaphors of 2008 Shakespeare 's Metaphors Definition and Examples Metaphor Examples ( categorized ) List of ancient Greek words starting with μετα - , on Perseus Metaphor and Phenomenology article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphors algebra Pérez - Sobrino , Paula ( 2014 ) . `` Meaning construction in verbomusical environments : Conceptual disintegration and metonymy '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Pragmatics . Elsevier . 70 : 130 -- 151 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pragma. 2014.06. 008 . Narrative Character Antagonist Antihero Archenemy Character arc Characterization Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Narrator Protagonist Stock character Supporting character Tragic hero Tritagonist Plot Action Backstory Chekhov 's gun Cliché Cliffhanger Climax Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Eucatastrophe Exposition Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Kishōtenketsu MacGuffin Occam 's razor Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Red herring Reveal Self - fulfilling prophecy Subplot Suspense Trope Setting Alternate history Backstory Dystopia Fictional location city country universe Utopia Theme Irony Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Motif Style Allegory Bathos Diction Figure of speech Imagery Narrative techniques Mode Mood Narration Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone Structure Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Types of fiction with multiple endings Form Comics Epic Fable Fabliau Fairy tale Flash fiction Folktale Legend Novel Novella Parable Play Poem Screenplay Short story Genre Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docufiction Epistolary Erotic Fantasy Fiction Gothic Historical Horror List of writing genres Magic realism Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Psychological Romance Saga Satire Science Speculative Superhero Thriller Urban Western Narration First - person Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness Unreliable Tense Past Present Future Related Audience Author Creative nonfiction Fiction writing Literary science Literary theory Monomyth Narratology Rhetoric Screenwriting Storytelling Tellability Literature portal BNE : XX531063 BNF : cb11932492j ( data ) GND : 4038935 - 2 LCCN : sh85084283 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metaphor&oldid=862396456 '' Categories : Metaphors Figures of speech Rhetorical techniques Tropes by type Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 03 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a metaphor what is a metaphor	[ "A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another.[1] It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas. Antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and simile are all types of metaphor.[2] One of the most commonly cited examples of a metaphor in English literature is the \"All the world's a stage\" monologue from As You Like It:\n" ]	[ "a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another" ]
-3398303043653807327	Home Run Derby	Home Run Derby - wikipedia Home Run Derby This article is about the Major League Baseball contest . For the 1960 television show , see Home Run Derby ( TV series ) . Frequency Annual Location Varies ( site of MLB All - Star Game ) Inaugurated 1985 Most Recent July 16 , 2018 ( Nationals Park , Washington , D.C. ) Next Event July 8 , 2019 ( Progressive Field , Cleveland ) Current Champion Bryce Harper Current runner - up Kyle Schwarber Participants American League and National League baseball players Organized by Major League Baseball The Home Run Derby is an annual home run hitting contest in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) customarily held the day before the MLB All - Star Game , which places the contest on a Monday in July . Since the inaugural derby in 1985 , the event has seen several rule changes , evolving from a short outs - based competition , to multiple rounds , and eventually a bracket - style timed event . Contents 1 History 2 Overview 2.1 Format 2.1. 1 1985 -- 1990 2.1. 2 1991 -- 2005 2.1. 3 2006 -- 2013 2.1. 4 2014 2.1. 5 Since 2015 2.2 Gold balls 3 Television and radio coverage 3.1 Most watched Home Run Derbys 4 Winners 5 Records 5.1 Most home runs in a single round 5.2 Most single - derby home runs 5.3 Most all - time home runs 5.4 Wins by team 6 Complete scoreboard 6.1 1980s 6.1. 1 1985 6.1. 2 1986 6.1. 3 1987 6.1. 4 1988 6.1. 5 1989 6.2 1990s 6.2. 1 1990 6.2. 2 1991 6.2. 3 1992 6.2. 4 1993 6.2. 5 1994 6.2. 6 1995 6.2. 7 1996 6.2. 8 1997 6.2. 9 1998 6.2. 10 1999 6.3 2000s 6.3. 1 2000 6.3. 2 2001 6.3. 3 2002 6.3. 4 2003 6.3. 5 2004 6.3. 6 2005 6.3. 7 2006 6.3. 8 2007 6.3. 9 2008 6.3. 10 2009 6.4 2010s 6.4. 1 2010 6.4. 2 2011 6.4. 3 2012 6.4. 4 2013 6.4. 5 2014 6.4. 6 2015 Great American Ball Park ( Cincinnati ) 6.4. 7 2016 Petco Park ( San Diego ) 6.4. 8 2017 Marlins Park ( Miami ) 6.4. 9 2018 Nationals Park ( Washington ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 2008 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby The event has grown significantly from its roots in the 1980s , when it was not televised . Prior to 1991 , the Home Run Derby was structured as a two - inning event with each player receiving five outs per inning , allowing for the possibility of ties . It is now one of the most - watched events broadcast on ESPN . In 2000 , a `` match play '' - style format was instituted for the second round . The player with the most home runs in the first round faced the player with the least among the four qualifying players , as did the players with the second - and third-most totals . The contestant who won each matchup advanced to the finals . This format was discontinued after the 2003 competition . The field of players selected currently consists of four American League players and four National League players . The first Derby in 1985 featured five from each league , and the 1986 and 1987 events featured three and two players from each league , respectively . In 1996 , the field was again expanded to ten players , five from each league ( though in 1997 , the AL had six contestants to the NL 's four ) . In 2000 , the field reverted to the current four - player - per - league format . The only exception was 2005 , when Major League Baseball changed the selection criteria with eight players representing their home countries rather than their respective leagues . The change was believed to be in promotion of the inaugural World Baseball Classic , played in March 2006 . In 2006 , the selection of four players from each league resumed . In 2011 , the format was revised so that team captains selected the individual sides . Some notable performances in the Derby include Bobby Abreu in 2005 , who won the Derby with a then - record 41 homers , including a then - record 24 in the first round . The first - round record was broken in 2008 by Josh Hamilton , who hit 28 home runs . Though Hamilton 's performance was notable for the length of his home runs , he ultimately lost to Justin Morneau in a brief final round . The overall record was broken in 2016 by Giancarlo Stanton , who finished with a total of 61 home runs , defeating Todd Frazier in the final round . Only two participants , Yoenis Céspedes and Giancarlo Stanton , have won the Home Run Derby without being selected to the All - Star game itself . Overview ( edit ) Format ( edit ) The format has varied since the Home Run Derby started in 1985 . 1985 -- 1990 ( edit ) In the early years of the Home Run Derby , 4 - 10 players from both the AL and NL were selected to participate . Each player was given 2 `` innings '' to hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 5 outs . For the derby , an out is defined as any swing that is not a home run . The winner of the contest was the player with the most total home runs in the two innings . 1991 -- 2005 ( edit ) Beginning in 1991 , the format changed to a 3 - round contest . From 1991 -- 2006 , 8 - 10 players were selected and hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 10 outs in each round . The tally reset for each round , with the top four advancing to the second round , and the top two advancing to the final . In honor of the World Baseball Classic , the 2005 contest featured eight players from different countries . The format remained the same . 2006 -- 2013 ( edit ) The format changed slightly in 2006 . Instead of the tally resetting for each round , it was only reset before the final round . Therefore , the players with the four highest totals after Round 1 advanced to Round 2 , and the players with the two highest sum of Round 1 and 2 advanced to the finals . 2014 ( edit ) The Home Run Derby format was changed significantly in 2014 , as MLB sought to speed - up the contest and increase the drama . In the new bracket format , five players from each league faced the other players in their league in Round 1 , with each players having seven `` outs . '' The player in each league with the highest Round 1 total received a second - round bye , and the players with the second - and third - highest Round 1 totals from each league faced off . The Round 2 winner from each league faced the Round 1 winner , and the Round 3 winner crowned the league winner . The final featured the winner of each league . Each round stands alone , with the score reset for each round . Ties in any round are broken by a 3 - swing swing - off . If the players remain tied , the players engage in a sudden - death swing - off until one player homers . Since 2015 ( edit ) The format was changed once again in 2015 . The most significant change was the elimination of `` outs '' , which was replaced by a time limit . Eight players are seeded based on their season home run totals and are given five minutes to hit as many home runs as possible . The winner of each head - to - head matchup advances , until a final winner is determined . If a tie occurs in any match - up , three sets of tiebreakers are employed : first , a 90 - second swing - off decides the winner ; second , best - of - 3 - swing swing - off ; thereafter , sudden - death swingoffs until a winner is determined . Further , a player can get `` bonus time '' in the last minute of each round . During that time , the clock stops for each home run , and does n't restart until a swing does not result in a home run . Additional bonus time could be earned for distance . Players who hit at least two home runs measuring at least 420 feet ( 128.0 m ) are given an extra minute of bonus time . An additional 30 seconds of bonus time is granted if at least one home run measures over 475 feet ( 144.8 m ) . Weather concerns in 2015 lead to a reduction in time from five minutes per round to four minutes . The clock was not stopped in the final minute , and bonus time was only granted for hitting two home runs of over 425 feet ( 129.5 m ) . The format was tweaked slightly in 2016 . The four - minute round length returned , while the minute of bonus time was changed to 30 seconds and required two home runs of 440 feet ( 134.1 m ) or longer . The additional time was removed , while the swing - off ( which was not required ) was reduced to one minute . Each batter is allowed one time - out during each round , and two in the finals . By 2017 the first tie - breaker was restored back to 90 seconds . Gold balls ( edit ) From 2005 -- 2013 , a gold ball has been used once a player reaches nine outs ( in 2014 when the T - Mobile Ball came into play , six ; since 2015 , during the final minute ) . If a batter hit a home run using the golden ball , Century 21 Real Estate and Major League Baseball would donate $21,000 ( a reference to the `` 21 '' in `` Century 21 '' ) per home run to charity ( MLB donated to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America , and Century 21 donated to Easter Seals ) . In both 2005 and 2006 , $294,000 was raised for the charities , equaling fourteen golden ball home runs per year . State Farm continued this in 2007 as they designated $17,000 per home run ( one dollar for each of State Farm 's agencies ) , to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America . In the 2007 event , fifteen golden balls were hit for a donation of $255,000 , and ten ( $170,000 ) were hit in the 2008 event . For 2009 , State Farm added $5,000 for all non-Gold Ball homers , and $517,000 was collected . For 2010 , the non-Gold Ball homer was reduced to $3,000 per home run and a total of $453,000 was collected . Since 2014 any homer hit off a T - Mobile Ball resulted in a $10,000 donation to charity by T - Mobile and MLB , to Team Rubicon . Television and radio coverage ( edit ) On July 11 , 1988 , the day before the Major League Baseball All - Star Game from Cincinnati , TBS televised the annual All - Star Gala from the Cincinnati Zoo . Larry King hosted the broadcast with Craig Sager and Pete Van Wieren handling interviews . The broadcast 's big draw would 've been the Home Run Derby , which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon , and later airing it in prime time during the Gala coverage . Unfortunately , the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain . The derby was first nationally televised by ESPN in 1993 on a same - day delayed basis , with the first live telecast in 1998 . Although two hours are scheduled in programming listings for the telecast , it has rarely ever been contained to the timeslot and consistently runs three to four hours . Chris Berman has gained notoriety for his annual hosting duties on ESPN , including his catchphrase , `` Back back back ... Gone ! '' . Berman starts this phrase when the ball is hit , and does not say `` Gone ! '' until the ball lands . The 2008 Derby was the year 's most highly rated basic cable program . Because of the game 's TV popularity , invited players have felt pressure to participate . Notably , Ken Griffey Jr. initially quietly declined to take part in 1998 , partly due to ESPN scheduling the Mariners in their late Sunday game the night before . After a discussion with ESPN 's Joe Morgan and another with Hall of Famer Frank Robinson , Griffey changed his mind , and then won the Derby at Coors Field . In Spanish , the event is televised on Spanish language network ESPN Deportes . ESPN Radio also carries the event annually . Most watched Home Run Derbys ( edit ) Rank Year Winner Ballpark Viewers ( millions ) 2008 Justin Morneau Yankee Stadium 9.1 2017 Aaron Judge Marlins Park 8.6 2009 Prince Fielder Busch Stadium 8.3 Miguel Tejada Minute Maid Park 7.7 5 2002 Jason Giambi Miller Park 7.7 6 2015 Todd Frazier Great American Ball Park 7.1 7 2012 Prince Fielder Kauffman Stadium 6.9 8 2007 Vladimir Guerrero AT&T Park 6.8 9 2006 Ryan Howard PNC Park 6.8 10 2013 Yoenis Céspedes Citi Field 6.7 Winners ( edit ) Prince Fielder accepting his second trophy in 2012 Key Indicates multiple winners in the same year Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Year Winner Team League Stadium 1985 Dave Parker Cincinnati Reds NL Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( MIN ) 1986 ^ Wally Joyner California Angels AL Astrodome ( HOU ) Darryl Strawberry New York Mets NL Andre Dawson Chicago Cubs NL Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( OAK ) 1988 Cancelled due to rain 1989 Eric Davis Cincinnati Reds NL Anaheim Stadium ( CAL ) 1990 Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs NL Wrigley Field ( CHC ) 1991 Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore Orioles AL SkyDome ( TOR ) 1992 Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics AL Jack Murphy Stadium ( SD ) 1993 Juan González Texas Rangers AL Oriole Park at Camden Yards ( BAL ) 1994 Ken Griffey Jr. ( 1 ) Seattle Mariners AL Three Rivers Stadium ( PIT ) 1995 Frank Thomas Chicago White Sox AL The Ballpark in Arlington ( TEX ) Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants NL Veterans Stadium ( PHI ) 1997 Tino Martinez New York Yankees AL Jacobs Field ( CLE ) 1998 Ken Griffey Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners AL Coors Field ( COL ) 1999 Ken Griffey Jr. ( 3 ) Seattle Mariners AL Fenway Park ( BOS ) 2000 Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs NL Turner Field ( ATL ) 2001 Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks NL Safeco Field ( SEA ) 2002 Jason Giambi New York Yankees AL Miller Park ( MIL ) 2003 Garret Anderson Anaheim Angels AL U.S. Cellular Field ( CHW ) Miguel Tejada Baltimore Orioles AL Minute Maid Park ( HOU ) 2005 Bobby Abreu Philadelphia Phillies NL Comerica Park ( DET ) 2006 Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies NL PNC Park ( PIT ) 2007 Vladimir Guerrero Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim AL AT&T Park ( SF ) 2008 Justin Morneau Minnesota Twins AL Yankee Stadium ( NYY ) 2009 Prince Fielder ( 1 ) Milwaukee Brewers NL Busch Stadium ( STL ) David Ortiz Boston Red Sox AL Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( LAA ) 2011 Robinson Canó New York Yankees AL Chase Field ( ARI ) 2012 Prince Fielder ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers AL Kauffman Stadium ( KC ) 2013 Yoenis Céspedes ( 1 ) Oakland Athletics AL Citi Field ( NYM ) 2014 Yoenis Céspedes ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics AL Target Field ( MIN ) 2015 Todd Frazier Cincinnati Reds NL Great American Ball Park ( CIN ) 2016 Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins NL Petco Park ( SD ) 2017 Aaron Judge New York Yankees AL Marlins Park ( MIA ) 2018 Bryce Harper Washington Nationals NL Nationals Park ( WAS ) Records ( edit ) Most home runs in a single round ( edit ) Josh Hamilton ( 2008 First Round ) -- 28 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 First Round ) , Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 First Round ) -- 24 Aaron Judge ( 2017 First Round ) -- 23 Justin Bour ( 2017 First Round ) -- 22 Kyle Schwarber ( 2018 Second Round ) -- 21 Most single - derby home runs ( edit ) Note : these numbers exclude swingoffs . Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 ) -- 61 Kyle Schwarber ( 2018 ) -- 55 Aaron Judge ( 2017 ) -- 47 Bryce Harper ( 2018 ) -- 45 Todd Frazier ( 2016 ) -- 42 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 ) -- 41 Joc Pederson ( 2015 ) , Todd Frazier ( 2015 ) -- 39 Rhys Hoskins ( 2018 ) -- 37 Josh Hamilton ( 2008 ) -- 35 David Ortiz ( 2010 ) , Robinson Canó ( 2011 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2013 ) , Miguel Sanó ( 2017 ) -- 32 Most all - time home runs ( edit ) Note : these numbers exclude swingoffs . Todd Frazier -- 91 Giancarlo Stanton -- 83 Prince Fielder -- 81 David Ortiz -- 77 Albert Pujols -- 71 Ken Griffey Jr. -- 70 Bryce Harper -- 69 Jason Giambi -- 67 Sammy Sosa -- 65 Yoenis Céspedes -- 60 Wins by team ( edit ) Rank Team Wins Years New York Yankees 1997 , 2002 , 2011 , 2017 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1986 * , 2003 , 2007 Oakland Athletics 1992 , 2013 , 2014 Chicago Cubs 1987 , 1990 , 2000 Seattle Mariners 1994 , 1998 , 1999 Cincinnati Reds 1985 , 1989 , 2015 Baltimore Orioles 1991 , 2004 Philadelphia Phillies 2005 , 2006 New York Mets 1986 * Texas Rangers 1993 Chicago White Sox 1995 San Francisco Giants Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 Minnesota Twins 2008 Milwaukee Brewers 2009 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 2012 Miami Marlins 2016 Washington Nationals 2018 5 Atlanta Braves 0 Cleveland Indians 0 Colorado Rockies 0 Houston Astros 0 Kansas City Royals 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 St. Louis Cardinals 0 San Diego Padres 0 Tampa Bay Rays 0 Toronto Blue Jays 0 * In 1986 , Wally Joyner of the California Angels and Darryl Strawberry of the New York Mets were declared co-champions . Complete scoreboard ( edit ) Key Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame 1980s ( edit ) 1985 ( edit ) The Metrodome , Minneapolis -- A.L. 17 , N.L. 16 Player Team Home runs American League Jim Rice Boston Eddie Murray Baltimore Carlton Fisk Chicago Tom Brunansky Minnesota Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore National League Dave Parker Cincinnati 6 Dale Murphy Atlanta Steve Garvey San Diego Ryne Sandberg Chicago Jack Clark St. Louis 1986 ( edit ) Astrodome , Houston -- N.L. 8 , A.L. 7 Player Team Home runs American League Wally Joyner California Jesse Barfield Toronto Jose Canseco Oakland National League Darryl Strawberry New York Dave Parker Cincinnati Hubie Brooks Montreal Oakland Coliseum , Oakland -- N.L. 6 , A.L. 2 Player Team Home runs American League George Bell Toronto Mark McGwire Oakland National League Andre Dawson Chicago Ozzie Virgil Jr . Atlanta 1988 ( edit ) Home Run Derby canceled due to rain . 1989 ( edit ) Anaheim Stadium , Anaheim -- N.L. 9 , A.L. 5 Player Team Home runs American League Rubén Sierra Texas Mickey Tettleton Baltimore Bo Jackson Kansas City Gary Gaetti Minnesota 0 National League Eric Davis Cincinnati Glenn Davis Houston Howard Johnson New York Kevin Mitchell San Francisco 1990s ( edit ) 1990 ( edit ) Wrigley Field , Chicago -- N.L. 4 , A.L. 1 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 0 Jose Canseco Oakland 0 Cecil Fielder Detroit 0 National League Ryne Sandberg Chicago Matt Williams San Francisco Bobby Bonilla Pittsburgh 0 Darryl Strawberry New York 0 1991 ( edit ) SkyDome , Toronto -- A.L. 20 , N.L. 7 Player Team Home runs American League Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore 12 Cecil Fielder Detroit Joe Carter Toronto Danny Tartabull Kansas City National League Paul O'Neill Cincinnati 5 George Bell Chicago Chris Sabo Cincinnati 0 Howard Johnson New York 0 1992 ( edit ) Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego -- A.L. 27 , N.L. 13 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland 12 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 Joe Carter Toronto Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore National League Larry Walker Montreal Gary Sheffield San Diego Fred McGriff San Diego Barry Bonds Pittsburgh 1993 ( edit ) Camden Yards , Baltimore -- A.L. 20 , N.L. 12 Player Team Home runs American League Juan González Texas 7 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 * Cecil Fielder Detroit Albert Belle Cleveland National League Barry Bonds San Francisco 5 Bobby Bonilla New York 5 David Justice Atlanta Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0 * Lost in playoff to Gonzalez 1994 ( edit ) Three Rivers Stadium , Pittsburgh -- A.L. 17 , N.L. 11 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 Rubén Sierra Oakland Frank Thomas Chicago Albert Belle Cleveland National League Fred McGriff Atlanta 5 Jeff Bagwell Houston Dante Bichette Colorado Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0 1995 ( edit ) The Ballpark in Arlington , Arlington -- A.L. 40 , N.L. 12 Player Team Home runs American League Frank Thomas Chicago 15 * Albert Belle Cleveland 16 Mo Vaughn Boston 6 Manny Ramirez Cleveland National League Ron Gant Cincinnati Sammy Sosa Chicago Reggie Sanders Cincinnati Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles * Beat Belle in finals Veterans Stadium , Philadelphia -- A.L. 36 , N.L. 23 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland 15 Brady Anderson Baltimore 11 Jay Buhner Seattle 8 Joe Carter Toronto Greg Vaughn Milwaukee 0 National League Barry Bonds San Francisco 17 Henry Rodríguez Montreal Jeff Bagwell Houston Ellis Burks Colorado Gary Sheffield Florida 0 1997 ( edit ) Jacobs Field , Cleveland -- A.L. 32 , N.L. 29 Player Team Home runs American League Tino Martinez New York 16 * Mark McGwire Oakland 7 Brady Anderson Baltimore Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle Nomar Garciaparra Boston 0 Jim Thome Cleveland 0 National League Larry Walker Colorado 19 Jeff Bagwell Houston 5 Chipper Jones Atlanta Ray Lankford St. Louis * Beat Walker in finals 1998 ( edit ) Coors Field , Denver -- A.L. 53 , N.L. 29 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 19 Rafael Palmeiro Baltimore 10 Jim Thome Cleveland 17 Alex Rodriguez Seattle 5 Damion Easley Detroit National League Vinny Castilla Colorado 12 Moisés Alou Houston 7 Javy López Atlanta 5 Mark McGwire St. Louis Chipper Jones Atlanta 1999 ( edit ) Fenway Park , Boston -- N.L. 39 , A.L. 23 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 16 Nomar Garciaparra Boston B.J. Surhoff Baltimore Shawn Green Toronto John Jaha Oakland National League Jeromy Burnitz Milwaukee 14 Mark McGwire St. Louis 16 * Jeff Bagwell Houston 6 Larry Walker Colorado Sammy Sosa Chicago * Lost to Burnitz in round 2 2000s ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) Turner Field , Atlanta -- N.L. 41 , A.L. 21 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Sammy Sosa Cubs 6 11 9 26 Ken Griffey Jr . Reds 6 11 Carl Everett Red Sox 6 6 -- 12 Carlos Delgado Blue Jays 5 -- 6 Edgar Martínez Mariners -- -- Chipper Jones Braves -- -- Vladimir Guerrero Expos -- -- Iván Rodríguez Rangers -- -- Semifinals Finals Ken Griffey Jr . Carlos Delgado Ken Griffey Jr . Sammy Sosa 9 Carl Everett 6 Sammy Sosa 11 2001 ( edit ) Safeco Field , Seattle -- N.L. 41 , A.L. 25 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Luis Gonzalez Diamondbacks 5 5 6 16 Sammy Sosa Cubs 8 13 Jason Giambi Athletics 14 6 -- 20 Barry Bonds Giants 7 -- 10 Bret Boone Mariners -- -- Todd Helton Rockies -- -- Alex Rodriguez Rangers -- -- Troy Glaus Angels 0 -- -- 0 Semifinals Finals Jason Giambi 6 Sammy Sosa 8 Sammy Sosa Luis Gonzalez 6 Barry Bonds Luis Gonzalez 5 2002 ( edit ) Miller Park , Milwaukee -- A.L. 42 , N.L. 31 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Jason Giambi Yankees 11 6 7 24 Sammy Sosa Cubs 12 5 18 Paul Konerko White Sox 6 6 -- 12 Richie Sexson Brewers 6 -- 10 Torii Hunter Twins -- -- Barry Bonds Giants -- -- Alex Rodriguez Rangers -- -- Lance Berkman Astros -- -- Semifinals Finals Sammy Sosa 5 Richie Sexson Jason Giambi 7 Sammy Sosa Jason Giambi 7 Paul Konerko 6 * Giambi defeated Konerko in a swing off 2003 ( edit ) U.S. Cellular Field , Chicago -- A.L. 47 , N.L. 39 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Garret Anderson Angels 7 6 9 22 Albert Pujols Cardinals 14 8 26 Jason Giambi Yankees 12 11 -- 23 Jim Edmonds Cardinals -- 8 Gary Sheffield Braves -- -- Carlos Delgado Blue Jays -- -- Richie Sexson Brewers -- -- Bret Boone Mariners 0 -- -- 0 Semifinals Finals Jason Giambi 11 Albert Pujols 14 Albert Pujols 8 Garret Anderson 9 Garret Anderson 6 Jim Edmonds Minute Maid Park , Houston -- A.L. 47 , N.L. 41 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Miguel Tejada Orioles 7 15 5 27 Lance Berkman Astros 7 10 21 Rafael Palmeiro Orioles 9 5 -- 14 Barry Bonds Giants 8 -- 11 Sammy Sosa Cubs 5 -- -- 5 Jim Thome Phillies -- -- Hank Blalock Rangers -- -- David Ortiz Red Sox -- -- 2005 ( edit ) Comerica Park , Detroit -- N.L. 66 , A.L. 42 Player Home Country Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Bobby Abreu Venezuela Phillies 24 6 11 41 Iván Rodríguez Puerto Rico Tigers 7 8 5 20 David Ortiz Dominican Republic Red Sox 17 -- 20 Carlos Lee Panama Brewers 11 -- 15 Hee - seop Choi South Korea Dodgers 5 -- -- 5 Andruw Jones Netherlands Braves 5 -- -- 5 Mark Teixeira USA Rangers -- -- Jason Bay Canada Pirates 0 -- -- 0 * Total rounds record . 2006 ( edit ) PNC Park , Pittsburgh -- N.L. 62 , A.L. 24 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Ryan Howard Phillies 8 10 18 5 23 David Wright Mets 16 18 22 Miguel Cabrera Marlins 9 6 15 -- 15 David Ortiz Red Sox 10 13 -- 13 Jermaine Dye White Sox 7 -- 7 -- 7 Lance Berkman Astros -- -- Miguel Tejada Orioles -- -- Troy Glaus Blue Jays -- -- 2007 ( edit ) AT&T Park , San Francisco -- A.L. 42 , N.L. 32 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Vladimir Guerrero Angels 5 9 14 17 Alex Ríos Blue Jays 5 12 17 19 Matt Holliday Rockies 5 8 13 -- 13 Albert Pujols Cardinals 4 ( 2 ) 9 13 -- 13 Justin Morneau Twins 4 ( 1 ) -- -- Prince Fielder Brewers -- -- Ryan Howard Phillies -- -- Magglio Ordóñez Tigers -- -- Notes : ^ a Recorded only seven of ten outs before hitting winning home run . Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2008 ( edit ) Yankee Stadium , New York -- A.L. 66 , N.L. 39 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Justin Morneau Twins 8 9 17 5 22 Josh Hamilton Rangers 28 32 35 Lance Berkman Astros 8 6 14 -- 14 Ryan Braun Brewers 7 7 14 -- 14 Dan Uggla Marlins 6 -- 6 -- 6 Grady Sizemore Indians 6 -- 6 -- 6 Chase Utley Phillies 5 -- 5 -- 5 Evan Longoria Rays -- -- Notes : ^ a New single round record . ^ b Voluntarily ended round with four outs . 2009 ( edit ) Busch Stadium , St. Louis -- N.L. 51 , A.L. 31 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Prince Fielder Brewers 11 6 17 6 23 Nelson Cruz Rangers 11 5 16 5 21 Ryan Howard Phillies 7 8 15 -- 15 Albert Pujols Cardinals 5 ( 2 ) 6 11 -- 11 Carlos Peña Rays 5 ( 1 ) -- 5 -- 5 Joe Mauer Twins 5 ( 0 ) -- 5 -- 5 Adrian Gonzalez Padres -- -- Brandon Inge Tigers 0 -- 0 -- 0 Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2010s ( edit ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim , Anaheim -- A.L. 50 , N.L. 45 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total David Ortiz Red Sox 8 13 21 11 32 Hanley Ramírez Marlins 9 12 21 5 26 Corey Hart Brewers 13 0 13 -- 13 Miguel Cabrera Tigers 7 5 12 -- 12 Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 -- 5 -- 5 Nick Swisher Yankees -- -- Vernon Wells Blue Jays -- -- Chris Young Diamondbacks -- -- 2011 ( edit ) Chase Field , Phoenix -- A.L. 76 , N.L. 19 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Robinson Canó Yankees 8 12 20 12 32 Adrian Gonzalez Red Sox 9 11 20 11 31 Prince Fielder Brewers 5 ( 5 ) 9 -- 9 David Ortiz Red Sox 5 ( 4 ) 9 -- 9 Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 ( 2 ) -- 5 -- 5 José Bautista Blue Jays -- -- Rickie Weeks Jr . Brewers -- -- Matt Kemp Dodgers -- -- Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2012 ( edit ) Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City -- A.L. 61 , N.L. 21 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Prince Fielder Tigers 5 11 16 12 28 José Bautista Blue Jays 11 13 ( 2 ) 7 20 Mark Trumbo Angels 7 6 13 ( 1 ) -- 13 Carlos Beltrán Cardinals 7 5 12 -- 12 Carlos González Rockies -- -- Andrew McCutchen Pirates -- -- Matt Kemp Dodgers -- -- Robinson Canó Yankees 0 -- 0 -- 0 Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2013 ( edit ) Citi Field , New York -- A.L. 53 , N.L. 50 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 17 6 23 9 32 Bryce Harper Nationals 8 8 16 8 24 Michael Cuddyer Rockies 7 8 15 -- 15 Chris Davis Orioles 8 12 -- 12 Pedro Álvarez Pirates 6 -- 6 -- 6 Prince Fielder Tigers 5 -- 5 -- 5 David Wright Mets 5 -- 5 -- 5 Robinson Canó Yankees -- -- Note : ^ a Recorded only five of ten outs before hitting winning home run . 2014 ( edit ) Target Field , Minneapolis -- A.L. 54 , N.L. 24 American League Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Finals Total Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 3 ( 2 ) 9 7 9 28 José Bautista Blue Jays 10 * − 14 Adam Jones Orioles − − 7 Josh Donaldson Athletics 3 ( 1 ) − − − Brian Dozier Twins − − − National League Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Finals Total Todd Frazier Reds 2 ( 1 ) 6 10 Giancarlo Stanton Marlins 6 * 0 − 6 Troy Tulowitzki Rockies − − 6 Justin Morneau Rockies 2 ( 0 ) − − − Yasiel Puig Dodgers 0 − − − 0 * designates bye round . ( designates swing off home runs ) . Round 2 Round 3 ( Semifinals ) Finals American League José Bautista Adam Jones Yoenis Céspedes 7 Yoenis Céspedes 9 Yoenis Céspedes 9 Todd Frazier National League Giancarlo Stanton 0 Troy Tulowitzki Todd Frazier Todd Frazier 6 2015 Great American Ball Park ( Cincinnati ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Albert Pujols ( LAA ) 10 8 Kris Bryant ( CHC ) 9 Albert Pujols 11 Joc Pederson 12 Joc Pederson ( LAD ) 13 5 Manny Machado ( BAL ) 12 Joc Pederson 14 Todd Frazier 15 Josh Donaldson ( TOR ) 9 6 Anthony Rizzo ( CHC ) 8 Josh Donaldson 9 Todd Frazier 10 Todd Frazier ( CIN ) 14 7 Prince Fielder ( TEX ) 13 2016 Petco Park ( San Diego ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Mark Trumbo ( BAL ) 16 8 Corey Seager ( LAD ) 15 Mark Trumbo 14 5 Giancarlo Stanton 17 Robinson Canó ( SEA ) 7 5 Giancarlo Stanton ( MIA ) 24 5 Giancarlo Stanton 20 Todd Frazier 13 Adam Duvall ( CIN ) 11 6 Wil Myers ( SD ) 10 Adam Duvall 15 Todd Frazier 16 Todd Frazier ( CWS ) 13 7 Carlos González ( COL ) 12 2017 Marlins Park ( Miami ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Giancarlo Stanton ( MIA ) 16 8 Gary Sánchez ( NYY ) 17 8 Gary Sánchez 10 5 Miguel Sanó 11 Mike Moustakas ( KC ) 10 5 Miguel Sanó ( MIN ) 11 5 Miguel Sanó 10 Aaron Judge 11 Cody Bellinger ( LAD ) 15 6 Charlie Blackmon ( COL ) 14 Cody Bellinger 12 Aaron Judge 13 Aaron Judge ( NYY ) 23 7 Justin Bour ( MIA ) 22 2018 Nationals Park ( Washington ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Jesús Aguilar ( MIL ) 12 8 Rhys Hoskins ( PHI ) 17 8 Rhys Hoskins 20 5 Kyle Schwarber 21 Alex Bregman ( HOU ) 15 5 Kyle Schwarber ( CHC ) 16 5 Kyle Schwarber 18 Bryce Harper 19 Max Muncy ( LAD ) 17 6 Javier Báez ( CHC ) 16 Max Muncy 12 Bryce Harper 13 Bryce Harper ( WAS ) 13 7 Freddie Freeman ( ATL ) 12 See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball All - Star Game winners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baker , Jim ( Jul 7 , 1999 ) . `` Baseball ; ESPN rift with MLB a real derby ; Dispute heats up over credentials '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby on ESPN is No. 1 on cable TV '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . July 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hiestand , Michael ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` ESPN adds new graphics for Home Run Derby coverage '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Monday 's Home Run Derby -- often cable TV 's highest - rated summer event Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cespedes beats Harper to claim Derby title '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Derby to feature bracketed play as part of new format Jump up ^ Keeney , Tim . `` HR Derby Gets New Format , Rules '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby to introduce new format '' . Major League Baseball . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Cliff . `` Home Run Derby Five - Minute Guide : Everything you need to know '' . www.si.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Steve . `` Home Run Derby 2016 : Participants , Breakdown of New Rules for All - Star Showcase '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The last time Cincinnati hosted the MLB All - Star Game , things got weird '' . The Sporting News . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby 2010 : Most Memorable Derby Moments '' . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Multichannel.com Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer Jump up ^ MLB.com ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Gillette Home Run Derby Presented By Head & Shoulders Exclusively on ESPN '' . ESPNMediazone.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MLB.com ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Home Run Derby press conference '' . MLB Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relatively speaking , viewers still love the Home Run Derby ( 2002 - 2016 viewership ) '' . sportstvratings.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) MLB.com : Home Run Derby History Baseball-Almanac.com : Home Run Derby Results and Analysis Baseball Research Journal , SABR , `` Home Run Derby Curse , Fact or Fiction ? '' by Joseph McCollum and Marcus Jaiclin Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends & Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . Major League Baseball Home Run Derbies 1985 1986 1988 * 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 * The 1988 Home Run Derby was canceled due to rain Home Run Derby champions 1985 : Parker 1986 : Joyner , Strawberry 1987 : Dawson 1988 : ( canceled due to rain ) 1989 : Davis 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : McGwire 1993 : J. González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Bonds 1997 : Martinez 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Sosa 2001 : L. Gonzalez 2002 : Giambi 2003 : Anderson 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Abreu 2006 : Howard 2007 : Guerrero 2008 : Morneau 2009 : Fielder 2010 : Ortiz 2011 : Canó 2012 : Fielder 2013 : Céspedes 2014 : Céspedes 2015 : Frazier 2016 : Stanton 2017 : Judge 2018 : Harper ESPN Major League Baseball Related programs Baseball Tonight ( 1990 -- present ) Sunday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Monday Night Baseball ( 2002 -- present ) Wednesday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Thursday Night Baseball ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Radio Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio ( 1998 -- present ) The Baseball Show ( 2005 -- present ) Non-ESPN programming Major League Baseball on ABC ( broadcasters ) Major League Baseball on TSN ( 1984 -- present ) Non-MLB programming College World Series on ESPN Little League World Series ( broadcasters ) Related articles Major League Baseball on cable television ESPN Baseball Tonight ( video game ) Television contracts Home Run Derby ( 1993 -- present ) Commentators Radio Baseball Tonight ALDS NLDS Key figures Dave Barnett Chris Berman Bob Carpenter Pedro Gomez Jim Hughson Sean McDonough Tom Mees Joel Meyers Jon Miller Dave O'Brien Steve Physioc Karl Ravech John Sanders Jon Sciambi Dan Shulman Dave Sims Dewayne Staats Charley Steiner Gary Thorne Matt Vasgersian Steve Zabriskie Color commentators Aaron Boone Dallas Braden Jeff Brantley Dave Campbell Terry Francona Nomar Garciaparra Tony Gwynn Orel Hershiser Norm Hitzges Tommy Hutton Reggie Jackson David Justice Eric Karros Kevin Kennedy Ray Knight Mike Lupica Fred Lynn Buck Martinez Jessica Mendoza Joe Morgan Mark Mulder Jim Palmer Steve Phillips Eduardo Pérez Kirby Puckett Jerry Reuss Alex Rodriguez Jim Rooker Chris Singleton Steve Stone Rick Sutcliffe Bobby Valentine Field reporters Erin Andrews Bonnie Bernstein Duke Castiglione Peter Gammons Tim Kurkjian Gary Miller Wendi Nix Buster Olney Sam Ryan Lore 2,131 ( 1995 ) Chasing Maris ( 1998 ) Civil Rights Game ( 2007 ) Death of Osama bin Laden ( 2011 ) Wild Card Wednesday ( 2011 ) Fort Bragg Game Tie - 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Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff 2008 AL Central Playoff 2009 AL Central Playoff 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker Divisional Series games The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction End of the Curse of the Billy Goat Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Run_Derby&oldid=854252037 '' Categories : Annual sporting events in the United States Recurring events established in 1985 Major League Baseball competitions Major League Baseball Home Run Derby Sports entertainment Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Português Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 00 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most home runs in a home run derby	[ "Todd Frazier – 91\nGiancarlo Stanton – 83\nPrince Fielder – 81\nDavid Ortiz – 77\nAlbert Pujols – 71\nKen Griffey Jr. – 70\nBryce Harper – 69\nJason Giambi – 67\nSammy Sosa – 65\nYoenis Céspedes – 60" ]	[ "Todd Frazier" ]
6411743516729461337	2018 FIFA World Cup statistics	2018 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics These are the statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Contents 1 Goalscorers 2 Assists 3 Scoring 3.1 Overall 3.2 Timing 3.3 Teams 3.4 Individual 4 Wins and losses 5 Match awards 5.1 Man of the Match 5.2 Clean sheets 6 Squads 6.1 Coaches 6.2 Players 7 Discipline 8 Multiple World Cups 9 Overall results 9.1 By team 9.2 By confederation 10 Stadiums 10.1 Attendance records 11 References 12 External links Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Assists ( edit ) 2 assists Éver Banega Lionel Messi Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Thomas Meunier Youri Tielemans Philippe Coutinho Juan Fernando Quintero James Rodríguez Antoine Griezmann Lucas Hernández Artem Dzyuba Aleksandr Golovin Viktor Claesson Wahbi Khazri Carlos Sánchez 1 assist Gabriel Mercado Marcos Rojo Toby Alderweireld Nacer Chadli Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Douglas Costa Gabriel Jesus Neymar Willian Juan Cuadrado Joel Campbell Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Mateo Kovačić Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Thomas Delaney Christian Eriksen Nicolai Jørgensen Abdallah Said Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Raheem Sterling Kieran Trippier Ashley Young Olivier Giroud Corentin Tolisso Mario Gómez Marco Reus Keisuke Honda Takashi Inui Shinji Kagawa Yuto Nagatomo Gaku Shibasaki Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Fayçal Fajr Victor Moses Kenneth Omeruo Ricardo Ávila Paolo Guerrero Kamil Grosicki Rafał Kurzawa Gonçalo Guedes Raphaël Guerreiro João Moutinho Adrien Silva Alan Dzagoev Mário Fernandes Ilya Kutepov Roman Zobnin Abdullah Otayf M'Baye Niang Dušan Tadić Lee Jae - sung Ju Se - jong Sergio Busquets Dani Carvajal Andrés Iniesta Ola Toivonen Breel Embolo Mario Gavranović Xherdan Shaqiri Denis Zakaria Oussama Haddadi Hamdi Nagguez Rodrigo Bentancur Luis Suárez Source : FIFA Scoring ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Total number of goals scored : 169 Average goals per match : 2.64 Total number of braces : 10 Edinson Cavani , Denis Cheryshev , Diego Costa , Eden Hazard , Harry Kane , Romelu Lukaku ( 2 ) , Kylian Mbappé , Ahmed Musa , John Stones Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Harry Kane , Cristiano Ronaldo Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 29 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 22 Salman Al - Faraj , Karim Ansarifard , Artem Dzyuba , Andreas Granqvist ( 2 ) , Antoine Griezmann ( 3 ) , Eden Hazard , Mile Jedinak ( 2 ) , Shinji Kagawa , Harry Kane ( 3 ) , Luka Modrić , Victor Moses , Cristiano Ronaldo , Mohamed Salah , Ferjani Sassi , Gylfi Sigurðsson , Carlos Vela Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 7 Fahad Al - Muwallad , Christian Cueva , Lionel Messi , Luka Modrić , Cristiano Ronaldo , Bryan Ruiz , Gylfi Sigurðsson Penalty kick success rate : 7001758600000000000 ♠ 75.86 % Own goals scored : 12 Edson Álvarez , Aziz Behich , Aziz Bouhaddouz , Denis Cheryshev , Thiago Cionek , Oghenekaro Etebo , Ahmed Fathy , Fernandinho , Sergei Ignashevich , Mario Mandžukić , Yassine Meriah , Yann Sommer Timing ( edit ) First goal of the tournament : Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia First brace of the tournament : Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia First hat - trick of the tournament : Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Last goal of the tournament : Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France Last brace of the tournament : Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal Last hat - trick of the tournament : Harry Kane for England against Panama Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 7th minute Latest goal in a match with extra time : 115th minute Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Aziz Bouhaddouz ( own goal ) for Iran against Morocco , Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden , Salem Al - Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 109th minute Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 3 minutes Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal Teams ( edit ) Most goals scored by a team : 16 Belgium Fewest goals scored by a team : 2 Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Iran , Morocco , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia Most goals conceded by a team : 11 Panama Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Denmark , Iran , Peru Best goal difference : + 10 Belgium Worst goal difference : - 9 Panama Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 7 Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia , England 6 -- 1 Panama , France 4 -- 3 Argentina Most goals scored in a match by one team : 6 England against Panama Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 3 Argentina against France Biggest margin of victory : 5 goals Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia , England 6 -- 1 Panama Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 France Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Argentina , Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Morocco , Panama , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Switzerland , Tunisia Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , England , Germany , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Brazil , Colombia , Croatia , Portugal , Spain , Tunisia Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Brazil , Uruguay Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Individual ( edit ) Most goals scored by an individual : 6 Harry Kane Most assists provided by an individual : 2 Éver Banega , Nacer Chadli , Viktor Claesson , Philippe Coutinho , Kevin De Bruyne , Artem Dzyuba , Aleksandr Golovin , Antoine Griezmann , Eden Hazard , Lucas Hernández , Lionel Messi , Thomas Meunier , Juan Fernando Quintero , James Rodríguez , Carlos Andrés Sánchez , Youri Tielemans , Wahbi Khazri Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 6 Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) , Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Thibaut Courtois , Hugo Lloris , Fernando Muslera , Robin Olsen Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Fernando Muslera Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Harry Kane for England against Panama , Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Oldest goal scorer : 37 years , 120 days Felipe Baloy for Panama against England Youngest goal scorer : 19 years , 183 days Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru Wins and losses ( edit ) Most wins : 6 -- Belgium , France , Croatia Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Iceland , Morocco , Panama Most losses : 3 -- Egypt , England , Panama Fewest losses : 0 -- Denmark , France , Spain Most draws : 3 -- Denmark , Spain Fewest draws : 0 -- Belgium , Egypt , Germany , Mexico , Nigeria , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , South Korea , Sweden , Tunisia , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Belgium , Croatia , Uruguay Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Egypt , Panama Match awards ( edit ) Man of the Match ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Antoine Griezmann France Australia ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Croatia ( F ) Eden Hazard Belgium Tunisia ( GS ) , Japan ( R16 ) , England ( TP ) Harry Kane England Tunisia ( GS ) , Panama ( GS ) , Colombia ( R16 ) Luka Modrić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) , Russia ( QF ) 5 Denis Cheryshev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Egypt ( GS ) Philippe Coutinho Brazil Switzerland ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( GS ) Kylian Mbappé France Peru ( GS ) , Argentina ( R16 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Spain ( GS ) , Morocco ( GS ) Luis Suárez Uruguay Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 10 Igor Akinfeev Russia Spain ( R16 ) Ludwig Augustinsson Sweden Mexico ( GS ) Milan Badelj Croatia Iceland ( GS ) Jan Bednarek Poland Japan ( GS ) Fakhreddine Ben Youssef Tunisia Panama ( GS ) André Carrillo Peru Australia ( GS ) Edinson Cavani Uruguay Portugal ( R16 ) Cho Hyun - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Diego Costa Spain Iran ( GS ) Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Brazil ( QF ) Blerim Džemaili Switzerland Costa Rica ( GS ) Mohamed El - Shenawy Egypt Uruguay ( GS ) Christian Eriksen Denmark Australia ( GS ) Emil Forsberg Sweden Switzerland ( R16 ) Andreas Granqvist Sweden South Korea ( GS ) Hannes Þór Halldórsson Iceland Argentina ( GS ) Amine Harit Morocco Iran ( GS ) Javier Hernández Mexico South Korea ( GS ) Isco Spain Morocco ( GS ) Adnan Januzaj Belgium England ( GS ) N'Golo Kanté France Denmark ( GS ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Hirving Lozano Mexico Germany ( GS ) Romelu Lukaku Belgium Panama ( GS ) Sadio Mané Senegal Japan ( GS ) Lionel Messi Argentina Nigeria ( GS ) Yerry Mina Colombia Senegal ( GS ) Ahmed Musa Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Neymar Brazil Mexico ( R16 ) M'Baye Niang Senegal Poland ( GS ) Yuya Osako Japan Colombia ( GS ) Paulinho Brazil Serbia ( GS ) Ivan Perišić Croatia England ( SF ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Yussuf Poulsen Denmark Peru ( GS ) Ricardo Quaresma Portugal Iran ( GS ) Marco Reus Germany Sweden ( GS ) James Rodríguez Colombia Poland ( GS ) Mohamed Salah Egypt Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Croatia ( R16 ) Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Serbia ( GS ) Samuel Umtiti France Belgium ( SF ) Clean sheets ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Alisson Brazil Costa Rica ( GS ) , Serbia ( GS ) , Mexico ( R16 ) Thibaut Courtois Belgium Panama ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , England ( TP ) Hugo Lloris France Peru ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Belgium ( SF ) Fernando Muslera Uruguay Egypt ( GS ) , Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) Robin Olsen Sweden South Korea ( GS ) , Mexico ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) 6 David Ospina Colombia Poland ( GS ) , Senegal ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Peru ( GS ) , France ( GS ) Danijel Subašić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) 9 Igor Akinfeev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Alireza Beiranvand Iran Morocco ( GS ) David de Gea Spain Iran ( GS ) Łukasz Fabiański Poland Japan ( GS ) Pedro Gallese Peru Australia ( GS ) Jo Hyeon - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Steve Mandanda France Denmark ( GS ) Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Germany ( GS ) Rui Patrício Portugal Morocco ( GS ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Vladimir Stojković Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Francis Uzoho Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Coaches ( edit ) Oldest coach : Óscar Tabárez Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt , after Otto Rehhagel ( 71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup ) , he is the second oldest World Cup coach . Youngest coach : Aliou Cissé Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland . Country with most coaches : Argentina with four coaches , alongside Argentina , Egypt , Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines . This is followed by Spain with three coaches ( Belgium , Saudi Arabia and Spain ) , then Germany , France , Colombia ( with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014 ) and Portugal with two coaches each . Teams with foreign coaches : Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches , including two teams ( Australia and Denmark ) of coaches whose home countries ( Netherlands and Norway ) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup . Longest serving coach : As in 2014 , the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez , who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006 . Tabárez , however , was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990 , while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004 . Besides them , Didier Deschamps France , José Pékerman Colombia and Carlos Queiroz Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup . Shortest serving coach : The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro Spain , who became in charge only two days before his team 's first game . In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić Serbia , Bert van Marwijk Australia , Akira Nishino Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams . Of these , however , van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup , but then refused to renew his contract . Coaches who were former players : Didier Deschamps ( France / 1998 ) became world champion having previously contested as a player , equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer . Beside him , Aliou Cissé ( Senegal / 2002 ) , Gareth Southgate ( England / 1998 ) , Óscar Ramírez ( Costa Rica / 1990 ) , Adam Nawałka ( Poland / 1978 ) , Stanislav Cherchesov ( Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002 ) and Mladen Krstajić ( Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro ) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup . Players ( edit ) Appearance record : Rafael Márquez Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time , equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus Oldest player : At 45 years and five months , Essam El - Hadary Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals . By his use in the last group match on June 25 , he was 45 years and 161 days , thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player . Youngest player : Daniel Arzani Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days . He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute . Sofyan Amrabat Morocco , who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran , is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother . Aleksandr Yerokhin Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain . This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted . 30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league , but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league . By contrast , Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues . The most number of players ( 129 ) are active in clubs based in England , the majority of them in the Premier League , with some in the lower leagues . In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England . One player each plays in the leagues of Finland , Guinea , Honduras , Norway , Paraguay , Romania , Slovakia and South Africa . From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup , the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players . Discipline ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Total number of yellow cards : 219 Average yellow cards per match : 3.42 Total number of red cards : 4 Average red cards per match : 0.06 First yellow card of the tournament : Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia First red card of the tournament : Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Fastest yellow card from kick off : 1st minute Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 8th minute Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica , Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 118th minute Fastest dismissal from kick off : 3rd minute Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 9 minutes Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 15 Croatia Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Colombia , Germany , Russia , Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 1 Saudi Arabia Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Sebastian Larsson Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Jérôme Boateng , Michael Lang , Carlos Sánchez Moreno , Igor Smolnikov Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Colombia vs Japan , Germany vs Sweden , Uruguay vs Russia , Sweden vs Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 0 Argentina vs Iceland , Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia Most cards in one match : 8 yellow cards Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Multiple World Cups ( edit ) Scoring at four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cristiano Ronaldo IRN PRK GHA ESP ( 3 ) , MAR 7 Scoring at three World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Edinson Cavani N / A GER CRC RUS , POR ( 2 ) 5 Javier Hernández N / A FRA , ARG CRO KOR Keisuke Honda N / A CMR , DEN CIV SEN Lionel Messi SCG 0 N / A BIH , IRN , NGA ( 2 ) NGA 6 Luis Suárez N / A MEX , KOR ( 2 ) ENG ( 2 ) KSA , RUS 7 Messi played in 2010 but did not score . Appearing in five World Cups Name 2002 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Rafael Márquez CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , BRA 19 Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups . Appearing in four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Valon Behrami KOR CHI ECU , FRA , HON , ARG BRA , SRB , CRC , SWE 10 Tim Cahill JPN , BRA , CRO , ITA GER , SRB CHI , NED PER 9 Andrés Guardado ARG RSA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , SWE , BRA 12 Andrés Iniesta KSA 6 SUI , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 14 Javier Mascherano 5 CIV , SCG , NED , MEX , GER NGA , KOR , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 20 Lionel Messi SCG , NED , MEX 5 NGA , KOR , GRE , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 19 Sergio Ramos UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 6 ANG , IRN , NED , ENG , FRA , GER CIV , PRK , BRA , ESP GER , USA , GHA ESP , MAR , IRN , URU 17 Overall results ( edit ) Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column . By team ( edit ) Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Argentina 1.00 6 1.50 9 2.25 - 3 - 0.75 0 0.00 11 2.75 0 0.00 Australia 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Belgium 7 6 0 18 2.57 16 2.29 6 0.86 + 10 1.43 0.43 11 1.57 0 0.00 Brazil 5 10 2.00 8 1.60 0.60 + 5 1.00 0.60 7 1.40 0 0.00 Colombia 7 1.75 6 1.50 0.75 + 3 0.75 0.50 9 2.25 0.25 Costa Rica 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Croatia 7 14 2.00 14 2.00 9 1.29 + 5 0.71 0.29 15 2.14 0 0.00 Denmark 0 6 1.50 0.75 0.50 + 1 0.25 0.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 Egypt 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0 0.00 5 1.67 0 0.00 England 7 10 1.43 12 1.71 8 1.14 + 4 0.57 0.14 8 1.14 0 0.00 France 7 6 0 19 2.71 14 2.00 6 0.86 + 8 1.14 0.57 12 1.71 0 0.00 Germany 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Iceland 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Iran 1.33 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 1.00 6 1.50 7 1.75 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 5 1.25 0 0.00 Mexico 0 6 1.50 0.75 6 1.50 - 3 - 0.75 0.25 9 2.25 0 0.00 Morocco 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 8 2.67 0 0.00 Nigeria 0 1.00 1.00 1.33 - 1 - 0.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Panama 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 11 3.67 - 9 - 3.00 0 0.00 11 3.67 0 0.00 Peru 0 1.00 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0 0.00 Poland 0 1.00 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Portugal 5 1.25 6 1.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Russia 5 8 1.60 11 2.20 7 1.40 + 4 0.80 0.20 6 1.20 0.20 Saudi Arabia 0 1.00 0.67 7 2.33 - 5 - 1.67 0 0.00 0.33 0 0.00 Senegal 1.33 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Serbia 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 9 3.00 0 0.00 South Korea 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 10 3.33 0 0.00 Spain 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 6 1.50 + 1 0.25 0.25 0.50 0 0.00 Sweden 5 0 9 1.80 6 1.20 0.80 + 2 0.40 0.60 8 1.60 0 0.00 Switzerland 5 1.25 5 1.25 5 1.25 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 2.25 0.25 Tunisia 0 1.00 5 1.67 8 2.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 Uruguay 5 0 12 2.40 7 1.40 0.60 + 4 0.80 0.60 0.60 0 0.00 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 169 1.32 169 1.32 0 0.00 33 0.26 219 1.71 0.03 Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . By confederation ( edit ) Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 5 16 9 15 0.94 3.00 CAF 5 15 10 11 0.73 2.20 CONCACAF 10 7 7 0.70 2.33 CONMEBOL 5 21 11 7 36 1.71 7.20 UEFA 14 66 31 17 18 110 1.67 7.86 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59 Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Stadiums ( edit ) Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Overall attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Overall goals scored Average goals scored per match Central Stadium Yekaterinburg 33,061 273 m 125,437 31,359 94.85 % 9 2.25 Cosmos Arena Samara 41,970 163 m 6 248,060 41,343 98.51 % 11 1.83 Fisht Olympic Stadium Sochi 44,287 1 m 6 264,057 44,010 99.37 % 21 3.50 Kaliningrad Stadium Kaliningrad 33,973 0 m 132,249 33,062 97.32 % 10 2.50 Kazan Arena Kazan 42,873 51 m 6 254,451 42,409 98.92 % 19 3.17 Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 64,468 13 m 7 448,686 64,098 99.43 % 14 2.00 Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 78,011 151 m 7 546,077 78,011 100.00 % 18 2.57 Mordovia Arena Saransk 41,685 126 m 160,237 40,059 96.10 % 9 2.25 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Nizhny Novgorod 43,319 73 m 6 256,427 42,738 98.66 % 19 3.17 Otkritie Arena Moscow 44,190 125 m 5 220,950 44,190 100.00 % 16 3.20 Rostov Arena Rostov - on - Don 43,472 0 m 5 214,197 42,839 98.54 % 14 2.80 Volgograd Arena Volgograd 43,713 31 m 160,980 40,245 92.07 % 9 2.25 Total 3,080,085 64 3,031,768 47,371 98.43 % 169 2.64 Attendance records ( edit ) Top 10 highest attendances . Rank Attendance Match Venue City Date Ref 78,011 Russia vs Saudi Arabia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 14 June 2018 Germany vs Mexico 17 June 2018 Portugal vs Morocco 20 June 2018 Denmark vs France 26 June 2018 Spain vs Russia 1 July 2018 Croatia vs England 11 July 2018 France vs Croatia 15 July 2018 8 64,468 Russia vs Egypt Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 19 June 2018 Brazil vs Costa Rica 22 June 2018 Nigeria vs Argentina 26 June 2018 Lowest attendance : 27,015 -- Egypt vs Uruguay , Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg , 15 June 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Ryan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Goals scored '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` England vs Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Nigeria -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Egypt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan v Poland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panama v Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Germany -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iran vs Spain -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt v Uruguay -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v South Korea -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco v Iran -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Spain v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Denmark v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica v Serbia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan vs Senegal - Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal v Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria vs Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Senegal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia vBrazil -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peru v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Iran v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia v Egpyt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats of the Day -- 16 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day -- 26 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018_ A late own goal gives France victory over Australia - BBC Sport '' . BBC.com . BBC Sport. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day - 2 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Repina '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dal'nyaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Olympic Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan , Tatarstan '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenit Arena '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgogradskaya Ulitsa '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dolzhanskaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volokolamskoye Shosse '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rostov Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgograd Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Central Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Germany vs. Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Portugal vs. Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Denmark vs. France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Spain vs. Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Croatia vs. England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - France vs. Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Brazil vs. Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Nigeria vs. Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . 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-4692095001266488941	Hong Kong International Airport	Hong Kong International Airport - Wikipedia Hong Kong International Airport This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Iiii III ( talk contribs ) at 04 : 17 , 24 August 2017 ( empty heading , added in Special : Diff / 778599788 ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 04 : 17 , 24 August 2017 by Iiii III ( talk contribs ) ( empty heading , added in Special : Diff / 778599788 ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search `` HKIA '' redirects here . HKIA may also refer to Hong Kong Institute of Architects . `` Hong Kong Airport '' redirects here . For the old airport at Kai Tak , see Kai Tak Airport . For the only other existing airport in the territory , see Shek Kong Airfield . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok Airport 香港國際機場赤鱲角機場 IATA : HKG ICAO : VHHH Summary Airport type Public Operator Airport Authority Hong Kong Serves Hong Kong Location Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong Opened 6 July 1998 Hub for Air Hong Kong Cathay Pacific Cathay Dragon Hong Kong Airlines HK Express Kalitta Air UPS Airlines Focus city for China Airlines China Eastern Airlines Elevation AMSL 28 ft / 9 m Coordinates 22 ° 18 ′ 32 '' N 113 ° 54 ′ 52 '' E / 22.30889 ° N 113.91444 ° E / 22.30889 ; 113.91444 Coordinates : 22 ° 18 ′ 32 '' N 113 ° 54 ′ 52 '' E / 22.30889 ° N 113.91444 ° E / 22.30889 ; 113.91444 Website www.hongkongairport.com Map HKG Location in Hong Kong Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 07R / 25L 12,467 3,800 Asphalt 07L / 25R 12,467 3,800 Asphalt Statistics ( 2016 ) Passengers 70,502,000 Movements 411,530 Cargo ( metric tonnes ) 4,521,000 Source : Hong Kong International Airport Hong Kong International Airport Traditional Chinese 香港國際機場 Simplified Chinese 香港国际机场 Cantonese Yale Hēunggóng Gwokjai Gēichèuhng ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xiānggǎng Guójì Jīchǎng Yale Romanization Syānggǎng Gwójì Jīchǎng Hakka Romanization Hiong gong Get ( or gok ) zi Gi cong Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Hēunggóng Gwokjai Gēichèuhng Jyutping Hoeng1gong2 Gwok3zai3 Gei1coeng4 Chek Lap Kok Airport Traditional Chinese 赤鱲角機場 Simplified Chinese 赤腊角机场 Cantonese Yale Cheklaahpgok Gēichèuhng ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chìlièjiǎo Jīchǎng Yale Romanization Chr̀lyèjyǎu Jīchǎng Hakka Romanization Cak lap gok Gi cong Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Cheklaahpgok Gēichèuhng Jyutping Cek3laap6gok3 Gei1coeng4 This article contains Chinese text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . Hong Kong International Airport ( IATA : HKG , ICAO : VHHH ) is the main airport in Hong Kong . It is located on the island of Chek Lap Kok , which largely comprises land reclaimed for the construction of the airport itself . The airport is also colloquially known as Chek Lap Kok Airport ( 赤鱲角機場 ) , to distinguish it from its predecessor , the closed Kai Tak Airport . The airport has been in commercial operation since 1998 , replacing the Kai Tak Airport . It is an important regional trans - shipment centre , passenger hub and gateway for destinations in Mainland China ( with 45 destinations ) and the rest of Asia . The airport is the world 's busiest cargo gateway and one of the world 's busiest passenger airports . It is also home to one of the world 's largest passenger terminal buildings ( the largest when opened in 1998 ) . The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong 24 hours a day and is the primary hub for Cathay Pacific ( the flag carrier of Hong Kong ) , Cathay Dragon , Hong Kong Airlines , Hong Kong Express Airways and Air Hong Kong ( cargo carrier ) . The airport is one of the hubs of Oneworld alliance , and it is also one of the Asia - Pacific cargo hubs for UPS Airlines . It is a focus city for many airlines , including China Airlines and China Eastern Airlines . Singapore Airlines , Ethiopian Airlines and Air India utilize Hong Kong as a stopover point for their flights . HKIA is an important contributor to Hong Kong 's economy , with approximately 65,000 employees . More than 100 airlines operate flights from the airport to over 180 cities across the globe . In 2015 , HKIA handled 68.5 million passengers , making it the 8th busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic . Since 2010 , it has also surpassed Memphis International Airport to become the world 's busiest airport by cargo traffic . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Composition 2.1 Terminal 1 2.2 Terminal 2 2.3 North Satellite Concourse 2.4 Midfield Concourse 2.5 Other buildings 3 Future development 3.1 Master Plan 2030 3.1. 1 Option 1 : Two - runway system 3.1. 2 Option 2 : Three - runway system 4 Airlines and destinations 4.1 Passenger 4.2 Cargo 5 Operations 6 Air traffic 6.1 Passenger facilities 6.1. 1 Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre 6.2 Intermodal transportation hub 6.3 Baggage and cargo facilities 6.4 Aircraft maintenance services 6.5 Airport based ground services 6.6 Fire and rescue services 7 Ground transport 7.1 Bus 7.2 Ferry 7.3 Rail 7.4 Taxi 8 Accidents and incidents 9 Accolades 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History View of the airport from the Ngong Ping 360 cable car Map showing the reclaimed land of Lantau Island , Lam Chau and Chek Lap Kok . A front view of Hong Kong Airport The exterior of Hong Kong International Airport at night - time See also : Aviation history of Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Airport was designed as a replacement for the former Hong Kong International Airport ( commonly known as Kai Tak Airport ) built in 1925 . Located in the densely built - up Kowloon City District with a single runway extending into Kowloon Bay , Kai Tak had only limited room for expansion to cope with steadily increasing air traffic . By the 1990s , Kai Tak had become one of the world 's busiest airports -- it far exceeded its annual passenger and cargo design capacities , and one out of every three flights experienced delays , largely due to lack of space for aircraft , gates , and a second runway . In addition , noise mitigation measures restricted nighttime flights , as severe noise pollution ( exceeding 105 dB ( A ) in Kowloon City ) adversely affected an estimated total of at least 340,000 people . A 1974 planning study by the Civil Aviation and Public Works departments identified the small island of Chek Lap Kok , off Lantau Island , as a possible airport replacement site . Away from the congested city centre , flight paths would be routed over the South China Sea rather than populous urban areas , enabling efficient round - the - clock operation of multiple runways . The Chek Lap Kok ( CLK ) airport master plan and civil engineering studies were completed towards the end of 1982 and 1983 respectively . In February 1983 , however , the government shelved the project for financial and economic reasons . In 1988 , the Port & Airport Development Strategy ( PADS ) Study was undertaken by consultants , headed by Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited , reporting in December 1989 . This study looked at forecasts for both airport and port traffic to the year 2011 and came up with three recommended strategies for overall strategic development in Hong Kong . One of the three assumed maintaining the existing airport at Kai Tak ; a second assumed a possible airport in the Western Harbour between Lantau Island and Hong Kong Island , and the third assumed a new airport at Chek Lap Kok . The consultants produced detailed analyses for each scenario , enabling Government to consider these appraisals for each of the three `` Recommended Strategies '' . In October 1989 the Governor of Hong Kong announced to the Legislative Council that a decision had been made on the long - term port and airport development strategy for the territory . The strategy to be adopted was that which included a replacement airport at Chek Lap Kok and incorporating new container terminals 8 and 9 at Stonecutters Island and east of the island of Tsing Yi respectively . In the PADS study , the consultants advised that the earliest the airport could be opened was January 1998 . However , in reaching the government 's decision , this date was modified to January 1997 , six months prior to the handover of the territory to China . Construction of the new airport began in 1991 . As construction progressed , an agreement was reached with China that as much as possible of the airport would be completed before the handover to China in July 1997 . In the event , British Prime Minister John Major opened the Tsing Ma Bridge , the main access to Lantau Island and the airport and its supporting community in May 1997 , prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China . The airport itself was opened in July 1998 . The construction period was very rushed ; specialists considered that only a 10 -- 20 - year period was sufficient for this massive project . Another cause for this rush was due to the uncertain future of the airport construction after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People 's Republic of China . Shortly after the then - British colonial government of Hong Kong announced plans to construct the new airport , the Chinese government in Beijing began voicing objections to various aspects of the massive project , which prompted financial institutions to delay extending project finance . Without access to this financing , many of the companies who had secured contracts to build various portions of the project halted construction , resulting in delays that pushed the actual opening of the airport , originally planned to take place before the transition in sovereignty until one year after . As agreements were reached with the government in China , Beijing removed most of its objections and work then continued , albeit behind schedule . Hong Kong International Airport was built on a large artificial island formed by flattening and levelling Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau islands ( 3.02 square kilometres ( 1.17 sq mi ) and 0.08 square kilometres ( 0.031 sq mi ) respectively ) and reclaiming 9.38 square kilometres ( 3.62 sq mi ) of the adjacent seabed . The 12.48 - square - kilometre ( 3,080 - acre ) airport site added nearly 1 % to Hong Kong 's total surface area , connecting to the north side of Lantau Island near Tung Chung new town . Construction of the new airport was only part of the Airport Core Programme , which also involved the construction of new roads and rail links to the airport , with associated bridges and tunnels , and major land reclamation projects on both Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon . The project is the most expensive airport project ever , according to Guinness World Records . Construction of the new airport was voted as one of the Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century at the ConExpo conference in 1999 . The detailed design for the airport terminal was awarded to a consortium led by Mott Connell ( the Hong Kong office of UK consultant Mott MacDonald ) with British Airports Authority as specialist designers for airport related aspects , Foster and Partners as architects and Ove Arup as specialist structural designers for the roof . Mott Connell were the designers for foundations , all other structural components and the mechanical and electrical work . Project architects were Foster and Partners . The sides of the terminals , predominantly glass , were designed to break during high speed winds , relieving pressure and allowing the terminal to withstand an intense typhoon . The airport was officially opened in an opening ceremony by President Jiang Zemin at noon Hong Kong Time on 2 July 1998 . The actual operation of the airport commenced on 6 July 1998 , concluding the six - year construction that cost US $20 billion . On that day at 06 : 25 Hong Kong Time , Cathay Pacific flight 889 became the first commercial flight to land at the airport , pipping the original CX 292 from Rome which was the scheduled first arrival . However , the airport had already started to experience some technical difficulties on the first day of opening . The flight information display system ( FIDS ) had suddenly shut down which caused long delays . Shortly afterwards , the cargo - communication link with Kai Tak , where all the necessary data was stored ( some still stored there then ) , went down . During the same period of time , someone had accidentally deleted an important database for cargo services . This meant that cargo had to be manually stored . At one point , the airport had to turn away all air cargo and freight headed for and exported from Hong Kong ( except food and medical supplies ) while it sorted out the huge mess . HKIA simply could not keep up without an automated assistant - computer system . For three to five months after its opening , it suffered various severe organisational , mechanical and technical problems that almost crippled the airport and its operations . Computer glitches were mostly to blame for the major crisis . Lau Kong - wah , a Hong Kong politician , was quoted saying `` This was meant to be a first - class project but it has turned into a ninth - class airport and a disgrace . Our airport has become the laughing stock of the world . '' At one time , the government reopened the cargo terminal at Kai Tak Airport to handle freight traffic because of a breakdown at the new cargo terminal , named Super Terminal One ( ST1 ) . However , after six months the airport started to operate normally . On 31 July 2000 , Todd Salimuchai , a regularised illegal immigrant in Hong Kong with no provable nationality , forced his way through a security checkpoint using a fake pistol , took a woman hostage , and boarded a Cathay Pacific aircraft . He demanded to be flown to Burma , which he claimed was his native country but had refused to admit him due to his lack of documents . He surrendered to police two and a half hours later . Officially opened in June 2007 , the second airport terminal , called T2 , ( check - in facility only ) is linked with the MTR Airport Express on a new platform . The terminal also features a new shopping mall , SkyPlaza , providing a large variety of shops and restaurants , together with a few entertainment facilities . T2 also houses a 36 - bay coach - station for buses to and from mainland China and 56 airline check - in counters , as well as customs and immigration facilities . Besides T2 , the SkyCity Nine Eagles Golf Course has been opened in 2007 whereas the second airport hotel , the Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel ; and a permanent cross-boundary ferry terminal , the Skypier , began operations in 2008 and 2009 respectively . Development around T2 also includes the AsiaWorld - Expo which has started operation in late 2005 . A second passenger concourse , the North Satellite Concourse ( NSC ) , opened in 2010 , followed by the Midfield Concourse in December 2015 . Composition Layout of Hong Kong International Airport Hong Kong International Airport covers an area of 1,255 hectares ( 4.85 sq mi ) . The airport has a total of 90 boarding gates , with 78 jet bridge gates ( 1 -- 4 , 15 -- 36 , 40 -- 50 , 60 -- 71 , 201 -- 219 , 501 -- 510 ) and 12 virtual gates ( 228 -- 230 , 511 -- 513 , 520 -- 525 ) which are used as assembly points for passengers , who are then ferried to the aircraft by apron buses . Of the 66 jet bridges , five ( Gates 15 , 23 , 60 , 62 , 64 ) are capable of handling the Airbus A380 , the current users of which are Singapore Airlines , Emirates , Qantas , British Airways , Asiana Airlines , Thai Airways , Air France and Lufthansa . Previous users were Korean Air , Malaysia Airlines , and China Southern Airlines . Terminal 1 Terminal 1 of the HKIA , with an area measuring 570,000 square metres ( 6,100,000 sq ft ) , is the third largest airport passenger terminal building in the world , after Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 and Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 . At its opening , Terminal 1 was the largest airport passenger terminal building , with a total gross floor area of 531,000 square metres ( 5,720,000 sq ft ) . It briefly conceded the status to Bangkok 's Suvarnabhumi Airport ( 563,000 m ( 6,060,000 sq ft ) ) when the latter opened on 15 September 2006 , but reclaimed the title when the East Hall was expanded , bringing the total area to its current size of 570,000 square metres ( 6,100,000 sq ft ) . ( The East Hall expansion , designed by architecture firm Aedas , included a 39,000 - square - metre ( 420,000 sq ft ) expansion to SkyMart , a shopping mall ) . Terminal 1 's title as the world 's largest was surrendered to Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 on 29 February 2008 . Terminal 1 Departures Hall entrance The interior of Terminal 1 at night Check - in counters at Terminal 1 Level 5 -- Arrivals Hall Terminal 2 Terminal 2 with an area measuring 140,000 m ( 1,500,000 sq ft ) , together with the SkyPlaza , opened on 28 February 2007 along with the opening of the Airport Station 's Platform 3 . It is only a check - in and processing facility for departing passengers with no gates or arrival facilities ( passengers are transported underground to gates at Terminal 1 ) . So far most low - cost carriers and some full - service carriers have relocated their check - in operations to T2 . The SkyPlaza is situated within Terminal 2 . Architecture firm Aedas and Skidmore , Owings and Merrill designed Terminal 2 and the SkyPlaza . SkyPlaza at the Hong Kong International Airport Terminal 2 ceiling SkyPlaza at the Hong Kong International Airport Terminal 2 SkyPlaza , Hong Kong International Airport ( Hong Kong ) North Satellite Concourse In 2007 , HKIA began the construction of a two - storey North Satellite Concourse ( NSC ) , which opened in December 2009 . This concourse was designed for narrow - body aircraft and is equipped with 10 jet bridges . The concourse has a floor area of 20,000 square metres ( 220,000 sq ft ) and will be able to serve more than five million passengers annually . There is a shuttle bus service between the NSC and Terminal 1 every four minutes . The North Satellite Concourse was built so the airport could accommodate at least 90 percent of its passengers by aerobridges . It has two levels ( one for departures and one for arrivals ) . Architecture firm Aedas designed North Satellite Concourse Exterior view of Hong Kong Airport Satellite Terminal . Connection by airport shuttle bus to main terminal travelling along marked roadway at bottom left . Interior view of Satellite Terminal , Hong Kong Airport . Escalator leads up from bus connection to main terminal building . Interior view of Satellite Terminal , Hong Kong Airport . Central internet kiosk with coffee shop behind . Midfield Concourse On 25 January 2011 , Airport Authority Hong Kong ( AA ) unveiled phase 1 of its midfield development project which is targeted for completion by the end of 2015 . The midfield area is located to the west of Terminal 1 and between the two existing runways . It is the last piece of land on the airport island available for large - scale development . This will include 20 aircraft parking stands , three of these will be wide enough to serve the Airbus A380 and cater for an additional 10 million passengers annually . Passengers will reach the concourse through an extension of the underground automated people mover . A Joint Venture of Mott MacDonald and Arup led the design of the project , supported by a range of consultants including Architecture firm Aedas . The Concourse began operations on 28 December 2015 , and the first flight that used it was the HX658 operated by the Hong Kong Airlines flying from Hong Kong to Okinawa . On 31 March 2016 , the Concourse was officially inaugurated in a ceremony marking its full commissioning . The current airlines using Midfield Concourse are Hong Kong Airlines , HK Express , AirAsia Group ( AirAsia , Philippines AirAsia and Thai AirAsia ) , Cebu Pacific , Peach , Vanilla Air , Jet Airways , Turkish Airlines , S7 Airlines , Shenzhen Airlines , Sichuan Airlines , Juneyao Airlines , Spring Airlines , Bangkok Airways , Jetstar Group ( Jetstar Japan , Jetstar Pacific and Jetstar Asia ) , Tigerair , Royal Brunei Airlines , SriLankan Airlines , Jin Air , Nepal Airlines , Aurora , Fiji Airways , Palau Pacific Airways operated by Air Explore , Lufthansa , Malindo Air , Myanmar National Airlines , Eastar Jet , Malaysia Airlines , Mega Maldives , Jeju Air , MIAT Mongolian Airlines and Austrian Airlines . Aerial view of Midfield Concourse , Hong Kong International Airport . Interior view of Midfield Concourse Interior view of sitting area Interior view of Automated People Mover Platform Other buildings Cathay Pacific City , the head office of Cathay Pacific , is located on the airport property . Cathay Dragon House ( 港龍大厦 ) , the head office of Cathay Dragon , is also on the airport property . The head office of Air Hong Kong , as of 2004 , is located on the fourth floor of the South Tower of Cathay Pacific City . The Civil Aviation Department has its headquarters at Hong Kong International Airport . The head office of Hong Kong Airlines was previously on Level 2 of the CNAC House ( 中航大廈 , Mandarin : Zhōngháng Dàshà , Cantonese : jung1 hong4 daai6 ha6 ) at HKIA . Control tower seen from an aircraft Super Terminal 1 View of the outside . A Boeing C - 17 Globemaster is in the lower left corner Future development In June 2010 , the Airport Authority unveiled plans to develop in stages the vast midfield site of the airport island . Stage 1 will involve the construction of a new 20 gate passenger concourse to be built in 2 phases ( completion 2015 and 2020 ) with 11 gates in phase 1 growing to 20 gates in phase 2 . The configuration of the new concourse is similar to those at Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport , Denver International Airport , Washington Dulles International Airport , Heathrow Terminal 5 and Incheon International Airport . After stage 1 of midfield development is completed in 2020 , there will be sufficient lands remaining for further new concourses to be built as and when demand for them materialises . Master plan 2030 One year after , on 2 June 2011 , the Airport Authority announced and released their latest version of a 20 - year blueprint for the airport 's development , the Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030 . The study took three years and according to the authority , nine consulting organisations have been hired for the research , observation , planning and advice . The main focus is to improve the overall capacity and aircraft handling ability of the airport . Based on this , two options have been developed . Option 1 : two - runway system This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) To maintain the current two - runway system , there will be enhancements to the terminal and apron facilities to increase the airport 's capacity . This option will enable the airport to handle a maximum of 420,000 flight movements per year , with annual passenger and cargo throughput increased to 74 million and six million tonnes respectively . The approximate cost of this plan is $23.4 billion Hong Kong dollars in 2010 prices , or HK $42.5 billion in money - of - the - day prices . However , the Airport Authority estimates that the airport will reach its maximum runway capacity sometime around 2020 if no extra runway is added . Option 2 : three - runway system This plan will focus on adding a third runway to the north of the Chek Lap Kok , the existing island the airport is built on , by land reclamation , using deep cement mixing , of about 650 hectares ( 1,600 acres ) . Associated facilities , additional terminals , airfield and apron facilities , will be built as well , and , combined with the new runway , it is estimated that the airport would be able to handle a maximum of 620,000 flights per year ( 102 per hour , or about one flight every 36 seconds ) , and meet forecast annual passenger and cargo throughput of about 97 million and 8.9 million tonnes by 2030 respectively . There are possible drawbacks . Development costs are a concern : although the proposal would increase the number of direct jobs associated with HKIA to 150,000 by 2030 and generate an ENPV of HK $912 billion ( in 2009 dollars ) , the estimated cost is approximately $86.2 billion ( 2010 ) Hong Kong Dollars , or HK $141.5 billion ( at money - of - the - day prices ) . There are also environmental and local noise pollution concerns . On 20 March 2012 , the Hong Kong Government adopted this option as the official expansion plan . The third runway will be built parallel to the current two runways . It will be situated on a reclamated patch of land directly north of the existing airport island . Airlines and destinations Passenger United Airlines Boeing 777 - 200 and Boeing 737 - 800 taxiing . Nonstop routes from Hong Kong to destinations in Mainland China and Taiwan . Nonstop routes from Hong Kong to destinations in America , Africa , and Europe . Airlines Destinations Aeroflot Moscow -- Sheremetyevo Aeroflot operated by Aurora Vladivostok AirAsia Kota Kinabalu , Kuala Lumpur -- International Air Astana Almaty Air Busan Busan Air Canada Toronto -- Pearson , Vancouver Air China Beijing -- Capital , Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Tianjin Seasonal : Ordos , Yuncheng Air France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Air India Delhi , Mumbai , Osaka -- Kansai , Seoul -- Incheon Air Leisure Charter : Aswan , Cairo Air Mauritius Port Louis Air New Zealand Auckland Air Niugini Port Moresby Air Seoul Seoul -- Incheon ( begins 31 October 2017 ) All Nippon Airways Nagoya -- Centrair , Osaka -- Kansai , Tokyo -- Haneda All Nippon Airways operated by Air Japan Tokyo -- Narita American Airlines Dallas / Fort Worth , Los Angeles Asiana Airlines Seoul -- Incheon Austrian Airlines Vienna Bangkok Airways Koh Samui Beijing Capital Airlines Wanzhou British Airways London -- Heathrow Cambodia Angkor Air Siem Reap ( begins 29 October 2017 ) Cathay Dragon Bangalore , Beijing -- Capital , Busan , Changsha , Chengdu , Chiang Mai , Chongqing , Clark , Da Nang , Denpasar / Bali , Dhaka , Fukuoka , Fuzhou , Guangzhou , Guilin , Haikou , Hangzhou , Hanoi , Hiroshima , Jeju , Kaohsiung , Kathmandu , Kolkata , Kota Kinabalu , Kuala Lumpur , Kunming , Naha , Nanjing , Ningbo , Penang , Phnom Penh , Phuket , Qingdao , Sanya , Shanghai -- Hongqiao , Shanghai -- Pudong , Siem Reap , Taichung , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Haneda ( ends 28 October 2017 ) , Wenzhou , Wuhan , Xi'an , Xiamen , Yangon , Zhengzhou Charter : Komatsu Cathay Pacific Adelaide , Amsterdam , Auckland , Bahrain , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Beijing -- Capital , Boston , Brisbane , Cairns , Cebu , Chennai , Chicago -- O'Hare , Colombo , Delhi , Denpasar / Bali , Dubai -- International , Düsseldorf , Frankfurt , Fukuoka ( ends 28 October 2017 ) , Ho Chi Minh City , Hyderabad , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Johannesburg -- O.R. Tambo , London -- Gatwick , London -- Heathrow , Los Angeles , Madrid , Malé , Manchester , Manila , Melbourne , Milan -- Malpensa , Mumbai , Nagoya -- Centrair , New York -- JFK , Newark , Osaka -- Kansai , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Perth , Rome -- Fiumicino , San Francisco , Sapporo -- Chitose , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong , Singapore , Surabaya , Sydney , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tel Aviv -- Ben Gurion , Tokyo -- Haneda , Tokyo -- Narita , Toronto -- Pearson , Vancouver , Zürich Seasonal : Barcelona , Christchurch ( begins 1 December 2017 ) Cebu Pacific Cebu , Clark , Iloilo , Manila Citilink Manado China Airlines Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Kaohsiung , Tainan , Taipei -- Taoyuan Charter : Hiroshima , Yonago Seasonal Charter : Hualien China Eastern Airlines Hangzhou , Kunming , Nanjing , Shanghai -- Pudong , Taiyuan , Wuxi , Xi'an China Southern Airlines Beijing -- Capital , Jieyang , Meixian , Shenyang , Wuhan , Yiwu City Airways Bangkok -- Don Mueang , Chiang Mai , Phuket Delta Air Lines Seattle / Tacoma Eastar Jet Seoul -- Incheon El Al Tel Aviv -- Ben Gurion Emirates Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Dubai -- International Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa , Seoul -- Incheon , Tokyo -- Narita Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi EVA Air Taipei -- Taoyuan Fiji Airways Nadi Finnair Helsinki Garuda Indonesia Denpasar / Bali , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta Hong Kong Airlines Auckland , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Beijing -- Capital , Cairns , Changchun , Chengdu , Chongqing , Denpasar / Bali , Fuzhou , Gold Coast , Guiyang Haikou , Hangzhou , Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City , Hohhot , Kagoshima , Krabi , Kumamoto , Los Angeles ( begins 15 December 2017 ) , Miyazaki , Naha , Nanchang , Nanjing , Nanning , Okayama , Osaka -- Kansai , Phnom Penh , Saipan , Sanya , Sapporo -- Chitose , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Hongqiao , Shanghai -- Pudong , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Taiyuan , Tianjin , Tokyo -- Narita , Vancouver , Xuzhou , Yancheng , Yonago HK Express Busan , Chiang Mai , Chiang Rai , Da Nang , Fukuoka , Hiroshima , Hualien , Ishigaki , Jeju , Kagoshima , Kunming , Nagoya -- Centrair , Nha Trang , Ningbo , Osaka -- Kansai , Phuket , Saipan , Seoul -- Incheon , Siem Reap , Taichung , Takamatsu , Tokyo -- Haneda , Tokyo -- Narita , Wuxi Seasonal : Dunhuang Charter : Magong Japan Airlines Tokyo -- Haneda , Tokyo -- Narita Charter : Sapporo Jeju Air Seoul -- Incheon Jet Airways Delhi , Mumbai Jetstar Asia Airways Singapore Jetstar Japan Osaka -- Kansai , Tokyo -- Narita Jetstar Pacific Airlines Da Nang , Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City Charter : Nha Trang Jin Air Seoul -- Incheon Juneyao Airlines Shanghai -- Pudong Kenya Airways Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Nairobi -- Jomo Kenyatta KLM Amsterdam Korean Air Busan , Seoul -- Incheon Charter : Cheongju , Daegu Lion Air Charter : Denpasar Lufthansa Frankfurt , Munich Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur -- International Malindo Air Kuala Lumpur -- International Mandarin Airlines Taichung Seasonal charter : Taitung Mega Maldives Malé ( suspended ) MIAT Mongolian Airlines Ulaanbaatar Myanmar National Airlines Mandalay , Yangon Nepal Airlines Kathmandu Orient Thai Airlines Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi Palau Pacific Airways operated by Air Explore Charter : Koror Peach Naha , Osaka -- Kansai Philippine Airlines Manila Philippines AirAsia Manila Qantas Brisbane , Melbourne , Sydney Qatar Airways Doha Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan Royal Jordanian Amman -- Queen Alia , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi S7 Airlines Irkutsk , Vladivostok S7 Airlines operated by Globus Airlines Seasonal : Novosibirsk Scandinavian Airlines Stockholm - Arlanda Scoot Singapore Shanghai Airlines Shanghai -- Hongqiao , Zhanjiang Shenzhen Airlines Harbin , Jinan , Quanzhou , Yantai Siam Air Bangkok -- Don Mueang Sichuan Airlines Chengdu , Yichang Singapore Airlines San Francisco , Singapore South African Airways Johannesburg -- O.R. Tambo Spring Airlines Luoyang , Shanghai -- Pudong , Shijiazhuang , Xuzhou SriLankan Airlines Colombo Swiss International Air Lines operated by Swiss Global Air Lines Zürich Thai AirAsia Bangkok -- Don Mueang , Chiang Mai , Phuket Thai Airways Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Phuket , Seoul -- Incheon Turkish Airlines Istanbul -- Atatürk T'way Airlines Daegu United Airlines Chicago -- O'Hare , Guam , Newark , San Francisco , Singapore ( ends 28 October 2017 ) Vanilla Air Tokyo -- Narita VietJet Air Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Airlines Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City Virgin Atlantic London -- Heathrow Virgin Australia Melbourne XiamenAir Fuzhou , Quanzhou , Wuyishan , Xiamen Cargo Airlines Destinations AeroLogic Ashgabat , Frankfurt , Milan -- Malpensa Air France Cargo Bahrain , Dammam , Dubai -- International , Jeddah , Kuwait , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Air Hong Kong Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Beijing -- Capital , Ho Chi Minh City , Manila , Nagoya -- Centrair , Osaka -- Kansai , Penang , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong , Singapore , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Narita AirBridgeCargo Airlines Almaty , Amsterdam , Clark , Frankfurt , Krasnoyarsk , Moscow -- Domodedovo , Moscow -- Sheremetyevo , Moscow -- Vnukovo , Singapore , St. Petersburg , Yekaterinburg ANA Cargo Nagoya -- Centrair , Naha , Osaka -- Kansai , Tokyo -- Narita Asiana Cargo Seoul -- Incheon ASL Airlines Belgium Dubai -- International , Liège Cargolux Abu Dhabi , Almaty , Amman -- Queen Alia , Baku , Barcelona , Beirut , Budapest , Chicago -- O'Hare , Columbus -- Rickenbacker , Dammam , Doha , Dubai -- International , Helsinki , Ho Chi Minh City , Karaganda , Komatsu , Kuwait , London -- Stansted , Los Angeles , Luxembourg , New York -- JFK , Nuremberg , Riyadh , Singapore , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Upington , Vienna Cargolux Italia Almaty , Dubai -- International , Milan -- Malpensa , Osaka -- Kansai Cathay Pacific Cargo Anchorage , Bangalore , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Beijing -- Capital , Calgary , Chengdu , Chennai , Chongqing , Columbus -- Rickenbacker , Delhi , Dhaka , Dubai -- Al Maktoum , Melbourne , Milan -- Malpensa , Mumbai , Osaka -- Kansai , Penang , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong , Singapore , Sydney , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Narita , Xiamen , Zhengzhou China Airlines Cargo Manila , Taipei -- Taoyuan China Cargo Airlines Qingdao , Shanghai -- Pudong , Shanghai -- Hongqiao DHL Aviation operated by AeroLogic Leipzig / Halle DHL Aviation operated by Atlas Air Abu Dhabi , Adana , Anchorage , Ault Field , Austin , Bagram , Baku , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cincinnati , Ciudad del Este , Dover , Dubai -- International , Eielson AFB , Guam , Hahn , Huntsville , Iwakuni , Kadena , Kagoshima , Kandahar , Karaganda , Kuwait , Lagos , Luxembourg , Mazar - i - Sharif , Melbourne , Miami , New York -- JFK , Osaka -- Kansai , Osan , Sapporo -- Chitose , Seoul -- Incheon , Sharjah , Sydney , Yerevan DHL Aviation operated by DHL Air UK Delhi , Leipzig / Halle DHL Aviation operated by Kalitta Air Anchorage , Astana , Bagram , Bahrain , Brussels , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cincinnati , Columbus -- Rickenbacker , Dallas / Fort Worth , Delhi , Dubai -- Al Maktoum , Kabul , Kadena , Karachi , Khabarovsk , Los Angeles , Nagoya -- Centrair , Osaka -- Kansai , New York -- JFK , Rio de Janeiro - Galeão , Seoul -- Incheon , Tokyo -- Narita DHL Aviation operated by Polar Air Cargo Anchorage , Bahrain , Campinas , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cincinnati , Leipzig / Halle , Los Angeles , New York -- JFK , Seoul -- Incheon DHL Aviation operated by Southern Air Anchorage , Cincinnati , Leipzig / Halle , Los Angeles , Sharjah Donghai Airlines Chengdu , Shenzhen Emirates SkyCargo Delhi , Dubai -- Al Maktoum , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram Ethiopian Airlines Cargo Addis Ababa , Chennai , Maastricht / Aachen Etihad Cargo Abu Dhabi , Amsterdam , Anchorage , Campinas -- Viracopos , Chicago -- O'Hare , Chittagong , Delhi , Dhaka , Kabul , Lima , Miami , Quito , Sharjah EVA Air Cargo Chongqing , Shanghai -- Pudong , Taipei -- Taoyuan FedEx Express Almaty , Anchorage , Delhi , Manila , Memphis , Osaka -- Kansai , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Seoul -- Incheon , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Narita Hong Kong Airlines Cargo Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Dhaka , Hanoi , Osaka -- Kansai , Kuala Lumpur -- International , Nanning , Shanghai -- Pudong , Shanghai -- Hongqiao , Singapore , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Xiamen , Zhengzhou IAG Cargo operated by Qatar Airways Cargo London -- Stansted KLM Cargo Amsterdam , Chennai , Dubai -- Al Maktoum , Kuwait , Mumbai Korean Air Cargo Seoul -- Incheon K - Mile Air Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi Lufthansa Cargo Almaty , Bahrain , Frankfurt , Leipzig / Halle MASkargo Kuala Lumpur -- International , Manila , Penang Nippon Cargo Airlines Osaka -- Kansai , Tokyo -- Narita Qantas Freight Auckland , Cairns , Sydney Qatar Airways Cargo Doha , Tehran - Imam Khomeini Saudia Cargo Dammam , Jeddah , Riyadh , Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi SF Airlines Ningbo , Xiamen Silk Way Airlines Baku Singapore Airlines Cargo Anchorage , Seattle / Tacoma , Sharjah , Singapore Transmile Air Services Anchorage , Johor Bahru , Kuala Lumpur -- International , Riverside , Subang Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines Cebu , Clark Turkish Airlines Cargo Almaty , Bishkek , Delhi , Istanbul -- Atatürk ULS Cargo Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Beijing -- Capital , Manila , Nagoya -- Centrair , Osaka -- Kansai , Penang , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong , Singapore , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Narita UPS Airlines Anchorage , Clark , Cologne / Bonn , Dubai -- International , Honolulu , Louisville , Mumbai , Ontario , Osaka -- Kansai , Philadelphia , Sapporo -- Chitose , Seoul -- Incheon , Singapore , Sydney , Taipei -- Taoyuan Yangtze River Express Chengdu , Hangzhou , Qingdao , Shanghai -- Pudong , Tianjin , Zhengzhou Operations The airport control tower and a taxiing Cathay Pacific Cargo Boeing 747 - 8F Operations and Statistics year Passenger movements Airfreight movements ( tonnes ) Aircraft movement 1998 28,631,000 1,628,700 163,200 1999 30,394,000 1,974,300 167,400 2000 33,374,000 2,240,600 181,900 2001 33,065,000 2,074,300 196,800 2002 34,313,000 1,637,797 206,700 2003 27,433,000 2,642,100 187,500 2004 37,142,000 3,093,900 237,300 2005 40,740,000 3,402,000 263,500 2006 44,443,000 3,580,000 280,000 2007 47,783,000 3,742,000 295,580 2008 48,582,000 3,627,000 301,000 2009 45,499,604 3,440,581 273,505 2010 50,410,819 4,112,416 306,535 2011 53,909,000 3,939,000 333,760 2012 56,057,751 4,062,261 352,000 2013 59,913,000 4,122,000 372,040 2014 63,367,000 4,376,000 390,955 2015 68,488,000 4,380,000 406,000 2016 70,502,000 4,521,000 411,530 Capacity Passenger ( current ) 70,502,000 Passenger ( ultimate ) 70,000,000 Cargo ( current ) 4.5 m tons Cargo ( ultimate ) 7.4 m tons Apron ( current ) 96 Number of destinations International ( air ) 154 International ( water ) 6 The view of the airport from the control tower , with an EVA Air Boeing 747 on a nearby taxiway The interior of the airport control tower The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong , a statutory body wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . The airport has two parallel runways , both of which are 3,800 metres ( 12,500 ft ) in length and 60 metres ( 200 ft ) wide . The south runway has a Category II Precision Approach , while the north runway has the higher Category IIIA rating , which allows pilots to land in only 200 - metre ( 660 ft ) visibility . The two runways have a capacity of over 60 aircraft movements an hour . The Airport is upgrading ATC and runways so that they can handle 68 movements per hour . Normally , the north runway ( 07L / 25R ) is used for landing passenger planes . The south runway ( 07R / 25L ) is used for passenger planes taking off and cargo flights due to its proximity to the cargo terminal . There are 49 frontal stands at the main passenger concourse , 28 remote stands and 25 cargo stands . There are also five parking bays at the Northwest Concourse . A satellite concourse with 10 frontal stands for narrow body aircraft has been commissioned to the north of the main concourse at the end of 2009 , bringing the total number of frontal stands at the airport to 59 . The airport was the busiest for passenger traffic in Asia in 2010 , and the world 's busiest airport for cargo traffic in 2010 . In terms of international traffic , the airport is the third busiest for passenger traffic and the busiest for cargo since its operation in 1998 . There are over 95 international airlines providing about 900 scheduled passenger and all - cargo flights each day between Hong Kong and some 160 destinations worldwide . About 76 percent of these flights are operated with wide - body jets . There is also an average of approximately 31 non-scheduled passenger and cargo flights each week . The operation of scheduled air services to and from Hong Kong is facilitated by air services agreements between Hong Kong and other countries . Since the opening of HKIA , the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has implemented a policy of progressive liberalisation of air services . Many low - cost airlines have started various regional routes to compete head - on with full - service carriers on trunk routes . The airport 's long term expansion opportunities are subject to variables . An HKD 80 billion proposal to build a third runway has been under feasibility study and consultation but would be very expensive as it would involve additional reclamation from deep waters , and the building cost of the third runway may be as high as the building cost of the entire airport . On the other hand , there exists only one airway between Hong Kong and mainland China , and this single route is often and easily backed up causing delays on both sides . In addition , China requires that aircraft flying the single air route between Hong Kong and the mainland must be at an altitude of at least 15,000 feet . Talks are underway to persuade the Chinese military to relax its airspace restriction in view of worsening air traffic congestion at the airport . Other than that , Hong Kong Airport Authority is co-operating with other airports in the area to relieve air traffic and in the future , Shenzhen may act as a regional airport while Hong Kong receives all the international flights . Air traffic The Government Flying Service provides short and long range search and rescue services , police support , medical evacuation and general purpose flights for the Government . Passenger facilities Despite its size , the passenger terminal was designed for convenience . The layout and signage , moving walkways and the automated people mover help passengers move through the building . The HKIA Automated People Mover , a driverless people mover system with 3 stations transports passengers between the check - in area and the gates . The trains travel at 62 kilometres per hour ( 39 mph ) . The airport also boasts an IMAX theatre that has the largest screen in Hong Kong . The theatre is located in Terminal 2 , level 6 and can seat 350 persons at a time . Hong Kong Business Aviation centre Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre The Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre ( BAC ) is located within the airport and has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminal . It provides services for executive aircraft and passengers , including a passenger lounge , private rooms and showers , business centre facilities , ground handling , baggage handling , fuelling , security , customs and flight planning . Designated spaces and hangars are also provided at the BAC for private aircraft . Intermodal Transportation Hub To sustain the growth of passengers , the Airport Authority formulated a `` push and pull through '' strategy to expand its connections to new sources of passengers and cargo . This means adapting the network to the rapidly growing markets in China and in particular to the Pearl River Delta region ( PRD ) . In 2003 , a new Airport - Mainland Coach Station opened . The coach station has a 230 - square - metre ( 2,500 sq ft ) waiting lounge and sheltered bays for ten coaches . Many buses operate each day to transport passengers between HKIA and major cities in the Mainland . The Coach Station was relocated to the ground floor ( level 3 ) of Terminal 2 in 2007 . The 36 bays at the new Coach Station allow cross-border coaches to make 320 trips a day carrying passengers between the airport and 90 cities and towns in the PRD . Local tour and hotel coaches also operate from T2 . The coach station at T2 has shops and waiting lounges as well as a mainland coach service centre which gathers all operators together . In late September 2003 , the SkyPier high - speed ferry terminal opened . Passengers arriving at the SkyPier board buses to the terminal and arriving air passengers board ferries at the pier for their ride back to the PRD . Passengers travelling both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities , which reduces transit time . Four ports -- Shekou , Shenzhen , Macau and Humen ( Dongguan ) -- were initially served . As of August 2007 , SkyPier serves Shenzhen 's Shekou and Fuyong , Dongguan 's Humen , Macau , Zhongshan and Zhuhai . Passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau can complete airline check - in procedures with participating airlines before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the flight at HKIA . In 2009 , the permanent SkyPier Terminal opened . The permanent ferry terminal is equipped with four berths , but the terminal is designed to accommodate eight berths . Transfer desks and baggage handling facilities are included , and the terminal is directly connected to the airport automatic people mover system . Terminal 1 Baggage Reclaim Hall Baggage and cargo facilities SuperTerminal 1 Asia Airfreight Terminal DHL Central Asia Hub Ramp handling services are provided by Hong Kong Airport Services Limited ( HAS ) , Jardine Air Terminal Services Limited and SATS HK Limited . Their services include the handling of mail and passenger baggage , transportation of cargo , aerobridge operations and the operation of passenger stairways . The airport has an advanced baggage handling system ( BHS ) , the main section of which is located in the basement level of the passenger terminal , and a separate remote transfer facility at the western end of the main concourse for the handling of tight connection transfer bags . HKIA handles over three million tonnes of cargo annually . Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited operates one of the two air cargo terminals at the airport . Its headquarters , the 328,000 - square - metre ( 3,530,000 sq ft ) SuperTerminal 1 , is the world 's second largest stand - alone air cargo handling facility , after the opening of the West Cargo Handling Area of the Shanghai Pudong International Airport on 26 March 2008 . The designed capacity is 2.6 million tonnes of freight a year . The second air cargo terminal is operated by Asia Airfreight Terminal Company Limited , and has a capacity of 1.5 million tonnes a year . DHL operates the DHL Central Asia Hub cargo facility which handles 35,000 parcels and 40,000 packages per hour . Hongkong Post operates the Air Mail Centre ( AMC ) and processes 700,000 packages per day . It is envisaged that HKIA 's total air cargo capacity per annum will reach nine million tonnes ultimately . Aircraft maintenance services Both line and base maintenance services are undertaken by Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company ( HAECO ) , while China Aircraft Services Limited ( CASL ) and Pan Asia Pacific Aviation Services Limited carry out line maintenance . Line maintenance services include routine servicing of aircraft performed during normal turnaround periods and regularly scheduled layover periods . Base maintenance covers all airframe maintenance services and for this HAECO has a three - bay hangar , which can accommodate up to three Boeing 747 - 400 aircraft and two Airbus A320 aircraft , and an adjoining support workshop . HAECO also has the world 's largest mobile hangar , weighing over 400 tons . It can be used to enclose half of a wide - body aeroplane so that the whole facility can fully enclose four 747s when the mobile hangar is used . On 29 May 2009 , CASL opened its first aircraft maintenance hangar in the maintenance area of the airport . The new hangar occupies an area of about 10,000 square metres ( 110,000 sq ft ) and can accommodate one wide - body and one narrow - body aircraft at the same time ; the hangar also has an about 10,000 - square - metre ( 110,000 sq ft ) area in its annexe building . CASL specialises in Airbus A320 family and Boeing 737 Next Generation series heavy maintenance . Airport based ground services This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Air Traffic Control Complex ( ATCX ) , located at the centre of the airfield , is the nerve centre of the entire air traffic control system . Some 370 air traffic controllers and supporting staff work around the clock to provide air traffic control services for the Hong Kong Flight Information Region ( FIR ) . At the Air Traffic Control Tower , controllers provide 24 - hour aerodrome control services to aircraft operating at the airport . A backup Air Traffic Control Centre / Tower constructed to the north of the ATCX is available for operational use in the event normal services provided in the ATCX are disrupted by unforeseen circumstances . Apart from serving as an operational backup , the facilities are also used for air traffic control training . The Airport Meteorological Office ( AMO ) of the Hong Kong Observatory ( HKO ) provides weather services for the aviation community . The AMO issues alerts of low - level windshear and turbulence . Windshear detection is made using traditional doppler weather radars as well as the more effective doppler LIDAR , of which Hong Kong International Airport was the first to introduce . Doppler LIDAR systems use lasers to detect windshear and wind direction even when atmospheric conditions are too dry for Doppler radar to work . Fire and rescue services Rescue and fire fighting services within the airport are covered by the Airport Fire Contingent of the Hong Kong Fire Services Department . The contingent has 282 members , operating two fire stations and two rescue berths for 24 - hour emergency calls . It is equipped with 14 fire appliances which can respond to incidents within two minutes in optimum conditions of visibility and surface conditions , satisfying the relevant recommendation of the International Civil Aviation Organisation . Two high capacity rescue boats , supported by eight speed boats , form the core of sea rescue operations . Two ambulances are also assigned at each of the airport fire stations . Ground transport The airport is connected to inner Hong Kong by the North Lantau Highway on Lantau Island . There is an automated people mover , operated by the Airport Authority and maintained by MTR Corporation , connecting the East Hall to the West Hall and Terminal 2 . It was extended to SkyPier in late 2009 . Bus Cross-boundary coach bus terminal located in terminal 2 Main article : Buses in Hong Kong Citybus , New Lantao Bus , Long Win Bus and Discovery Bay Transit Services operate 25 bus routes to the airport from various parts of Hong Kong , available at the Airport Ground Transportation Centre and Cheong Tat Road . The bus companies also offer 10 overnight `` N '' services . Passengers can also take the S1 Citybus to the Tung Chung MTR Station . From there they can board the MTR Tung Chung line which follows the same route as the MTR Airport Express to Central with cheaper fare but longer journey time . Coach services are available to major cities and towns in Guangdong Province , such as Dongguan , Guangzhou and Shenzhen . Ferry Skypier Direct ferry services are available from the airport to various destinations throughout the Pearl River Delta via Skypier . Passengers using these services are treated as transit passengers and are not considered to have entered Hong Kong for immigration purposes . For this reason , access to the ferry terminal is before immigration in the airport for arriving passengers . Check - in services are available at these piers . Four ports -- Shekou , Shenzhen Airport ( Fuyong ) , Macau and Humen ( Dongguan ) -- were initially served , extending to Guangzhou and Zhongshan at the end of 2003 . The Zhuhai service began on 10 July 2007 while a Nansha service started on 14 July 2009 . Rail Airport Express connecting between the airport and the central business district of Central . Airport Express -- Airport Station Main article : Rail transport in Hong Kong The fastest service from the city to the airport is the Airport Express , a dedicated high - speed rail link as part of the MTR rapid transit network . The line makes intermediate stops at Tsing Yi Island , West Kowloon , and terminates at Hong Kong Station at the northern coast of Central and Western District on Hong Kong Island . It takes 24 minutes to reach the airport from Hong Kong station . MTR offers free shuttle bus services between Airport Express stations and hotels in the area , and free transfers are available to and from other MTR lines with a valid Octopus card which is not available to Single Ride Ticket users . Both Hong Kong and Kowloon stations provide in - town check - in services for major airlines . The Airport Express line originally terminated at Airport Station , where trains open doors on both sides , allowing direct access to either Terminal 1 or Terminal 2 . It was later extended to AsiaWorld -- Expo Station on 20 December 2005 to facilitate the opening of the nearby AsiaWorld - Expo . During events at the station some Tung Chung Line trains , which largely share the same tracks as the Airport Express , serve this station instead of Tung Chung , but these trains do not stop by Airport Station . Taxi Main article : Taxicabs of Hong Kong The airport is served by all three different types of taxi , distinguished by their colour : Urban taxis connect the Airport with Hong Kong Island , Kowloon and parts of the new towns of Tsuen Wan , Sha Tin and Tseung Kwan O ( urban taxis can go anywhere in Hong Kong except southern Lantau Island ) . New Territories taxis connect the airport with the New Territories , except those parts of the Tsuen Wan , Sha Tin and Tseung Kwan O served by urban taxis . Lantau taxis connect the airport with the rest of Lantau Island . Accidents and incidents The following are events at the current HKIA ( see accidents and incidents at the former HKIA at Kai Tak ) : On 22 August 1999 , China Airlines Flight 642 ( an MD - 11 operated by subsidiary Mandarin Airlines ) , which was landing at Hong Kong International Airport during Typhoon Sam after a flight from Bangkok International Airport ( now Bangkok Don Mueang International Airport ) , rolled over and caught fire , coming to rest upside down beside the runway . Of the 315 passengers and crew on board , three people were killed and 219 were injured . On 13 April 2010 , Cathay Pacific Flight 780 from Surabaya Juanda International Airport to Hong Kong landed safely after both engines failed due to contaminated fuel . 57 passengers were injured . Its two pilots received the Polaris Award from the International Federation of Air Line Pilots ' Associations for their heroism and airmanship . Accolades Skytrax World 's Best Airport for Dining ( 2017 ) AETRA Best Airport Worldwide ( 2005 ) Air Cargo News Cargo Airport of the Year ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Air Cargo World Air Cargo Excellence ( 2007 ) Air Transport Research Society Asia Pacific Airport Efficiency Excellence Award ( 2007 ) Asiaweek Asia 's Best Airport ( 2000 ) British Constructional Steelwork Association , the Steel Construction Institute and British Steel plc Structural Steel Design Award ( 1999 ) Business Traveller Best Airport in China ( 2006 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2014 ) Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation CAPA International Airport of the Year ( 2007 ) Conde Nast Traveller World 's Best Airport ( 2007 ) Construction Industry Manufacturers Association CONEXPO - CON / AGG ' 99 Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century -- Airport Core Programme ( 1999 ) Federation of Asia Pacific Aircargo Associations Most Friendly Airport for Cargo ( 2005 ) Hong Kong Institute of Architects Silver Medal for Architecture ( 1999 ) Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants Diamond -- Best Corporate Governance Disclosure Awards ( 2004 ) International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) Eagle Award ( 2002 ) Payload Asia Awards Asia Pacific Airport of the Year -- Industry Choice Award ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Raven Fox Award for Travel - Retail Excellence in Asia / Pacific ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Skytrax World 's Best Airport ( 2001 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2008 , 2011 ) Smart Travel Asia World 's Best Airport ( 2006 -- 2007 , 2011 , 2014 ) SmartTravelAsia.com Best Airport Worldwide ( 2006 -- 2007 ) TravelWeekly Best International Airport ( 2007 ) TravelWeeklyChina Best Airport Facilities ( 2006 ) TTG Best Airport ( 2002 , 2004 -- 2008 ; Survey was not held in 2003 owing to SARS ) WTA World Travel Awards Asia / Pacific 's Leading Airport ( 2000 ) Year Award Category Results Ref 2008 Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International Best Airport Worldwide 3rd 2009 Best Airport in Asia - Pacific Best Airport by Size ( over 40 million passenger ) Won 2010 Best Airport Worldwide 3rd 2011 4th See also Hong Kong portal Aviation portal Airport Security Unit List of busiest airports by cargo traffic List of busiest airports by passenger traffic List of places in Hong Kong Megaprojects and Risk Shek Kong Airfield -- a military airport in Hong Kong Transport in Hong Kong References ^ Jump up to : `` UPS Air Operations Facts - UPS Pressroom '' . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional Civil International - Air Traffic Statistics at HKIA '' ( PDF ) . December 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Hong Kong Airport '' . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Year to date Passenger Traffic '' . ACI. 2016 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Denslow , Neil ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Cathay Pacific , Hong Kong Airport Become Biggest for Freight '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . Hong Kong Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with Hong Kong . World Trade Press . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9631864 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hong Kong Advisory Council on the Environment ( July 1995 ) . `` Proposal to Optimise Kai Tak Capacity '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Paul ( 1999 ) . Airport Planning and Development Handbook : A Global Survey . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 134316 - 9 . Jump up ^ Port & Airport Development Strategy Study , Final Report , December 1989 by Study Consultants Mott MacDonald Hong Kong et al. for Lands and Works Branch of Hong Kong Government Secretariat Jump up ^ Plant , G.W. ; Covil , C.S ; Hughes , R.A. ; Airport Authority Hong Kong ( 1998 ) . Site Preparation for the New Hong Kong International Airport . Thomas Telford . pp. 1 , 3 -- 4 , 43 , 556 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7277 - 2696 - 4 . Jump up ^ CONEXPO - CON / AGG ' 99 ( 1999 ) . Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century . ISBN 0 - 9530219 - 5 - 5 . Retrieved 10 November 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Building Hong Kong 's Airport '' . Extreme Engineering . Season 1 . Episode 7 . 14 May 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong 's flying start '' . BBC News . 5 July 1998 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Alastair ( September 2004 ) . Naked Airport . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6518 - 0 . 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Jump up ^ `` Project in Detail : Hong Kong International Airport : Terminal 2 / Sky Plaza '' . World Buildings Directory . Jump up ^ `` Project Page : Hong Kong International Airport -- Terminal 2 and Skyplaza '' . Aedas.com . Jump up ^ `` Project Page : Hong Kong International Airport -- Terminal 2 and Skyplaza '' . SOM.com . Jump up ^ `` HKIA Opens New Passenger Concourse to Enhance Service '' . Hongkongairport.com. 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Project Page : Hong Kong International Airport -- North Satellite Concourse '' . Aedas.com . Jump up ^ `` Airport Authority Unveils Phase 1 Midfield Development '' . Airport Authority Hong Kong . 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Project Page : Hong Kong International Airport -- Midfield Concourse '' . Aedas.com . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases : HKIA Celebrates Grand Opening of Midfield Concourse -- On - schedule Full Operation Increases Airport 's Passenger Handling Capacity '' . Airport Authority Hong Kong . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong . '' Cathay Pacific . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong . '' Dragonair . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Directory : World Airlines . '' Flight International . 16 -- 22 March 2004 . 65 . `` AIR HONG KONG LD1 ( AHK ) 4F South Tower ; Cathay Pacific City , 8 Scenic Road , Hong Kong International Airport , Lantau , Hong Kong ( SAR ) , China '' Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' Civil Aviation Department . Retrieved on August 11 , 2014 . `` Director - General of Civil Aviation , Civil Aviation Department Headquarters , 1 Tung Fai Road , Hong Kong International Airport , Lantau , Hong Kong '' Traditional Chinese address : `` 來函民航處處長香港大嶼山香港國際機場東輝路 1 號民航處總部辦公大樓 '' , Simplified Chinese address : `` 来函民航处处长香港大屿山香港国际机场东辉路 1 号民航处总部办公大楼 '' Jump up ^ `` Contact Us -- Hong Kong . '' Hong Kong Airlines . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . `` Headquarter Office Address : L2 CNAC House , 12 Tung Fai Road , Hong Kong International Airport , Lantau , Hong Kong '' Jump up ^ `` 聯繫我們 > 香港辦事處 . '' Hong Kong Airlines . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . `` 地址 : 香港大嶼山香港國際機場東輝路 12 號中航大廈 2 樓 '' Jump up ^ `` Midfield Expansion Project of Airport Authority Hong Kong Purpose '' ( PDF ) . Legislative Council Panel on Economic Development . Jump up ^ `` Airport Authority Hong Kong Unveils Development Options -- Three - month Public Consultation Launched to Collect Feedback . '' ( Press release ) . Hong Kong Airport Authority . 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LCQ7 : Financial arrangement of the three - runway system project at Hong Kong International Airport '' . Legislative Council . 22 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 三跑道系統 - 香港國際機場 '' . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.threerunwaysystem.com/en/ Jump up ^ `` Air China adds Yuncheng - Hong Kong seasonal service from July 2017 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/274185/cambodia-angkor-air-adds-hong-kong-flights-form-oct-2017/ Jump up ^ `` Cathay Dragon ends Tokyo Haneda service in Oct 2017 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/272361/cathay-pacific-ends-taipei-fukuoka-route-in-late-oct-2017/ Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/270844/cathay-pacific-adds-barcelona-service-from-july-2017/?platform=hootsuite Cathay Pacific adds Barcelona service from July 2017l Jump up ^ http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1702/S00924/air-new-zealand-and-cathay-pacific-extend-alliance.htm Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Airlines schedules Ho Chi Minh July 2017 launch '' . routesonline . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Airlines proposes A350 Los Angeles launch in Dec 2017 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Airlines files Vancouver schedule in S17 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.businesstraveller.com/.../mega-maldives-temporarily-suspends-flight-operations Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/273137/united-adds-los-angeles-singapore-nonstop-service-from-oct-2017/?highlight=United Airlines Jump up ^ `` Virgin Australia to fly Melbourne - Hong Kong from July '' . Australia Aviation . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 summer schedule '' . Aero Logic . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Airlines , Ethiopian AirlinesEthiopian . `` Page not found - Fly Ethiopian '' . Archived from the original on 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian moves ' DHL ' flights to Maastricht '' . 27 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EVA Air Cargo Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Airlines Cargo '' . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ British Airways axes B747 - 8 ( F ) contract with Atlas Air . ch-aviation.com . Retrieved on 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Qantas Freight '' . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 顺丰开通厦门 -- 香港 -- 宁波 -- 香港 -- 厦门航线 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to SIA Cargo - E timetables '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Turkish Airlines Cargo Winter Schedule ^ Jump up to : `` Facts and Figures '' . Hong Kong International Airport . Airport Authority Hong Kong . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Air Traffic Statistics '' . Hong Kong International Airport . Airport Authority Hong Kong . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger traffic surges at Hong Kong International Airport in 2013 '' . TheMoodieReport.com . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Hong Kong International Airport . Airport Authority Hong Kong . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Airport Authority Hong Kong . `` Our Business -- The Airport -- Welcome to HKIA -- Hong Kong International Airport '' . Jump up ^ `` Vision and Missions '' . Hong Kong International Airport . Airport Authority Hong Kong . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Publications '' . Hong Kong International Airport . Airport Authority Hong Kong . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ travelsites33 ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Hong Kong International Aviation Hub '' . Flight Hub Reviews . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Transport to Guangdong Archived 18 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Our Business -- The Airport -- Welcome to HKIA -- Hong Kong International Airport '' . Hongkongairport.com . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Air Cargo -- HKIA Archived 18 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SuperTerminal 1 '' . Hactl.com . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Airfreight Terminal -- Our Terminal '' . Aat.com.hk . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Fact Sheets -- Civil Aviation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CASL '' . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Public Buses '' . Airport Authority Hong Kong . 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Note that I have included Discovery Bay services as per the schedule at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` S1 Bus '' . Chow Tai Fook Enterprises . 2009 . Retrieved 7 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Ferry Service between HKIA and Nansha Port Commences '' . Hongkongairport.com. 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Airport Transportation Information '' . Discoverhongkong.com . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pilots reveal death - defying ordeal as engines failed on approach to Chek Lap Kok '' . South China Morning Post . 20 April 2014 . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.airlinequality.com/news/best-airports-of-2017-unveiled-at-world-airport-awards/ '' . www.airlinequality.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ASQ Award for winners for 2008 '' Airports Council International . Retrieved 13 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` ACI Airport Service Quality Awards 2009 , Asia Pacific airports sweep top places in worldwide awards '' Airports Council International . 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 13 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` ASQ Award for winners for 2010 '' Airports Council International . Retrieved 13 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` World 's best airports announced -- Asia dominates '' CNN Go . 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hong Kong International Airport . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hong Kong International Airport . Official website World Aero Data -- Hong Kong International Airport openNav : HKG / VHHH charts ( show ) Hong Kong International Airport History Aviation history Airport Core Programme Port and Airport Development Strategy Kai Tak International Airport ( former Hong Kong International Airport ) Authorities Airport Authority Civil Aviation Department Customs and Excise Department Hong Kong Fire Services Department Hong Kong Police Force Government Flying Service Hong Kong Observatory Immigration Department Geography Chek Lap Kok Hong Kong Flight Information Region Cathay City Ground services HAECO JASL HAS PAPAS CASL Airlines Air Hong Kong Cathay Pacific Cathay Dragon Hong Kong Airlines HK Express Transport Automated People Mover MTR Corporation Taxicabs of Hong Kong Buses in Hong Kong Rail transport in Hong Kong Shopping Hong Kong SkyCity SkyPlaza AsiaWorld - Expo Visa Visa policy Visa requirements Transport in Hong Kong Tourism in Hong Kong ( show ) Transport in Hong Kong Government agencies Transport and Housing Bureau Transport Department Highways Department Civil Aviation Department Marine Department Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre ( HKMRCC ) Road Expressways Buses ( Bus history ) Roads and streets Routes Licence plates Hong Kong -- Zhuhai -- Macau Bridge Rail MTR MTR Corporation Kowloon -- Canton Railway Kowloon - Canton Railway Corporation Peak Tram Hong Kong Tramways Water Port Kwai Chung Container Terminals River Trade Terminal Ocean Terminal Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Air Aviation history List of airports Hong Kong International Airport ( Kai Tak Chek Lap Kok ) Shek Kong Airfield Cathay Pacific Cathay Dragon HAECO Hong Kong Airlines HK Express Other topics List of tunnels and bridges Category ( show ) Hong Kong articles History Prehistoric Imperial China Bao'an County and Xin'an County British colony 1800s -- 1930s Battle of Hong Kong Japanese occupation 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Geography Administrative divisions Areas Bays Beaches Buildings and structures Channels Cities and towns Climate Country parks and conservation Ecology Land reclamation Harbours Islands and peninsulas Lakes Marine parks Mountains and peaks Public parks and gardens Reservoirs Rivers Villages Politics Anthem Autonomy Basic Law Chief Executive Districts Councils Elections Flag Foreign relations Government departments and agencies Independence Judiciary Legal system Legislative Council LGBT history Military One country , two systems Political parties Sino - 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1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_International_Airport&oldid=796965378 '' Categories : Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok Airports in Hong Kong Airports established in 1998 Artificial island airports Norman Foster buildings Lattice shell structures Neo-futurism architecture 1998 establishments in Hong Kong Artificial islands of Hong Kong Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles containing traditional Chinese ( HK ) - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Article Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans العربية বাংলা Bân - 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Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	where is the airport in hong kong located	[ "Hong Kong International Airport (IATA: HKG, ICAO: VHHH) is the main airport in Hong Kong. It is located on the island of Chek Lap Kok, which largely comprises land reclaimed for the construction of the airport itself. The airport is also colloquially known as Chek Lap Kok Airport (赤鱲角機場), to distinguish it from its predecessor, the closed Kai Tak Airport." ]	[ "on the island of Chek Lap Kok" ]
-219500740448609936	Star Trek: Discovery	Star Trek : Discovery - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery Genre Science fiction Adventure Drama Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Alexander Courage ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Fuller David Semel ( 1x01 ) Eugene Roddenberry Trevor Roth Akiva Goldsman Heather Kadin Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Hemwall April Nocifora Aaron Baiers Jill Danton Nicholas Meyer ( consulting ) Craig Sweeny ( consulting ) Location ( s ) Toronto Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Colin Hoult Production company ( s ) Secret Hideout Roddenberry Entertainment Living Dead Guy Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget US $8 -- 8.5 million per episode Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : Enterprise Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : Discovery - CBS.com www.cbs.com/shows/star-trek-discovery/ Star Trek : Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman . It is the first series developed specifically for that service , and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 . Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films , Discovery explores the Federation -- Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery . Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series , with producing support from Akiva Goldsman . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , a science specialist on the USS Discovery . Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs also star . The new series was announced in November 2015 , with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series . CBS asked him to make a single , serialized show first , with the prequel to the original series idea further developed . After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series in October 2016 , replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts . Star Trek : Discovery premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS and All Access on September 24 . The rest of the 15 - episode first season are streaming weekly on All Access . The series ' release led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance . A second season was ordered in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and viewership 6.2 Critical response 7 Other media 7.1 After Trek 7.2 Publishing 7.2. 1 Novels 7.2. 2 Comics 7.3 Star Trek Timelines 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek : The Original Series , the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham : A Science Specialist on USS Discovery . Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou , where she was referred to as `` Number One '' to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek , and was not made a starship captain , like the protagonists of previous Star Trek series , `` to see a character from a different perspective on the starship -- one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain , with subordinates , it gave us richer context '' . Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name , which he had done with the female leads of his previous series . Doug Jones as Saru : First Officer of the USS Discovery , Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou . Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet . Kelpiens , a new species created for Discovery , were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death , giving them a reputation for cowardice . Jones based Saru 's walk on that of a supermodel , out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character 's hooved feet , forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet . The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series . Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler : Chief of Security of the USS Discovery , Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons . Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol . Latif noted that Tyler 's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life , calling Tyler `` a very complex and painful and deep character . '' The character explores these issues with different characters , including Lorca due to their shared military background , and Burnham with whom `` there 's a chemistry , a relationship '' . Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets : A science officer specializing in astromycology ( the study of fungi in space ) . The character is inspired by a real - life mycologist of the same name . He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series , and the showrunners `` wanted to roll out that character 's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life . '' Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond , calling that `` a nice nod . But in this case , we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation , in our living quarters , you get to see our relationship over time , treated as any other relationship would be treated '' . Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly : A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy , assigned to the Discovery . She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery , where she becomes roommates with Burnham . The character was included to represent people `` at the very bottom of this ladder '' of the Starfleet hierarchy . She is `` the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart '' , and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as `` sort of the soul of our show . '' Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca : Captain of the Discovery , a `` brilliant military tactician '' . Isaacs described the character as `` probably more f-d up than any of '' the previously seen Star Trek captains . He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent , and had initially wanted to ad - lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one , coming up with `` git'r done '' which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' Chris Byrne Erika Lippoldt & Bo Yeon Kim November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 , and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . Alex Kurtzman , co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series , which is `` not related '' to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond . The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005 . Showtime , Netflix , and Amazon Video all offered `` a lot of money '' for the rights to release the series , but after heavily investing in the new All Access service , CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be `` the franchise that really puts All Access on the map '' and could earn more money in the long run . In January 2016 , CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series , saying , `` It really is for All Access . While the network will be broadcasting the pilot , I actually ca n't answer any creative questions about it . '' The next month , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman . Nicholas Meyer , writer and director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer . In March , Rod Roddenberry , the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series , as executive producers . Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was `` really about making sure that we maintain authenticity '' , and said that Meyer -- who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan -- brings `` a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling . An ability to ground science - fiction in a relatable way , and also making sure that we 're telling character stories . '' Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , particularly because of its impact on minority groups , as he explained , `` I could n't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship . I could n't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future . I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era . '' When Fuller first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be . He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series , then stories set during the original series , during Star Trek : The Next Generation , and then `` beyond to a time in Trek that 's never been seen before '' . Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror , and described the proposal as a platform for `` a universe of Trek shows '' . CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first , and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series . Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season . A month later , Fuller announced the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and revealed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' ( which includes the previous Star Trek series , but not the modern reboot films ) to keep the concurrent series and films separate , so `` we do n't have to track anything ( happening in the films ) and they do n't have to track what we 're doing '' . Also in July , CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada , a `` blockbuster '' deal that paid for the show 's entire budget ( around US $6 -- 7 million per episode ) . During pre-production on the series , Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show , which was starting to overrun its per - episode budget , and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could meet the high expectations for it , and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017 . '' At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner , and announced a restructuring of the production : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman . CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some designs and `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series , but expressed interest in returning for future seasons . With production set to finally begin in January , `` a lot of careful deliberation ( was ) continuing to go into making Discovery special , from the choice of directors , to set design , to the special effects . '' Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer . At CBS 's 2017 upfront presentation , CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a `` fall '' release date for the series , and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes . In June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , with the season airing through November 2017 , and then beginning again in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Also that month , Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter 's departure , and promised that `` what 's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set - up , character , big ideas , the big movement of the season , that 's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about '' and would not be altered . Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted `` a hybridized ( anthology ) approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season , and `` the beginnings of one '' for a third . It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US $8 -- 8.5 million each , making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal , though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw . After the series ' premiere , Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons , due to the external pressure that caused with the first season , but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019 . The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017 . Writing ( edit ) `` The defining factor of Roddenberry 's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that , you lose the essence of what Star Trek is . That being said ... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and ( the topical question now ) is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war . '' -- Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery The series ' writers are based in Los Angeles , and include `` fans who all have very different relationships to Trek , '' which Kurtzman said is `` a healthy thing and it 's a good thing '' . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and Kurtzman developed this story from `` so many elements of Star Trek '' , taking certain episodes of the original series and using their `` DNA '' to find `` the spirit of what Star Trek offers , both in terms of high - concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition '' . Berg said that the series ' writers `` are so in love with '' The Original Series , The Next Generation , and the family aspect of those series , while Harberts added that Meyer 's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because `` his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there 's a lot of room for character voices '' . The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , NASA 's Space Shuttle Discovery , and `` the sense of discovery ... what ( that ) means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with '' . Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series -- which are set around 150 years apart -- but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to `` play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms '' . In May 2017 , Sullivan described the series as `` a genuine prequel '' to the original series , with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series , but could n't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then . The choice to feature a single serlialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the `` new destination - based adventure each week '' format mostly used in previous Star Trek series . Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style . Also inspired by modern , `` peak television '' series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons , though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for `` shock value '' . Fuller said the series could `` push the content envelope since it wo n't be constrained by broadcast standards '' , but `` it 's still Star Trek . It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we 're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room . '' Harberts ultimately described the series as a `` hard PG - 13 '' , saying the series could include `` some violent things or ( a ) tiny bit of language '' but they still wanted the show to be for families and to `` honor what the franchise is . '' On using time travel in the series , a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live - action Star Trek season , Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016 , and , `` You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season 's stories . '' The series ' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry 's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively ( a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow ) . Harberts explained , `` We 're trying to do stories that are complicated , with characters with strong points of view and strong passions . People have to make mistakes -- mistakes are still going to be made in the future . We 're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we 're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts . '' Because of the show 's position as a prequel to the original series , the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry 's ideals , and to show that `` you ca n't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it , and so this show is about that struggle . '' Casting ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green portrays the series ' protagonist , Michael Burnham By June 2016 , Fuller had met with several actors , and said that `` we want to carry on what Star Trek does best , which is being progressive . So it 's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender - blind prism '' . A month later , Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority , female , and LGBTQ characters . In August , Fuller said the series would feature `` about seven '' lead characters , and would star a lieutenant commander , rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series , to be played by a non-white actress . He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series , and would feature at least one openly gay character . Fuller , who is gay himself , had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay . By this time , Fuller had discussed the series ' casting with Mae Jemison , the first black woman in space ( who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation ) . Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016 , but none had been made by the end of that month . The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then , but no actress had been cast for the series ' lead role . This was a source of `` some internal stress '' at CBS . Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role , with CBS `` not seeking a huge star and ( preferring ) a fresh face for the part . '' In October , the cast was believed to include `` a female admiral , a male Klingon captain , a male admiral , a male adviser and a British male doctor '' , with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor . The next month , Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast , as Science Officers Saru and Stamets , respectively . The former is a Kelpien , an alien race created for the series , while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay . Sonequa Martin - Green was cast in the lead role in December , which was officially confirmed in April 2017 , with the character 's name revealed to be Michael Burnham . Also in December , Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol . In March 2017 , Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery , and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly , a cadet . At the end of April , Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler . Design ( edit ) Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series ; Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes ; veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships , along with Scott Schneider ; and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics , props , and armor . Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three `` Kelvin Timeline '' Star Trek films . The series also employed seven art directors , over nine illustrators , more than thirty - five set designers , and over four hundred and fifty painters , carpenters , sculptors , model makers , welders , set dressers , and prop builders . Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show , `` we 're producing the show in 2016 . We have to update the style of the effects , the style of the sets , the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced ( at a time that ) is n't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise , we 're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series '' and for Star Trek moving forward . Fuller had wanted the series ' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series , but this was discarded after his departure . However , Fuller 's designs for the Klingons , which he `` really , really wanted '' to redesign , were retained . 3D Systems ' `` cutting edge '' 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series . For the prosthetics , Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make - up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department . The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show , with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer . Medical officers wear a `` hospital white '' variant , also custom - dyed in Switzerland , while the captain 's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders . Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze , and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series , based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform : gold for command , silver for sciences and medical , and copper for operations . Props such as tricorders and hand scanners , communicators , and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series . The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans , which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was `` to a point that we ca n't legally comment on it until ( our legal team ) figures out some things '' . McQuarrie 's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull . Fuller wanted `` something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look '' like , and after seeing McQuarrie 's design `` saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the ' 70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs , taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us . '' The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016 . The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series . Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa . Sets for the Discovery 's interiors were described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' , and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship , so `` the rooms ( could believably ) fit inside the house '' , but there was some artistic license taken in places . The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology , but to also `` honor the look and feel '' of the designs used in previous series . The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues , with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series . Filming ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios , with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season . Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio , including the largest soundstage in North America . Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' For the visual scope of the series , Kurtzman felt that the show had to `` justify being on a premium cable service '' . The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek : The Motion Picture and its `` wider scope '' , with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2 : 1 aspect ratio which `` just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story . '' He added that some of the series ' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J.J. Abrams . Some of these influences , per Goldsman , are `` the ability to be creative cinematically ... the intimate discourse , the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek . A more kinetic camera , a more dynamic way of existing , a much greater use of practical sets so when you 're running down a corridor , you 're running down a corridor . A sense of rhythm ... there is a sense of litheness , a kind of fluidity in the characterizations . '' The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible , including filming the bridge of Starfleet 's ships in such a way as `` not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box ... to be able to get the camera into spaces where , you know , to shoot it in interesting ways , which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving , and also lighting . '' The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing , with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel , and distance the series from the `` stage '' feel of the original series . The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations , such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert . Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a `` Rembrandt texture '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period , with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as `` digital augmentation on certain alien species '' and `` the transporter beams '' . He said , `` We 're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek , but doing a slightly different approach . '' Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series , with Spin VFX also working on the show . Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render . The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer - generated , with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment ; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series , including the practically - built ones . Music ( edit ) The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler , which he `` threw together as an audition '' within three weeks . Before production on the series began , Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series , which he described as `` a showcase for CBS '' . In July 2017 , Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series . Russo recorded the series ' score with a 60 - piece orchestra . The show 's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme . Release ( edit ) The first episode of Star Trek : Discovery aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , will be streamed weekly on All Access through November 12 . The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV ; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z . Subsequent episodes will be released through Space , Z , and CraveTV , with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it 's streamed on All Access . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety , and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels . Marketing ( edit ) The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 . Forbes 's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays , saying , `` Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope , particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment . Star Trek : Discovery is real , and now we have proof . '' Chris Harnick of E ! News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot ... In any case , seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans . '' Also in May , McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce `` figures , role play weapons and accessories '' for Discovery . CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its `` commitment to quality and dedication to fans '' . The deal will also see the company `` create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe , ranging from the classic Star Trek : The Original Series to its popular movie franchise . '' The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) § Reception Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.13 / 10 based on 51 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Other Media ( edit ) After Trek ( edit ) Main article : After Trek By July 2016 , CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC 's Talking Dead , a companion to The Walking Dead . The show would air live after each episode of Discovery , and would feature `` guests , celebrity Trekkies , former Star Trek actors , along with cast members and crew '' from Discovery . The companion series was confirmed in 2017 , with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira . It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment . Publishing ( edit ) In September 2016 , Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series , starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show . Beyer , the writer of many Star Trek : Voyager novels , explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media `` are coming from the same place '' . The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series ' premiere . Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as `` tricky to get right '' , as the time period `` is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity . That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced '' in the new series . In August 2017 , Beyer explained the series ' writers ' intentions for the additional content , saying , `` We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we 're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show , and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can . It 's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything , but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do . '' Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical , Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show 's writing staff so `` the stories we created get integrated into their brains '' , but she also said , `` Because of the collaborative nature of this process , we 're able to go farther , take bigger risks . The danger is that , in the future , somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we 've already established and just like always , the series is going to take priority . But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe ... we 're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward . '' Novels ( edit ) The first tie - in to the show is Desperate Hours , a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after `` The Cage '' . Written by Mack , the novel was released on September 26 , and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou . Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise , and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay `` in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development . There were a few false starts , but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story '' . Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel . The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward , is set 10 years before the show , and is intended to be released in early 2018 . Comics ( edit ) In July 2017 , IDW announced the first tie - in comic series , also titled Star Trek : Discovery , to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen , who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek : Boldly Go . IDW described the comic as `` Klingon - centric '' , and set the first issue for release on October 25 . Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek : Countdown comic , a tie - in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show `` means we have all the inside access that we need . So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one - off . It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself . '' In August , it was clarified that the first comic would be a four - issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers , and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create `` targeted stories on some different subjects '' . Johnson stated that they were `` building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics , and we ca n't wait to show you . '' He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries . IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said , `` The access we 're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of , and I do a lot of licensed comics . '' Star Trek Timelines ( edit ) In late 2017 , `` hours '' of Discovery - based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines , including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show , both Federation and otherwise . A month long `` Mega-Event '' based on the series will also take place . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amanda Kooser ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' launches tonight ! Here 's how to see it '' . Cnet . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) . `` CBS Is Right To Make Us Pay For ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : 11 Things We Learned About The New Trek Series ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Reiss Smith ( Sep 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery -- How many episodes are there ? When is the next one out on Netflix ? '' . Daily Express . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Major details revealed about new TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Star Trek : Discovery will be set in the ' Prime Universe ' ( so in the timeline of the original shows , not the J.J. Abrams reboot films ) , about a decade before Captain Kirk 's five - year mission . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ulster , Laurie ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingon Costumes And Props '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery star Sonequa Martin - Green breaks her silence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : StarTrek.com Staff ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sonequa Martin - Green Beams Aboard Discovery '' . StarTrek.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : hercules ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! ! More STAR TREK DISCOVERY Scoop ! ! Lead Will Be Called ' Number One ' ! ! Nick Meyer Scripts Hour Two ! ! Bryan Fuller Hires Co-Showrunners ! ! More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery @ Comic - Con : New Footage and Sarek Secret Revealed , Stamets ' Love Interest Cast and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Named the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Lead and Redesigned the Klingons ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts 3 actors , adds gay character '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : Doug Jones breaks silence on show 's new alien '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carrina ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Fan Expo 2017 : The Star Trek : Discovery Cast Talk Phasers , Klingons , And Kelpien Struts '' . Space . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Recasts Klingon Amid Flurry of New Additions '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC Interview : Shazad Latif On Playing A POW In Pain On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rainn Wilson Talks `` Deadly '' Harry Mudd In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' `` . TrekMovie.com . August 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet , Klingon and Vulcan Props , Costumes & Ships ( Comic - Con 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kayla , Iacovino ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC Interview : Anthony Rapp On His Wild Space Mushroom Journey In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` First openly gay Star Trek TV character revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Isaacs And Mary Wiseman Cast In Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . March 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla , Iacovino ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 Interview : Mary Wiseman Reveals Connection Between Cadet Tilly And Michael Burnham on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . 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Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets September Premiere Date On CBS & CBS All Access , Season 1 Split In Two '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek 's Return to the Small Screen Was Ambitious and Emotional , if Not Always Logical '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - star trek : discovery on cbsaa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Star Trek Series Premieres January 2017 '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` A New Star Trek Series Has Been Ordered at CBS '' . Vulture . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryan Fuller 's Original Pitch For ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Included Going Beyond TNG Era '' . TrekMovie.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Les Moonves Assures CBS Investors First Six Episodes Of ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Are `` Terrific '' `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topei , Fred ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Broadcast Network Not Creatively Involved In New Star Trek Streaming Series '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' TV Series : Bryan Fuller To Serve As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . 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Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Reveals New ' Star Trek ' Details , Says Series Will ' Eventually ' Revisit Characters '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New EW Issue Details Bryan Fuller 's DISCOVERY Departure '' . TrekCore.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Star Trek ' Showrunner Bryan Fuller on Progressiveness , Number of Episodes , Filming Details , and Much More '' . Collider.com . United States : Complex Media Inc . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Announced As Name Of New Series '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . July 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Delayed on CBS All Access Until May , ' Good Wife ' Spinoff Moved Up '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Producer Bryan Fuller on His ' Bittersweet ' Departure From the New ' Star Trek ' TV Series '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Spock 's father , pushes premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Is Filming , Still Getting New Writers '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ted Sullivan ( @ @ karterhol ) ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` # jasongorn my seat . # diva @ startrekcbs @ StarTrekRoom '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Katie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Official Trailer Unveiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' , Bryan Fuller 's Exit , and LGBT Representation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : More Star Trek TV shows are `` totally possible '' -- including Bryan Fuller 's planned anthology series `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Boss Gets Candid About Those Big Delays and Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Team Talk War , Roddenberry , Space Mushrooms , And A Reimagined Mudd '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Franklin Park native takes the helm on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery storyline revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Explains Why the New Show is Called Star Trek : Discovery '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : 11 Things We Learned About The New Trek Series ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Producer Hints At New Reveal ' Soon , ' Reaffirms Show Is A Prequel '' . TrekMovie.com . May 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Heard the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Theme Music ; New Details on the Show 's Serialized Storytelling ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to ditch a long frustrating Trek rule '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Speelman , Tom ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` That Time Mae Jemison , Pioneering Astronaut , Was on Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ; Holloway , Daniel ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Finds First Cast Member in Michelle Yeoh '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Out as ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Sonequa Martin - Green Cast As The Lead '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Shazad Latif Cast As Klingon Commanding Officer Kol '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duchak , John ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Star Trek : Discovery '' to Begin Shooting on January 24th `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAFTCAD Celebrates Costumes 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CAFTCAD . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DISCOVERY 's USS Shenzhou is a ' Walker - Class ' Starship '' . TrekCore.com . August 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : Fan Expo Canada 's DISCOVERY Production Panel '' . TrekCore.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hetrick '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Iocovino , Kayla ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : Klingon ' Torchbearer ' Revealed + Gentle Giant Announces ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Collectibles '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Designers Explain Why ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingons Are Bald And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Matt ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See The Federation and Starfleet Costumes and Props From ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reeves - Stevens & Reeves - Stevens 1997 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ McQuarrie , Stice & Scoleri 2007 , pp. 124 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery 's Ship Design Still Evolving '' . IGN . San Francisco : IGN Entertainment Inc . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iocovino , Kayla ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Concept Art Details Klingon And Federation Ships '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Korporaal , Angie ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Designers Reveal Look and Colors Will Evolve To Be More Like TOS '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery showrunners explain show 's delays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Eaglemoss ' Ben Robinson on DISCOVERY Model Plans and Future OFFICIAL STARSHIPS Releases '' . TrekCore.com . August 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Surging Hollywood Shoots Forces Hunt for New Toronto Soundstages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 23 Secrets We Learned on the Star Trek : Discovery Set '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allessandro , Anthony ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Star Trek : Discovery ' EPs Kept Bryan Fuller 's Vision Alive After His Departure From Show -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Akiva Goldsman On Influence Of JJ Abrams Films On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calling All Artists ! '' . Spin VFX . May 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 '' . After Trek . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2017 . CBS All Access . Jump up ^ Evans , Charles . `` Possible Star Trek : Discovery Theme Released '' . Red Shirts Always Die . United States : Fansided . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Extends STAR TREK : DISCOVERY Fall Schedule to November 12 ; New Episode Titles Revealed '' . TrekCore.com . October 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cassius ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to Air Weekly on Cable TV in Canada '' . ncc-1031.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Star Trek : Discovery will air weekly at 8 : 00pm Eastern / 5pm Pacific every Sunday Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery '' . CBS.com . New York City : CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . New Episodes Sundays 8 : 30pm ET / 5 : 30pm PT Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for CBS All Access ' ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Actual Trailer Confirming Existence '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Rpbert ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Consumer Products taps McFarlane Toys for Star Trek Discovery toy lines '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Almost Doubled CBS All Access Mobile Subscription Revenue ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : A ' Talking Dead ' - Style STAR TREK ALL ACCESS Aftershow May Be In The Works '' . Deadline.com . July 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Live After - Show Gets New Name ; Matt Mira Set As Host '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Will Have Books and Comics Coming Out at the Same Time as the Show '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Star Trek ' Canon Feels Like Homework '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Brian ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Covers and Details Unveiled For First ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Comic and Novel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Comic Book Tie - In Officially Announced '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : IDW Panel Reveals Details On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' And ' Boldly Go ' Comics '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery coming to STAR TREK TIMELINES '' . Disruptor Beam . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) McQuarrie , Ralph ; Stice , Same ; Scoleri , John David ( 2007 ) . The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Santa Clara , California : Dreams & Visions Press . ISBN 0979158001 . Reeves - Stevens , Judith ; Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ( 1997 ) . Star Trek : Phase II : The Lost Series ( 2nd ed . ) . New York City : Pocket Books . ISBN 0671568396 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStar Trek : Discoveryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Star Trek Discovery , CBS Star Trek : Discovery on IMDb Star Trek : Discovery at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Other After Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) Bryan Fuller TV series created Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wonderfalls ( 2004 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) American Gods ( 2017 -- present ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) TV pilots created Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Films written Carrie ( 2002 ) Alex Kurtzman Films directed People Like Us ( 2012 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Television series created Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery&oldid=809518997 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American science fiction television series CBS All Access shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Prequel television series Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek television series Television programs based on works by Gene Roddenberry Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Toronto Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 17 : 09 . 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About Wikipedia	when does new star trek series start on netflix	[ "CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries.[37] In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z.[37] Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV,[37] with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access.[99][100] In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut.[37] This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels.[37]" ]	[ "Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut" ]
-4344326611041844685	Gulfport, Florida	Gulfport , Florida - wikipedia Gulfport , Florida Jump to : navigation , search This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gulfport , Florida City City of Gulfport Seal Location in Pinellas County and the state of Florida Coordinates : 27 ° 45 ′ 2 '' N 82 ° 42 ′ 31 '' W / 27.75056 ° N 82.70861 ° W / 27.75056 ; - 82.70861 Coordinates : 27 ° 45 ′ 2 '' N 82 ° 42 ′ 31 '' W / 27.75056 ° N 82.70861 ° W / 27.75056 ; - 82.70861 Country United States State Florida County Pinellas Incorporated October 12 , 1910 Government Mayor Samuel Henderson Area Total 3.89 sq mi ( 10.07 km ) Land 2.76 sq mi ( 7.14 km ) Water 1.13 sq mi ( 2.92 km ) Elevation 16 ft ( 5 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 12,029 Estimate ( 2016 ) 12,407 Density 4,498.55 / sq mi ( 1,736.85 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 33707 , 33711 , 33737 Area code ( s ) 727 FIPS code 12 - 28175 GNIS feature ID 0283501 Website www.mygulfport.us Veterans Park A December sunset from Clam Bayou Park looking over Boca Ciega Bay Gulfport is a city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States , bordering St. Petersburg and Boca Ciega Bay . The population of Gulfport was 12,029 at the 2010 census . Gulfport is part of the Tampa - St. Petersburg - Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area , the 19th largest MSA in the country . The town was originally named Disston City in 1884 when Hamilton Disston purchased land in the area . The United States Postal Service would not recognize the name as it conflicted with a town in Hillsborough County . Instead , it was named Bonifacio . In 1890 , the town name was changed to Veteran City . In 1910 , the name officially changed to Gulfport . `` Old Florida '' is a phrase often evoked in describing Gulfport 's waterfront district , with its mix of small - scale cottages and small independent shops , restaurants and other businesses , situated among mature oak trees and brick - paved streets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Cable TV 4 Education 5 Boating and fishing 6 Culture 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.8 square miles ( 9.8 km ) , of which 2.8 square miles ( 7.3 km ) is land and 1.0 square mile ( 2.6 km ) ( 26.30 % ) is water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1930 851 -- 1940 1,581 85.8 % 1950 3,702 134.2 % 1960 9,730 162.8 % 1970 9,976 2.5 % 1980 11,180 12.1 % 11,727 4.9 % 2000 12,527 6.8 % 12,029 − 4.0 % Est. 2016 12,407 3.1 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 12,527 people , 6,246 households , and 3,154 families residing in the city . The population density was 4,422.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,709.1 / km2 ) . There were 7,306 housing units at an average density of 2,579.1 per square mile ( 996.8 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 89.40 % White , 7.06 % African American , 0.5 % Asian , 0.4 % Native American , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 0.78 % from other races , and 1.75 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.47 % of the population . One of Gulfport 's restaurants in the waterfront entertainment district There were 6,246 households out of which 16.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 37.3 % were married couples living together , 10.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 49.5 % were non-families. 39.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 19.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.63 . In the city , the population was spread out with 15.8 % under the age of 18 , 5.5 % from 18 to 24 , 24.9 % from 25 to 44 , 25.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 28.0 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 47 years . For every 100 females there were 88.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85.2 males . The median income for a household in the city was $28,809 , and the median income for a family was $37,016 . Males had a median income of $25,756 versus $23,347 for females . The per capita income for the city was $22,801 . About 9.5 % of families and 13.3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.2 % of those under age 18 and 8.2 % of those age 65 or over . Cable TV ( edit ) GTV640 is the local Government - access television ( GATV ) cable TV channel for Gulfport . The signal was moved to channel 640 on February 9 , 2015 , on Bright House Networks . The City of Gulfport , Florida broadcasts live meetings and replays on Brighthouse Cable Channel 640 , as well as Live Streaming Video on the internet . The channel includes city information , information relating to the city 's events , a historical video of the city , city meetings , as well as additional programming . Education ( edit ) Public education is provided by Pinellas County Schools . Gulfport has two public schools , Boca Ciega High School and Gulfport Elementary School . The closest middle school to Gulfport is Thurgood Marshall Fundamental Middle School , located in St. Petersburg . Gulfport Elementary was the first Montessori school in Pinellas County . The Gulfport Public Library is located on Beach Boulevard , not far from the Gulfport Multi-Purpose Senior Center and the Catherine Hickman Theater . It is a member of the Pinellas Public Library Cooperative , which facilitates inter-library borrowing of materials in the county . St. Petersburg College , a state college , has multiple campuses in the county and is available for those who aspire to a college degree . In addition , the city of St. Petersburg has a campus of the University of South Florida . Stetson University College of Law , founded in 1900 , is located in Gulfport ( having moved there in 1954 from its original location in DeLand ) . Its tower is one of the best - known images to locals and has become an iconic part of the skyline . Boating and fishing ( edit ) The city owns a full - service marina adjacent to Clam Bayou Nature Park . Gulfport 's police force operates on the water , as well as on the land . There is a long municipal fishing pier , called Williams Pier , on Boca Ciega Bay . It 's near the Casino Ballroom and not far from two Gulfport city parks , Veterans Park and the waterfront park and beach . In December there is usually an evening holiday boat parade on the bay , with colorful lights decorating the boats . Culture ( edit ) Gulfport has a trolley bus which passengers can ride around the city and the surrounding area for free . The city is still a sleepy beach town but is gaining interest for its culinary and arts scene , and for its colorful ambiance . The downtown area has a few art galleries , as well as the Catherine A. Hickman Theater , a small performing arts center . The Gulfport Community Players present several plays each year at the Hickman Theater . Gulfport 's beach on Boca Ciega Bay , with ' Welcome to Gulfport ' sign on the back of the Casino Ballroom ; the Williams Pier is just outside the photo on the right . Gulfport is distinguished by its high concentration of artisans inspired by the intense light and tropical scenery . A celebration the first Friday and third Saturday of each month called Art Walk attracts locals and tourists . Many street performers , artists , and craftspeople show up to create a relaxed cultured atmosphere in the warm balmy evening breezes coming off the beach at the end of the street . Tuesdays are Fresh Market days in the Gulfport Waterfront district from 9 am to 3 pm , on Beach Blvd . Annual festivals include `` Get Rescued in Gulfport '' on the fourth Saturday of February , a charitable street festival featuring pet rescue organizations from throughout the region , vendors of pet products and demonstrations . The Catherine A. Hickman Theater of Gulfport is located on Beach Boulevard at 26th Avenue South and is a venue for live theatrical performances . The nearby Gulfport Senior Center offers activities throughout the week for residents within and outside of the city limits . The Gulfport Casino Ballroom , located on the waterfront , is one of the main event venues in the city . The Casino hosts Swing , Latin , Argentine Tango , and Ballroom Dance events five days a week with a large turnout from all across the Tampa area . The venue is available for rent to the public and is popular for weddings , company functions , and holiday parties . The ballroom features a 5,000 - square - foot ( 460 m ) authentic 1930s style dance floor . In 2011 Gulfport was named a finalist by Rand McNally for best food town in the U.S. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/Municipalities.htm#Gulfport Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Gulfport city , Florida '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Three Names Shape One . St. Petersburg Times . 2001 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ GTV640 Information Page City of Gulfport . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gulfport Public Library Accessed 03 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gulfport Municipal Marina City web page with aerial photo of marina ; accessed 03 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ Gulfport Police Department Marine Patrol Police web page with short video about their law - enforcement vessel & responsibilities ; accessed 03 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 / Jump up ^ Gulfport 's Cultural Facilities Accessed 03 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ Gulfport boasts great dining off the beaten path The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Counting down Tampa Bay 's best bars : No. 60 to No. 41 St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gritty town cleans up its act , retains its charm Miami Herald . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gulfport pub seeking patron - designed label for new beer Bay News 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) External links ( edit ) City of Gulfport official website Gulfport Area Chamber of Commerce ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Pinellas County , Florida , United States County seat : Clearwater Cities Belleair Beach Belleair Bluffs Clearwater Dunedin Gulfport Indian Rocks Beach Largo Madeira Beach Oldsmar Pinellas Park Safety Harbor St. Pete Beach St. Petersburg Seminole South Pasadena Tarpon Springs Treasure Island Towns Belleair Belleair Shore Indian Shores Kenneth City North Redington Beach Redington Beach Redington Shores CDPs Bardmoor Bay Pines Bear Creek East Lake Feather Sound Greenbriar Harbor Bluffs Lealman Palm Harbor Ridgecrest South Highpoint Tierra Verde West Lealman Unincorporated communities Anona Crystal Beach Gandy Highpoint Innisbrook Ozona Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulfport,_Florida&oldid=816568362 '' Categories : Cities in Pinellas County , Florida Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida Cities in Florida 1884 establishments in Florida Populated places established in 1884 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from June 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 05 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how high above sea level is gulfport florida	[ "\n\nGulfport, Florida\n\n\nCity\n\n\nCity of Gulfport\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeal\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation in Pinellas County and the state of Florida\n\n\nCoordinates: 27°45′2″N 82°42′31″W / 27.75056°N 82.70861°W / 27.75056; -82.70861Coordinates: 27°45′2″N 82°42′31″W / 27.75056°N 82.70861°W / 27.75056; -82.70861\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nFlorida\n\n\nCounty\nPinellas\n\n\nIncorporated\nOctober 12, 1910\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Mayor\nSamuel Henderson\n\n\nArea[1]\n\n\n • Total\n3.89 sq mi (10.07 km2)\n\n\n • Land\n2.76 sq mi (7.14 km2)\n\n\n • Water\n1.13 sq mi (2.92 km2)\n\n\nElevation\n16 ft (5 m)\n\n\nPopulation (2010)\n\n\n • Total\n12,029\n\n\n • Estimate (2016)[2]\n12,407\n\n\n • Density\n4,498.55/sq mi (1,736.85/km2)\n\n\nTime zone\nEastern (EST) (UTC-5)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nEDT (UTC-4)\n\n\nZIP codes\n33707, 33711, 33737\n\n\nArea code(s)\n727\n\n\nFIPS code\n12-28175[3]\n\n\nGNIS feature ID\n0283501[4]\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.mygulfport.us\n\n" ]	[ "16 ft (5 m)" ]
1666120655967351223	Election recount	Election recount - wikipedia Election recount Jump to : navigation , search This article is about election recount . For the 2008 film , see Recount ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An election recount is a repeat tabulation of votes cast in an election that is used to determine the correctness of an initial count . Recounts will often take place in the event that the initial vote tally during an election is extremely close . Election recounts will often result in changes in contest tallies . Errors can be found or introduced from human factors , such as transcription errors , or machine errors , such as misreads of paper ballots . Alternately tallies may change because of a reinterpretation of voter intent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recount methods 1.1 Machine recount 1.2 Manual recount 2 Legal requirements 3 Not recounts 4 Notable recounts 5 See also 6 References Recount methods ( edit ) Recounting optical - scan ballots by hand in the United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2008 . Machine recount ( edit ) A machine recount is a retabulation of ballots cast during the election . This can be done using an optical scan voting system , punched card system or DRE voting machine . With document - based Ballot Voting Systems , ballots are counted a second time by some form of machine . With Non-document - based Ballot Voting Systems officials will recollect vote data from each voting machine which will be combined by a central tabulation system . Manual recount ( edit ) A manual or `` hand '' recount involves each individual physical representation of voter intent be reviewed for voter intent by one or more individuals . With DRE voting machines , a voter - verified paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) is examined from each voter . For some DREs that do not generate a VVPAT , images can be printed for each ballot cast and counted individually . Legal requirements ( edit ) Recounts can be mandatory or optional . In some jurisdictions , recounts are mandatory in the event the difference between the top two candidates is less than a percentage of votes cast or of a fixed number . Mandatory recounts are paid for by the elections official , or the state . Mandatory recounts can usually be waived by the apparent losing candidate . The winning side will usually encourage the loser to waive the recount in a show of unity and to avoid spending taxpayer money . Each jurisdiction has different criteria for optional recounts . Some areas permit recounts for any office or measure , while others require that the margin of victory be less than a certain percentage before a recount is allowed . In all instances , optional recounts are paid for by the candidate , their political party , or , in some instances , by any interested voter . The person paying for the recount has the option to stop the recount at any time . If the recount reverses the election , the jurisdiction will then pay for the recount . In the United Kingdom it is possible for a defeated candidate denied a recount by the Returning Officer , to request one from the court by means of an election petition . There are several cases where a Parliamentary election has been the subject of a court - ordered recount . Not recounts ( edit ) Loosely called `` recounts '' are actually first counts of various kinds like absentee ballots and provisional ballots . Because they occur after regular ballots are counted and because most elections are not close enough for these other ballots to affect the outcome , when these additional ballots are being tabulated , many media sources incorrectly call them `` recounts . '' Notable recounts ( edit ) Florida election recount - 2000 U.S. presidential election Washington gubernatorial election , 2004 Vermont Auditor of Accounts election , 2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida , 2006 # District 13 - Florida 's 13th congressional district United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2008 Virginia Attorney General election , 2013 2016 United States presidential election recounts See also ( edit ) Risk - limiting audit Electoral fraud References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Automatic Recounts '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/herring-wins-virginia-attorney-general-race-elections-board-announces/2013/11/25/7b661082-55e7-11e3-835d-e7173847c7cc_story.html Jump up ^ See http://www.gregpalast.com/ for an investigative journalist 's report of what the `` recount '' uncovered . Jump up ^ `` Clinton campaign counsel : We 'll participate in recount '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election_recount&oldid=776960736 '' Categories : Elections Vote counting Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2016 USA - centric Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2017 , at 11 : 55 . About Wikipedia	when can a post election recount be requested	[ "An election recount is a repeat tabulation of votes cast in an election that is used to determine the correctness of an initial count. Recounts will often take place in the event that the initial vote tally during an election is extremely close." ]	[ "initial vote tally during an election is extremely close" ]
4637377625078739982	Quantico (season 2)	Quantico ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Quantico ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Quantico ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Priyanka Chopra Jake McLaughlin Aunjanue Ellis Yasmine Al Massri Johanna Braddy Russell Tovey Pearl Thusi Blair Underwood Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) -- May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Quantico episodes The second season of American drama thriller series Quantico premiered in the United States on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 25 , 2016 and concluded on May 15 , 2017 . The season was produced by ABC Studios , with series creator Joshua Safran , Mark Gordon , Robert Sertner , Nicholas Pepper and Jorge Zamacona serving as executive producers . Season two consisted of 22 episodes , the second season follows Alex Parrish , who has been working undercover for the FBI as a CIA recruit to uncover the rogue faction of the CIA called the AIC . Told through dual timelines up to the thirteenth episode , the narrative switches between the present , where Parrish had to confront a hostage crisis at the G - 20 summit in New York City by a terrorist group , and the past , where she had been training at the CIA 's mysterious training facility `` The Farm '' with other trainees , revealing links between the two incidents . The narrative switched to single timeline from the fourteenth episode . The second season aired on Sundays in the United States at 10 : 00 p.m. , before moving to Mondays at 10 : 00 p.m. after its mid-season break . The second season was well - received by critics but struggled with the ratings , averaging 4.53 million viewers . For portraying Alex Parrish , Priyanka Chopra won the 2017 's People 's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic TV Actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Regular cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Season two begins with Alex being undercover for the FBI along with Ryan at `` The Farm '' as a CIA recruit . Their mission is to uncover the mastermind behind the rogue faction of the CIA called the AIC . In the future , the President of the United States , the First Lady of the United States , and several other world leaders are being held hostage at the G - 20 summit in New York by a group of terrorists called the Citizens Liberation Front . The real aim of the group is to get to the surveillance drives that all the world leaders brought with them before the AIC does who are hiding among the hostages . Two weeks after the end of the hostage crisis , President Claire Haas and CIA director Matthew Keyes put forth a covert joint task force between the FBI and CIA . The mission of the task force is to expose a syndicate of eight Collaborators that were secretly involved in orchestrating the hostage crisis . After the Collaborators gain access to the sensitive intelligence , Alex is re-instated to work again as an FBI agent and is hired to be a member of the task force along with Ryan Booth , Nimah Amin , Shelby Wyatt and Dayana Mampasi , and the leader of the group , Clay Haas , a renowned political advisory strategist . As the season progresses , the Speaker of the House , Henry Roarke is appointed as the President of the United States , replacing Claire after a national scandal . Shortly after his inauguration , he requests for a new Constitutional Convention , in order to rewrite the United States Constitution . In the days leading to the Convention , the task force try to stop Roarke from getting the votes needed to allow the Convention to occur . Resorting to a final strategy at the convention in Philadelphia , Alex publicly broadcasts Roarke 's recordings with the Federal Security Service and emails the evidence to the ACLU and other rights organizations . Due to Alex committing treason by releasing classified U.S intelligence to the public at the Constitutional Convention , she is branded as a fugitive of the United States and being issued an INTERPOL Red Notice for her arrest . Along with Ryan , she leaves the country on a plane to an unknown international destination . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Quantico characters Regular cast ( edit ) Priyanka Chopra as Alex Parrish Jake McLaughlin as Ryan Booth Aunjanue Ellis as Miranda Shaw Yasmine Al Massri as Nimah and Raina Amin Johanna Braddy as Shelby Wyatt Russell Tovey as Harry Doyle Pearl Thusi as Dayana Mampasi Blair Underwood as Owen Hall Recurring cast ( edit ) Henry Czerny as Matthew Keyes Aarón Díaz as León Velez Tracy Ifeachor as Lydia Hall David Lim as Sebastian Chen Jay Armstrong Johnson as Will Olsen Graham Rogers as Caleb Haas Heléne Yorke as Leigh Davis Marcia Cross as Claire Haas Eliza Coupe as Hannah Wyland Nolan Gerard Funk as Daniel Sharp Laila Robins as General Katherine Richards David Call as Jeremy Miller Hunter Parrish as Clay Haas Krysta Rodriguez as Maxine Griffin Karolina Wydra as Sasha Barinov Jon Kortajarena as Felix Cordova Dennis Boutsikaris as Henry Roarke Donna Murphy as Rebecca Sherman Li Jun Li as Iris Chang Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Priyanka Chopra plays the series ' protagonist , Alex Parrish . In March 2016 , mid-way through the first season , American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) announced that Quantico had been renewed for a second season . Following the season one finale , Joshua Safran talked to TV Guide revealing that storyline of the sophomore season saying that the it will focus on the contrasting working ethics of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency , saying `` The CIA is very much about getting information and figuring things out before they happen and before they grow into something that will be a bigger problem , whereas the FBI is very much about an immediate problem that arises that they need to fix or keep under control . They work together really well and I thought that was something I had n't really seen before . '' Safran also revealed that they were planning to make the successive season more mature and darker than its previous to minimize the confusion for the viewers . Safran called the second season more cohesive and that the structure would mirror the first season , retaining the season one structure . '' In another interview , Safran confirmed that the narrative would be slower than the previous season saying , `` It will be a little bit of flash forward , but the majority will be , what I like to call , the present . '' In an interview with TV Line , Safran announced that the show will be switching to a single timeline following the fourteenth episode as he always intended to switch to a single timeline after resolving all the storyline . The second season was produced by the ABC Studios in association with The Mark Gordon Company and Random Acts Productions . Safran , Mark Gordon , Robert Partner , Nicholas Pepper and Jorge Zamacona served as the executive producers . Casting ( edit ) Following the season one finale , Safran confirmed that the series regulars from the previous season would return . Safran expressed his interest in bringing back Cross 's character Claire Haas as he thought would be interesting to move her storyline forward . In early June 2016 , Russell Tovey joined the show as a series regular , playing Harry Doyle , who was described as a `` mischievous gadabout '' . The following month , Blair Underwood became the another addition to the regular cast , playing the CIA officer Owen Hall . Pearl Thusi was the final regular new cast member , who was said to Dayana Mampasi , a character described as `` a driven , disciplined a type - A Lawyer '' . Aarón Díaz was announced to have joined the series in a recurring role as photojournalist León Velez . Following Díaz 's casting , it was reported that Tracy Ifeachor and David Lim were cast in recurring roles as Lydia Hall and Sebastian Chen , respectively . In late July 2016 , Henry Czerny , who played the CIA director Matthew Keyes in the season 1 finale , joined the cast in the recurring role . Safran revealed he was important for the second season storyline . The casting of Hunter Parrish and Krysta Rodriguez in the recurring roles of Clay Haas and Maxine Griffin , respectively , were announced in early 2017 . Filming ( edit ) For the second season , the production moved to New York City as Safran felt that it was `` much more a New York story . '' The second season was primarily shot at the Silvercup Studios and outer scenes were filmed on location . Filming started on July 13 , 2016 in New York and ended in mid-March 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Quantico episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Kudove '' Patrick Norris Joshua Safran & Logan Slakter September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 3.64 Alex is walking through New York and gets suspicious of mysterious white vans driving around . As she calls Shelby to have her run a photo of someone she believes she killed months earlier , the white vans go into formation and blow up intersections , blocking off the Financial District of Lower Manhattan and isolating those inside . With Ryan and Raina in Federal Hall National Memorial for the G20 summit , the terrorists ' ( calling themselves `` Citizen 's Liberation Front '' - CLF ) target , Alex infiltrates to try and find out who is behind the terror attack . After giving into the terrorists ' wishes , the hostages are split up and the First Lady of the United States is beheaded . In flashbacks , Alex has now started at the CIA , but is working for the FBI in order to see if someone on the inside is really a homegrown terrorist . After she is taken into the CIA Farm training camp , she finds out that Ryan has also been recruited by the FBI and the CIA to spy on the Farm . During the first training exercise , Alex tries to be a hero , but her actions backfire in the CIA world where the mission always comes first . 24 `` Lipstick '' Patrick Norris Cami Delavigne October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 3.57 In the second week at the Farm , the CIA trainees are learning how to avoid surveillance . While Ryan is secretly followed by the Farm 's lead instructor , Owen , Alex , as the target , only partially completes the assignment , having failed to identify her lead surveillor . Despite this , Owen and Lydia , his subordinate , both commend Ryan and Alex for their work . In the present timeline , after noticing that CLF 's personnel have been switching places with some of the hostages , Raina tries to identify one of them by injuring the masked individual 's wrist while her group of hostages is being cycled out . As they cycle the hostages back in , CLF responds by giving everyone the same cut , including Raina . Meanwhile , Alex , with the help of the police officer she met earlier , manages to find an NYPD emergency bunker under Federal Hall National Memorial , right before he sacrifices himself . She successfully calls Miranda ; however , the latter then texts one of CLF 's personnel , revealing that Alex is inside . 25 `` Stescalade '' Jennifer Lynch Beth Schacter October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 3.04 After Raina 's plan backfires , Ryan tries to do the same thing by creating a diversion involving his ex-classmate at the Farm , Harry Doyle , but it also fails , compromising Alex and Ryan ( who is taken by the terrorists somewhere ) in the process . Alex gets into a fight with another terrorist and ultimately kills her , after which the former drops the latter 's dead body into the building , leaving a message for the terrorists . Meanwhile , Miranda , still in contact with the terrorists , suspects that the group investigated by Alex and Ryan at the Farm ( dubbed the `` AIC '' ) may be behind the attack . In flashbacks to the Farm , the CIA trainees begin their assessment training in a forest nearby , but they fail even after they manage to make it back . Alex and Ryan cooperate with their respective handlers , Shelby and Nimah , to plant a bug in one of their classmates ' rooms , but it records only interference as someone else , who might know their plan , has already planted another bug . Later , in an effort to learn more about Alex , a disguised Harry meets one of her colleagues from the FBI : Will Olsen . 26 `` Kubark '' Steve Robin Jordon Nardino October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 2.79 CLF offers to trade about 1,700 hostages in exchange for the hacker who was given a presidential pardon during the season premiere . Alex is able to talk to Raina and tries to get her to give a message to Miranda . Shelby tries to tell the FBI not to accept the exchange , but they go ahead with it on Miranda 's orders . Raina tries to give Alex 's message to Miranda and Alex tries to stop the exchange , but both are unsuccessful . Shelby finds a message from the hacker telling her that Miranda is `` one of them . '' The hacker , unwilling to follow CLF 's orders , kills himself . In flashbacks , the trainees must learn to deal with stress and keep their heart rate and stress levels down when dealing with their weaknesses . Alex and Ryan decide to clone Owen 's phone , which is recording the trainees ' records of stress . Alex 's weakness is self doubt and the CIA thinks that Ryan 's weakness is authority . Ryan tells Alex that she is his weakness , which is why he is keeping his distance . Using the data cloned from Owen 's phone , Leigh was shown to have high stress levels when Ryan asked her about using a bug , suggesting that Leigh was the one who planted the bug . 27 5 `` Kmforget '' Jennifer Lynch Cameron Litvack October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 2.43 Alex manages to escape from the terrorists with the help of one of them after getting cornered and later finds Lydia , who has somehow managed to escape as well . Meanwhile , Miranda , learning of the hacker 's death , orders Shelby to find Will , who has a similar ability to hack computers in figuring out the terrorists ' plans . Shelby , who still distrusts Miranda , warns Will about her , but he convinces Shelby of Miranda 's innocence and later calls the latter to reveal his knowledge of her secrets . In flashbacks to the Farm , the trainees learn how to escape from a situation without getting caught . Alex and Ryan succeed ; they choose to frame Harry , whom their handlers warn them about after they realize he used Will . However , he manages to come back , revealing that he is a spy for MI6 and that he was the one who bugged Alex 's room ( and also Ryan 's ) . Meanwhile , Owen blackmails the journalist who publicly leaked his name . Shelby and another CIA trainee , León , meet each other by chance . 28 6 `` Aquiline '' Hanelle Culpepper Jorge Zamacona November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 2.20 Lydia tells Alex that CLF is after a set of hard drives which contain valuable information , but needs a hacker to decrypt them . When Alex and Lydia find the drives , Alex thinks that they should be destroyed , but is knocked out by Lydia . She leaves Alex tied up and sets off an alarm . Meanwhile , Raina is brought back with the remaining hostages . Together , with Dayana , Leigh , Harry , Leon , and Sebastian , they try to figure out what connects them . CLF later publicly executes Leigh after finding flaws in her information during her interrogation . It is revealed that Raina is actually Nimah , who is working with CLF , and that the real Raina is tied up . In flashbacks to the Farm , the trainees must discuss whether to use a drone to kill a potential terrorist given the data they have , but they are uncertain if the data are accurate . While the rest of the group says Yes , Alex says No . However , Owen initiates the drone strike anyway , telling them that the data were accurate . Harry still wants information from Ryan about why he 's here undercover . Nimah finds out that Shelby has been getting close to Leon and suggests that she go undercover . 29 7 `` Lcflutter '' Steve Robin Gideon Yago November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 2.75 Alex successfully unties herself and finds the phone number of CLF 's outside contact , who , unbeknownst to her , is Miranda . She only manages to tell Shelby the first six digits of the number and is soon caught by the terrorists , who ask her about the drives . They bring in Dayana for torture ; when they threaten to break Dayana 's spinal cord , Alex reveals that Lydia took the drives and they leave to find Lydia . Harry , Sebastian , and León soon rescue the two . Meanwhile , Vice President Claire Haas has been sworn in as President , invoking the 25th Amendment . In flashbacks to the Farm , Owen teaches the trainees interrogation techniques by having them torture him to extract his CIA alias . While Alex and Harry feel that they are going too far , the rest of the trainees believe they are not going far enough and start waterboarding Lydia in front of Owen until he finally cracks . Alex feels cut from the FBI mission when her colleagues meet without her , given her failure to gather information . Shelby must choose between going undercover and never seeing León again . A cellphone call wakes Ryan outside the Farm , telling him he has been selected . 30 8 `` Odenvy '' Reza Tabrizi Justin Brenneman November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 2.29 With her ex-classmates , Alex plans to find and disarm the biological agent that CLF has been threatening to release to the whole of New York . Meanwhile , the US Northern Command general informs Miranda and Shelby of the plan to attack 28 Liberty Street , the location of CLF and the hostages ; the two oppose it . In flashbacks , the trainees are permitted to celebrate Thanksgiving outside the Farm only if they succeed in creating a cover story to protect their loved ones . Alex is officially cut from the FBI mission , prompting her to go on by herself ; Harry heads back for England to inform his handler of his post-Brexit mission in the Farm ; and Ryan , Dayana , and León are given specific orders by the same mysterious contact , leading to an innocent 's murder ; successful , the mission proves to be for leverage , with the contact 's threatening of their ruin should they conduct any treason . Back in the present , Alex and Sebastian find the agent and realize that it is to be released only in the crisis zone . After the others join them , CLF captures them all . Taken separately as a gunshot is heard , Alex is then kicked out of the perimeter by Ryan , who appears to be in alliance with CLF . 31 9 `` Cleopatra '' Gideon Raff Marisha Mukerjee January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 2.90 Alex is taken back to FBI Headquarters , where she is questioned by Hannah Wyland ( Eliza Coupe ) about her involvement in the hostage crisis . She tells Hannah about her time at The Farm . Alex says that Harry , Leon , Dayana , and Sebastien are still inside the crisis zone and that anyone among them could be a terrorist . Hannah refuses to believe Alex until she tells her that Ryan is one of the terrorists . Hannah asks Shelby to go through the recording of the interrogation to find something solid to support Alex 's story . Later , Shelby finds out that the terrorists are not the AIC but , in fact , the ones hunting the AIC . She also finds out that Dayana and Mike Murray ( who was killed during the terrorists ' interrogation of Alex ) were AIC agents who killed a CIA operative in Surabaya . Hannah and Shelby leave Alex alone in the room and ask her to stay put . She is then taken at gunpoint by Miranda to a car , where Miranda reveals to Alex that she is one of the terrorists and asks her to drive . 32 10 `` Jmpalm '' David McWhirter Braden Marks January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 2.76 Miranda takes Alex back into the crisis zone , where they meet up with Nimah , revealed to have been the one who saved Alex earlier . While Miranda brought Alex so they could find Lydia and the drives , Nimah and Alex agree that the hostages should be rescued . Meanwhile , President Claire Haas reveals that she inadvertently created the AIC and wants to call off the air strike on them by having Shelby claim the AIC is fake , thereby avoiding outward appearances of favoritism . Shelby refuses and convinces Claire to call off the strike anyway . In flashbacks to The Farm , Harry pits Alex and Ryan against each other , as Alex revealed to Ryan that she had her own AIC phone , and Miranda believes that Alex may be an obstacle . They try sabotaging each other on a mission before deciding to make up . Owen , after learning from Ryan about the AIC , talks to Alex and reveals that he 's not the recruiter . Leon finds Nimah at Shelby 's cover house and says that he knows they are FBI . He offers to work with the FBI and Nimah considers it . Later , Dayana , Leon , and Ryan meet other AIC recruits , as well as their recruiter , Lydia . When Ryan asks Lydia about Alex , she says that Alex was not selected . 33 11 `` Zrtorch '' Kenneth Fink Logan Slakter February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 2.68 34 12 `` Fallenoracle '' Ralph Hemecker Jordon Nardino & Justin Brenneman February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 2.43 35 13 `` Epicshelter '' Constantine Makris Beth Schacter & Marisha Mukerjee February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 2.47 36 14 `` Lnwilt '' Norman Buckley Joshua Safran & Gideon Yago March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 3.31 The team learns they will be led by Keyes , Owen , and Clay Haas , who dislikes Shelby due to the affair with his father . They learn that the cache of data Lydia uploaded was recently accessed to study the security and maintenance patterns of cargo planes . A plane crashed in Kentucky and the company GIP recently profited due to short - selling the plane 's cargo . The team goes to a GIP party to find out who was in on the crash , only to find that GIP 's goal was a Ponzi Scheme . Alex is almost caught spying , but is saved by Harry at the last minute . Harry was at GIP trying to find information like the team , but is working on his own after MI6 fired him over the Farm incident , trying to solve the case in order to get rehired . Alex , with Harry 's help , learns that the company ENGIN profited from both the crash and other attacks , giving the team hope . Meanwhile , Leon meets with Alex and Dayana , convinced that someone is hunting him . However , they believe he 's paranoid . As he is leaving their meeting , he is kidnapped . 37 15 `` Mockingbird '' Patrick Norris Cameron Litvack & Cami Delavigne March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 3.15 The cache is accessed for information about emergency - response protocols and used to fake a chemical plant explosion in a city in Virginia . The team , with Harry 's help , learns that a group of Internet trolls were hired to create the fake explosion by private military company Greypool , who uses it to evacuate the city in order to hunt a media guru . The media guru , Mallory Haynes , was hired by a US Senator to create fake news in order to help his election . However , Nimah traces the cache information to Henry Roarke , the Speaker of the House . Meanwhile , Ryan deals with a journalist , Sasha Barinov , who threatens to expose him as a government agent unless he can give her a story . At the end of the episode , Leon is shown to have been killed . 38 16 `` Mktopaz '' Constantine Makris Jon Derengowski & Sara Miller April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) 2.96 The team finds one of the collaborators who accessed the cache , an NYC socialite Rebecca Sherman who asks the team for help . However , she and another collaborator , Thomas Roth , are killed by a sniper . As Harry searches for the sniper , he finds Sebastian , who forces Harry at gunpoint to leave the team . Meanwhile , Clay 's fiancée gets upset when she realizes their upcoming wedding was used as a front to get to Rebecca and Shelby advises her to stay with him . Nimah tries to call Raina but , unbeknownst to her , Raina is kidnapped surrounded by planted evidence to make her look like a terrorist . Nimah also confronts Ryan for revealing the Ponzi scheme to Sasha , who published the story . 39 17 `` Odyoke '' Steve Robin Jordon Nardino April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 2.57 A shopping mall is the target of a terror attack and Raina is meant to take the blame . However , Raina escapes her kidnappers and asks Alex for help . The terror attack happens shortly before the vote on a Muslim registration bill , so the team heads to Washington , D.C. to convince the voters to vote no . They fail and the bill is passed , but President Haas vetoes it . The team realizes that the collaborators wanted Haas to veto it , thereby making any future attack `` her fault '' and helping Henry Roarke become President . Meanwhile , Nimah , realizing that Raina will be arrested , switches places with her . Alex and Owen try to get information from one of Raina 's kidnappers , but he is killed before they can get any intel . Ryan , who has gotten close to Sasha , learns that the FBI has marked her as an FSB asset . 40 18 `` Kumonk '' David McWhirter Justin Brenneman April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 2.76 A series of civil disturbances are starting across America , one of which will help Roarke improve his reputation and destroy President Haas ' so that the people will want him as President . Clay , believing his team will lose , goes to Claire to break up the team . With Clay gone , Alex takes over as leader . The team finds a trial that involves a bill Claire passed and realizes the trial may have been compromised by Roarke 's Collaborators . However , they are too late to stop the jury from passing a verdict , causing a riot outside the courthouse . As Roarke prepares to make a speech to the rioters to defame Claire , he is stopped by Claire herself , who performs her own speech . As a result , Claire 's reputation is improved among the people nationwide . Meanwhile , Sebastian sneaks into the team 's bunker , but Owen and Ryan find and interrogate him . Sebastian reveals that he 's been looking into Roarke 's group and gives them the rest of the Collaborators ' names . Ryan still does n't trust Sasha and goes to talk to her . Sasha claims she is on his side and says that they will talk soon . However , her car explodes as soon as she enters it . 41 19 `` Mhorder '' Jennifer Lynch Logan Slakter & Gideon Yago April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 2.59 Clay realizes that the Collaborators have been aware of the team all along and have been multiple steps ahead . In order for them to win , the team decides to bring the Collaborators into one room by sending them each a Presidential Invitation to Clay and Maxine 's engagement party , all as a means of turning at least one of them against Roarke and the others . While the others fail , Ryan is able to get Alice Winter to confess to the murders of Leon and Sasha on tape and seemingly gets her to cooperate , telling him she 'll bring two others . Alex thinks it 's a trap , but the rest decide to go with Ryan 's plan . Owen suggests that , in order to catch the Collaborators , she should go to their side . Ryan goes to meet Alice Winter , but instead finds a news reporter . The next day , news of the task force has gone public , threatening Claire 's presidency . Alex erases all of the team 's files of the Collaborators and goes to meet with them . 42 20 `` GlobalReach '' Cherien Dabis Beth Schacter May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 2.65 Roarke uses the news to call for Claire 's impeachment or resignation . Clay and the team , minus Alex and Owen , try to dig up dirt on Roarke that would prevent him from becoming President , while Raina tries to get help from Felix in finding Nimah . Clay and Shelby fail in their attempt to put emails on Felix 's phone that would make it look like Roarke is collaborating with Russia . As a result , Felix quits his job and breaks ties with Clay . Meanwhile , Alex works with Alice Winter to force Keyes to resign from the CIA . As they are talking at the FBI , Alex realizes that Alice put a water bottle in her purse to smuggle it in . The gas within it poisons the agents looking into President Haas , making her look guilty . Claire resigns as President , but tells Alex to keep fighting . 43 21 `` Rainbow '' Patrick Norris Cameron Litvack May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 2.54 Roarke signs 30 executive orders in 5 days and removes the Cache from the Internet , leading Owen to realize that the Collaborators are near their endgame . With Clay gone , Alex gets help from Will , Miranda , and Keyes to help understand what Roarke is planning . Will learns that the profit ENGIN made was from Avionics systems , which have since been added to a number of airplanes . The team finds that there is hidden code in the software that allows a plane to be remotely controlled with a smartphone if they have a popular Collaborator - owned app installed . They realize Roarke 's plan : six flights each have one person on Roarke 's Muslim Registry Act , each with the app on their phones ; when their phones connect to the plane 's wi - fi , the Collaborators will use the app to control and crash the planes . Alex goes to Alice to find the flights , while Shelby , with Raina 's sacrifice , finds Clay to learn the FAA 's code to request emergency landing . The team successfully saves the flights . However , Roarke uses the team 's win as an example : he announces that their off - book operation was sanctioned and uses it to request a new Constitutional Convention to rewrite the US Constitution . 44 22 `` Resistance '' Jim McKay Joshua Safran May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 2.72 In the days leading to the convention , the team starts vetting for Roarke 's new Government Agency , while secretly trying to stop Roarke from getting the votes needed to allow the Convention . However , their plan is foiled , thanks to hidden microphhones . The team , with help from Will and Iris Chang , decide to use an indirect approach . Will and Iris pick up Peter Theo from a bar , and locate incriminating evidence of Roarke , which they give to the FSB , in exchange for them requesting Roarke to add a modification to the new Constitution . At the convention , Roarke 's conversation with the FSB is recorded . Alex publicly broadcasts Roarke 's recordings and emails the evidence to the ACLU and other rights organizations , before faking her death . Miranda gets arrested and Roarke , not willing to face the press or the police , commits suicide . Two months later , the rest of the team , including Maxine , Raina , and Nimah , are celebrating in the bunker , while Ryan joins Alex on a plane . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The second season was well - received by critics , especially the episodes following the winter finale , when the show switched its narrative to a single timeline and started focusing on character development . New York Magazine noted that the show finally found its groove and wrote `` for the first time since its first season , Quantico actually seems to know where it is headed . It 's quite a welcome development , and the newfound confidence ... makes Quantico a much more enjoyable show to watch . '' In a full five stars review of the sixteenth episode , Kelsey McKinney of the New York Magazine noted that `` the show is grappling more and more with the emotions that make us all human , not just the ones that drive the story forward . '' The series ' plotlines involving the current political scenario was also praised . Accolades ( edit ) The second season was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards at the 43rd People 's Choice Awards : Favorite Network TV Drama and Favorite Dramatic TV Actress , winning the latter for Chopra . Ratings ( edit ) The season 2 premiere on September 25 , 2016 had 3.64 million viewers with a 1.0 rating among adults 18 - 49 demographic . Whereas the finale attracted 2.72 million viewers with 0.6 rating among adults 18 - 49 . After few episodes into the season , the ratings started to dip below 3 million viewers . After the mid-season finale , the show moved to Mondays at 10 : 00 p.m. from January 23 , 2017 , where it continued to air the rest of the season . The second season averaged 4.53 million viewers overall with a 1.3 rating among adults 18 - 49 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Kudove '' September 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.64 1.0 3.15 2.0 6.79 `` Lipstick '' October 2 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.57 1.0 2.87 2.0 6.44 `` Stescalade '' October 16 , 2016 0.8 / 3 3.04 1.0 2.74 1.8 5.78 `` Kubark '' October 23 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.79 1.0 2.51 1.7 5.30 5 `` Kmforget '' October 30 , 2016 0.6 / 2 2.43 0.9 2.66 1.5 5.09 6 `` Aquiline '' November 6 , 2016 0.6 / 2 2.20 0.8 2.42 1.4 4.62 7 `` Lcflutter '' November 13 , 2016 0.7 / 2 2.75 0.8 2.31 1.5 5.06 8 `` Odenvy '' November 27 , 2016 0.7 / 2 2.29 0.7 2.28 1.4 4.57 9 `` Cleopatra '' January 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.90 0.9 2.21 1.7 5.13 10 `` Jmpalm '' January 30 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.76 0.8 1.98 1.5 4.74 11 `` Zrtorch '' February 6 , 2017 0.7 / 2 2.68 0.7 1.88 1.4 4.49 12 `` Fallenoracle '' February 13 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.43 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Epicshelter '' February 20 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.47 0.7 1.69 1.3 4.16 14 `` Lnwilt '' March 20 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.61 0.7 1.74 1.4 5.35 15 `` Mockingbird '' March 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.45 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A 16 `` Mktopaz '' April 3 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.96 0.4 1.41 1.0 4.37 17 `` Odyoke '' April 10 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.57 0.5 1.61 1.1 4.18 18 `` Kumonk '' April 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.76 0.5 1.47 1.0 4.23 19 `` Mhorder '' April 24 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` GlobalReach '' May 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.65 0.5 1.43 1.1 4.08 21 `` Rainbow '' May 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.54 0.5 1.31 1.0 3.85 22 `` Resistance '' May 15 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.72 0.4 N / A 1.0 N / A References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Quantico '' . 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Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Enlists ' Looking ' Grad Russell Tovey as Season 2 Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Adds Blair Underwood as Season 2 Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Quantico ' Casts Pearl Thusi As New Series Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico : Telenovela Star Aarón Díaz Cast as ' Thrill - Seeking ' Photojournalist '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . 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TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : Protecting the Asset '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : A Fresh Start '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McKinney , Kelsey ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : Follow the Money '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : The Hunt Begins '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : A Little Too Close to Home '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinney , Kelsey ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Quantico Recap : A Divided America '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List of Winners '' . PCS . November 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` Quantico Moving to Mondays in January '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . General references `` Quantico episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Quantico on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Quantico on IMDb Quantico at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantico_(season_2)&oldid=804793436 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Quantico ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 05 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in quantico season 2	[ "Season two consisted of 22 episodes, the second season follows Alex Parrish, who has been working undercover for the FBI as a CIA recruit to uncover the rogue faction of the CIA called the AIC. Told through dual timelines up to the thirteenth episode, the narrative switches between the present, where Parrish had to confront a hostage crisis at the G-20 summit in New York City by a terrorist group, and the past, where she had been training at the CIA's mysterious training facility \"The Farm\" with other trainees, revealing links between the two incidents. The narrative switched to single timeline from the fourteenth episode." ]	[ "22 episodes" ]
-8501552507981412493	Married at First Sight (Australian TV series)	Married at first Sight ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia Married at first Sight ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Married at First Sight Australia Genre Reality Series Directed by Kate Douglas - Walker Presented by John Aiken Trisha Stratford Mel Schilling Narrated by Georgie Gardner Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 82 Production Executive producer ( s ) Tara McWilliams John Walsh Location ( s ) Sydney , New South Wales Running time 60 -- 90 minutes Production company ( s ) Endemol Australia ( 2015 -- present ) Release Original network Nine Network Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 - present ) Audio format Stereo Original release 18 May 2015 -- present External links Website Married at First Sight Australia is an Australian reality television series based on the Danish program of the same name . The show is premiered 7 : 00pm every Sunday and 7 : 30pm every Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday on the Nine Network . The show features four to eleven couples , matched by three experts , who agree to marry when they first meet . However , unlike other versions of the show around the world , the couples do not partake in a legally binding marriage due to legal restrictions , but instead meet as strangers at the altar of a commitment ceremony . The couples spend their wedding night in a hotel , then leave for a honeymoon . Upon returning they live together for a month , whereafter they choose whether they will continue their relationship . The first season premiered on 18 May 2015 on the Nine Network . A second season began on 4 April 2016 with the third season premiering later in the same year on 29 August 2016 . A fourth season premiered on Monday 30 January 2017 . The fifth season premiered on Monday 29 January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season overview 2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.1 Couples 2.1. 1 Lachlan & Clare 2.1. 2 Roni & Michael 2.1. 3 Zoe & Alex 2.1. 4 James & Michelle 3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.1 Couples 3.1. 1 Erin & Bryce 3.1. 2 Christie & Mark 3.1. 3 Clare & Jono 3.1. 4 Simone & Xavier 4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 4.1 Couples 4.1. 1 Keller & Nicole 4.1. 2 Mark & Monica 4.1. 3 Jess & Dave 4.1. 4 Bella & Michael 4.1. 5 Craig & Andy 5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 5.1 Couples 5.1. 1 Jonathan & Cheryl 5.1. 2 Sean & Susan 5.1. 3 Michael & Scarlett 5.1. 4 Nadia & Anthony 5.1. 5 Simon & Alene 5.1. 6 Andy & Vanessa 5.1. 7 Lauren & Andrew 5.1. 8 John & Deborah 5.1. 9 Michelle & Jesse 5.1. 10 Sharon & Nick 5.1. 11 Cheryl & Andrew 6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 6.1 Couples 6.1. 1 Sarah & Telv 6.1. 2 Dean & Tracey 6.1. 3 Mat & Alycia 6.1. 4 Jo & Sean D 6.1. 5 Davina & Ryan 6.1. 6 Charlene & Patrick 6.1. 7 Melissa & John 6.1. 8 Troy & Ashley 6.1. 9 Gabrielle & Nasser 6.1. 10 Justin & Carly 6.1. 11 Sean T & Blair 7 Season 6 ( 2019 ) 8 Viewership 8.1 Season ratings 8.2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 8.3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 8.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 8.5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 8.6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 8.7 Season 6 ( 2019 ) 9 Controversy and legality 10 References 11 External links Season overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 6 18 May 2015 22 June 2015 7 4 April 2016 27 April 2016 8 29 August 2016 13 September 2016 29 30 January 2017 3 April 2017 5 32 29 January 2018 21 March 2018 6 2019 2019 Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) During the first season , four female contestants were matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Michael & Roni , Clare & Lachlan ) met and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Zoe & Alex , Michelle & James ) did the same . They all embarked on married life together for the rest of the season . In the fourth episode , all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Lachlan McAleer 36 Sydney , New South Wales Farmer Yes Separated Clare Tamas 37 Sydney , New South Wales Marketing Manager Roni Azzopardi 32 Melbourne , Victoria Payroll Manager Broke up before final decision Separated Michael O'Dea 31 Melbourne , Victoria Event Manager Zoe Hendrix 25 Melbourne , Victoria Digital Marketing Executive Yes Separated Alex Garner 29 Melbourne , Victoria Plumber Michelle Worsley 34 Sydney , New South Wales Communications Manager Yes Separated James Webster 36 Sydney , New South Wales Sign Writer Lachlan & Clare ( edit ) Lachlan and Clare met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . Despite their decision to continue their relationship at the end of the season , Lachlan and Clare revealed they had split but remain good friends . The Nine Network announced on 26 June 2015 , that Lachlan would participate in the networks upcoming revival of The Farmer Wants a Wife . Roni & Michael ( edit ) Roni and Michael met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's first episode . By the fifth episode , Roni and Michael found that their relationship was not working for them and they mutually decided to split . Zoe & Alex ( edit ) Zoe and Alex met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's second episode . Following the conclusion of the season , Zoe and Alex are the only couple currently still together . In March 2016 , Zoe and Alex revealed that they are planning to get married legally . After suffering a miscarriage in June 2015 , Zoe and Alex revealed that they were expecting their first child in October 2016 . On November 14 , 2016 , Zoe gave birth to their baby girl named Harper - Rose Garner. On April 17th 2018 , Zoe announced via Instagram her and Alex had sadly split up . James & Michelle ( edit ) James and Michelle met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In early June 2015 , news reports revealed that James and Michelle had split , with Michelle having remarried to a former boyfriend . It was revealed that the two are no longer in contact with each other . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) After airing only one episode , the Nine Network on 19 May 2015 , announced that the series had been renewed for a second season which aired on 4 April 2016 . During the second season , four female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Erin & Bryce , Christie & Mark ) meet and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Clare & Jono , Simone & Xavier ) do the same . They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series . In the fifth episode , all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Erin Bateman 26 Melbourne , Victoria Retail Manager Yes Currently Together Bryce Mohr 31 Melbourne , Victoria Business Analyst Christie Jordee 39 Sydney , New South Wales Business Owner Yes Separated Mark Hughes 36 Gippsland , Victoria Farmer Clare Verrall 32 Melbourne , Victoria Recruitment Consultant Broke up before final decision Separated Jono Pitman 28 Melbourne , Victoria Tradie Simone Lee Brennan 29 Sydney , New South Wales Make - Up Artist No Separated Xavier Forsberg 26 Sydney , New South Wales Sales Manager Erin & Bryce ( edit ) Erin and Bryce met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . They are the only couple currently still together . Since the show ended Erin has started her own fashion label called Boy Is Mine and is writing a fashion lifestyle blog , erinbateman.com . Christie & Mark ( edit ) Christie and Mark met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . On 15 June 2016 , they announced that they had split up . Clare & Jono ( edit ) Clare and Jono met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's second episode and quickly became the season 's most controversial couple . By the fifth episode , Clare decided that their relationship was not working as she felt ' uncomfortable ' with Jono 's constant aggressive outbursts and she decided to end the relationship prior to the couple 's dinner . After the show it was revealed by investigative journalist Siobhan Duck of the Herald Sun that Jono Pitman had previously been arrested and charged with assault after a bar brawl and completed a court ordered anger management course . Jono was then matched with Clare Verrall , who had been open about being attacked on the street by a stranger only months prior to filming and suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after the incident . A Nine Network spokesperson confirmed they were aware of Jono Pitman 's violent history prior to coupling up the pair . Simone & Xavier ( edit ) Simone and Xavier met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In the final decision , Simone decided to walk away from the relationship and they are now separated . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) It was announced in February 2016 that show should would return with two seasons , season two & three , there will be a bold casting move this season . This season will be the first to include five couples & is set to include the series ' first ever same - sex male couple . During the third season , four female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner & for the first time a male contestant is matched with his ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Keller & Nicole , Mark & Monica ) met and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Jess & Dave , Bella & Michael ) did the same . In the third episode , one more couple ( Craig & Andy ) were wed . They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series . In the sixth episode , all couples ( bar one ) meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Craig Keller 26 Brisbane , Queensland Mechanical Fitter Yes Separated Nicole Heir 28 Gold Coast , Queensland Teacher Mark Ellam 30 Sydney , New South Wales Firefighter Yes Separated Monica Vanderkley 28 Sydney , New South Wales Project Manager Jess Wardrop 31 Sydney , New South Wales Bank Officer Broke up before final decision Separated Dave Crisp 28 Melbourne , Victoria Account Manager Bella Frizza 30 Gold Coast , Queensland Radio Announcer Yes Separated Michael Hughes 32 Brisbane , Queensland Fashion Accessories Designer 5 Craig Roach 41 Gold Coast , Queensland Hairdresser Broke up before final decision Separated Andy Ankers 41 Sydney , New South Wales Global Account Director Keller & Nicole ( edit ) Keller and Nicole met and wed in Brisbane in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . Since filming , the couple have called it quits . Mark & Monica ( edit ) Mark and Monica met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they decided to stay in the relationship . Since filming , the couple have decided to break up . Jess & Dave ( edit ) Jess and Dave met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In the fifth episode , Dave felt their relationship was going nowhere so they broke up . Bella & Michael ( edit ) Bella and Michael met and wed in Brisbane in the show 's second episode . In the final episode , they both agreed to stay together . Since filming , the couple had decided to split up . Craig & Andy ( edit ) Craig and Andy met and wed in New Zealand in the show 's third episode . In the fifth episode , Craig decided to walk away from the relationship during the honeymoon , due to a lack of intimacy . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) It was announced on 12 September 2016 the season would return in 2017 with an extended series which saw 10 couples being wed . During the fourth season , 10 female contestants were matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Cheryl & Jonathan , Susan & Sean ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the second episode , another two couples ( Scarlett & Michael , Nadia & Anthony ) met and wed in Sydney . In the third episode , two more couples ( Alene & Simon , Vanessa & Andy ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne respectively . In the fourth episode , another two couples ( Lauren & Andrew , Deborah & John ) met and wed in Sydney . In the fifth episode , the final two couples at the same time ( Michelle & Jesse , Sharon & Nick ) met and wed in Perth . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Jonathan Troughton 30 Brisbane , Queensland Entrepreneur Broke up before final decision Separated Cheryl Maitland 25 Gold Coast , Queensland Hair Salon Assistant Sean Hollands 35 Maryborough , Queensland Farmer No Separated Susan Rawlings 37 Perth , Western Australia Mining Truck Driver Michael Tomic 30 Perth , Western Australia Data Entry Clerk / Stripper Broke up before final decision Separated Scarlett Cooper 30 Sydney , New South Wales Aspiring Author Nadia Stamp 36 Brisbane , Queensland Flight Attendant / Model No Separated Anthony Manton 33 Sydney , New South Wales Racing Broadcaster 5 Simon McQuillan 36 Ipswich , Queensland Business Owner Yes Separated Alene Khatcherian 31 Sydney , New South Wales Registered Nurse 6 Andy Hills 30 Gold Coast , Queensland Aerodrome Plant Operator No Separated Vanessa Belvedere 31 Melbourne , Victoria Student 7 Lauren Bran 33 Sydney , New South Wales Automotive Aftermarket Sales Broke up before final decision Separated Andrew Jones 38 Perth , Western Australia Firefighter 8 John Robertson 53 Melbourne , Victoria Business Owner Broke up before final decision Separated Deborah Brosnan 53 Sunshine Coast , Queensland Ex Model 9 Michelle Marsh 31 Perth , Western Australia Commercial Cleaner No Separated Jesse Konstantinoff 31 Adelaide , South Australia Retailer 10 Sharon Marsh 31 Perth , Western Australia Business Owner Yes Separated Nick Furphy 30 Melbourne , Victoria Carpenter 11 Cheryl Maitland 25 Gold Coast , Queensland Hair Salon Assistant Broke up before final decision Separated Andrew Jones 38 Perth , Western Australia Firefighter Jonathan & Cheryl ( edit ) Despite having a good start , Jonathan and Cheryl began to develop cracks during their honeymoon in New Zealand . These cracks further deepened at the dinner party which resulted in Jonathan exchanging numbers with Scarlett and the duo spent the night texting . At the first commitment ceremony , Cheryl claimed she did n't wish to continue with Jonathan as `` he seemed more interested in someone else '' . The duo called it quits at the commitment ceremony . Jonathan is now dating someone else . Sean & Susan ( edit ) Sean and Susan broke up but decided to `` stay friends '' citing the fact that they lived too far away from one another and Susan could not live on Sean 's farm . Since the show ended , Susan has not spoken to Sean and is said to be quite upset with the way the producers portrayed her . Michael & Scarlett ( edit ) Things started unraveling for the couple when Michael told Scarlett that he would not move to meet her halfway between their current states due to the fact that he was `` established '' and he thought that because she was less tied down so she could move to him . From that point they really only saw each other as friends and nothing really was going to happen as Scarlett was not Michael 's dream girl . After the first commitment ceremony , the couple decided to go different ways and later that night it came out that Scarlett and Jonathan ( Cheryl 's husband ) had sent text messages to each other for hours the night before . Nadia & Anthony ( edit ) As of the last Commitment Ceremony , they decided to stay together and Anthony said that Nadia would have to move in order for him to provide for them both as he was in a `` niche market '' . Nadia turned up to the reunion dinner alone , and when asked where Anthony was she confided that he had dumped her the day after filming had stopped saying that `` his feelings were n't progressing '' Simon & Alene ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they had both decided to stay and said that they told everyone that they had feelings for each other . They had decided to stay committed to each other after the experiment . They have since separated . Andy & Vanessa ( edit ) The Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they decided to stay , though the fact that they may have to do long distance for a while before they decides what happens may cause contention in the long run . Even though the difference in communication made it hard the couple have decided to stay together after the experiment . Andy and Vanessa broke up because of the difference in communication styles . Lauren & Andrew ( edit ) On the wedding night Lauren disappeared leaving Andrew unaware of her whereabouts . After a confrontation meeting , Lauren said she wanted to try again , but Andrew decided that he did not wish to continue the experiment with Lauren . Andrew has since re-entered the experiment with Hair Salon Manager Cheryl . A friend of Lauren 's has since done an interview in which she said the reason that Lauren ran away is because when she went out to a club with Andrew he started abusing a bouncer who would n't let them in because it was past 1am . John & Deborah ( edit ) After meeting and Deborah 's initial disappointment that John was not a Polynesian man or someone with culture , John and Deborah seemed to get on each other 's nerves because John was simply everything she hated . During the honeymoon in Samoa they ended up sleeping in separate beds , and John removed his wedding ring which caused further tension between them . At the commitment ceremony Deborah wanted to give it another crack and so they ended up staying , but the next day John left the experiment saying `` They would n't be anything but friends and that 's not what he was there for '' . Michelle & Jesse ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they are still together , despite Michelle 's doubt on whether she sees Jesse more as a friend than her husband . In their Vow Renewal ceremony , Jesse told Michelle he wants to stay in the relationship but Michelle reveals to him that she wants him in her life forever , but not as her partner , they are now broken up . Sharon & Nick ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they have decided to stay , Nick even going so far as to say `` That he would go where as long as Sharon was by his side '' . Although the original plan was for Nick to move to Perth because of Sharon 's cleaning business , Nick got news that his father has a medical condition so he is unable to leave his family as they would need his help . They have since broken up . Nick was quiet and sweet the complete opposite to his partner Cheryl & Andrew ( edit ) After Cheryl left the experiment after the Jonathan & Scarlett texting scandal , she spoke to the experts and ask if they could set up a date between Andrew and herself . They went on two dates before they deciding that they would re-enter the experiment together as an unmarried couple , this caused controversy around the table at the dinner party as she was at the dinner the week prior with Jonathan . Even though the couple originally had some sparks , they were thrown into the deep end of the experiment having to jump right into the home stays , tensions started to rise when Andrew met Cheryl 's abrasive father for the first time and it did n't go well , Andrew feeling like Cheryl did n't have his back enough against her bullying dad . Andrew chose to leave while Cheryl chose to stay to see if the relationship could be salvaged . When the couples all had a family get together the couple was put into an intense boot camp to see if John the expert could overhaul the bond that they had . They decided to give it another go , but when the boys and girls night came about Andrew spent most of the night bagging out and putting down Cheryl even going as far to say that his runaway bride , Lauren , `` was way more fun '' . Some of the boys took offense to this , namely Sean and Simon , and even silently Andy . Sean and Susan told Cheryl about it the next day but when Cheryl confronted Andrew about it he got snarky and condescending even going so far to start mimicking Cheryl . Andrew and Cheryl chose to leave the experiment at the Final Commitment Ceremony after the video of the boys night was aired to the girls . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) In February 2017 , the season was renewed for a fifth season which aired on January 29 , 2018 . On 11 October 2017 , the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine 's upfronts and again will include 11 couples like the previous season . During the fifth season , 11 female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , the first two couples ( Tracey & Dean , Sarah & Telv ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the second episode , another two couples ( Jo & Sean , Alycia & Mat ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the third episode , two more couples ( Davina & Ryan , Charlene & Patrick ) met and wed in Warrawong and Melbourne . In the fifth episode , two more couples ( Ashley & Troy , Melissa & John ) met and wed in Gold Coast and Melbourne . In the sixth episode , another two couples ( Gabrielle & Nasser , Carly & Justin ) met and wed in Sydney . In the seventh episode , the final couple ( Blair & Sean ) met and wed in Sydney . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Sarah Roza 38 Melbourne , Victoria Beauty Specialist Yes Separated Telv Williams 33 Perth , Western Australia Machinery Technician Dean Wells 39 Sydney , New South Wales Executive Creative Director No Separated Tracey Jewel 34 Perth , Western Australia Marketing Consultant Mathew Lockett 32 Melbourne , Victoria Plumber Broke up before final decision Separated Alycia Galbraith 29 Adelaide , South Australia Student Jo McPharlin 39 Adelaide , South Australia Single Mother Broke up before final decision Separated Sean Donnelly 39 Adelaide , South Australia Pub Manager 5 Davina Rankin 26 Brisbane , Queensland Personal Trainer / Bikini Model Broke up before final decision Separated Ryan Gallagher 29 Sydney , New South Wales Tradesman 6 Charlene Perera 33 Melbourne , Victoria Brand Manager Yes Separated Patrick Miller 34 Melbourne , Victoria Operations Manager 7 Melissa Walsh 53 Mornington Peninsula , Victoria Journalist Yes Separated John Robertson 54 Melbourne , Victoria Business Owner 8 Troy Delmege 35 Sydney , New South Wales IT Accounts Manager No Separated Ashley Airvin 28 Brisbane , Queensland Flight Attendant 9 Gabrielle Bartlett 44 Sydney , New South Wales Marketing Coordinator / Plus Size Model Broke up before final decision Separated Nasser Sultan 50 Sydney , New South Wales Fitness Instructor 10 Justin Fischer 41 Sydney , New South Wales Entrepreneur Broke up before final decision Separated Carly Bowyer 32 Melbourne , Victoria Marketing Manager 11 Sean Thomsen 34 Perth , Western Australia Railway Technician Broke up before final decision Separated Blair Rachel 31 Sydney , New South Wales Executive Assistant Sarah & Telv ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but are now separated . Dean & Tracey ( edit ) In the first commitment ceremony , Dean chose to leave ( which blindsided Tracey ) , while Tracey decided to stay , meaning that they had to stay another week . When they had a second week he stepped up , but at the same time he started a secret flirtationship with Davina . At the dinner party , Dean hooked up with Davina , and at the end of the night Dean and Tracey decided to be intimate . Dean confessed that he had a thing with Davina and that he wanted to make it work with Tracey . As of the fifth commitment ceremony , they are still together . When it came to the vow renewal , Dean said yes and said that he was falling in love with Tracey , but a bomb was dropped when Tracey said that she could not get past the betrayal and hurt at the first two weeks of the experiment . She ultimately said no , leaving Dean gobsmacked at the ' altar ' . Mat & Alycia ( edit ) They have left the experiment between the first and second commitment ceremonies . Jo & Sean d ( edit ) Jo and Sean met in the second episode of the weddings and from the start , Sean was n't very interested . When the first commitment ceremony came about Jo decided to stay while Sean decided to leave so they had to stay . Even though Jo tried Sean had no communication . As of the second commitment , they have both decided to leave . Davina & Ryan ( edit ) Between the first and second commitment ceremonies , Davina started a secret flirtationship with Dean . At the dinner party , Davina hooked up with Dean , leading her to write leave at the second commitment ceremony . Ryan had written stay , so the couple had to stay another week . As of the third commitment ceremony Davina and Ryan have called it quits after the shock of Davina 's cheating scandal . Charlene & Patrick ( edit ) At their final decision they stated that they would stay together and are still currently together to common knowledge . In March 2018 , the couple announced they had split up . Melissa & John ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment . At the Dinner Party , Melissa had to leave early due to her daughter being in labour , and as of the Commitment Ceremony there was still no baby so John was flying solo . From the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together and Melissa 's daughter had welcomed a baby into the world . Troy & Ashley ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment . However at the altar both Ashley and Troy said the relationship was n't working out . Gabrielle & Nasser ( edit ) As of the third commitment ceremony , Gabrielle decided to leave due to a lack of intimacy past the friend stage . Nasser decided to stay , and they came to an impasse at the end meaning that Nasser had a week to turn around . On the wife homestay , Gabrielle rented a apartment so that she would n't bring a strange man around her daughter . On the first night the bed broke and Nasser wanted to leave , but he stayed until they got into an argument and he left refusing to meet Gabrielle 's friends who were on their way over for drinks and a chat . They finally left in the fifth ceremony , they were at peace with everything that went on Justin & Carly ( edit ) As of the second commitment ceremony Carly decided to leave where as Justin decided to stay , so they have to stay for another week . As of the third commitment ceremony , they have decided to stay even though they only spent three days at the homestay . After the blow up at the dinner party , Carly got fed up with Justin 's lack of trying . They have decided to split up . A few weeks after the experiment she entered a relationship with Troy who originally married Ashley . Sean t & Blair ( edit ) They both choose to stay at the second commitment ceremony , but during the grooms home - stay , Sean revealed he had no feelings for Blair . He chose to leave at the third commitment ceremony , while Blair wanted to stay . Although obligated to work it out over the next week , Sean refused to go on Blair 's home stay , essentially ending their relationship . Sean is now in a relationship with Tracey who was in the experiment with Dean . Season 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Viewership ( edit ) Season ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Preliminary Consolidated Season premiere Season finale Average viewers Average rank Average viewers Average rank 6 18 May 2015 22 June 2015 1.115 # 4 1.195 # 3 7 4 April 2016 27 April 2016 0.915 # 7 0.999 # 6 8 29 August 2016 13 September 2016 0.880 # 7 0.970 # 5 29 30 January 2017 3 April 2017 1.081 # 3 1.186 # 2 5 32 29 January 2018 21 March 2018 1.223 # 1 1.328 # 1 6 2019 2019 Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 18 May 2015 1,134,000 5 65,000 1,199,000 Episode 2 25 May 2015 1,103,000 77,000 1,180,000 Episode 3 1 June 2015 1,116,000 84,000 1,200,000 Episode 4 8 June 2015 971,000 7 99,000 6 1,070,000 5 Episode 5 15 June 2015 1,079,000 85,000 1,164,000 6 Episode 6 22 June 2015 1,290,000 71,000 1,361,000 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 4 April 2016 771,000 13 86,000 9 857,000 Episode 2 5 April 2016 905,000 6 91,000 5 996,000 Episode 3 11 April 2016 874,000 8 62,000 7 936,000 Episode 4 12 April 2016 880,000 8 85,000 6 965,000 5 Episode 5 18 April 2016 899,000 6 122,000 7 1,021,000 6 Episode 6 19 April 2016 831,000 9 93,000 8 924,000 7 Finale 27 April 2016 1,048,000 66,000 1,114,000 7 Finale - Follow Up 27 April 2016 1,110,000 66,000 1,176,000 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 August 2016 805,000 11 74,000 7 879,000 Episode 2 30 August 2016 810,000 7 60,000 7 870,000 Episode 3 31 August 2016 788,000 9 79,000 7 867,000 Episode 4 5 September 2016 843,000 8 97,000 6 940,000 5 Episode 5 6 September 2016 919,000 5 93,000 1,012,000 6 Episode 6 7 September 2016 974,000 117,000 1,091,000 7 Episode 7 12 September 2016 814,000 9 100,000 8 914,000 8 Episode 8 13 September 2016 1,083,000 101,000 1,184,000 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 30 January 2017 820,000 10 84,000 9 904,000 Episode 2 31 January 2017 927,000 5 79,000 5 1,006,000 Episode 3 1 February 2017 824,000 6 75,000 5 899,000 Episode 4 5 February 2017 909,000 90,000 999,000 5 Episode 5 6 February 2017 893,000 6 100,000 6 993,000 6 Episode 6 7 February 2017 920,000 6 96,000 1,016,000 7 Episode 7 8 February 2017 905,000 6 112,000 1,017,000 8 Episode 8 12 February 2017 1,064,000 103,000 1,167,000 9 Episode 9 13 February 2017 1,107,000 108,000 1,215,000 10 Episode 10 14 February 2017 1,024,000 119,000 1,143,000 11 Episode 11 20 February 2017 1,096,000 96,000 1,192,000 12 Episode 12 21 February 2017 1,062,000 152,000 1,214,000 13 Episode 13 26 February 2017 1,113,000 129,000 1,242,000 14 Episode 14 27 February 2017 1,101,000 123,000 1,224,000 15 Episode 15 28 February 2017 1,092,000 144,000 1,236,000 16 Episode 16 5 March 2017 1,170,000 86,000 1,256,000 17 Episode 17 6 March 2017 1,099,000 101,000 1,200,000 18 Episode 18 7 March 2017 1,122,000 117,000 1,239,000 19 Episode 19 12 March 2017 1,160,000 91,000 1,251,000 20 Episode 20 13 March 2017 1,060,000 103,000 1,163,000 21 Episode 21 14 March 2017 1,148,000 104,000 1,252,000 22 Episode 22 19 March 2017 1,190,000 102,000 1,292,000 23 Episode 23 20 March 2017 1,239,000 108,000 1,347,000 24 Episode 24 21 March 2017 1,194,000 93,000 1,287,000 25 Episode 25 26 March 2017 1,157,000 72,000 1,229,000 26 Episode 26 27 March 2017 1,163,000 137,000 1,300,000 27 Episode 27 28 March 2017 1,034,000 5 112,000 1,146,000 28 Finale - Part 1 2 April 2017 1,379,000 98,000 1,477,000 29 Finale - Part 2 3 April 2017 1,389,000 107,000 1,496,000 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 January 2018 912,000 7 102,000 5 1,014,000 Episode 2 30 January 2018 907,000 5 101,000 1,008,000 Episode 3 31 January 2018 929,000 81,000 1,010,000 Episode 4 1 February 2018 995,000 96,000 1,091,000 5 Episode 5 4 February 2018 835,000 5 102,000 937,000 6 Episode 6 5 February 2018 879,000 6 101,000 978,000 7 Episode 7 6 February 2018 899,000 7 130,000 1,029,000 8 Episode 8 8 February 2018 938,000 124,000 1,062,000 9 Episode 9 11 February 2018 1,163,000 76,000 1,239,000 10 Episode 10 12 February 2018 1,158,000 89,000 1,247,000 11 Episode 11 13 February 2018 1,057,000 91,000 1,148,000 12 Episode 12 14 February 2018 1,133,000 107,000 1,240,000 13 Episode 13 18 February 2018 1,351,000 101,000 1,452,000 14 Episode 14 19 February 2018 1,296,000 104,000 1,400,000 15 Episode 15 20 February 2018 1,233,000 104,000 1,337,000 16 Episode 16 21 February 2018 1,341,000 132,000 1,473,000 17 Episode 17 25 February 2018 1,536,000 92,000 1,628,000 18 Episode 18 26 February 2018 1,325,000 107,000 1,432,000 19 Episode 19 27 February 2018 1,253,000 102,000 1,355,000 20 Episode 20 28 February 2018 1,315,000 127,000 1,442,000 21 Episode 21 4 March 2018 1,535,000 108,000 1,643,000 22 Episode 22 5 March 2018 1,271,000 98,000 1,369,000 23 Episode 23 6 March 2018 1,267,000 119,000 1,386,000 24 Episode 24 7 March 2018 1,260,000 112,000 1,372,000 25 Episode 25 11 March 2018 1,342,000 107,000 1,429,000 26 Episode 26 12 March 2018 1,256,000 102,000 1,358,000 27 Episode 27 13 March 2017 1,230,000 103,000 1,333,000 28 Episode 28 14 March 2018 1,188,000 132,000 1,320,000 29 Episode 29 18 March 2018 1,446,000 76,000 1,522,000 30 Episode 30 19 March 2018 1,525,000 78,000 1,603,000 31 Finale - Part 1 20 March 2018 1,623,000 127,000 1,750,000 32 Finale - Part 2 21 March 2018 1,753,000 136,000 1,889,000 Season 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Controversy and legality ( edit ) Before the first season went to air , an online petition calling for the series to be axed attracted over 15,000 signatures . There was also criticism that , unlike the original Danish series , such marriages would not be legal under Australian law . Channel 9 admitted that participants would not actually marry . A spokesman said `` In order to comply with the Australian Marriage Act ( 1961 ) which requires one month and one day notification , a marriage in law was not conducted . Each participant embarked on a commitment ceremony with a wedding celebrant with all due intention to commit fully to this union for the duration of the experiment . At the end of the experiment , they are given the option to continue with the relationship or go their separate ways '' . Second season participant Simone Lee Brennan described the program as `` never ( being ) portrayed to its full authenticity , '' suggesting the man she had been paired with , Xavier Forsberg , had been recruited by producers and was seeking a sports - presenting role , rather than an applicant also looking for a relationship . 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Jump up ^ `` Monday 8 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 8 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 15 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 16 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 15 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 22 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 22 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` Monday 4 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 4 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 April 2016 ) . `` Tuesday 5 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 5 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` Monday 11 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 11 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Tuesday 12 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 12 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Monday 18 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 18 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Tuesday 19 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 May 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 19 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 27 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 27 April 2016 '' . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 29 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 29 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 30 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 30 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 31 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 31 August 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 5 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 6 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 5 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 6 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 6 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 7 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 7 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 12 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 12 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 13 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 13 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Monday 30 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 30 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 31 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 31 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 1 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 1 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2017 ) . `` Sunday 5 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 5 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 February 2017 ) . `` Monday 6 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 6 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 7 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 7 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 8 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 8 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Sunday 12 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 12 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Monday 13 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 13 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 14 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 14 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` Monday 20 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 20 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 21 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 21 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Sunday 26 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 26 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` Monday 27 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 27 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 28 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 28 February 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Sunday 5 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 March 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 13 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 14 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 March 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 14 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Sunday 19 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 19 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 20 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 20 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 21 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 21 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 March 2017 ) . `` Sunday 26 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 26 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 27 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 27 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Tuesday 28 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 28 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Sunday 2 April 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 2 April 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Monday 3 April 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 3 April 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 January 2018 ) . `` Monday 29 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 29 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 30 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 30 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 31 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 31 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` Thursday 1 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Thursday 1 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` Sunday 4 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 4 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2018 ) . `` Monday 5 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 5 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 6 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 17 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 6 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Thursday 8 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 17 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Thursday 8 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` Sunday 11 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 11 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Monday 12 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 12 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 13 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 13 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 14 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 14 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` Sunday 18 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 18 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Monday 19 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 19 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 February 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 20 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 20 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 21 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 21 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 February 2018 ) . `` Sunday 25 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 25 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 February 2018 ) . `` Monday 26 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 26 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 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About Wikipedia	when does season 6 of married at first sight end	[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nPreliminary\nConsolidated\n\nSeason premiere\nSeason finale\nAverage viewers\nAverage rank\nAverage viewers\nAverage rank\n\n\n\n1\n6\n18 May 2015\n22 June 2015\n1.115\n#4\n1.195\n#3\n\n\n2\n7\n4 April 2016\n27 April 2016\n0.915\n#7\n0.999\n#6\n\n\n3\n8\n29 August 2016\n13 September 2016\n0.880\n#7\n0.970\n#5\n\n\n4\n29\n30 January 2017\n3 April 2017\n1.081\n#3\n1.186\n#2\n\n\n5\n32\n29 January 2018\n21 March 2018\n1.223\n#1\n1.328\n#1\n\n\n6\n\n2019\n2019\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "2019" ]
-4044938056543696794	List of minimum annual leave by country	List of minimum annual leave by country - wikipedia List of minimum annual leave by country Minimum mandatory paid vacation days , normalized for a five - day workweek : No data No mandatory vacation 1 -- 5 days 6 -- 10 days 11 -- 15 days 16 -- 20 days 21 -- 22 days 23 -- 28 days In the majority of nations , including all industrialized nations except the United States , advances in employee relations have seen the introduction of statutory agreements for minimum employee leave from work -- that is the amount of entitlement to paid vacation and public holidays . Several companies will offer contractually more time , depending on the sector . Companies and the law may also differ as to whether public holidays are counted as part of the minimum leave . Disparities in national minimums are still subject of debate regarding work - life balance and perceived differences between nations . These numbers usually refer to full - time employment , part - time workers may get a reduced number of days . In most countries , public holidays are paid and usually not considered part of the annual leave . Also , in most countries there are additional paid leave benefits such as parental leave and sick leave that are not listed here . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Countries 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Methodology ( edit ) For the purpose of comparison , the paid vacation column has been normalized to a five - day workweek . For instance , a calendar day is divided by seven and multiplied by five , while a six - day workweek day is divided by six and multiplied by five . The paid vacation column gives the minimum mandatory vacation days for an employee who has one year of service with the same employer . In some countries , the public holidays are strictly bound to the calendar dates , so if they happen on Saturday or Sunday , they are `` lost '' for the particular year . As a result , the average number of paid extra free days can be lower than the table specifies . For example , in the Czech Republic , where the official number of paid public holidays is 13 , the average number of public holidays during working days in the years 2000 -- 2016 was only 8.9 days . In other countries , the public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are moved to the nearest Monday or Friday such as in the United Kingdom or the United States . Countries ( edit ) Country and flag Minimum annual leave Paid vacation days ( five - day workweek ) Paid public holidays Total paid leave ( five - day workweek ) Afghanistan Employees are entitled to 20 days recreational leave and 15 paid public holidays . 20 15 35 Albania Employees are entitled to 20 days of annual leave and 12 paid public holidays . 20 12 32 Algeria The paid annual leave is calculated on the basis of 2 and 1 / 2 days per month of work . The total duration of the leave can not , however , exceed 30 calendar days per year . Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 30 11 41 Andorra Workers are entitled to 31 calendar days of paid leave after one year of employment . Before that , entitlement to leave is calculated at a rate of 2.5 days for every month worked . One period of leave must last two weeks or more to allow an uninterrupted rest period . Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 31 14 45 Angola The period of annual leave for workers is of 22 days per year , not including weekends , complementary weekly rest days and holidays in this calculation . Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 22 11 33 Antigua and Barbuda The length of the annual leave for an employee who has successfully passed his probationary period is at least one day per month of employment ; 12 days per year of work performed . Every employees is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 12 11 23 Argentina 14 calendar days ( from 0 to 5 years seniority ) , 21 calendar days ( from 5 to 10 ) , 28 calendar days ( from 10 to 20 ) and 35 calendar days ( from 20 ) . Every employees is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 21 11 31 Armenia Generally , the duration of annual leave is 20 working days . Extended annual leave up to 25 working days is granted to certain categories of employees whose work involves great nervous , emotional and intellectual strain and professional risk . Every employees is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 20 12 32 Australia For each year of service with his or her employer , an employee is entitled to a minimum of 4 weeks of paid annual leave , unless the employee is a shiftworker , in which case he or she is entitled to a minimum of 5 weeks of paid annual leave . Every employee is also entitled to 10 to 13 paid public holidays depending on the state and territory . Long service leave , which varies by jurisdiction , is also available to long standing employees . 20 10 30 Austria If the employee has less than 25 years of service , he is entitled to 25 days of annual leave . If the employee has 25 years or more , he is entitled to 30 days of annual leave . Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 25 13 38 Azerbaijan Employees are entitled to a minimum of 21 basic calendar days of annual leave . Skilled employees , experts and senior employees are entitled to 30 basic calendar days of annual leave . Additional 2 days accrue on top of basic vacation every 5 years . Every employee is also entitled to 19 paid public holidays . 21 19 40 The Bahamas 14 days after 1 year employment , 21 days after 7 years of employment . Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 10 10 20 Bahrain An employee who has been in the service of an employer for at least one year is entitled to a paid annual leave not less than thirty days , with an average of two and a half days for each month . Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 22 14 36 Bangladesh All workers except tea plantation workers are entitled to 10 days of paid casual leave in each calendar year . An adult worker is entitled to : ( a ) for shop , commercial or industrial establishment , factory , or road transport service industry workers -- one day 's paid annual leave per 18 days of work ; ( b ) for tea plantation workers -- one day 's paid annual leave per 22 days of work ; and ( c ) for newspaper workers -- one day 's paid annual leave per 11 days of work . Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 10 11 21 Barbados An employee who completes a year of employment with an employer is entitled to -- ( a ) an annual holiday of not less than 3 weeks where he has been in the employment of that employer for less than 5 years ; and ( b ) an annual holiday of not less than 4 weeks where he has been in the service of that employer for 5 years or more . 15 Belarus The length of basic annual leave is 24 calendar days . Every employee is also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 24 9 33 Belgium A worker after one year of full employment , the employee shall be entitled to : 24 working days if they work 6 days per week ; and 20 working days if they work 5 days per week . Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 24 10 34 Belize Every employee is entitled to two weeks paid leave after a year of employment . If employment is terminated after three months but before a year , the employee must be paid average vacation pay . Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 14 13 27 Benin Unless there are more favorable provisions in collective agreements or employment contracts , the worker acquires the right to leave , to be paid by the employer , at the rate of 2 working days per month of effective service . A working days is every day other than the day of weekly rest period and holidays . Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 24 13 37 Bhutan 9 Bolivia There are different scales of annual leave depending on the seniority of the worker . To this respect ; workers having performed from 1 to 5 years of service are entitled to enjoy 15 working days , from 5 to 10 years , 20 working days , and from 10 years onwards , 30 working days . Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 15 - 30 11 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 2 entities ( Republic of Srpska and Federation of Bosina and Herzegovina ) and one district ( Brčko District ) . These 3 parts all have their own work laws . Both Republic of Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina have minimum of 20 working days while number of additional days varies . In District Brčko workers have 18 days . In Republic of Srpska workers have additional 1 day for every 5 years of work at same employee and additional 2 days for religious holidays . In Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina workers have 2 paid days for religious holidays and , optionally , 2 unpaid days for religious holidays . Number of public holidays also varies in all 3 autonomous parts . In Republic of Srpska around 11 , in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina around 10 and in Brčko District around 9 . Number of public holidays varies based on predominant religious group in entity . Note that Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 10 cantons of which any can have their own laws that can affect number of public holidays . 20 - 30 9 - 11 Botswana Every employer is required to grant to every employee employed by him leave with basic pay at the rate of not less than 1.25 days per month . Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 15 14 29 Brazil The length of annual leave depends on the number of days of absence from work : 30 days ( considering a 7 - day week ) when the worker was absent no more than 5 days ; 24 days when the worker was absent between 6 and 14 days ; 18 days when the worker was absent between 15 and 23 days ; 12 days when the worker was absent between 24 and 32 days . Every employee is also entitled to 7 national paid public holidays , 1 state paid holiday , and up to 4 religious municipal paid holidays . 12 - 30 12 Brunei Darussalam ( 11 ) 7 11 18 Bulgaria An employee has the right to paid annual leave in the duration of at least four weeks for each calendar year . If a public holiday falls on Saturday or Sunday , the following Monday is a holiday . 20 Burkina Faso The employee has a right to a paid leave chargeable to the employer , at the rate of two and a half calendar days per month of effective service . Every employee is also entitled to 15 paid public holidays . 30 15 45 Burundi Workers are entitled to 1 and 2 / 3 working days per month of completed of service . Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 17 13 30 Cape Verde Every worker in an employment contract for an indeterminate period is entitled to twenty - two days of annual leave . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 22 0 22 Cambodia All workers are entitled to paid annual leave at the rate of 1.5 work days per month of continuous service . However , the length of paid leave entitlement shall be increased according to seniority , at the rate of one day per 3 years of service . Every employee is also entitled to 27 paid public holidays . 18 27 45 Cameroon Workers acquire the right to annual leave at the rate of one and a half days per month of effective service , paid by the employer . 18 Canada In Canada , vacation time is set by the provinces and territories for all employees except federal employees . Employees are entitled to start out with two weeks of paid vacation in all provinces except Saskatchewan where employees are entitled to three weeks of paid annual leave . Ten provinces and territories grant a third week of vacation after working for a set period of time , one grants a fourth week , and two grant no additional extension . Federal employees are entitled initially to two weeks vacation , increasing to three weeks after six years of service . In addition , employees are entitled to 6 -- 10 paid public holidays depending on the province . 10 - 20 6 - 10 Central African Republic Workers are entitled to leave at the rate of 2 working days per month worked . 24 Chad Workers are entitled to two days per month of paid leave - to be paid by the employer . One month of effective work is the period equivalent to 4 weeks or 24 days of work . Every worker is also entitled to 3 paid public holidays . 24 27 Chile The duration of the annual leave is 15 working days . Every worker is also entitled to 15 paid public holidays . 15 15 30 China The duration of the annual leave entitlement is : ( a ) 5 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for 1 -- 10 years ; ( b ) 10 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for 10 -- 20 years ; and ( c ) 15 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for more than 20 years . Employers who offer more vacation time are legally obligated to grant it . Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays , which includes two semi-annual one - week holidays known as the Golden Weeks . 5 - 15 11 Colombia Employees are entitled to 15 consecutive working days of paid annual leave . Every employee is also entitled to 18 paid public holidays . 15 18 33 Comoros Workers are entitled to annual leave at the rate of at least 2 and half days per month of work . In order to determine the duration of the leave , it shall be considered as a month of work , the period equivalent to 4 weeks or 24 days of work . 25 Democratic Republic of Congo The duration of annual leave has to be of at least one day for every month of effective service , for worker over the age of 18 . It shall be of at least one and a half day for workers under the age of 18 . It shall be increased of one day per month every 5 years of seniority in the same employer or replaced employer . 12 Republic of Congo Workers are entitled , after one year of service , to 26 working days of annual leave paid by the employer . 26 Costa Rica Employees are entitled to 2 weeks minimum of annual leave after 50 weeks of work performed with the same employer . Every employee is also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 10 9 19 Croatia An employee has the right to paid annual leave in the duration of at least four weeks for each calendar year and 13 paid public holidays . 20 13 33 Cuba Every worker is entitled to enjoy one month of paid annual leave after 11 months of effective work . Workers are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 22 9 33 Cyprus 20 working days of leave for workers on a five - day week and 24 working days of leave for workers on a six - day week over a period of one year 's employment . Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 20 14 34 Czech Republic The basic vacation allowance is a minimum of four weeks per calendar year and there are 13 paid public holidays . Many employers give one week extra ( so the total is five weeks of paid annual leave ) as a bonus . Public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are lost for the particular year -- thus the average number of public holidays during working days in the years 2000 -- 2016 was only 8.9 days . Employees of employers who are not part of the private sector or engaged in non-commercial activities are entitled to a vacation allowance of 5 weeks . Teachers and the academic staff of higher education institutions are entitled to a vacation allowance of 8 weeks per calendar year . 20 13 33 Denmark Employees are entitled to 25 days of annual leave per year worked , prorated at 2.08 days per month . Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 25 11 36 Djibouti Employees are entitled to two and half working days of paid leave per month . Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 25 10 35 Dominica Employees are entitled under five years of continuously service two weeks paid annual leave , and for five years and over of continuously service three weeks of paid annual leave . Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 10 12 22 Dominican Republic The employer shall provide every employee a paid vacation period of two weeks , according to the following scale : After a period of at least 1 year and up to 5 years , 14 days with full pay ; After a continuous period of work of not less than 5 years , 18 days with full pay . Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 10 13 23 Ecuador Every worker shall be entitled to enjoy 15 consecutive days of paid annual leave , including the non working days . Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 11 12 23 Egypt Employees are entitled to 21 days of paid annual leave , though they must wait six months before taking their first day off . After five consecutive years of employment , an employee may take one month of paid leave to make a religious pilgrimage . An employee 's paid leave entitlement increases to 30 days of paid annual leave after 10 years of employment or when the employee reaches the age of 50 , whichever one comes first . Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 15 13 28 El Salvador The length of annual leave is 15 days . Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 15 11 26 Equatorial Guinea Workers are entitled to one month of paid annual leave , for each year of continuous work . After 10 years of service , annual leave shall be increased one day per year worked . 22 Eritrea An employee is entitled to annual leave with pay amounting to : fourteen working days for the first year of service ; and fourteen working days plus one working each additional year of service . Annual leave may not exceed 35 working days . 12 Estonia It is presumed that an employee 's annual holiday is 28 calendar days , unless the employee and the employer have agreed on a longer period , or unless otherwise provided by law . Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 20 11 31 Ethiopia Employees are entitled to no less than 14 working days of annual leave for the first one year of service , and 14 working days plus one working day for every additional year of service . Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 12 13 25 European Union European Union legislation mandates that all 28 member states must by law grant all employees a minimum of 4 weeks of paid vacation . 20 0 20 Fiji Workers are entitled to 10 days paid annual leave for each complete year of service . Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 10 12 22 Finland 5 weeks ( 30 days with Saturdays sometimes , but not Sundays , counted as holidays ) is the minimum mandated annual leave by law . Workers are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays on average . After working for the same company for a long period , many employers raise the 30 to 38 days ( so - called long holidays ) . ( Many employers in Finland give a holiday bonus ( lomaraha ) every year ; this holiday bonus can be converted to extra holiday - giving another 13 days of holiday ( or 18 days for those on ' long ' holidays ) . 25 11 36 France 5 weeks ( 30 days with Saturdays , but not Sundays counted as holidays ) plus up to 22 days of RTT ( Réduction du Temps de Travail , English : Reduction of Working Time ) for the employees that choose to work more than 35 hours per week - the `` limit '' is 39 per week , further additional hours are compensated in almost all the cases by money and not by additional leave hours . Bonus days off are given to people who take a part of their annual leave outside summer ( 3 days grant 1 bonus day off , 6 days grant 2 bonus days off ) . Combining all these rules , in a few public offices and in a few companies like Orange , the resulting total , for certain employees , might be of 9.5 paid vacation weeks ( 5 weeks of vacation + 4 weeks of RTT + 0.5 week of bonus days off ) . Furthermore , there are 11 paid public holidays . 25 11 36 Gabon Workers are entitled to leave , to be paid by the employer , of 2 working days per month of effective service . The workers under the age of 18 are entitled to 2 and a half working days . Every worker is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 20 14 34 Gambia 21 Georgia 24 15 39 Germany 24 working days ( defined as all calendar days that are not Sundays or public holidays ) . Therefore , a worker with a 5 - day workweek has the right to 20 days off . However , it is quite customary that companies concede other 10 days of paid leave , bringing the average to 30 days off . There is one national public holiday ( German Unity Day ) . States regulate the remaining paid public holidays which vary between 9 and 13 in total , some of them being held nationwide . Bavaria and Baden - Württemberg provide the most . The Bavarian city of Augsburg has 14 public holidays as it celebrates Friedensfest in addition to the 13 holidays in Bavaria . Civil employees receive a minimum of 30 days after a law against age discrimination was passed in 2012 . 20 9 29 Ghana In any undertaking every worker is entitled to not less than 15 working days leave with full pay in any calendar year of continuous service . Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 15 13 28 Greece Workers on a five - day week are entitled to a 20 working days or 24 working days for six - day week workers . The leave entitlement is increased by one working day for each year of employment in addition to the first year , up to 26 working days , or up to 22 working days if the undertaking operates a five - day week . There are 4 mandatory paid public holidays . 20 24 Grenada Workers are entitled to a period of annual leave with pay of not less than two weeks during the first year of employment and thereafter , three weeks . Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 10 13 23 Guatemala Employees are entitled to have at least 15 working days of vacations . To have the right for vacations the worker must have at least 150 calendar days of continuous work . It is forbidden for a worker to accept extra payment instead of the vacations nor take another job during this time . Vacations must be paid in advance . Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 15 10 25 Guinea The employee is entitled to leave , paid by the employer , at a rate of 2 and half days per month of effective service . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 22 11 33 Guinea - Bissau The annual leave shall be of 30 consecutive days , not counting weekly rest periods nor initial or final holidays . 22 Guyana Every worker being in employment shall be allowed a period of holidays with pay of not less than one day for each completed month of employment computed from the date of engagement . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays 12 0 12 Haiti Any employee continuously working upon one year of service is entitled to paid leave of at least 15 consecutive days , comprising 13 working days and two Sundays . Public holidays and interruptions of work due to sickness or maternity enjoyed by the worker should not be deducted from the fifteen days off . Employees are also entitled to 16 paid public holidays . 11 16 27 Honduras The period of annual leave differs in relation to the time of work performed with the same employer : 10 consecutive working days after one year of service ; 12 consecutive working days after two years ' consecutive service ; 15 consecutive working days after three years ' consecutive service ; 20 consecutive working days after four or more years ' consecutive service . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 8 11 19 Hong Kong the former British Hong Kong 7 days ( 1 to 2 years ) , add one day per year until 14 days ( 3 + years ) . Employees are also entitled to 12 paid employee holidays . Some employee get 17 paid public holidays . 7 12 19 Hungary 20 working days ( increasing up to 30 with age ) . The employee will get additional days for children . Two days for one child , 4 days for two children and 7 days for more than two children . Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays , however public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are lost for the particular year . Unpaid leave can be requested by the Employee that can be granted upon after Employer deliberation . Employee has a right for Unpaid leave under the following circumstances : Caring for child under 3 years ( usually during maternity leave ) , caring for children under 10 years if it is necessary and the Employee receives child caring aid , long term caring for a relative up to a maximum of 2 years ( requires official medical verification ) , volunteer reservist military service . 20 13 33 Iceland The legislation provides for a minimum of two working days of holiday for each month in employment during the past holiday allowance year ( May 1 to April 30 ) . The minimum holiday for each year is therefore 24 working days . Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 24 12 36 India Adult workers in factories , mines , and plantations are entitled to one day off for every twenty days worked the previous year , which generally amounts to 12 days a year . Minors are entitled to 15 days . This does not apply to employees of factories of government - owned railways , who are governed by a separate set of leave entitlements decided by the government . Leave entitlements in India generally vary among states and industries , with local governments setting minimum leave entitlements and individual companies offering their own paid leave benefits . On average , Indians receive 24 days of paid leave a year . Employees are also entitled to 15 - 20 paid public holidays , depending on the region . 12 15 27 Indonesia The annual rest period entitlement is to 12 days of leave . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 12 0 12 Iran The annual paid leave entitlement is one month , including four Fridays . 26 27 53 Iraq A worker shall have a right to 20 days of leave for each year of work . A worker employed in work which is arduous or harmful to health shall have a right to 30 days of paid leave for each year of work . The length of a worker 's annual leave shall be increased by 2 days after every additional 5 years of continuous service with the same employer . 20 Ireland Employees are entitled to 4 weeks of paid annual leave and 9 paid public holidays . 20 9 29 Israel A minimum of 12 days for employees with a five - day workweek and 14 days for employees with a six - day workweek . Following four years of employment , the number of vacation days rises by two per year . An employee can accumulate a maximum of 28 vacation days under the law . There are also 9 paid public holidays , and 4 holidays where , despite not being mandatory , many businesses and government offices offer collective or optional paid leave . 12 9 21 Italy At least 20 working days ( exact amount depends on contract details , a few contracts guarantee up to 25 days ) , entirely paid , plus up to 104 hours of ROL , that means the reduction of working time ( in Italian Riduzione Orario di Lavoro ) , that have to be used primarily in blocks of a few hours each time for family / personal needs ( for example taking a child to the doctor , going to the bank etc . ) but may be utilized as well , just for the unused part of them and just if the company / the collective contract allows that , to get additional vacation hours / days , or to shorten of 1 or 2 hours the working day on Fridays . Employees also receive 12 paid public holidays . 20 12 32 Ivory Coast The worker is entitled to annual leave , paid by the employer , at the rate of 2 working days per month of effective service . Young workers under the age of 18 are entitled to two and 2 / 10 working days per month of effective service . The annual leave is increased at the rate of 2 days after 15 years of seniority in the same company ; 4 days after 20 years of seniority in the same company ; 6 days after 25 years of seniority in the same company ; and 8 days after 30 years of seniority in the same company . Employees also receive 14 paid public holidays . 20 14 34 Jamaica Workers who have worked up to 220 days enjoy 10 days maximum ( if they have worked for a minimum of 110 days ) calculated as follows ; 1 / 22 of the number of days of work . Any fraction of a day of holiday shall be reckoned as 1 day . For workers who have worked more than 220 days : 2 working weeks . For workers with 10 years of service or more and who have worked more than 220 days in each qualifying year : 3 working weeks . 10 Japan The initial annual leave entitlement is 10 days of leave . Workers who have been employed continuously for at least one and half years shall be granted one additional day of leave for each year of service , up to a maximum of 20 days of leave . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 10 0 10 Jersey Employees are entitled to two weeks of paid annual leave . Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 10 9 19 Jordan Each employee shall be entitled to an annual leave with full pay for fourteen 14 days per each year of service , increased to 21 days after five years of service . 14 Kazakhstan Employees are entitled to 24 calendar days of paid annual leave . 18 Kenya An employee is entitled to not less than 21 working days after every 12 consecutive months of service with his employer . Where employment is terminated after then completion of two or more consecutive months of service during any 12 months of leave - earning period , to not less than 1.75 days of leave for each completed month of service . Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 21 10 28 Kiribati 0 South Korea 15 days and for workers who have worked 3 years , one day will be added to every two years continuously worked up to a maximum of 25 days . Despite the employment law , it is strictly regulated to use a paid leave due to Korean culture , which is often perceived as hierarchical . Generally , it is a common sense that workers only get a few days off for a year regardless of how many off days are left , though extra bonuses might be paid out for the work . 15 Kosovo 20 Kuwait Every worker is entitled to enjoy a paid annual leave of 30 days . In addition , the worker who completes 2 continuous years in the service of his employer shall be entitled to a paid leave of 21 days for performing Haj rituals , provided that he should not have previously performed the Haj . Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 30 13 43 Kyrgyzstan 20 Laos The general annual leave entitlement is 15 days of leave per year . 15 Latvia Employees are entitled to 4 calendar weeks of paid annual leave . 20 Lebanon Every wage - earner or salary - earner employed in an establishment for at least one year is entitled to an annual leave of 15 days with full pay . 15 Lesotho An employee shall be entitled to one working day of holiday in respect of each month of continuous employment with the same employer , i.e. a minimum of 12 working days of holiday in each year . Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 12 10 22 Liberia Employees are entitled to : ( a ) For continuous service with the same employer for twenty - four months , the number of working days in two weeks , and thereafter for each additional twelve months , with the same employer , the number of working days in three ( 3 ) weeks ; and ( b ) For continuous service with the same employer for sixty months and thereafter , the number of working days in four weeks . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 10 11 21 Libya Every worker is entitled annually to 30 days leave . Workers who have reached the age of 50 or have completed 20 years of service are entitled 45 days . 22 Lithuania Employees are entitled to 28 calendar days of paid annual leave . Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 20 14 34 Luxembourg The legal duration of annual leave is set to 25 working days per year . Supplementary leave of 6 days for workers with disabilities and for physically or mentally disabled persons . Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 25 10 35 Macedonia Employees are entitled to 20 - 26 working days , as specified in a collective agreement in accordance with years of service and working conditions ; 3 additional days for older workers . 20 Madagascar Workers are entitled to leave paid by the employer at 2.5 days per month and are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 22 13 35 Malawi 18 Malaysia Starts at 8 days per year for first 2 years employment with an employer . Increases to 12 days per year for between 2 and 5 years employment and 16 days per year for 5 or more years . Employees are also entitled to 19 paid public holidays . 12 19 26 Maldives 22 Mali 22 Malta Every worker is entitled to paid annual leave of at least the equivalent in hours of four weeks and four working days calculated on the basis of a 40 - hour working week and 8 - hour working day . Workers are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 25 14 39 Marshall Islands 0 Mauritania After the reference period of 12 months , a worker is entitled to 1.5 days of leave per month of effective service . An exception is 3 days per month for employees whose normal residence is not in Mauritania . One additional day annual leave is granted for 10 -- 15 years of seniority , two additional days for 15 -- 20 years seniority and 3 days for a seniority exceeding 20 years . Employees are also entitled to 7 paid public holidays . 15 7 22 Mauritius Every worker , other than a part - time worker , who remains in continuous employment with the same employer for a period of 12 consecutive months is entitled , during each subsequent period of 12 months while he remains in continuous employment , to 20 working days of annual leave or such similar leave under any other name . Besides that every worker is entitled to an extra 2 days of leave in every year and 16 paid public holidays . 22 16 38 Mexico The duration of the annual leave is set at 6 working days minimum , after one year of service with the same employer . This duration shall be increased by two working days ( up to a maximum of 12 ) for each subsequent year of service . After the fourth year , the vacation period shall be increased by two days for every five years of service . Workers who perform discontinuous and seasonal work are entitled to an annual holiday period in proportion to the number of the working days performed in the year . Employees are also entitled to 7 paid public holidays . 6 7 13 Micronesia 0 Moldova All employees have the right to an annual paid holiday , with duration of not less than 28 calendar days without taking into account the non working holidays . Employees of special sectors ( education , health service , public service , etc . ) can be granted annual leave of a different duration . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 20 0 20 Mongolia 15 working days for the 1 year of employment . Increase up to 29 working days after 32 years of employment . 48 working days paid vacation for teachers and professors for all levels of school , kindergarten and university regardless of the number of years of service . There are no identified legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 15 0 15 Montenegro 21 Morocco Every employee , having worked at least 6 months continuously in the same company , is entitled to paid annual leave as it follows : 1 and 1 / 2 day of effective work for every month of service ; and 2 days of effective work for every month of service for those aged under 18 . The paid annual leave is increased in one and a half day of effective work for an entire period , continue or not , of 5 years of service . However , this increase can not be accumulated when the total annual leave has reached the limit of 30 working days . An `` effective day of work '' day is that which is not a weekly rest day , a holiday and general holidays of the company . The working month is defined as : 26 effective working days or 191 working hours in the non agricultural sector or 208 in the agricultural sector . Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 15 10 25 Mozambique Employees are entitled to one day for every month of actual service , during the first year of service ; two days for every month of actual service , during the second year of service ; and thirty days for every year of actual service , from the third year onward . Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 10 9 19 Myanmar Employees over the age of 15 years are entitled to 10 consecutive days of leave per year . Employees under the age of 15 years are entitled to 14 consecutive days leave per year . Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 10 14 24 Namibia Every employee is entitled to at least four consecutive weeks annual leave in respect of each annual leave cycle ( which means the period of 12 consecutive months employment with the same employer immediately following an employee ` s commencement of employment or the completion of the last annual leave cycle ) . If the number of days in an ordinary workweek are 6 the annual leave entitlement in working days is 24 . 20 Nauru No paid annual leave . 0 Nepal Every employee is entitled to paid home leave at the rate of 1 day for every 20 days that he works . Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 15 13 28 Netherlands Workers are entitled to four times the number of days they work per week . In this respect , for a five - day working week the worker is entitled to 20 days of annual leave . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 20 11 31 New Zealand Employees are entitled to not less than 4 weeks of paid annual holiday . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 20 11 31 Nicaragua Every worker is entitled to enjoy 15 days of continuous and remunerated annual leave after 6 months of uninterrupted work with the same employer . Workers are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 11 9 20 Niger Workers are entitled to 30 calendar days ( two and a half calendar days per month of work ) . Seniority entitles a worker to additional days of leave : 2 additional days after 20 years with the same enterprise ; 4 additional days after 25 years ; 6 additional days after 30 years . Workers are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 22 12 34 Nigeria Every worker is entitled after twelve months continuous service to a holiday with full pay of at least six working days . 5 Norway Employers are required that employees have 25 working days of leave in connection with holidays each holiday year . All days count as working days except Sundays and statutory church or public holidays . For those working 5 days a week , this means 21 days paid annual leave . Workers are also entitled to two paid public holidays . 21 23 Oman Employees are entitled to 30 days of annual leave and are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 22 9 31 Pakistan Factory workers , employees of commercial establishments , and road transportation workers are entitled to 14 days of holidays , inclusive of weekly rest days , provided they complete a full year of continuous employment . Those who spend more than 90 days on sickness , accident , or authorized leave , and one day or more on unauthorized leave or on an illegal strike lose this entitlement . Mine workers are entitled to one day of leave for every 17 days of work below ground and one day for every 20 days worked above ground , generally amounting to more than 14 days . Newspaper employees are not entitled to a fixed set of days by law , but rather to paid leave lasting at least 1 / 11th as long as they spend on duty . Factory workers are also entitled to 17 paid public holidays . On average , corporations and government offices provide at least 15 paid public holidays per year . 14 15 29 Palau 0 Palestine 12 Panama Employees are entitled to enjoy 30 days of annual leave and are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 22 10 32 Papua New Guinea Employees are entitled to 14 consecutive days of annual leave , including non-working days . Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 10 9 19 Paraguay Every worker shall be entitled to a paid annual leave after a year of work within same employer that shall be at least : a ) 12 consecutive working days for workers with less than 5 years of continuous service ; b ) 18 consecutive working days after 5 years and less than 10 years of continuous service ; c ) 30 consecutive days after 10 years of continuous service . Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 10 12 22 Peru Employees are entitled to 30 calendar days of annual leave and are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 22 12 34 Philippines Employees are entitled to 5 days of paid service incentive leave per year . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 5 11 16 Poland 20 working days per year during the first 10 years of employment and 26 working days thereafter . Secondary and tertiary education partially counts towards employment time , ranging from 3 years for basic vocational school , up to 8 years for bachelor 's degree . Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 20 13 33 Portugal Workers are entitled to paid holidays which are mandatory and have a minimum duration of 22 working days . Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 22 13 35 Puerto Rico Employees are entitled to 15 days of paid annual leave . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 15 0 15 Qatar Annual leave shall not be less than three weeks for the worker whose service is less than five years and four weeks for the worker whose service is more than five years . Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 15 10 25 Romania Workers are entitled to a minimum of 20 days of paid leave per year ; 23 for the handicapped , underage , or those working in difficult or dangerous conditions . Varying amounts of extra paid days are available for life events such as marriage or death in the family , child birth ( for the partner who is not on paternal / maternal leave ) , donating blood , or workplace relocation . Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays ; as well as up to 90 days of unpaid leave every year for the purpose of preparation for educational degree exams . Unpaid leave can also be requested for any other reason , but the employer is not legally obligated to agree . 20 13 33 Russia Workers are entitled to 28 calendar days ( including Saturdays and Sundays ) of annual leave and 14 paid public holidays . This usually translates into 33 working days of leave because most holidays coinciding with weekend days are moved to the following working day . 20 14 33 Rwanda Employees are entitled to a paid leave at the employer 's expenses , on the basis of one and a half working days per month of effective continued work . Official holidays are not considered as part of the annual paid leave . The employee benefits from one working day per year of annual paid leave for every three years of experience in the same institution . However , annual paid leave , in any case , can not exceed twenty one ( 21 ) working days . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 15 11 26 Samoa Employees are entitled to at least 10 days ' paid annual leave to be taken on days mutually agreed between the employer and the employee . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 10 11 21 Saint Kitts and Nevis Every worker shall be entitled to a paid annual leave of not less than 14 days , after one year of employment . Sundays and public holidays shall not be included in the annual leave period and so this period shall be increased by one day for each Sunday or public holiday occurring therein . 12 Saint Lucia Employees are entitled to 14 working days of paid annual leave after a minimum employment of twelve months ; after five years employees are entitled to 21 working days . Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 14 13 27 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16 San Marino All workers are entitled to annual leave with pay , varying from 1 to more than 15 years of service from 10 to 20 days a year for wage earners and from 1 to more than 12 years of service from 10 to 12 days a year for salaried employees and intermediary staff . 10 São Tomé and Príncipe Workers are entitled to 30 consecutive days of annual leave , not counting weekly rest periods nor initial or final holidays . Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 25 9 34 Saudi Arabia A worker shall be entitled to a prepaid annual leave of not less than twenty one days , to be increased to a period of not less than thirty days if the worker spends five consecutive years in the service of the employer . Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 21 9 30 Senegal Workers are entitled to 2 days of annual leave for each month of work performed over a year . Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 20 12 32 Serbia 20 working days minimum ( effectively 4 weeks , law defines working week as 5 working days for purpose of paid vacation ) , plus 9 bank holidays and up to two more days depending on religion of employee . 20 11 31 Seychelles A worker is entitled to 21 days of paid annual leave or , where the employment is for less than a year , to 1.75 days for each month of employment , the aggregate number of days being rounded up upon addition to the highest integer . 21 13 34 Sierra Leone 18 Singapore A worker is entitled to minimum 7 days , with 1 additional day per year up to a minimum of 14 days . No statutory minimum leave for seamen , domestic workers , or employees in managerial or executive positions . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 7 11 18 Slovakia The duration of the paid annual leave is at least four weeks , provided that seven consecutive calendar days is understood as one week paid holiday . The annual leave period of an employee of 33 years old or over at the end of the applicable calendar year is at least five weeks . Employees are also entitled to 15 paid public holidays . 20 15 35 Slovenia A worker has the right to annual leave in an individual calendar year , which may not be shorter than 4 weeks , regardless of whether he works full - time or part - time . Older people get five more days , mother with children gets three to five more days . Maxium leave is 35 days per year . Sundays and public holidays are not counted to the leave . They are free for all . 20 13 33 Solomon Islands Each worker is entitled to be given by his employer a holiday at the rate of not less than 1.25 working days for each complete calendar month of employment in an undertaking . 15 0 15 Somalia Workers are entitled to 15 days of paid annual leave and are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays . 13 9 22 South Africa 21 consecutive days , or 1 day for every 17 days worked , or 1 hour for every 17 hours worked , Regular workers may take a further 3 days of family responsibility leave . Leave legislation does not apply to members of the National Defence Force , National Intelligence Agency , South African Secret Service or unpaid volunteers working for a charity . Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 15 12 27 South Sudan Employees are entitled to paid annual leave for every year of service : 20 days for one to three years of continuous service ; 25 days for eight to ( less than ) fifteen years of continuous service ; and 30 days for 15 or more years of service with the employer . Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays . 20 12 32 Spain Workers are entitled to 30 calendar days of annual leave and 14 paid public holidays . 22 14 36 Sri Lanka In practice , most of the religious and festival holidays are available with most jobs having 20 days paid leave and 20 public holidays . However shop and office employees are entitled to a minimum of 14 days of annual leave for each year of employment and are also entitled to 8 paid public holidays . 20 20 40 Sudan Workers are entitled to annual leave as follows : 20 days if a worker has been continuously employed by his employer for a period of one to three years ; 25 days if a worker has spent eight years or less than 15 years of continuous service with his employer ; 30 days if a worker has spent 15 or more years of continuous service with his employer . 20 Suriname 12 Swaziland An employee is entitled to no less than two weeks of holiday for every 12 months of employment with an employer . 10 Sweden Employees are entitled to 25 work days of annual leave . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . Although , common practice is that you get paid on public holidays as well . 25 9 34 Switzerland Employees over 20 years of age are entitled to 4 weeks , under 20 are entitled to 5 weeks . Employees are also entitled to depending on the canton 7 -- 15 paid public holidays . 20 7 27 Syria Employees are entitled to one annual leave of twenty - four working days , with full pay , after 1 to 5 years of employment ; twenty - one working days , after 5 to 10 years of employment ; and thirty working days , after 10 or more years of employment or when they are over 50 . Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 24 13 37 Taiwan 3 days ( half year to 1 year ) , 7 days ( 1 year ) , 10 days ( 2 years ) , 14 days ( 3 to 4 years ) , 15 days ( 5 to 9 years ) , and one additional day per year until 30 days ( 10 + years ) . 7 12 19 Tanzania An employer is required to grant an employee at least 28 consecutive days of leave in respect of each 12 - month period of employment , and such leave is inclusive of any public holiday that may fall within the period of leave . Employees are also entitled to 17 paid public holidays . 20 17 37 Thailand Annual leave shall be for a period of not less than 6 working days following the employee 's first year of employment . In subsequent years , the employer may fix the annual vacation at more than 6 working days for an employee . Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 6 13 18 East Timor 12 Togo Workers are entitled to two and a half days per month . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 22 0 22 Tonga The Tongan government is working on legislation to provide for paid vacation time . 0 Trinidad and Tobago All workers in general are entitled to 14 consecutive days holiday with pay at the expiration of each complete year . Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays . 10 14 24 Tunisia All workers who perform at least 1 month of work during the reference year are entitled to enjoy 1 day of leave per month with a total duration not exceeding 15 days , of which 12 will be working days . Workers are entitled to additional leave days as follows ; 1 day yearly for every 5 years of work with the same employer to a maximum of 18 days . Employees are also entitled to 6 paid public holidays . 10 6 16 Turkey 14 work days ( Saturdays are counted as workdays ) for 1 -- 5 years , 20 work days for 6 -- 15 years and 26 days for over 15 years seniority . There are a total of 14.5 paid public holiday s , but if these holidays fall on Sundays or other off - days of a worker , they are not carried over to the next workday . 12 14.5 26.5 Uganda An employee , once in every calendar year , is entitled to a holiday with full pay at the rate of seven days in respect of each period of a continuous four months ' service . Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays . 15 13 28 Ukraine Employees are entitled to 24 calendar days of paid annual leave . 8 -- 11 days of National Holidays ( often moved to a next working day if overlap with Saturdays or Sundays ) . 18 11 29 United Arab Emirates The worker shall be entitled during every year of service an annual leave of no less than the following periods : Two days for each month should the period of service of the worker be of six months at least and a year at most ; Thirty days for each year should the period of service of the worker exceed one year . Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 22 10 32 United Kingdom Employees are entitled to 28 total working days ( 5.6 weeks ) of annual leave . These often include the 8 public / bank holidays which otherwise would be unpaid . Many employers will offer 25 days of paid annual leave in addition to the 8 recognised bank holidays . Paid time off can increase with years of service . For example , an employee might accrue one extra day for every 5 years of service up to a maximum of 30 days paid leave , exclusive of bank holidays . Some employers will allow staff to purchase or sell holiday , usually a maximum of 5 days . Part - time workers are entitled to the same amount of leave but this is calculated on a pro-rata basis . 25 8 33 United States There is no statutory minimum paid vacation or paid public holidays . It is left to the employers to offer paid vacation . According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics , 77 % of private employers offer paid vacation to their employees ; full - time employees earn on average 10 vacation days after one year of service . Similarly , 77 % of private employers give their employees paid time off during public holidays , on average 8 holidays per year . Some employers offer no vacation at all . The average number of paid vacation days offered by private employers is 10 days after 1 year of service , 14 days after 5 years , 17 days after 10 years , and 20 days after 20 years . 0 0 0 Uruguay All workers , in the private sector and civil servants , are entitled to at least 20 days of paid annual leave . Workers who have worked in the same company , are entitled to an additional day of leave for every four years of seniority . Employees are also entitled to 5 paid public holidays . 20 5 25 Uzbekistan 15 Vanuatu Every employer shall grant to an employee who has been in continuous employment with the same employer for : ( a ) a period of 1 to 6 years - annual leave on full pay at the rate of 1.25 working days per month for each year of employment ; or ( b ) a period of 7 to 19 years - annual leave on full pay at the rate of 1.75 working days per month for each year of employment . There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays . 15 0 15 Venezuela Workers are entitled to enjoy 15 days of paid annual leave in the first year plus one day for each year of service with the same employer up to a maximum of 15 extra days . 15 Vietnam Employees working in normal working conditions are entitled to 12 working days after every 12 months of employment . This entitlement increases by one additional day of leave for every five years of employment in an enterprise or with an employer . Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays . 12 10 22 Yemen Workers shall be entitled to leave of not less than 30 days with full pay for each year of effective service , to be calculated on the basis of at least two - and - a - half days for each month . Employees are also entitled to 15 paid public holidays . 22 15 37 Zambia Employees are entitled to two days of paid holidays in respect of each period of one month 's service . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 20 11 31 Zimbabwe An employee is entitled to one twelfth of the employee 's qualifying service in each year of employment , subject to a maximum accrual of ninety days of paid vacation leave . Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays . 22 11 33 See also ( edit ) Annual leave Parental leave List of holidays by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ghosheh , Naj ( 2013 ) . `` Working conditions laws report 2012 : A global review '' ( PDF ) . International Labour Organization . 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Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ; Alonso , Alexander ; Esen , Evren ; Schramm , Jennifer ; Dong , Yan ( June 2014 ) . `` 2014 Employee Benefits : An Overview of Employee Benefits Offerings in the U.S. '' ( PDF ) . Society for Human Resource Management . pp. 28 -- 32 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paid vacations : Number of days by service requirement '' . Jump up ^ Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social ( Uruguay ) - Régimen de Licencia ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://vcci.com.vu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/3.4-factsheet-sundays-and-public-holidays.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.wageindicator.org/documents/decentworkcheck/asia/vietnam-english.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.wageindicator.org/documents/decentworkcheck/gulf-middle-east/Decentworkcheck-Yemen-English.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.wageindicator.org/documents/decentworkcheck/africa/zambia-english.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.wageindicator.org/documents/decentworkcheck/africa/zimbabwe-english.pdf External links ( edit ) 6 people from around the world share what it 's like to have nationally mandated work vacation . Business Insider . October 16 , 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_minimum_annual_leave_by_country&oldid=844372652 '' Categories : Labour law Lists by country Leave Society - related lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 14 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the minimum number of days holiday	[ "\n\nCountry and flag\nMinimum annual leave\nPaid vacation days\n(five-day workweek)[1][2]\nPaid public holidays[3][4]\nTotal paid leave\n(five-day workweek)\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\nEmployees are entitled to 20 days recreational leave and 15 paid public holidays.[5]\n20\n15\n35\n\n\n Albania\nEmployees are entitled to 20 days of annual leave and 12 paid public holidays.[6]\n20\n12\n32\n\n\n Algeria\nThe paid annual leave is calculated on the basis of 2 and 1/2 days per month of work. The total duration of the leave cannot, however, exceed 30 calendar days per year.[7] Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[4]\n30\n11\n41\n\n\n Andorra\nWorkers are entitled to 31 calendar days of paid leave after one year of employment. Before that, entitlement to leave is calculated at a rate of 2.5 days for every month worked. One period of leave must last two weeks or more to allow an uninterrupted rest period.[8] Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[9]\n31\n14\n45\n\n\n Angola\nThe period of annual leave for workers is of 22 days per year, not including weekends, complementary weekly rest days and holidays in this calculation.[7] Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[10]\n22\n11\n33\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\nThe length of the annual leave for an employee who has successfully passed his probationary period is at least one day per month of employment; 12 days per year of work performed. Every employees is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11]\n12\n11\n23\n\n\n Argentina\n14 calendar days (from 0 to 5 years seniority), 21 calendar days (from 5 to 10), 28 calendar days (from 10 to 20) and 35 calendar days (from 20). Every employees is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11][12]\n21\n11\n31\n\n\n Armenia\nGenerally, the duration of annual leave is 20 working days. Extended annual leave up to 25 working days is granted to certain categories of employees whose work involves great nervous, emotional and intellectual strain and professional risk.[13] Every employees is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[14][15]\n20\n12\n32\n\n\n Australia\nFor each year of service with his or her employer, an employee is entitled to a minimum of 4 weeks of paid annual leave, unless the employee is a shiftworker, in which case he or she is entitled to a minimum of 5 weeks of paid annual leave. Every employee is also entitled to 10 to 13 paid public holidays depending on the state and territory. Long service leave, which varies by jurisdiction, is also available to long standing employees.[5][16]\n20\n10\n30\n\n\n Austria\nIf the employee has less than 25 years of service, he is entitled to 25 days of annual leave. If the employee has 25 years or more, he is entitled to 30 days of annual leave. Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[13][17][18][19]\n25\n13\n38\n\n\n Azerbaijan\nEmployees are entitled to a minimum of 21 basic calendar days of annual leave. Skilled employees, experts and senior employees are entitled to 30 basic calendar days of annual leave. Additional 2 days accrue on top of basic vacation every 5 years.[20] Every employee is also entitled to 19 paid public holidays.[21]\n21\n19\n40\n\n\n The Bahamas\n14 days after 1 year employment, 21 days after 7 years of employment.[11] Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[22][23]\n10\n10\n20\n\n\n Bahrain\nAn employee who has been in the service of an employer for at least one year is entitled to a paid annual leave not less than thirty days, with an average of two and a half days for each month.[24] Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[25][26]\n22\n14\n36\n\n\n Bangladesh\nAll workers except tea plantation workers are entitled to 10 days of paid casual leave in each calendar year. An adult worker is entitled to: (a) for shop, commercial or industrial establishment, factory, or road transport service industry workers – one day's paid annual leave per 18 days of work; (b) for tea plantation workers – one day's paid annual leave per 22 days of work; and (c) for newspaper workers – one day's paid annual leave per 11 days of work. Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[5][27]\n10\n11\n21\n\n\n Barbados\nAn employee who completes a year of employment with an employer is entitled to – (a) an annual holiday of not less than 3 weeks where he has been in the employment of that employer for less than 5 years; and (b) an annual holiday of not less than 4 weeks where he has been in the service of that employer for 5 years or more.[11]\n15\n\n\n\n\n Belarus\nThe length of basic annual leave is 24 calendar days. Every employee is also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[28]\n24\n9\n33\n\n\n Belgium\nA worker after one year of full employment, the employee shall be entitled to: 24 working days if they work 6 days per week; and 20 working days if they work 5 days per week. Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[13][18][29]\n24\n10\n34\n\n\n Belize\nEvery employee is entitled to two weeks paid leave after a year of employment. If employment is terminated after three months but before a year, the employee must be paid average vacation pay. Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[11][30]\n14\n13\n27\n\n\n Benin\nUnless there are more favorable provisions in collective agreements or employment contracts, the worker acquires the right to leave, to be paid by the employer, at the rate of 2 working days per month of effective service. A working days is every day other than the day of weekly rest period and holidays. Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[7][31]\n24\n13\n37\n\n\n Bhutan\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\nThere are different scales of annual leave depending on the seniority of the worker. To this respect; workers having performed from 1 to 5 years of service are entitled to enjoy 15 working days, from 5 to 10 years, 20 working days, and from 10 years onwards, 30 working days. Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11]\n15-30\n11\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nBosnia and Herzegovina consists of 2 entities (Republic of Srpska and Federation of Bosina and Herzegovina) and one district (Brčko District). These 3 parts all have their own work laws.\nBoth Republic of Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina have minimum of 20 working days while number of additional days varies. In District Brčko workers have 18 days. In Republic of Srpska workers have additional 1 day for every 5 years of work at same employee and additional 2 days for religious holidays. In Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina workers have 2 paid days for religious holidays and, optionally, 2 unpaid days for religious holidays. Number of public holidays also varies in all 3 autonomous parts. In Republic of Srpska around 11, in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina around 10 and in Brčko District around 9. Number of public holidays varies based on predominant religious group in entity. Note that Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 10 cantons of which any can have their own laws that can affect number of public holidays.\n\n20-30\n9-11\n\n\n\n Botswana\nEvery employer is required to grant to every employee employed by him leave with basic pay at the rate of not less than 1.25 days per month. Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[7]\n15\n14\n29\n\n\n Brazil\nThe length of annual leave depends on the number of days of absence from work: 30 days (considering a 7-day week) when the worker was absent no more than 5 days; 24 days when the worker was absent between 6 and 14 days; 18 days when the worker was absent between 15 and 23 days; 12 days when the worker was absent between 24 and 32 days. Every employee is also entitled to 7 national paid public holidays, 1 state paid holiday, and up to 4 religious municipal paid holidays.[11][32]\n12-30\n12\n\n\n\n Brunei Darussalam\n[11]\n7\n11\n18\n\n\n Bulgaria\nAn employee has the right to paid annual leave in the duration of at least four weeks for each calendar year.[13][18] If a public holiday falls on Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is a holiday.[33]\n20\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\nThe employee has a right to a paid leave chargeable to the employer, at the rate of two and a half calendar days per month of effective service. Every employee is also entitled to 15 paid public holidays.[7][34]\n30\n15\n45\n\n\n Burundi\nWorkers are entitled to 1 and 2/3 working days per month of completed of service.[7] Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[35]\n17\n13\n30\n\n\n Cape Verde\nEvery worker in an employment contract for an indeterminate period is entitled to twenty-two days of annual leave.[7] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[36]\n22\n0\n22\n\n\n Cambodia\nAll workers are entitled to paid annual leave at the rate of 1.5 work days per month of continuous service. However, the length of paid leave entitlement shall be increased according to seniority, at the rate of one day per 3 years of service.[5] Every employee is also entitled to 27 paid public holidays.[37]\n18\n27\n45\n\n\n Cameroon\nWorkers acquire the right to annual leave at the rate of one and a half days per month of effective service, paid by the employer.[7]\n18\n\n\n\n\n Canada\nIn Canada, vacation time is set by the provinces and territories for all employees except federal employees. Employees are entitled to start out with two weeks of paid vacation in all provinces except Saskatchewan where employees are entitled to three weeks of paid annual leave.[38] Ten provinces and territories grant a third week of vacation after working for a set period of time, one grants a fourth week, and two grant no additional extension.[39] Federal employees are entitled initially to two weeks vacation, increasing to three weeks after six years of service.[40] In addition, employees are entitled to 6–10 paid public holidays depending on the province.[41]\n10 - 20\n6-10\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\nWorkers are entitled to leave at the rate of 2 working days per month worked.[7]\n24\n\n\n\n\n Chad\nWorkers are entitled to two days per month of paid leave - to be paid by the employer. One month of effective work is the period equivalent to 4 weeks or 24 days of work. Every worker is also entitled to 3 paid public holidays.[7]\n24\n3\n27\n\n\n Chile\nThe duration of the annual leave is 15 working days.[11] Every worker is also entitled to 15 paid public holidays.[42]\n15\n15\n30\n\n\n China\nThe duration of the annual leave entitlement is: (a) 5 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for 1–10 years; (b) 10 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for 10–20 years; and (c) 15 days for employees who have accumulatively worked for more than 20 years. Employers who offer more vacation time are legally obligated to grant it.[43] Every worker is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays, which includes two semi-annual one-week holidays known as the Golden Weeks.[5][44]\n5 - 15\n11\n\n\n\n Colombia\nEmployees are entitled to 15 consecutive working days of paid annual leave. Every employee is also entitled to 18 paid public holidays.[11][45]\n15\n18\n33\n\n\n Comoros\nWorkers are entitled to annual leave at the rate of at least 2 and half days per month of work. In order to determine the duration of the leave, it shall be considered as a month of work, the period equivalent to 4 weeks or 24 days of work.[7]\n25\n\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of Congo\nThe duration of annual leave has to be of at least one day for every month of effective service, for worker over the age of 18. It shall be of at least one and a half day for workers under the age of 18. It shall be increased of one day per month every 5 years of seniority in the same employer or replaced employer.[7]\n12\n\n\n\n\n Republic of Congo\nWorkers are entitled, after one year of service, to 26 working days of annual leave paid by the employer.[7]\n26\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\nEmployees are entitled to 2 weeks minimum of annual leave after 50 weeks of work performed with the same employer. Every employee is also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[11][46]\n10\n9\n19\n\n\n Croatia\nAn employee has the right to paid annual leave in the duration of at least four weeks for each calendar year and 13 paid public holidays.[13][18][47]\n20\n13\n33\n\n\n Cuba\nEvery worker is entitled to enjoy one month of paid annual leave after 11 months of effective work. Workers are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[11]\n22\n9\n33\n\n\n Cyprus\n20 working days of leave for workers on a five-day week and 24 working days of leave for workers on a six-day week over a period of one year's employment.[13][18] Every employee is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[48]\n20\n14\n34\n\n\n Czech Republic\nThe basic vacation allowance is a minimum of four weeks per calendar year and there are 13 paid public holidays.[49][50][51] Many employers give one week extra (so the total is five weeks of paid annual leave) as a bonus. Public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are lost for the particular year – thus the average number of public holidays during working days in the years 2000–2016 was only 8.9 days. Employees of employers who are not part of the private sector or engaged in non-commercial activities are entitled to a vacation allowance of 5 weeks. Teachers and the academic staff of higher education institutions are entitled to a vacation allowance of 8 weeks per calendar year.[13][18]\n20\n13\n33\n\n\n Denmark\nEmployees are entitled to 25 days of annual leave per year worked, prorated at 2.08 days per month.[18][52] Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[53]\n25\n11\n36\n\n\n Djibouti\nEmployees are entitled to two and half working days of paid leave per month. Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[7]\n25\n10\n35\n\n\n Dominica\nEmployees are entitled under five years of continuously service two weeks paid annual leave, and for five years and over of continuously service three weeks of paid annual leave. Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[11]\n10\n12\n22\n\n\n Dominican Republic\nThe employer shall provide every employee a paid vacation period of two weeks, according to the following scale: After a period of at least 1 year and up to 5 years, 14 days with full pay; After a continuous period of work of not less than 5 years, 18 days with full pay. Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[11]\n10\n13\n23\n\n\n Ecuador\nEvery worker shall be entitled to enjoy 15 consecutive days of paid annual leave, including the non working days.[11] Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[54][55]\n11\n12\n23\n\n\n Egypt\nEmployees are entitled to 21 days of paid annual leave, though they must wait six months before taking their first day off. After five consecutive years of employment, an employee may take one month of paid leave to make a religious pilgrimage. An employee's paid leave entitlement increases to 30 days of paid annual leave after 10 years of employment or when the employee reaches the age of 50, whichever one comes first. Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[7][56][57]\n15\n13\n28\n\n\n El Salvador\nThe length of annual leave is 15 days. Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11][58]\n15\n11\n26\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\nWorkers are entitled to one month of paid annual leave, for each year of continuous work. After 10 years of service, annual leave shall be increased one day per year worked.[7]\n22\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\nAn employee is entitled to annual leave with pay amounting to: fourteen working days for the first year of service; and fourteen working days plus one working each additional year of service. Annual leave may not exceed 35 working days.[7]\n12\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\nIt is presumed that an employee's annual holiday is 28 calendar days, unless the employee and the employer have agreed on a longer period, or unless otherwise provided by law.[13][18] Every employee is also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[59]\n20\n11\n31\n\n\n Ethiopia\nEmployees are entitled to no less than 14 working days of annual leave for the first one year of service, and 14 working days plus one working day for every additional year of service.[7] Every employee is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[60]\n12\n13\n25\n\n\n European Union\nEuropean Union legislation mandates that all 28 member states must by law grant all employees a minimum of 4 weeks of paid vacation.[61]\n20\n0\n20\n\n\n Fiji\nWorkers are entitled to 10 days paid annual leave for each complete year of service. Every employee is also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[5]\n10\n12\n22\n\n\n Finland\n5 weeks (30 days with Saturdays sometimes, but not Sundays, counted as holidays) is the minimum mandated annual leave by law.[62] Workers are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays on average.[63] After working for the same company for a long period, many employers raise the 30 to 38 days (so-called long holidays). (Many employers in Finland give a holiday bonus (lomaraha) every year; this holiday bonus can be converted to extra holiday - giving another 13 days of holiday (or 18 days for those on 'long' holidays).[18][52]\n25\n11\n36\n\n\n France\n5 weeks (30 days with Saturdays, but not Sundays counted as holidays) plus up to 22 days of RTT (Réduction du Temps de Travail, English: Reduction of Working Time) for the employees that choose to work more than 35 hours per week - the \"limit\" is 39 per week, further additional hours are compensated in almost all the cases by money and not by additional leave hours. Bonus days off are given to people who take a part of their annual leave outside summer (3 days grant 1 bonus day off, 6 days grant 2 bonus days off). Combining all these rules, in a few public offices and in a few companies like Orange, the resulting total, for certain employees, might be of 9.5 paid vacation weeks (5 weeks of vacation + 4 weeks of RTT + 0.5 week of bonus days off). Furthermore, there are 11 paid public holidays.[18][52][64][65]\n25\n11\n36\n\n\n Gabon\nWorkers are entitled to leave, to be paid by the employer, of 2 working days per month of effective service. The workers under the age of 18 are entitled to 2 and a half working days. Every worker is also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[7]\n20\n14\n34\n\n\n Gambia\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\n24\n15\n39\n\n\n Germany\n24 working days (defined as all calendar days that are not Sundays or public holidays). Therefore, a worker with a 5-day workweek has the right to 20 days off.[13] However, it is quite customary that companies concede other 10 days of paid leave, bringing the average to 30 days off.[66] There is one national public holiday (German Unity Day). States regulate the remaining paid public holidays which vary between 9 and 13 in total, some of them being held nationwide.[52][67] Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg provide the most.[68] The Bavarian city of Augsburg has 14 public holidays as it celebrates Friedensfest[69] in addition to the 13 holidays in Bavaria. Civil employees receive a minimum of 30 days after a law against age discrimination was passed in 2012.[70]\n20\n9\n29\n\n\n Ghana\nIn any undertaking every worker is entitled to not less than 15 working days leave with full pay in any calendar year of continuous service.[7] Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[71]\n15\n13\n28\n\n\n Greece\nWorkers on a five-day week are entitled to a 20 working days or 24 working days for six-day week workers. The leave entitlement is increased by one working day for each year of employment in addition to the first year, up to 26 working days, or up to 22 working days if the undertaking operates a five-day week.[13] There are 4 mandatory paid public holidays.[52][72]\n20\n4\n24\n\n\n Grenada\nWorkers are entitled to a period of annual leave with pay of not less than two weeks during the first year of employment and thereafter, three weeks. Every worker is also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[11]\n10\n13\n23\n\n\n Guatemala\nEmployees are entitled to have at least 15 working days of vacations.[73] To have the right for vacations the worker must have at least 150 calendar days of continuous work.[74] It is forbidden for a worker to accept extra payment instead of the vacations nor take another job during this time.[75] Vacations must be paid in advance.[76] Every employee is also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[77]\n15\n10\n25\n\n\n Guinea\nThe employee is entitled to leave, paid by the employer, at a rate of 2 and half days per month of effective service. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[7][78]\n22\n11\n33\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\nThe annual leave shall be of 30 consecutive days, not counting weekly rest periods nor initial or final holidays.[7]\n22\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\nEvery worker being in employment shall be allowed a period of holidays with pay of not less than one day for each completed month of employment computed from the date of engagement.[11] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays[79]\n12\n0\n12\n\n\n Haiti\nAny employee continuously working upon one year of service is entitled to paid leave of at least 15 consecutive days, comprising 13 working days and two Sundays. Public holidays and interruptions of work due to sickness or maternity enjoyed by the worker should not be deducted from the fifteen days off. Employees are also entitled to 16 paid public holidays.[11]\n11\n16\n27\n\n\n Honduras\nThe period of annual leave differs in relation to the time of work performed with the same employer: 10 consecutive working days after one year of service; 12 consecutive working days after two years' consecutive service; 15 consecutive working days after three years' consecutive service; 20 consecutive working days after four or more years' consecutive service. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[11][80]\n8\n11\n19\n\n\n Hong Kong the former British Hong Kong\n7 days (1 to 2 years), add one day per year until 14 days (3+ years).[81] Employees are also entitled to 12 paid employee holidays. Some employee get 17 paid public holidays.[82]\n7\n12\n19\n\n\n Hungary\n20 working days (increasing up to 30 with age). The employee will get additional days for children. Two days for one child, 4 days for two children and 7 days for more than two children.[13][83] Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays, however public holidays which happen on Saturday or Sunday are lost for the particular year.[84] Unpaid leave can be requested by the Employee that can be granted upon after Employer deliberation. Employee has a right for Unpaid leave under the following circumstances: Caring for child under 3 years (usually during maternity leave), caring for children under 10 years if it is necessary and the Employee receives child caring aid, long term caring for a relative up to a maximum of 2 years (requires official medical verification), volunteer reservist military service.[85]\n20\n13\n33\n\n\n Iceland\nThe legislation provides for a minimum of two working days of holiday for each month in employment during the past holiday allowance year (May 1 to April 30). The minimum holiday for each year is therefore 24 working days. Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[13][86]\n24\n12\n36\n\n\n India\nAdult workers in factories, mines, and plantations are entitled to one day off for every twenty days worked the previous year, which generally amounts to 12 days a year. Minors are entitled to 15 days. This does not apply to employees of factories of government-owned railways, who are governed by a separate set of leave entitlements decided by the government. Leave entitlements in India generally vary among states and industries, with local governments setting minimum leave entitlements and individual companies offering their own paid leave benefits. On average, Indians receive 24 days of paid leave a year. Employees are also entitled to 15-20 paid public holidays, depending on the region.[5][87][88][89][90][91][92]\n12\n15\n27\n\n\n Indonesia\nThe annual rest period entitlement is to 12 days of leave. There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[5][93]\n12\n0\n12\n\n\n Iran\nThe annual paid leave entitlement is one month, including four Fridays.[5]\n26\n27\n53\n\n\n Iraq\nA worker shall have a right to 20 days of leave for each year of work. A worker employed in work which is arduous or harmful to health shall have a right to 30 days of paid leave for each year of work. The length of a worker's annual leave shall be increased by 2 days after every additional 5 years of continuous service with the same employer.[25]\n20\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\nEmployees are entitled to 4 weeks of paid annual leave and 9 paid public holidays.[52][94]\n20\n9\n29\n\n\n Israel\nA minimum of 12 days for employees with a five-day workweek and 14 days for employees with a six-day workweek. Following four years of employment, the number of vacation days rises by two per year.[95] An employee can accumulate a maximum of 28 vacation days under the law.[96] There are also 9 paid public holidays, and 4 holidays where, despite not being mandatory, many businesses and government offices offer collective or optional paid leave.\n12\n9\n21\n\n\n Italy\nAt least 20 working days (exact amount depends on contract details, a few contracts guarantee up to 25 days), entirely paid, plus up to 104 hours of ROL, that means the reduction of working time (in Italian Riduzione Orario di Lavoro), that have to be used primarily in blocks of a few hours each time for family/personal needs (for example taking a child to the doctor, going to the bank etc.) but may be utilized as well, just for the unused part of them and just if the company/the collective contract allows that, to get additional vacation hours/days, or to shorten of 1 or 2 hours the working day on Fridays. Employees also receive 12 paid public holidays.[52][97]\n20\n12\n32\n\n\n Ivory Coast\nThe worker is entitled to annual leave, paid by the employer, at the rate of 2 working days per month of effective service. Young workers under the age of 18 are entitled to two and 2/10 working days per month of effective service. The annual leave is increased at the rate of 2 days after 15 years of seniority in the same company; 4 days after 20 years of seniority in the same company; 6 days after 25 years of seniority in the same company; and 8 days after 30 years of seniority in the same company. Employees also receive 14 paid public holidays.[7]\n20\n14\n34\n\n\n Jamaica\nWorkers who have worked up to 220 days enjoy 10 days maximum (if they have worked for a minimum of 110 days) calculated as follows; 1/22 of the number of days of work. Any fraction of a day of holiday shall be reckoned as 1 day. For workers who have worked more than 220 days: 2 working weeks. For workers with 10 years of service or more and who have worked more than 220 days in each qualifying year: 3 working weeks.[11]\n10\n\n\n\n\n Japan\nThe initial annual leave entitlement is 10 days of leave. Workers who have been employed continuously for at least one and half years shall be granted one additional day of leave for each year of service, up to a maximum of 20 days of leave.[5][98] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[52][99]\n10\n0\n10\n\n\n Jersey\nEmployees are entitled to two weeks of paid annual leave.[100] Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[101]\n10\n9\n19\n\n\n Jordan\nEach employee shall be entitled to an annual leave with full pay for fourteen 14 days per each year of service, increased to 21 days after five years of service.[25]\n14\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nEmployees are entitled to 24 calendar days of paid annual leave.[13][102]\n18\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\nAn employee is entitled to not less than 21 working days after every 12 consecutive months of service with his employer. Where employment is terminated after then completion of two or more consecutive months of service during any 12 months of leave-earning period, to not less than 1.75 days of leave for each completed month of service. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[7]\n21\n10\n28\n\n\n Kiribati\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n15 days[5][103] and for workers who have worked 3 years, one day will be added to every two years continuously worked up to a maximum of 25 days. Despite the employment law, it is strictly regulated to use a paid leave due to Korean culture, which is often perceived as hierarchical. Generally, it is a common sense that workers only get a few days off for a year regardless of how many off days are left, though extra bonuses might be paid out for the work.[104][105]\n15\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\nEvery worker is entitled to enjoy a paid annual leave of 30 days. In addition, the worker who completes 2 continuous years in the service of his employer shall be entitled to a paid leave of 21 days for performing Haj rituals, provided that he should not have previously performed the Haj. Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[25][106]\n30\n13\n43\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n Laos\nThe general annual leave entitlement is 15 days of leave per year.[5]\n15\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\nEmployees are entitled to 4 calendar weeks of paid annual leave.[13]\n20\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\nEvery wage-earner or salary-earner employed in an establishment for at least one year is entitled to an annual leave of 15 days with full pay.[25]\n15\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\nAn employee shall be entitled to one working day of holiday in respect of each month of continuous employment with the same employer, i.e. a minimum of 12 working days of holiday in each year. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[7]\n12\n10\n22\n\n\n Liberia\nEmployees are entitled to: (a) For continuous service with the same employer for twenty-four months, the number of working days in two weeks, and thereafter for each additional twelve months, with the same employer, the number of working days in three (3) weeks; and (b) For continuous service with the same employer for sixty months and thereafter, the number of working days in four weeks. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[107][108]\n10[109]\n11\n21\n\n\n Libya\nEvery worker is entitled annually to 30 days leave. Workers who have reached the age of 50 or have completed 20 years of service are entitled 45 days.[7]\n22\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\nEmployees are entitled to 28 calendar days of paid annual leave.[13][110] Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[111]\n20\n14\n34\n\n\n Luxembourg\nThe legal duration of annual leave is set to 25 working days per year. Supplementary leave of 6 days for workers with disabilities and for physically or mentally disabled persons.[13] Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[112]\n25\n10\n35\n\n\n Macedonia\nEmployees are entitled to 20-26 working days, as specified in a collective agreement in accordance with years of service and working conditions; 3 additional days for older workers.[13]\n20\n\n\n\n\n Madagascar\nWorkers are entitled to leave paid by the employer at 2.5 days per month and are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[7]\n22\n13\n35\n\n\n Malawi\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\nStarts at 8 days per year for first 2 years employment with an employer. Increases to 12 days per year for between 2 and 5 years employment and 16 days per year for 5 or more years. Employees are also entitled to 19 paid public holidays.[5]\n12\n19\n26\n\n\n Maldives\n\n22\n\n\n\n\n Mali\n\n22\n\n\n\n\n Malta\nEvery worker is entitled to paid annual leave of at least the equivalent in hours of four weeks and four working days calculated on the basis of a 40-hour working week and 8-hour working day. Workers are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[13]\n25\n14\n39\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n Mauritania\nAfter the reference period of 12 months, a worker is entitled to 1.5 days of leave per month of effective service. An exception is 3 days per month for employees whose normal residence is not in Mauritania. One additional day annual leave is granted for 10–15 years of seniority, two additional days for 15–20 years seniority and 3 days for a seniority exceeding 20 years. Employees are also entitled to 7 paid public holidays.[7]\n15\n7\n22\n\n\n Mauritius\nEvery worker, other than a part-time worker, who remains in continuous employment with the same employer for a period of 12 consecutive months is entitled, during each subsequent period of 12 months while he remains in continuous employment, to 20 working days of annual leave or such similar leave under any other name. Besides that every worker is entitled to an extra 2 days of leave in every year and 16 paid public holidays.[7]\n22\n16\n38\n\n\n Mexico\nThe duration of the annual leave is set at 6 working days minimum, after one year of service with the same employer. This duration shall be increased by two working days (up to a maximum of 12) for each subsequent year of service. After the fourth year, the vacation period shall be increased by two days for every five years of service. Workers who perform discontinuous and seasonal work are entitled to an annual holiday period in proportion to the number of the working days performed in the year. Employees are also entitled to 7 paid public holidays.[11]\n6\n7\n13\n\n\n Micronesia\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n Moldova\nAll employees have the right to an annual paid holiday, with duration of not less than 28 calendar days without taking into account the non working holidays. Employees of special sectors (education, health service, public service, etc.) can be granted annual leave of a different duration.[13] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[113]\n20\n0\n20\n\n\n Mongolia\n15 working days for the 1 year of employment. Increase up to 29 working days after 32 years of employment. 48 working days paid vacation for teachers and professors for all levels of school, kindergarten and university regardless of the number of years of service. There are no identified legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[5][114]\n15\n0\n15\n\n\n Montenegro\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\nEvery employee, having worked at least 6 months continuously in the same company, is entitled to paid annual leave as it follows: 1 and 1/2 day of effective work for every month of service; and 2 days of effective work for every month of service for those aged under 18. The paid annual leave is increased in one and a half day of effective work for an entire period, continue or not, of 5 years of service. However, this increase cannot be accumulated when the total annual leave has reached the limit of 30 working days. An \"effective day of work\" day is that which is not a weekly rest day, a holiday and general holidays of the company. The working month is defined as: 26 effective working days or 191 working hours in the non agricultural sector or 208 in the agricultural sector. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[7]\n15\n10\n25\n\n\n Mozambique\nEmployees are entitled to one day for every month of actual service, during the first year of service; two days for every month of actual service, during the second year of service; and thirty days for every year of actual service, from the third year onward.[7] Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[115]\n10\n9\n19\n\n\n Myanmar\nEmployees over the age of 15 years are entitled to 10 consecutive days of leave per year. Employees under the age of 15 years are entitled to 14 consecutive days leave per year. Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[5]\n10\n14\n24\n\n\n Namibia\nEvery employee is entitled to at least four consecutive weeks annual leave in respect of each annual leave cycle (which means the period of 12 consecutive months employment with the same employer immediately following an employee`s commencement of employment or the completion of the last annual leave cycle). If the number of days in an ordinary workweek are 6 the annual leave entitlement in working days is 24.[7]\n20\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\nNo paid annual leave.[116]\n0\n\n\n\n\n Nepal\nEvery employee is entitled to paid home leave at the rate of 1 day for every 20 days that he works. Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[5]\n15\n13\n28\n\n\n Netherlands\nWorkers are entitled to four times the number of days they work per week. In this respect, for a five-day working week the worker is entitled to 20 days of annual leave.[13][117] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[118]\n20\n11\n31\n\n\n New Zealand\nEmployees are entitled to not less than 4 weeks of paid annual holiday. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[5][119]\n20\n11\n31\n\n\n Nicaragua\nEvery worker is entitled to enjoy 15 days of continuous and remunerated annual leave after 6 months of uninterrupted work with the same employer. Workers are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[11]\n11\n9\n20\n\n\n Niger\nWorkers are entitled to 30 calendar days (two and a half calendar days per month of work). Seniority entitles a worker to additional days of leave: 2 additional days after 20 years with the same enterprise; 4 additional days after 25 years; 6 additional days after 30 years. Workers are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[7]\n22\n12\n34\n\n\n Nigeria\nEvery worker is entitled after twelve months continuous service to a holiday with full pay of at least six working days.[7]\n5\n\n\n\n\n Norway\nEmployers are required that employees have 25 working days of leave in connection with holidays each holiday year. All days count as working days except Sundays and statutory church or public holidays.[13] For those working 5 days a week, this means 21 days paid annual leave. Workers are also entitled to two paid public holidays.[52]\n21\n2\n23\n\n\n Oman\nEmployees are entitled to 30 days of annual leave and are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[120]\n22\n9\n31\n\n\n Pakistan\nFactory workers, employees of commercial establishments, and road transportation workers are entitled to 14 days of holidays, inclusive of weekly rest days, provided they complete a full year of continuous employment. Those who spend more than 90 days on sickness, accident, or authorized leave, and one day or more on unauthorized leave or on an illegal strike lose this entitlement. Mine workers are entitled to one day of leave for every 17 days of work below ground and one day for every 20 days worked above ground, generally amounting to more than 14 days. Newspaper employees are not entitled to a fixed set of days by law, but rather to paid leave lasting at least 1/11th as long as they spend on duty. Factory workers are also entitled to 17 paid public holidays. On average, corporations and government offices provide at least 15 paid public holidays per year.[5][121][122]\n14\n15\n29\n\n\n Palau\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n Palestine\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n Panama\nEmployees are entitled to enjoy 30 days of annual leave and are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[11]\n22\n10\n32\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\nEmployees are entitled to 14 consecutive days of annual leave, including non-working days. Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[5]\n10\n9\n19\n\n\n Paraguay\nEvery worker shall be entitled to a paid annual leave after a year of work within same employer that shall be at least: a) 12 consecutive working days for workers with less than 5 years of continuous service; b) 18 consecutive working days after 5 years and less than 10 years of continuous service; c) 30 consecutive days after 10 years of continuous service.[11] Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[123]\n10\n12\n22\n\n\n Peru\nEmployees are entitled to 30 calendar days of annual leave and are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[11]\n22\n12\n34\n\n\n Philippines\nEmployees are entitled to 5 days of paid service incentive leave per year.[124] Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[5]\n5\n11\n16\n\n\n Poland\n20 working days per year during the first 10 years of employment and 26 working days thereafter. Secondary and tertiary education partially counts towards employment time,[125] ranging from 3 years for basic vocational school, up to 8 years for bachelor's degree. Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[126]\n20\n13\n33\n\n\n Portugal\nWorkers are entitled to paid holidays which are mandatory and have a minimum duration of 22 working days. Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[13][127]\n22\n13\n35\n\n\n Puerto Rico\nEmployees are entitled to 15 days of paid annual leave. There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[128]\n15\n0\n15\n\n\n Qatar\nAnnual leave shall not be less than three weeks for the worker whose service is less than five years and four weeks for the worker whose service is more than five years. Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[25]\n15\n10\n25\n\n\n Romania\nWorkers are entitled to a minimum of 20 days of paid leave per year;[13] 23 for the handicapped, underage, or those working in difficult or dangerous conditions. Varying amounts of extra paid days are available for life events such as marriage or death in the family, child birth (for the partner who is not on paternal/maternal leave), donating blood, or workplace relocation. Workers are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays;[129] as well as up to 90 days of unpaid leave every year for the purpose of preparation for educational degree exams. Unpaid leave can also be requested for any other reason, but the employer is not legally obligated to agree.\n20\n13\n33\n\n\n Russia\nWorkers are entitled to 28 calendar days (including Saturdays and Sundays) of annual leave and 14 paid public holidays. This usually translates into 33 working days of leave because most holidays coinciding with weekend days are moved to the following working day.[13][130]\n20\n14\n33\n\n\n Rwanda\nEmployees are entitled to a paid leave at the employer's expenses, on the basis of one and a half working days per month of effective continued work. Official holidays are not considered as part of the annual paid leave. The employee benefits from one working day per year of annual paid leave for every three years of experience in the same institution. However, annual paid leave, in any case, can not exceed twenty one (21) working days.[7] Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[131]\n15\n11\n26\n\n\n Samoa\nEmployees are entitled to at least 10 days’ paid annual leave to be taken on days mutually agreed between the employer and the employee.[132] Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[133][134]\n10\n11\n21\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\nEvery worker shall be entitled to a paid annual leave of not less than 14 days, after one year of employment. Sundays and public holidays shall not be included in the annual leave period and so this period shall be increased by one day for each Sunday or public holiday occurring therein.[11]\n12\n\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\nEmployees are entitled to 14 working days of paid annual leave after a minimum employment of twelve months; after five years employees are entitled to 21 working days. Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[135][136]\n14\n13\n27\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n San Marino\nAll workers are entitled to annual leave with pay, varying from 1 to more than 15 years of service from 10 to 20 days a year for wage earners and from 1 to more than 12 years of service from 10 to 12 days a year for salaried employees and intermediary staff.[13]\n10\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\nWorkers are entitled to 30 consecutive days of annual leave, not counting weekly rest periods nor initial or final holidays. Employees are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[7]\n25\n9\n34\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\nA worker shall be entitled to a prepaid annual leave of not less than twenty one days, to be increased to a period of not less than thirty days if the worker spends five consecutive years in the service of the employer. Workers are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[25]\n21\n9\n30\n\n\n Senegal\nWorkers are entitled to 2 days of annual leave for each month of work performed over a year.[7] Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[137]\n20\n12\n32\n\n\n Serbia\n20 working days minimum (effectively 4 weeks, law defines working week as 5 working days for purpose of paid vacation),[13] plus 9 bank holidays and up to two more days depending on religion of employee.\n20\n11\n31\n\n\n Seychelles\nA worker is entitled to 21 days of paid annual leave or, where the employment is for less than a year, to 1.75 days for each month of employment, the aggregate number of days being rounded up upon addition to the highest integer.[7]\n21\n13\n34\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\nA worker is entitled to minimum 7 days, with 1 additional day per year up to a minimum of 14 days. No statutory minimum leave for seamen, domestic workers, or employees in managerial or executive positions. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[5][138][139]\n7\n11\n18\n\n\n Slovakia\nThe duration of the paid annual leave is at least four weeks, provided that seven consecutive calendar days is understood as one week paid holiday. The annual leave period of an employee of 33 years old or over at the end of the applicable calendar year is at least five weeks.[13] Employees are also entitled to 15 paid public holidays.[140]\n20\n15\n35\n\n\n Slovenia\nA worker has the right to annual leave in an individual calendar year, which may not be shorter than 4 weeks, regardless of whether he works full-time or part-time. Older people get five more days, mother with children gets three to five more days. Maxium leave is 35 days per year. Sundays and public holidays are not counted to the leave. They are free for all.[13]\n20\n13\n33\n\n\n Solomon Islands\nEach worker is entitled to be given by his employer a holiday at the rate of not less than 1.25 working days for each complete calendar month of employment in an undertaking.[5]\n15\n0\n15\n\n\n Somalia\nWorkers are entitled to 15 days of paid annual leave and are also entitled to 9 paid public holidays.[7]\n13\n9\n22\n\n\n South Africa\n21 consecutive days, or 1 day for every 17 days worked, or 1 hour for every 17 hours worked,[141] Regular workers may take a further 3 days of family responsibility leave. Leave legislation does not apply to members of the National Defence Force, National Intelligence Agency, South African Secret Service or unpaid volunteers working for a charity.[142] Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[7][143]\n15\n12\n27\n\n\n South Sudan\nEmployees are entitled to paid annual leave for every year of service: 20 days for one to three years of continuous service; 25 days for eight to (less than) fifteen years of continuous service; and 30 days for 15 or more years of service with the employer. Employees are also entitled to 12 paid public holidays.[144]\n20\n12\n32\n\n\n Spain\nWorkers are entitled to 30 calendar days of annual leave and 14 paid public holidays.[52][145]\n22\n14\n36\n\n\n Sri Lanka\nIn practice, most of the religious and festival holidays are available with most jobs having 20 days paid leave and 20 public holidays. However shop and office employees are entitled to a minimum of 14 days of annual leave for each year of employment and are also entitled to 8 paid public holidays.[5][146]\n20\n20\n40\n\n\n Sudan\nWorkers are entitled to annual leave as follows: 20 days if a worker has been continuously employed by his employer for a period of one to three years; 25 days if a worker has spent eight years or less than 15 years of continuous service with his employer; 30 days if a worker has spent 15 or more years of continuous service with his employer.[7]\n20\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n Swaziland\nAn employee is entitled to no less than two weeks of holiday for every 12 months of employment with an employer.[7]\n10\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\nEmployees are entitled to 25 work days of annual leave.[13] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[147] Although, common practice is that you get paid on public holidays as well.\n25\n9\n34\n\n\n Switzerland\nEmployees over 20 years of age are entitled to 4 weeks, under 20 are entitled to 5 weeks.[13] Employees are also entitled to depending on the canton 7–15 paid public holidays.[148][149]\n20\n7\n27\n\n\n Syria\nEmployees are entitled to one annual leave of twenty-four working days, with full pay, after 1 to 5 years of employment; twenty-one working days, after 5 to 10 years of employment; and thirty working days, after 10 or more years of employment or when they are over 50. Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[25]\n24\n13\n37\n\n\n Taiwan\n3 days (half year to 1 year), 7 days (1 year), 10 days (2 years), 14 days (3 to 4 years), 15 days (5 to 9 years), and one additional day per year until 30 days (10+ years).\n7\n12\n19\n\n\n Tanzania\nAn employer is required to grant an employee at least 28 consecutive days of leave in respect of each 12-month period of employment, and such leave is inclusive of any public holiday that may fall within the period of leave.[7] Employees are also entitled to 17 paid public holidays.[150]\n20\n17\n37\n\n\n Thailand\nAnnual leave shall be for a period of not less than 6 working days following the employee's first year of employment. In subsequent years, the employer may fix the annual vacation at more than 6 working days for an employee. Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[5][151][152]\n6\n13\n18\n\n\n East Timor\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n Togo\nWorkers are entitled to two and a half days per month.[7] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[153]\n22\n0\n22\n\n\n Tonga\nThe Tongan government is working on legislation to provide for paid vacation time.[154]\n0\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\nAll workers in general are entitled to 14 consecutive days holiday with pay at the expiration of each complete year.[11] Employees are also entitled to 14 paid public holidays.[155][156]\n10\n14\n24\n\n\n Tunisia\nAll workers who perform at least 1 month of work during the reference year are entitled to enjoy 1 day of leave per month with a total duration not exceeding 15 days, of which 12 will be working days. Workers are entitled to additional leave days as follows; 1 day yearly for every 5 years of work with the same employer to a maximum of 18 days.[7] Employees are also entitled to 6 paid public holidays.[157]\n10\n6\n16\n\n\n Turkey\n14 work days (Saturdays are counted as workdays) for 1–5 years, 20 work days for 6–15 years and 26 days for over 15 years seniority. There are a total of 14.5 paid public holidays, but if these holidays fall on Sundays or other off-days of a worker, they are not carried over to the next workday.[158]\n12\n14.5\n26.5\n\n\n Uganda\nAn employee, once in every calendar year, is entitled to a holiday with full pay at the rate of seven days in respect of each period of a continuous four months' service.[7] Employees are also entitled to 13 paid public holidays.[159][160]\n15\n13\n28\n\n\n Ukraine\nEmployees are entitled to 24 calendar days of paid annual leave.[161] 8–11 days of National Holidays (often moved to a next working day if overlap with Saturdays or Sundays).[162]\n18\n11\n29\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\nThe worker shall be entitled during every year of service an annual leave of no less than the following periods: Two days for each month should the period of service of the worker be of six months at least and a year at most; Thirty days for each year should the period of service of the worker exceed one year. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[25][163]\n22\n10\n32\n\n\n United Kingdom\nEmployees are entitled to 28 total working days (5.6 weeks) of annual leave. These often include the 8 public/bank holidays which otherwise would be unpaid. Many employers will offer 25 days of paid annual leave in addition to the 8 recognised bank holidays. Paid time off can increase with years of service. For example, an employee might accrue one extra day for every 5 years of service up to a maximum of 30 days paid leave, exclusive of bank holidays. Some employers will allow staff to purchase or sell holiday, usually a maximum of 5 days. Part-time workers are entitled to the same amount of leave but this is calculated on a pro-rata basis.[164][165]\n25\n8\n33\n\n\n United States\nThere is no statutory minimum paid vacation or paid public holidays. It is left to the employers to offer paid vacation.[166][167] According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 77% of private employers offer paid vacation to their employees; full-time employees earn on average 10 vacation days after one year of service.[168] Similarly, 77% of private employers give their employees paid time off during public holidays, on average 8 holidays per year.[168][169] Some employers offer no vacation at all.[170] The average number of paid vacation days offered by private employers is 10 days after 1 year of service, 14 days after 5 years, 17 days after 10 years, and 20 days after 20 years.[168][171]\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n Uruguay\nAll workers, in the private sector and civil servants, are entitled to at least 20 days of paid annual leave. Workers who have worked in the same company, are entitled to an additional day of leave for every four years of seniority. Employees are also entitled to 5 paid public holidays.[11][172]\n20\n5\n25\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\nEvery employer shall grant to an employee who has been in continuous employment with the same employer for: (a) a period of 1 to 6 years - annual leave on full pay at the rate of 1.25 working days per month for each year of employment; or (b) a period of 7 to 19 years - annual leave on full pay at the rate of 1.75 working days per month for each year of employment.[5] There are no legal provisions for pay on public holidays.[173]\n15\n0\n15\n\n\n Venezuela\nWorkers are entitled to enjoy 15 days of paid annual leave in the first year plus one day for each year of service with the same employer up to a maximum of 15 extra days.[11]\n15\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\nEmployees working in normal working conditions are entitled to 12 working days after every 12 months of employment. This entitlement increases by one additional day of leave for every five years of employment in an enterprise or with an employer. Employees are also entitled to 10 paid public holidays.[5][174]\n12\n10\n22\n\n\n Yemen\nWorkers shall be entitled to leave of not less than 30 days with full pay for each year of effective service, to be calculated on the basis of at least two-and-a- half days for each month.[25] Employees are also entitled to 15 paid public holidays.[175]\n22\n15\n37\n\n\n Zambia\nEmployees are entitled to two days of paid holidays in respect of each period of one month's service. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[7][176]\n20\n11\n31\n\n\n Zimbabwe\nAn employee is entitled to one twelfth of the employee's qualifying service in each year of employment, subject to a maximum accrual of ninety days of paid vacation leave. Employees are also entitled to 11 paid public holidays.[7][177]\n22\n11\n33\n\n" ]	[ "0" ]
-4081025050135057853	The Rose (film)	The Rose ( film ) - wikipedia The Rose ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Rose Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Rydell Produced by Aaron Russo Marvin Worth Anthony Ray Screenplay by Bo Goldman Bill Kerby Story by Bill Kerby Starring Bette Midler Alan Bates Frederic Forrest Harry Dean Stanton Music by Paul A. Rothchild ( Mendelssohn - Piano concerto no 1 , 2nd movement , the Rose ) Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Edited by Robert L. Wolfe Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date November 9 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 09 ) Running time 125 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $9.3 million Box office $29.2 million The Rose is a 1979 American drama film which tells the story of a self - destructive 1960s rock star who struggles to cope with the constant pressures of her career and the demands of her ruthless business manager . The film stars Bette Midler , Alan Bates , Frederic Forrest , Harry Dean Stanton , Barry Primus , and David Keith . The story is loosely based on the life of singer Janis Joplin . Originally titled Pearl , after Joplin 's nickname , and the title of her last album , it was fictionalized after her family declined to allow the producers the rights to her story . It was written by Bill Kerby and Bo Goldman from a story by Bill Kerby , and directed by Mark Rydell . The Rose was nominated for four Academy Awards including Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Bette Midler , in her screen debut ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Frederic Forrest ) , Best Film Editing and Best Sound . Midler performed the soundtrack album for the film , and the title track became one of her biggest hit singles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Others 6 Home video 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In late 1969 , Mary Rose Foster ( Bette Midler ) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose . Although a success , she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff , greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell ( Alan Bates ) . Though loud and brassy , Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life . As such , she is determined to return to her hometown , now as a superstar . After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray ( Harry Dean Stanton ) whose songs she performs in her show , Rose takes off with a limousine driver named Huston Dyer ( Frederic Forrest ) and begins a romance with him . Rudge thinks Huston is just another hanger on , but Rose thinks she has finally met her true love . Huston tells her that he is actually an AWOL sergeant from the Army , and she tells him of her past in Florida . They have a rocky relationship and her lifestyle of `` Sex , Drugs , and Rock & Roll '' and constant touring lead her to an inevitable breakdown . Huston and Rose break up and she returns to her hometown with an escort where she tells him about her past . Finally , Rose collapses on stage from a fatal drug overdose ( on alcohol , barbiturates and heroin ) in the opening minutes of her long - awaited homecoming concert in Jacksonville , Florida . Cast ( edit ) Bette Midler as Mary Rose Foster ( The Rose ) Alan Bates as Rudge Campbell Frederic Forrest as Huston Dyer Harry Dean Stanton as Billy Ray Barry Primus as Dennis David Keith as Pfc . Mal Sandra McCabe as Sarah Willingham Will Hare as Mr. Leonard James Keane as Sam Doris Roberts as Mrs. Foster Danny Weis as Danny , Band Leader and Guitarist of `` The Rose Band '' Steve Hunter - Guitar The Rose Band Sylvester as drag queen Michael Greer as Emcee ( `` Baby Jane '' ) Production ( edit ) The film was originally offered to Ken Russell , who chose instead to direct Valentino . Russell has described this decision as the biggest mistake of his career . At one point , Michael Cimino was also slated to direct . Reception ( edit ) The Rose has an 86 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 14 reviews . The film earned North American rentals of $19.1 million . Awards and honors ( edit ) Wins Golden Globes : Best Actress - Musical / Comedy ( Bette Midler ) , Best Original Song - The Rose ( Amanda McBroom ) , New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture - Female ( Bette Midler ) National Society of Film Critics Awards : Best Supporting Actor ( Frederic Forrest ) Nominations Academy Awards : Best Actress ( Bette Midler ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Frederic Forrest ) , Best Editing ( Robert L. Wolfe and Carroll Timothy O'Meara ) and Best Sound ( Theodore Soderberg , Douglas O. Williams , Paul Wells , and Jim Webb ) Golden Globes : Best Picture - Musical / Comedy , Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture ( Frederic Forrest ) BAFTA Awards : Best Actress ( Bette Midler ) , Best Sound ( Theodore Soderberg , Douglas O. Williams , Paul Wells , James E. Webb ) César Awards : Best Foreign Film ( Mark Rydell ) Others ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` The Rose '' -- # 83 Home video ( edit ) The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu - ray and DVD on May 19 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) 1970s portal The Rose ( song ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aubrey Solomon , Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , Scarecrow Press , 1989 p259 Jump up ^ `` The Rose '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rose '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elan , Priya . `` Is the Janis Joplin biopic finally going to be filmed ? Do n't hold your breath '' , The Guardian , August 7 , 2010 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : `` The 52nd Academy Awards ( 1980 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sadie . `` Ten big things I have learnt from my mistakes - Times Online '' . The Times . Registration required Jump up ^ Stempel , Tom ( 2000 ) . `` Framework : A History of Screenwriting in the American Film '' . ISBN 9780815606543 . Jump up ^ `` The Rose ( 1979 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Solomon p 234 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Rose ( 1979 ) '' . The Criterion Collection . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 . External links ( edit ) The Rose on IMDb The Rose at AllMovie The Rose at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Mark Rydell The Fox ( 1967 ) The Reivers ( 1969 ) The Cowboys ( 1972 ) Cinderella Liberty ( 1973 ) Harry and Walter Go to New York ( 1976 ) The Rose ( 1979 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) The River ( 1984 ) For the Boys ( 1991 ) Intersection ( 1994 ) Crime of the Century ( 1996 ) James Dean ( 2001 ) Even Money ( 2006 ) GND : 4830666 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rose_(film)&oldid=798701034 '' Categories : 1979 films English - language films 1970s drama films 1970s musical films American films American musical drama films American rock music films Films about drugs Films about music and musicians Films directed by Mark Rydell Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1969 Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New York City 20th Century Fox films Screenplays by Bo Goldman Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 08 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did bette midler play in the rose	[ "Bette Midler as Mary Rose Foster (The Rose)" ]	[ "Mary Rose Foster (The Rose)" ]
-4906940360873233579	Killswitch Engage	Killswitch Engage - wikipedia Killswitch Engage Jump to : navigation , search Killswitch Engage Killswitch Engage performing in 2014 Background information Origin Westfield , Massachusetts , U.S. Genres Metalcore Years active 1999 -- present Labels Roadrunner Ferret Associated acts Aftershock The Empire Shall Fall All That Remains Shadows Fall Overcast Blood Has Been Shed Light the Torch Death Ray Vision Serpentine Dominion Times of Grace Seemless Website www.killswitchengage.com Members Mike D'Antonio Adam Dutkiewicz Joel Stroetzel Justin Foley Jesse Leach Past members Howard Jones Tom Gomes Pete Cortese Killswitch Engage are an American metalcore band from Westfield , Massachusetts , formed in 1999 after the disbanding of Overcast and Aftershock . Killswitch Engage 's current lineup consists of vocalist Jesse Leach , guitarists Joel Stroetzel and Adam Dutkiewicz , bassist Mike D'Antonio , and drummer Justin Foley . The band has released seven studio albums and two live performance albums . Their latest album , Incarnate , was released on March 11 , 2016 . Killswitch Engage rose to fame with its 2004 release The End of Heartache , which peaked at number 21 on the Billboard 200 , and was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2007 for over 500,000 shipments in the United States . The title track , `` The End of Heartache '' , was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2005 for Best Metal Performance , and a live DVD titled ( Set This ) World Ablaze was released in 2005 . Killswitch Engage has performed at festivals such as Soundwave Festival , Wacken Open Air , Reading and Leeds Festivals , Ozzfest , Download Festival , Rock on the Range , Rock Am Ring , Mayhem Festival , Monsters of Rock , Pointfest , Knotfest and Heavy MTL . The band has sold over four million records in the U.S. and has been considered notable within the New Wave of American Heavy Metal . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years and debut album ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 1.2 Alive or Just Breathing ( 2001 -- 2004 ) 1.3 The End of Heartache ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 1.4 As Daylight Dies ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Second self - titled album ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 1.6 Jones ' departure and Disarm the Descent ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 1.7 Incarnate ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1.8 Upcoming studio album ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Musical style and lyrical themes 3 Members 3.1 Timeline 4 Discography 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years and debut album ( 1999 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Killswitch Engage formed following the disbandment of metalcore bands Overcast and Aftershock in 1999 . After Overcast broke up in 1998 , bassist Mike D'Antonio jammed with Aftershock guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz . Dutkiewicz , now playing drums , recruited guitarist Joel Stroetzel from Aftershock and vocalist Jesse Leach of the band Nothing Stays Gold ( who were signed to a record label owned by Dutkiewicz 's brother Tobias , who was also the vocalist in Aftershock ) to form a new band , Killswitch Engage . The band 's name is derived from an episode of the television series The X-Files entitled `` Kill Switch '' , written by William Gibson , who gave the episode this title after meeting the industrial band Kill Switch ... Klick . In 1999 , Killswitch Engage recorded a demo containing four tracks , including `` Soilborn '' , the first song written by the band . The demo was first released at the band 's first show , opening for melodic death metal act In Flames , in November 1999 . They released their self - titled debut album the following year . Although initially the album was not a financial success and did not land on any charts , it attracted the interest of Carl Severson , who worked at Roadrunner Records at the time . Severson handed Killswitch Engage to several Roadrunner representatives . Mike Gitter , a talent agent of the company , contacted D'Antonio , attended several of the band 's shows , and offered the band a recording contract with Roadrunner . Realizing that Roadrunner had the resources to promote and distribute Killswitch Engage releases , the band accepted his offer , declining several offers from smaller labels . Alive or Just Breathing ( 2001 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) For a brief time in 2000 and 2001 , ex-Overcast guitarist Pete Cortese joined Killswitch Engage , but left when he became a father . Killswitch Engage began writing new material for their second album in November 2001 . Mixed in January at Backstage Studios by producer Andy Sneap , the album was titled Alive or Just Breathing , after lyrics in the song `` Just Barely Breathing '' . A music video for the single `` My Last Serenade '' increased the band 's exposure , and the album peaked at number 37 on the Top Heatseekers chart . Following Alive or Just Breathing 's release , the album having been written and recorded for two guitarists , the band decided to expand and become a fivesome ; Dutkiewicz moved to guitar and former Aftershock drummer Tom Gomes filled in the vacant drummer position . After Leach was married on April 20 , 2002 and began touring again he fell into a depression . Leach left the band a few days before the band was meant to play a show and sent the band members an e-mail telling them he had quit . D'Antonio said in an interview that `` after three years of hanging out with the dude , and considering him a brother , to just get an email was a little bit harsh . '' The band immediately started to search for a replacement vocalist and found Howard Jones of Blood Has Been Shed . Jones disliked the band 's sound when he first heard it . He commented , `` I was like , ' Meh . ' I come from hardcore and dirtier metal , and Killswitch sounded so clean . But the more I listened to it , I realized there 's some really good songs here '' . After hearing about Leach 's vocal problems , Jones contacted the band and was accepted as the replacement . Philip Labonte of All That Remains tried out for lead vocals but lost to Jones , who had to quickly memorize seven songs for his debut at the 2002 Hellfest . The new lineup played on the Road Rage tour in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in 2002 with 36 Crazyfists and Five Pointe O. Touring continued through the New Year 's Day , and in 2003 the first song to feature Jones , `` When Darkness Falls '' , appeared on the soundtrack of the 2003 horror film Freddy vs. Jason . Following the 2003 Ozzfest , drummer Gomes left the band because he wished to spend more time with his wife , to pursue his band Something of a Silhouette , and because he was tired of touring . He was replaced by Justin Foley of Blood Has Been Shed , and Foley 's first tour with the band was the MTV2 Headbangers Ball in 2003 . The End of Heartache ( 2004 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) The End of Heartache was released on May 11 , 2004 , and peaked at number 21 on the Billboard 200 with 38,000 sales in its first week , and it also peaked at number 39 on the Australian Albums Chart . The album went on to sell more than 500,000 copies in the U.S and was certified gold on December 7 , 2007 . The album received mostly positive reviews , with Jon Caramanica of Rolling Stone calling the album a `` stunning collection , retaining much of their signature musical brutality '' . Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic commented `` riffs upon riffs are piled sky - high into each number that follows , it 's the unpredictable rhythmic shifts used to build and then relieve internal pressure that fuel the Killswitch Engage power source '' . `` The End of Heartache '' became the main single for the movie Resident Evil : Apocalypse , and in 2005 the song was nominated for Best Metal Performance for the 47th Grammy Awards . In late 2004 , The End of Heartache was re-released as a special edition album , with a second disc featuring various live performances , a Japanese bonus track , and a re-recorded version of `` Irreversal '' . During the summer of 2005 , the band returned for Ozzfest , and on November 1 , 2005 , Alive or Just Breathing was re-released as part of Roadrunner Records ' 25th anniversary . On November 22 , 2005 , the live DVD ( Set This ) World Ablaze was released , which contained a live concert at the Palladium in Worcester , Massachusetts , an hour - long documentary , and all the band 's music videos . The DVD was certified gold in the US on April 8 , 2006 . As Daylight Dies ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Killswitch Engage played the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2006 , having already played Australian dates without Dutkiewicz , who was suffering from back problems and needed corrective surgery . On May 23 , 2006 , the song `` This Fire Burns '' was released on the WWE Wreckless Intent album . The track was intended to be the new theme song for WWE wrestler Randy Orton ; however , it was scrapped and later became the theme song for the WWE Judgment Day 2006 pay - per - view . `` This Fire Burns '' was used as the entrance theme for WWE wrestler CM Punk ( along with his stables the Straight Edge Society and The New Nexus ) from 2006 until 2011 and was later re-released as `` This Fire '' on the As Daylight Dies Special Edition . Recorded in three months , As Daylight Dies was released on November 21 , 2006 and peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200 chart with 60,000 sales in its first week . `` As Daylight Dies '' proved to be one of their biggest albums yet . It also entered the Australian Albums Chart at number 29 . Mixed by Dutkiewicz , the album received mostly positive reviews -- Thom Jurek of Allmusic called it `` a Top Five metal candidate for 2006 for sure '' . Decibel Magazine contributor Nick Terry said `` To call As Daylight Dies addictive would be an understatement . That it outdoes its already impressive enough predecessor could almost go without saying '' . Cosmo Lee of Stylus Magazine commented `` the album is astonishingly badly sequenced '' , though he praised the album as being `` less emotionally heavy - handed , and a lot more fun '' . As of November 27 , 2007 , As Daylight Dies has sold more than 500,000 units in the US . The album 's first single , `` My Curse '' , peaked at number 21 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , and is featured in the video games Sleeping Dogs , Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock , Burnout Dominator and Burnout Paradise and is available as downloadable content for the Rock Band series . `` The Arms of Sorrow '' peaked at number 31 on the same chart . The band 's cover of Dio 's `` Holy Diver '' , originally recorded for a Kerrang ! compilation album titled High Voltage , peaked at number 12 on the Mainstream Rock charts . Early in 2007 , the band had to cancel three of its European tour dates with The Haunted due to Dutkiewicz 's back problems . He required emergency back surgery and was replaced on the tour by Soilwork guitarist Peter Wichers . Due to Dutkiewicz 's back problems in early 2007 , he was replaced by Damageplan and The Mercy Clinic frontman Patrick Lachman during the No Fear Tour . Dutkiewicz recovered and was able to finish the No Fear tour , and the band began filming its video for As Daylight Dies 's second single , `` The Arms of Sorrow '' . On August 6 , 2007 , Dutkiewicz was forced to leave the Warped Tour so he could fully recover from his back surgery and continue daily physical therapy . He was replaced by Killswitch 's guitar technician Josh Mihlek for select songs , until his return on August 14 , 2007 . Second self - titled album ( 2007 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Killswitch Engage entered the studio in October 2008 to start recording their next album with Dutkiewicz and Brendan O'Brien co-producing the album . In mid-February , bassist Mike D'Antonio confirmed in an interview with Metal Hammer that `` drums were finished '' , and that he had `` finished up the last few bass fixes '' . He also stated that Howard ( Jones ) was in Atlanta finishing vocals , and that `` it should n't be too much longer now . '' From March to May , Killswitch Engage was a part of Disturbed 's Music as a Weapon IV festival along with Lacuna Coil , Chimaira , Suicide Silence , Bury Your Dead and more . On April 14 , the band announced the name of their album as Killswitch Engage , the second time the band has self - titled an album . The album was released on June 30 , 2009 , debuting at No. 7 on the Billboard 200 , marking the band 's highest chart position for an album . In July and August , Killswitch Engage took part in Mayhem Festival with headliners Marilyn Manson , Slayer , Bullet for My Valentine and others . In February 2010 , Killswitch Engage announced that vocalist Howard Jones would not be performing with Killswitch Engage during their winter tour with The Devil Wears Prada and Dark Tranquillity ; during the time , All That Remains vocalist Philip Labonte was substituting for Jones until he could return . At least one source speculated that Jones ' hiatus was due to back pain . On March 18 , 2010 , original vocalist Jesse Leach returned to the band for a series of songs . From then on , Leach and Labonte performed as substitute vocalists for the remainder of the tour . In 2010 , the band contributed the track `` My Obsession '' to the God of War : Blood & Metal soundtrack . The band was later added as late replacement to 2010 's Download Festival in June , after original sub-headliner , Wolfmother could not attend as scheduled . Afterward , Killswitch Engage took a break from the road , and its members pursued other interests . Adam Dutkiewicz formed the band Times of Grace with Leach and released the debut album `` The Hymn of a Broken Man '' on January 18 , 2011 . Along with Dutkiewicz and Leach , Times of Grace added Joel Stroetzel to their tour lineup . Justin Foley provided the drum tracking for the band Unearth on their album `` Darkness in the Light '' , released on July 5 , 2011 . Foley also traveled with the band for their 2011 summer tour . D'Antonio started the hardcore band Death Ray Vision , with Shadows Fall vocalist Brian Fair and former Killswitch Engage guitarist Pete Cortese . Jones ' departure and Disarm the Descent ( 2011 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) In an interview with FTC , Gun Shy Assassin , Mike D'Antonio had stated that the band was currently in the works for a sixth studio album . D'Antonio stated , `` Currently , everyone is individually writing demos for the next Killswitch Engage record . There is no release date yet , but I would assume it will be out early 2012 . '' Adam Dutkiewicz followed that up with a statement on the Killswitch Engage Facebook , saying `` YO ! Its Adam D ! We 're about to begin writing our new record . Thanks to all of our fans for waiting so friggin ' patiently ... now let 's turn on the `` riff faucet '' and RAGE ! '' On December 1 , 2011 , Mike D'Antonio posted online that Killswitch Engage should be entering the studio around February / March 2012 to record their sixth album expected around summer 2012 . He also stated that the band had eight demos finished for the new record . On January 4 , 2012 , the band announced via the band 's official website , along with their other official sources , that Howard Jones had left the band after his nine - year membership with them . In the statement , the band did not disclose the reason for this decision out of respect for Jones , but simply thanked him for his nine years with the band and wished him well , as well as thanking the fans for their support as they began the search for a new lead singer ; Jones later explained he departed the band to manage his type 2 diabetes which was worsened by a hectic touring lifestyle . Soon after the announcement of Jones 's departure , rumors began that Phil Labonte of All That Remains would officially take over lead vocals due to his previous history with the band , although Labonte quickly dispelled the rumor . Many vocalists were considered in the search for a new one for the band . The band 's search for a new singer concluded in February with the announcement that original lead vocalist Jesse Leach would return to the band , as the band felt that Leach 's energy , as well as his overall comfort and command of both the old and new material , made him the clear choice during auditions . Following Leach 's return , the band continued to the process of recording their new album and touring . On April 22 , 2012 , the band performed Leach 's first show since 2002 at the New England Metal and Hardcore Fest . On June 20 , 2012 , the demo version of a new song titled `` This Is Confrontation '' was leaked on YouTube . Not long after the song was leaked , the videos were soon deleted . Later , the band took part in Metal Hammer 's `` Trespass America Festival '' headlined by Five Finger Death Punch with additional support from God Forbid , Emmure , Pop Evil , Trivium and Battlecross . The band performed this song live , confirming the song 's title `` No End in Sight '' . Not long after the album was confirmed , the song was streamed publicly again . In October 2012 , with Jesse back at the helm , Killswitch Engage announced they would be celebrating the ten year anniversary of their seminal album Alive or Just Breathing with a US Tour through November / December 2012 , in which the band played the album live in its entirety . Support on the tour came from fellow Massachusetts natives Shadows Fall and Acaro . The album Disarm the Descent was released April 1 , 2013 in the UK . The album debuted at # 15 in the UK charts while debuting at # 7 in the Billboard top 200 April 2 in the US . The first single `` In Due Time '' was released on February 5 , 2013 . The album has received critical acclaim from reviewers , and has been labeled as a `` true standout '' and `` nothing short of amazing '' . It was announced in December 2013 that `` In Due Time '' was nominated for `` Best Metal Performance '' at the 2014 Grammy Awards , but lost to `` God Is Dead ? '' by Black Sabbath . A tour in May 2013 was done to promote the new album . With Miss May I , Darkest Hour , The Word Alive and Affiance as support . As I Lay Dying was originally supposed to be on the tour but dropped due to criminal charges from frontman Tim Lambesis . The band also did a co-headliner with fellow Heavy Metal act Lamb of God in the October 2013 with Testament and Huntress as support for both bands . The band did a small headliner on the east coast for Halloween 2014 . With All That Remains , Death Ray Vision and City of Homes supporting . Incarnate ( 2015 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Killswitch Engage performing in Budapest in 2016 In an interview with Wikimetal , Jesse Leach announced that the band will start demoing new material `` in the coming months '' . On February 25 , 2015 the band released a 40 second snippet of a new single titled `` Loyalty '' . The track appears on the Catch The Throne : The Mixtape Volume 2 to promote the HBO TV series Game of Thrones . The mixtape also features appearances from various other metal and rap acts such as Anthrax and Snoop Dogg . On March 30 , 2015 , Mike D'Antonio stated that the band had completed demoing material for its next studio album . Killswitch Engage took part in a summer tour in July 2015 , opening up for Rise Against with support from letlive . On December 10 , 2015 the band premiered a new song entitled `` Strength of the Mind '' on Revolver . The band also did a small Christmas 2015 tour on the East Coast with Unearth , Act of Defiance and ' 68 . On December 16 , 2015 it was revealed that the band 's upcoming seventh album , released on March 11 , 2016 , would be titled Incarnate , with a tour being took part in March of that year with Memphis May Fire and 36 Crazyfists as supporters . On September 27 , 2016 Leach revealed on his Instagram page that the band would be releasing a documentary compiled of live footage since 2012 . On November 25 , 2016 the band released a Blu - ray / CD called Beyond The Flames : Home Video Vol. 2 . The Blu - ray contains live performances that were recorded around the world from 2012 to 2016 and an hour long documentary taking place right after the band 's ( Set This ) World Ablaze had left off , as well as music videos , personal band profiles and more , plus a bonus live CD containing live tracks from the band 's legendary 2014 Monster Mosh show . The two disc set had a one day exclusive sale in record stores everywhere on Black Friday . The set is now available for online purchase and digital download on the Killswitch Engage store . Upcoming studio album ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) On August 30 , 2017 , the band announced on their Instagram page that they were in the process of demoing material for their upcoming 8th studio album , expected to be released sometime in 2018 . Musical style and lyrical themes ( edit ) `` My Last Serenade '' Sample of `` My Last Serenade '' from Alive or Just Breathing ( 2002 ) . `` My Last Serenade '' includes screaming , growls and clean vocals and shows examples of their riffs and sounds from extreme metal and hardcore . `` My Curse '' Sample of `` My Curse '' from As Daylight Dies ( 2006 ) . Songs by Killswitch Engage such as `` My Curse '' has sounds from hardcore such as breakdowns . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Killswitch Engage primarily play heavy metal and metalcore , combining sounds from extreme metal and hardcore . Like some modern metalcore bands , Killswitch Engage vocally combine singing , screaming vocals , and growls in their music . Killswitch Engage 's music mixes `` crushing '' riffs , double bass drum patterns , power chords , dual - guitar harmonies , often punctuated with pinch harmonic squeals in their music and breakdowns that one can expect from the metalcore genre . Their music is influenced by Gothenburg metal scene , New York hardcore and thrash metal . In 2009 , MTV , while naming `` The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time '' , said that Killswitch Engage have been `` called one of the founders of metalcore '' . Jason D. Taylor of Allmusic said Alive or Just Breathing is `` a pure metal album that seemingly has ignored any fashionable trend and instead relies solely on skill and expertise to sculpt some of the meatiest heavy metal since the glory days of Metallica and Slayer . '' Both current vocalist Jesse Leach and former vocalist Howard Jones write lyrics that are considered positive . Jesse Leach stated on ( Set This ) World Ablaze , that the lyrics contain `` unity , positivity , ( and ) love . '' On the lyrical themes of Killswitch Engage , Ultimate Guitar reviewer Amy Sciarretto notes : `` Howard Jones has come into his own since 2004 's The End of Heartache , and he continues to hit the notes , wax about relationships , faith - issues and other relatable issue ( sic ) on this second self - titled effort . '' On Killswitch Engage 's 2009 self - titled album , Howard Jones states the change in lyrical themes : `` I 've got enough to draw on to write some stuff that can be dark . Maybe there 's still a hint of positivity in it , but there are some songs on there that are not positive at all . '' Members ( edit ) Current Jesse Leach -- lead vocals ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2012 -- present ) Joel Stroetzel -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 - present ) ; lead guitar ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Mike D'Antonio -- bass ( 1999 -- present ) Adam Dutkiewicz -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2002 -- present ) ; drums ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Justin Foley -- drums ( 2003 -- present ) Former Pete Cortese -- rhythm guitar ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Howard Jones -- lead vocals ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Tom Gomes -- drums ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Live Jordan Mancino -- drums ( 2013 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Killswitch Engage discography Killswitch Engage ( 2000 ) Alive or Just Breathing ( 2002 ) The End of Heartache ( 2004 ) As Daylight Dies ( 2006 ) Killswitch Engage ( 2009 ) Disarm the Descent ( 2013 ) Incarnate ( 2016 ) Accolades ( edit ) Grammy Award Year Nominee / work Award Result 2005 The End of Heartache Best Metal Performance Nominated 2014 In Due Time Best Metal Performance Nominated Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result Killswitch Engage Best International Act Nominated The End of Heartache Best Album Won 2007 Killswitch Engage Best International Band Won 2014 Killswitch Engage Best Live Band Won Boston Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2007 Killswitch Engage Outstanding Metal / Hardcore Band of the Year Won 2007 Killswitch Engage Act of the Year Won 2007 As Daylight Dies Album of the Year ( Major ) Nominated 2007 Howard Jones National Male Vocalist of the Year Nominated Loudwire Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2013 Disarm the Descent Metal Album of the Year Nominated 2013 In Due Time Metal Song of the Year Nominated 2013 Killswitch Engage Metal Band of the Year Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hutcherson , Ben ; Haenfler , Ross ( 2010 ) . `` Music Genre as a Gendered Process : Authenticity in Extreme Metal '' . In Norman K. Denzin ; Christopher J. Schneider ; Robert Owen Gardner ; John Bryce Merrill ; Dong Han . Studies in Symbolic Interaction . Emerald Group Publishing . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 9780857243614 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage To Release ' Incarnate ' Album '' . Blabbermouth.net . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' New Wave Of American Heavy Metal ' Book Documents Over 600 Bands '' . Blabbermouth.net . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . `` The book features over 600 bands , including 3 Inches of Blood , A Life Once Lost , Alkaline Trio , All That Remains , As I Lay Dying , Atreyu , Avenged Sevenfold , Between the Buried and Me , Biohazard , Black Label Society , Bleeding Through , Bury the Dead , Byzantine , Cannae , Candiria , Cave In , Chimaira , Cky , Coalesce , Converge , Crisis , Damageplan , Darkest Hour , Devildriver , Diecast , Down , Drowning Pool , Eighteen Visions , Every Time I Die , From a Second Story Window , Glassjaw , God Forbid , Hatebreed , High on Fire , If Hope Dies , Ion Dissonance , Killswitch Engage , Kittie , Lamb of God , Machine Head , Martyr A.D. , Mastodon , Misery Signals , Most Precious Blood , Neurosis , Norma Jean , Otep , Overcast , Pantera , Poison the Well , Premonitions of War , Pro-Pain , Rise Against , Remembering Never , Shadows Fall , Slipknot , Society 1 , Still Remains , Strapping Young Lad , Stuck Mojo , Superjoint Ritual , Terror , The Acacia Strain , The Blamed , The Black Dahlia Murder , The Dillinger Escape Plan , The Red Chord , Throwdown , Trivium , Unearth , Winter Solstice , Zao and many , many more . '' ^ Jump up to : Walker , Morgan ( May 2000 ) . `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE '' . KillswitchEngage.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2001 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barclay , Shelly. `` 5 Interesting facts about Killswitch Engage '' . AXS . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE '' . KillswitchEngage.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2001 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Korycki , Denise ( director ) , Starace , Lia ( editor ) ( November 22 , 2005 ) . ( Set This ) World Ablaze ( DVD ) . Roadrunner Records . Event occurs at 11 : 40 , 14 : 00 , 35 : 00 , 13 : 18 . UPC 016861093990 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archive News -- November 2001 '' . Blabbermouth.net . November 6 , 2001 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage biography '' . Blabbermouth.net . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage Land New Frontman '' . Blabbermouth.net . July 4 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Andrew . `` Killswitch Engage -- Decibel Magazine '' . Decibel Magazine . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Terry , Nick . `` For metalcore 's prodigal sons Killswitch Engage , The End of Heartache is just the beginning . '' . Decibel Magazine . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzel , Eleanor ; Apar , Corey . `` Killswitch Engage '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Bits : EMI / WMG , Liza / VH1 , ' Headbanger 's Ball ' '' . Billboard.com . September 22 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitmire , Margo ( May 19 , 2004 ) . `` Usher Keeps Rolling At No. 1 '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian charts '' . Australiancharts.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( August 19 , 2004 ) . `` Killswitch Engage -- The End Of Heartache '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rivadavia , Eduardo . `` The End of Heartache -- Killswitch Engage '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wwe : Wreckless Intent CD '' . CDuniverse.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WWE : Superstars -- Raw -- CM Punk '' . WWE . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie ( November 29 , 2006 ) . `` Jay - Z Reclaims His ' Kingdom ' With No. 1 Debut '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` As Daylight Dies AMG review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Terry , Nick . `` Engage your boners '' . Decibel Magazine . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lee , Cosmo ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` Killswitch Engage Stylus '' . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( November 27 , 2007 ) . `` Success Keeping Killswitch Engage Out Of Studio '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage Don Swords , Armor for ' Holy Diver ' Video '' . MTV . August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage Artist Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage explain tour postponement '' . NME . January 16 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-DAMAGEPLAN Singer To Play Guitar For KILLSWITCH ENGAGE -- Feb. 20 , 2007 '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video Interview '' . RoadrunnerRecords.co.uk . October 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE ANNOUNCE NEW ALBUM IN WORKS ! '' . Blabbermouth.net . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` roadrunnerrecords.com : Killswitch Engage Offer Studio Update -- Feb. 19 , 2009 '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` roadrunnerrecords.com : Killswitch Engage Announce New Album '' . Blabbermouth.net. April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE : New Video Interview With JOEL STROETZEL Available '' . Blabbermouth.net . July 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Frontman Forced To Leave Tour ; ALL THAT REMAINS Singer To Fill In '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Jones Leaves Killswitch Engage Tour , Phil Labonte Takes Over '' . Noisecreep . February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage With Original Frontman Jesse Leach '' . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website For '' . Roadrunner Records . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News Download Festival 2016 '' . Downloadfestival.co.uk . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130517073233/http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2010/08/killswitch_engage_guitarist_te.html . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Times Of Grace Announces Touring Lineup - Blabbermouth.net '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage drummer Justin Foley joins Unearth for UK tour '' . Nme.com . June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage Writing Material For New Album - Blorge '' . Gunshyassassin.com . June 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YO ! Its Adam D ! We 're about to begin ... - Killswitch Engage '' . Facebook . August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Bassist : ' We Have Eight Demos Finished For The New Record ' However the departure of Howard Jones might have delayed any news for the upcoming album '' . Blabbermouth.net . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard Jones Leaves Killswitch Engage '' . Metal Hammer . January 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/killswitchengage/posts/10150457939016581 Jump up ^ `` Howard Jones Explains Killswitch Engage Departure '' . ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Blabbermouth.Net - All That Remains Singer Will Not Be Joining Killswitch Engage '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Killswitch Engage ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Killswitch Engage Announce New Singer : Jesse Leach '' . facebook.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul , Long ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Trespass America Touring Fest Breaks Out : FFDP , Killswitch , Trivium , God Forbid , Hit the Road '' . KNAC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Tour with Shadows Fall , To Play Alive Or Just Breathing in Full '' . Metalinjection.net . October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Killswitch Engage ' In Due Time ' Right Here ! - Roadrunner Records Uk '' . Roadrunnerrecords.co.uk . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Phil ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Killswitch Engage Are Back ! '' . Roadrunner Records . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor Williams ( March 30 , 2013 ) . `` ALBUM REVIEW : DISARM THE DESCENT - KILLSWITCH ENGAGE ' '' . Rock Revolt Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath Wins ' Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance ' Grammy Award '' . Blabbermouth.net . January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage To Start Demoing New Material In Coming Months '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage , ' Loyalty ' - Exclusive Song Premiere '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage Completes Demoing Material For Next Album '' . Blabbermouth.net . March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage Get All STAR WARS on the Cover of Revolver , Premiere Video ( Exclusive ) '' . Nerdist.com . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BK3EjzOB5Cy/?hl=en Jump up ^ Robert Pasbani ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Demoing New Material , Teasing Album For 2018 '' . Metal Injection . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rivadavia , Eduardo . `` allmusic ( ( ( The End of Heartache > Review ) ) ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage '' . MTV UK . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Killswitch Engage reviews , music , news '' . Sputnikmusic.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time '' . MTV . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jason . `` Alive or Just Breathing -- Killswitch Engage '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sciarretto , Amy ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Killswitch Engage ( 2009 ) Review '' . Ultimate Guitar . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KILLSWITCH ENGAGE : Interview , Performance Footage From U.K. 's DOWNLOAD Festival Posted Online '' . Blabbermouth.net . June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/15286/Killswitch-Engage-As-Daylight-Dies/ Jump up ^ Pasbani , Robert ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Here 's Footage of KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Performing With AS I LAY DYING Drummer Jordan Mancino '' . Metal Injection . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Killswitch Engage . Official website ( hide ) Killswitch Engage Mike D'Antonio Adam Dutkiewicz Joel Stroetzel Justin Foley Jesse Leach Tom Gomes Pete Cortese Howard Jones Studio albums Killswitch Engage ( 2000 ) Alive or Just Breathing ( 2002 ) The End of Heartache ( 2004 ) As Daylight Dies ( 2006 ) Killswitch Engage ( 2009 ) Disarm the Descent ( 2013 ) Incarnate ( 2016 ) Singles `` The End of Heartache '' `` My Curse '' `` The Arms of Sorrow '' `` Holy Diver '' `` Starting Over '' `` In Due Time '' `` Always '' Video albums ( Set This ) World Ablaze ( 2005 ) Related articles Discography All That Remains Light the Torch The Empire Shall Fall Seemless Serpentine Dominion Times of Grace VIAF : 148051715 LCCN : no2003125583 ISNI : 0000 0000 9968 9397 GND : 10330858 - 1 SUDOC : 080879365 BNF : cb145100583 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8295ee00 - 0096 - 461d - 95c7 - c2263d2a4c6d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killswitch_Engage&oldid=815762815 '' Categories : 1998 establishments in Massachusetts American metalcore musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from Massachusetts Musical groups established in 1998 Roadrunner Records artists Musical quintets Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 23 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the original singer for killswitch engage	[ "Killswitch Engage formed following the disbandment of metalcore bands Overcast and Aftershock in 1999.[4] After Overcast broke up in 1998, bassist Mike D'Antonio jammed with Aftershock guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz. Dutkiewicz, now playing drums, recruited guitarist Joel Stroetzel from Aftershock and vocalist Jesse Leach of the band Nothing Stays Gold (who were signed to a record label owned by Dutkiewicz's brother Tobias, who was also the vocalist in Aftershock) to form a new band, Killswitch Engage.[4] The band's name is derived from an episode of the television series The X-Files entitled \"Kill Switch\", written by William Gibson, who gave the episode this title after meeting the industrial band Kill Switch...Klick.[5]" ]	[ "Jesse Leach" ]
6749928532909724700	Kevin (Probably) Saves the World	Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - wikipedia Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Jump to : navigation , search Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Genre Fantasy Comedy - drama Created by Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Starring Jason Ritter JoAnna Garcia Swisher Kimberly Hebert Gregory India de Beaufort J. August Richards Chloe East Dustin Ybarra Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 6 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Chris Dingess Craig DiGregorio Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fazekas & Butters ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Original release October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) -- present Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( stylized as Kevin ^ Saves the World ) is an American high - concept angelic - themed fantasy comedy - drama television series that was created and executive produced by Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters for ABC Studios . The series airs on ABC as a Tuesday night entry during the 2017 -- 18 television season , and was greenlit on May 11 , 2017 . The series premiered on October 3 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Kevin , a down - on - his - luck man who survived a suicide attempt , moves in with his twin sister Amy , an engineer , and Amy 's teenage daughter Reese . Shortly after , he discovers a celestial being named Yvette ; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world , and sent Yvette to guide and protect him . Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette , so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him . The series also explores a mystery , as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation , but for unknown reasons , Kevin is the only one left . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell Chloe East as Reese Cabrera Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina Guest ( edit ) Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore Lesley Boone as Lucille Emma Bell as Deb Christian Ochoa as Ben Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane Kate Flannery as Anne Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Paul McGuigan Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 4.17 After burning out at his Wall Street job , Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his sister Amy , a widowed mom , and her teenage daughter Reese . While Amy is away at a work assignment , a meteor crashes to earth near her home . Kevin and Reese investigate , and when Kevin touches the meteorite , he is hurtled backward . He begins having strange visions , including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see . Yvette calls herself one of God 's warriors , tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation , of which Kevin is the first . `` Listen Up '' Kevin Dowling Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 3.61 Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones , and that they 'll have to let the universe guide them . While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path , Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together . While pondering getting back together , both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin and decide it 's not a good idea . Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean . `` Sweet Little Lies '' Peter Leto Chris Dingess & Davah Avena October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 3.26 Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb , whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer . But now that Deb is healthy , she reveals to Kevin that she does n't want to get married . Yvette meets with Ava , a celestial messenger like herself . Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous , but only Ava and Yvette show up at the meeting . Ava then says that she too is giving up . `` How to be Good '' J. Miller Tobin Teleplay by : Brant Englestein Story by : Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2.87 Kevin helps Lucille , Tyler 's rude boss at the diner , and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister , Anne . Kevin later has a vision of being in a Chinese marketplace . Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she 's observed , and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers . 5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' Rob Hardy Craig DiGregorio October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2.71 After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away , Kevin helps a woman who can not afford her son 's diabetes medication . He later has a vision of being chased by a Tiger through a jungle . Amy finds Reese 's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail . She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out . 6 `` Rocky Road '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Kenny November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2.91 7 `` Dave '' Ron Underwood Chris Dingess November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Cristela Alonzo , who played a lead role as the heaven - sent entity in the original pilot , was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 3 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.17 N / A 2.17 N / A 6.33 `` Listen Up '' October 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.61 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Sweet Little Lies '' October 17 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.26 TBD 1.75 TBD 5.01 `` How to be Good '' October 24 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' October 31 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.71 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Rocky Road '' November 7 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Dave '' November 14 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.73 / 10 based on 22 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Breezily entertaining , Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still - sketchy premise , hinting at deeper potential that 's yet to develop . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders ' The Mayor ' , Zach Braff Comedy , ' Gospel of Kevin ' , ' Crossing ' , ' Good Doctor ' , Shondaland Drama to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Marvel 's ' Inhumans , ' Daveed Diggs ' ' The Mayor ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' series premiere react : Meet the last of the Righteous '' . EW.com. 2017 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dave `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' : Kimberly Hébert Gregory To Co-Star On ABC Series , Replacing Cristela Alonzo '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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About Wikipedia	when does kevin probably saves the world come out	[ "Kevin (Probably) Saves the World (stylized as Kevin ^Probably Saves the World) is an American high-concept angelic-themed fantasy comedy-drama television series that was created and executive produced by Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters for ABC Studios. The series airs on ABC as a Tuesday night entry during the 2017–18 television season, and was greenlit on May 11, 2017.[1] The series premiered on October 3, 2017.[2]" ]	[ "October 3, 2017" ]
3800709115636636274	Embargo Act of 1807	Embargo Act of 1807 - wikipedia Embargo Act of 1807 Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox U.S. legislation is being considered for merging . '' Embargo Act of 1807 Long title An Act laying an Embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States . Citations Statutes at Large 2 Stat. 451 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate by Samuel Smith on December 18 , 1807 Passed the Senate on December 18 , 1807 ( 22 -- 6 ) Passed the House on December 21 , 1807 ( 82 -- 44 ) with amendment Senate agreed to House amendment on December 22 , 1807 ( ( ( ( agreedvote3 ) ) ) ) Signed into law by President Thomas Jefferson on December 22 , 1807 Major amendments Repealed by Non-Intercourse Act § 19 Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt Affair The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general embargo enacted by the United States Congress against Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars . The embargo was imposed in response to violations of the United States neutrality , in which American merchantmen and their cargo were seized as contraband of war by the belligerent European navies . The British Royal Navy , in particular , resorted to impressment , forcing thousands of American seamen into service on their warships . Britain and France , engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , rationalized the plunder of U.S. shipping as incidental to war and necessary for their survival . Americans saw the Chesapeake - Leopard Affair as a particularly egregious example of a British violation of American neutrality . Perceived diplomatic insults and unwarranted official orders issued in support of these actions by European powers were argued by some to be grounds for a U.S. declaration of war . President Thomas Jefferson acted with restraint as these antagonisms mounted , weighing public support for retaliation . He recommended that Congress respond with commercial warfare , rather than with military mobilization . The Embargo Act was signed into law on December 22 , 1807 . The anticipated effect of this measure -- economic hardship for the belligerent nations -- was expected to chasten Great Britain and France , and force them to end their molestation of American shipping , respect U.S. neutrality , and cease the policy of impressment . The embargo turned out to be impractical as a coercive measure , and was a failure both diplomatically and economically . As implemented , the legislation inflicted devastating burdens on the U.S. economy and the American people . Widespread evasion of the maritime and inland trade restrictions by American merchants , as well as loopholes in the legislation , greatly reduced the impact of the embargo on the intended targets in Europe . British merchant marine appropriated the lucrative trade routes relinquished by U.S. shippers due to the embargo . Demand for English goods rose in South America , offsetting losses suffered as a result of Non-Importation Acts . The embargo undermined national unity in the U.S. , provoking bitter protests , especially in New England commercial centers . The issue vastly increased support for the Federalist Party and led to huge gains in their representation in Congress and in the electoral college in 1808 . The embargo had the effect of simultaneously undermining American citizens ' faith that their government could execute its own laws fairly , and strengthening the conviction among America 's enemies that her republican form of government was inept and ineffectual . At the end of 15 months , the embargo was revoked on March 1 , 1809 , in the last days of Jefferson 's presidency . Tensions with Britain continued to grow , leading to the War of 1812 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Initial legislation 3 Impact on U.S. 4 Case studies 5 Enforcement efforts 5.1 First supplementary act 5.2 Other supplements to the Act 6 Consequences 6.1 Repealing the legislation 7 Wartime legislation 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) After the short truce in 1802 -- 1803 the European wars resumed and continued until the defeat of Napoleon in 1814 . The war caused American relations with both Britain and France to deteriorate rapidly . There was grave risk of war with one or the other . With Britain supreme on the sea , and France on the land , the war developed into a struggle of blockade and counterblockade . This commercial war peaked in 1806 and 1807 . Britain 's Royal Navy shut down most European harbors to American ships unless they first traded through British ports . France declared a paper blockade of Britain ( which it lacked a navy to enforce ) and seized American ships that obeyed British regulations . The Royal Navy needed large numbers of sailors , and saw the U.S. merchant fleet as a haven for British sailors . Thomas Jefferson The British system of impressment humiliated and dishonored the U.S. because it was unable to protect its ships and their sailors . This British practice of taking British deserters , and often Americans , from American ships and forcing them into the Royal Navy increased greatly after 1803 , and caused bitter anger in the United States . On June 21 , 1807 the American warship USS Chesapeake was attacked and boarded on the high seas off the coast of Norfolk , VA by the British warship HMS Leopard . Three Americans were dead and 18 wounded ; the British impressed four seamen with American papers as alleged deserters . The outraged nation demanded action ; President Jefferson ordered all British ships out of American waters . Initial legislation ( edit ) Passed on December 22 , 1807 , the Act : laid an embargo on all ships and vessels under U.S. jurisdiction , prevented all ships and vessels from obtaining clearance to undertake in voyages to foreign ports or places , allowed the President of the United States to make exceptions for vessels under his immediate direction , authorized the President to enforce via instructions to revenue officers and the Navy , was not constructed to prevent the departure of any foreign ship or vessel , with or without cargo on board , required a bond or surety from merchant ships on a voyage between U.S. ports , and exempted warships from the embargo provisions . This shipping embargo was a cumulative addition to the Non-importation Act of 1806 ( 2 Stat. 379 ) , this earlier act being a `` Prohibition of the Importation of certain Goods and Merchandise from the Kingdom of Great Britain '' ; the prohibited imported goods being defined where their chief value which consists of leather , silk , hemp or flax , tin or brass , wool , glass ; in addition paper goods , nails , hats , clothing , and beer . The Embargo Act of 1807 is codified at 2 Stat. 451 and formally titled `` An Embargo laid on Ships and Vessels in the Ports and Harbours of the United States '' . The bill was drafted at the request of President Thomas Jefferson and subsequently passed by the Tenth U.S. Congress , on December 22 , 1807 , during Session 1 ; Chapter 5 . Congress initially acted to enforce a bill prohibiting imports , but supplements to the bill eventually banned exports as well . Impact on U.S. ( edit ) The embargo , which lasted from December 1807 to March 1809 effectively throttled American overseas trade . All areas of the United States suffered . In commercial New England and the Middle Atlantic states , ships rotted at the wharves , and in the agricultural areas , particularly in the South , farmers and planters could not sell their crops on the international market . For New England , and especially for the Middle Atlantic states , there was some consolation , for the scarcity of European goods meant that a definite stimulus was given to the development of American industry . The embargo was a financial disaster for the Americans because the British were still able to export goods to America : initial loopholes overlooked smuggling by coastal vessels from Canada , whaling ships and privateers from overseas ; and widespread disregard of the law meant enforcement was difficult . Case studies ( edit ) A case study of Rhode Island shows the embargo devastated shipping - related industries , wrecked existing markets , and caused an increase in opposition to the Democratic - Republican Party . Smuggling was widely endorsed by the public , who viewed the embargo as a violation of their rights . Public outcry continued , helping the Federalists regain control of the state government in 1808 -- 09 . The case is a rare example of American national foreign policy altering local patterns of political allegiance . Despite its unpopular nature , the Embargo Act did have some limited , unintended benefits to the Northeastern region especially as it drove capital and labor into New England textile and other manufacturing industries , lessening America 's reliance on the British . In Vermont , the embargo was doomed to failure on the Lake Champlain - Richelieu River water route because of Vermont 's dependence on a Canadian outlet for produce . At St. John , Lower Canada , £ 140,000 worth of goods smuggled by water were recorded there in 1808 -- a 31 % increase over 1807 . Shipments of ashes ( used to make soap ) nearly doubled to £ 54,000 , but lumber dropped 23 % to £ 11,200 . Manufactured goods , which had expanded to £ 50,000 since Jay 's Treaty of 1795 , fell over 20 % , especially articles made near Tidewater . Newspapers and manuscripts recorded more lake activity than usual , despite the theoretical reduction in shipping that should accompany an embargo . The smuggling was not restricted to water routes , as herds were readily driven across the uncontrollable land border . Southbound commerce gained two - thirds overall , but furs dropped a third . Customs officials maintained a stance of vigorous enforcement throughout and Gallatin 's Enforcement Act ( 1809 ) was a party issue . Many Vermonters preferred the embargo 's exciting game of revenuers versus smugglers , bringing high profits , versus mundane , low - profit normal trade . The New England merchants who evaded the embargo were imaginative , daring , and versatile in their violation of federal law . Gordinier ( 2001 ) examines how the merchants of New London , Connecticut , organized and managed the cargoes purchased and sold , and the vessels used during the years before , during , and after the embargo . Trade routes and cargoes , both foreign and domestic , along with the vessel types , and the ways their ownership and management were organized show the merchants of southeastern Connecticut evinced versatility in the face of crisis . Gordinier ( 2001 ) concludes the versatile merchants sought alternative strategies for their commerce , and to a lesser extent , for their navigation . They tried extra-legal activities , a reduction in the size of the foreign fleet , and the re-documentation of foreign trading vessels into domestic carriage . Most importantly , they sought new domestic trading partners , and took advantage of the political power of Jedidiah Huntington , the Customs Collector . Huntington was an influential member of the Connecticut leadership class ( called `` the Standing Order '' ) ; he allowed scores of embargoed vessels to depart for foreign ports under the guise of `` special permission . '' Old modes of sharing vessel ownership in order to share the risk proved to be hard to modify . Instead established relationships continued through the embargo crisis , in spite of numerous bankruptcies . Enforcement efforts ( edit ) Jefferson 's Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin was against the entire embargo , foreseeing correctly the impossibility of enforcing the policy and the negative public reaction . `` As to the hope that it may ... induce England to treat us better , '' wrote Gallatin to Jefferson shortly after the bill had become law , `` I think is entirely groundless ... government prohibitions do always more mischief than had been calculated ; and it is not without much hesitation that a statesman should hazard to regulate the concerns of individuals as if he could do it better than themselves . '' Since the bill hindered U.S. ships from leaving American ports bound for foreign trade ; it had the side - effect of hindering American exploration . First supplementary Act ( edit ) Just weeks later , on January 8 , 1808 , legislation again passed the Tenth U.S. Congress , Session 1 ; Chapter 8 : `` An Act supplementary ... '' to the Embargo Act ( 2 Stat. 453 ) . As historian Forrest McDonald wrote , `` A loophole had been discovered '' in the initial enactment , `` namely that coasting vessels , and fishing and whaling boats '' had been exempt from the embargo , and they had been circumventing it , primarily via Canada . This supplementary act extended the bonding provision ( i.e. Section 2 of the initial Embargo Act ) to those of purely domestic trades : Sections 1 and 2 of the supplementary act required bonding to coasting , fishing and whaling ships and vessels . Even river boats had to post bond . Section 3 made violations of either the initial or supplementary act an offense ; failure of the shipowner to comply would result in forfeiture of the ship and its cargo , or a fine of double that value , and denial of credit for use in custom duties ; a captain failing to comply would be fined between one and twenty thousand dollars , and would forfeit the ability to swear an oath before any customs officer . Section 4 removed the warship exemption from applying to privateers or vessels with a letter of marque . Section 5 established a fine for foreign ships loading merchandise for export , and allowed for its seizure . Meanwhile , Jefferson requested authorization from Congress to raise 30,000 troops from the current standing army of 2,800 . Congress refused . With their harbors for the most part unusable in the winter anyway , New England and the north ports of the mid-Atlantic states had paid little notice to the previous embargo acts . That was to change with the spring thaw , and the passing of yet another embargo act . With the coming of the spring , the effect of the previous acts were immediately felt throughout the coastal states , especially in New England . An economic downturn turned into a depression and caused increasing unemployment . Protests occurred up and down the eastern coast . Most merchants and shippers simply ignored the laws . On the Canada -- US border , especially in upstate New York and Vermont , the embargo laws were openly flouted . Federal officials believed parts of Maine , such as Passamaquoddy Bay on the border with British - held New Brunswick , were in open rebellion . By March , an increasingly frustrated Jefferson was resolved to enforce the embargo to the letter . Other supplements to the Act ( edit ) On March 12 , 1808 , Congress passed and Jefferson signed into law yet another supplement to the Embargo Act . This supplement prohibited , for the first time , all exports of any goods , whether by land or by sea . Violators were subject to a fine of US $10,000 , plus forfeiture of goods , per offense . It granted the President broad discretionary authority to enforce , deny , or grant exceptions to the embargo . Port authorities were authorized to seize cargoes without a warrant and to try any shipper or merchant who was thought to have merely contemplated violating the embargo . Despite the added penalties , citizens and shippers openly ignored the embargo . Protests continued to grow ; and so it was that the Jefferson administration requested and Congress rendered yet another embargo act . Consequences ( edit ) A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the `` Ograbme '' , which is `` Embargo '' spelled backwards . The embargo was also ridiculed in the New England press as Dambargo , Mob - Rage , or Go - bar - ' em . The Embargo was hurting the United States as much as Britain or France . Britain , expecting to suffer most from the American regulations , built up a new South American market for its exports , and the British shipowners were pleased that American competition had been removed by the action of the U.S. government . Jefferson placed himself in a strange position with his Embargo policy . Though he had so frequently and eloquently argued for as little government intervention as possible , he now found himself assuming extraordinary powers in an attempt to enforce his policy . The presidential election of 1808 , in which James Madison defeated Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , showed that the Federalists were regaining strength , and helped to convince Jefferson and Madison that the Embargo would have to be removed . Shortly before leaving office , in March 1809 , Jefferson signed the repeal of the failed Embargo . Despite its unpopular nature , the Embargo Act did have some limited , unintended benefits , especially as entrepreneurs and workers responded by bringing in fresh capital and labor into New England textile and other manufacturing industries , lessening America 's reliance on the British merchants . Repealing the legislation ( edit ) On March 1 , 1809 , Congress passed the Non-Intercourse Act , a law that enabled the President , once the wars of Europe ended , to declare the country sufficiently safe and to allow foreign trade with certain nations . In 1810 the government was ready to try yet another tactic of economic coercion , in the desperate measure known as Macon 's Bill Number 2 . This bill became law on May 1 , 1810 , and replaced the Non-Intercourse Act . It was an acknowledgment of the failure of economic pressure to coerce the European powers . Trade with both Britain and France was now thrown open , and the United States attempted to bargain with the two belligerents . If either power would remove her restrictions on American commerce , the United States would reapply non-intercourse against the power that had not so acted . Napoleon quickly took advantage of this opportunity . He promised that his Berlin and Milan Decrees would be repealed , and Madison reinstated non-intercourse against Britain in the fall of 1810 . Though Napoleon did not fulfill his promise , strained Anglo - American relations prevented his being brought to task for his duplicity . The attempt of Jefferson and Madison to resist aggression by peaceful means gained a belated success in June 1812 when Britain finally promised to repeal her Orders in Council . The British concession was too late , for by the time the news reached America the United States had already declared the War of 1812 against Britain . The entire series of events was ridiculed in the press as Dambargo , Mob - Rage , Go - bar - ' em or O - grab - me ( `` Embargo '' spelled backward ) ; there was a cartoon ridiculing the Act as a snapping turtle , named `` O ' grab me '' , grabbing at American shipping . Wartime legislation ( edit ) America 's declaration of war , in mid-June 1812 , was followed shortly by the Enemy Trade Act of 1812 on July 6 , which employed similar restrictions as previous legislation ; it was likewise ineffective and tightened in December 1813 , and debated for further tightening in December 1814 . After existing embargoes expired with the onset of war , the Embargo Act of 1813 was signed into law December 17 , 1813 . Four new restrictions were included : An embargo prohibiting all American ships and goods from leaving port ; a complete ban on certain commodities customarily produced in the British Empire ; a ban against foreign ships trading in American ports unless 75 % of the crew were citizens of the ship 's flag ; and a ban on ransoming ships . The Embargo of 1813 was the nation 's last great trade restriction . Never again would the US government cut off all its trade to achieve a foreign policy objective . The act particularly hurt the northeastern states , since the British kept a tighter blockade on the south , and thus encouraged American opposition to the administration . To make his point , the act was not lifted by Madison until after the defeat of Napoleon , and the point was moot . On February 15 , 1815 , Madison signed the Enemy Trade Act of 1815 ; it was tighter than any previous trade restriction including the Enforcement Act of 1809 ( January 9 ) and the Embargo of 1813 , but it would expire two weeks later when official word of peace from Ghent was received . See also ( edit ) Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Second - term curse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ He returned for 100 days in 1815 but that had no bearing on the U.S. Jump up ^ Brian DeToy , `` The Impressment of American Seamen during the Napoleonic Wars , '' Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750 -- 1850 : Selected Papers , 1998 ( 1988 ) pp. 492 -- 501 Jump up ^ Paul A. Gilje , `` ' Free Trade and Sailors ' Rights ' : The Rhetoric of the War of 1812 , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Spring 2010 , Vol. 30 Issue 1 , pp. 1 -- 23 Jump up ^ `` Embargo of 1807 '' . Monticello and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , Injured Honor : The Chesapeake - Leopard Affair ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ 2 Stat. 451 ( 1807 ) Library of Congress , U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 Jump up ^ 2 Stat. 379 ( 1806 ) Library of Congress , U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 Jump up ^ Malone , Dumas ( 1974 ) . Jefferson the President : The Second Term . Boston : Brown - Little . Jump up ^ Harvey Strum , `` Rhode Island and the Embargo of 1807 . '' Rhode Island History 1994 52 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 67 Jump up ^ H. Nicholas Muller , `` Smuggling into Canada : How the Champlain Valley Defied Jefferson 's Embargo . '' Vermont History 1970 38 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 21 Jump up ^ Glenn Stine Gordinier , `` Versatility in Crisis : The Merchants of the New London Customs District Respond to the Embargo of 1807 -- 1809 . '' PhD dissertation U. of Connecticut 2001 . 333 pp. DAI 2001 62 ( 2 ) : 739 - A. DA3004842 Jump up ^ Gordinier ( 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Adams , Henry ( 1879 ) . Gallatin to Jefferson , December 1807 . The Writings of Albert Gallatin. 1 . Philadelphia : Lippincott . Jump up ^ 2 Stat. 453 ( 1808 ) Library of Congress , U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 Jump up ^ Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson , Empire of Liberty : The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson ( 1990 ) ch 20 Jump up ^ Strum ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey A. Frankel , `` The 1807 -- 1809 Embargo Against Great Britain . '' Journal of Economic History ( 1982 ) 42 # 2 pp. 291 -- 308 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , eds. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 . pp. 390 -- 91 . ISBN 9781591143628 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills ( 2002 ) . James Madison : The American Presidents Series : The 4th President , 1809 - 1817 . p. 87 . ISBN 9780805069051 . Jump up ^ Merrill , Dennis ; Paterson , Thomas ( September 2009 ) . Major Problems in American Foreign Relations : To 1920 . Cengage Learning . pp. 132 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 21824 - 3 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , The War of 1812 -- A Forgotten Conflict , Ch. 7 : The Last Embargo pp. 172 , 181 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker , Ed . The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812 , a political , social , and military history , pp. 221 -- 25 , ABC - CLIO , ( 2012 ) Further reading ( edit ) Hofstadter , Richard . 1948 . The American Political Tradition ( Chapter 11 ) Alfred A. Knopf. in Essays on the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 Leonard Levy , Editor . Dryden Press , 1974 . Irwin , Douglas A. ( 2005 ) . `` The Welfare Cost of Autarky : Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo , 1807 -- 09 '' . Review of International Economics . 13 ( 4 ) : 631 -- 45 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9396.2005. 00527. x . Kaplan , Lawrence S. ( 1957 ) . `` Jefferson , the Napoleonic Wars , and the Balance of Power '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 14 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 217 . JSTOR 1922110 . doi : 10.2307 / 1922110 . in Essays on the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 Leonard Levy , Editor . Dryden Press , 1974 . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1963 ) . Jefferson and Civil Liberties : The Darker Side . Cambridge : Belknap Press . Levy , Leonard . 1974 . Essays on the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Dryden Press , 1974 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1976 ) . The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0147 - 3 . Malone , Dumas ( 1974 ) . Jefferson the President : The Second Term . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 54465 - 5 . Mannix , Richard ( 1979 ) . `` Gallatin , Jefferson , and the Embargo of 1808 '' . Diplomatic History . 3 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 72 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1979. tb00307. x . Muller , H. Nicholas ( 1970 ) . `` Smuggling into Canada : How the Champlain Valley Defied Jefferson 's Embargo '' . Vermont History . 38 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 21 . ISSN 0042 - 4161 . Perkins , Bradford . 1968 . Embargo : Alternative to War ( Chapter 8 from Prologue to War : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 , University of California Press , 1968 ) in Essays on the Early Republic 1789 -- 1815 . Leonard Levy , Editor . Dryden Press , 1974 . Sears , Louis Martin ( 1927 ) . Jefferson and the Embargo . Durham : Duke University Press . Smelser , Marshall ( 1968 ) . The Democratic Republic , 1801 -- 1815 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 131406 - 4 . Smith , Joshua M. ( 1998 ) . `` ' So Far Distant from the Eyes of Authority : ' Jefferson 's Embargo and the U.S. Navy , 1807 -- 1809 '' . In Symonds , Craig . New Interpretations in Naval History : Selected Papers from the Twelfth Naval History Symposium . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . pp. 123 -- 40 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 624 - 8 . Smith , Joshua M. ( 2000 ) . `` Murder on Isle au Haut : Violence and Jefferson 's Embargo in Coastal Maine , 1808 -- 1809 '' . Maine History . 39 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 40 . Smith , Joshua M. ( 2006 ) . Borderland Smuggling : Patriots , Loyalists , and Illicit Trade in the Northeast , 1783 -- 1820 . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2986 - 4 . Spivak , Burton ( 1979 ) . Jefferson 's English Crisis : Commerce , Embargo , and the Republican Revolution . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0805 - 1 . Strum , Harvey ( 1994 ) . `` Rhode Island and the Embargo of 1807 '' . Rhode Island History . 52 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 67 . ISSN 0035 - 4619 . External links ( edit ) The Embargo Act of 1807 , The Great Republic By the Master Historians , Hubert H. Bancroft , Ed . ( c. 1900 ) ( hide ) Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embargo_Act_of_1807&oldid=800519802 '' Categories : 1807 in American law Legal history of the United States United States federal trade legislation History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 10th United States Congress Embargoes United Kingdom -- United States relations France -- United States relations 1807 in economics Legislation of the War of 1812 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 01 : 47 . About Wikipedia	what was the result of the embargo act	[ "President Thomas Jefferson acted with restraint as these antagonisms mounted, weighing public support for retaliation. He recommended that Congress respond with commercial warfare, rather than with military mobilization. The Embargo Act was signed into law on December 22, 1807. The anticipated effect of this measure – economic hardship for the belligerent nations – was expected to chasten Great Britain and France, and force them to end their molestation of American shipping, respect U.S. neutrality, and cease the policy of impressment. The embargo turned out to be impractical as a coercive measure, and was a failure both diplomatically and economically. As implemented, the legislation inflicted devastating burdens on the U.S. economy and the American people." ]	[ "devastating burdens on the U.S. economy and the American people" ]
-4052617330789727390	Cricket World Cup	Cricket World Cup - wikipedia Cricket World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's tournament . For the women 's tournament , see Women 's Cricket World Cup . For the recent tournament , see 2015 Cricket World Cup . For the Twenty20 tournament , see ICC World Twenty20 . ICC Cricket World Cup Official trophy awarded since the 1999 World Cup Administrator International Cricket Council ( ICC ) Format One Day International First tournament 1975 ( England ) Last tournament 2015 ( Australia , New Zealand ) Next tournament 2019 ( England , Wales ) Tournament format ↓ various Number of teams 20 ( all tournaments ) 14 ( most recent ) 10 ( next ) Current champion Australia ( 5th title ) Most successful Australia ( 5 titles ) Most runs Sachin Tendulkar ( 2,278 ) Most wickets Glenn McGrath ( 71 ) The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International ( ODI ) cricket . The event is organised by the sport 's governing body , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , every four years , with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament . The tournament is one of the world 's most viewed sporting events and is considered the `` flagship event of the international cricket calendar '' by the ICC . The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975 , with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier . However , a separate Women 's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men 's tournament , and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912 , when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia , England and South Africa . The first three World Cups were held in England . From the 1987 tournament onwards , hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system , with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament . The finals of the World Cup are contested by the ten full members of the ICC ( all of which are Test - playing teams ) and a number of teams made up from associate and affiliate members of the ICC , selected via the World Cricket League and a later qualifying tournament . A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament , with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015 . Australia has won the tournament five times , with the West Indies , India ( twice each ) , Pakistan and Sri Lanka ( once each ) also having won the tournament . The best performance by a non-full - member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the first Cricket World Cup 1.2 Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) 1.3 Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 1.4 Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Hosts triumph ( 2011 - 2015 ) 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Tournament 3 Trophy 4 Media coverage 5 Selection of hosts 6 Tournament history 7 Results 7.1 Teams ' performances 7.2 Debutant teams 7.3 Overview 8 Awards 8.1 Man of the tournament 8.2 Man of the Match in the Final 9 Tournament records 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Cricket World Cup Before the first Cricket World Cup ( edit ) The first international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . However , the first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England , and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years . South Africa was admitted to Test status in 1889 . Representative cricket teams were selected to tour each other , resulting in bilateral competition . Cricket was also included as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Paris Games , where Great Britain defeated France to win the gold medal . This was the only appearance of cricket at the Summer Olympics . The first multilateral competition at international level was the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a Test cricket tournament played in England between all three Test - playing nations at the time : England , Australia and South Africa . The event was not a success : the summer was exceptionally wet , making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches , and attendances were poor , attributed to a `` surfeit of cricket '' . Since then , international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series : a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular Asian Test Championship in 1999 . The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time , with the addition of West Indies in 1928 , New Zealand in 1930 , India in 1932 , and Pakistan in 1952 . However , international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three , four or five days . In the early 1960s , English county cricket teams began playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day . Starting in 1962 with a four - team knockout competition known as the Midlands Knock - Out Cup , and continuing with the inaugural Gillette Cup in 1963 , one - day cricket grew in popularity in England . A national Sunday League was formed in 1969 . The first One - Day International match was played on the fifth day of a rain - aborted Test match between England and Australia at Melbourne in 1971 , to fill the time available and as compensation for the frustrated crowd . It was a forty over game with eight balls per over . In the late 1970s , Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket ( WSC ) competition . It introduced many of the now commonplace features of One Day International cricket , including coloured uniforms , matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens , and , for television broadcasts , multiple camera angles , effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch , and on - screen graphics . The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink , played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979 . The success and popularity of the domestic one - day competitions in England and other parts of the world , as well as the early One - Day Internationals , prompted the ICC to consider organising a Cricket World Cup . Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) The Prudential Cup trophy The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England , the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at the time . The 1975 tournament started on 7 June . The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc . The matches consisted of 60 six - ball overs per team , played during the daytime in traditional form , with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls . Eight teams participated in the first tournament : Australia , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , and the West Indies ( the six Test nations at the time ) , together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa . One notable omission was South Africa , who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid . The tournament was won by the West Indies , who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord 's . The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup , with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying . The West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament , defeating the hosts England by 92 runs in the final . At a meeting which followed the World Cup , the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event . The 1983 event was hosted by England for a third consecutive time . By this stage , Sri Lanka had become a Test - playing nation , and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy . A fielding circle was introduced , 30 yards ( 27 m ) away from the stumps . Four fieldsmen needed to be inside it at all times . The teams faced each other twice , before moving into the knock - outs . India , an outsider , quoted at 66 -- 1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began , were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final . Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) India and Pakistan jointly hosted the 1987 tournament , the first time that the competition was held outside England . The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings , the current standard , because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England 's summer . Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final , the closest margin in World Cup final history . The 1992 World Cup , held in Australia and New Zealand , introduced many changes to the game , such as coloured clothing , white balls , day / night matches , and a change to the fielding restriction rules . The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time , following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott . Pakistan overcame a dismal start in the tournament to eventually defeat England by 22 runs in the final and emerge as winners . The 1996 championship was held in the Indian subcontinent for a second time , with the inclusion of Sri Lanka as host for some of its group stage matches . In the semi-final , Sri Lanka , heading towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens after the hosts lost eight wickets while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 252 , were awarded victory by default after crowd unrest broke out in protest against the Indian performance . Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final at Lahore . Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) In 1999 the event was hosted by England , with some matches also being held in Scotland , Ireland , Wales and the Netherlands . Twelve teams contested the World Cup . Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match . They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final also against South Africa where a mix - up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out . In the final , Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs and with eight wickets in hand . A crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat - trick -- Martin Place , Sydney . South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya hosted the 2003 World Cup . The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen . Kenya 's victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others -- and a forfeit by the New Zealand team , which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns -- enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals , the best result by an associate . In the final , Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets , the largest ever total in a final , defeating India by 125 runs . In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies and expanded to sixteen teams . Following Pakistan 's upset loss to World Cup debutants Ireland in the group stage , Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room . Jamaican police had initially launched a murder investigation into Woolmer 's death but later confirmed that he died of heart failure . Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs ( D / L ) in farcical light conditions , and extended their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight championships . Hosts triumph ( 2011 - 2015 ) ( edit ) India , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh together hosted the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Pakistan were stripped of their hosting rights following the terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in 2009 , with the games originally scheduled for Pakistan redistributed to the other host countries . The number of teams participating in the World Cup dropped down to fourteen . Australia lost their final group stage match against Pakistan on 19 March 2011 , ending an unbeaten streak of 35 World Cup matches , which had begun on 23 May 1999 . India won their second World Cup title by beating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final in Mumbai , and became the first country to win the final on home soil . MS Dhoni later became the first captain in history to win all the major ICC tournaments - World T20 in 2007 , Champions Trophy in 2013 and this edition of the World Cup . Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The number of participants remained at fourteen . Ireland was the most successful Associate nation with a total of three wins in the tournament . New Zealand beat South Africa in a thrilling first semi-final to qualify for their maiden World Cup final . Australia defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in the final at Melbourne to lift the World Cup for the fifth time . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup qualification The Test - playing nations qualify automatically for the World Cup main event while the other teams have to qualify through a series of preliminary qualifying tournaments . A new qualifying format was introduced for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The top two teams of the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship qualify directly . The remaining six teams join the third and fourth - placed teams of 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two and the top two teams of the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three in the World Cup Qualifier to decide the remaining two places . Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second World Cup , where two of the eight places in the finals were awarded to the leading teams in the ICC Trophy . The number of teams selected through the ICC Trophy had varied throughout the years . The World Cricket League ( administered by the International Cricket Council ) is the qualification system provided to allow the Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC more opportunities to qualify . The name `` ICC Trophy '' has been changed to `` ICC World Cup Qualifier '' . Under the current qualifying process , the World Cricket League , all Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC are able to qualify for the World Cup . Associate and Affiliate members must play between two and five stages in the ICC World Cricket League to qualify for the World Cup finals , depending on the Division in which they start the qualifying process . Process summary in chronological order ( 2011 - 2014 ) : 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were promoted to the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2013 . 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship : 8 Teams -- Top 2 automatically qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The remaining six teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Four for 2014 . 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier : 10 Teams -- Top 2 qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The fifth , sixth , seventh , and eighth - placed teams remained in the Division Two for 2015 . The ninth and tenth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2014 Tournament ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup § Historical formats of final tournament The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup . The format of the Cricket World Cup has changed greatly over the course of its history . Each of the first four tournaments was played by eight teams , divided into two groups of four . The competition consisted of two stages , a group stage and a knock - out stage . The four teams in each group played each other in the round - robin group stage , with the top two teams in each group progressing to the semi-finals . The winners of the semi-finals played against each other in the final . With South Africa returning in the fifth tournament in 1992 as a result of the end of the apartheid boycott , nine teams played each other once in the group phase , and the top four teams progressed to the semi-finals . The tournament was further expanded in 1996 , with two groups of six teams . The top four teams from each group progressed to quarter - finals and semi-finals . A distinct format was used for the 1999 and 2003 World Cups . The teams were split into two pools , with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the Super 6 . The Super 6 teams played the three other teams that advanced from the other group . As they advanced , the teams carried their points forward from previous matches against other teams advancing alongside them , giving them an incentive to perform well in the group stages . The top four teams from the Super 6 stage progressed to the semi-finals , with the winners playing in the final . The format used in the 2007 World Cup involved 16 teams allocated into four groups of four . Within each group , the teams played each other in a round - robin format . Teams earned points for wins and half - points for ties . The top two teams from each group moved forward to the Super 8 round . The Super 8 teams played the other six teams that progressed from the different groups . Teams earned points in the same way as the group stage , but carried their points forward from previous matches against the other teams who qualified from the same group to the Super 8 stage . The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals , and the winners of the semi-finals played in the final . The format used in the 2011 and 2015 World Cups featured two groups of seven teams , each playing in a round - robin format . The top four teams from each group proceeded to the knock out stage consisting of quarter - finals , semi-finals and ultimately the final . It is proposed that in 2019 World Cup , the number of teams participating will go down to 10 and all the teams will play against each other once in round robin format , before entering the semifinals . This would be similar to the one used in 1992 World Cup . Trophy ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup Trophy The ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy is presented to the winners of the World Cup . The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships , and was the first permanent prize in the tournament 's history . Prior to this , different trophies were made for each World Cup . The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from Garrard & Co over a period of two months . The current trophy is made from silver and gilt , and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns . The columns , shaped as stumps and bails , represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket : batting , bowling and fielding , while the globe characterises a cricket ball . The seam is tilted to symbolize the axial tilt of the Earth . It stands 60 centimetres high and weighs approximately 11 kilograms . The names of the previous winners are engraved on the base of the trophy , with space for a total of twenty inscriptions . The ICC keeps the original trophy . A replica differing only in the inscriptions is permanently awarded to the winning team . Media coverage ( edit ) Mello , the mascot of the 2007 World Cup The tournament is the world 's third largest with only the FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics exceeding it . The 2011 Cricket World Cup final was televised in over 200 countries to over 2.2 billion television viewers . Television rights , mainly for the 2011 and 2015 World Cup , were sold for over US $1.1 billion , and sponsorship rights were sold for a further US $500 million . The 2003 Cricket World Cup matches were attended by 626,845 people , while the 2007 Cricket World Cup sold more than 672,000 tickets . Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One - Day International cricket has become more established . The 2003 World Cup in South Africa was the first to sport a mascot , Dazzler the zebra . An orange mongoose known as Mello was the mascot for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Stumpy , a blue elephant was the mascot for the 2011 World Cup . On 13 February , the opening of the 2015 tournament was celebrated with a Google Doodle . Selection of hosts ( edit ) Civic Centre , South Africa honours the 2003 World Cup . Main article : Cricket World Cup hosts The International Cricket Council 's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining the bids made by the nations keen to hold a Cricket World Cup . England hosted the first three competitions . The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to devote the resources required to organising the inaugural event . India volunteered to host the third Cricket World Cup , but most ICC members preferred England as the longer period of daylight in England in June meant that a match could be completed in one day . The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India and Pakistan , the first hosted outside England . Many of the tournaments have been jointly hosted by nations from the same geographical region , such as South Asia in 1987 , 1996 and 2011 , Australasia in 1992 and 2015 , Southern Africa in 2003 and West Indies in 2007 . Tournament history ( edit ) Main article : List of ICC Cricket World Cup finals Year Host ( s ) Final venue Result Winner Margin Runner - up Details England London West Indies 291 / 8 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 17 runs Scorecard Australia 274 all out ( 58.4 overs ) 1979 Details England London West Indies 286 / 9 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 92 runs Scorecard England 194 all out ( 51 overs ) Details England London India 183 all out ( 54.4 overs ) India won by 43 runs Scorecard West Indies 140 all out ( 52 overs ) Details India Pakistan Kolkata Australia 253 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 7 runs Scorecard England 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) 1992 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Pakistan 249 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 22 runs Scorecard England 227 all out ( 49.2 overs ) Details Pakistan India Sri Lanka Lahore Sri Lanka 245 / 3 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Scorecard Australia 241 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 1999 Details England Scotland Wales Ireland Netherlands London Australia 133 / 2 ( 20.1 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets Scorecard Pakistan 132 all out ( 39 overs ) 2003 Details South Africa Zimbabwe Kenya Johannesburg Australia 359 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 125 runs Scorecard India 234 all out ( 39.2 overs ) 2007 Details West Indies Bridgetown Australia 281 / 4 ( 38 overs ) Australia won by 53 runs ( D / L ) Scorecard Sri Lanka 215 / 8 ( 36 overs ) 2011 Details India Sri Lanka Bangladesh Mumbai India 277 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Scorecard Sri Lanka 274 / 6 ( 50 overs ) 2015 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Australia 186 / 3 ( 33.1 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Scorecard New Zealand 183 all out ( 45 overs ) 2019 Details England Wales London 2023 Details India Kolkata Notes Jump up ^ The England and Wales Cricket Board was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Ireland , the Netherlands , and Scotland . Jump up ^ Cricket South Africa and Zimbabwe were joint hosts , but matches were also played in Kenya . Jump up ^ Eight member countries of the West Indies Cricket Board hosted matches -- Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , and Trinidad and Tobago . Results ( edit ) Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once ( excluding qualification tournaments ) . Seven teams have competed in every finals tournament , five of which have won the title . The West Indies won the first two tournaments , Australia has won five , India has won two , while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once . The West Indies ( 1975 and 1979 ) and Australia ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . Australia has played in seven of the eleven final matches ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) . England has yet to win the World Cup , but has been runners - up three times ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) . The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by Kenya in the 2003 tournament ; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 ( second round ) by Ireland in 2007 . Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan . India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country . Australia repeated the feat in 2015 . England is the only other host to have made the final , in 1979 . Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015 ; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003 ; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003 . In 1987 , co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals , but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively . Australia in 1992 , England in 1999 , South Africa in 2003 , and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round . Teams ' performances ( edit ) An overview of the teams ' performances in every World Cup : Team \ Host ( 8 ) 1979 ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 1992 ( 9 ) ( 12 ) 1999 ( 12 ) 2003 ( 14 ) 2007 ( 16 ) 2011 ( 14 ) 2015 ( 14 ) 2019 ( 10 ) 2023 Afghanistan GP Australia 2nd GP GP 1st GP 2nd 1st 1st 1st QF 1st Q Bangladesh GP GP S8 GP QF Q Bermuda GP Canada GP GP GP GP East Africa GP England SF 2nd SF 2nd 2nd QF GP GP S8 QF GP Q India GP GP 1st SF GP SF S6 2nd GP 1st SF Q Q Ireland S8 GP GP Kenya GP GP SF GP GP Namibia GP Netherlands GP GP GP GP New Zealand SF SF GP GP SF QF SF S6 SF SF 2nd Q Pakistan GP SF SF SF 1st QF 2nd GP GP SF QF Q Scotland GP GP GP South Africa SF QF SF GP SF QF SF Q Sri Lanka GP GP GP GP GP 1st GP SF 2nd 2nd QF Q United Arab Emirates GP GP West Indies 1st 1st 2nd GP GP SF GP GP S8 QF QF Zimbabwe GP GP GP GP S6 S6 GP GP GP † No longer exists . Before the 1992 World Cup , South Africa was banned due to apartheid . The number of wins followed by Run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings till the 1987 World Cup . The number of points followed by , head to head performance and then net run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings for the World Cups from 1992 onwards . Legend 1st -- Winner 2nd -- Runner up SF -- Semi-finals S6 -- Super Six ( 1999 -- 2003 ) S8 -- Super Eight ( 2007 ) QF -- Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2011 -- 2015 ) GP -- Group -- First round Debutant teams ( edit ) Year Teams Australia , East Africa , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , West Indies 1979 Canada Zimbabwe none 1992 South Africa Kenya , Netherlands , United Arab Emirates 1999 Bangladesh , Scotland 2003 Namibia 2007 Bermuda , Ireland 2011 none 2015 Afghanistan † No longer exists . Overview ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups , as of the end of group stage of the 2015 tournament . Teams are sorted by best performance , then by appearances , total number of wins , total number of games , and alphabetical order respectively . Appearances Statistics Team Total First Latest Best result Mat . Won Lost Tie NR Win % * Australia 11 2015 1.1 ! Champions ( 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) 84 62 20 75.30 India 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1983 , 2011 ) 75 46 27 62.83 West Indies 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1975 , 1979 ) 71 41 29 0 58.57 Sri Lanka 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1996 ) 73 35 35 50.00 Pakistan 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1992 ) 71 40 29 0 57.97 England 11 2015 2.3 ! Runners - up ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) 72 41 29 58.45 New Zealand 11 2015 2.5 ! Runners - up ( 2015 ) 79 48 30 0 61.53 South Africa 7 1992 2015 3.2 ! Semi-finals ( 1992 , 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 55 35 18 0 65.45 Kenya 5 2011 3.5 ! Semi-finals ( 2003 ) 29 6 22 0 21.42 Zimbabwe 9 2015 5.4 ! Super 6 ( 1999 , 2003 ) 57 11 42 21.29 Bangladesh 5 1999 2015 7.4 ! Quarter - finals ( 2015 ) , Super 8 ( 2007 ) 32 11 20 0 35.48 Ireland 2007 2015 7.5 ! Super 8 ( 2007 ) 21 7 13 0 35.71 Netherlands 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 20 18 0 0 10.00 Canada 1979 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1979 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 18 16 0 0 11.11 Scotland 1999 2015 9.3 ! Group Stage ( 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 14 0 14 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2015 9.4 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2015 ) 11 10 0 0 9.09 Afghanistan 2015 2015 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2015 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 Namibia 2003 2003 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2003 ) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 Bermuda 2007 2007 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2007 ) 0 0 0 0.00 East Africa 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 1975 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Last Updated : 29 March 2015 Source : Cricinfo The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win . † No longer exists . Awards ( edit ) Man of the tournament ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992 , one player has been declared as `` Man of the Tournament '' at the end of the World Cup finals : Year Player Performance details 1992 Martin Crowe 456 runs Sanath Jayasuriya 221 runs and 7 wickets 1999 Lance Klusener 281 runs and 17 wickets 2003 Sachin Tendulkar 673 runs and 2 wickets 2007 Glenn McGrath 26 wickets 2011 Yuvraj Singh 362 runs and 15 wickets 2015 Mitchell Starc 22 wickets Man of the Match in the Final ( edit ) There were no Man of the Tournament awards before 1992 but Man of the Match awards have always been given for individual matches . Winning the Man of the Match in the final is logically noteworthy , as this indicates the player deemed to have played the biggest part in the World Cup final . To date the award has always gone to a member of the winning side . The Man of the Match award in the final of the competition has been awarded to : Year Player Performance details Clive Lloyd 102 runs 1979 Viv Richards 138 * Mohinder Amarnath 3 / 12 and 26 David Boon 75 runs 1992 Wasim Akram 33 and 3 / 49 Aravinda de Silva 107 * and 3 / 42 1999 Shane Warne 4 / 33 2003 Ricky Ponting 140 * 2007 Adam Gilchrist 149 2011 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 91 * 2015 James Faulkner 3 / 36 Tournament records ( edit ) Main article : List of Cricket World Cup records Sachin Tendulkar , the leading run - scorer in World Cup history . World Cup records Batting Most runs Sachin Tendulkar 2,278 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Highest average ( min . 20 inns . ) AB de Villiers 63.52 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Highest score Martin Guptill v West Indies 237 * ( 2015 ) Highest partnership Chris Gayle & Marlon Samuels ( 2nd wicket ) v Zimbabwe 372 ( 2015 ) Most runs in a tournament Sachin Tendulkar 673 ( 2003 ) Most hundreds Sachin Tendulkar 6 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Bowling Most wickets Glenn McGrath 71 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Lowest average ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Glenn McGrath 18.19 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Best strike rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Lasith Malinga 23.8 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Best economy rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Andy Roberts 3.24 ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Best bowling figures Glenn McGrath v Namibia 7 / 15 ( 2003 ) Most wickets in a tournament Glenn McGrath 26 ( 2007 ) Fielding Most dismissals ( wicket - keeper ) Kumar Sangakkara 54 ( 2003 -- 2015 ) Most catches ( fielder ) Ricky Ponting 28 ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Team Highest score Australia v Afghanistan 417 / 6 ( 2015 ) Lowest score Canada v Sri Lanka 36 ( 2003 ) Highest win % Australia 74 % ( Played 84 , Won 62 ) Most consecutive wins Australia 27 ( 20 Jun 1999 -- 19 Mar 2011 , one N / R excluded ) Most consecutive tournament wins Australia 3 ( 1999 -- 2007 ) See also ( edit ) Cricket portal ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup ICC World Twenty20 Women 's Cricket World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ICC Cricket World Cup : About Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . -- International Cricket Council . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin Williamson . `` The oldest international contest of them all '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo. 15 March 1877 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games , 1900 , Final '' . ESPNcricinfo. 19 August 1900 . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The original damp squib '' . ESPNcricinfo. 23 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The run - out that sparked a riot '' . ESPNcricinfo. 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The low - key birth of one - day cricket '' . ESPNcricinfo. 9 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is One - Day International cricket ? '' . newicc.cricket.org . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . 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Jump up ^ Browning ( 1999 ) , pp. 264 -- 274 Jump up ^ Browning ( 1999 ) , p. 274 Jump up ^ French Toast ( 2014 ) . Cricket World Cup : A Summary of the Tournaments Since 1975 ( e-book ) . Smashwords . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Browning ( 1999 ) , pp. 229 -- 231 Jump up ^ Browning ( 1999 ) , pp. 232 -- 238 Jump up ^ `` Washouts , walkovers , and black armband protests '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless Aussies lift World Cup '' . London : BBC . 23 March 2003 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Full tournament schedule '' . London : BBC . 23 March 2003 . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia triumph in a tournament to forget '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Woolmer 's death stuns cricket world '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Woolmer investigation round - up '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v Sri Lanka , World Cup final , Barbados '' . Cricinfo. 28 April 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No World Cup matches in Pakistan '' . BBC . 18 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` India end a 28 - year - long wait '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan top group after ending Australia 's unbeaten World Cup streak '' . CNN . 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket World Cup 2015 : Australia crush New Zealand in final '' . BBC Sport. 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results of the ICC Chief Executives ' Committee meeting in London '' . 12 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ICC spells out 2015 WC qualification plan '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Cricket League '' . ICC . Archived from the original on 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1st tournament '' . icc.cricket.org . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 92 tournament '' . icc.cricket.org . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 96 tournament '' . icc.cricket.org . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super 6 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup groups '' . cricket world cup . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Event '' ( PDF ) . cricketworldcup.com . p. 1 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Cricket World Cup '' . cricknews.net . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Nayar , K.R. ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` International Cricket Council approves 14 - team cup '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy is first permanent prize in Cricket World Cup '' . cricket-worldcup2015.net . Archived from the original on 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup - Past Glimpses '' . webindia123.com . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Tournament '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CRICKET WORLD CUP 2015 3RD MOST WATCHED SPORTS EVENT IN THE WORLD '' . Total Sportek. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More money , more viewers and fewer runs in prospect for intriguing World Cup '' . The Guardian . 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Overview '' . cricketworldcup.com . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Papa John 's CEO Introduces Cricket to Jerry Jones and Daniel Snyder '' . ir.papajohns.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Cricinfo staff ( 9 December 2006 ) . `` ICC rights for to ESPN - star '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Cricinfo staff ( 18 January 2006 ) . `` ICC set to cash in on sponsorship rights '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup 2003 '' ( PDF ) . ICC . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 March 2006 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup profits boost debt - ridden Windies board '' . Content-usa.cricinfo.com . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC CWC 2007 Match Attendance Soars Past 400,000 '' . cricketworld.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Cup launched in Soweto '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ICC cricket mascot Mello tours Guyana to raise AIDS awareness '' . UNICEF . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Cup mascot named as ' Stumpy ' '' . The Times of India . India . 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Asia to host 2011 World Cup '' . Cricinfo. 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 1979 World Cup in England -- West Indies retain their title '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The 1987 World Cup in India and Pakistan -- Australia win tight tournament '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph '' . BBC Sport. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records -- Records -- World Cup -- Result summary -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket World Cup Past Glimpses '' . webindia123.com . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ All records are based on statistics at Cricinfo. com 's list of World Cup records Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Batting records '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / World Cup / Result summary '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Team records '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Sources Browning , Mark ( 1999 ) . A complete history of World Cup Cricket . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7318 - 0833 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Official ICC Cricket World Cup website Official ICC website Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 TBA 2027 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy ICC Cricket World Cup winners 1975 : West Indies 1979 : West Indies 1983 : India 1987 : Australia 1992 : Pakistan 1996 : Sri Lanka 1999 : Australia 2003 : Australia 2007 : Australia 2011 : India 2015 : Australia ICC Cricket World Cup hosts 1975 : England 1979 : England 1983 : England 1987 : India / Pakistan 1992 : Australia / New Zealand 1996 : Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1999 : England / Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Netherlands 2003 : South Africa / Zimbabwe / Kenya 2007 : West Indies 2011 : India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2015 : Australia / New Zealand 2019 : England / Wales 2023 : India World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Viva Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Beach volleyball Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts PDC WDF Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - 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About Wikipedia	who is the current icc world cup champion	[ "\n\nYear\nHost(s)\nFinal venue\nResult\n\n\nWinner\nMargin\nRunner-up\n\n\n1975\nDetails\n England\nLondon\n West Indies\n291/8 (60 overs)\nWest Indies won by 17 runs\nScorecard\n Australia\n274 all out (58.4 overs)\n\n\n1979\nDetails\n England\nLondon\n West Indies\n286/9 (60 overs)\nWest Indies won by 92 runs\nScorecard\n England\n194 all out (51 overs)\n\n\n1983\nDetails\n England\nLondon\n India\n183 all out (54.4 overs)\nIndia won by 43 runs\nScorecard\n West Indies\n140 all out (52 overs)\n\n\n1987\nDetails\n India\n Pakistan\nKolkata\n Australia\n253/5 (50 overs)\nAustralia won by 7 runs\nScorecard\n England\n246/8 (50 overs)\n\n\n1992\nDetails\n Australia\n New Zealand\nMelbourne\n Pakistan\n249/6 (50 overs)\nPakistan won by 22 runs\nScorecard\n England\n227 all out (49.2 overs)\n\n\n1996\nDetails\n Pakistan\n India\n Sri Lanka\nLahore\n Sri Lanka\n245/3 (46.2 overs)\nSri Lanka won by 7 wickets\nScorecard\n Australia\n241/7 (50 overs)\n\n\n1999\nDetails\n England\n Scotland\n Wales\n Ireland\n Netherlands[a]\nLondon\n Australia\n133/2 (20.1 overs)\nAustralia won by 8 wickets\nScorecard\n Pakistan\n132 all out (39 overs)\n\n\n2003\nDetails\n South Africa\n Zimbabwe\n Kenya [b]\nJohannesburg\n Australia\n359/2 (50 overs)\nAustralia won by 125 runs\nScorecard\n India\n234 all out (39.2 overs)\n\n\n2007\nDetails\n West Indies[c]\nBridgetown\n Australia\n281/4 (38 overs)\nAustralia won by 53 runs (D/L)\nScorecard\n Sri Lanka\n215/8 (36 overs)\n\n\n2011\nDetails\n India\n Sri Lanka\n Bangladesh\nMumbai\n India\n277/4 (48.2 overs)\nIndia won by 6 wickets\nScorecard\n Sri Lanka\n274/6 (50 overs)\n\n\n2015\nDetails\n Australia\n New Zealand\nMelbourne\n Australia\n186/3 (33.1 overs)\nAustralia won by 7 wickets\nScorecard\n New Zealand\n183 all out (45 overs)\n\n\n2019\nDetails\n England\n Wales\nLondon\n\n\n\n\n\n2023\nDetails\n India\nKolkata\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Australia" ]
7213192667669449617	Indian Armed Forces	Indian Armed Forces - Wikipedia Indian Armed Forces Jump to : navigation , search Indian Armed Forces Bhāratīya Saśastra Senāeṃ Emblem of Indian Armed Forces Service branches Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Headquarters New Delhi Leadership Commander - in - chief President Ram Nath Kovind Prime Minister Narendra Modi Minister of Defence Nirmala Sitharaman Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee Admiral Sunil Lanba Manpower Military age 18 Conscription No Active personnel 1,427,258 ( ranked 2nd ) Reserve personnel 1,155,000 Expenditures Budget FY 2016 : US $55.9 billion ( ranked 5th ) Percent of GDP FY 2016 : 2.5 % Industry Domestic suppliers Indian Ordnance Factories Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Bharat Electronics Limited Bharat Earth Movers Limited Bharat Dynamics Limited Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited Goa Shipyard Limited Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Mishra Dhatu Nigam Foreign suppliers Russia France Israel United Kingdom United States Italy Annual imports US $42.9 billion ( 2000 -- 16 ) Annual exports US $314 million ( 2000 -- 16 ) Afghanistan Maldives Tajikistan Nepal Bhutan Israel Oman Bangladesh Vietnam UAE Iran Thailand Kazakhstan Turkey Qatar Uzbekistan Saudi Arabia Malaysia Philippines Kyrgyzstan Indonesia Related articles History Military history of India Presidency armies British Indian Army Indian National Army Ranks Army Air Force Navy The Indian Armed Forces ( Hindi ( in IAST ) : Bhāratīya Saśastra Senāeṃ ) are the military forces of the Republic of India . It consists of three professional uniformed services : the Indian Army , Indian Navy , and Indian Air Force . Additionally , the Indian Armed Forces are supported by the Indian Coast Guard and paramilitary organisations ( Assam Rifles , and Special Frontier Force ) and various inter-service commands and institutions such as the Strategic Forces Command , the Andaman and Nicobar Command and the Integrated Defence Staff . The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces . The Indian Armed Forces are under the management of the Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) of the Government of India . With strength of over 1.4 million active personnel , it is the world 's 2nd largest military force and has the world 's largest volunteer army . It is important to note that the Central Armed Police Forces , which are commonly and incorrectly referred to as ' Paramilitary Forces ' , are headed by officers from the Indian Police Service and are under the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs , not the Ministry of Defence . The Indian armed forces have been engaged in a number of major military operations , including : the Indo - Pakistani wars of 1947 , 1965 and 1971 , the Portuguese - Indian War , the Sino - Indian War , the 1967 Chola incident , the 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish , the Kargil War , and the Siachen conflict among others . India honours its armed forces and military personnel annually on Armed Forces Flag Day , 7 December . Since 1962 , the IAF has maintained close military relations with Russia , including cooperative development of programmes such as the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft ( FGFA ) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft ( MTA ) . Armed with the nuclear triad , the Indian armed forces are steadily undergoing modernisation , with investments in areas such as futuristic soldier systems and missile defence systems . The Department of Defence Production of the Ministry of Defence is responsible for the indigenous production of equipment used by the Indian Armed Forces . It comprises the 41 Indian Ordnance Factories under the control of the Ordnance Factories Board , and eight Defence PSUs namely : HAL , BEL , BEML , BDL , MDL , GSL , GRSE and Midhani . India was the largest importer of defence equipment in 2014 with Russia , Israel , France and the United States being the top foreign suppliers of military equipment . The Government of India has launched a Make in India initiative to indigenise manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports , including defence imports and procurement . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient to medieval era 1.2 British India ( 1857 to 1947 ) 1.3 Dominion of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) 1.4 Republic of India ( 1950 to present ) 2 Current 2.1 Overview 2.2 Personnel 2.3 Recruitment and Training 2.4 Overseas bases and relations 3 Indian Army 3.1 Doctrine , corps , field force 3.1. 1 Mountain Strike Corps 3.2 Army Aviation Corps 3.3 Modernisation 3.3. 1 Mechanised forces 3.3. 2 Infantry 3.4 Exercises 4 Indian Navy 4.1 Ships 4.2 Submarines 4.3 Weapons systems 4.4 Naval Air Arm 4.5 Naval satellite 4.6 Exercises 4.7 Modernisation 5 Indian Air Force 5.1 Aircraft 5.2 Network - centric warfare 5.3 Modernisation 6 Paramilitary Forces 6.1 Indian Coast Guard 6.2 Assam Rifles 6.3 Special Frontier Force 7 Central Armed Police Forces 7.1 Central Reserve Police Force 7.2 Border Security Force 7.3 Indo - Tibetan Border Police 7.4 Sashastra Seema Bal 7.5 Central Industrial Security Force 8 Other forces 8.1 National Security Guard 8.2 Special Protection Group 8.3 Railway Protection Force 8.4 National Disaster Response Force 9 Special Forces 10 Weapons of mass destruction 10.1 Chemical and biological weapons 10.2 Nuclear weapons 10.2. 1 Nuclear - armed cruise missiles 10.2. 2 Other missiles 10.3 India 's nuclear doctrine 11 Missile defence programme 11.1 Ballistic missile defence 11.2 Cruise missile defence 11.3 S - 400 Triumf 12 Military intelligence 13 Research and development 13.1 Electronic - warfare , military hardware 13.2 Missile development programme 13.3 Unmanned aerial vehicles 13.4 Future programmes 13.4. 1 Anti-satellite weapon 13.4. 2 Directed - energy weapons 13.4. 3 Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle 14 Peace keeping , anti-piracy , and exploration missions 14.1 United Nations peacekeeping 14.2 Anti-piracy mission 14.3 Relief operations 14.4 IAF efforts in eclipse study 14.5 Indian Navy exploration 15 Misconceptions in nomenclature 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Military history of India India has one of the longest military histories , dating back several millennia . The first reference to armies is found in the Vedas as well as the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha . Classical Indian texts on archery in particular , and martial arts in general are known as Dhanurveda . Ancient to medieval era ( edit ) Indian maritime history dates back 5,000 years . The first tidal dock is believed to have been built at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus Valley Civilisation period , near the present day port of Mangrol on the Gujarat coast . The Rig Veda written around 1500 BC , credits Varuna with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes naval expeditions . There is reference to the side wings of a vessel called Plava , which gives the ship stability in storm conditions . A compass , Matsya yantra was used for navigation in the fourth and fifth century AD . The earliest known reference to an organisation devoted to ships in ancient India is in the Mauryan Empire from the 4th century BC . Powerful militaries included those of the : Maurya , Satavahana , Chola , Vijayanagara , Mughal and Maratha empires . Emperor Chandragupta Maurya 's mentor and advisor Chanakya 's Arthashastra devotes a full chapter on the state department of waterways under navadhyaksha ( Sanskrit for Superintendent of ships ) . The term , nava dvipantaragamanam ( Sanskrit for `` sailing to other lands by ships , '' i.e. exploration ) appears in this book in addition to appearing in the Vedic text , Baudhayana Dharmashastra as the interpretation of the term , Samudrasamyanam . Sea lanes between India and neighbouring lands were used for trade for many centuries , and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian Culture on other societies . The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity , extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia . During the 17th and 18th centuries , the Maratha and Kerala fleets were expanded , and became the most powerful Naval Forces in the subcontinent , defeating European navies at various times ( See the Battle of Colachel ) . The fleet review of the Maratha navy , at which the ships Pal and Qalbat participated , took place at the Ratnagiri fort . The Maratha Kanhoji Angre , and Kunjali Marakkar , the Naval chief of Saamoothiri were two notable naval chiefs of the period . British India ( 1857 to 1947 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Royal Indian Navy , British Indian Army , and Presidency armies Humber armoured cars of 10th Indian Division move forward in Italy , 22 July 1944 . The Royal Indian Navy was first established by the British while much of India was under the control of the East India Company . In 1892 , it became a maritime component as the Royal Indian Marine ( RIM ) . During World War I the Indian Army contributed a number of divisions and independent brigades to the European , Mediterranean and Middle Eastern theatres of war . One million Indian troops served overseas ; 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded . In total , 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war . It fought against the German Empire in German East Africa and on the Western Front . Indian divisions were also sent to Egypt , Gallipoli and nearly 700,000 served in Mesopotamia against the Ottoman Empire . Following WWI , the Indian Armed Forces underwent significant transformation . In 1928 , Engineer Sub-lieutenant D.N. Mukherji became the first Indian to receive a commission in the Royal Indian Marine . In 1932 , the Indian Air Force was established as an auxiliary air force ; two years later , the RIM was upgraded to the status of a naval service as the Royal Indian Navy ( RIN ) . Though the gradual `` Indianisation '' of the officer corps began after WWI , at the outbreak of war in 1939 , there were no Indian flag , general or air officers in the armed services . The highest - ranking Indian officers were those serving in the non-combatant Indian Medical Service , who held no rank higher than colonel ; in the regular Indian Army , there were no Indian officers above the rank of major . The Royal Indian Navy had no Indian senior line officers and only a single Indian senior engineer officer , while the Indian Air Force had no Indian senior officers in 1939 , with the highest - ranking Indian air force officer a flight lieutenant . In World War II , the Indian Army began the war in 1939 with just under 200,000 men . By the end of the war it had become the largest volunteer army in history , rising to over 2.5 million men by August 1945 . Serving in divisions of infantry , armour and a fledgling airborne forces , they fought on three continents in Africa , Europe and Asia . The Indian Army fought in Ethiopia against the Italian Army , in Egypt , Libya and Tunisia against both the Italian and German Army , and , after the Italian surrender , against the German Army in Italy . However , the bulk of the Indian Army was committed to fighting the Japanese Army , first during the British defeats in Malaya and the retreat from Burma to the Indian border ; later , after resting and refitting for the victorious advance back into Burma , as part of the largest British Empire army ever formed . These campaigns cost the lives of over 36,000 Indian servicemen , while another 34,354 were wounded ; 67,340 became prisoners of war . Their valour was recognised with the award of some 4,000 decorations , and 38 members of the Indian Army were awarded the Victoria Cross or the George Cross . The demands of war and increasing recognition that the era of British dominance in the subcontinent was ending increased the pace of `` Indianisation . '' In 1940 , Subroto Mukherjee ( later the first Indian C - in - C and Chief of the Air Staff ) became the first Indian to command an air force squadron and attain the ( albeit acting ) rank of squadron leader . In July 1941 , Indian Medical Service officer Hiraji Cursetji became one of the first Indian officers to be promoted to substantive general officer rank . During the war , several Indian Army officers , notably Kodandera M. Cariappa , S.M. Shrinagesh and Kodandera Subayya Thimayya , all of whom would subsequently command the Indian Army , achieved distinction as the first Indian battalion and brigade commanders . In 1946 , sailors of the Royal Indian Navy mutinied on board ships and in shore establishments . A total of 78 ships , 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in the rebellion , which had an impact across India . Dominion of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) ( edit ) The period immediately following Indian independence was a traumatic time for India and her armed services . Along with the newly independent India , the Indian Armed Forces were forcibly divided between India and Pakistan , with ships , divisions and aircraft allocated to the respective Dominions . During this period , the armed forces of India were involved in a number of significant military operations , notably the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 and Operation Polo , the code name of a military operation in September 1948 where the Indian Armed Forces invaded the State of Hyderabad and overthrew its Nizam , annexing the state into the Indian Union . On 15 January 1949 , General KM Cariappa was appointed the first Indian Commander - in - Chief of the Indian army . Republic of India ( 1950 to present ) ( edit ) Main article : Military operations of India Upon India becoming a sovereign republic on 26 January 1950 , some of the last vestiges of British rule - rank badges , imperial crowns , British ensigns and `` Royal '' monikers - were dropped and replaced with the Indian tricolour and the Lion Capital of Asoka . While India had become a republic , British officers seconded from the British Armed Forces continued to hold senior positions in the Indian Armed Forces into the early 1960s . On 1 April 1954 , Air Marshal Subroto Mukherjee became the first Indian Commander - in - Chief of the Indian Air Force . Effective from 1 April 1955 , a Parliamentary Act , the Commanders - In - Chiefs ( Change in Designation ) Act , re-designated the office of Commander - in - Chief as the Chief of Staff of each branch . Not until 1958 would the last British chief of staff that of the Indian Navy , be succeeded by an Indian . On 22 April of that year , Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari became the first Indian Chief of Naval Staff . The Chiefs of Staff of the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy were upgraded to four - star rank on par with the Chief of Army Staff in 1966 and 1968 , respectively . In 1961 tensions rose between India and Portugal over the Portuguese - occupied territory of Goa , which India claimed for itself . After Portuguese police cracked down violently on a peaceful , unarmed demonstration for union with India , the Indian government decided to invade and initiated Operation Vijay . A lopsided air , sea , and ground campaign resulted in the speedy surrender of Portuguese forces . Within 36 hours , 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule ended , and Goa was annexed by India . Pakistan 's Lt. Gen. A.A.K. Niazi signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec ' 1971 , in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Aurora . Standing behind them are officers of India 's Army , Navy and Air Force . The 1971 War directly involved participation of all three arms of Indian Armed Forces . India fought four major wars with its neighbour Pakistan in 1947 , 1965 , 1971 and 1999 , and with China in 1962 . Indian victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war , helped create the free country of Bangladesh . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , Pakistan began organising tourist expeditions to the Siachen Glacier , disputed territory with India . Irked by this development , in April 1984 India initiated the successful Operation Meghdoot during which it gained control over all of the 70 kilometer ( 41 mile ) - long Siachen Glacier , and all of its tributary glaciers , as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier -- Sia La , Bilafond La , and Gyong La . According to TIME magazine , India gained more than 1,000 square miles ( 3,000 km ) of territory as a result of its military operations in Siachen . In 1987 and in 1989 Pakistan to re-take the glacier but was unsuccessful . The conflict ended with Indian Victory . There has been a ceasefire since 2003 . The Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) carried out a mission in northern and eastern Sri Lanka in 1987 -- 1990 to disarm the Tamil Tigers under the terms of the Indo - Sri Lanka Accord . It was a difficult battle for the Indian Army , which was not trained for an unconventional war . After losing approximately 1,200 personnel and several T - 72 tanks , India ultimately abandoned the mission in consultation with the Sri Lankan government . In what was labelled as Operation Pawan , the Indian Air Force flew about 70,000 sorties to and within Sri Lanka . The beginning of the 21st century saw a reorientation for India on the global stage from a regional role in the subcontinent to a major role in the Indian Ocean region stretching from the Gulf of Aden to the Malacca Strait . India 's sphere of influence needs to encompass not just the South Asian Sub-continent , but also the northern Indian Ocean area , from the eastern seaboard of Africa in the west , to the Malacca Straits in the east , and must include Iran , Afghanistan , the Central Asian Republics ( CARs ) , China and Myanmar . India 's credibility , as a regional power will be contingent on institutional stability , economic development and military strength , including nuclear deterrence . The long stretches of disputed borders with China and Pakistan , and sizeable areas under their occupation , continue to be major irritants , in spite of the peace processes under - way with both countries . Current ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in New Delhi , the capital city of India . The President of India serves as the formal Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces , while actual control lies with the executive headed by the Prime Minister of India . The Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) is the ministry charged with the responsibilities of countering insurgency and ensuring external security of India . General Bipin Rawat is the Chief of the Army Staff ( COAS ) , Admiral Sunil Lanba is the Chief of the Naval Staff ( CNS ) and Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa is the Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) . The Indian armed force are split into different groups based on their region of operation . The Indian Army is divided administratively into seven tactical commands , each under the control of different Lieutenant Generals . The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional commands . Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding - in - Chief with the rank of Air Marshal . The Indian Navy operates three Commands . Each Command is headed by a Flag Officer Commanding - in - Chief with the rank of Vice Admiral . There are two joint commands whose head can belong to any of the three services . These are the Strategic Forces Command and the Andaman and Nicobar Command . The lack of an overall military commander has helped keep the Indian Armed Forces under civilian control , and has prevented the rise of military dictatorships unlike in neighbouring Pakistan . South Block in New Delhi is the headquarters of the Ministry of Defence . The Armed Forces have four main tasks ; To assert the territorial integrity of India . To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation . To support the civil community in case of disasters ( e.g. flooding ) . To participate in United Nations peacekeeping operations in consonance with India 's commitment to the United Nations Charter . The code of conduct of the Indian military is detailed in a semi-official book called Customs and Etiquette in the Services , written by retired Major General Ravi Arora , which details how Indian personnel are expected to conduct themselves generally . Arora is an executive editor of the Indian Military Review . The major deployments of the Indian army constitute the border regions of India , particularly Jammu and Kashmir , Ladakh , and Northeast India , to engage in counter-insurgency and anti-terrorist operations . The major commitments of the Indian Navy constitute patrol missions , anti-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia , the ' Singapore Indian Maritime Bilateral Exercise ' with the Republic of Singapore Navy in the Straits of Malacca , maintaining a military presence in Southeast Asias waters , and joint exercises with other countries , such as : Brasil , South Africa , the United States and Japan , France ( Varuna naval exercises ) , the People 's Republic of China , the Russian Navy ( INDRA naval exercises ) , and others . Top ten military expenditures in US $ Bn. in 2014 , according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies . Between April 2015 and March 2016 , India allocated $40 billion to Defense Services , $10 billion to Defense ( Civil Estimates ) and another $10 billion to the Home Ministry for Paramilitary and CAPF forces - a total allocation for defense and security of about $60 billion for the financial year 2015 -- 16 . In 2016 - 17 , the contribution to the Home Ministry has been increased from $10 billion to $11.5 billion . Contemporary criticism of the Indian military have drawn attention to several issues , such as lack of political reform , obsolete equipment , lack of adequate ammunition , and inadequate research and development due to over-reliance on foreign imports . In addition , the lack of a ' strategic culture ' among the political class in India is claimed to have hindered the effectiveness of the Indian military . Critics believe these issues hobble the progress and modernisation of the military . However , analysis by the Central Intelligence Agency indicates that India is projected to have the fourth most capable concentration of power by 2015 . According to a report published by the US Congress , India is the developing world 's leading arms purchaser . It is investing ₹ 99.7 billion ( US $1.6 billion ) to build a dedicated and secure optical fibre cable ( OFC ) network for exclusive use of the Army , Navy and Air Force . This will be one of the world 's largest closed user group ( CUG ) networks . Personnel ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) During 2010 , the Indian Armed Forces had a reported strength of 1.4 million active personnel and 2.1 million reserve personnel . In addition , there were approximately 1.3 million paramilitary personnel , making it one of the world 's largest military forces . A total of 1,567,390 ex - servicemen are registered with the Indian Army , the majority of them hailing from : Uttar Pradesh ( 271,928 ) , Punjab ( 191,702 ) , Haryana ( 165,702 ) , Maharashtra ( 143,951 ) , Kerala ( 127,920 ) , Tamil Nadu ( 103,156 ) , Rajasthan ( 100,592 ) and Himachal Pradesh ( 78,321 ) . Many of them are re-employed in various Central government sectors . Prior to 1992 , women served in auxiliary services . Since then , women have been granted the right to serve as officers in the military and starting 2015 , women fighter jet combat pilots were also inducted . As of 2014 , the percentage of the women in the Army was 3 % , in the Navy was 2.8 % and in the Air Force was 8.5 % . Recruitment and training ( edit ) The highest wartime gallantry award given by the Military of India is the Param Vir Chakra ( PVC ) , followed by the Maha Vir Chakra ( MVC ) and the Vir Chakra ( VrC ) . Its peacetime equivalent is the Ashoka Chakra Award . The highest decoration for meritorious service is the Param Vishisht Seva Medal . Picture showing equivalent ranks and insignia of Indian Armed Forces ( click to enlarge ) Indian Armed Forces Active Reserve Indian Army 1,220,010 991,000 Indian Navy 67,109 55,000 Indian Air Force 140,139 140,000 1,427,258 1,186,000 Paramilitary Forces Active Reserve Indian Coast Guard 11,000 Assam Rifles 66,000 Special Frontier Force 10,000 87,000 N.A. Central Armed Police Forces and Others ' Central Reserve Police Force 313,678 Border Security Force 257,363 Indo - Tibetan Border Police 89,432 Central Industrial Security Force 144,418 Sashastra Seema Bal 76,337 Railway Protection Force 75,000 National Disaster Response Force 13,000 SFs ( NSG & SPG ) 10,000 Other Forces 25,000 + 1,000,000 + 950,000 + Equivalent ranks of Indian military Indian Navy Indian Army Indian Air Force Commissioned ranks Admiral of the Fleet Field Marshal Marshal of the Air Force Admiral General Air Chief Marshal Vice Admiral Lieutenant General Air Marshal Rear Admiral Major General Air Vice Marshal Commodore Brigadier Air Commodore Captain Colonel Group Captain Commander Lieutenant Colonel Wing Commander Lt. Commander Major Squadron Leader Lieutenant Captain Flight Lieutenant Sub Lieutenant Lieutenant Flying Officer Junior commissioned ranks Master Chief Petty Officer 1st Class Subedar Major Master warrant officer Master Chief Petty Officer 2nd Class Subedar Warrant officer Chief Petty Officer Naib Subedar Junior warrant officer Non-commissioned ranks Petty Officer Havildar Sergeant Leading Seaman Naik Corporal Seaman 1 Lance Naik Leading aircraftsman Seaman 2 Sepoy Aircraftsman Footnotes Jump up ^ Risaldar Major in cavalry and armoured regiments Jump up ^ Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments Jump up ^ Naib Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments . Called as Jemadar until 1965 . Main article : Military academies in India The National Defence Academy ( NDA ) at Pune . NDA serves as the joint services academy for the Army , the Navy and the Air Force . The Indian Armed Forces have set up numerous military academies across India for training personnel . Military schools , Sainik Schools , and the Rashtriya Indian Military College were founded to broaden the recruitment base of the Defence Forces . The three branches of the Indian Armed Forces jointly operate several institutions such as : the National Defence Academy ( NDA ) , the Defence Services Staff College ( DSSC ) , the National Defence College ( NDC ) and the College of Defence Management ( CDM ) for training its officers . The Armed Forces Medical College ( AFMC ) at Pune is responsible for providing the entire pool of medical staff to the Armed Forces by giving them in - service training . Officer recruitment is through many military - related academies . Besides the tri-service National Defence Academy , Pune , the three services have their own training institutes for this purpose . These include : the Indian Military Academy , Dehradun , Indian Naval Academy , Ezhimala , Air Force Academy , Hyderabad , Officers Training Academy at Chennai and Gaya . Other notable institutions are the Army War College , at Mhow , Madhya Pradesh , the High Altitude Warfare School ( HAWS ) , at Gulmarg , Jammu and Kashmir , the Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School ( CIJW ) , in Vairengte , Mizoram , and the College of Military Engineering ( CME ) , in Pune . After being commissioned , officers are posted and deputed , and are at the helm of affairs not only inside India but also abroad . Officers are appointed and removed only by the President of India . Overseas bases and relations ( edit ) Farkhor Air Base is a military air base located near the town of Farkhor in Tajikistan , 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) southeast of the capital Dushanbe . It is operated by the Indian Air Force in collaboration with the Tajikistan Air Force . Farkhor is India 's first and only military base outside its territory . There was an unconfirmed report of India building some assets at Ayni air base in Tajikistan although the Tajik government has denied this . However , India had deployed its Army and Border Roads Organisation personnel to upgrade Ayni airbase by extending its runway , constructing an air - traffic control tower and perimeter fencing around the base . India provided medium - lift choppers to Tajikistan and a dedicated hospital there as part of efforts to build on the strategic ties between the two countries against the backdrop of US - led troops pulling out from Afghanistan in 2014 . India is also helping with the development of Chah Bahar Seaport in southeastern Iran , which is speculated to be done to secure India 's Maritime assets and also as a gateway to Afghanistan & Central Asia . However , India and Israel also have a very strong defence relationship . Contingent from the Indian Armed Forces at the Moscow Victory Day Parade , 2015 In the 1950 Indo - Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship , India took on the obligation to actively assist Nepal in national defence and military preparedness , and both nations agreed not to tolerate threats to each other 's security . In 1958 , the then - Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Bhutan and reiterated India 's support for Bhutan 's independence and later declared in the Indian Parliament that any aggression against Bhutan would be seen as aggression against India . India started the process to bring the island country Maldives into India 's security grid . India is also one of three countries with whom Japan has a security pact , the others being Australia and the United States . India and Russia maintain strong military co-operation . India has defence pacts with the US focusing on areas including security , joint training , joint development and manufacture of defence equipment and technology . In 1951 , India and Burma signed a Treaty of Friendship in New Delhi . Article II of the treaty stipulates that `` There shall be everlasting peace and unalterable friendship between the two States who shall ever strive to strengthen and develop further the cordial relations existing between the peoples of the two countries . '' India had signed a pact to develop ports in Myanmar and various bilateral issues , including economic co-operation , connectivity , security and energy . India has a `` comprehensive strategic partnership '' with UAE . India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar . In 2008 , a landmark defence pact was signed , under which India committed its military assets to protect `` Qatar from external threats '' . On 9 June 2012 , the JIMEX 2012 naval exercise took place off the coast of Tamil Nadu in India to Tokyo in Japan . This was the first ever bilateral maritime exercise between the two nations in a long time , reflecting their similar interests , especially those involving spontaneous regional security against common external aggressors . The Indian Navy has berthing rights in Oman and Vietnam . As part of its two decade - old Look East policy , India has substantially stepped up military engagement with East Asian and ASEAN nations . Although never explicitly stated , ASEAN and East Asian nations want New Delhi to be a counterweight to increasing Chinese footprints in the region . Philippines , Thailand , Indonesia and , particularly , Vietnam and Myanmar have time and again pressed India to help them both in terms of military training and weapons supply . Myanmar 's Navy Chief , Vice Admiral Thura Thet Swe during his four - day visit to India in late July 2012 held wide - ranging consultations with top officials from the Indian Ministry of Defence . Apart from increasing the number of training slots of Myanmar officers in Indian military training establishments , India has agreed to build at least four Offshore Patrol Vehicles ( OPV ) in Indian Shipyards to be used by Myanmar 's navy . For more than a decade now , India has assisted Vietnam in beefing up its naval and air capabilities . For instance , India has repaired and upgraded more than 100 MiG 21 planes of the Vietnam People 's Air Force and supplied them with enhanced avionics and radar systems . Indian Air Force pilots have also been training their Vietnamese counterparts . In a first , India has offered a $100 - million credit line to Vietnam to purchase military equipment . A bilateral agreement for the use of facilities in India by the Singapore Air Force and Army was signed in October 2007 and August 2008 respectively and has been extended up to 2017 . Singapore is the only country to which India is offering such facilities . Indian Army ( edit ) Main article : Indian Army Indian Army 's Arjun tank The Indian Army is a voluntary service , the military draft having never been imposed in India . It is one of the largest standing armies ( and the largest standing volunteer army ) in the world , with 1,129,900 active troops and 960,000 reserve troops . The force is headed by the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army , General Bipin Rawat . The highest rank in the Indian Army is Field Marshal , but it is a largely ceremonial rank and appointments are made by the President of India , on the advice of the Union Cabinet of Ministers , only in exceptional circumstances . ( See Field Marshal ( India ) ) . Late Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw and the late Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa are the only two officers who have attained this rank . The army has rich combat experience in diverse terrains , due to India 's varied geography , and also has a distinguished history of serving in United Nations peacekeeping operations . Initially , the army 's main objective was to defend the nation 's frontiers . However , over the years , the army has also taken up the responsibility of providing internal security , especially in insurgent - hit Kashmir and the north - east . The Indian Army has seen military action during the First Kashmir War , Operation Polo , the Sino - Indian War , the Second Kashmir War , the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , the Sri Lankan Civil War and the Kargil War . It has dedicated one brigade of troops to the UN 's standby arrangements . Through its large , sustained troop commitments India has been praised for taking part in difficult operations for prolonged periods . The Indian Army has participated in several UN peacekeeping operations including those in : Cyprus , Lebanon , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Angola , Cambodia , Vietnam , Namibia , El Salvador , Liberia , Mozambique and Somalia . The army also provided a paramedical unit to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded in the Korea . Doctrine , corps , Field Force ( edit ) Indian Army Pinaka multi barrel rocket launcher The current combat doctrine of the Indian Army is based on effectively utilising holding formations and strike formations . In the case of an attack , the holding formations would contain the enemy , and strike formations would counter-attack to neutralise enemy forces . In the case of an Indian attack , the holding formations would pin enemy forces down whilst the strike formations attack at a point of India 's choosing . The Indian Army is large enough to devote several corps to the strike role . The army is also looking at enhancing its special forces capabilities . With the role of India increasing , and the need to protect India 's interests on far - off shores becoming important , the Indian Army and Indian Navy are jointly planning to set up a marine brigade . The Army 's field force comprises thirteen corps , three armoured divisions , four Reorganised Army plains Infantry Divisions ( RAPID ) , eighteen infantry divisions and ten mountain divisions , a number of independent brigades , and requisite combat support and service support formations and units . Among the thirteen , three are `` strike '' corps -- Mathura ( I Corps ) , Ambala ( II Corps ) and Bhopal ( XXI Corps ) . The main combat and combat support units are 62 armoured regiments , and over 350 infantry battalions and 300 artillery regiments ( including two surface - to - surface missile ( SSM ) units ) . Amongst major armaments and equipment , there are nearly 4000 main battle tanks , 2000 armoured personnel carriers , 4300 artillery pieces and 200 light helicopters . Mountain strike corps ( edit ) India is raising a new mountain strike corps to strengthen its defence along its disputed border with China in the high reaches of the Himalayas . However , the entire XVII Corps , with its headquarters at Panagarh in West Bengal , will only be fully raised with 90,274 troops at a cost of Rs 64,678 crore by 2018 -- 2019 . With units spread across the 4,057 kilometres ( 2,521 mi ) Line of Actual Control ( LAC ) from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh , the corps will have two high - altitude infantry divisions ( 59 Div at Panagarh and 72 Div at Pathankot ) with their integral units , two independent infantry brigades , two armoured brigades and the like . It will include 30 new infantry battalions and two Para-Special Forces battalions . In other words , it will have `` rapid reaction force '' capability to launch a counter-offensive into Tibet Autonomous Region ( TAR ) in the event of any Chinese attack . Army Aviation corps ( edit ) Main article : Army Aviation Corps ( India ) Indian Army 's HAL Dhruv helicopter The Army Aviation Corps is another vital part of the Indian Army formed on 1 November 1986 . The army aviation pilots are drawn from other combat arms , including artillery officers , to form a composite third dimensional force for an integrated battle . IAF operates and flies attack Helicopters like the Mil Mi - 25 / Mi - 35 which are owned and administered by the Indian Air Force , but under the operational control of the Army and play a major role to support the armoured columns and infantry . Apart from the attack role , helicopters like the HAL Chetak , HAL Cheetah , and HAL Dhruv provide logistical support for the Indian Army in remote and inaccessible areas , especially the Siachen Glacier . To equip Army Aviation Corps , procurement process for 197 light utility helicopters ( LUH ) is ongoing , of which 64 will be inducted in the Army Aviation to replace the Cheetak and Cheetah Helicopters . HAL has obtained a firm order to deliver 114 HAL Light Combat Helicopters to the Indian Army . Modernisation ( edit ) Mechanised Forces ( edit ) Indian Army 's tanks and infantry vehicles during an exercise . India is re-organising its mechanised forces to achieve strategic mobility and high - volume firepower for rapid thrusts into enemy territory . At present , the Indian army has severe deficiencies in its artillery ( particularly self - propelled guns ) and ammunition stocks , not to mention the inability of some of its modern tanks to operate in the heat and dust of the desert regions around the international border . India proposes to progressively induct as many as 248 Arjun MBT and to develop and induct the Arjun MK - II variant , 1,657 Russian - origin T - 90 S main - battle tanks , apart from the ongoing upgrade of its T - 72 fleet . Arjun MK - II trials had already begun in August 2013 . The improved features of the MK - II version of Arjun are night vision capabilities with a thermal imaging system for detecting all kinds of missiles , Explosive Reactive Armor ( ERA ) , mine ploughs , the ability to fire anti-tank missiles with its 120 mm main gun , an Advanced Air Defence gun capable of shooting down helicopters with a 360 degree coverage , Automatic Target Tracking ( ATT ) lending a greater accuracy when it comes to moving targets and superior Laser Warning and Control systems . The Indian Army will upgrade its entire Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty - 2 ( BMP - 2 ) / 2K infantry combat vehicle ( ICV ) fleet to enhance their ability to address operational requirements . Upgrades include integration of the latest generation fire control system , twin missile launchers and commander 's thermal imaging panoramic sights , anti - tank guided missiles , as well as automatic grenade launchers . Under the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan , the army plans to procure 3000 to 4000 pieces of artillery at a cost of US $3 billion . This includes purchasing 1580 towed , 814 mounted , 180 self - propelled wheeled , 100 self - propelled tracked and 145 ultra-light 155 mm / 52 calibre artillery guns . After three years of searching and negotiations , India ordered M777 155mm howitzers from USA in September 2013 . To lend greater firepower support to the mechanised infantry , DRDO has developed the Pinaka multiple rocket launcher . The system has a maximum range of 39 -- 40 kilometres ( 24 -- 25 mi ) and can fire a salvo of 12 HE rockets in 44 seconds , neutralising a target area of 3.9 square kilometres ( 1.5 sq mi ) . The system is mounted on a Tatra truck for mobility . Pinaka saw service during the Kargil War , where it was successful in neutralising enemy positions on the mountain tops . It has since been inducted into the Indian Army in large numbers . Infantry ( edit ) Indian Army soldiers during a military exercise , 2013 The Indian Army has also embarked on an infantry modernisation programme known as Futuristic Infantry Soldier As a System ( F - INSAS ) . The infantry soldiers will be equipped with modular weapon systems that will have multiple functions . The core systems include bullet proof helmet and visor . The bullet proof helmet is an integrated assembly equipped with helmet mounted flashlight , thermal sensors and night vision device , miniature computer with audio headsets . The personal clothing of the soldier of the future would be lightweight with a bullet - proof jacket . The futuristic jacket would be waterproof , yet it would be able to breathe . The new attire will enable the troops to carry extra loads and resist the impact of nuclear , chemical and biological warfare . The new uniform will have vests with sensors to monitor the soldier 's health parameters and to provide quick medical relief . The weapons sub-system is built around a multi-calibre individual weapon system with the fourth calibre attached to a grenade launcher . These include a 5.56 mm , a 7.62 mm and a new 6.8 mm under development for the first time in India . In November 2013 , the Indian Army moved a step closer to the battlefield of the future , where command networks know the precise location of every soldier and weapon , with whom generals can exchange reports , photos , data and verbal and written communications . Army headquarters called in 14 Indian companies and issued them an expression of interest ( EoI ) for developing a Battlefield Management System ( BMS ) . The BMS will integrate combat units -- armoured , artillery and infantry regiments , infantry battalions , helicopter flights , etc. -- into a digital network that will link together all components of the future battlefield . While precise costs are still unclear , vendors competing for the contract say the army expects to pay about Rs 40,000 crore for developing and manufacturing the BMS . However , in 2015 , the Indian Army decided to replace the F - INSAS program in favour of two separate projects . The new program will have two components : one arming the modern infantry soldier with the best available assault rifle , carbines and personal equipment such as the helmet and bulletproof vests , the second part is the Battlefield Management Systems ( BMS ) . Exercises ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An Indian Army officer briefing Russian soldiers during a joint exercise in 2015 Exercise Yuddh Abhyas is part of an ongoing series of joint exercises between the Indian and United States Armies since 2005 , agreed upon under the New Framework of India - US Defence Relationship . Commencing at the platoon level , the exercise has graduated to a command post ( CPX ) and field training exercise ( FTX ) . Exercise Shakti is an ongoing series of joint exercises between the Indian and French armies begun in 2011 . Exercise Shakti is conducted to practice and validate anti-terrorist operations and drills in snowbound and mountainous areas . Exercise Indra is a bi-annual military exercise conducted jointly by India and Russia , which began in 2003 . Exercise Nomadic Elephant is a series of exercises held by the Indian Army with the Mongolian Army . The aim of the exercises is to enhance counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations , and to conduct peacekeeping operations under the mandate of the United Nation . Exercise Rudra Akrosh , in May 2012 , was an exercise carried out by the Indian Army to test the preparedness level of its units , and to validate new age technology , battle concepts , organisational structures and networked operations . The Western Army Command conducted the exercise in Punjab , Jammu and Kashmir . Exercise Ashwamedha was a recent exercise to test the army 's network - centric warfare capabilities . It was held in the Thar desert with over 300,000 troops participating . Asymmetric warfare capability was also tested by the Indian Army during the exercise . Indian Navy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Indian Navy The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the Indian armed forces . With 58,350 men and women , including 7,000 personnel of the Indian Naval Air Arm , 1,200 Marine Commandos ( MARCOS ) and 1,000 personnel of the Sagar Prahari Bal . The Indian Navy is one of the world 's largest naval forces and aspires to develop into a blue water navy . The Indian Navy has a large operational fleet consisting of 2 aircraft carriers , 1 amphibious transport dock , 9 Landing ship tanks , 10 destroyers , 14 frigates , 1 nuclear - powered attack submarine , 14 conventionally - powered attack submarines , 24 corvettes , 6 mine countermeasure vessels , 25 patrol vessels , 4 fleet tankers and various auxiliary vessels . Ships ( edit ) Indian Navy ships in transit led by aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya The Indian navy 's carrier fleet revolved around INS Viraat , a Centaur - class aircraft carrier , formerly with British Navy , which was retired in March , 2017 . The navy 's second aircraft carrier , INS Vikramaditya , was commissioned into the Indian Navy at a Russian shipyard on 16 November 2013 . INS Vikramaditya was escorted to India during a nearly two - month voyage by a group of warships to secure a safe sail to its new base at Karwar on the Arabian Sea coast next to Goa . The navy also operates three Delhi - class and five Rajput class guided - missile destroyers . The Delhi and Rajput class destroyers will be replaced in the near future by the next - generation Kolkata class ( Project 15A destroyers ) . In addition to destroyers , the navy operates several classes of frigates such as three Shivalik ( Project 16 class ) and six Talwar class frigates . Seven additional Shivalik class frigates ( Project 17A class frigates ) are on order . The older Brahmaputra class and Godavari class frigates will be replaced systematically one by one as the new classes of frigates are brought into service over the next decade . Smaller littoral zone combatants in service are in the form of corvettes , of which , the Indian Navy operates the Kamorta , Kora , Khukri , Veer and Abhay classes corvettes . Replenishment tankers such as the Jyoti class tanker , the Aditya and the new Deepak class fleet tankers help improve the navy 's endurance at sea . These tankers will be the mainstay of the replenishment fleet until the first half of the 21st century . Submarines ( edit ) INS Chakra is India 's nuclear - powered attack submarine . The Indian Navy operates a sizeable fleet of Sindhughosh ( Russian Kilo - class design ) and Shishumar ( German Type 209 / 1500 design ) class submarines . A nuclear - powered attack submarine INS Chakra has been leased from Russia . India has started construction of six Scorpène class submarines at Mazagon Dockyards Limited ( MDL ) , in Mumbai under technology transfer from French firm DCNS . The new submarines will feature air - independent propulsion and are expected to start joining the navy during the second half of 2016 . Designed for coastal defence against under - water threats , the 1,750 - tonne submarine - submarine - killer ( SSK ) Scorpene is 67 metres ( 73 yd ) in length and can dive to a depth of 300 metres ( 330 yd ) . According to French naval officials , the submarine can stay at sea for 45 days with a crew of 31 . The standard version has six torpedo tubes and anti-shipping missile launchers . Another ambitious project in this regard is the nuclear - powered ballistic missile submarine manufacture programme -- INS Arihant class . Weapons systems ( edit ) Main article : Weapon systems of the Indian Navy The Indian Navy 's BrahMos supersonic anti-ship cruise missile In the category of weapon systems , the Indian Navy operates K Missile family submarine launched ballistic missiles , the Prithvi - III ballistic ship - launched missile , and a number of land - attack cruise / Anti-ship missiles such as Brahmos Supersonic Cruise Missile , 3M - 54E / 3M - 14E Klub Anti-Ship / Land Attack Cruise Missile ( SS - N - 27 Sizzler ) , Kh - 35 ( SS - N - 25 SwitchBlade ) , P - 20 ( SS - N - 2D Styx ) , Sea Eagle missile and Gabriel . Nirbhay long - range subsonic cruise missile and Brahmos Hypersonic Cruise Missile are in development . India has also fitted its P - 8I Neptune reconnaissance aircraft with all - weather , active - rader - homing , over-the - horizon AGM - 84L Harpoon Block II Missiles and Mk 54 All - Up - Round Lightweight Torpedoes . Indian warships ' primary air - defence shield is provided by Barak - 1 SAM , while an advanced version Barak - 8 , developed in collaboration with Israel , has entered service . India 's next - generation Scorpene class submarines will be armed with the Exocet anti-ship missile system . Among indigenous missiles , a ship - launched version of Prithvi - II is called the Dhanush , which has a range of 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) and can carry a nuclear warhead . Naval Air Arm ( edit ) Main article : Indian Naval Air Arm An Indian Navy P - 8I Neptune anti-submarine warfare aircraft The Indian Naval Air Arm is a branch of Indian Navy which is tasked to provide an aircraft carrier based strike capability , fleet air defence , maritime reconnaissance , and anti-submarine warfare . Flag Officer Naval Aviation ( FONA ) at Goa directs the field operations of the air arm . Naval Air Arm operates eight Tu - 142 aircraft , which entered service in 1988 . Upgrading of the aircraft is taking place , which helps to extend the service life of the aircraft by sixteen years . The BAE Sea Harrier operates from the INS Viraat . The BAE Sea Harrier FRS Mk. 51 / T Mk. 60 fly with the INAS 300 and INAS 552 squadrons of the Indian Navy . The Mikoyan MiG - 29K will be deployed aboard the INS Vikramaditya . The Indian Navy operates five Il - 38 planes . They are being upgraded to use Sea Dragon suite . Used principally for anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) and search and rescue roles , the helicopter fleet of Westland Sea King and the Sikorsky SH - 3 Sea King operate from INS Garuda ( Kochi ) as well as INS Kunjali - II ( Mumbai ) air stations . 56 more naval utility helicopters are planned to be inducted from 2016 . These will be used for surveillance , anti-submarine warfare , electronic intelligence gathering and search and rescue operations . The helicopters will be equipped with 70mm rocket launchers , 12.7 mm guns , lightweight torpedoes and depth charges . The Indian Navy will also continue to procure HAL Dhruv as a multi-role utility platform . In the long - range maritime reconnaissance ( LRMR ) role , the navy uses Boeing P - 8I Neptune and has issued a global tender for nine medium - range maritime reconnaissance ( MRMR ) aircraft for coastal defence . Naval satellite ( edit ) India 's first exclusive defence satellite GSAT - 7 was successfully launched by European space consortium Arianespace 's Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou spaceport in French Guiana in August 2013 , giving a major push to the country 's maritime security . The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band , home - built communication spacecraft , which is operational . GSAT - 7 was designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) and is expected to operate for seven years in its orbital slot at 74 degrees east , providing UHF , S - band , C - band and Ku - band relay capacity . Its Ku - band capacity is expected to provide high - density data transmission facility both for voice and video . This satellite has been provided with additional power to communicate with smaller and mobile ( not necessarily land - based ) terminals . This dedicated satellite is expected to provide the Indian navy with an approximately 3,500 -- 4,000 kilometres ( 2,200 -- 2,500 mi ) footprint over the Indian Ocean region , and over both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal region and enable real - time networking of all its operational assets in the water ( and land ) . It also will help the navy to operate in a network - centric atmosphere . Exercises ( edit ) Ships from the Indian navy , Japan Maritime Self - Defense Force during exercise Malabar 2017 . India often conducts naval exercises with other friendly countries designed to increase naval interoperability and also to strengthen cooperative security relationships . Some exercises take place annually like : the Varuna with the French Navy , Konkan with the Royal Navy , Indra with Russian Navy , Malabar with the US / Japan / Australian navies , Simbex with the Republic of Singapore Navy and IBSAMAR with the Brasil and South African navies . In 2007 , Indian Navy conducted naval exercise with the Japan Maritime Self - Defence Force and the U.S Navy in the Pacific and also signed an agreement with Japan in October 2008 for joint naval patrolling in the Asia - Pacific region . India has also held naval exercise with Vietnam , the Philippines and New Zealand . In 2007 , India and South Korea decided to conduct annual naval exercises and India participated in the South Korean international fleet review . In addition , the Indian Navy will also be increasing naval co-operation with other allies , particularly with Germany , and Arab states of the Persian Gulf including Kuwait , Oman , Bahrain and Saudi Arabia . Indian Navy also took part in the world 's largest naval exercise / war - game RIMPAC 2014 along with 22 other nations and has since taken part in RIMPAC each year . Modernisation ( edit ) INS Vikrant is the Indian Navy 's first indigenous aircraft carrier , shown here in 2015 . In recent years , the Indian Navy has undergone modernisation and expansion with the intention of countering growing Chinese maritime power in the Indian Ocean and reaching the status of a recognised blue - water navy . New equipment programmes include : the lease of a nuclear - powered submarine INS Chakra from Russia , the ex-Soviet carrier INS Vikramaditya and the first of the indigenously built Arihant class ballistic missile submarines by 2016 , the first of the Scorpene class submarines by 2016 and the indigenously built aircraft carrier INS Vikrant by 2018 . The plan in the near future is to have two aircraft carriers at sea at all times , with a third docked up in maintenance . Other programmes include the Talwar and Shivalik frigates and the Kolkata class destroyers , all of which will be equipped with the BrahMos cruise missile . In a significant step towards India 's pursuit for self - reliance in indigenous warship building , four anti-submarine Kamorta - class stealth corvettes with features such as an X Form Hull and inclined sides for low Radar cross-section , Infra - red suppression , and Acoustic quieting systems are being built for the Indian Navy . Guided missile destroyer INS Delhi Recent induction of the attack submarine INS Chakra , and the development of INS Arihant , make the Indian Navy one of six navies worldwide capable of building and operating nuclear - powered submarines . ( Others include : China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom and the United States . ) India also launched a 37,500 - ton indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant in August 2013 in its bid to join a select group of nations - the United States , the United Kingdom , Russia and France - capable of building such warships . It will undergo extensive tests in the next few years before it is commissioned into the navy . The INS Vikrant , is expected to carry MiG 29K fighters and light combat aircraft such as the HAL Tejas . India is also set to become the first country to buy a military aircraft from Japan since World War II . India is expected to sign a deal for the purchase of six Utility Seaplane Mark 2 ( US - 2 ) amphibian aircraft when Prime Minister Narendra Modi visits Japan from 31 August -- 3 September 2014 . The 47 - tonne US - 2 aircraft does not require a long airstrip to take off or to land . It is capable of taking off from land and water ( 300 metres ( 330 yd ) - stretch ) . It can carry loads of up to 18 tonnes and can be engaged in search and rescue operations . With a range of over 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) it can patrol areas 1,800 kilometres ( 1,100 mi ) away and react to an emergency by landing 30 armed troops even in waves as high as 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) . Indian Air Force ( edit ) Main article : Indian Air Force The Indian Air Force is the air arm of the Indian armed forces . Its primary responsibility is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict . It was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the British Raj and the prefix Royal was added in 1945 in recognition of its services during World War II . After India achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 , the Royal Indian Air Force served the Dominion of India , with the prefix being dropped when India became a republic in 1950 . The Indian Air Force plays a crucial role in securing Indian airspace and also in India 's power projection in South Asia and Indian Ocean . Therefore , modernising and expanding the Indian Air Force is a top priority for the Indian government . Over the years , the IAF has grown from a tactical force to one with transoceanic reach . The strategic reach emerges from induction of Force Multipliers like Flight Refueling Aircraft ( FRA ) , Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ( UAV ) and credible strategic lift capabilities . Aircraft ( edit ) Main article : List of active Indian military aircraft India 's Sukhoi Su - 30MKI Historically , the IAF has generally relied on Soviet , British , Israeli and French military craft and technology to support its growth . IAF 's primary air superiority fighter with the additional capability to conduct air - ground ( strike ) missions is Sukhoi Su - 30MKI . The IAF have placed an order for a total of 272 Su - 30MKIs of which 205 are in service as of May 2015 . The Mikoyan MiG - 29 is a dedicated air superiority fighter , and constitutes a second line of defence after the Sukhoi Su - 30MKI . At present , 66 MiG - 29s are in service , all of which are being upgraded to the MiG - 29UPG standard . The Dassault Mirage 2000 is the primary multirole fighter in service and the IAF operates 49 Mirage 2000Hs which are being upgraded to the Mirage 2000 - 5 MK2 standard . As part of the upgrade , the aircraft will also be equipped with MBDA 's MICA family of medium - range missiles . To give the IAF fighters an edge in anti-ship and land attack roles , a smaller version of BrahMos missile is being developed to be integrated in Sukhoi Su - 30MKI and is expected to be delivered to IAF by 2015 . India 's Tejas multi-role fighter aircraft In the aerial refuelling ( tanker ) role , the IAF operates six Ilyushin Il - 78 MKIs . For strategic military transport operations the IAF uses the Ilyushin Il - 76 , and has placed orders for 10 Boeing C - 17 Globemaster III , four of which were delivered by November 2013 . The C - 130J Super-Hercules planes of the IAF is used by special forces for combined Army - Air Force operations . There are six C - 130Js in service and six more are planned to be procured . The Antonov An - 32 serves as medium transport aircraft in the IAF . As an airborne early warning system , the IAF operates the Israeli EL / W - 2090 Phalcon Airborne Early Warning and Control System AEW&C . A total of three such systems are in service , with possible orders for two more . The DRDO AEW&CS is a project of India 's DRDO to develop an AEW&C system for the Indian Air Force . The DRDO AEWACS programme aims to deliver three radar - equipped surveillance aircraft to the Indian Air Force . The aircraft platform selected was the Embraer ERJ 145 . Three ERJ 145 were procured from Embraer at a cost of US $300 Million , including the contracted modifications to the airframe . Probable delivery date for the first batch of three is 2015 . Network - centric warfare ( edit ) DRDO AEW&CS The Indian Air Force ( IAF ) made progress towards becoming a truly network - centric air force with the integration of Air Force Network ( AFNET ) , a reliable and robust digital information grid that enables accurate and faster response to enemy threats , in 2010 . The modern , state - of - the - art AFNET is a fully secure communication network , providing IAF a critical link among its command and control centre , sensors such as the Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems , and attack platforms such as fighter aircraft and missile launchers . Integrated Air Command and Control System ( IACCS ) , an automated command and control system for Air Defence ( AD ) operations will ride the AFNet backbone integrating all ground - based and airborne sensors , AD weapon systems and C2 nodes . A C - 130 J tactical transport aircraft Subsequent integration with other services networks and civil radars will provide an integrated Air Situation Picture to operators to carry out Air Defence role . AFNet will prove to be an effective force multiplier for intelligence analysis , mission planning and control , post-mission feedback and related activities like maintenance , logistics and administration . A comprehensive design with multi-layer security precautions for `` Defence in Depth '' have been planned by incorporating encryption technologies , Intrusion Prevention Systems to ensure the resistance of the IT system against information manipulation and eavesdropping . In October 2013 , IAF launched its own stand - alone Rs 300 crore cellular network through which secure video calling and other information exchange facilities will be provided . The IAF also plans to issue around one hundred thousand mobile handsets to its personnel of the rank of sergeant and above to connect and provide secure ' end - point ' connectivity to the air warriors deployed across the country . The captive network has been named ' Air Force Cellular ' . While Phase I of the project will ensure mobile connectivity to all air warriors in the National Capital Region , its Phase II will cover the rest of the bases . Modernisation ( edit ) Main article : Future of the Indian Air Force India has ordered 15 heavy - lift Chinook helicopters from the US . Photo shows a US Army Chinook . The HAL Light Combat Helicopter in digital camouflage The Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft ( MMRCA ) competition , also known as the MRCA tender , was a competition to supply 126 multi-role combat aircraft to the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) . The Defence Ministry has allocated ~ US $13 billion for the purchase of these aircraft , making it India 's single largest defence deal . The MRCA tender was floated with the idea of filling the gap between its future Light Combat Aircraft and its in - service Sukhoi Su - 30MKI air superiority fighter . On 31 January 2012 , it was announced that Dassault Rafale won the competition due to its lower life - cycle cost . The Indian Air Force ( IAF ) is also in the final stages of acquiring 22 Apache Longbow gunships , armed with Hellfire and Stinger missiles in a $1.2 billion contract and 15 heavy - lift Boeing CH Chinook helicopters . The IAF has initiated the process for acquisition of additional Mi - 17 IV helicopters , heavy lift helicopters , Advanced Light Helicopter and Light Combat Helicopters . Among trainer aircraft , the Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer has been inducted and the Intermediate Jet Trainer ( IJT ) would be acquired in the near future . In recent times , India has also manufactured its own aircraft such as the HAL Tejas , a 4th generation fighter , and the HAL Dhruv , a multi-role helicopter , which has been exported to several countries , including Israel , Burma , Nepal and Ecuador . A weaponised version of Dhruv is called the HAL Rudra , which is armed with high - velocity M621 20 mm cannon , long - range 70 mm rockets ( 8 km ) , air - to - air missiles ( Mistral - II ) , and MAWS ( missile approach warning system ) . Combat in Kargil highlighted the requirement of an attack helicopter specially made for such high - altitude operations . The HAL Light Combat Helicopter ( LCH ) is a multi-role combat helicopter being developed in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ( HAL ) for use by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army . The LCH is being designed to fit into an anti-infantry and anti-armour role and will be able to operate at high altitudes . LCH will be fitted with indigenous anti-tank missile Helina . India also maintains unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) squadrons ( primarily Searcher - II and Heron from Israel ) which can be used to carry out ground and aerial surveillance . India is also testing its own long - range Beyond Visual Range missile ( BVR ) an air - to - air missile named Astra , and also building a Medium Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ( UAV ) called Rustom . India is also in an ambitious collaboration programme with Russia to build fifth - generation fighter aircraft , called HAL / Sukhoi FGFA which will be based on the Russian Sukhoi Su - 57 fighter . Earlier in 2013 , the two sides completed the preliminary design of the FGFA and are now negotiating a detailed design contract . Although there is no reliable information about the Su - 57 and FGFA specifications yet , it is known from interviews with individuals in the Russian Air Force that it will be stealthy , have the ability to supercruise , be outfitted with the next generation of air - to - air , air - to - surface , and air - to - ship missiles , and incorporate an AESA radar . Joint co-development and co-production of Multi-role Transport Aircraft ( MTA ) , by Russian partners and HAL , is being launched to meet the requirements of the Russian and Indian Air Forces . The aircraft will be designed for the roles of a 15 -- 20 ton cargo / troop transport , paratrooping / airdrop of supplies including Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System ( LAPES ) capability . It will be configured such that all types of cargo can be transported , and the aircraft would be capable of operating from semi-prepared runways . The MTA is expected to replace the Indian Air Force 's ageing fleet of Antonov An - 32 transport aircraft . The aircraft is expected to conduct its first flight by 2017 , and to enter service by 2018 . To protect IAF assets on the ground , there has been a search for short - range surface - to - air missile . India has begun deploying six Akash surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) squadrons in the northeast to deter Chinese jets , helicopters and drones against any misadventure in the region . The IAF has started taking delivery of the six Akash missile squadrons , which can `` neutralise '' multiple targets at a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) interception range in all weather conditions , earmarked for the eastern theatre . The IAF has already deployed the first two Akash squadrons at the Mirage - 2000 base in Gwalior and the Sukhoi base in Pune . Paramilitary Forces ( edit ) Main article : Paramilitary forces of India Indian Coast Guard ( edit ) Main article : Indian Coast Guard Indian Coast Guard ( ICG ) helicopter takes a survivor to an ICG ship during a mock drill The Indian Coast Guard ( Hindi : भारतीय तटरक्षक , Bhāratīya Taṭarakṣaka ) ( ICG ) is the fourth independent armed force of India It protects India 's maritime interests and enforces maritime law , over territorial and international waters . The Indian Coast Guard was formally established on 18 August 1978 by The Coast Guard Act , 1978 of the Parliament of India . It operates under the Ministry of Defence . Assam Rifles ( edit ) Main article : Assam Rifles Assam Rifles personnel The Assam Rifles trace their lineage to a paramilitary police force that was formed under the British in 1835 called Cachar Levy . Since then the Assam Rifles have undergone a number of name changes before the name Assam Rifles was finally adopted in 1917 . Over the course of its history , the Assam Rifles , and its predecessor units , have served in a number of roles , conflicts and theatres including World War I where they served in Europe and the Middle East , and World War II where they served mainly in Burma . In the post-World War II period , the Assam Rifles have expanded greatly as has their role . There are currently 46 battalions of Assam Rifles under the control of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs ( MHA ) . They perform many roles including : the provision of internal security under the control of the army through the conduct of counter insurgency and border security operations , provision of aid to the civil power in times of emergency , and the provision of communications , medical assistance and education in remote areas . In times of war they can also be used as a combat force to secure rear areas if needed . Special Frontier Force ( edit ) Main article : Special Frontier Force The Special Frontier Force ( SFF ) is India 's paramilitary unit . It was initially conceived in the post Sino - Indian war period as a guerrilla force composed mainly of Tibetan refugees whose main goal was to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in case of another war between the People 's Republic of China and India . Later , its composition and roles were expanded . Based in Chakrata , Uttarakhand , SFF is also known as the Establishment 22 . The force is under the direct supervision of the Research and Analysis Wing , India 's external intelligence agency . Central Armed Police Forces ( edit ) A CRPF commando with the Tavor X-95 rifle Women personnel of Border Security Force The following are the five police forces termed as Central Armed Police Forces according to the nomenclature adopted from the year 2011 . Central reserve Police Force ( edit ) This is the largest of the Central Armed Police Force ( CRPF ) with 325,000 personnel in 245 battalions . The Central Reserve Police includes the Rapid Action Force ( RAF ) , a 10 battalion anti-riot force trained to respond to sectarian violence , and the Commando Battalion for Resolute Action ( COBRA ) , a 10,000 strong anti-Naxalite force . Border security Force ( edit ) The primary role of the Border Security Force ( BSF ) is to guard the land borders of the country , except the mountains . It has 240,000 personnel in 186 battalions , and is headed by an Indian Police Service Officer . Indo - Tibetan border Police ( edit ) The Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) is deployed for guard duties on the border with China from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Diphu La in Arunachal Pradesh covering a total distance of 2,488 kilometres ( 1,546 mi ) . It has 77,000 personnel in 55 battalions . Sashastra Seema Bal ( edit ) The objective of the Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) is to guard the Indo - Nepal and Indo - Bhutan Borders . It has 82,000 personnel and 48 battalions , as well as some reserve battalions . Central Industrial security Force ( edit ) One of the largest industrial security forces in the world , the Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) provides security to various public sector companies ( PSUs ) and other critical infrastructure installations across the country , such as airports . It has a total strength of about 112,000 personnel in 132 battalions . Other Forces ( edit ) National Security Guards National security Guard ( edit ) The National Security Guard ( NSG ) is an elite counter-terrorist and rapid response force . Its roles include conducting anti-sabotage checks , rescuing hostages , neutralising terrorist threats to vital installations , engaging terrorists , responding to hijacking and piracy and protecting VIPs . It has 8636 personnel ( including 1086 personnel for regional hubs . ) . The NSG also includes the Special Ranger Group ( SRG ) , whose 3,000 personnel provide protection to India 's VVIPs . Special Protection Group ( edit ) The Special Protection Group ( SPG ) was formed in 1988 by an act of the Parliament of India to `` provid ( e ) proximate security to the Prime Minister of India and former Prime Minister of India and members of their immediate families ( wife , husband , children and parents ) '' . For former Prime Ministers and their dependents , a regular review is held to decide whether the threat to their life is high enough to warrant SPG protection . Railway Protection Force ( edit ) The Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) was established under the Railway Protection Force Act 1957 . The RPF is charged with providing security for Indian Railways . It has a sanctioned strength of 75,000 personnel . NDRF personnel undergoing training National disaster response Force ( edit ) The National Disaster Response Force ( NDRF ) is a specialized force constituted `` for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster '' . It is manned by persons on deputation from the various Central Armed Police Forces . At present it has 12 battalions , located in different parts of India . The control of NDRF lies with the National Disaster Management Authority ( NDMA ) , which is headed by the Prime Minister . Special Forces ( edit ) Main article : Special Forces The Special Forces of India are Indian military units with specialised training in the field of special operations such as '' Direct action , Hostage rescue , Counter-terrorism , Unconventional warfare , Special reconnaissance , Foreign Internal Defence , Personnel recovery , Asymmetric warfare and Counter-proliferation . The various branches include , Para ( Special Forces ) : Formed in 1966 , the Para ( SF ) are the largest and most important part of the Special Forces of India . They are a part of the highly trained Parachute Regiment of the Indian Army . The main aim of having a Parachute Regiment is for quick deployment of soldiers behind the enemy lines to attack the enemy from behind and destroy their first line of defence . Para ( SF ) conducted a series of joint exercises with US army special forces Called Vajra Prahar . Ghatak Force : Ghatak Platoon , or Ghatak Commandos , is a special operations capable infantry platoon . There is one platoon in every infantry battalion in the Indian Army . Ghatak is a Hindi word meaning `` killer '' or `` lethal '' . They act as shock troops and spearhead assaults ahead of the battalion . Their operational role is similar to Scout Sniper Platoon , STA platoon of the U.S. Marine Corp and the Patrols platoon of the British Army . A Ghatak Platoon is usually 20 - men strong , consisting of a commanding Captain , 2 non-commissioned officers and some special teams like marksman and spotter pairs , light machine gunners , a medic , and a radio operator . The remaining soldiers act as assault troopers . Most undergo training at the Commando Training Course in Belagavi , Karnataka . Often , other specialised training like heliborne assault , rock climbing , mountain warfare , demolitions , advanced weapons training , close quarter battle and infantry tactics are also given . Members of the platoon are also sent to the High Altitude Warfare School and Counterinsurgency and Jungle Warfare School . Marine Commandos ( MARCOS ) : Marine Commandos ( MARCOS ) is an elite special operations unit of the Indian Navy . It is specially organised , trained and equipped for the conduct of special operations in a maritime environment . The force has gradually acquired experience and a reputation for professionalism over the two decades it has been in existence . Now it is one of the finest Special Forces units in the world and among the few units qualified to jump in the water with a full combat load . The MARCOS are capable of undertaking operations in all types of terrain , but are specialised in maritime operations in Jammu and Kashmir through the Jhelum River and Wular Lake . To strengthen its capabilities to carry out special operations , the Navy is planning to procure advanced Integrated Combat System ( ICS ) for the MARCOS . The Navy wants the ICS for effective command , control and information sharing to maximise capabilities of individuals and groups of the MARCOS while engaging enemies . The individual equipment required by the Navy in the ICS includes light weight helmets , head - mounted displays , tactical and soft ballistic vests along with communication equipment . The group - level gear requirements include command and control and surveillance systems along with high speed communication equipment . Garud Commando Force : The Garud Commando Force is the Special Forces unit of the Indian Air Force . It was formed in September 2004 and has a strength of approximately 2000 personnel . The unit derives its name from Garuda , a divine bird - like creature of Hindu Mythology . Garud is tasked with the protection of critical Air Force bases and installations ; search and rescue during peace and hostilities and disaster relief during calamities . Garuds are deployed in the Congo as part of the UN peace keeping operations . Para ( Special Forces ) of Indian Army MARCOS Commandos of Indian Navy Weapons of mass destruction ( edit ) Main article : India and weapons of mass destruction Chemical and biological weapons ( edit ) In 1992 India signed the Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC ) , stating that it did not have chemical weapons or the capacity or capability to manufacture them . By so doing , India became one of the original signators of the Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC ) in 1993 , and ratified it on 2 September 1996 . In June 1997 , India declared its stock of chemical weapons ( 1,044 tonnes of sulphur mustard ) had been destroyed . By the end of 2006 , India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons / material stockpile and was granted an extension to destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 . It was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame . India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention . With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so . This was cross-checked by United Nations ' inspectors . India has also ratified the Biological Weapons Convention ( January 1973 ) and pledges to abide by its obligations . There is no clear evidence , circumstantial or otherwise , that directly points toward an offensive biological weapons programme . India does possess the scientific capability and infrastructure to launch such an offensive programme , but has chosen not to do so . Nuclear weapons ( edit ) Main articles : India and weapons of mass destruction , Nuclear Command Authority ( India ) , and Strategic Forces Command Range comparison of Agni missiles India has been in possession of nuclear weapons since 1974 . Its most recent nuclear test took place on 11 May 1998 , when Operation Shakti ( Pokhran - II ) was initiated with the detonation of one fusion and three fission bombs . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated . However , India maintains a `` no - first use '' and a nuclear deterrence policy against nuclear adversaries . Its nuclear doctrine envisages building a credible minimum deterrent for maintaining a `` second strike capability '' which would be massive and designed to induce unacceptable damage on the enemy . India is one of only four nations in the world to possess a Nuclear Triad . India 's nuclear missiles include the Prithvi , the Agni the Shaurya , the Sagarika , the Dhanush , and others . India conducted its first test with the Agni - V in April 2012 and a second test in September 2013 . With its ( ( convert 5000 km mi ) range , it can carry a nuclear warhead to the east to include all of China , and to the west deep into Europe . Agni - VI , with a perceived range of 6,000 kilometres ( 3,700 mi ) is also under development with features like multiple independently targetable re-entry warheads ( MIRVs ) . India also has bomber aircraft such as the Tupolev Tu - 142 as well as fighter jets like the Sukhoi Su - 30MKI , the Dassault Mirage 2000 , the MiG - 29 and the HAL Tejas capable of being armed with nuclear tipped bombs and missiles . Since India does not have a nuclear first use policy against an adversary , it becomes important to protect from a first strike . This protection is being developed in the form of the two layered Anti-ballistic missile defence system . India 's Strategic Nuclear Command controls its land - based nuclear warheads , while the Navy controls the ship and submarine based missiles and the Air Force the air based warheads . India 's nuclear warheads are deployed in five areas : Ship based mobile , like the Dhanush . ( operational ) Land - based mobile , like the Agni . ( operational ) Fixed underground silos ( operational ) Submarine based , like the Sagarika . ( operational ) Air - based warheads of the Indian Air Forces ' strategic bomber force like the Dassault Mirage 2000 and the Jaguar ( operational ) The Indian Army 's Agni II medium - range ballistic missile on parade . Land - based nuclear armed ballistic missiles Name Type Range ( km ) Status Prithvi - I Short - range ballistic missile 150 Deployed Prithvi - II Short - range ballistic missile 250 -- 350 Prithvi - III Short - range ballistic missile 350 -- 600 Agni - I Short / Medium - range ballistic missile 700 -- 1,250 Agni - II Medium - range ballistic missile 2,000 -- 3,000 Agni - III Intermediate - range ballistic missile 3,500 -- 5,000 Agni - IV Intermediate - range ballistic missile 4,000 km Tested successfully Agni - V Intermediate / Intercontinental ballistic missile 5,000 -- 8,000 Agni - VI Intercontinental ballistic missile & probable MIRV 8,000 -- 12,000 Under development Surya Intercontinental ballistic missile & MIRV 12,000 -- 16,000 Unconfirmed Sea - based nuclear armed ballistic missiles Name Type Range ( km / mi ) Status Dhanush Short - range ballistic missile 350 km ( 220 mi ) Operational Sagarika ( K - 15 ) Submarine - launched ballistic missile 700 km ( 430 mi ) Operational K - 4 Submarine - launched ballistic missile 3,500 km ( 2,200 mi ) Tested Nuclear - Armed cruise missiles ( edit ) BrahMos : Main article : BrahMos INS Rajput shown firing a BrahMos ( missile ) . The BrahMos is a Mach 3 Supersonic Cruise Missile developed in collaboration with Russia . Its land attack and anti-ship variants are in service with the Indian Army and Indian Navy . Sub-Launched and Air Launched variants are under development or testing . BrahMos II Main article : BrahMos - II The BrahMos II is a Mach 7 Hypersonic Cruise Missile being developed in collaboration with Russia . Nirbhay : Main article : Nirbhay The Nirbhay is a Long Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile . This Missile has a range of over 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) . Other missiles ( edit ) Akash : Main article : Akash ( missile ) The Aakash is a medium - range , mobile surface - to - air missile defence system . The missile system can target aircraft up to 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) away , at altitudes up to 18,000 metres ( 20,000 yd ) Nag : Main article : Nag ( missile ) The Nag is a third generation `` Fire - and - forget '' anti-tank missile developed in India . It is one of five missile systems developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program ( IGMDP ) . Helina : The Helena is a variant of the NAG Missile to be launched from a helicopter . It will be structurally different from the Nag . Shaurya : Main article : Shaurya ( missile ) The Shaurya is a canister launched hypersonic surface - to - surface tactical missile with a range more than 750 kilometres ( 470 mi ) . It provides the potential to strike an adversary in the short - intermediate range . Prahaar : Main article : Prahaar ( missile ) The Prahaar is a solid - fuelled surface - to - surface guided short - range tactical ballistic missile . Astra : Main article : Astra ( missile ) The Astra is a `` Beyond Visual Range Air - to - Air Missile '' ( BVRAAM ) developed for the Indian Air Force . India 's nuclear doctrine ( edit ) India has a declared nuclear no - first - use policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on `` credible minimum deterrence '' . In August 1999 , the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of `` retaliation only '' . The document also maintains that India `` will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike , but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail '' . The fourth National Security Advisor of India Shivshankar Menon signalled a significant shift from `` no first use '' to `` no first use against non-nuclear weapon states '' in a speech on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the National Defence College in New Delhi on 21 October 2010 , a doctrine Menon said reflected India 's `` strategic culture , with its emphasis on minimal deterrence '' . However , whether the policy shift actually took place or not is unclear . Some argued that this was not a substantive change but `` an innocent typographical or lexical error in the text of the speech '' . India 's current PM Modi has , in the run up to the recent general elections , reiterated commitment to no first use policy . In April 2013 Shyam Saran , convener of the National Security Advisory Board , affirmed that regardless of the size of a nuclear `` attack against India , '' be it a miniaturised version or a `` big '' missile , India will `` retaliate massively to inflict unacceptable damage '' . Here , the term `` attack against India '' means attack against the `` Union of India '' or `` Indian forces anywhere '' . Missile Defence programme ( edit ) Main article : Guided missiles of India India 's missile defence network has two principal components -- the Air Defence Ground Environment System ( ADGES ) and the Base Air Defence Zones ( BADZ ) . The ADGES network provides for wide area radar coverage and permits the detection and interception of most aerial incursions into Indian airspace . The BADZ system is far more concentrated with radars , interceptors , surface - to - air missiles ( SAMs ) and anti-aircraft artillery ( AAA ) units working together to provide an intense and highly effective defensive barrier to attacks on vital targets . Ballistic missile Defence ( edit ) Launching of an advanced air defence ( AAD ) missile Main article : Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Program The Ballistic Missile Defence Program is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defence system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks . Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan , it is a double - tiered system consisting of two interceptor missiles , namely the Prithvi Air Defence ( PAD ) missile for high - altitude interception , and the Advanced Air Defence ( AAD ) Missile for lower altitude interception . The two - tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) away . PAD was tested in November 2006 , followed by AAD in December 2007 . With the test of the PAD missile , India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system , after the United States , Russia and Israel . On 6 March 2009 , India again successfully tested its missile defence shield , during which an incoming `` enemy '' missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) . On 6 May 2012 , it was announced that Phase - I is complete and can be deployed on short notice to protect Indian cities . New Delhi , the national capital , and Mumbai , have been selected for the ballistic missile defence shield . After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai , the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country . This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as 2,500 kilometres ( 1,600 mi ) away . When the Phase II is completed and the PDV is developed , the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets up to 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) both at exo and endo - atmospheric ( inside the atmosphere ) regions . The missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent . This system can handle multiple targets simultaneously with multiple interceptors . India is reported to have procured a squadron of S - 300V systems which are in use as an anti-tactical ballistic missile screen . Cruise missile Defence ( edit ) Defending against an attack by a cruise missile on the other hand is similar to tackling low - flying manned aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system . To ward off the threats of nuclear - tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles . The technological breakthrough has been created with an AAD missile . DRDO Chief , Dr. VK Saraswat stated in an interview : `` Our studies have indicated that this AAD will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept . '' Furthermore , India is acquiring airborne radars like AWACS to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat . Barak - 8 is a long - range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system being developed jointly by Israel Aerospace Industries ( IAI ) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) of India . The Indian Army is considering the induction of a variant of the Barak 8 missile to meet its requirement for a medium - range surface - to - air air defence missile . The naval version of this missile has the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea . It would also be inducted into the Indian Air Force , followed by the Army . Recently developed , India 's Akash missile defence system also has the capability to `` neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets , cruise missiles and air - to - surface missiles '' . Both the Barak - 8 and the Akash missile defence systems can engage multiple targets simultaneously during saturation attacks . On 17 November 2010 , in an interview Rafael 's vice-president Mr. Lova Drori confirmed that the David 's Sling system has been offered to the Indian Armed Forces . This system is further designed to distinguish between decoys and the actual warhead of a missile . S - 400 Triumf ( edit ) The Indian Defense Ministry approved the purchase of five battalions , along with 6000 missiles , for the S - 400 Triumf missile system in December 2015 . On 15 October 2016 , on the sidelines of a BRICS Summit , India and Russia signed an inter-governmental agreement ( IGA ) for the supply of the S400 system . Military intelligence ( edit ) The Defence Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) is an organisation responsible for providing and co-ordinating intelligence for the Indian armed forces . It was created in March 2002 and is administered within the Union Ministry of Defence . It is headed by a Director General who is also the principal adviser to the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Defence Staff . Traditionally , the bulk of intelligence work in India has been carried out by the Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) and the Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) . The various services intelligence directorates namely the Directorate of Military Intelligence ( DMI ) , the Directorate of Air Intelligence ( DAI ) , Directorate of Naval Intelligence ( DNI ) and some other agencies are also involved but their activity is smaller by comparison . The R&AW and IB agencies are composed largely of civilians . Military personnel are often deputed to these agencies , but the letter of the law and concerns of deniability limit the use of serving military officers in some types of activity ( especially collection and action ) . The creation of an intelligence agency co-ordinating the intelligence arms of the three military services had long been called for by senior Indian military officers . It was formally recommended by the Cabinet Group of Ministers , headed by the then Deputy Prime Minister of India Lal Krishna Advani . The Group of Ministers investigated intelligence lapses that occurred during the Kargil War and recommended a comprehensive reform of Indian intelligence agencies . The Defence Intelligence Agency was created and became operational in March 2002 . As part of expanding bilateral co-operation on gathering intelligence and fighting terrorism , the United States military also provided advice to Indian military officers on the creation of the DIA . DIA has control of MoD 's prized technical intelligence assets -- the Directorate of Signals Intelligence and the Defence Image Processing and Analysis Centre ( DIPAC ) . While the Signals Directorate is responsible for acquiring and decrypting enemy communications , the DIPAC controls India 's satellite - based image acquisition capabilities . The DIA also controls the Defence Information Warfare Agency ( DIWA ) which handles all elements of the information warfare repertoire , including psychological operations , cyber-war , electronic intercepts and the monitoring of sound waves . Research and development ( edit ) Main article : Defence Research and Development Organisation The Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) is an agency of the Republic of India , responsible for the development of technology for use by the military , headquartered in New Delhi , India . It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation . DRDO has a network of 52 laboratories which are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields , like aeronautics , armaments , electronic and computer sciences , human resource development , life sciences , materials , missiles , combat vehicles development and naval research and development . The organisation includes more than 5,000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific , technical and supporting personnel . Annual operating budget of the DRDO is pegged at $1.6 billion ( 2011 -- 12 ) . Electronic - warfare , military hardware ( edit ) The DRDO 's avionics programme has been a success story with its mission computers , radar warning receivers , high accuracy direction finding pods , synthetic aperture radar , Active Phased Array Radar , airborne jammers and flight instrumentation in use across a wide variety of Indian Air Force aircraft and satellites . DRDO labs have developed many electronic warfare systems for IAF and the Indian Army and high - performance Sonar systems for the Navy . DRDO also developed other critical military hardware , such as the Arjun Main Battle Tank , and is engaged in the development of the future Infantry Combat Vehicle , the `` Abhay '' . The DRDO is also a member of the trials teams for the T - 72 upgrade and its fire control systems . INSAS , India 's de facto standard small arms family including assault rifle , light machine guns and carbine , is developed at the Armament Research and Development Establishment , a DRDO laboratory . ARDE also worked on the development of Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher , which has a maximum range of 39 kilometres ( 24 mi ) - 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) and can fire a salvo of 12 high - explosive rockets in 44 seconds , neutralising a target area of 3.9 square km . This project was one of the first major Indian defence projects involving the Private sector . Missile development programme ( edit ) DRDO - built 3rd - generation ATGM Nag missile DRDO executed the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme ( IGMDP ) to establish the ability to develop and design a missile locally , and manufacture a range of missile systems for the three defence services . The programme has seen significant success in its two most important constituents -- the Agni missiles and the Prithvi missiles , while two other programmes , the Akash SAM and the anti-tank Nag Missile have seen significant orders . Another significant project of DRDO has been the Astra beyond - visual - range air - to - air missile ( BVR ) , for equipping IAF 's air - superiority fighters . The crown jewel of DRDO has been the BrahMos programme ( as a joint venture with Russian NPO ) , which aims at creating a range of supersonic cruise missiles derived from the Yakhont system . The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on the BrahMos , aspects of its propulsion , airframe and seeker , fire control systems , mobile command posts and the Transporter Erector Launcher . The US Department of Defence ( Pentagon ) has written to India 's Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) , proposing the two countries collaborate in jointly developing a next - generation version of the Javelin anti-tank missile . Unmanned aerial vehicles ( edit ) A scaled - down model of the Rustom - 1 MALE UAV . The DRDO has also developed many unmanned aerial vehicles - such as the Nishant tactical UAV and the Lakshya Pilotless Target Aircraft ( PTA ) . The Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements . Efforts are ongoing to develop the PTA further , with an improved all - digital flight control system , and a better turbojet engine . The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a new class of UAV , referred to by the HALE ( High Altitude Long Endurance ) and MALE ( Medium Altitude Long Endurance ) designations . The MALE UAV has been tentatively named the Rustom , and will feature canards and carry a range of payloads , including optronic , radar , laser designators and ESM . The UAV will have conventional landing and take off capability . The HALE UAV will have features such as SATCOM links , allowing it to be commanded beyond line of sight . Other tentative plans speak of converting the LCA into an unmanned combat aerial vehicle ( UCAV ) , and weaponising UAVs such as AURA . Future programmes ( edit ) Anti-satellite weapon ( edit ) Main article : Anti-satellite weapon In 2010 , the defence ministry drafted a 15 - year `` Technology Perspective and Roadmap '' , which held development of ASAT weapons `` for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both LEO ( 2,000 - km altitude above earth 's surface ) and the higher geosynchronous orbit '' as a thrust area in its long - term integrated perspective plan under the management of DRDO . On 10 February 2010 , Defence Research and Development Organisation Director - General , and Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister , Dr VK Saraswat stated that India had `` all the building blocks necessary '' to integrate an anti-satellite weapon to neutralise hostile satellites in low earth and polar orbits . India is known to have been developing an exo - atmospheric kill vehicle that can be integrated with the missile to engage satellites . Directed - energy weapons ( edit ) It is also known that DRDO is working on a slew of directed energy weapons ( DEWs ) and has identified DEWs , along with space security , cyber-security , and hypersonic vehicles / missiles as focus areas in the next 15 years . Hypersonic technology Demonstrator vehicle ( edit ) Main article : Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle The Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehilce ( HSTDV ) is an unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft for hypersonic flight ( Mach 6.5 ) . The HSTDV program is run by the DRDO . Peace Keeping , anti-piracy , and exploration missions ( edit ) United nations peacekeeping ( edit ) Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo , Africa Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo Main article : Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions India has been the largest troop contributor to UN missions since their inception . So far India has taken part in 43 peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed . India has so far , provided one Military Advisor ( Lt Gen RK Mehta ) , one Police Adviser ( Ms Kiran Bedi ) , one Deputy Military Adviser ( Lt Gen Abhijit Guha ) , 14 Force Commanders and numerous Police Commissioners in various UN Missions . The Indian Army has also contributed lady officers as Military Observers and Staff Officers apart from them forming part of Medical Units being deployed in UN Missions . The first all women contingent in a peacekeeping mission , was a Formed Police Unit from India , deployed in 2007 to the UN Operation in Liberia ( UNMIL ) . India has suffered 127 soldier deaths while serving on peacekeeping missions . India has also provided army contingents performing a peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990 as the Indian Peace Keeping Force . In November 1988 , India also helped to restore the government of Maumoon Abdul Gayoom in the Maldives under Operation Cactus . As of June 2013 , about 8000 Indian UN peacekeepers , both men and women , are deployed in nine missions , including the Congo , South Sudan , Liberia , UNDOF , Haiti , Lebanon , Abeyi , Cyprus and Cote de Ivoire . Anti-piracy mission ( edit ) India sought to augment its naval force in the Gulf of Aden by deploying the larger INS Mysore to patrol the area . Somalia also added India to its list of states , including the US and France , who are permitted to enter its territorial waters , extending up to 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) from the coastline , in an effort to check piracy . An Indian naval official confirmed receipt of a letter acceding to India 's prerogative to check such piracy . `` We had put up a request before the Somali government to play a greater role in suppressing piracy in the Gulf of Aden in view of the United Nations resolution . The TFG government gave its nod recently . '' In November 2008 , an Indian navy warship destroyed a suspected Somali pirate vessel after it came under attack in the Gulf of Aden . In a report on Somalia submitted to the Security Council , UN Secretary General Ban Ki - Moon said `` I welcome the decision of the governments of India and the Russian Federation to cooperate with the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia to fight piracy and armed robbery against ships . '' India also expressed the desire to deploy up to four more warships in the region . On 2010 - 09 - 06 , a team of Indian marine commandos ( MARCOS ) boarded MV Jag Arnav and overpowered attacking pirates -- seven heavily armed Somalians and one Yemeni national . In the seven year time frame India deployed 52 warships to combat piracy , which resulted in the area up to 65 degrees east being cleared of pirates . Relief operations ( edit ) An Indian Air Force helicopter rescues stranded people during 2015 Chennai Floods . The Indian Air Force provides regular relief operation for food and medical facilities around the world using its cargo aircraft most notably the Ilyushin Il - 76 . The most recent relief operation of the IAF was in Kyrgyzstan . During the 2010 Ladakh floods , two Ilyushin Il - 76 and four Antonov - 32 aircraft of the IAF carried 30 tonnes of load , which include 125 rescue and relief personnel , medicines , generators , tents , portable X-ray machines and emergency rescue kits . A MI - 17 helicopter and Cheetah helicopter were used to increase the effectiveness of the rescue operations . During the 2013 Uttrakhand Floods , the Indian armed forces took part in rescue operations . By 21 June 2013 , the Army had deployed 10,000 soldiers and 11 helicopters , the Navy had sent 45 naval divers , and the Air force had deployed 43 aircraft including 36 helicopters . From 17 to 30 June 2013 , the IAF airlifted a total of 18,424 people -- flying a total of 2,137 sorties and dropping / landing a total of 3 , 36,930 kg of relief material and equipment . The IAF participated in the rescue operation codenamed Operation Raahat and evacuated more than 4640 Indian citizens ( along with 960 foreign nationals from 41 countries ) from Yemen during the 2015 military intervention by Saudi Arabia and its allies in that country during the Yemeni Crisis . IAF efforts in eclipse study ( edit ) The Indian Air Force successfully undertook sorties to help Indian scientists study the total solar eclipse that took place on 23 July 2010 . Two separate missions from Agra and Gwalior were flown along the path of the moon 's shadow , a mission that was deemed hugely successful by scientists associated with the experiment . While one AN - 32 transport aircraft carrying scientific equipment , cameras and scientists took off from Agra and landed back after a three - hour flight , a Mirage - 2000 trainer from Gwalior took images of the celestial spectacle from 40,000 feet ( 12,000 m ) . With weather being clear at such altitudes and coordinates planned by the IAF pilots , both the AN - 32 and Mirage - 2000 pilots were able to accomplish the mission successfully . Indian Navy exploration ( edit ) The Indian Navy expedition to North Pole , 2008 The Indian Navy regularly conducts adventure expeditions . The sailing ship and training vessel INS Tarangini began circumnavigating the world on 23 January 2003 , intending to foster good relations with other nations ; she returned to India in May of the following year after visiting 36 ports in 18 nations . Lt. Cdr . M.S. Kohli led the Indian Navy 's first successful expedition to Mount Everest in 1965 . Another Navy team also successfully scaled Everest from the north face , the more technically challenging route . An Indian Navy team comprising 11 members successfully completed an expedition to the North Pole in 2006 . The Indian Naval ensign first flew in Antarctica in 1981 . The Indian Navy succeeded in Mission Dakshin Dhruv by traversing to the South Pole on skis in 2006 . With this historic expedition , they set the record for being the world 's first military team to have successfully completed a ski traverse to the geographic south pole . Misconceptions in nomenclature ( edit ) There are number of uniform forces in India apart from the Indian Armed Forces . All such forces are established under the acts of Parliament . They are : the Central Reserve Police Force , the Border Security Force , the Indo - Tibetan Border Police , the Central Industrial Security Force , the Sashastra Seema Bal , the Assam Rifles , the National Security Guard under the Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) , the Special Protection Group under the Cabinet Secretariat of India , the Railway Protection Force under Ministry of Railways ( India ) and the Indian Coast Guard under the Ministry of Defence ( India ) . These forces are referred to as `` Armed Force of the Union '' in their respective acts , which means a force with armed capability and not necessarily `` Armed Forces '' - the term as per international standards and conventionally referred to as Army , Navy and Air Force . The Supreme Court in its judgements reported in AIR 1996 SC 1705 held that the military service is only confined to three principal wings of the armed forces i.e. Army , Navy and Air Force . Further the Honourable Supreme Court of India in a case reported in AIR 2000 SC 3948 clarified that unless it is a service in the three principal wing of the Armed Forces , a force included in the expression `` Armed forces of the Union '' does not constitute part of the military service / military . To differentiate from Armed Forces , Some of other forces were commonly referred to as Central Paramilitary Forces which caused confusion and give the impression of them being part of the military forces . To remove such confusion , in 2011 the Ministry of Home Affairs adopted the uniform nomenclature of Central Armed Police Forces for only five of its Primary Police organisations . These were formerly called as Paramilitary Forces . Central Armed Police Forces are still incorrectly referred to as `` Paramilitary Forces '' in the media and in some correspondences . These forces are headed by officers from the Indian Police Service and are under the Ministry of Home Affairs . Other uniform services are referred to by their names only such as : the Railway Protection Force , the NSG , the SPG , the Indian Coast Guard , the Assam Rifles etc. , but not under any collective nomenclature . However , conventionally some forces are referred to as the Paramilitary Forces of India - for example the Assam Rifles , the SFF and the ICG The Indian Coast Guard is often confused incorrectly as being a part of the military forces due to the organisation being under the Ministry of Defence . The Supreme Court in its judgement has held that unless it is a service in the three principal wings of the Armed Forces , a force included in the expression `` Armed forces of the Union '' does not constitute part of military service / military . The Indian Coast Guard works closely with civilian agencies such as Customs , the Department of Fisheries , the Coastal Police etc. with its primary role being that of a non-military , maritime law enforcement agency . It is independent of the command and control of the Indian Navy . ICG was initially planned to be kept under the Ministry of Home Affairs but has been kept under the Ministry of Defence for better synergy since it is patterned like the Navy . The ICG does not take part in any protocol of military forces such as the President 's Body Guard , ADCs , the Tri-Services Guard of Honour etc . Their recruitment is also not underthe Combined Defence Services Exam / National Defence Academy Exam which is one of the prime modes of commissioning officers to the Armed Forces . Indian Coast Guard Officers continue to get their training with Indian Navy Officers since the ICG does not have its own training academy . Already a new Indian Coast Guard Academy for training of their officers is under construction . Often ICG loses its credit for being incorrectly recognised as part of Indian military Forces and not as a unique independent force . 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CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) International Institute for Strategic Studies ; Hackett , James ( ed . ) ( 7 March 2012 ) . The Military Balance 2012 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857436423 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Militarism in India : The Army and Civil Society in Consensus - by A. Kundu Subramaniam , Arjun . India 's Wars : A Military History , 1947 - 1971 ( 2017 ) , 576 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 68247 - 241 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military of India . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the supreme commander of the indian armed forces	[ "The Indian Armed Forces (Hindi (in IAST): Bhāratīya Saśastra Senāeṃ) are the military forces of the Republic of India. It consists of three[12][13] professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force. Additionally, the Indian Armed Forces are supported by the Indian Coast Guard and paramilitary organisations[14] (Assam Rifles, and Special Frontier Force) and various inter-service commands and institutions such as the Strategic Forces Command, the Andaman and Nicobar Command and the Integrated Defence Staff. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Armed Forces are under the management of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) of the Government of India. With strength of over 1.4 million active personnel,[5] it is the world's 2nd largest military force and has the world's largest volunteer army.[15] It is important to note that the Central Armed Police Forces, which are commonly and incorrectly referred to as 'Paramilitary Forces', are headed by officers from the Indian Police Service and are under the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, not the Ministry of Defence." ]	[ "The President of India" ]
-132640085097841406	Ruidoso, New Mexico	Ruidoso , New Mexico - Wikipedia Ruidoso , New Mexico Jump to : navigation , search Ruidoso , New Mexico Village Downtown Ruidoso ( 2006 ) Location of Ruidoso , New Mexico Coordinates : 33 ° 20 ′ 29 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W / 33.34139 ° N 105.66611 ° W / 33.34139 ; - 105.66611 Coordinates : 33 ° 20 ′ 29 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W / 33.34139 ° N 105.66611 ° W / 33.34139 ; - 105.66611 Country United States State New Mexico County Lincoln Government Mayor Tom Battin Area Total 14.0 sq mi ( 37.0 km ) Land 14.3 sq mi ( 37.0 km ) Water 0.63 sq mi ( 0.2 km ) Elevation 6,920 ft ( 2,051 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 8,029 Estimate ( 2016 ) 7,770 Density 570 / sq mi ( 220 / km ) Time zone Mountain ( UTC - 7 ) Summer ( DST ) Mountain ( UTC - 6 ) ZIP codes 88345 , 88355 Area code ( s ) 575 FIPS code 35 - 65210 GNIS ID 0923668 Website ruidoso-nm.gov Ruidoso is a village in Lincoln County , New Mexico , United States , adjacent to the Lincoln National Forest . The population was 8,029 at the 2010 census . The city of Ruidoso Downs and the unincorporated area of Alto are suburbs of Ruidoso , and contribute to the Ruidoso Micropolitan Statistical Area 's population of 21,223 . A mountain resort town , Ruidoso lies in the Sierra Blanca mountain range of south - central New Mexico , where it merges with the Sacramento Mountains to the south . Ruidoso is a resort community close to the slopes of Ski Apache , the Mescalero Apache Tribe - owned ski resort on Sierra Blanca , a 12,000 - foot ( 3,700 m ) mountain . The tribe also operates the Inn of the Mountain Gods resort in the area , which includes a casino , hotel , and golf course . Ruidoso is the largest community in Lincoln County , and serves as the regional economic hub . As of 2010 , Ruidoso is the fourth - fastest growing city in New Mexico , after Albuquerque , Rio Rancho , and Las Cruces . Massive investment has poured into the town from many developers . Major projects including large housing subdivisions , condos , and retail establishments have altered the face of the once `` sleepy mountain community . '' As a result , the village is contending with serious questions about the adequacy of the local water supply and zoning enforcement . Like many small communities that have been recently ' discovered ' , there is an ongoing debate about how best to plan for additional growth . The village received its name from the Rio Ruidoso ( Spanish for `` Noisy River '' ) , a small stream that weaves through the city . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Education 4.1 Public schools 4.2 Private schools 4.3 Colleges 4.4 Public Library 5 Sports 6 Transportation 6.1 Airports 6.2 Major highways 7 Notable people 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) In December 2006 , 7 % of eligible voters approved a $12.6 million bond issue to finance the expansion and modernization of the local wastewater treatment plant which was built in 1982 . In 2011 , construction was completed on a $36 million wastewater treatment plant . This state - of - the - art facility utilizes membrane technology to achieve discharge standards within regulatory guidelines . The plant was designed to accommodate future growth . The average daily volume is 1.6 million gallons . The plant can currently process up to 2.7 million gallons per day . The town and the river was hit by devastating flash flooding from late at night on July 26 , 2008 through July 27 , 2008 . The remnant circulation of Hurricane Dolly passed over the area and brought as much as 9 inches ( 23 cm ) of rainfall . Hundreds of tourists , campers and residents were evacuated and the storm caused damage at the Ruidoso Downs racetrack . One person was killed in the flooding , approximately 900 persons required rescue , approximately 500 structures were damaged , and initial damage estimates for Ruidoso were in the range of $15 -- 20 million . In March 2016 the Village of Ruidoso entered into a Sister City relationship with Puerto Peñasco , Sonora , Mexico . Geography ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) Ruidoso is located in the southern part of Lincoln County , New Mexico , at an elevation of 6,920 feet ( 2,110 m ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 14.4 square miles ( 37 km ) , of which , 14.3 square miles ( 37 km ) of it is land and 0.1 square miles ( 0.26 km ) of it ( 0.63 % ) is water . According to the Köppen - Geiger climate classification system , Ruidoso has a subtropical highland climate ( Cfb ) due to its moderate temperature ranges and precipitation throughout the year . Bi-modal precipitation falls as rain during summer monsoon and as winter snow . Snowfall varies highly by the year . See http://en.climate-data.org/location/128906/ for additional climate information . ( hide ) Climate data for Ruidoso , New Mexico ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 71 ( 22 ) 74 ( 23 ) 78 ( 26 ) 83 ( 28 ) 92 ( 33 ) 98 ( 37 ) 95 ( 35 ) 91 ( 33 ) 88 ( 31 ) 84 ( 29 ) 75 ( 24 ) 62 ( 17 ) 98 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 51.9 ( 11.1 ) 58 ( 14 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 81.5 ( 27.5 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 74.8 ( 23.8 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 65.57 ( 18.63 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 20.1 ( − 6.6 ) 22.6 ( − 5.2 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 38.9 ( 3.8 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 34.3 ( 1.3 ) 25.7 ( − 3.5 ) 20.5 ( − 6.4 ) 34.04 ( 1.15 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 6 ( − 21 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) 0 ( − 18 ) ( − 17 ) 0 ( − 18 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 37 ( 3 ) 35 ( 2 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 7 ( − 14 ) ( − 17 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.16 ( 29.5 ) 1.14 ( 29 ) 0.91 ( 23.1 ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 1.18 ( 30 ) 1.87 ( 47.5 ) 4.16 ( 105.7 ) 4.50 ( 114.3 ) 2.73 ( 69.3 ) 1.73 ( 43.9 ) 0.86 ( 21.8 ) 1.66 ( 42.2 ) 22.68 ( 576.1 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 7.9 ( 20.1 ) 7.5 ( 19.1 ) 4.2 ( 10.7 ) 1.9 ( 4.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) ( 3 ) ( 8 ) 9.8 ( 24.9 ) 35.4 ( 89.9 ) Source : NOAA Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1950 806 -- 1960 1,557 93.2 % 1970 2,216 42.3 % 1980 4,260 92.2 % 4,600 8.0 % 2000 7,698 67.3 % 8,029 4.3 % Est. 2016 7,770 − 3.2 % U.S. Decennial Census Horse racing at Ruidoso Downs As of the census of 2000 , there were 7,698 people , 3,434 households , and 2,232 families residing in the village . The population density was 538.7 people per square mile ( 208.0 / km2 ) . There are 7,584 housing units at an average density of 530.8 per square mile ( 204.9 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the village was 87.50 % White , 0.29 % African American , 2.38 % Native American , 0.31 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 7.44 % from other races , and 2.05 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.21 % of the population . There were 3,434 households out of which 23.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 53.2 % were married couples living together , 8.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 35.0 % were non-families. 29.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.72 . In the village , the population was spread out with 20.5 % under the age of 18 , 5.8 % from 18 to 24 , 21.9 % from 25 to 44 , 30.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 21.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 46 years . For every 100 females there were 90.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 87.1 males . The median income for a household in the village was $37,107 , and the median income for a family was $44,846 . Males had a median income of $30,452 versus $21,974 for females . The per capita income for the village was $22,721 . About 2.5 % of families and 4.9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 24.5 % of those under age 18 and 5.8 % of those age 65 or over . Education ( edit ) All public schools operate under the Ruidoso Municipal School District . Public schools ( edit ) Ruidoso Preschool : Preschool Nob Hill Early Development Center : Kindergarten Sierra Vista Primary School : 1st - 2nd Grade White Mountain Elementary School : 3rd - 5th Grade Ruidoso Middle School : 6th - 8th Grade Ruidoso High School : 9th - 12th Grade Private schools ( edit ) Sierra Blanca Christian Academy : All ages Ruidoso Christian School : 14 - 17 Colleges ( edit ) ENMU - Ruidoso Branch Community College . The ENMU Ruidoso Campus is a two - year college or community college ( one of 18 New Mexico branches ) and an official Branch of ENMU ( this status was granted in July 2005 ) . Public library ( edit ) Ruidoso Public Library Country United States Location 107 Kansas City Road , Ruidoso , NM 88345 - 6922 Coordinates 33 ° 21 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 40 '' W / 33.350224 ° N 105.661197 ° W / 33.350224 ; - 105.661197 Other information Director Corey Bard Staff 6 Website Ruidoso Public Library Homepage Ruidoso Public Library is the library serving Ruidoso , Ruidoso Downs , Alto , and greater Lincoln County area in New Mexico , USA . Starting in 1954 , the library developed from the Woman 's Club small collection of books . It was later housed in the Ruidoso Municipal Building . The first library building was built in 1974 at 501 Sudderth Dr. and is now the Senior Citizens Center . The current library was built in 1998 . Services Archive Room Conference Room Children 's / Teen Library 33 public use computers Sports ( edit ) The Ruidoso Osos were an independent professional baseball team in the Pecos League during the 2011 season . The team is on hiatus for the 2012 season because of low attendance with the addition of no lights , meaning games were played at 4 : 30 p.m. , and the fact that alcohol could not be sold at White Mountain Park because it was owned by Ruidoso Municipal Schools . In the 2013 season , the team moved to Raton , New Mexico and were renamed the Raton Osos . Transportation ( edit ) Airports ( edit ) Sierra Blanca Regional Airport , located about 15 miles ( 24 km ) northeast of Ruidoso . Major highways ( edit ) U.S. Route 70 NM 37 NM 48 Notable people ( edit ) Jogging trail in a municipal park in Ruidoso just after a summer sunrise Mary Ann Almager , world champion boxer Neil Patrick Harris , contemporary actor Mike Runnels , Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico Bram van der Stok , aka Dr. Bram `` Bob '' Vanderstok , WWII flying ace and hero of `` The Great Escape '' from Stalag Luft III See also ( edit ) Noisy Water Winery Ruidoso River Museum References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Apache Ski Resort '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inn of the Mountain Gods '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Hondo Water Availability and Decision Support Model '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 300 evacuated from flooding in Ruidoso , NM , area '' . USA Today . Associated Press . July 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Alicia ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Body found in debris from N.M. flash flooding '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( July 30 , 2008 ) . `` Rescue Workers Reach Last Stranded Victims '' . KOAT - TV . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ruidoso Municipal Schools '' . Jump up ^ `` ENMU Ruidoso Branch Community College '' . Jump up ^ Ruidoso Public Library , About Us Jump up ^ `` Ruidoso Osos placed on the inactive List '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Osos are moving North '' . Pecos League . November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=18465&cat=boxer Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Biography '' . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRuidoso , New Mexicoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Ruidoso Valley Chamber of Commerce Ruidoso Tourism Office Municipalities and communities of Lincoln County , New Mexico , United States County seat : Carrizozo City Ruidoso Downs Town Carrizozo Villages Capitan Corona Ruidoso CDP Nogal Other unincorporated communities Alto Arabela Bluewater Coyote Glencoe Hondo Lincoln Picacho Riverside San Patricio Tinnie Ghost town White Oaks Jicarilla State of New Mexico Santa Fe ( capital ) Topics Index Delegations Geography Government History World War II Landmarks Military Nuevomexicanos New Mexicans Paleontology Municipalities Census - designated places Symbols Transportation Tribes Tourist attractions New Mexican cuisine Seal of New Mexico Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Central New Mexico Colorado Plateau Eastern New Mexico Llano Estacado Northern New Mexico Permian Basin San Luis Valley Sangre de Cristo Mountains Southwestern New Mexico Cities Alamogordo Albuquerque Artesia Carlsbad Clovis Corrales Deming Española Farmington Gallup Grants Hobbs Las Cruces Las Vegas Los Alamos Los Lunas Lovington Portales Raton Rio Rancho Roswell Ruidoso Santa Fe Silver City Socorro Sunland Park Taos Tucumcari Counties See : List of counties in New Mexico Bernalillo Catron Chaves Cibola Colfax Curry De Baca Doña Ana Eddy Grant Guadalupe Harding Hidalgo Lea Lincoln Los Alamos Luna McKinley Mora Otero Quay Rio Arriba Roosevelt San Juan San Miguel Sandoval Santa Fe Sierra Socorro Taos Torrance Union Valencia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruidoso,_New_Mexico&oldid=826219891 '' Categories : Villages in Lincoln County , New Mexico Villages in New Mexico Micropolitan areas of New Mexico Public libraries in New Mexico Library buildings completed in 1974 Library buildings completed in 1998 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Year of establishment missing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Diné bizaad Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Volapük Winaray 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 22 : 26 . About Wikipedia	what is the altitude of ruidoso new mexico	[ "\n\nRuidoso, New Mexico\n\n\nVillage\n\n\n\nDowntown Ruidoso (2006)\n\n\n\n\nLocation of Ruidoso, New Mexico\n\n\nCoordinates: 33°20′29″N 105°39′58″W / 33.34139°N 105.66611°W / 33.34139; -105.66611Coordinates: 33°20′29″N 105°39′58″W / 33.34139°N 105.66611°W / 33.34139; -105.66611\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nNew Mexico\n\n\nCounty\nLincoln\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Mayor\nTom Battin\n\n\nArea\n\n\n • Total\n14.0 sq mi (37.0 km2)\n\n\n • Land\n14.3 sq mi (37.0 km2)\n\n\n • Water\n0.63 sq mi (0.2 km2)\n\n\nElevation\n6,920 ft (2,051 m)\n\n\nPopulation (2010)\n\n\n • Total\n8,029\n\n\n • Estimate (2016)[1]\n7,770\n\n\n • Density\n570/sq mi (220/km2)\n\n\nTime zone\nMountain (UTC-7)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nMountain (UTC-6)\n\n\nZIP codes\n88345, 88355\n\n\nArea code(s)\n575\n\n\nFIPS code\n35-65210\n\n\nGNIS ID\n0923668\n\n\nWebsite\nruidoso-nm.gov\n\n" ]	[ "6,920 ft (2,051 m)" ]
4636475777645636965	Player of the match	Player of the match - wikipedia Player of the match In team sports , a player of the match , man of the match , or player of the game award is often given to the outstanding player in a particular match . This can be a player from either team , although the player is generally chosen from the winning team . Some sports have unique traditions regarding these awards , and they are especially sought - after in championship or all - star games . In Australia , the term `` best and fairest '' is normally used , both for individual games and season - long awards . In some competitions , particularly in North America , the terms `` most valuable player '' ( MVP ) or `` most outstanding player '' ( MOP ) are used . In ice hockey in North America , three players of the game , called the `` three stars '' , are recognised . In sports where playoffs are decided by series rather than individual games , such as professional basketball and baseball , MVP awards are commonly given for the series , and in ice hockey 's NHL , for performance in the entire playoffs . Contents 1 Association football 2 Australian rules football 3 Cricket 4 Gaelic games 5 Ice hockey 6 Rugby football 7 College basketball and football 8 Gridiron football 9 References 10 See also Association football ( edit ) In football , the `` man of the match '' award typically goes to a player on the winning side . Players who score a hat - trick , or goalkeepers who keep a clean sheet under pressure often get the award . Hat - trick scorers usually receive the match ball whether or not they are officially named man of the match . The man of the match is often chosen by a television commentator or a sponsor . However , not all competitions have an official man of the match award , so sometimes accolades are given by websites or newspapers instead . In the Premier League , for example , a player receives a small black and gold trophy for their man of the match performance . Men playing football , also known as soccer . Australian rules football ( edit ) In Australian rules football , the player of the game is often referred to as having been the `` best on ground '' ( or `` BOG '' ) . Media outlets provide immediate , unofficial recognition that is largely honorary , often on a 5 -- 4 -- 3 -- 2 -- 1 or 3 -- 2 -- 1 voting basis . Players may receive a Tissot watch as an award for their `` best on ground '' performance . Officially , the AFL recognises the player of the game as being the player awarded the maximum three votes by umpires in the Brownlow Medal count at season 's end . Exceptions are made during the season for certain reserved games such as the Western Derby , The ANZAC Day clash , QClash , and Showdown , where medallions are officially rewarded in presentations following the conclusion of the match . On the day of the AFL Grand Final , a player will be awarded the Norm Smith Medal as being the best on ground voted by an independent panel of Australian rules football experts . Cricket ( edit ) Main article : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) In cricket , the man of the match award became a regular feature in Test matches in the mid 1980s . The man of the match title is usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most critical in winning the game . In one match held on 3 April 1996 , the whole team from New Zealand was awarded the Men of the Match award . It was the first instance when a whole team was awarded it . In a test match played between 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 January 1999 between South Africa vs West Indies , the whole South African team was awarded man of the match In Test matches , Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards won , with 23 in 166 matches played . In ODIs , Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match titles , with 62 awards in 463 matches played . Tendulkar is followed by Sanath Jayasuriya , who , along with Ricky Ponting , also holds the record for the most Man of the Match titles as captain . In the shortest form of the game , T20 Internationals , this record is held by Shahid Afridi , who has won 11 awards in 99 matches . Gaelic games ( edit ) In the Gaelic games of hurling and Gaelic football , the `` man of the match '' ( Irish : Laoch na hImeartha , `` hero of the game '' ) is commonly awarded after important games . An unusual example was the 2008 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final , where the award was given to Brian Cody , the Kilkenny manager , rather than to a player . In the women 's sports of camogie and ladies ' Gaelic football , the term `` player of the match '' ( Irish : Laoch na hImeartha , `` hero of the game '' ) is used instead . Ice hockey ( edit ) Main article : Three stars ( ice hockey ) In North American ice hockey , the three players who perform best in the game , often either those who accumulate the most points or outstanding goaltenders , are usually designated the Three stars of the game : the top - performing player is the first star , and so on . This tradition originated in the 1930s as a promotion for a `` Three Star '' brand of gasoline . However , in international play ( and outside North America ) , the three stars concept is rarely used . Instead , other leagues may issue awards to one player who performed best in the game . Rugby football ( edit ) Both codes of rugby , rugby league and rugby union , commonly have man of the match or player of the match awards . In televised or sponsored matches , a commentator or sponsor often decides who gets the award , and it is presented to the winner after the match . Examples of man of the match awards in professional men 's rugby league are the Clive Churchill Medal in the National Rugby League Grand Final , the Lance Todd Trophy in the Challenge Cup final and the Harry Sunderland Trophy in the Super League Grand Final . College basketball and football ( edit ) In college basketball and college football , the two collegiate sports with the most television coverage in the United States , a top player from each team is usually honoured as `` players of the game . '' These athletes usually can not collect material prizes due to NCAA regulations . Instead , television companies broadcasting the game or corporate sponsors will often make donations to the scholarship funds of each school in the names of the winning players . In college basketball 's Final Four events , a Most Outstanding Player award is given , for performance across both the semi-final and championship game . A Most Outstanding Player award is also given for each of the four regionals , based upon performances in the regional semifinals ( Sweet Sixteen ) and final ( Elite Eight ) . Gridiron football ( edit ) The National Football League names an MVP for two prominent games on its schedule : A Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award has been awarded at each Super Bowl ( the NFL 's championship ) . The Pro Bowl has had an MVP award throughout its existence . The current Pro Bowl MVP format selects one offensive and one defensive player . From 1956 -- 1971 , two MVP awards were given , one to a skill position and the other to a lineman or linebacker . In 1972 , an offensive and defensive MVP were named . From 1973 -- 2012 , a single Pro Bowl MVP was chosen . Individual games typically have an informal player ( or players ) of the game chosen by the broadcast network covering the game ; one prominent example of this phenomenon is the Turkey Leg Award , All - Iron Award and Galloping Gobbler trophies awarded for games held on Thanksgiving . The Canadian Football League awards two MVP awards for its championship game , the Grey Cup . The Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award is open to all players ; the Dick Suderman Trophy is limited to players with Canadian citizenship or who were raised in Canada since childhood . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` man of the match - definition of man of the match in English - Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries - English . Archived from the original on 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Si ( 27 February 2008 ) . `` Football : The problem with man of the match awards '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 May ghg2018 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` How the Premier League 's monthly awards work '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League 's new man - of - the - match award is a gold coloured brick '' . dailymail.co.uk . Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Round 20 : Rance wins the Tissot - richmondfc.com.au '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norm Smith Medal - AFL.com.au '' . afl.com.au . Archived from the original on 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI : West Indies v New Zealand at Georgetown , Apr 3 , 1996 Cricket Scorecard ESPN Cricinfo '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Test , West Indies tour of South Africa at Centurion , Jan 15 - 18 1999 - Match Summary - ESPNCricinfo '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` man of the match - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for man of the match by New English - Irish Dictionary '' . www.focloir.ie . Archived from the original on 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bookie pays out on man of the match bets - Hoganstand.com '' . www.hoganstand.com . Archived from the original on 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fiona scoops player of the match award -- The Clare Champion '' . clarechampion.ie . Archived from the original on 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ereena Fryday receives her player of the match award from Catherine Neary 12 / 2 / 2017 '' . Archived from the original on 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shine hails impact of teen star O'Donoghue - Independent.ie '' . Jump up ^ Cahill , Jackie ( 12 August 2017 ) . `` Dublin overcome plucky Waterford to reach final four '' . Archived from the original on 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 15 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . See also ( edit ) Best and fairest Most Valuable Player Most Outstanding Player ( disambiguation ) Player of the year award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Player_of_the_match&oldid=846521123 '' Categories : Sports terminology Association football terminology Cricket terminology Cricket awards and rankings Australian rules football terminology Rugby league terminology Rugby union terminology Rugby football culture Most valuable player awards Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing Irish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu मराठी Nederlands Română Simple English Türkçe Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 08 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who chooses man of the match in football	[ "The man of the match is often chosen by a television commentator or a sponsor.[2] However, not all competitions have an official man of the match award, so sometimes accolades are given by websites or newspapers instead. In the Premier League, for example, a player receives a small black and gold trophy for their man of the match performance.[3][4]\n", "The man of the match is often chosen by a television commentator or a sponsor.[2] However, not all competitions have an official man of the match award, so sometimes accolades are given by websites or newspapers instead. In the Premier League, for example, a player receives a small black and gold trophy for their man of the match performance.[3][4]\n" ]	[ "often chosen by a television commentator or a sponsor", "sometimes accolades are given by websites or newspapers instead" ]
1095194194876020552	Advanced measurement approach	Advanced measurement approach - Wikipedia Advanced measurement approach Bank regulation and standards Bank for International Settlements Basel Accords ( Basel I , Basel II , Basel III , Basel IV ) Financial Stability Board Background Banking ( Regulation ) Monetary policy Central bank Risk Risk management Regulatory capital Tier 1 Tier 2 Pillar 1 : Regulatory capital Credit risk Standardized IRB Approach F - IRB A-IRB PD LGD EAD Operational risk Basic Standardized AMA Market risk Duration Value at risk Pillar 2 : Supervisory review Economic capital Liquidity risk Legal risk Pillar 3 : Market disclosure Disclosure Business and Economics Portal This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Advanced measurement approaches ( AMA ) is one of three possible operational risk methods that can be used under Basel II by a bank or other financial institution . The other two are the Basic Indicator Approach and the Standardised Approach . The methods ( or approaches ) increase in sophistication and risk sensitivity with AMA being the most advanced of the three . Under AMA the banks are allowed to develop their own empirical model to quantify required capital for operational risk . Banks can use this approach only subject to approval from their local regulators . Once a bank has been approved to adopt AMA , it can not revert to a simpler approach without supervisory approval . Also , according to section 664 of original Basel Accord , in order to qualify for use of the AMA a bank must satisfy its supervisor that , at a minimum : Its board of directors and senior management , as appropriate , are actively involved in the oversight of the operational risk management framework ; It has an operational risk management system that is conceptually sound and is implemented with integrity ; and It has sufficient resources in the use of the approach in the major business lines as well as the control and audit areas . Contents 1 The four data elements 2 Loss distribution approach 3 See also 4 References The four data elements ( edit ) According to the BCBS Supervisory Guidelines , an AMA framework must include the use of four data elements : ( i ) Internal loss data ( ILD ) , ( ii ) External data ( ED ) , ( iii ) Scenario analysis ( SBA ) , and ( iv ) Business environment and internal control factors ( BEICFs ) . Loss distribution approach ( edit ) While AMA does not specify the use of any particular modeling technique , one common approach taken in the banking industry is the loss distribution approach ( LDA ) . With LDA , a bank first segments operational losses into homogeneous segments , called units of measure ( UoMs ) . For each unit of measure , the bank then constructs a loss distribution that represents its expectation of total losses that can materialize in a one - year horizon . Given that data sufficiency is a major challenge for the industry , annual loss distribution can not be built directly using annual loss figures . Instead , a bank will develop a frequency distribution that describes the number of loss events in a given year , and a severity distribution that describes the loss amount of a single loss event . The frequency and severity distributions are assumed to be independent . The convolution of these two distributions then give rise to the ( annual ) loss distribution . See also ( edit ) Basel II Basic indicator approach Operational risk Standardized approach ( operational risk ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frachot , A. ; Georges , P. ; Roncalli , T. ( 2001 ) . `` Loss Distribution Approach for Operational Risk '' . GRO , Crédit Lyonnais . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1032523 . Jump up ^ Guégan , D. ; Hassani , B.K. ( 2012 ) . `` Operational risk : A Basel II++ step before Basel III '' . Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions . 6 : 37 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Guégan , D. ; Hassani , B.K. ( 2013 ) . `` Using a time series approach to correct serial correlation in Operational Risk capital calculation '' . Journal of Operational Risk . 8 ( 3 ) : 31 -- 56 . http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbsca.htm Basel II : Revised international capital framework ( BCBS ) http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs107.htm Basel II : International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards : a Revised Framework ( BCBS ) http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs118.htm Basel II : International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards : a Revised Framework ( BCBS ) ( November 2005 Revision ) http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs128.pdf Basel II : International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards : a Revised Framework , Comprehensive Version ( BCBS ) ( June 2006 Revision ) http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs196.htm Operational Risk - Supervisory Guidelines for the Advanced Measurement Approaches - final document ( BCBS ) ( June 2011 Revision ) This bank and insurance - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_measurement_approach&oldid=803377174 '' Categories : Basel II Bank stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 04 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has prescribed guidelines on advanced measurement approach	[ "Also, according to section 664 of original Basel Accord, in order to qualify for use of the AMA a bank must satisfy its supervisor that, at a minimum:\n" ]	[ "Basel Accord" ]
1642865244458790899	FIFA World Cup top goalscorers	FIFA World Cup top goalscorers - wikipedia FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose celebrating his record - breaking 16th World Cup goal More than 2,500 goals have been scored at the 21 editions of the FIFA World Cup final tournaments , not counting penalties scored during shoot - outs . Since the first goal scored by French player Lucien Laurent at the 1930 FIFA World Cup , more than 1,250 footballers have scored goals at the World Cup , of which just 97 have scored at least five . Number of goalscorers Goals ≥ 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Total No players 7 6 9 7 8 26 34 > 50 > 90 > 200 > 750 > 1,250 Ronaldo is the player with the second most goals , scoring 15 . The top goalscorer of the inaugural competition was Argentina 's Guillermo Stábile with eight goals . Since then , only 22 players have scored more at all the games played at the World Cup than Stábile did throughout the 1930 tournament . The first was Hungary 's Sándor Kocsis with eleven in 1954 . At the next tournament , France 's Just Fontaine improved on this record with 13 goals in only six games . Gerd Müller scored 10 for West Germany in 1970 and broke the overall record when he scored his 14th goal at the World Cup during West Germany 's win at the 1974 final . His record stood for more than three decades until Ronaldo 's 15 goals between 1998 and 2006 for Brazil . Germany 's Miroslav Klose went on to score a record 16 goals across four consecutive tournaments between 2002 and 2014 . Only two other players have surpassed 10 goals at the World Cup : Pelé with 12 between 1958 and 1970 for Brazil , and Jürgen Klinsmann with 11 between 1990 and 1998 for Germany . Of all the players who have played at the World Cup , only six have scored , on average , at least two goals per game played : Kocsis , Fontaine , Stábile , Russia 's Oleg Salenko , Switzerland 's Josef Hügi , and Poland 's Ernst Wilimowski -- the latter scored four in his single World Cup game in 1938 . The top 97 goalscorers have represented 28 nations , with 14 players scoring for Brazil , and another 14 for Germany or West Germany . In total , 64 footballers came from UEFA ( Europe ) , 29 from CONMEBOL ( South America ) , and only four from elsewhere : Cameroon , Ghana , Australia , and the United States . Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored at a single tournament , with 13 goals in 1958 . The players that came closest to this record were Kocsis in 1954 , Müller in 1970 and Portugal 's Eusébio in 1966 , with 11 , 10 and 9 , respectively . The lowest scoring tournament 's top scorer was in 1962 , when six players tied at only four goals each . Across the 21 editions of the World Cup , 30 footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals , and no one has achieved this feat twice . Nine of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament , while Brazil 's Jairzinho became the only footballer to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of that tournament in 1970 . These 30 top goalscorers played for 19 nations , the most ( five ) for Brazil . Another five came from other South American countries , with the remaining 20 coming from Europe . Excluding the 2010 edition , all the top tournament scorers won the Golden Boot . Contents 1 Overall top goalscorers 1.1 Timeline 2 Top goalscorers for each tournament 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Overall top goalscorers ( edit ) Table key Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup # Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018 ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad , but did not play in a match ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match , but did not score a goal Gerd Müller ( right ) scored 14 goals for West Germany . Pelé ( right ) scored 12 goals for Brazil . Thomas Müller has scored 10 goals for Germany . Grzegorz Lato ( left ) scored 10 goals for Poland . David Villa ( left ) is the top World Cup goalscorer for Spain , with nine goals . Jairzinho ( upper right ) and Roberto Rivellino ( center ) have scored nine and six goals , respectively , for Brazil . Landon Donovan is the first player from the United States to score five goals . Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments Rank Player Team Goals scored Matches played Goals per game Tournaments Notes Miroslav Klose Germany 16 24 0.67 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Ronaldo Brazil 15 19 0.79 ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Gerd Müller West Germany 14 13 1.08 1970 , 1974 list Just Fontaine France 13 6 2.17 1958 list 5 Pelé Brazil 12 14 0.86 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 list 6 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 2.20 1954 list Jürgen Klinsmann West Germany Germany 17 0.65 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list 8 Helmut Rahn West Germany 10 10 1.00 1954 , 1958 list Gary Lineker England 12 0.83 1986 , 1990 list Gabriel Batistuta Argentina 12 0.83 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Teófilo Cubillas Peru 13 0.77 1970 , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Thomas Müller Germany 16 0.63 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Grzegorz Lato Poland 20 0.50 1974 , 1978 , 1982 list 14 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 1.50 1966 list Christian Vieri Italy 9 1.00 1998 , 2002 list Vavá Brazil 10 0.90 1958 , 1962 David Villa Spain 12 0.75 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Paolo Rossi Italy 14 0.64 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Jairzinho Brazil 16 0.56 ( 1966 ) , 1970 , 1974 list Roberto Baggio Italy 16 0.56 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 19 0.47 1978 , 1982 , 1986 list Uwe Seeler West Germany 21 0.43 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 23 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 2.00 1930 list Leônidas Brazil 5 1.60 1934 , 1938 list Ademir Brazil 6 1.33 1950 list Óscar Míguez Uruguay 7 1.14 1950 , 1954 Rivaldo Brazil 14 0.57 1998 , 2002 list Rudi Völler West Germany Germany 15 0.53 1986 , 1990 , 1994 list Diego Maradona Argentina 21 0.38 1982 , 1986 , ( 1990 ) , 1994 list 30 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 7 6 1.17 1934 , 1938 Lajos Tichy Hungary 8 0.88 1958 , 1962 , ( 1966 ) list Careca Brazil 9 0.78 1986 , 1990 Johnny Rep Netherlands 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 Andrzej Szarmach Poland 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 , 1982 Luis Suárez Uruguay 13 0.54 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Hans Schäfer West Germany 15 0.47 1954 , 1958 , ( 1962 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 17 0.41 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list 38 Josef Hügi Switzerland 6 2.00 1954 Oleg Salenko Russia 2.00 1994 list György Sárosi Hungary 5 1.20 1934 , 1938 Max Morlock West Germany 5 1.20 1954 Erich Probst Austria 5 1.20 1954 Harry Kane England 6 1.00 2018 list Salvatore Schillaci Italy 7 0.86 1990 list Davor Šuker Yugoslavia Croatia 8 0.75 ( 1990 ) , 1998 , ( 2002 ) list James Rodríguez Colombia 8 0.75 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Helmut Haller West Germany 9 0.67 ( 1962 ) , 1966 , ( 1970 ) Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 10 0.60 1994 , ( 1998 ) list Diego Forlán Uruguay 10 0.60 2002 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Neymar Brazil 10 0.60 2014 , 2018 list Asamoah Gyan Ghana 11 0.55 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands 12 0.50 1994 , 1998 list Rob Rensenbrink Netherlands 13 0.46 1974 , 1978 Rivellino Brazil 15 0.40 1970 , 1974 , ( 1978 ) Bebeto Brazil 15 0.40 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 list Arjen Robben Netherlands 15 0.40 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Zbigniew Boniek Poland 16 0.38 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Thierry Henry France 17 0.35 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 , ( 2010 ) list Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 17 0.35 ( 2006 ) , 2010 , 2014 list Robin van Persie Netherlands 17 0.35 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Mario Kempes Argentina 18 0.33 ( 1974 ) , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Lionel Messi Argentina 19 0.32 2006 , ( 2010 ) , 2014 , 2018 list Lothar Matthäus West Germany Germany 25 0.24 ( 1982 ) , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , ( 1998 ) 64 Pedro Cea Uruguay 5 1.25 1930 list Silvio Piola Italy 1.25 1938 Gyula Zsengellér Hungary 1.25 1938 Peter McParland Northern Ireland 5 1.00 1958 list Tomáš Skuhravý Czechoslovakia 5 1.00 1990 Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 6 0.83 1950 , 1954 Geoff Hurst England 6 0.83 1966 , 1970 list Jon Dahl Tomasson Denmark 6 0.83 2002 , 2010 list Alessandro Altobelli Italy 7 0.71 1982 , 1986 Kennet Andersson Sweden 7 0.71 1994 list Fernando Morientes Spain 7 0.71 1998 , 2002 list Romário Brazil 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , 1994 list Marc Wilmots Belgium 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 list Mario Mandžukić Croatia 8 0.63 2014 , 2018 list Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union 9 0.56 1958 , 1962 list Emilio Butragueño Spain 9 0.56 1986 , ( 1990 ) list Roger Milla Cameroon 9 0.56 ( 1982 ) , 1990 , 1994 Tim Cahill Australia 9 0.56 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Hans Krankl Austria 10 0.50 1978 , 1982 list Romelu Lukaku Belgium 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Ivan Perišić Croatia 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Raúl Spain 11 0.45 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Garrincha Brazil 12 0.42 ( 1958 ) , 1962 , 1966 Johan Neeskens Netherlands 12 0.42 1974 , ( 1978 ) Fernando Hierro Spain 12 0.42 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Zinedine Zidane France 12 0.42 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 Landon Donovan United States 12 0.42 2002 , ( 2006 ) , 2010 list Henrik Larsson Sweden 13 0.38 1994 , 2002 , 2006 list Michel Platini France 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , 1986 Zico Brazil 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Edinson Cavani Uruguay 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Lukas Podolski Germany 15 0.33 2006 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Franz Beckenbauer West Germany 18 0.28 1966 , 1970 , ( 1974 ) list Timeline ( edit ) Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments Goals Date Player Team Match Opponent Previous goals Ref July 13 , 1930 Lucien Laurent France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico N / A Bart McGhee United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Marcel Langiller France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico André Maschinot France Mexico Tom Florie United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Bert Patenaude United States Belgium Juan Carreño Mexico 1930 -- Group stage France André Maschinot France Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 16 , 1930 Carlos Vidal Chile 1930 -- Group stage Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 17 , 1930 Ivan Bek Yugoslavia 1930 -- Group stage Bolivia 1930 vs Brazil Bert Patenaude United States 1930 -- Group stage Paraguay 1930 vs Belgium , Paraguay July 22 , 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 1930 -- Group stage Chile 1930 vs Mexico ( 3 ) 5 6 July 26 , 1930 1930 -- Semi-final United States 7 8 July 30 , 1930 1930 -- Final Uruguay June 19 , 1938 Leônidas Brazil 1938 -- 3rd place Sweden 1934 vs Spain 1938 vs Poland ( 3 ) , Czechoslovakia , Czechoslovakia , Sweden ( 2 ) July 13 , 1950 Ademir Brazil 1950 -- Final round Spain 1950 vs Mexico ( 2 ) , Yugoslavia , Sweden ( 3 ) , Spain June 27 , 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 1954 -- Quarter - final Brazil 1954 vs South Korea ( 3 ) , West Germany ( 4 ) 9 10 June 30 , 1954 1954 -- Semi-final Uruguay 11 June 28 , 1958 Just Fontaine France 1958 -- 3rd place West Germany 1958 vs Paraguay ( 3 ) , Yugoslavia ( 2 ) , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( 2 ) , Brazil , West Germany 12 13 July 3 , 1974 Gerd Müller West Germany 1974 -- Second round Poland 1970 vs Morocco , Bulgaria ( 3 ) , Peru ( 3 ) , England , Italy ( 2 ) 1974 vs Australia , Yugoslavia 14 July 7 , 1974 1974 -- Final Netherlands June 22 , 2006 Ronaldo Brazil 2006 -- Group stage Japan 1998 vs Morocco , Chile ( 2 ) , Netherlands 2002 vs Turkey , China , Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Belgium , Turkey , Germany ( 2 ) 2006 vs Japan 15 June 27 , 2006 2006 -- Round of 16 Ghana June 21 , 2014 Miroslav Klose Germany 2014 -- Group stage Ghana 2002 vs Saudi Arabia ( 3 ) , Ireland , Cameroon 2006 vs Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Ecuador ( 2 ) , Argentina 2010 vs Australia , England , Argentina ( 2 ) 16 July 8 , 2014 2014 -- Semi-final Brazil Top goalscorers for each tournament ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored a record 13 goals at the 1958 FIFA World Cup . Eusébio scored nine goals for Portugal at the 1966 World Cup . James Rodríguez scored six goals for Colombia at the 2014 World Cup . Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament World Cup Player Team Goals scored Matches played Golden Boot Other FIFA Awards Uruguay 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 Silver Ball Italy 1934 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 5 Bronze Ball France 1938 Leônidas Brazil 7 5 Golden Ball Brazil 1950 Ademir Brazil 8 6 Bronze Ball Switzerland 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 Silver Ball Sweden 1958 Just Fontaine France 13 6 Bronze Ball Chile 1962 Garrincha Brazil 6 Golden Ball Vavá Brazil 6 Leonel Sánchez Chile 6 Bronze Ball Flórián Albert Hungary Best Young Player Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union Dražan Jerković Yugoslavia 6 England 1966 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 Bronze Ball Mexico 1970 Gerd Müller West Germany 10 6 Best Young Player , Bronze Ball West Germany 1974 Grzegorz Lato Poland 7 7 Argentina 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 6 7 Golden Ball Spain 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 6 7 Golden Ball Mexico 1986 Gary Lineker England 6 5 Italy 1990 Salvatore Schillaci Italy 6 7 Golden Ball USA 1994 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 6 7 Bronze Ball Oleg Salenko Russia France 1998 Davor Šuker Croatia 6 7 Silver Ball South Korea and Japan 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 8 7 Silver Ball Germany 2006 Miroslav Klose Germany 5 7 South Africa 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 5 6 Best Young Player David Villa Spain 7 Silver Boot , Bronze Ball Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 7 Bronze Boot , Silver Ball Diego Forlán Uruguay 7 Golden Ball Brazil 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 6 5 Russia 2018 Harry Kane England 6 6 See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks List of FIFA World Cup own goals All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Outside this list is Ernst Wilimowski of Poland , the player with the highest goals - to - games ratio in the World Cup . His ratio is 4.00 as he scored four goals in his only World Cup appearance , in 1938 . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals in the 1938 tournament , but in November 2006 , FIFA revised it to seven ( he scored one additional goal in the 1934 tournament ) . Jump up ^ There was a controversy regarding the number of goals scored by Ademir in 1950 because of incomplete data from the final group round game against Spain , that ended in a 6 -- 1 victory for Brazil . The fifth Brazilian goal was credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals in 1934 . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , meaning he scored a total of seven goals overall ( he scored two goals in 1938 ) . Jump up ^ Davor Šuker was part of Yugoslavia 's squad in the 1990 FIFA World Cup but did not play any games . After the breakup of Yugoslavia , he joined the Croatian national team . Jump up ^ The two initial games of the 1930 FIFA World Cup ( France -- Mexico and United States -- Belgium ) were played at the same time , as seven players scored , with André Maschinot scoring two goals . The order in which these players are listed reflects the actual elapsed time in the games when their goals were scored . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Second - half surge sees Tunisia bow out in style '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup -- Milestone Goals ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup -- All - time Topscorers '' . WorldFootball.net . HEIM : SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co . KG . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics -- Players with the Most Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Owsianski , Jaroslaw ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 -- Final Tournaments -- Top - 100 Goal Scorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All Time Statistics -- All editions '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` More goals than caps '' . FIFA. 2009 - 06 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . The Golden Shoe may have eluded Ernest Wilimowski , but he does boast the best goals - to - games ratio in World Cup history at 400 per cent . Indeed , in his solitary appearance -- an unforgettable match at France 1938 -- he scored four of Poland 's goals in a 6 - 5 defeat by Brazil in the first round . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerd Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Just Fontaine '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sandor Kocsis '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juergen Klinsmann '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Rahn '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Lineker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Batistuta '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Teofilo Cubillas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Grzegorz Lato '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Eusebio ( Eusebio da Silva Ferreira ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Vieri '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vava '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Rossi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jairzinho '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Baggio '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Karl - Heinz Rummenigge '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uwe Seeler '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Stabile '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA. 2006 - 11 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leonidas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Obituary -- Jair da Rosa Pinto '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Brazil 6 : 1 Spain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ademir '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Miguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rudi Voeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Maradona '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oldrich Nejedly '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lajos Tichy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Careca '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Rep '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Andrzej Szarmach '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Schaeffer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2018 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Huegi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oleg Salenko '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyorgy Sarosi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Max Morlock '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Erich Probst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane '' . ESPN . 2018 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Salvatore Schillaci '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Davor Suker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` James Rodriguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- James Rodriguez '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Haller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Forlan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Asamoah Gyan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Bergkamp '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Rensenbrink '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivelino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bebeto '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arjen Robben '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zbigniew Boniek '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wesley Sneijder '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Kempes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lothar Matthaeus '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Cea '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Silvio Piola '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyula Zsengeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Peter McParland '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Skuhravy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Schiaffino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Hurst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Dahl Tomasson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Alessandro Altobelli '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kennet Andersson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Morientes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romário ( Romário de Souza Faria ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Wilmots '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Mandžukić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Valentin Ivanov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Butragueno '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Milla '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cahill '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Tim Cahill '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Krankl '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romelu Lukaku '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Perišić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Raul '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Garrincha '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Neeskens '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Hierro '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Landon Donovan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Larsson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Podolski '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- France 4 : 1 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- USA 3 : 0 Belgium '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- Chile 3 : 0 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Bek '' . Sky Sports . 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian . `` The 10 Most Significant Goals In U.S. Soccer History : Bert Patenaude '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's most iconic players : 1930 top scorer Guillermo Stabile '' . talkSPORT.com. 2018 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Classic Player : Leonidas : Brazil 's first superstar '' . FIFA. 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's forgotten men '' . VAVEL. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) . `` The forgotten story of ... Just Fontaine 's 13 - goal World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Kevin . `` World Cup Rewind : Ronaldo sets all - time goals world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Miroslav Klose 's World Cup goals '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup : Statistics ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Golden Ball Winners in World Cup History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg , Danny ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Every winner of the World Cup 's Best Young Player award and what they went on to achieve '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup statistics at FIFA.com Statistics at RSSSF Planet World Cup FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_top_goalscorers&oldid=856410387 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 00 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who scored most goals in all world cup	[ "\nPlayers with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments[6][7]\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoalsscored\n\nMatchesplayed\n\nGoalsper game[nb 1]\n\nTournaments\n\nNotes\n\n\n1\n\nMiroslav Klose♦\n\n Germany\n\n16\n\n24\n\n0.67\n\n2002, 2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[9]\n\n\n2\n\nRonaldo♦\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n19\n\n0.79\n\n[1994], 1998, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[10]\n\n\n3\n\nGerd Müller\n\n West Germany\n\n14\n\n13\n\n1.08\n\n1970, 1974\n\nlist[11]\n\n\n4\n\nJust Fontaine♦\n\n France\n\n13\n\n6\n\n2.17\n\n1958\n\nlist[12]\n\n\n5\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n12\n\n14\n\n0.86\n\n1958, 1962, 1966, 1970\n\nlist[13]\n\n\n6\n\nSándor Kocsis♦\n\n Hungary\n\n11\n\n5\n\n2.20\n\n1954\n\nlist[14]\n\n\nJürgen Klinsmann\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n17\n\n0.65\n\n1990,1994, 1998\n\nlist[15]\n\n\n8\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n10\n\n10\n\n1.00\n\n1954, 1958\n\nlist[16]\n\n\nGary Lineker♦\n\n England\n\n12\n\n0.83\n\n1986, 1990\n\nlist[17]\n\n\nGabriel Batistuta♦\n\n Argentina\n\n12\n\n0.83\n\n1994, 1998, 2002\n\nlist[18]\n\n\nTeófilo Cubillas♦\n\n Peru\n\n13\n\n0.77\n\n1970, 1978, (1982)\n\nlist[19]\n\n\nThomas Müller#\n\n Germany\n\n16\n\n0.63\n\n2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[20][21]\n\n\nGrzegorz Lato♦\n\n Poland\n\n20\n\n0.50\n\n1974, 1978, 1982\n\nlist[22]\n\n\n14\n\nEusébio♦\n\n Portugal\n\n9\n\n6\n\n1.50\n\n1966\n\nlist[23]\n\n\nChristian Vieri♦\n\n Italy\n\n9\n\n1.00\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[24]\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n10\n\n0.90\n\n1958, 1962\n\n[25]\n\n\nDavid Villa♦\n\n Spain\n\n12\n\n0.75\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[26]\n\n\nPaolo Rossi♦\n\n Italy\n\n14\n\n0.64\n\n1978, 1982, [1986]\n\nlist[27]\n\n\nJairzinho\n\n Brazil\n\n16\n\n0.56\n\n(1966), 1970, 1974\n\nlist[28]\n\n\nRoberto Baggio♦\n\n Italy\n\n16\n\n0.56\n\n1990, 1994, 1998\n\nlist[29]\n\n\nKarl-Heinz Rummenigge\n\n West Germany\n\n19\n\n0.47\n\n1978, 1982, 1986\n\nlist[30]\n\n\nUwe Seeler\n\n West Germany\n\n21\n\n0.43\n\n1958, 1962, 1966, 1970\n\n[31]\n\n\n23\n\nGuillermo Stábile\n\n Argentina\n\n8\n\n4\n\n2.00\n\n1930\n\nlist[32]\n\n\nLeônidas\n\n Brazil\n\n5\n\n1.60\n\n1934, 1938\n\nlist[nb 2][34]\n\n\nAdemir\n\n Brazil\n\n6\n\n1.33\n\n1950\n\nlist[nb 3][37]\n\n\nÓscar Míguez♦\n\n Uruguay\n\n7\n\n1.14\n\n1950, 1954\n\n[38]\n\n\nRivaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n14\n\n0.57\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[39]\n\n\nRudi Völler\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n15\n\n0.53\n\n1986, 1990,1994\n\nlist[40]\n\n\nDiego Maradona\n\n Argentina\n\n21\n\n0.38\n\n1982, 1986, (1990), 1994\n\nlist[41]\n\n\n30\n\nOldřich Nejedlý♦\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n7\n\n6\n\n1.17\n\n1934, 1938\n\n[nb 4][42]\n\n\nLajos Tichy\n\n Hungary\n\n8\n\n0.88\n\n1958, 1962, [1966]\n\nlist[43]\n\n\nCareca\n\n Brazil\n\n9\n\n0.78\n\n1986, 1990\n\n[44]\n\n\nJohnny Rep♦\n\n Netherlands\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n1974, 1978\n\n[45]\n\n\nAndrzej Szarmach\n\n Poland\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n1974, 1978, 1982\n\n[46]\n\n\nLuis Suárez#\n\n Uruguay\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[47][48]\n\n\nHans Schäfer\n\n West Germany\n\n15\n\n0.47\n\n1954, 1958, (1962)\n\n[49]\n\n\nCristiano Ronaldo#\n\n Portugal\n\n17\n\n0.41\n\n2006, 2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][50]\n\n\n38\n\nJosef Hügi♦\n\n Switzerland\n\n6\n\n3\n\n2.00\n\n1954\n\n[51]\n\n\nOleg Salenko♦\n\n Russia\n\n3\n\n2.00\n\n1994\n\nlist[52]\n\n\nGyörgy Sárosi\n\n Hungary\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1934, 1938\n\n[53]\n\n\nMax Morlock\n\n West Germany\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1954\n\n[54]\n\n\nErich Probst♦\n\n Austria\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1954\n\n[55]\n\n\nHarry Kane#\n\n England\n\n6\n\n1.00\n\n2018\n\nlist[56]\n\n\nSalvatore Schillaci\n\n Italy\n\n7\n\n0.86\n\n1990\n\nlist[57]\n\n\nDavor Šuker♦\n\n Yugoslavia Croatia\n\n8\n\n0.75\n\n[1990],1998, (2002)\n\nlist[nb 5][58]\n\n\nJames Rodríguez♦#\n\n Colombia\n\n8\n\n0.75\n\n2014, (2018)\n\nlist[59][60]\n\n\nHelmut Haller\n\n West Germany\n\n9\n\n0.67\n\n(1962), 1966, (1970)\n\n[61]\n\n\nHristo Stoichkov♦\n\n Bulgaria\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n1994, (1998)\n\nlist[62]\n\n\nDiego Forlán\n\n Uruguay\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n2002, 2010, (2014)\n\nlist[63]\n\n\nNeymar#\n\n Brazil\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][64]\n\n\nAsamoah Gyan♦\n\n Ghana\n\n11\n\n0.55\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[65]\n\n\nDennis Bergkamp\n\n Netherlands\n\n12\n\n0.50\n\n1994, 1998\n\nlist[66]\n\n\nRob Rensenbrink\n\n Netherlands\n\n13\n\n0.46\n\n1974, 1978\n\n[67]\n\n\nRivellino\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n1970, 1974, (1978)\n\n[68]\n\n\nBebeto\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n(1990), 1994, 1998\n\nlist[69]\n\n\nArjen Robben\n\n Netherlands\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[70]\n\n\nZbigniew Boniek\n\n Poland\n\n16\n\n0.38\n\n1978, 1982, (1986)\n\nlist[71]\n\n\nThierry Henry\n\n France\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n1998, (2002), 2006, (2010)\n\nlist[72]\n\n\nWesley Sneijder\n\n Netherlands\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n(2006), 2010, 2014\n\nlist[73]\n\n\nRobin van Persie\n\n Netherlands\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[74]\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n18\n\n0.33\n\n(1974), 1978, (1982)\n\nlist[75]\n\n\nLionel Messi#\n\n Argentina\n\n19\n\n0.32\n\n2006, (2010), 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][76]\n\n\nLothar Matthäus\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n25\n\n0.24\n\n(1982), 1986, 1990, 1994, (1998)\n\n[77]\n\n\n64\n\nPedro Cea\n\n Uruguay\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1930\n\nlist[78]\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1938\n\n[79]\n\n\nGyula Zsengellér\n\n Hungary\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1938\n\n[80]\n\n\nPeter McParland♦\n\n Northern Ireland\n\n5\n\n1.00\n\n1958\n\nlist[81]\n\n\nTomáš Skuhravý\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n5\n\n1.00\n\n1990\n\n[82]\n\n\nJuan Alberto Schiaffino\n\n Uruguay\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n1950, 1954\n\n[83]\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n1966, 1970\n\nlist[84]\n\n\nJon Dahl Tomasson♦\n\n Denmark\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n2002, 2010\n\nlist[85]\n\n\nAlessandro Altobelli\n\n Italy\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1982, 1986\n\n[86]\n\n\nKennet Andersson♦\n\n Sweden\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1994\n\nlist[87]\n\n\nFernando Morientes\n\n Spain\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[88]\n\n\nRomário\n\n Brazil\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n(1990), 1994\n\nlist[89]\n\n\nMarc Wilmots♦\n\n Belgium\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n[1990], (1994), 1998, 2002\n\nlist[90]\n\n\nMario Mandžukić#\n\n Croatia\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][91]\n\n\nValentin Ivanov\n\n Soviet Union\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n1958, 1962\n\nlist[92]\n\n\nEmilio Butragueño\n\n Spain\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n1986, (1990)\n\nlist[93]\n\n\nRoger Milla♦\n\n Cameroon\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n(1982), 1990, 1994\n\n[94]\n\n\nTim Cahill♦#\n\n Australia\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n2006, 2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[95][96]\n\n\nHans Krankl\n\n Austria\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n1978, 1982\n\nlist[97]\n\n\nRomelu Lukaku♦#\n\n Belgium\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[98]\n\n\nIvan Perišić#\n\n Croatia\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][99]\n\n\nRaúl\n\n Spain\n\n11\n\n0.45\n\n1998, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[100]\n\n\nGarrincha\n\n Brazil\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n(1958), 1962, 1966\n\n[101]\n\n\nJohan Neeskens\n\n Netherlands\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n1974, (1978)\n\n[102]\n\n\nFernando Hierro\n\n Spain\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n[1990], 1994, 1998, 2002\n\nlist[103]\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n1998, (2002), 2006\n\n[104]\n\n\nLandon Donovan♦\n\n United States\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n2002, (2006), 2010\n\nlist[105]\n\n\nHenrik Larsson♦\n\n Sweden\n\n13\n\n0.38\n\n1994, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[106]\n\n\nMichel Platini\n\n France\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n1978, 1982, 1986\n\n[107]\n\n\nZico\n\n Brazil\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n1978, 1982, (1986)\n\n[108]\n\n\nGonzalo Higuaín#\n\n Argentina\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[109][110]\n\n\nEdinson Cavani#\n\n Uruguay\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][111]\n\n\nLukas Podolski\n\n Germany\n\n15\n\n0.33\n\n2006, 2010, (2014)\n\nlist[112]\n\n\nFranz Beckenbauer\n\n West Germany\n\n18\n\n0.28\n\n1966, 1970, (1974)\n\nlist[113]\n" ]	[ "Miroslav Klose" ]
-2085589281567212749	You Can't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl	You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl - Wikipedia You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl `` You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl '' Single by Brooks & Dunn from the album Red Dirt Road Released September 15 , 2003 Recorded 2003 Genre Country Length 3 : 41 Label Arista Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Bob DiPiero Bart Allmand Producer ( s ) Kix Brooks Ronnie Dunn Mark Wright Brooks & Dunn singles chronology `` Red Dirt Road '' ( 2003 ) `` You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl '' ( 2003 ) `` That 's What She Gets for Loving Me '' ( 2004 ) `` Red Dirt Road '' ( 2003 ) `` You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl '' ( 2003 ) `` That 's What She Gets for Loving Me '' ( 2004 ) `` You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl '' is a song written by Bob DiPiero and Bart Allmand , and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn . It was released in September 2003 as the second single from their album Red Dirt Road . It reached number 3 in early 2004 . Contents 1 Music video 2 Chart positions 2.1 Year - end charts 3 References 4 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video features a woman ( named Connie ) , who does n't like to wear shoes and is always walking without them . The music video was directed by Michael Salomon and features actress Marilu Henner . While the lyrics to the song imply that Connie ran off with the groom , the music video shows Connie dressed as the bride with the real bride and groom having eloped to Cancun . Chart positions ( edit ) `` You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl '' debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of September 20 , 2003 . Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 43 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks & Dunn Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Brooks & Dunn Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2004 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2004 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Brooks & Dunn singles Brand New Man `` Brand New Man '' `` My Next Broken Heart '' `` Neon Moon '' `` Boot Scootin ' Boogie '' `` Lost and Found '' Hard Workin ' Man `` Hard Workin ' Man '' `` We 'll Burn That Bridge '' `` She Used to Be Mine '' `` Rock My World ( Little Country Girl ) '' `` That Ai n't No Way to Go '' Waitin ' on Sundown `` She 's Not the Cheatin ' Kind '' `` I 'll Never Forgive My Heart '' `` Little Miss Honky Tonk '' `` You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' `` Whiskey Under the Bridge '' Borderline `` My Maria '' `` I Am That Man '' `` Mama Do n't Get Dressed Up for Nothing '' `` A Man This Lonely '' `` Why Would I Say Goodbye '' The Greatest Hits Collection `` Honky Tonk Truth '' `` He 's Got You '' If You See Her `` If You See Him / If You See Her '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` How Long Gone '' `` Husbands and Wives '' `` I Ca n't Get Over You '' `` South of Santa Fe '' Tight Rope `` Missing You '' `` Beer Thirty '' `` You 'll Always Be Loved by Me '' Steers & Stripes `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' `` Only in America '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` My Heart Is Lost to You '' `` Every River '' Red Dirt Road `` Red Dirt Road '' `` You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl '' `` That 's What She Gets for Loving Me '' The Greatest Hits Collection II `` That 's What It 's All About '' `` It 's Getting Better All the Time '' Hillbilly Deluxe `` Play Something Country '' `` Believe '' `` Building Bridges '' ( with Sheryl Crow and Vince Gill ) `` Hillbilly Deluxe '' Cowboy Town `` Proud of the House We Built '' `` God Must Be Busy '' `` Put a Girl in It '' `` Cowgirls Do n't Cry '' ( with Reba McEntire ) # 1s ... and Then Some `` Indian Summer '' `` Honky Tonk Stomp '' ( with Billy Gibbons ) See also Discography This 2000s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Can%27t_Take_the_Honky_Tonk_Out_of_the_Girl&oldid=828785280 '' Categories : 2003 singles Brooks & Dunn songs Songs written by Bob DiPiero Arista Nashville singles Music videos directed by Michael Salomon Song recordings produced by Mark Wright ( record producer ) 2003 songs 2000s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 19 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	you can take the girl outta the country song	[ "\"You Can't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl\" is a song written by Bob DiPiero and Bart Allmand, and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in September 2003 as the second single from their album Red Dirt Road. It reached number 3 in early 2004.[1]\n" ]	[ "You Can't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl" ]
7378262408002674402	List of Phineas and Ferb characters	List of Phineas and Ferb characters - wikipedia List of Phineas and Ferb characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The majority of the show 's main characters as seen at the end of Rollercoaster : the Musical ! . Clockwise from top left : Vanessa , Dr. Doofenshmirtz , Jeremy , the giant floating baby head , Candace , Stacy , Linda , Lawrence , Coltrane , Buford , Gretchen , Ginger , Milly , Baljeet , Ferb , Perry the Platypus , Phineas , Isabella , Irving , Holly , Adyson , and Katie . The following is a character list of main and secondary characters on the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Phineas Flynn 1.2 Ferbs `` Ferb '' Fletcher 1.3 Candace Flynn 1.4 Perry the Platypus 1.5 Dr. Doofenshmirtz 2 Secondary characters 2.1 Baljeet Tjinder 2.2 Carl the Intern 2.3 Fireside Girls 2.4 Lawrence Fletcher 2.5 Linda Flynn - Fletcher 2.6 Isabella Garcia - Shapiro 2.7 Stacy Hirano 2.8 Jeremy Johnson 2.9 Major Monogram 2.10 Buford van Stomm 2.11 Vanessa Doofenshmirtz 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Vivian Garcia - Shapiro 3.2 Jenny Brown 3.3 Pinky 3.4 Norm 3.5 Charlene Doofenshmirtz 3.6 Suzy Johnson 3.7 Grandpa Clyde and Grandma Betty Jo 3.8 Grandpa Reginald and Grandma Winifred 3.9 Roger Doofenshmirtz 3.10 Irving Du Bois 3.11 Django Brown 3.12 Admiral Acronym 3.13 Carla 3.14 Professor Poofenplotz 3.15 Love Händel 3.16 Monty Monogram 3.17 Dr. Hirano 3.18 Rodney 3.19 Professor Parenthesis 4 Minor characters 4.1 Celebrity guest stars 5 References 6 External links Main characters Phineas Flynn Main article : Phineas Flynn Phineas Flynn ( voiced by Vincent Martella ) Like other characters , he has red hair , his age is not mentioned . Phineas , along with his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher , star in the A-Plot of every episode . The series concerns Phineas 's attempts to avoid boredom by finding something new to do every day of the summer vacation . He does this with his less - talkative stepbrother Ferb , and often with many other neighborhood children . He is known to be very selfless and energetic . Phineas has many catch phrases like `` Oh , there you are , Perry '' or `` Hey , Ferb ! I know what we 're going to do today ! '' and `` Hey , where 's Perry ? '' . Phineas comes from a blended family . The creators chose this arrangement because they considered it underused in children 's programming as well as from Marsh 's experiences in one . As a character , Phineas has received a positive critical response , with one reviewer describing him and his brother as a `` comical pairing . '' Phineas appears in Phineas and Ferb merchandise , including plush toys , t - shirts , and a video game . Ferbs `` Ferb '' Fletcher Main article : Ferb Fletcher Ferb Fletcher ( voiced by Thomas Sangster ) is a boy of few words , Phineas 's green - haired , intelligent but laconic stepbrother from the United Kingdom and created by Phineas and Ferb co-founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh . He first appeared in the show 's pilot episode , `` Rollercoaster . '' Ferb and his stepbrother Phineas Flynn spend their days during their summer vacation having fun . They are featured in every episode 's A-Plot constructing large scale inventions or taking part in other outlandish activities . Ferb , an engineering genius , allows Phineas to do most of the talking for the pair and is described as `` more of a man of action , '' by Phineas , which makes him more of a plot device than a developed character . Ferb is more likely to sing than speak , but most often has a one - liner in the episodes . Ferb is named after a friend of the show 's creators who was an expert on tools and , at times , stayed rather silent . Candace Flynn Main article : Candace Flynn Candace Flynn ( voiced by Ashley Tisdale ) is Phineas 's fifteen - year - old older sister and Ferb 's stepsister . She first appeared in the pilot episode . Candace does not approve of the inventions her brothers create then she hates their creations , and in most episodes she attempts to `` bust her brothers '' by showing their mom . Her best friend is Stacy Hirano ; Candace also has an obvious crush on Jeremy Johnson , but for a long time she was oblivious to the fact he liked her back . As a character , she has received a positive critical acclaim , having appeared in other media such as video games . Perry the Platypus Main article : Perry the Platypus Perry the Platypus ( vocal effects by Dee Bradley Baker ) , a.k.a. Agent P , is Phineas and Ferb 's pet platypus and first appeared along with a large portion of the main cast in the pilot episode `` Rollercoaster . '' Perry is featured as the star of the B - Plot for all but one episode of the series alongside his arch - nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , at last he pretend to destroy their creations . He is a primarily silent character , with the only noises being the occasional rattling of his bill . In Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , an alternate reality ( yet more evil and ruthless ) version of Perry ( known as Platyborg ) appears . Platyborg would later return in the episode sequel , Tales from the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension . Dr. Doofenshmirtz Main article : Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz ( voiced by Dan Povenmire ) is a mad scientist appearing in all but one episode 's B - Plots thus far . He is the father to teenage Vanessa Doofenshmirtz and is the head of his own company , Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc . Depending on the episode , Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's main goal is to either destroy or rule the Tri-State Area which was suggested to him as a starting point before trying to take over the world . Routinely bumbling , incompetent , and forgetful , almost all of Doofenshmirtz 's plans -- always involving various gadgets and inventions -- have been thwarted by Perry the Platypus . However , a few of his schemes were quite successful in nature , such as in the 2014 special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer when Doofenshmirtz succeeded in moving the Earth away from its original orbit to an early autumn , much to Perry 's distraught . After most defeats , he shouts his catchphrase , `` Curse you , Perry the Platypus ! '' His first invention as a child was simply called `` Inator '' which led to his modern contraptions usually ending with the suffix of the same name . Throughout the series , Doofenshmirtz 's flashbacks ( which are often shown after Perry has been captured ) explore his mentally abusive and lonely childhood growing up in the fictional village Gimmelshtump , Druelselstein . Before becoming an evil scientist , Doofenshmirtz was a bratwurst vendor until being put out of business by the hot dog industry . Doofenshmirtz usually monologues and displays acts of cartoon - style physical violence towards his nemesis Perry , a skilled anthropomorphic platypus secret agent . His last name is frequently abbreviated to `` Doof '' . Doofenshmirtz appears in several merchandise pieces , particularly the book series , and the video game . In the 2011 TV film , Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , an alternate reality ( yet more intelligent and successful ) version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz appears , with the regular Doctor Doofenshmirtz serving as a supporting character . 2nd Doofenshmirtz later returns in the episode sequel , Tales from the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension . Secondary characters Baljeet Tjinder Baljeet Tjinder ( voiced by Maulik Pancholy ) is Phineas ' and Ferb 's friend and neighbor . He wears blue overalls , despite being in grade school . A shy , intellectual , and polite boy who moved to Danville from India , he often helps the boys with their ideas and displays his knowledge of algebra and trivia . He also has a compulsive need to get good grades . Carl the intern Carl the Intern ( Tyler Alexander Mann ) is Major Monogram 's young unpaid intern of the O.W.C.A. ( Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) in charge of video taping Monogram when he is being interviewed and talking to Agent P. He is a bit careless , wears glasses , and sometimes forgets to focus the camera correctly . Fireside Girls The Fireside Girls are a group of ten girl scout - like girls led by Isabella in troop 46231 . Isabella and the other Fireside Girls usually help Phineas and Ferb in their projects which , in turn , are at times created to help the Fireside Girls with a humanitarian cause . Other members of the troop : Gretchen ( voiced by Ariel Winter ) wears glasses and has short auburn hair . She is second in command in the troop and the first ( besides Isabella ) who had been addressed by name . Holly ( voiced by Cymphonique Miller , Diamond White , Dana Davis ) Katie ( voiced by Isabella Acres , Soleil McGhee ) Milly ( voiced by Isabella Murad , Dannah Phirman ) Adyson Sweetwater ( voiced by Madison Pettis ) The second member of the troop to be addressed by name , and the first to have been given a last name as well . Ginger Hirano ( voiced by Tiffany Espensen , Michaela Zee , Ming - Na ) The younger sister of Candace 's best friend Stacy . She has a crush on Baljeet . Lawrence Fletcher Lawrence Fletcher ( voiced by Richard O'Brien ) is the father of Ferb and stepfather of Phineas and Candace . Lawrence sells antiques , is from the United Kingdom and is portrayed like a sitcom dad as being scatterbrained and unaware of what is going on . He often agrees to follow Phineas 's instructions and even forces Candace to cooperate as if he considers Phineas and Ferb 's skills normal . Unlike the boys ' mother , he has seen some of the boys ' inventions ; he has not reacted negatively , and apparently believes that their mother approves . His precise surname is a matter of some dispute ; in at least one episode , Isabella addresses him as `` Mr. Flynn '' . Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh has said that Lawrence Fletcher is very similar to his stepfather , Bill . Linda Flynn - Fletcher Linda Flynn - Fletcher ( voiced by Caroline Rhea ) is the mother of Phineas and Candace and stepmother of Ferb . Unaware of the large - scale projects that Phineas and Ferb create on a daily basis , Candace often drags her away from other interests in an attempt to get the boys in trouble . Each creation is somehow destroyed or eliminated moments before `` Mom '' arrives leaving Candace dumbfounded and Linda once more reluctant to believe Candace the next time . She was also a one - hit wonder known as `` Lindana '' with her song , `` I 'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun '' . That fact possibly makes her , as a singer , a parody of Cyndi Lauper , because of Lauper 's hit Girls Just Want to Have Fun , and because both of them were famous singers in the 1980s ( Linda fictionally ) . Her single is used as elevator music throughout the series . Her surname is not consistent throughout the series ; in at least one episode , Candace refers to her as `` Linda Flynn '' . She is based on Dan Povenmire 's sister , also named Linda . She also used to date Dr. Doofenshmirtz during their mid-teens and that she was the one who inspired him to take over the Tri-State Area as a starting point for worldwide domination when he sarcastically stated that he would rule the world . Isabella Garcia - Shapiro Isabella Garcia - Shapiro ( voiced by Alyson Stoner ) is a Jewish Mexican girl . She is one of the brothers ' best friends and has an obvious crush on Phineas Flynn of which he is unaware , though he has shown he cares for her from time to time . She is known for the catchphrase , `` Whatcha doin ' ? '' and is the leader of the Fireside Girls troop 46231 . The troop often helps Phineas and Ferb in their projects . She is named after series creator Dan Povenmire 's oldest daughter . Stacy Hirano Stacy Hirano ( voiced by Kelly Hu ) is Candace 's best friend . She is of Japanese heritage . Stacy is shown to be annoyed by Candace 's constant attempts to bust Phineas and Ferb , and would prefer to just have fun with the inventions ; she also occasionally gets annoyed with Candace 's gushing about her relationship with Jeremy . During the episode `` Happy Birthday , Isabella '' , she finds out about Perry 's secret Identity but does n't lose her memories afterwards . Jeremy Johnson Jeremy Johnson ( voiced by Mitchel Musso ) is Candace Flynn 's crush and later boyfriend . His age is sixteen , a year older than Candace . He works at Mr. Slushy Burger ( sometimes named Mr. Slushy Dawg ) . In `` Summer Belongs to You , '' it was confirmed that he and Candace had become boyfriend and girlfriend ; toward the end of the episode , they kissed . He also has a band called `` The Incidentals . '' Major Monogram Major Francis Monogram ( voiced by Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh ) is one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. ( Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) Department and Perry the Platypus ' boss . He usually appears in a Nehru jacket on a giant screen giving Perry instructions for his next mission to stop Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz 's endless attempts to take over the Tri-State Area . His uniform prominently features the initials `` MM . '' He has a monobrow and wears a toupée . Sometimes , he is shown to have a lack of details about what Doofenshmirtz is up to , and orders Perry to go stop it as usual . Just like Doofenshmirtz , he has appeared in every episode of the series to date except , `` Isabella and the Temple of Sap . '' Buford van Stomm Buford van Stomm ( voiced by Bobby Gaylor ) is frequently referred to as a bully , but he rarely hurts anyone on - screen . He is portrayed as a nice person with a tough guy attitude more often than as a bully . Phineas believes that Buford only bullies out of boredom thus Phineas often invites him to keep his mind occupied . He is thought not to get along with Baljeet , but in most episodes it is shown that they share a friendly bond . In one episode , Buford and Baljeet sing a song where they describe each other as `` Frenemies '' and `` my least favorite brother '' . Vanessa Doofenshmirtz Vanessa Doofenshmirtz ( voiced by Olivia Olson ) is Heinz and Charlene Doofenshmirtz 's teenage daughter . She is sarcastic , mild - mannered , cynical , and dresses in a goth style . Vanessa is aware that her father is an evil scientist and knows about her father 's nemesis Perry the Platypus . She is often exasperated by her father whenever he tries to establish a `` father - daughter '' bond between them as he does n't really understand her interests or refuses to acknowledge that she is growing up and often assumes that she is also interested in `` evil . '' She often tries to convince her mom that her dad is an `` evil scientist '' but , much like Candace , ultimately always fails when she does appear trying to catch him in the act , much to her dismay . She does , however , occasionally show appreciation for what he does for her , as he is clearly devoted to her ( he once taught her how to drive and traveled halfway around the world after she got lost ) . Also , despite denying it so many times , Vanessa admits that she may be a little evil , as she once helped her father escape from custody by posing her hairdryer as a pistol to fool Major Monogram and Perry into releasing Doofenshmirtz , as shown in the special Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs to You ! . Although Ferb has a crush on her , she remains oblivious to his affections as she already had a punk ( not visigoth ) boyfriend named `` Johnny . '' , whom she later broke up with in the episode `` Minor Monogram '' . She is in a relationship with Monty Monogram , the son of Major Monogram ; however `` Act Your Age '' depicts her becoming involved with Ferb ten years down the line . In addition to this , Vanessa makes a cameo appearance in the 2011 TV film , `` Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension '' , along with an alternative reality version of herself ( 2nd Vanessa ) , though their scenes were deleted . 2nd Vanessa returned in the episode sequel , Tales from the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension . Recurring characters Vivian Garcia - Shapiro Vivian Garcia - Shapiro ( voiced by Eileen Galindo ) , or simply `` Viv , '' is Isabella 's mother and lives across the street from Phineas and Ferb . She is a Jewish Mexican , one of Linda 's best friends , and plays upright bass in a jazz band with Linda Flynn and Jeremy 's mom . She is known for talking very fast and often making useless comments such as , `` Oh , Candace , look how tall you 've gotten . '' despite seeing Candace only a week earlier . Jenny Brown Jenny Brown ( voiced by Alyson Stoner ) is Candace 's second best friend and a hippie . She wears a peace symbol necklace and says that she hopes for world peace . Pinky Pinky ( vocals by Dee Bradley Baker ) is Isabella 's pet chihuahua . Much like Perry the Platypus , Pinky also lives a double - life as a secret agent for the O.W.C.A. under the codename , `` Agent Pinky '' in a division run by a commander named Wanda , a.k.a. Admiral Acronym . Pinky 's nemesis is Professor Poofenplotz . Although he does not like dog food , Pinky will eat just about anything -- especially his favorite ; grilled cheese sandwiches , and even inedible objects , having once swallowed Isabella 's Fireside Girl sash . Pinky always shakes as an ongoing joke about the behavior of Chihuahuas . He first appeared in the episode , `` Journey to the Center of Candace . '' Norm Norm ( voiced by John Viener ) is a giant robot man created by Dr. Doofenshmirtz to destroy Perry the Platypus . Introduced in `` Greece Lightning , '' he is a giant robotic mild - mannered businessman who often says , `` The enemy of platypus is man . '' Norm has appeared in other episodes . For instance , in the episode , `` Traffic Cam Caper , '' Perry borrows Norm as a ride to steal the traffic cam disk , for it has evidence that Perry is a secret agent . He was once a part of the O.W.C.A. but was fired because he was not an animal . Later in the series , he is depicted as Doofenshmirtz 's sidekick and servant who makes frequent mistakes such as cooking eggs with the shells on or serving Doof chocolate cake for breakfast , though always staying cheery . In the episode `` A Real Boy '' , Norm reveals that he has always wanted to be a human boy and considers Doofenshmirtz his father and Vanessa his sister . In the 2011 TV film , Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , a group of alternate reality ( yet more menacing and successful ) versions of Norm ( known as Norm - Bots ) appear , with the regular Norm making a cameo . Charlene Doofenshmirtz Charlene Doofenshmirtz ( voiced by Allison Janney ) is the former wife of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz and shares custody of their daughter , Vanessa . Unaware of Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's `` evil '' side , and in fact saying she does not believe someone can ever be truly evil , she divorced him due to a lack of common interests and having different life - goals . She is very wealthy and gives her ex-husband a large allowance each month . She is sometimes called by Vanessa who tries to `` bust '' her father but to no avail . Charlene and Linda Flynn - Fletcher have been paired up in a cooking class owned by Chef Pierre and in `` I Scream , You Scream '' were distracted by both Candace and Vanessa at the same time . Despite being divorced with Doof , she still goes to Doofenshmirtz family reunions claiming that she `` kept the name , '' as seen in `` Thaddeus and Thor . '' However , in the episode `` Tales From the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension '' ( the episode sequel to the 2011 TV film , `` Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension '' ) , it is shown that there is an alternate reality version of Charlene Doofenshmirtz . It turns out that 2nd Charlene is still married to 2nd Doof and actually shares much of his evil personality , and that their divorce was just a ruse to gain financial advantages during 2nd Doof 's reign ( such as receiving coupon mail , putting up junk yard sales , and going on separate vacation trips ) . Suzy Johnson Suzy Johnson ( voiced by Kari Wahlgren ) , known as Little Suzy Johnson , is Jeremy 's little sister . She has a high - pitched squeaky voice and appears very sweet and innocent . However , she is actually very spoiled and manipulative and very possessive over Jeremy , once telling Candace , `` There is only one girl in Jeremy 's life '' and thus will do anything to keep Candace away from her brother . Grandpa Clyde and Grandma Betty Jo Grandpa Clyde Flynn and Grandma Betty Jo Flynn ( voiced by Barry Bostwick and Caroline Rhea respectively ) are Linda 's parents , Phineas and Candace 's maternal grandparents , Lawrence 's - in - laws , and Ferb 's step - grandparents . Every summer , they invite the family along with many neighborhood kids to a lakehouse which Phineas calls , `` Camp P&F '' . Though they are old , they often participate in the kids ' capers . Grandpa Clyde , like Phineas and Ferb , has a great sense of mechanics , as seen in `` Crack That Whip ! '' Betty Jo is also shown in the same episode to have a fierce rivalry with Edna Hildagard , Jeremy and Suzy 's grandmother . Grandpa Reginald and Grandma Winifred Grandma Winifred Fletcher and Grandpa Reginald Fletcher ( voiced by Malcolm McDowell and Jane Carr ) are Lawrence 's parents , Ferb 's paternal grandparents , Phineas and Candace 's step grandparents , and Linda Flynn Fletcher 's in laws who reside in the United Kingdom . Reginald used to be a daredevil known as the Flying Fishmonger the anthem . Roger Doofenshmirtz Roger Doofenshmirtz ( voiced by John O'Hurley ) is mayor of Danville and Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz 's younger brother . Heinz often states angrily that Roger is their mother 's favorite son . In `` Tree to Get Ready '' Roger states that he is , `` the most handsome and charming man in the Tri-State area . '' Irving Du Bois Irving Du Bois ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is Phineas ' and Ferb 's self - proclaimed biggest fan . He always carries a scrapbook that he filled with images and souvenirs from Phineas and Ferb 's big ideas as well as a strand of Ferb 's hair . Irving has an older brother Albert , who is self - nicknamed ' The Truth Detector . ' Django Brown Django Brown ( voiced by Alec Holden ) is a friend of Phineas and Ferb . Django is the son of the artist Beppo Brown from `` Oil on Candace , '' who is famous for his work in making giant creations , from refrigerators to dental floss . He is named after co-creator's Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh son , Django Marsh , who voices minor characters on the show . Admiral Acronym Admiral Wanda Acronym ( voiced by Jane Leeves ) is the one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. ( Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) Department and Pinky the Chihuahua ' boss . Just like Major Monogram , she usually appears on a giant screen giving Pinky instructions for his next mission to stop Professor Poofenplotz 's endless attempts to take over the world . Also , just like Monogram ( who has an unpaid intern named Carl ) , Adrimal Acronym has her own unpaid intern named Carla , who bears some resemblances to Carl . Carla Carla ( voiced by Jennifer Hale ) is one of the interns working for the O.W.C.A. . She bears some resemblances to Carl ( possible could be her brother or cousin ) , as her boss Admiral Acronym stated that she comes from an ' entire family of unpaid interns ' . She usually gives in the intelligence of whatever plans that Poofenplotz is up to . Professor Poofenplotz Professor Esmeralda Poofenplotz ( voiced by Amanda Plummer ) is an old mad scientist and the nemesis of Agent Pinky , Isabella 's pet Chihuahua . She is known for her silly attempts for worldwide domination . Her known schemes so far involve replacing handbags , stealing royal jelly , and searching for strong hairspray ( her favorite is `` Stiff Beauty '' hairspray , which originally was only used by clowns ) . Needless to say , because of her somewhat arrogant personality , Poofenplotz has failed to know about the flaws of her schemes . And because of that , it has allowed Pinky to defeat her in return , leaving an humiliated Poofenplotz to yell out , `` Curse you , Pinky the Chihuahua ! '' , similar to how Heinz Doofenshmirtz says whenever his plans get foiled by Perry the Platypus . Love Händel Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area , first seen the episode , `` Dude , We 're Gettin ' the Band Back Together ! '' Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert . Shortly afterward , plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase , Love Händel split up . Lead Singer Danny ( voiced by Jaret Reddick ) became the owner of Danny 's Music Shop . Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui ) became the owner of Bobbi 's Fashion Salon and Linda 's hairdresser . Sherman `` Swampy '' ( voiced by Steve Zahn ) ended up working at the Danville Public Library , believing he had lost his sense of rhythm . Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn / Fletcher 's backyard , in which they sing their hit song , `` You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart . '' Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs . Monty Monogram Monty Monogram ( voiced by Seth Green ) is Major Monogram 's son and has been working in O.W.C.A. since `` Minor Monogram '' . Vanessa Doofenshmirtz seems to become interested in him after she broke up with Johnny , and it is possible that he is slightly interested in her too because he winks at her before leaving . They have coffee together in `` Sipping with the Enemy '' , at which point they apparently begin to date one another . In `` Minor Monogram '' he has recently graduated from the `` High School Without a Cool Acronym '' ( H.S.W.C.A. ) and he really wants to fight evil following his dad 's footsteps . Due to the rivalry between his father and Dr. Doofenshmirtz , he and Vanessa try to keep it secret from the two of them , aided by Perry and Carl ( though the latter briefly blackmailed Monty in hopes of getting his help in earning Major Monogram 's approval ) . In the special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer , Monty played a major role as he attempts to help rescue all of the captured agents and defeat the villains of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. in their plan to take over the world by sending it into a new Ice Age . Dr. Hirano Dr. Hirano ( voiced by Ming - Na Wen ) is Stacy and Ginger 's mother . She removed Isabella 's tonsils in , `` I Scream , You Scream . '' She is often referred to through conversations between Candace and Stacy where Candace gratifies , `` Stacy , you 're a genius ! '' and Stacy replies , `` Could you call my mom and tell her that ? '' Rodney Aloyse Everheart Elizabeth Otto Wolfgang Hypatia Gunther Galen Gary Cooper von Roddenstein ( voiced by Joe Orrantia ) , or Rodney for short , is a bald evil scientist and a member of the villain organization L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. . He serves as the main rival to Dr. Doofenshmirtz , believing him to a disappointment because of his constant failures . Throughout most of his appearances , Rodney attempts to best out on Doofenshmirtz to show that he 's a better villain , only to fail so many times ( either due to Doofenshmirtz 's antics or Perry 's intervention ) . Similar to Doofenshmirtz , Rodney usually makes his own inventions and ends them with the suffix ' - inizor ' . He also has his own robot apprentice named Chloe , whom Norm fell in love with . He also has a son named Orville , who usually helps him create his - inizors . Rodney would later go on to appear in the 2014 episode special , `` Phineas and Ferb Save Summer '' , where he learns that Doofenshmirtz has actually succeeded in moving the Earth away from the Sun to an early autumn with his latest - inator . Taking the opportunity to exploit this , Rodney leads L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. into revealing themselves to the world and capturing all of O.W.C.A. 's agents . He even creates an - inizor ( which is just ten times the size and strength of Doof 's - inator ) that will send the Earth into a new Ice Age if the world refuse to meet all of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. 's demands . However , in the end , Doofenshmirtz ( who is completely disgusted by Rodney 's true goal for worldwide domination ) manages to defeat Rodney , who then gets arrested by Monty Monogram and taken into O.W.C.A. custody . Professor Parenthesis Professor Parenthesis ( voiced by Paul Reubens ) is an evil scientist serving in the 2015 standalone special , O.W.C.A. Files . He has claimed to have known Major Monogram during biology class 30 years ago ( even announcing several names of their old classmates ) . In the special , Parenthesis plots to take over O.W.C.A. by using robotic fleas to take control of all of its animal agents , so that he can unleash them to wreak havoc around the world in order to smear O.W.C.A. 's good name . During the climax , he is revealed to be a tiny talking flea controlling a human android , as he plans to capture Perry ( who is among the few agents not be infested with the robotic fleas ) while finalizing his control over the agents to become permanent . However , Perry 's team of trainees ( including Doofenshmirtz , who has given up evil at that time ) set up a trap against Parenthesis , destroy his robotic fleas to free the agents , and confine Parenthesis inside a pill bottle as punishment for his crimes . Minor characters There are several characters that reappear as recurring joke such as farmer and wife . The wife always tells her husband `` I ca n't believe you ( blank ) without getting a ( blank ) '' and then it falls from the sky and sometimes hits her . For example , in the episode , `` Leave the Busting to Us '' , the wife says , `` I ca n't believe you bought a bunny farm but forgot to buy any bunnies ! Did you really think the bunnies would fall from the sky ? '' A pack of rabbits then falls from the sky and hits her . Then in the end credits scene from said episode , the wife yells at her husband , `` I ca n't believe you sold our lucrative bunny farm and bought a van rental place ! And you did n't buy a single van ! '' She hears a van falling over her and says , `` Not one word , '' just before the van crashes and injures her ( the screen blacks out the impact ) . Another minor character is the Giant Floating Baby Head . In an interview , Dan Povenmire stated that the head had originated from a storyboard panel that writer Mike Diederich had drawn which director Rob Hughes found hilarious enough to create an entire bit around . It first appears in `` One Good Scare Ought to Do It ! '' and has since appeared in several other episode . Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's mother ( Cloris Leachman ) has appeared . She refers to Roger being her favorite child and often ignores Heinz . Albert ( voiced by Diedrich Bader ) , Irving 's Brother has appeared in `` Not Phineas and Ferb '' , `` The Doof Side of the Moon '' , and `` Nerds of a Feather '' . Celebrity guest stars see the list of guest stars on Phineas and Ferb References Jump up ^ Writers : Bobby Gaylor , Martin Olson ; Director : Dan Povenmire . `` A Hard Days Knight '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 10 . Disney Channel . ^ Jump up to : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh . `` The Geek Dads '' Podcast interview with Povenmire & Marsh . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Phineas and Ferb '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com - Phineas and Ferb toys '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb shirts '' . Stylinonline.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phineas and Ferb : : DS Game Review '' . Kidzworld . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Writers : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh ; Directors : Dan Povenmire . `` Rollercoaster '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Strike , Joe . `` From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb '' , Page 1. `` . Animation World Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb DS for the DS '' . What They Play . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb : : DS Game Review '' . Kidzworld . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What Do it Do ? '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Unfair Science Fair '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Writer and Director : Dan Povenmire . `` It 's About Time ! '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 9 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Jones , Jasmine ( 2009 ) . Speed Demons . Disney Press . ISBN 1 - 4231 - 1628 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Lara Rice ( 2009 ) . Runaway Hit . Disney Press . ISBN 1 - 4231 - 1797 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Surprise . '' . Google Shopping . Jump up ^ `` Thrill - o-rama . '' . Google Shopping . Jump up ^ Baljeet 's Last name on Twitter ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Day / Bee Story '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Greece Lightning - Phineas and Ferb Episode - Season 1 Episode 25 - Part 1 / 2 ( HD ) - Youtube ^ Jump up to : http://www.tampabay.com/features/parenting/article993119.ece Jump up ^ `` Flop Starz '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Phineas & Ferb - One Good Scare Ought to Do It Part 1 - Youtube ^ Jump up to : `` Picture This '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 2 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Disney 's Official Website Jump up ^ http://blog.al.com/entertainment-press-register/2008/05/disney_animator_sees_summers_i.html Jump up ^ Writers : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Mike Diederich and Chong Lee Directors : Dan Povenmire . `` Tree to Get Ready '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 22 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Writers : Bobby Gaylor , Martin Olson , Jon Colton Barry and Mike Diederich Directors : Zac Moncrief . `` Put That Putter Away '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 35 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Writers : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Robert F. Hughes , Kyle Menke , Kim Roberson , Michael Diederich , Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft , Antoine Guilbaud , Kaz , J.G. Orrantia , Mike Roth and Perry Zombolas Directors : Robert F. Hughes & Dan Povenmire . `` Summer Belongs to You '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 2 . Episode 101 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` I Scream , You Scream '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Isabella and the Temple of Sap '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Hide and Seek '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9az8zBuy4w&feature=feedu Jump up ^ Robinson , Sherry ( 2009 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Quick wit , funny characters drive Phineas and Ferb '' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , FL . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . External links IMDB : Phineas and Ferb Cast ( hide ) Phineas and Ferb Characters Phineas Flynn Ferb Fletcher Candace Flynn Perry the Platypus Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Guest stars Seasons Episodes `` Rollercoaster '' `` Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror '' `` Are You My Mummy ? '' `` Flop Starz '' `` Raging Bully '' `` It 's About Time ! '' `` Jerk De Soleil '' `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted ! '' `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' `` Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo '' `` Wizard of Odd '' Specials `` Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars '' Video games Phineas and Ferb Ride Again Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension - The Video Game Disney Channel All Star Party Disney Universe Quest for Cool Stuff Disney Infinity Films Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Other Songs Soundtrack Take Two with Phineas and Ferb episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Phineas_and_Ferb_characters&oldid=798758790 '' Categories : Phineas and Ferb characters Lists of Disney television series characters Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of comedy television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara 한국어 עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays love handle in phineas and ferb	[ "Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area, first seen the episode, \"Dude, We're Gettin' the Band Back Together!\" Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert. Shortly afterward, plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase, Love Händel split up. Lead Singer Danny (voiced by Jaret Reddick) became the owner of Danny's Music Shop. Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) became the owner of Bobbi's Fashion Salon and Linda's hairdresser. Sherman \"Swampy\" (voiced by Steve Zahn) ended up working at the Danville Public Library, believing he had lost his sense of rhythm. Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn/Fletcher's backyard, in which they sing their hit song, \"You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart.\" Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs.", "Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area, first seen the episode, \"Dude, We're Gettin' the Band Back Together!\" Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert. Shortly afterward, plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase, Love Händel split up. Lead Singer Danny (voiced by Jaret Reddick) became the owner of Danny's Music Shop. Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) became the owner of Bobbi's Fashion Salon and Linda's hairdresser. Sherman \"Swampy\" (voiced by Steve Zahn) ended up working at the Danville Public Library, believing he had lost his sense of rhythm. Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn/Fletcher's backyard, in which they sing their hit song, \"You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart.\" Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs.", "Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area, first seen the episode, \"Dude, We're Gettin' the Band Back Together!\" Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert. Shortly afterward, plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase, Love Händel split up. Lead Singer Danny (voiced by Jaret Reddick) became the owner of Danny's Music Shop. Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) became the owner of Bobbi's Fashion Salon and Linda's hairdresser. Sherman \"Swampy\" (voiced by Steve Zahn) ended up working at the Danville Public Library, believing he had lost his sense of rhythm. Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn/Fletcher's backyard, in which they sing their hit song, \"You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart.\" Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs." ]	[ "Jaret Reddick", "Steve Zahn", "Carlos Alazraqui" ]
6410804302850683081	List of Indian IT companies	List of Indian IT companies - Wikipedia List of Indian IT companies Jump to : navigation , search Entrance of the TIDEL Park Tech Mahindra Development Center Main article : Information technology in India This is a list of notable companies in the information technology sector based in India . Top 10 companies are listed in descending order of their market capitalization , and other companies are listed alphabetically , grouped by the cities in which they are headquartered . Certain companies have main offices in more than one city , in which case they are listed under each , but minor offices and resources are not listed . Foreign companies are only listed if they have one of their main offices in India . Infosys Media Centre in Electronic City , Bangalore . Wipro Floating Learning Centre in Electronic City , Bangalore . International Tech Park , Bangalore . Oracle Financial Services campus at Bagmane Tech Park , Bangalore Tidel Park -- one of the largest software parks in Asia -- was set up on 4 July 2000 in Chennai . Tidel Park and ELNET on Rajiv Gandhi Salai Cognizant 's original corporate headquarters in Chennai , now an offshore delivery center . Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park ( RGCTP ) Tidel Park in Coimbatore . Tech Mahindra Campus , HITEC City , Hyderabad Tech Mahindra Center at Bahadurpally , Hyderabad InfoPark , Kochi in Kochi Millenium Tower in Kolkata , Salt Lake Sector - 5 , a major IT hub in the city . Tata Consultancy Services campus at Lucknow Patni Knowledge Park , Airoli , Navi Mumbai Infosys has the largest corporate university in the world , located on its Mysore campus . HCL Technologies Noida SEZ campus . Nila , one of the first buildings in Technopark , Trivandrum , the largest IT park in India Fulcrum Worldwide 's software delivery centre in Pune . Top 10 companies Name Headquarters City Tata Consultancy Services Mumbai Ahmedabad Bangalore Bhubaneswar Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gandhinagar Gurgaon Guwahati Hyderabad Indore Kochi Kolkata Lucknow Patna Mumbai Noida Pune Trivandrum Vadodara Infosys Bangalore Bangalore Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Indore Jaipur Mangalore Mysore Pune Trivandrum Wipro Bangalore Ahmedabad Bangalore Bhubaneswar Chennai Coimbatore Gurgaon Guwahati Hyderabad Indore Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Mumbai Mysore Noida Pune Vadodara Visakhapatnam HCL Technologies Noida Bangalore Chennai Gurgaon Hyderabad Kochi Kolkata Mumbai Noida Pune Vadodara Tech Mahindra Pune Bangalore Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Gandhinagar Gurgaon Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Noida Pune Visakhapatnam Oracle Financial Services Software Mumbai Bangalore Chennai Hyderabad Mumbai Pune Larsen & Toubro Infotech Mumbai Bangalore Chennai Mumbai Pune Mphasis Bangalore Bangalore Chennai Mangalore Mumbai Pune Mindtree Bangalore Bangalore Bhubaneswar Chennai Hyderabad Mumbai Pune Hexaware Technologies Navi Mumbai Bangalore Chennai Mumbai Pune Other companies Name Headquarters City 3i Infotech Mumbai Bangalore Hyderabad Mumbai Noida Accel Frontline Chennai Bangalore Chennai Delhi Kolkata Aditi Technologies Bangalore Bangalore Adrenalin eSystems Chennai Chennai Aftek Mumbai Mumbai Atom Technologies Mumbai Mumbai Blue Star Infotech Mumbai Mumbai C - DAC Pune Kolkata Pune Trivandrum CMC Limited New Delhi Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Cognizant Teaneck , New Jersey Bangalore Chennai Coimbatore Gurgaon Hyderabad Indore Kochi Kolkata Mangalore Mumbai Pune Collabera Morristown , New Jersey , United States Bangalore Gurgaon Hyderabad Mumbai Kolkatta Pune Computer Sciences Corporation Falls Church , Virginia Chennai Cybage Pune Gandhinagar Hyderabad Pune Cyient Hyderabad Bangalore Hyderabad Cynapse Mumbai Mumbai Datamatics Global Services Mumbai Mumbai Nashik Bangalore Puducherry Chennai Eclerx Mumbai Mumbai Firstsource Mumbai Bhubaneswar Kolkata Flytxt Mobile Solutions Amsterdam Trivandrum Fulcrum Worldwide Mumbai Mumbai Pune Gateway TechnoLabs Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Godrej Infotech Ltd Mumbai Mumbai Harbinger Systems Pune Pune Honeywell Morris Plains , New Jersey Madurai HSBC GLT India Pune Pune IGATE Bridgewater Township , New Jersey Bangalore Chennai Gandhinagar Hyderabad Indore Mumbai Noida Pune KPIT Technologies Pune Pune Mastek Mumbai Mumbai Pune Melstar Information Technologies Mumbai Mumbai Microland Bangalore Bangalore Microsoft India PL Hyderabad Mumbai Mistral Solutions Bangalore Bangalore MobME Kochi Kochi Monsoon Multimedia Noida Noida NIIT Technologies Noida Delhi Gurgaon Indore Kolkata Mumbai Noida Nucleus Software Exports Ltd . Noida Noida Onward Technologies Mumbai Mumbai Persistent Systems Pune Hyderabad Nagpur Pune Plivo San Francisco Bangalore Polaris Financial Technology Limited Chennai Chennai Hyderabad Pramati Technologies Hyderabad Hyderabad Prodapt Solutions Chennai Chennai Quest Global Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Trivandrum Ramco Systems Chennai Chennai Mumbai Rediff.com Mumbai Mumbai Samsung India Software Center Noida Noida Sasken Bangalore Bangalore Chennai Pune Sonata Software Bangalore Bangalore Mumbai SPAN Infotech ( India ) Pvt. Ltd . Bangalore Bangalore SunTec Business Solutions Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Thiruvananthapuram Tata Interactive Systems Mumbai Mumbai Trianz Silicon Valley Washington DC Metro New York Bengaluru Mumbai Delhi NCR Chennai Hyderabad Dubai ThinkPalm Technologies Kochi Kochi Thiruvananthapuram Chennai Thirdware Mumbai Mumbai Thoughtworks Bangalore Bangalore Chennai Hyderabad Gurgaon Pune UST Global Aliso Viejo , California Kochi Trivandrum WNS Global Services Mumbai Mumbai Nashik Xansa Reading , Berkshire Noida Xerox Norwalk , Connecticut Bangalore Zensar Technologies Pune Hyderabad Pune ZOHO Corporation Pleasanton , California Chennai References Jump up ^ `` Top Companies in India by Market Capitalization - BSE '' . moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` God 's own country to house largest IT park '' . C1 control character in title = at position 4 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` India Office Locations ( section `` Mumbai '' ) `` . Tata Consultancy Services . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Contact Us - India '' . Jump up ^ `` Wipro Contact Us - India '' . Jump up ^ `` HCL India - Outsourcing Software Development , IT Outsourcing Company , Offshore Software Development - HCL Technologies '' . Jump up ^ `` HCL India - Outsourcing Software Development , IT Outsourcing Company , Offshore Software Development - HCL Technologies '' . Jump up ^ `` Leader in OPD and Cloud Migration Significantly Reduces Costs with Virtualization Platform '' . Microsoft Case Studies . 20 December 2011 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/unstoppable-coimbatore-116083000538_1.html Jump up ^ `` Cognizant to enlarge IT SEZ by 50 % '' . Daily News & Analysis . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/datamaticsglobalservices/locations/DGS01 Jump up ^ `` Indian start - up Mistral Solutions finds business in developing technology for US defence and homeland security '' . Jump up ^ `` Prodapt Solutions Private Limited : Private Company Information - Businessweek '' . www.bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Sonata Software Ltd Company Locations '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ www.spansystems.com Jump up ^ Super User . `` SunTec Locations - Global Offices '' . Jump up ^ `` Trianz Locations - Global Offices '' . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Locations '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_IT_companies&oldid=796538386 '' Categories : Lists of companies of India by industry Software companies of India Information technology companies of India India science and technology - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk View source About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 14 : 41 . About Wikipedia	top 10 it companies in india with details	[ "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n", "\n\nName\nHeadquarters\nCity\n\n\nTata Consultancy Services\nMumbai\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nKochi\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nLucknow\n\n\nPatna\n\n\nMumbai[3]\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nVadodara\n\n\nInfosys\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nDelhi\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nPune\n\n\nTrivandrum\n\n\nWipro\nBangalore\nAhmedabad\n\n\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nCoimbatore\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nGuwahati\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nIndore\n\n\nJaipur\n\n\nKochi[4]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nMysore\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[5]\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nHCL Technologies\nNoida\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKochi[6]\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVadodara[7]\n\n\nTech Mahindra\nPune\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChandigarh\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nGandhinagar\n\n\nGurgaon\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nKolkata\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nNoida\n\n\nPune\n\n\nVisakhapatnam\n\n\nOracle Financial Services Software\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nLarsen & Toubro Infotech\nMumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMphasis\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMangalore\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nMindtree\nBangalore\nBangalore\n\n\nBhubaneswar\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nHyderabad\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n\nHexaware Technologies\nNavi Mumbai\nBangalore\n\n\nChennai\n\n\nMumbai\n\n\nPune\n\n" ]	[ "Tata Consultancy Services", "Infosys", "Wipro", "HCL Technologies", "Tech Mahindra", "Oracle Financial Services Software", "Larsen & Toubro Infotech", "Mphasis", "Mindtree", "Hexaware Technologies" ]
-5985697027762433009	The Phantom of the Opera (2004 soundtrack)	The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 Soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search The Phantom of the Opera Soundtrack album by Various Released November 23 , 2004 Genre Musical Label Sony Music Producer Andrew Lloyd Webber Various chronology The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera Special 2 - Disc Deluxe Edition ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera Special 2 - Disc Deluxe Edition2004 The Phantom of the Opera is the soundtrack to the Andrew Lloyd Webber film - adaptation of the musical , The Phantom of the Opera . There are two versions released , the standard 14 - track release and a 2 - disc deluxe edition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 Normal release 1.2 Two disc deluxe edition 2 Personnel 3 Accomplishments and certifications 4 Chart positions 5 References Track listing ( edit ) In addition to the listed tracks , versions of `` The Phantom of the Opera '' remixed by Junior Vasquez were made available to iTunes customers who purchased the expanded edition . Normal release ( edit ) ( show ) Track listing No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' 2 : 45 2 . `` Think of Me '' Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson 3 : 39 3 . `` Angel of Music '' Emmy Rossum , Jennifer Ellison , Gerard Butler 2 : 42 4 . `` The Mirror ( Angel of Music ) '' Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 1 : 59 5 . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 3 : 34 6 . `` The Music of the Night '' Gerard Butler 5 : 40 7 . `` Prima Donna '' Ciarán Hinds , Simon Callow , Patrick Wilson , Margaret Preece , Miranda Richardson , Jennifer Ellison , Victor McGuire 3 : 28 8 . `` All I Ask of You '' Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson 4 : 52 9 . `` All I Ask of You ( Reprise ) '' Gerard Butler , Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson 2 : 14 10 . `` Masquerade '' 5 : 29 11 . `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' Emmy Rossum 3 : 41 12 . `` The Point of No Return '' Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 8 : 00 13 . `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' Gerard Butler , Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson 12 : 46 14 . `` Learn to Be Lonely '' Minnie Driver 2 : 21 Two disc deluxe edition ( edit ) ( show ) Disc 1 No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Prologue '' 2 : 47 2 . `` Overture / Hannibal '' Margaret Preece , Victor McGuire , Opera Chorus 7 : 25 3 . `` Think of Me '' Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson 6 : 33 4 . `` Angel of Music '' Emmy Rossum , Jennifer Ellison , Gerard Butler 2 : 59 5 . `` Little Lotte / The Mirror ( Angel of Music ) '' Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 4 : 11 6 . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 4 : 23 7 . `` The Music of the Night '' Gerard Butler 5 : 38 8 . `` Magical Lasso '' Miranda Richardson , Kevin McNally 1 : 19 9 . `` I Remember / Stranger Than You Dreamt It '' Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 3 : 21 10 . `` Notes ... / Prima Donna '' Ciarán Hinds , Simon Callow , Gerard Butler , Patrick Wilson , Margaret Preece , Miranda Richardson , Jennifer Ellison , Victor McGuire 10 : 04 11 . `` Poor Fool , He Makes Me Laugh / Il Muto '' Margaret Preece , Victor McGuire , Gerard Butler , Jennifer Ellison , Emmy Rossum , Ciarán Hinds , Simon Callow , Kevin McNally 6 : 12 12 . `` Why Have You Brought Me Here / Raoul I 've Been There '' Patrick Wilson , Emmy Rossum 3 : 04 13 . `` All I Ask of You '' Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson 4 : 52 14 . `` All I Ask of You ( Reprise ) '' Gerard Butler , Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson 2 : 55 ( show ) Disc 2 No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Masquerade ( The Phantom of the Opera song ) '' Ciarán Hinds , Simon Callow , Margaret Preece , Victor McGuire , Jennifer Ellison , Miranda Richardson , Patrick Wilson , Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 8 : 38 2 . `` Madame Giry 's Tale / The Fairground '' Miranda Richardson 3 : 29 3 . `` Journey to the Cemetery '' Emmy Rossum 3 : 29 4 . `` Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again '' Emmy Rossum 3 : 41 5 . `` Wandering Child '' Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 1 : 47 6 . `` The Swordfight '' Gerard Butler , Patrick Wilson , Emmy Rossum 1 : 48 7 . `` We Have All Been Blind '' Patrick Wilson , Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 3 : 55 8 . `` Don Juan '' Victor McGuire , Gerard Butler , Emmy Rossum 4 : 00 9 . `` The Point of No Return / Chandelier Crash '' Emmy Rossum , Gerard Butler 6 : 43 10 . `` Down Once More / Track Down This Murderer '' Gerard Butler , Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson 14 : 32 11 . `` Learn to Be Lonely '' Minnie Driver 2 : 27 Personnel ( edit ) Vocals : Gerard Butler , Emmy Rossum , Patrick Wilson Studio Assistants : Aaron Fessel , Cesar Ramirez Producer : Andrew Lloyd Webber Casting : Chris Overton , Anne Skilbeck Mixing : Anna Behlmer , Andy Nelson Photography : Alex Bailey Accomplishments and certifications ( edit ) In 2006 , The Phantom of the Opera won the RIAJ 's Japan Gold Disc Award for `` Best Soundtrack Album of the Year . '' Chart-wise , the album performed fairly well , reaching the top position of Billboard 's soundtracks chart as well as the sixteenth position on the Top 200 chart . It was also certified Platinum in the US and Gold in the UK and Greece . `` Learn to Be Lonely '' was written for the film by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Charles Hart , recycling the melody of the deleted song `` No One Would Listen , '' sung by Gerard Butler . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 77th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe at the 62nd Golden Globe Awards . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 - 2006 ) Peak position Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 24 Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 11 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 8 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 French Albums ( SNEP ) 66 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 33 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 15 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 18 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) 11 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 58 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Albums ( OCC ) 40 US Billboard 200 16 US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phantom Of the Opera Jump up ^ Recording Industry Association of Japan Related Data Jump up ^ Phantom of the Opera Soundtrack Billboard Stats Jump up ^ Top Music Charts - Hot 100 - Billboard 200 - Music Genre Sales Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Phantom Of The Opera '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Phantom Of The Opera '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Phantom Of The Opera in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Greek Albums Chart '' . IFPI Greece . March 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2005 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber : The Phantom Of The Opera '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2005-02-05 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/soundtracks/2005-01-15 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_soundtrack)&oldid=786552488 '' Categories : Film soundtracks The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) 2004 soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2017 , at 05 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings on the phantom of the opera soundtrack	[ "\n\n\nVocals: Gerard Butler, Emmy Rossum, Patrick Wilson\n\n\n\n\nStudio Assistants: Aaron Fessel, Cesar Ramirez\nProducer: Andrew Lloyd Webber\nCasting: Chris Overton, Anne Skilbeck\nMixing: Anna Behlmer, Andy Nelson\nPhotography: Alex Bailey\n\n\n", "\n\n\nVocals: Gerard Butler, Emmy Rossum, Patrick Wilson\n\n\n\n\nStudio Assistants: Aaron Fessel, Cesar Ramirez\nProducer: Andrew Lloyd Webber\nCasting: Chris Overton, Anne Skilbeck\nMixing: Anna Behlmer, Andy Nelson\nPhotography: Alex Bailey\n\n\n", "\n\n\nVocals: Gerard Butler, Emmy Rossum, Patrick Wilson\n\n\n\n\nStudio Assistants: Aaron Fessel, Cesar Ramirez\nProducer: Andrew Lloyd Webber\nCasting: Chris Overton, Anne Skilbeck\nMixing: Anna Behlmer, Andy Nelson\nPhotography: Alex Bailey\n\n\n" ]	[ "Gerard Butler", "Emmy Rossum", "Patrick Wilson" ]
-896339680327350728	Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales	Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Jump to : navigation , search Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Theatrical release poster Directed by Joachim Rønning Espen Sandberg Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Jeff Nathanson Story by Jeff Nathanson Terry Rossio Based on Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Javier Bardem Brenton Thwaites Kaya Scodelario Kevin McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Geoff Zanelli Cinematography Paul Cameron Edited by Roger Barton Leigh Folsom Boyd Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) ( Shanghai ) May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $230 million or $320 million Box office $794.8 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( released outside the US as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge ) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film . It is the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) . The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson , with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer . Johnny Depp , Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow , Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa , respectively , while Javier Bardem , Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario join the cast as Armando Salazar , Henry Turner and Carina Smyth . The film also features the returns of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley as Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann , following their absence from the previous film . The filmmakers cited the series ' first installment , The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) , as inspiration for the script and tone of the film . Pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011 , with Terry Rossio writing a script for the film . In early 2013 , Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script , with Depp being involved in Nathanson 's writing process . Initially planned for a 2015 release , the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017 , due to script and budget issues , before being released in May 26 , 2017 , after 6 years of Development Hell . Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015 , after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives , and ended in July 2015 . Dead Men Tell No Tales was released in conventional , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D and IMAX 3D formats on May 26 , 2017 , ten years and one day after the release of At World 's End ( 2007 ) . The film received mixed reviews , with praise for the performances , especially that of Bardem , visuals , music and shorter running time , and criticism for the convoluted and complicated plot ; some critics considered the film an improvement over the recent sequel . The film grossed $794 million worldwide , the second - lowest gross of the series but the ninth highest - grossing film of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 4.3 Hacking incident 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Henry Turner , the twelve - year - old son of Will Turner , boards his cursed father 's ship , the Flying Dutchman , informing his father that the mythical Trident of Poseidon can break his curse , and of his intent to recruit Captain Jack Sparrow for help . Will , however , believes that the trident ca n't be found and orders Henry to leave . Will and the Dutchman then disappear back into the sea , but Henry still vows to find Jack Sparrow and the Trident . Nine years later , Henry is a sailor in the British Royal Navy , but is locked up for attempting mutiny when his ship sails for the supernatural Devil 's Triangle . The ship comes across a shipwreck , the Silent Mary , and are attacked by its ghostly crew led by Captain Salazar . Salazar and his crew kill everyone aboard except Henry . Salazar , seeing a wanted poster of Jack , allows Henry to live so he can deliver a message to Jack that he is coming for him . In Saint Martin , a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for alleged witchcraft but escapes custody . She briefly crosses paths with Jack , who with his crew tries to steal a bank vault , but accidentally drags the entire bank with them and loses the fortune before crashing the building at the town 's exit and escaping . Jack 's crew ends up abandoning him , even Gibbs , who has lost faith in Jack after years of Jack and his crew experiencing nothing but bad luck . Depressed , Jack trades his magical compass for a drink . However , this betrayal of the compass frees Salazar and his crew from the Devil 's Triangle . Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident 's location and offers to help him using a diary left by her unknown father . Carina and Jack are both captured and face execution , but are saved by Henry and Jack 's crew , setting sail on the Dying Gull . Carina deciphers that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden . Meanwhile , Captain Barbossa hears from his pirate crew that the revived Captain Salazar is killing several pirates at sea , and learns from a sea witch named Shansa of the Trident , which could possibly lead him to a new `` treasure '' . Barbossa and his crew set off to find the Trident themselves , until Salazar and his crew appear and destroy Barbossa 's fleet , but Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help him find Jack , to which Salazar agrees . He tells Barbossa that long ago he worked for the Spanish Navy hunting down pirates . However , a young Jack tricked him into sailing into the Devil 's Triangle , cursing his crew . Salazar pursues the Dying Gull , forcing Jack , Henry , and Carina to flee to an island while fighting off Salazar 's cursed sharks , discovering that Salazar 's crew can not go on land . After saving Jack from a forced marriage , Barbossa allies himself with Jack and provides him his compass , obtained from Shansa . He uses the Sword of Triton to restore the miniaturized Black Pearl , trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard , to its original size . They all continue their journey to the Trident 's island , with Barbossa taking command of the Pearl once more . During the voyage , Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter 's long - lost daughter . Barbossa tells Jack that he had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life . Approaching the Trident 's island , the Pearl evades a British Navy warship , which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island . Jack , Barbossa , and Carina use the island 's magic to open a path to the Trident 's spot on the ocean floor , parting the ocean . Salazar captures Henry and possesses his body , chasing Jack and the others across the ocean floor and seizes the Trident , freeing Henry . Henry shatters the Trident , breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar 's crew to life . However , the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself . The Pearl drops its anchor to lift them to safety , but Salazar pursues them , still hell - bent on killing Jack . Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary 's cover . Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar , allowing the others to escape alive . Some time later , Henry and Carina reach Port Royal , where Will appears , free from the Dutchman . His wife , Elizabeth , appears moments later and the Turner family reunites . Jack watches from the Pearl in disgust before sailing away into the horizon . In a post-credits scene , Will and Elizabeth are asleep when their bedroom is entered by the shadow of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones . Will wakes up and assumes it was a nightmare , but a small puddle filled with barnacles under the bed implies otherwise . Cast Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : The eccentric but noble pirate captain of the Black Pearl on the hunt for the Trident of Poseidon , which bestows control over the seas . In the film , according to director Joachim Rønning , Jack has `` lost his mojo ; he ca n't even be on the water '' . Rønning stated that Sparrow 's role in the film mirrors his role in the original : `` it was important to go back to the same dynamic that the first film had where Jack is not the main character . I wanted a story about real people , real characters -- and then Jack Sparrow comes in and crashes the party every now and then '' , and called Depp `` a comedic genius , he has a comedic timing that I 've never seen in anyone '' . The film goes into the backstory of Sparrow , with the young Sparrow portrayed by Anthony De La Torre , whose face was replaced by a CGI replica of Depp as he looked in 21 Jump Street and What 's Eating Gilbert Grape . Co-director Rønning believed de-aging Depp was tricky in terms of `` trying to give him a backstory and still honour the mythology of the franchise '' . Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar : A powerful and maniacal undead pirate hunter of the Spanish Navy who was trapped in the Devil 's Triangle . After escaping , he seeks the Trident of Poseidon to wipe out all piracy and exact revenge on his old enemy , Captain Jack Sparrow . Bardem set out to imbue the character with `` a rage based on dented pride '' , comparing the character to `` a wounded bull '' , owing to his spectacular fall from grace , going from a high ranking commander of a Spanish fleet to being betrayed and trapped in hell by Sparrow , who Bardem says is the reason for Salazar `` holding that revenge in his body for eternity '' . It took three hours a day to apply the make - up to Bardem 's face , with Bardem referring to the process as having `` cold chicken breasts '' glued to his face . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : The one - legged pirate captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge , former captain of the Black Pearl , and Captain Jack 's former rival - turned - ally . In the film , Barbossa has become extremely wealthy since the previous film , with Rush referring to him as a `` corporate pirate '' , having amassed a fleet of ships under his command and encrusted his peg - leg with jewels . Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner : The son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann - Turner , who tries to reconnect with his father . He struggles to break a curse that is preventing him from doing so . The directors were keen to draft a new protagonist relationship , different to the two relationships explored in On Stranger Tides , with Henry and Carina , stating that `` in the middle of a big action scene , you need to be able to lean on the characters and find the heart of that story , and channel the characters ' vulnerability '' . Rønning noted that identity is a major theme in the film and to Henry and Carina 's story arc : `` they are on a similar quest and find common ground in looking for who they are '' . Lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry . Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth ( née Barbossa ) : A headstrong , altruistic astronomer . Scodelario explained the character 's motivation and role saying , `` she is an academic , she 's fighting for the right to study at university because women could n't at that time . So she 's on her own journey -- looking for the trident of Poseidon -- and she has a diary with clues . '' She discussed the difference between Carina and Elizabeth Swann , believing that she was not just a carbon copy of that character . For the directors , it was important to `` modernise it with Henry and Carina , Kaya , especially brought that with her . She 's a modern woman . '' Scodelario worked with Nathanson to ensure the character was unique to the series and prevent her from being a `` Mary Sue archetype '' , saying that `` she 's got her flaws ... that 's such an important thing to include when building a character , especially female characters , who often fall into two camps ; they are either pretty and perfectly put together or completely insane . Carina has definitely got a little bit of both . '' Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Captain Jack 's loyal friend and First Mate . Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa : a sea - witch and ally of Captain Barbossa . David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield : the second antagonist of the film and a British Royal Navy officer , who commands the HMS Essex . Stephen Graham as Scrum : a member of Jack Sparrow 's crew and former member of Blackbeard 's crew . Martin Klebba as Marty : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew . Giles New and Angus Barnett as Murtogg and Mullroy : Former Royal Marines turned pirates , who serve as Barbossa 's right - hand men on board the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Orlando Bloom as Captain William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : a blacksmith - turned - pirate , who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At World 's End . Speaking about his possible return to the franchise , Bloom stated that he would love to portray a character outside of his usual role types as a good - looking hero : `` Of course , I 'm Davy Jones now , so I 'm down the bottom of the ocean . It might be kind of fun to do something where I 'm rumbling ' round the bottom of the ocean , because I wo n't look anything like me . ( Gestures to his face ) Get all gnarly . '' Additionally , Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end and reprises her role in the film series as Elizabeth Swann , Will Turner 's wife , and Henry 's mother . Adam Brown , Danny Kirrane , and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack 's crew . In the prison scene , Paul McCartney appears briefly as Jack 's paternal uncle , Uncle Jack . Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence , while Keith Richards ' likeness ( as Jack 's father ) was also used . A silhouette of Davy Jones , one of the series ' former villains , was seen in the post-credits scene , but actor Bill Nighy was n't credited for this appearance . Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey . Production Development Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who reprise their roles from the previous films as Jack Sparrow , Hector Barbossa , Will Turner , and Elizabeth Swann , respectively . Bloom and Knightley return to the series after not appearing in 2011 's On Stranger Tides . Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides in 2011 , the cast and crew of the fourth film were told to set aside time in the near future , as Walt Disney Pictures intended to shoot a fifth and sixth film back - to - back ( like the first two sequels ) . However , it was later stated that only a fifth film was in the works . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . Rob Marshall , the director of the last film , was believed for return to direct , but he declined after he chose to direct Into the Woods ( 2014 ) and The Thin Man ( both projects for Disney and starring Johnny Depp ) . After Marshall passed on the project , many directors were rumored to direct the film , like Tim Burton , Sam Raimi , Shawn Levy , Chris Weitz , Alfonso Cuarón and Gore Verbinski ( who directed the first three films ) . On May 9 , 2013 , it was reported that Fredrik Bond , Rupert Sanders , and the Norwegian film duo Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were considered to direct the fifth film . Finally , on May 29 , 2013 , Rønning and Sandberg were selected to direct . This decision was based both on their Academy Award - nominated high sea film Kon - Tiki , as well as their ability to work with a limited budget . Geoffrey Rush argued that the pair brought `` a kind of Euro sensibility to traditional Hollywood franchise thinking '' . While Orlando Bloom believed that they 'd `` recaptured the simplicity and charm '' , calling the film `` fantastic , really entertaining '' . On August 22 , 2013 , Rønning and Sandberg revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl , stating that the original is `` scary , it 's funny , and most of all it 's a comedy , but with great heart , and that structure and the dynamics between the characters was something I really wanted to try and reinvent '' . On the pair 's decision to direct the film , Rønning believed that `` it was all there in this script already , and for me , it was just a matter of adding scenes that carry the tradition of Gore Verbinski , bring the emotional core and big action set pieces '' , with Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton also being in the director 's mind when crafting the tone of the film . The pair also wanted to include two things new to the series : `` it needs to have heart ; I really believe this to be the most emotional Pirates yet '' , argued Rønning , as well as exploring the roots of Jack Sparrow . Kaya Scodelario felt that the film `` will have much more of the feel of the first film , the producers want to take it back to the beginning again . They wanted it to have this epic journey , and for it to make sense , and for it to tie things up , and also lead to new storylines . '' However , after Disney 's The Lone Ranger lost the studio $190 million in 2013 -- a film also starring Depp in a similarly eccentric role -- Disney questioned the bankability of Depp and thus the franchise , so the film was reconsidered and not actually green - lit as of early 2014 . Another problem , along with the lack of success Depp experienced outside of the Pirates franchise were script problems , as Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn stated : `` We have n't seen a screenplay yet that I 've been able to sign off on . There are a lot of variables that affect the final outcome once it leaves the studio lot , so we are very careful . '' Due to these problems , the film 's production was delayed , and it moved from a 2015 release aspired by Disney in 2013 to a likely release in 2016 . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script as well as budget issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline , stating : `` It 's all a factor . We want a script that everyone 's signed off on and a budget that everyone 's signed off on . '' After the script was accepted and the film was finally officially green - lit by Disney in July 2014 , the release date moved to July 7 , 2017 . Many of the crew members for the film were new to the franchise , replacing members that had served on the previous four films . Apart from directors Rønning and Sandberg and writer Nathanson , a new director of photography , Paul Cameron replaced Dariusz Wolski , production designer Nigel Phelps , visual effects supervisor Gary Brozenich , special effects supervisor Dan Oliver , supervising stunt coordinator R.A. Rondell , stunt coordinators Thomas Robinson Harper and Kyle Gardiner , makeup and hair designer Peter Swords King , executive producers Joe Caracciolo Jr. and Brigham Taylor replacing Mike Stenson , film editors Joel Cox , Gary D. Roach and Roger Barton and composer Geoff Zanelli taking over from composer of the primary themes for the series , Hans Zimmer . Costume designer Penny Rose returned after providing the costumes for all four previous films , along with executive producer Chad Oman . Speaking to IGN while promoting The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , Orlando Bloom indicated that the film might serve as a soft reboot for the franchise , saying : `` Basically , they want to reboot the whole franchise , I think , and do something with me and the relationship with my son . '' Writing By 2011 , shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , Terry Rossio was writing a script for a fifth film without his partner Ted Elliott . Rossio 's draft was ultimately rejected . `` My version of Dead Men Tell No Tales was set aside because it featured a female villain , '' recalled Rossio , `` and Johnny Depp was worried that would be redundant to Dark Shadows , which also featured a female villain . '' In January 2013 , Disney hired Jeff Nathanson to work on a script . That September , producer Bruckheimer said , `` We have an outline everyone loves but the script is not done , '' explaining that the release would be postponed beyond summer 2015 . On April 13 , 2014 , Depp said Bruckheimer and Disney had invited him in to collaborate with the writer Jeff Nathanson , noting : Everyone involved wants the script to be right and perfect . So we have gone on to do other things ( in the meantime ) . We are still going to do the film together . I enjoy them immensely . They are super talented . They have a great sense of humor . I think they have a really fun approach to what we are going to do with the next Pirates . Very happily and proudly , I have welcomed taking part in the story and working directly with the screenwriter ( Jeff Nathanson ) -- he and I. It 's working out really well that way . So I have high hopes for Pirates 5 because if that 's really the last one , which it probably is , I feel that we owe it to the audience who went and saw the films so many times . We 'll do it right and end it on a high note . Casting Speaking at the On Stranger Tides press launch in Cannes , Depp said he would play the role for as long as it is popular with the public . In August 2012 news surfaced that Johnny Depp signed on officially for the fifth film , earning A $ 90 million to reprise his role . As with the fourth film , Depp was also involved in scripting and planning Dead Men Tell No Tales . Geoffrey Rush had commented on returning as Hector Barbossa in the fifth installment , saying `` If they keep shapeshifting this character , absolutely '' as well as implying he may return as the villain . He also said that Barbossa 's megalomania `` could explode in horrific ways '' . In December 2014 , Rush confirmed his return for the fifth installment , where Barbossa and Jack were `` at the heart of it and there 's a whole new set of story lines '' . In late 2011 , about four years after choosing not to return for the fourth installment , Orlando Bloom stated that he would like to return for the fifth film if he was offered . On May 11 , 2011 , Naomie Harris expressed her desire to return as Tia Dalma if they called her . Several weeks after Disney officially green - lit the film , Bloom stated that there were `` discussions '' about his return to the franchise in September 2014 . Bloom further commented in December 2014 , that while he was not sure whether he would return , there were talks . He also indicated that Disney could do a soft reboot with the franchise and focus on Will Turner and his son . After months of speculation and after filming wrapped up , Bloom 's participation was confirmed at Disney D23 on August 15 , 2015 . On December 2 , 2013 , it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film 's main antagonist , but he finally declined . Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014 , after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton , George MacKay , Mitchell Hope , Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley . In mid-January 2015 , he stated that he was to travel to Australia for the film in February , disclosing that his role was indeed that of Will Turner 's son , struggling to break a curse to meet his father . The shortlist of actresses for the female lead consisted of Gabriella Wilde , Kaya Scodelario , Alexandra Dowling , Jenna Thiam and Lucy Boynton . On January 24 , Jerry Bruckheimer announced via Twitter that Scodelario had won the role . In July , her character was revealed to be called Carina . In earlier drafts of the script the name Carina Smyth appeared as Barbossa 's daughter and was a love interest of Sparrow 's and was an astronomer accused of being a witch . Scodelario confirmed that the character was an astronomer and that `` she 's a totally different character '' to Keira Knightley 's Elizabeth Swann , and also confirmed that Smyth will be Henry 's love interest instead of Jack 's . By October 2014 , Javier Bardem , husband of Penélope Cruz ( who portrayed Angelica in the fourth installment ) , was in early talks to appear as the antagonist of the film . His role was eventually confirmed to be that of Armando Salazar , who in early scripts was referred as Captain John Brand . However , during an interview with Collider in 2012 , Penélope Cruz stated that she would most likely not reprise her role as Angelica Teach . Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs via Twitter in late January . Shortly after on location pre-production opened in Australia , Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all age - and experience levels to apply for roles and as extras in the upcoming film , with casting also open in the US . Adam Brown , Delroy Atkinson , Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming . Martin Klebba confirmed his return as Marty via Twitter days before filming began . On February 17 , 2015 , Stephen Graham revealed that he will reprise his role as Scrum . On September 24 , 2015 , a YouTube video was uploaded stating that Giles New and Angus Barnett would reprise their roles as Murtogg and Mullroy . Director Joachim Rønning 's two children appear in the film as extras . Also , Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague . Additionally , Greg Ellis expressed interest in reprising his role as Theodore Groves , despite his character 's apparent death in the previous film , saying the possibility that Groves survived . Apart from this declaration , reports that a deceased Navy officer will star in the film , had sparked many rumors regarding the possibility of the return of James Norrington ( portrayed again by Jack Davenport ) , who died in the third film . Both Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook commented on the possibility of returning as Pintel and Ragetti . Arenberg confirmed in several interviews that , despite wanting to return to the fourth film , he hoped to reprise his role as Pintel . In an interview on November 7 , 2014 , Crook confirmed that he had received a call of availability from Disney for the film , although stated that he was uncertain about whether he wanted to reprise his role . Crook declined to reprise his role ultimately , in order to focus on his television series Detectorists . He said he felt `` pangs of nostalgia '' when the cast and crew filmed the film without him . Furthermore , shortly before filming started , Arenberg announced on Twitter that he would not reprise his role as well , despite having been interested in doing so . In early 2017 , there were rumors that Keira Knightley was back to the franchise for a cameo scene despite Knightley saying in 2011 that she was n't coming back to any future films . On April 18 , 2017 , the international trailer was released , confirming Knightley 's participation . Filming Depp on set in Queensland in June 2015 On January 15 , 2014 , directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg confirmed that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana . However , a spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations . According to Australian film industry sources , on location pre-production started in late September 2014 and its cost is around $250 million . This was officially confirmed by Disney and the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Queensland , Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Whitsundays were officially confirmed as filming locations . On January 1 , 2015 , The Rainbow Gypsy , a 15 - year - old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley , sailed into the Gold Coast to start the extensive refit , which will include a new bowsprit and reconfigured decks and cabins in order to become the Dying Gull , a single - masted ghost ship . Its captain and owner Kit Woodward was a rigger on the film . Filming commenced on February 17 , 2015 . Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale , while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland . Given the greenscreens were so tall they blocked sunlight , containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow for light to creep in . While an initial draft of the script featured six ships , the end product had 11 vessels , meaning that to cut costs , most of them were not full sets , but partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics , at times built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while still on land . The camera crew also made extensive use of drones to capture immersive views on sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes . Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15 , 2015 for water bound scenes . However , due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew due to `` big swells '' at The Spit , filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters . Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1 . Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850 - plus crew then working on the film . After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return , Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner . Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23 . A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production . The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa 's pet monkey Jack , as the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and require strict requirements and a 30 - day quarantine . Further controversy surrounding the use of the monkeys erupted from animal rights activist groups , who urged the Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the application to fly two capuchin monkeys from California to Australia , arguing that the trip would `` harm the monkeys ' health , that movie performances are unnatural for wild creatures and that the appearance of monkeys in films encourages the illegal wildlife trade '' . One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World and bit a make up artist on another production on the ear . Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release . To prevent fans from interfering with the production , secret filming locations used the production name of `` Herschel '' to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film . Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security , the already tight security was increased . On March 10 , 2015 , Depp was injured off set and had to be flown back to the United States for surgery . Due to his absence , filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks as they had done all they had been able to without Depp . Filming was set to resume `` on or about April 20 '' and Depp returned to set on April 21 . In June , Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman . Most of the cast and crew had finished on the July 8 , 2015 , and a wrap party was held on July 11 . Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots to be filmed . On July 21 , 2015 , Joachim Rønning announced via Instagram that filming has wrapped after a 95 - day shoot . After nearly a year in post production , reshoots and additional photography was conducted in Vancouver , Canada from March 24 to April 13 , 2016 under the production title `` Herschel Additional Photography '' . The entire film was filmed in IMAX for an expanded 1.9 : 1 aspect ratio , giving IMAX screenings of the film 26 % more picture on the screen . Music Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) For the first time in the series since Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( which he co-wrote with Klaus Badelt ) , Hans Zimmer is not composing the music for the film . Instead , one of his protégés , Geoff Zanelli , who worked on all previous four installments in the franchise , is the main composer for the film . Zanelli said of taking over from Zimmer as composer for the series , `` What Hans did for the Pirates movies redefined the sound of the entire genre , it has been very fulfilling to work alongside him and ( producer ) Jerry ( Bruckheimer ) on the past four films . Dead Men Tell No Tales enlarges the Pirates universe with many new , unique elements , and I 'm building a distinctive sound for this film that springboards off of many years of collaborating in the Pirates world . '' The film 's soundtrack was released on May 26 , 2017 . Post-production Work on the film concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Eight companies handled the film 's 2,000 visual effects shots , with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics . The primary vendor was Moving Picture Company , from which hails the film 's overall effects supervisor Gary Brozenich . Among MPC 's work was Salazar 's pirates , whose on - set footage filmed against a blue screen was mostly replaced by CGI given all have missing parts of their body as well as floating hair and clothing , with Brozenich stating that was kept of the original actors was `` their run , gait and faces . '' To provide reference for the floating parts , that was meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state , a stuntman in full costume and wig dove into a swimming pool , and was filmed underwater by both a GoPro and a Canon 5D doing various actions . '' Atomic Fiction handled the scenes of St. Martin , turning the few blocks of buildings built on set onto more than 600 CG buildings surrounded by a jungle environment environment combining references from both the Caribbean and Thailand , and enhancing through CGI both the guillotine on which Jack Sparrow is nearly executed and the bank from the heist scene , that was meant to look as if it was dragging through the ground instead of driving on top of it . Along with sea footage filmed in both the Australian sets and Key West , Florida , there was extensive usage of water simulations , with the artists basing on the Beaufort scale to ensure the sea and wind was realistic . Release Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11 , 2017 . In several countries , the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge , including English - speaking countries . It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24 . The film was released in the United States , Canada , and China on May 26 . It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama - like ScreenX format ; it played in two locations in the U.S. -- CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas -- both in Los Angeles , California . Additionally , it played in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea , China , Thailand , Vietnam , Turkey and Indonesia . The film also played in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide . It is Disney 's third wide release of the year following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Marketing A robust marketing effort helped promote Dead Men Tell No Tales . The film was first showcased at the Disney D23 Expo 2015 where Depp appeared in costume as Jack Sparrow and the film 's logo was revealed with Orlando Bloom confirmed to be starring in the film . Elizabeth Rudnick has been self - confirmed to novelize the film , as well as describing the film as bringing back `` sensibility '' plus bringing back Jack Sparrow in `` all of his swaggering glory '' . Another book is set to be released by Disney , a tie - in prequel expanding the backstory of the character of Carina Smyth , titled Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales -- The Brightest Star in the North . The film was also showcased at the Walt Disney Content Showcase in Africa in 2016 where concept art , story details and on set images were previewed . The first teaser trailer was released on October 2 , 2016 , during Fear the Walking Dead and showcased Armando Salazar hunting for Jack Sparrow who does n't appear in the trailer except only his image on a wanted poster . On January 27 , 2017 , Disney uploaded an eight - second motion poster to their official Instagram account for the release of a TV spot of the film during Super Bowl LI . Disney then released a 30 - second television teaser at Super Bowl LI , with an extended version released online set to Johnny Cash 's `` Ai n't No Grave '' . The trailer was considered to be the `` big '' trailer of the event and was the most viewed trailer of all the films advertised at the halftime show . A new teaser poster was also released with the trailer . Both teasers received a highly positive reaction from audiences . The official trailer was released on March 2 , 2017 . Another trailer was released on March 25 , 2017 . The first 30 - second TV spot was released on March 31 , 2017 . On April 21 , at Disney Parks and on the four Disney cruise ships , Disney previewed a sneak peek of the film . With the release of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 on April 28 , 2017 in the UK , Disney premiered a 5 - minute extended sequence of the film in front of the Marvel film . Home media Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 19 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on October 3 , 2017 . In its first week to sale were the top home media release . The Blu - ray version accounted for 78 % of the sales . Meanwhile , the home video release of the new `` Pirates '' sequel helped bring previous films in the franchise back into the Blu - ray top 25 , with 2011 's On Stranger Tides at No. 12 , 2007 's At World 's End at No. 19 , and 2006 's Dead Man 's Chest at No. 20 . The original film , 2003 's Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , landed at No. 23 . Hacking incident In May 2017 , the film was allegedly stolen by a group of piracy hackers , who demanded a large sum of money from Disney in order for them not to distribute the unreleased film . The company refused to do so and worked with the FBI in order to get the identity of the group . Also , Disney CEO Bob Iger reported that hackers did not steal their movie . Reception Box Office Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.6 million in the United States and Canada and $622.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $794.8 million , against a production budget of $230 million . The film had a worldwide opening of $271.4 million from 55 markets , with $24 million coming from 1,088 IMAX screens . The film 's six - day opening gross pushed the franchise gross past the $4 billion mark . Despite being the lowest - grossing film of the series in the US by nearly $70 million , the film became the highest - grossing entry of the Pirates franchise internationally when going by modern foreign - exchange rates , passing On Stranger Tides , which grossed $593.4 million at current rates . Despite weak US totals , Deadline.com noted the film should turn a net profit of around $280 million after factoring together all expenses and revenues . North America In April 2017 , early projections had the film grossing $115 million over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend . In early May , projections were adjusted to $90 -- 100 million , which was again lowered down to $80 -- 85 million , with a chance of hitting $100 million , by the week of its release . It was released in 4,276 theaters , of which over 3,100 were 3D , including 400 IMAX locations , over 500 Premium Large Format locations , 170 D - Box locations , 10 4D auditoriums and three venues featuring the ScreenX three - screen format . It opened Friday , May 26 , 2017 , and earned $23.4 million on its opening day , including $5.5 million it made from Thursday night previews . Its opening day was the lowest of the franchise . In total , it grossed $63 million over three days , and $78.5 million over four ( Friday -- Monday ) , finishing first at the box office ahead of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and fellow newcomer Baywatch . On a three - day basis , the film did 31 % less than On Stranger Tides did over its first three days in 2011 , after adjusting for inflation , and on a four - day basis , it was down 34 % from At World 's End and overall is the second - smallest debut of the franchise after the first film . Despite the film registering the highest test score in the series ' history , the opening came in well below initial expectations , which was attributed to various reasons , such as Johnny Depp 's diminishing returns and his depreciating public image amid his personal problems , the wave of negative reviews from critics ( mainly on Rotten Tomatoes ) , franchise fatigue and the problem of Memorial Day weekend failing to attract considerable moviegoers in the past years . However , although the film 's opening was below predictions , it was n't considered a fatal failure and was better than Disney had for its last few Memorial Day releases ( Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , Tomorrowland and Alice Through the Looking Glass ) . Studio executives said they were pleased with the movie 's opening , both in the US and abroad . Its opening further helped Disney push past $1 billion in the US to record the second - fastest time a studio has reached the mark in the US , second only to Disney 's own record from 2016 when the studio surpassed $1 billion in early May . After dropping by 73 % on its second Friday , the worst Friday - to - Friday drop in the series , the film fell by a total of 65 % in its second weekend , also the worst of the series , grossing $22.1 million . As a result , it finished in third place , after newcomers Wonder Woman ( $103.3 million ) and Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( $23.9 million ) . It made $10.7 million in its third weekend , $9 million in its fourth and $5.2 million in its fifth , respectively , finishing 4th , 6th and 7th at the box office . Outside North America Internationally , where it is marketed as Salazar 's Revenge in many countries , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 54 markets ( 91 % of its total marketplace , except Japan , where it debuted on July 1 ) . Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150 -- 175 million , but possibly overperforming depending on major markets , most notably China . While its Chinese run benefited from the Dragon Boat Festival -- a lucrative moviegoing period -- from May 28 -- 30 as well as from International Children 's Day ( June 1 ) , the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets , and eased moviegoing admissions across the continent over the film 's opening weekend . From Wednesday to Friday , it registered an opening of $208.8 million . Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings , the second - biggest international IMAX opening in May only after Captain America : Civil War . Similar to its US plunge , it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend , thus , falling in second place behind Wonder Woman . It recorded the biggest opening day of the year in several markets including Germany ( $3.6 million ) , Austria , France ( $2.3 million ) , Finland , Sweden , Belgium , Thailand ( $400,000 ) , Indonesia , Malaysia and the Netherlands ( $900,000 , also the second - biggest Disney bow , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) , while Russia opened with $4 million , the fifth - biggest ever . In terms of opening , Russia posted the biggest opening of all time with $18.4 million ( $18.6 million including previews ) while South Korea ( $11.5 million ) , France ( $9.1 million ) , Germany ( $8.3 million ) , Mexico ( $6.9 million ) , the UK ( $6.1 million ) , Brazil ( $5.6 million ) , Italy ( $5.5 million ) , Australia ( $4.4 million ) , Spain ( $4.4 million ) , Indonesia ( $4 million ) , Taiwan ( $3.6 million ) , India ( $3 million ) and Argentina ( $3 million ) recorded the top openings . In China , where the film had its global premiere , it earned $21.3 million on its opening day , the fourth - biggest Disney opening day in the country . It had an 87 % marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Earning a total of $67.9 million , it registered the third - highest three - day for any Disney title , only behind Captain America : Civil War and Avengers : Age of Ultron and a much higher opening than the U.S. The film did extremely well in IMAX , earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings . The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival , as well as Depp 's star power , the ubiquity of the franchise , the impact of the Shanghai Disneyland Park , which opened last year and good word of mouth -- it has a score of 7.5 / 10 on reviews aggregator Douban , and 8.7 / 10 on top mobile ticketing platform Weying . The final market for the film to be released in was Japan ( July 1 ) , where it opened at Number 1 , achieving the highest - grossing opening for a Western film of the year , earning $9.25 million over the July 1 -- 2 weekend . It remained at the number 1 spot at the box office for three weeks . The biggest earning markets so far are China ( $172.3 million ) , followed by Japan ( $59.5 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $40.7 million ) , where is the second - highest - grossing film ever , behind only Avatar , Germany ( $31 million ) , France ( $28.7 million ) and U.K. ( $25.1 million ) . The film is the highest - grossing of the series internationally by modern - foreign exchange rates . Critical response Dead Men Tell No Tales received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 30 % based on 234 reviews , with an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales proves that neither a change in directors nor an undead Javier Bardem is enough to drain this sinking franchise 's murky bilge . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized the convoluted plot and overabundance of characters , writing : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man Tell No Tales is practically incoherent . I 've been trying to wrap my head around the ' plot , ' but it 's been futile . I 've asked literally eight other people who saw this movie to answer a couple specific questions and no one has been able to do it . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers called the film `` bloated , boring , repetitive and draining '' and gave it one star out of four , saying , `` Abandon ship , audiences . Paying cash money to see Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales is the equivalent of walking the plank . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film returns `` to the basic formula of the first three Pirates films directed by Gore Verbinski , in which Johnny Depp 's louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story ... the two romantic leads ( ... ) succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` Its pleasures are so meager , its delight in its own inventions so forced and false , that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was `` loud , overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting '' , comparing it to a `` vacation that you 'll need a vacation from . '' Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be `` a jumble of half - baked impulses '' , with the film 's directors `` trying to pump air and passion into a stinking corpse of a franchise . '' Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Dead Men works well enough as a stand - alone , swashbuckling comedic spectacle , thanks to the terrific performances , some ingenious practical effects , impressive CGI and a steady diet of PG - 13 dialogue peppered with not particularly sophisticated but ( I have to admit ) fairly funny sexual innuendo . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com praised the film , calling it `` the most entertaining installment , '' giving credit to Directors Rønning and Sandberg for creating a `` rollicking good time '' . He praised the visual effects , particularly Salazar and his crew , arguing that it should be in line to receive an Academy Award for Visual Effects . He also gave high praise to Bardem for being able to create such a `` fully dimensional villain '' under the layers of make - up and CGI , as well as Depp for keeping the film and franchise going . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B ' , praising the fun nature of the film as well as its visuals , calling it `` gorgeously detailed swashbuckling nonsense , '' but wished that the script had taken more risks instead of following the formula used in previous films . Ashley Esqueda of CNET gave the film a positive review , arguing it brought the franchise back to what made its first two installments so fun , and praised Depp 's performance as `` delightful as ever . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying `` What was once a past - its - prime franchise seems to have found new life . '' Mark Hughes of Forbes opined `` Dead Men Tell No Tales is n't as good as the first three films , but it 's better than the fourth film '' , adding `` it has mostly good performances , and a couple of great ones . It has fantastic visual effects , lots of humor that works , a lighthearted feel and sense of fun , and many terrific action set pieces to make your eyeballs pop out . '' Accolades See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for six Teen Choice Awards : Choice Action Movie Choice Action Movie Actor for both Johnny Depp and Brenton Thwaites Choice Movie Liplock for Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley Choice Action Movie Actress for Kaya Scodelario Choice Movie Villain for Javier Bardem Choice Summer Movie . Sequel Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized . The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , and Davy Jones , implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in a sixth film . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . See also De-aging in film Notes Jump up ^ Two of the sources for the $320 million budget characterize this figure as `` alleged '' or `` allegedly '' . 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Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to Hit Theaters July 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Caranicas . `` Below the Line Agencies Place Clients in Films and TV Shows - Variety '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Taps Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline , com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rossio , Terry ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` WORDPLAY / Columns / 55 . `` Time Risk '' by Terry Rossio `` . Wordplayer.com . ^ Jump up to : Nepales , Ruben ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Depp has high hopes for ' Pirates 5 ' Inquirer Entertainment '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp pledges future to ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' & Film & TV News '' . NME . May 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stadler , Nancy ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush is n't rushing to exit Disney 's `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' film franchise `` . JimHillMedia.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Margaret , Mary ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush On ' Pirates ' 4 : Jack Sparrow Has Met His Match '' . Parade . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ingham , James ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` Orlando Bloom would love to go back to Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Daily Star . UK . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Naomie Harris on the Incredible True Story Behind Her New Film ( and Her Possible Pirates Return ) '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swanwick , Tristan ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom says he 's ' in discussions ' about returning to Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 -- mainly because of Johnny Depp '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Will Return for the Fifth Pirates of the Caribbean Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Casts Its New Villain ? '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda , Sneider , Jeff ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Brenton Thwaites in Talks to Join ' Pirates of the Carribbean 5 ' ( sic ) ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Oh , Henry ! Disney Chasing Hearththrobs For Next ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario Boards Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . The Age . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates abandon ships as Johnny Depp and crew prepare to set sail for final scenes in Whitsundays '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christoph Waltz and Rebecca Hall Circling ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ParentHerald ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' Rumors , Latest News and Updates : Orlando Bloom Leads Reboot ? '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Javier Bardem May Play Villain in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . IGN.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penelope Cruz Talks TWICE BORN , THE COUNSELOR , I 'M SO EXCITED and PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN 5 '' . September 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` exkevinmcnally '' . January 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sayers , Sarah ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Shiver me timbers ! Pirates Of The Caribbean searching for Australians to star as busty wenches and buccaneers alongside Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Speculation Pirates of the Caribbean cast shooting two films at once on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ bigfootkam ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` # JohnnyDepp greeting # GilesNew # AngusBarnett onboard # BlackPearl with # KevinMcNally , # MartinKlebba '' . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Richards to star in Pirates 5 '' . October 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Greg Ellis wonders if his `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' character will be returning for the fifth film in this series `` . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Norrington Death Support Group '' . Jump up ^ Pirates of The Caribbean 5 Lee Arenberg Interview . YouTube . May 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Lee Arenberg Interview '' . Outright Geekery . October 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louise ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mackenzie Crook interview : Game Of Thrones , The Detectorists , Pirates 5 '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Crook turned down Pirates of the Caribbean to focus on Detectorists '' . Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Crook 's Pirates nostalgia '' . The List . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` leearenberg '' . February 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Keira Knightley returns in new Pirates of the Caribbean trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Joachim Rønning , Espen Sandberg Contract ' Amnesia ' As Possible Post - ' Pirates ' Project '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jerry Bruckheimer Talks Status of ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Indiewire.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Maria ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Open for business ! Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 starts production Down Under with cast and crew arriving ... and Johnny Depp set to join them next year '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean movie confirmed to film in Queensland '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crane , Kristoffer ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 has strict requirements for swashbuckling extras '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Shaya ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Helensvale set chosen to film ship scenes for Pirates of the Caribbean blockbuster '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedo , Stephanie ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 filming location no longer a secret as nosy Maudsland locals take a peak at Hollywood at work '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( June 2017 ) . `` VFX : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . Post Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Kelle ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dead Men Tell No Tales DP on how They Made the Splashiest Pirates Film of All Time '' . Where to Watch . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Jack ; Simonot Suzanne ; Wuth Robyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean to shoot at Doug Jennings Park on The Spit as Broadwater becomes Hollywood backdrop '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp and Pirates of Caribbean in search of calmer waters in Raby Bay after seasickness hits '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Depp declares love for Sunshine State '' . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Disney confirms Depp set to battle deadly ghost pirates in Dead Men 's plot on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Johnny , Orlando Bloom the Hollywood heavyweight in Coast 's Pirates spotlight '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean star Orlando Bloom spotted out and about on the Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean invade NSW '' . Jump up ^ Ironside , Robyn ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean ' pests ' to be quarantined for a month on Gold Coast '' . News.com.au . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Anger at bid to fly monkeys to Australia for Pirates of the Caribbean film '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joshua Robertson . `` Monkey bites woman on ear in sneak attack near Pirates of the Caribbean set '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolz , Greg ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mobile phones with `` eye patches '' amid extreme security measures on set of Pirates of the Caribbean `` . Courier Mail . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriend of ' pirate ' tells of romance as he is charged for film set stunt '' . 9news.com.au . March 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Injured on Location for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp hand injury delays Pirates of the Caribbean filming '' . BBC News . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ van Boom , Daniel ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` The second coming ! Johnny Depp 's return Down Under imminent as Pirates Of The Caribbean set to resume filming next week after stopping for star 's surgery '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Jack 's back : Johnny Depp to resume filming Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Injured star 's curse of the Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales wraps but local crew says it 's been top for Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Captain Jack Sparrow to visit the Whitsundays next week '' . Whitsunday Times . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood North : Pirates of the Caribbean coming ashore in Vancouver '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales IMAX Comparison '' . May 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Joachim Rønning Jul 8 , 2016 at 6 : 15pm UTC '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Movies News Desk . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Sets Sail 5 / 26 '' . Broadway World . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Apr 19 , 2017 at 10 : 00pm UTC '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN -- DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES : Rudy Grossman -- Digital Effects Supervisor -- Atomic Fiction '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rønning , Joachim ; Sandberg , Espen ; Bardem , Javier ; Scodelario , Kaya ( May 26 , 2017 ) , Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 , retrieved December 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Pirati dei Caraibi : la vendetta di Salazar - Film ( 2017 ) '' . ComingSoon.it . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge - 2017 '' . Filmweb.no . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to World Premiere at Shanghai Disneyland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates 5 ' to Be First Hollywood Feature to Play New Panoramic Cinema Format in U.S '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Plunders $5.5 Million on Thursday Night '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sequel Tops Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Flops '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James White . `` Orlando Bloom Confirmed For Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marty Sliva ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` D23 2015 : Orlando Bloom Confirmed for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Wood , R. ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chatham Kids Magazine : Elizabeth Rudnick Hessler -- Exclusive Author Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Disney Book ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales : The Brightest Star in the North '' . Disney Press . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Disney Showcase 2016 : GOTG Vol. 2 , Pirates of the Caribbean 5 , Queen of Katwe and more ! '' . August 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : Watch the First Trailer for ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Walt Disney Studios Jan 28 , 2017 at 12 : 45am UTC '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CenturyLink . `` CenturyLinkVoice : Get In The Game : Super Bowl Tackles The Technology Wave '' . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Johnny Depp Finally Appears In Dynamite ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Super Bowl Spot '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Embrace the Pirates Life with a Sneak Peek , Posters & Sweepstakes Inspired by Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN SALAZAR 'S REVENGE - British Board of Film Classification '' . www.bbfc.co.uk . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volkov , Anton ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` IN THE PIPELINE : 5 - Minute ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Preview In Cinemas With ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Sean ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 4K Blu - ray And Digital Release Dates Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://m.homemediamagazine.com/research/fifth-pirates-movie-sails-top-home-video-sales-40943 Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hackers Holding Disney 's Latest ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' For Ransom '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Nicole . `` Disney CEO : ' We were not hacked ' '' . Yahoo Finance . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $208 Overseas Start And $275 M Global Take Will Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Clears $77 M in U.S. ; ' Baywatch ' Capsizes With $23 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkirk ' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4 M No. 1 Spot For $105 M+ Global Opening ; ' Valerian ' $23.5 M Start '' . Deadline.com . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Profit Will ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men ' Tell ? '' . Deadline.com . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Baywatch ' Looking To Catch A Wave At The B.O. By Opening One Day Earlier '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Baywatch ' Set Sail for Uncertain Shores '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' Hopes To Make Waves Around The World With $230 M+ Launch -- Memorial Day Weekend Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Snags Okay $23.4 M Friday For $110 M Global Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 26 - 28 , 2017 - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 leads slow holiday weekend at box office '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Shipwrecked At The Domestic B.O. -- Friday Night Update '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Casualties Of Summer Franchise Fatigue At The Domestic B.O. -- Monday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Josh Spiegel ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' : The Diminishing Returns of Johnny Depp '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails To Seaworthy $271 Million Worldwide Opening '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Top Memorial Day Weekend Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Struggles '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Plunges 73 % , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Tumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Past $500 M Worldwide , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Crumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` comScore Announces Official Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of May 28 , 2017 '' . comScore . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sailing Toward $80 Million , ' Baywatch ' Eyes $40 Million '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Holiday Box Office : Dragon Boat Festival '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sails Toward $300 Million Opening Weekend Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $34.5 M In Offshore Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Powers $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global In Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sets Sail With $40 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sonia Kil ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Korea Box Office : ' Pirates ' Rules Weekend , ' President ' Lands in Second '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Overtakes ' Baahubali 2 ' While Sachin Tendulkar Biopic Wins The Duel With ' Pirates 5 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $86.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Off With $67.8 M in Treasure '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates ' Sails Off With $66 Million Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Opens at No. 1 in Japan '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Jul 16 , 2017 at 7 : 06pm UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Crosses $500 Million at Global Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Aug 2 , 2017 at 8 : 20am UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : A Confusing Revival '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Abandon Ship ! '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean slogs out to sea for the fifth time in Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales . ' Not Very Well , Anyway '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' : Long , Loud and Overstimulating '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Pirates ' : Some Dead Things Ca n't Be Resurrected '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Smartly there ! Latest ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' picks up the pace '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Johnny Depp And A Couple Of Oscar Winners Help Keep This Fun Ride Afloat '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Is Gorgeously Detailed Swashbuckling Nonsense '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Esqueda , Ashley ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates 5 ' review : This time around , dead men tell good tales '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Johnny Depp 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' rights ship with ' Dead Men ' '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Comes Close To What You Want '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lupo , Marc ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : All the Nominees and Winners '' . US Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 & 6 back - to - back '' . December 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack 's Final Adventure '' . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Post-Credits Scene Explained '' . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 6 May Depend On Pirates 5 Home Release '' . ScreenRant . September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaya Scodelario Contracted To Return for Pirates of the Caribbean 6 '' . ScreenRant . October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joachim Rønning to Direct Angelina Jolie in Maleficent 2 '' . Comingsoon.net . October 3 , 2017 . He is also being eyed to helm a potential sixth Pirates movie . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Official website Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Films directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Roenberg Bandidas ( 2006 ) Max Manus : Man of War ( 2008 ) Kon - Tiki ( 2012 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales&oldid=815992766 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2017 3D films 2010s 3D films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sequel films American films American sequel films American fantasy adventure films Films about revenge Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in the 18th century Films set in the Caribbean Films set on fictional islands Films shot in Australia Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Treasure hunt films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Pirate films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who dies in the new pirates of the caribbean	[ "Approaching the Trident’s island, the Pearl evades a British Navy warship, which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island. Jack, Barbossa, and Carina use the island's magic to open a path to the Trident’s spot on the ocean floor, parting the ocean. Salazar captures Henry and possesses his body, chasing Jack and the others across the ocean floor and seizes the Trident, freeing Henry. Henry shatters the Trident, breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar’s crew to life. However, the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself. The Pearl drops its anchor to lift them to safety, but Salazar pursues them, still hell-bent on killing Jack. Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary’s cover. Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar, allowing the others to escape alive.", "Approaching the Trident’s island, the Pearl evades a British Navy warship, which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island. Jack, Barbossa, and Carina use the island's magic to open a path to the Trident’s spot on the ocean floor, parting the ocean. Salazar captures Henry and possesses his body, chasing Jack and the others across the ocean floor and seizes the Trident, freeing Henry. Henry shatters the Trident, breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar’s crew to life. However, the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself. The Pearl drops its anchor to lift them to safety, but Salazar pursues them, still hell-bent on killing Jack. Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary’s cover. Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar, allowing the others to escape alive." ]	[ "Barbossa", "Salazar" ]
-415018658609084992	Dead end (street)	Dead end ( street ) - wikipedia Dead end ( street ) `` Cul - de-sac '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cul - de-sac ( disambiguation ) . `` Dead end street '' redirects here . For the film , see Dead End Street . For the song , see Dead End Street ( song ) . A cul - de-sac in Sacramento , California A dead end in Alicante , Valencian Community , Spain Workers Village at El - Lahun Pyramid site Welwyn Garden City cul - de-sac that is short and narrow A dead end is a street with only one inlet / outlet . A dead end is also known as a cul - de-sac ( / ˈkʌldəsæk / or / ˈkʊldəsæk / , from French for cul ( `` bottom '' ) + de ( `` of '' ) + sac ( `` bag , sack '' ) ) or no exit road in certain contexts and dialects . The term `` dead end '' is understood in all varieties of English , but the official terminology and traffic signs include many different alternatives . Some of these are used only regionally . In the United States and other countries , cul - de-sac is often not an exact synonym for dead end and refers to dead ends with a circular end , allowing for easy turning at the end of the road . Dead ends are created in urban planning to limit through - traffic in residential areas . While some dead ends provide no possible passage except in and out of their road entry , others allow cyclists , pedestrians or other non-automotive traffic to pass through connecting easements or paths , an example of filtered permeability . Its application retains the dead end 's primary function as a non-through road , but establishes complete pedestrian and bicycle network connectivity . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Originally unplanned dead ends 2 Suburban use and benefits 3 Criticisms and discussion 3.1 Traffic safety issues 3.2 Environmental , health , and crime issues 4 Terminology 4.1 Canada 4.2 Australia 4.3 New Zealand 4.4 United States 4.5 Other uses 5 Signage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The earliest examples of dead ends were unearthed in the El - Lahun workers ' village in Egypt , which was built circa 1885 BC . The village is laid out with straight streets that intersect at right angles ; akin to a grid , but irregular . The western part of the excavated village , where the workers lived , shows fifteen narrow and short dead - ends laid out perpendicularly on either side of a wider , straight street ; all terminate at the enclosing walls . Dead - end streets also appeared during the classical period of Athens and Rome . The 15th century architect and planner Leon Battista Alberti implies in his writings that dead - end streets may have been used intentionally in antiquity for defense purposes . He writes : `` The Ancients in All Towns were for having some intricate Ways and turn again Streets ( i.e. dead - ends or loops ) , without any Passage through them , that if an Enemy comes into them , he may be at a Loss , and be in Confusion and Suspense ; or if he pushes on daringly , may be easily destroyed '' . The same opinion is expressed by an earlier thinker , Aristotle , when he criticized the Hippodamian grid . He writes : `` ... but for security in war ( the arrangement is more useful if it is planned in ) the opposite ( manner ) , as it used to be in ancient times . For that ( arrangement ) is difficult for foreign troops to enter and find their way about when attacking . '' In the UK , their prior existence is implied by an 1875 law which banned their use in new developments . Inferential evidence of their earlier use can also be drawn from the text of a German architect , Rudolf Eberstadt , that explains their purpose and utility : We have , in our medieval towns , showing very commendable methods of cutting up the land . I ought to mention here that to keep traffic out of residential streets is necessary not only in the general interest of the population , but , above all , for the sake of the children , whose health ( amongst the working classes ) is mainly dependent on the opportunity of moving about in close connection with their dwelling places , without the danger of being run over . In the earlier periods , traffic was excluded from residential streets simply by gates or by employing the cul - de-sac . It was in the UK that the cul - de-sac street type was first legislated into use , with The Hampstead Garden Suburb Act 1906 . The proponents of the Act , Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker , thus gained permission to introduce culs - de-sac in their subsequent site plans , and they promoted it as a suitable street type for Garden Suburbs . Unwin 's applications of the cul - de-sac and the related crescent always included pedestrian paths independent of the road network . This design feature reflects the predominance of pedestrian movement for local trips at the turn of the 20th century , and presages the current planning priority for increased pedestrian accessibility . The 1906 Act defined the nature of the cul - de-sac as a non-through road and restricted its length to 500 feet ( 150 m ) . Garden cities in the UK that followed Hampstead , such as Welwyn Garden City all included culs - de-sac ( see photo ) . In the 1920s , the garden city movement gained ground in the US and , with it , came its design elements , such as the cul - de-sac . Clarence Stein , a main proponent of the movement , incorporated it in the Radburn , NJ , subdivision , which was to become a model for subsequent neighbourhood developments . The US Federal Housing Authority recommended and promoted their use through their 1936 guidelines and the power of lending development funds . In Canada , a variation of Stein 's Radburn 1929 plan that used crescents ( loops ) instead of culs - de-sac was built in 1947 in Manitoba , Wildwood Park , Winnipeg , designed by Hubert Bird . In 1954 , the Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation published its own guidelines in which the cul - de-sac was strongly recommended for local streets and , as the FHA in the US , used its lending power to see its inclusion in development plans . The Varsity Village and Braeside , subdivisions in Calgary , Alberta also used the Radburn model in the late 1960s . In the 1960s the cul - de-sac attained systematic international application in planned new cities such as Doxiadis ' Islamabad ( 1960 ) . In the UK new towns such as Harlow ( 1947 ) by Sir Frederick Gibberd and Milton Keynes ( 1967 ) incorporated culs - de-sac and crescents in their layouts Planning theorists have suggested the use alternatives to culs - de-sac most notably , Christopher Alexander et al. , in his `` A Pattern Language '' 1977 book ( pattern # 49 ) suggests the use of looped local roads which do not abruptly stop . Although dead end streets , i.e. culs - de-sac , would fit his definition of looped local roads Alexander suggestions that `` culs - de-sacs are very bad from a social standpoint -- they force interaction and they feel claustrophobic , because there is only one entrance '' . Doxiadis has additionally argued their important role in separating man from machine . Originally unplanned dead ends ( edit ) Two dead ends created by closing a minor road in the center to block through traffic Originally unplanned dead ends have been created in the centers of cities that are laid on a grid by blocking through traffic . Whole neighbourhood street reconfigurations emerged in several cities , mainly concentrated in North America and the UK , which include Berkeley , California , Seattle , Washington and Vancouver , British Columbia . This transformation of grid plans since the 1970s responds to the following needs : To limit access to an existing road newly designated as a major artery , enabling traffic to move smoothly on it To alleviate residents ' concerns This selective , sporadic transformation is continuing . As traffic volumes increase and as cities decide to remove or reduce traffic on specific streets of central areas , streets are closed off using bollards or landscaping thus creating new , originally unplanned dead ends and producing a new , functional blend of the inherited grid with newer street types . A recent variation of limiting traffic is the managed closure by using retractable bollards which are activated by designated card holders only . However , not only do they stop cars , they also stop ambulances and other emergency vehicles and often lack adequate turning . Suburban use and benefits ( edit ) Since the end of World War II , new subdivisions in the United States and Canada , as well as New Towns in England and other countries have made extensive use of the cul - de-sac and crescent ( loops ) street types . Typically , there is one or several central roads in the subdivision with many cul - de-sac streets of varying length , branching out from the main roads , to fill the land in the subdivision ; a dendrite or hierarchical pattern . Since the 1960s , this pattern has been the dominant road network structure of suburbs and exurbs in the United States , Canada , and Australia . It is also increasingly popular in Latin America , Western Europe , and China . In this pattern , there are only a few roads ( relative to the number of cul - de-sac streets ) leading out of the subdivision and into other subdivisions or onto major roads . In the US , these changes can be attributed to real - estate developers ' desire to meet FHA guidelines and make federal home loans available to their consumers . In Canada a similar incentive was provided to developers by CMHC . These incentives , which were discontinued in the 1970s , gave the initial impetus for the application of the hierarchical pattern . In other countries , such incentives do not exist and its adoption is motivated by consumer preferences . American urban planning , in the 19th and early 20th century emphasized a grid plan , partly out of extensive reliance on foot , horse and streetcars for transportation . In such earlier urban development , alleys were included to allow for deliveries of soiled supplies , such as coal , to the rear of houses which are now heated by electricity , piped natural gas or oil . Brookside Close in Liverpool was used exclusively for the filming of Channel 4 soap opera Brookside . The use of culs - de-sac reduces the amount of car traffic on residential streets within the subdivision , thus reducing noise , air pollution and the probability of accidents . Ben - Joseph ( 1995 ) and Lovegrove / Sayed ( 2006 ) indicate a substantially lower collision rate for street networks based on the cul - de-sac street type . Dumbaugh and Rae ( 2009 ) suggest that land use patterns play a significant role in traffic safety and should be considered in conjunction with the network pattern . While all intersection types in general increase the incidence of fatal crashes , four - way intersections , which rarely occur in a network with cul - de-sac or loop streets , increase total and injurious crashes significantly . The study recommends hybrid street networks with dense concentrations of T - intersections and concludes that a return to the 19th century gridiron is undesirable . This decrease in traffic , in turn , is thought to lower the incidence of crime and increase desirability , because in most cases the people who traverse the cul - de-sac either live there or are guests of those who do . CPTED planning principles suggest increased natural surveillance and sense of ownership as a means of fostering security in a neighbourhood . Both of these phenomena occur naturally on a cul - de-sac street as does social networking . Design guidelines based on the CPTED perspective recommend its use for these reasons . Cul - de-sac streets increase spontaneous outdoor activity by children . A study in California examined the amount of child play that occurred on the streets of neighbourhoods with different characteristics ; grid pattern and culs - de-sac . The findings indicate that culs - de-sac showed substantial increase in play activity than the open grid street pattern . Culs - de-sac reduce perceived danger from traffic , thereby encouraging more outdoor play . Similar studies in Europe and Australia found that children 's outdoor play is significantly reduced on through roads where traffic is , or perceived by parents to be , a risk . In addition , they confirmed the results of the seminal Donald Appleyard 1982 study which showed the negative correlation between amount of traffic and social networks . This inverse correlation between amounts of traffic and sociability of streets was reconfirmed by a newer study that repeated Appleyard 's San Francisco analysis in Bristol , UK . It showed that the cul - de-sac street with the lowest traffic of the three streets had the highest level of social interaction . These studies recommend the use of the cul - de-sac or strong traffic calming measures . When culs - de-sac are interconnected with foot and bike paths , as for example in Vauban , Freiburg , Village Homes , Davis , California , they can increase active modes of mobility among their residents . Real estate developers prefer culs - de-sac because they allow builders to fit more houses into oddly shaped tracts of land and facilitate building to the edges of rivers and property lines . They also choose these discontinuous network patterns of cul - de-sac and loop streets because of the often significant economies in infrastructure costs compared to the grid plan . From an environmental perspective , culs - de-sac allow greater flexibility than the common grid in adapting to the natural grades of a site and to its ecologically sensitive features , such as streams creeks and mature forest growth . The desirability of the cul - de-sac street type among home buyers is implied by the evidence that they often pay up to a 20 % premium for a home on such a street , according to one study . This could be because there is considerably less passing traffic , resulting in less noise and reduced actual or perceived risk , increasing the sense of tranquility . A survey of residents on three types of streets : cul - de-sac , loop , and through ( grid ) recorded their preferences among these types . It found that 82 % of cul - de-sac residents preferred their own street type , 18 % preferred a loop , and 0 % the grid . Only 13 % of grid street residents preferred their own type and 54 % would choose a cul - de-sac to live on . Two other studies , reported in 1990 and 2009 respectively , confirmed this upward trend and determined the premium that cul - de-sac streets command . The first found a 29 % premium over the streets in a grid . The second , focused on trails and greenbelts , found that other amenities including cul - de-sac streets add significantly to the home value . The positive feelings that a cul - de-sac street could evoke , that residents value , are expressed vividly by Allan Jacobs in describing a short ( 250 ft ) , narrow ( 60 ft ) , densely built ( 14 du / acre ) , and wood - paved cul - de-sac in the Shadyside neighborhood of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania : `` Step into Roslyn Place and you are likely to sense , immediately , that you are in a place , a special place , a handsome place , a safe place , a welcoming place , a place where you might wish to live . '' ... `` narrowness and enclosure and intimacy bring a feeling of safety to Roslyn Place ... `` Stay on our street '' is all the kids have to know . '' Gated communities , steadily increasing worldwide , employ cul - de-sac and loop street networks because , having a dendrite structure , they reduce the number of through roads and , consequently , the corresponding number of entries and exits to be controlled . Criticisms and discussion ( edit ) A cul - de-sac in Wrocław One of several short , narrow , connected cul - de-sac streets in Athens , Greece . The photos show the street ( below ) and the connecting footpath to the corresponding street ( above ) A diagram showing the street and path network of Village Homes with connected culs - de-sac A cul - de-sac sign in Dublin , Ireland Traffic safety issues ( edit ) Dead ends are traditionally considered safer traffic environments for children than normal streets , but research shows that areas with many dead ends in fact have higher rates of traffic accidents involving young children . Environmental , health , and crime issues ( edit ) Culs - de-sac are criticised by urban designers like those of the Foundation for the Built Environment in the United Kingdom for encouraging car transport for even short distances , as more direct connections are precluded by the geometry , which necessitates long travel distances even to physically nearby locations . This increases fuel consumption and vehicle emissions and has negative effects on health by reducing walking and cycling rates . Related research in the United States by Richard Jackson has shown that people in car - based ( cul - de-sac heavy ) communities weigh on average 6 lb ( 2.7 kg ) more than those in traditional towns ( with open grid networks ) . An extensive analysis of the research evidence by TRB , however , shows only an association between the built environment and physical activity levels , not causal connections . The evidence does not either identify with certainty which characteristics of the built environment are most closely associated with physical activity behaviour . The study also warns against confusing inadequate physical activity with obesity which is the outcome of an energy imbalance . Many contemporary lifestyle trends , some inevitable ( sedentary work ) and some avoidable , ( frequent energy - rich food consumption or TV watching ( 4 h / d ) ) , contribute to this imbalance and must be considered in understanding and combating obesity . The impermeability deficiency of the typical cul - de-sac street can be addressed by applying a modified , improved version of it , mentioned above , that enables pedestrian and bicycle through movement . While this more permeable version can be applied in new developments easily , modifying existing impermeable cul - de-sac streets is problematic as it encounters property ownership issues . Efforts in this direction are , however , being made . Given the complicated legal process and the sheer number of exiting cul - de-sac streets , however , such efforts would be slow to produce results and may only have a marginal impact in changing the landscape of existing districts . Conversely , transforming existing streets that are part of a grid plan into permeable , linked culs - de-sac , as was done in Berkeley , California and Vancouver , British Columbia , is physically and administratively easy due to the public ownership of the street right - of - way . However , residents on adjacent through roads may resent the potential traffic increase and delay the process . In Berkeley , the barriers used were permeable to both pedestrian and bicycle traffic , and became the backbone of the bicycle boulevard system in that region . Increases in pedestrian and bicycle permeability may result in a displacement of local car trips for short distance destinations and consequently a reduction in neighbourhood vehicle emissions . The impermeable cul - de-sac not only discourages walking and biking but also increases the length of car trips by the circuitous geometry of the dendrite network structure of which it is a part . Research studies examined the influence of several variables on the amount of car travel that residents of several types of districts recorded . Results vary considerably among one other , but there is general agreement on a number of key correlations : a ) the wealthier and the larger the family is the more cars they own and the more they drive , b ) the farther away a family lives from the city centre and the fewer the jobs in the vicinity plus a slow bus service the more they drive and c ) street patterns may add a 10 % length to local trips but the total VKTs are affected more by the `` macro '' urban than the `` micro '' neighbourhood structure . Culs - de-sac , especially those that also cut off pedestrian connections instead of limiting only road traffic , have also been criticised for negative effects on safety , because they decrease the amount of through traffic ( vehicular or pedestrian ) that might spot an accident or crime victim in need of help . Proponents of culs - de-sac and gated communities have in turn countered that the reduction in through traffic makes any `` stranger '' much more recognisable in the closed local environment and thus reduces crime danger . This view has in turn been characterized as unrealistic ; it is argued that since only a very small proportion of all non-locals passing through the area are potential criminals , increased traffic should increase rather than decrease safety . New research has expanded the discussion on this disputed issue . A recent study did extensive spatial analysis and correlated several building , site plan and social factors with crime frequencies and identified subtle nuances to the contrasting positions . The study looked at , among others , a ) dwelling types , b ) unit density ( site density ) c ) movement on the street , d ) culs -- de-sac or grids and e ) the permeability of a residential area . Among its conclusions are , respectively , that a ) flats are always safer than houses and the wealth of inhabitants matters ; b ) density is generally beneficial but more so at ground level ; c ) local movement is beneficial , larger scale movement not so ; d ) relative affluence and the number of neighbours has a greater effect than either being on a cul - de-sac or being on a through street . It also re-established that simple , linear culs - de-sac with good numbers of dwellings that are joined to through streets tend to be safe . As for permeability , it suggests that residential areas should be permeable enough to allow movement in all directions but no more . The over-provision of poorly used permeability is a crime hazard . More generally , the New Urbanism movement has offered criticism of the cul - de-sac and crescent ( loop ) street types not intended to network with each other . It has been suggested that such street layouts can cause increased traffic on the collector streets . It is recognized that cul - de-sac and looped streets inherently remove car traffic through them and restrict access to residents only . Resident traffic is naturally channelled to minor residential collectors and to arterials that provide inter-neighbourhood and inter-district connectivity . A study , reported in 1990 , compared the traffic performance in a 700 - acre ( 2.8 km ) development that was laid out using two approaches , one with and the other without hierarchy or cul - de-sac streets . It concluded that the non-hierarchical , traditional layout generally shows lower peak speed and shorter , more frequent intersection delays than the hierarchical pattern . The traditional pattern is not as friendly to the long trips as the hierarchical but friendlier to short trips . Local trips in it are shorter in distance but about equivalent in time with the hierarchical layout . A later similar comparative traffic study of about 830 acres ( 3.4 km ) concluded that all types of layouts perform adequately in most land use scenarios and that a refined hierarchical , dendrite network can improve traffic performance . Anecdotal and research evidence suggests that navigation ( especially on foot ) in a disconnected network of cul - de-sac and looped streets is inconvenient and non-intuitive , particularly when combined with curvilinear geometry . Loss of orientation and sense of direction is also a common experience in older cities with cul - de-sac streets ( Medina of Arab cities or Mediterranean hill towns ) as well as in cities with highly irregular block geometries and sizes and corresponding street alignments that produce a labyrinthine effect . The long history of such cities implies that an irregular , complicated street network that appears entirely illegible to a visitor is well understood and used by the inhabitants . More convincing about its workability for their permanent residents are the case histories of cities such as Regensburg that show a gradual transformation of an imported or imposed orthogonal , `` legible '' grid to the traditional `` confusing '' street networks . Cul - de-sac and loop streets can reduce the size of any given neighbourhood to a single street . Neighbourhoods can be defined by geographic boundaries but more often it is shared ethnic , socio - economic and cultural characteristics that create social cohesion irrespective of apparent physical `` boundaries '' . Mehaffy et al. ( 2010 ) , who propose a model for structuring an urban network , suggest that neighbourhoods can not be designed into being . `` Community '' is viewed as a dynamic social and cultural construct especially in contemporary , open , multicultural cities . Residential area street configuration can only assist its emergence by reducing through traffic and increasing local pedestrian movement ; a design goal for which connected cul - de-sac and looped streets are suited . Issues of pedestrian trip length and isolation are sharply evident in the back - to - front housing arrangement where the front of the house fronts onto the cul - de-sac street while the rear fronts onto the main roads . Some of these problems can be mitigated by the newer practice of connecting the neighbouring roads and culs - de-sac with public pedestrian / cycle paths . In effect , this removes the discontinuity aspect for these modes of transport . Built examples of such connected culs - de-sac can be found in the United States ( such as Radburn , New Jersey and Village Homes , California ) , England ( such as Milton Keynes ) and Greece ( such as Papagou , a suburb of Athens ) ( see photo ) . Acknowledging their use , Germany , under the 2009 amendment to the Road Traffic Act , introduced an additional sign for culs - de-sac that are permeable to pedestrians and cyclists . ( see under signage below ) . A new system for organizing connected , permeable culs - de-sac into complete neighbourhoods , the Fused Grid , has been developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation . In the North American development context and planning literature , cul - de-sac streets have been associated with low density residential development . sustainable development theorists and proponents claim that this is in some undefined way , inefficient . The increased prevalence of cul - de-sac streets occurred in the 1960s and 1970s , a period of rapid economic and city expansion , when a detached house on a large lot meant an ideal form of habitation . This temporal coincidence of the wide adoption of a street type and an increasing demand for large lots and houses creates the impression of a necessary relationship between street type and unit density . Historically , however , the earliest systematic application of the cul - de-sac street type by Raymond Unwin ( 1909 ) had a unit density between 8 and 12 units per acre , considerably higher than mid-to - late 20th century . Even early 21st century developments rarely achieve densities above 5 to 7 units per acre in the suburbs . Conversely , early 1950s suburban developments that were laid out on a grid exhibit similar low densities . Evidently , street , network type and density are not linked causally ; other factors , such as land scarcity and income influence the outcome as , for example , in cities that are landlocked or that have low average incomes . Another concern is often raised by emergency services , who can have difficulty locating streets when a community consists of a large number of similarly named culs - de-sac ; also , large fire response vehicles , in particular , can have great difficulty with turning around in a cul - de-sac . However , confusing street naming is not a necessary outcome of street network design and can be improved . The practice of naming orthogonal networks by numbers and letters in the corresponding cardinal directions has been criticized by Camilo Sitte as lacking imagination . Nonetheless , police and fire departments now use advanced GPS systems that quickly locate the destination and the shortest path to follow . School buses can also have a hard time turning around , which means that children who live in a cul - de-sac must often walk to a bus stop on a main through road . However , recent research on obesity and urban planning suggests that this may be an advantage because it enables children to get daily physical activity . Longer walking distances , however , reduce interest to use buses especially when a car is available . This disincentive to walking to the school bus stop can be overcome in planned cul - de-sac streets by regulating their maximum length to about 500 ft ( 150 m ) , as was recommended and practiced by R. Unwin and others . Weighing available evidence has led a few U.S. cities including Austin , Texas ; Charlotte , North Carolina ; and Portland , Oregon to restrict and regulate the inclusion of cul - de-sac streets in new suburbs . However , a 2010 study on Sprawl in NA by a legal expert concludes that `` ... neighborhoods dominated by culs - de-sac are less walkable than those that include street grids ... ' . ' On the other hand , culs - de-sac do have a countervailing public benefit : because of their very inaccessibility , they tend to have less automobile traffic . Given the existence of important public policy goals on both sides , a city seeking to maximize walkability should not favor culs - de-sac over grids , but should also allow some culs - de-sac as a legitimate residential option ' ... ' In addition , there are `` middle ground '' alternatives between prohibiting culs - de-sac and mandating them . For example , a city could encourage culs - de-sac combined with pedestrian walkways '' . This design combination is shown in the Village Homes layout and is an integral part of the Fused Grid . Terminology ( edit ) George Orwell wrote in his 1946 article `` Politics and the English Language '' that the term `` cul de sac '' is another foreign word used in English as pretentious diction and is unnecessary . The word `` cul - de-sac '' and its synonyms or near synonyms `` dead end '' and `` no exit '' have inspired metaphorical uses in literature and in culture , often with the result that a word or phrase seeming to have a negative connotation is replaced in street signs with a new coinage . ( `` No outlet '' is another alternative name used on street signs . ) The expression cul - de-sac comes from French , where it originally meant `` bottom of the sack '' . It was first used in English in anatomy ( since 1738 ) . It was used for dead - end streets since 1800 in English ( since the 14th century in French ) . The often heard erroneous folk etymology `` arse / ass ( buttocks ) of the sack '' is based on the modern meaning of cul in French , Catalan , and Occitan , but cul does n't have that meaning in cul - de-sac , which is still used to refer to dead ends in modern French although the terms impasse and voie sans issue are more common in modern French . J.R.R. Tolkien used the name Bag End as a translation of `` cul - de-sac '' to poke fun at the British use of French terms . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , `` cul - de-sac '' is commonly used in speech but `` no exit '' or `` no through road '' is more common in road signs , especially in western Canada . In Quebec and Newfoundland , `` Cul - de-Sac '' is in far more common use , though Quebec is increasingly using `` Impasse '' instead . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , they are signposted as and often referred to as a `` No Through Road '' . Suffixes for these types of streets include `` court '' , `` close '' or `` place '' . The term `` cul - de-sac '' generally only refers to a reasonably short street with a bulbous end , or even only to the end portion . A long road that is a no - through road and terminates abruptly is usually called a dead end . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand they are signposted as `` No Exit '' , but are often not signposted at all . The terms ' cul - de-sac ' and ' dead end ' have the same senses as in Australia ( see above ) . United States ( edit ) U.S. Federal Highway Administration rules state : `` The Dead End sign may be used at the entrance of a single road or street that terminates in a dead end or cul - de-sac . The No Outlet sign may be used at the entrance to a road or road network from which there is no other exit . '' There is no federal regulation on `` no exit '' . The phrase , `` No Exit '' , is also preferred for Chicago signs , although `` dead end '' is still used there . New York City has favored `` dead end '' since at least the 1930s , when Sidney Kingsley used the phrase to title his Broadway play about poor , tough East Side youths with lives of little promise , in contrast to the dead - end streets of the nearby Sutton Place neighborhood . ( Similarly , French existentialist Jean - Paul Sartre titled a play about three damned sinners , Huis Clos , translated into English as `` No Exit '' . ) Kingsley 's play was later made into a movie , Dead End , which proved so popular that it spawned similar movies , many starring a group of recurring characters known as the Dead End Kids . The play and movies created such a strong image of bleak futures and an unfair society that some municipalities changed the sign terminology for culs - de-sac , often to `` no outlet '' or `` no exit '' . ( The `` dead end '' signs currently at Sutton Place are bright yellow with black lettering . ) In New York City , as of 2008 , there were 4,659 `` dead end '' traffic signs , along with 160 `` no outlet '' signs . The city records , which go back to the 1960s , show only a couple `` no exit '' signs once existing near the approaches to the Midtown Tunnel , and which are no longer there . `` We hear that some towns use ' no outlet ' instead of ' dead end ' because they think it sounds less morbid , '' New York City Commissioner of Transportation Janette Sadik - Khan said in 2008 . `` We tell New Yorkers the truth : it 's a ' dead end ' , and we think that motorists get the point quickly . '' California uses the phrase Not a Through Street or Not a Through Road to mark roads or road systems that end in culs - de-sac . More recently , No Outlet has been shown on some signs as well ( an example being Meyers Avenue south of Eureka Street in the Pine Hills area ) . Other uses ( edit ) In military parlance , a `` cul - de-sac '' refers to a situation where an army is `` hemmed in on all sides but behind '' . `` Cul - de-sac '' is also used metaphorically to mean a line of thought or action that leads nowhere . In medicine , the expression is used to refer to the recto - uterine pouch , also known as the Pouch of Douglas , the deepest point of the female peritoneal cavity . Signage ( edit ) International sign ( most countries use this model ) Australia , Philippines Austria SADC countries ( BW , LS , MW , MZ , NA , ZA , SZ , TZ , ZM , ZW ) Canada ( Ontario ) Canada ( Prince Edward Island ) Canada ( Quebec ) Ireland New Zealand United Arab Emirates United States United States United States United States See also ( edit ) Fused Grid Permeability ( spatial and transport planning ) Turnaround ( road ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : American Heritage Dictionary Jump up ^ Leon Battista Alberti , Ten Books on Architecture , 1485 , ed . Joseph Rykwert ( New York : Transatlantic Arts , 1966 ) Book IV , Ch . V. 75 Jump up ^ Aristotle , The Politics , 335 -- 323 , trans . T.A. Sinclair ( New York : Penguin , 1962 ) Book VII , section xi. 422 Jump up ^ Eberstadt , Rudolf ( December 1909 ) . `` The Problems of Town Development '' . Contemporary Review . 96 : 660 -- 667 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ FHA ( July 1 , 1936 ) . Planning Neighbourhoods for Small Houses . Technical Bulletin . 5 . Washington DC . Jump up ^ Principles of small house grouping . Ottawa : Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation . 1954 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Christopher ( 1977 ) . A Pattern Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 262 . Jump up ^ Doxiadis , K.A. ; Oikistikes , A.K. ( 1975 ) . Anthropopolis : City for Human Development . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 08721 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Culs - de-Sac : Suburban Dream or Dead End ? '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Marshal , Stephen ( 2005 ) . Streets and Patterns . Spon Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31750 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Suburban Landscapes '' . NRHP Workshop @ NCSHPO Annual Meeting . ^ Jump up to : Ben - Joseph , Eran ( 1995 ) . `` Livability and Safety of Suburban Street Patterns : A Comparative Study '' . University of California , Working Paper . 641 . Berkeley , CA : Institute of Urban and Regional Development . Jump up ^ Lovegrove , Gordon R. ; Sayed , Tarek ( 2006 ) . `` Using Macrolevel Collision Prediction Models in Road Safety Planning Applications '' . Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board . 1950 : 73 -- 82 . doi : 10.3141 / 1950 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dumbaugh , Eric & Rae , Robert ( 2009 ) . `` Safe Urban Form : Revisiting the Relationship Between Community Design and Traffic Safety '' . Journal of the American Planning Association . 75 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 329 . doi : 10.1080 / 01944360902950349 . Jump up ^ Handy , Susan ; Sommer , Samantha ; Ogilvie , Julie ; Cao , Xinyu ; Mokhtarian , Patricia ( 2007 ) . Culs - de-Sac and Children 's Outdoor Play : Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence . University of California Davis . Jump up ^ Huttenmoser , Marco ; Meierhofer , Marie ( 1995 ) . `` Children and Their Living Surroundings for the Everyday Life and Development of Children '' . Children 's Environments. 12 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Veitch , Jenny ; Salmon , Jo ; Ball , Kylie ( 2010 ) . `` Individual , social and physical environmental correlates of children 's active free - play : a cross-sectional study '' . Australia International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity . 7 : 11 . doi : 10.1186 / 1479 - 5868 - 7 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hart , Joshua and Parkhurst , Graham 2011 , Driven To Excess : Impacts of Motor Vehicles on the Quality of Life of Residents of Three Streets in Bristol UK , World Transport , Policy & Practice , Volume 17.2 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : Frank , L. & Hawkins , C. ( 2008 ) . Assessing Travel and Environmental Impacts of Contrasting Levels of Vehicular and Pedestrian Connectivity : Assessing Aspects of the Fused Grid . Ottawa : Canada Mortgageand Housing Corporation . Jump up ^ Asabere , Paul K. ( 1990 ) . `` The value of a neighborhood street with reference to the cul - de-sac '' . Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics . 3 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 193 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00216591 . Jump up ^ Asabere , Paul K. ; Huffman , Forrest E. ( 2009 ) . `` The Relative Impacts of Trails and Greenbelts on Home Price '' . Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics . 38 ( 4 ) : 408 -- 419 . doi : 10.1007 / s11146 - 007 - 9089 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Diana ( 2004 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Shadyside 's wooden street paves its way to greatness Pittsburgh Post-Gazette '' . Post-gazette.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Allan B. ( 1993 ) . Great Streets . MIT press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 10048 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cul - de-Sacs : Suburban Dream or Dead End ? , Morning Edition on NPR Jump up ^ http://bettercities.net/article/tomorrow's-cities-tomorrow's-suburbs Jump up ^ http://usa.streetsblog.org/2011/06/07/cul-de-sacs-are-killing-us-public-safety-lessons-from-suburbia/ ^ Jump up to : Charles : let 's kill off the cul - de-sac -- The Sunday Times , February 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Does the built environment influence physical activity ? : examining the evidence / Committee on Physical Activity , Health , Transportation , and Land Use , Transportation Research Board , Institute of Medicine of the National Academies . ( Special report ; 282 ) ISBN 0 - 309 - 09498 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Taming the Flow -- Better Traffic and Safer Neighbourhoods . Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation , July 2008 Jump up ^ Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Travel : Tool for Evaluating Neighbourhood Sustainability. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation , 2000 Jump up ^ Can Streets Be Made Safe ? -- Hillier , Bill ; Bartlett School of Graduate Studies , University College London Jump up ^ An evidence based approach to crime and urban design Or , can we have vitality , sustainability and security all at once ? Bill Hillier , Ozlem Sahbaz March 2008 Bartlett School of Graduate StudiesUniversity College London Jump up ^ Traditional Neighborhood Development : Will the Traffic Work ? Presentation by Walter Kulash at the 11th Annual Pedestrian Conference in Bellevue WA , October 1990 Jump up ^ Morris , A.E.J. ( 1994 ) . History of Urban Form Before the Industrial Revolution ( Third ed . ) . Harlow , UK : Pearson Education Limited . ISBN 0 - 582 - 30154 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mehaffy , Michael ; Porta , Sergio ; Rofe , Yodan & Salingaros , Nikos ( 2010 ) . `` Urban nuclei and the geometry of streets : The ' emergent neighborhoods ' model '' . Urban Design International . 15 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 46 ( p. 45 ) . doi : 10.1057 / udi. 2009.26 . Jump up ^ Uli Korsch . `` Richtlinien für die Sicherung von Arbeitsstellen an Straßen RSA - 95 ( Übersicht alte und neue Verkehrszeichen ) '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . -- Zeichen 357 , 357 -- 50 und 357 - 51 ^ Jump up to : `` Back to the City '' . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Lewyn , 2010 . Sprawl in Canada and the United States , Florida Coastal School of Law . Available at : http://works.bepress.com/lewyn/65 Jump up ^ Orwell , George . `` Politics and the English Language '' . 1946 Jump up ^ http://mla.stanford.edu/Politics_&_English_language.pdf Archived February 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.george-orwell.org/Politics_and_the_English_Language/0.html Archived October 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` George Orwell , `` Politics and the English Language , '' 1946 `` . Mtholyoke.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ O. Dag . `` George Orwell : Politics and the English Language '' ( in Russian ) . Orwell.ru . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cul-de-sac Jump up ^ http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/cul-de-sac ( in French ) Jump up ^ Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle - Earth . Jump up ^ `` Policies and Standards for Geographical Naming in Western Australia '' ( PDF ) . Landgate , Government of Western Australia . January 2015 . pp. 53 -- 54 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Safire , William ( 2008 - 07 - 13 ) . `` On Language : Dead End '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ OED , online edition , draft revision December 2007 , entry for cul - de-sac , n External links ( edit ) Media related to Culs - de-sac at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of dead end at Wiktionary Streets and roadways Types of road Limited - access Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Brazil Canada China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Pakistan Portugal Spain United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express - collector setup Farm - to - market road Highway Link road Two - lane expressway 2 + 1 road 2 + 2 road Parkway Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single - track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number Special route Business route Street hierarchy Toll road Road junctions Interchanges ( grade - 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light signalling and operation Traffic light control and coordination Typefaces Alfabeto Normale ( IT ) Arial Bold ( MO ) ASTRA - Frutiger ( CH ) Austria ( AT ) Caractères ( FR , MC ) Clarendon ( US ) Clearview ( CA , ID , PH , LK , US ) DIN 1451 ( DE , SADC , VN ) Drogowskaz ( PL ) Enigmatic ( JP , KR ) Highway Gothic ( AU , BR , CA , EC , CL , CN , IN , ID , MY , MX , NL , PH , SA , ES , LK , TW , TH , TR , US , VE ) Bitstream Vera Sans ( TW ) Frutiger ( Europe ) GOST 10807 - 78 ( USSR ) GOST R 52290 - 2004 ( RU ) Hangil ( KR ) LLM Lettering ( MY ) Motorway ( IE , UK ) NPS Rawlinson Roadway ( US ) Panno ( KR ) Rotis ( SG ) RutaCL ( CL ) SNV ( BE , BA , BU , HR , XK , LU , MK , MN , ME , RO , RS , SI , YE ) TERN ( AT , NL ( electronic ) , SK ) Trafikkalfabetet ( NO ) Transport ( HK , IE , UK ) Tratex ( SE ) Verdana ( HU ) Vialog ( JP ) International conventions Geneva Convention on Road Traffic Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals SADC - RTSM ( SADC ) National standards Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( US ) Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_end_(street)&oldid=844286001 '' Categories : Real estate Types of streets Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2012 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the term cul de sac come from	[ "A dead end is a street with only one inlet/outlet. A dead end is also known as a cul-de-sac (/ˈkʌldəsæk/ or /ˈkʊldəsæk/[1], from French for cul [\"bottom\"] + de [\"of\"] + sac [\"bag, sack\"]) or no exit road in certain contexts and dialects." ]	[ "from French for cul [\"bottom\"] + de [\"of\"] + sac [\"bag, sack\"])" ]

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